Sample records for utrok atoll 2003-2004
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Individual Radiation Protection Monitoring in the Marshall Islands: Utrok Atoll (2003-2004)
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Hamilton, T F; Kehl, S; Hickman, D
2006-01-17
The United States Department of Energy (U.S. DOE) has recently implemented a series of strategic initiatives to address long-term radiological surveillance needs at former U.S. nuclear test sites in the Marshall Islands. The plan is to engage local atoll communities in developing shared responsibilities for implementing radiation protection monitoring programs for resettled and resettling populations in the northern Marshall Islands. Using the pooled resources of the U.S. DOE and local atoll governments, individual radiological surveillance programs have been developed in whole body counting and plutonium urinalysis in order to accurately assess radiation doses resulting from the ingestion and uptake ofmore » fallout radionuclides contained in locally grown foods. Permanent whole body counting facilities have been established at three separate locations in the Marshall Islands (Figure 1). These facilities are operated and maintained by Marshallese technicians with scientists from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) providing on-going technical support services. Bioassay samples are collected under controlled conditions and analyzed for plutonium isotopes at the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry at LLNL using state-of-the art measurement technologies. We also conduct an on-going environmental monitoring and characterization program at selected sites in the northern Marshall Islands. The aim of the environmental program is to determine the level and distribution of important fallout radionuclides in soil, water and local foods with a view towards providing more accurate and updated dose assessments, incorporating knowledge of the unique behaviors and exposure pathways of fallout radionuclides in coral atoll ecosystems. These scientific studies have also been essential in helping guide the development of remedial options used in support of island resettlement. Together, the individual and environmental radiological surveillance programs are helping meet the informational needs of the U.S. DOE and the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Our updated environmental assessments provide a strong scientific basis for predicting future change in exposure conditions especially in relation to changes in life-style, diet and/or land-use patterns. This information has important implications in addressing questions about existing (and future) radiological conditions on the islands, in determining the cost and the effectiveness of potential remedial measures, and in general policy support considerations. Perhaps most importantly, the recently established individual radiological surveillance programs provide affected atoll communities with an unprecedented level of radiation protection monitoring where, for the first time, local resources are being made available to monitor resettled and resettling populations on a continuous basis. As a hard copy supplement to Marshall Islands Program website (http://eed.llnl.gov/mi/), this document provides an overview of the individual radiation surveillance monitoring program established for the Utrok Atoll population group along with a full disclosure of all verified measurement data (2003-2004). The Utrok whole body counting facility has been temporarily stationed on Majuro Atoll and, in cooperation with the Utrok Atoll Local Government, serves as a national facility open to the general public. Readers are advised that an additional feature of the associated website is a provision whereby users are able to calculate and track radiation doses delivered to volunteers (de-identified information only) participating in the Marshall Islands Radiological Surveillance Program.« less
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Hamilton, T
2007-07-24
Residual fallout contamination from the nuclear test program in the Marshall Islands is a concern to Marshall Islanders because of the potential health risks associated with exposure to residual fallout contamination in the environment. Scientists from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) have been monitoring the amount of fallout radiation delivered to Utrok Atoll residents over the past 4 years. This briefing document gives an outline of our findings from the whole body counting and plutonium bioassay monitoring programs. Additional information can be found on the Marshall Islands web site (http://eed.lnl.gov/mi/). Cesium-137 is an important radioactive isotope produced in nuclear detonationsmore » and can be taken up from coral soils into locally grown food crop products that form an important part of the Marshallese diet. The Marshall Islands whole body counting program has clearly demonstrated that the majority of Utrok Atoll residents acquire a very small but measurable quantity of cesium-137 in their bodies (Hamilton et al., 2006; Hamilton et. al., 2007a; 2007b;). During 2006, a typical resident of Utrok Atoll received about 3 mrem of radiation from internally deposited cesium-137 (Hamilton et al., 2007a). The population-average dose contribution from cesium-137 is around 2% of the total radiation dose that people normally experience from naturally occurring radiation sources in the Marshall Islands and is thousands of times lower than the level where radiation exposure is known to produce measurable health effects. The existing dose estimates from the whole body counting and plutonium bioassay programs are also well below radiological protection standards for protection of the public as prescribed by U.S. regulators and international agencies including the Marshall Islands Nuclear Claim Tribunal (NCT). Similarly, the level of internally deposited plutonium found in Utrok Atoll residents is well within the range normally expected for people living in the Northern Hemisphere. In addition, the preliminary results of the bioassay program on Utrok Atoll (Hamilton et al., 2007b) provide clear evidence that residents of Utrok Atoll have never acquired a significant uptake of plutonium either through an acute exposure event or from long-term chronic exposure to plutonium in the environment. This information and data should provide a level of assurance to the Utrok Atoll population group and its leadership that the dose contribution from exposure to residual radioactive fallout contamination on Utrok Atoll is very low, and is not likely to have any discernible impact on human health. We also estimate that the dose contribution based on current radiological exposure conditions will not produce any additional cancer fatalities (or any other measurable health condition) above that normally expected to arise in a population group of similar size. The potential risks from any genetic illnesses caused by exposure to residual fallout contamination in the environment will be even lower still. In conclusion, the data and information developed from the radiological protection monitoring program on Utrok appear to support a consensus that it is safe to live on Utrok Atoll. The health risks from exposure to residual fallout contamination on the atoll are minimal when compared with other lifetime risks that people normally experience, and are very small when compared to the threshold where radiation health effects could be either medically diagnosed in an individual or epidemiologically discerned in a group of people.« less
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Robison, W L; Hamilton, T F
The United States conducted 24 nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll with a total yield of 76.8 Megatons (MT). The Castle series produced about 60% of this total and included the Bravo test that was the primary source of contamination of Bikini Island and Rongelap and Utrok Atolls. One of three aerial drops missed the atoll and the second test of the Crossroads series, the Baker test, was an underwater detonation. Of the rest, 17 were on barges on water and 3 were on platforms on an island; they produced most of the contamination of islands at the atoll. There weremore » 42 tests conducted at Enewetak Atoll with a total yield of 31.7 MT (Simon and Robison, 1997; UNSCEAR, 2000). Of these tests, 18 were on a barge over wateror reef, 7 were surface shots, 2 aerial drops, 2 under water detonations, and 13 tower shots on either land or reef. All produced some contamination of various atoll islands. Rongelap Atoll received radioactive fallout as a result of the Bravo test on March 1, 1954 that was part of the Castle series of tests. This deposition was the result of the Bravo test producing a yield of 15 MT, about a factor of three to four greater than the predicted yield that resulted in vaporization of more coral reef and island than expected and in the debris-cloud reaching a much higher altitude than anticipated. High-altitude winds were to the east at the time of detonation and carried the debris-cloud toward Rongelap Atoll. Utrok Atoll also received fallout from the Bravo test but at much lower air and ground-level concentrations than at Rongelap atoll. Other atolls received Bravo fallout at levels below that of Utrok [other common spellings of this island and atoll (Simon, et al., 2009)]. To avoid confusion in reading other literature, this atoll and island are spelled in a variety of ways (Utrik, Utirik, Uterik or Utrok). Dose assessments for Bikini Island at Bikini Atoll (Robison et al., 1997), Enjebi Island at Enewetak Atoll (Robison et al., 1987), Rongelap Island at Rongelap Atoll (Robison et al., 1994; Simon et al., 1997), and Utrok Island at Utrok Atoll (Robison, et al., 1999) indicate that about 95-99% of the total estimated dose to people who may return to live at the atolls today (Utrok Island is populated) is the result of exposure to {sup 137}Cs. External gamma exposure from {sup 137}Cs in the soil accounts for about 10 to 15% of the total dose and {sup 137}Cs ingested during consumption of local food crops such as drinking coconut meat and fluid (Cocos nucifera L.), copra meat and milk, Pandanus fruit, and breadfruit accounts for about 85 to 90%. The other 1 to 2% of the estimated dose is from {sup 90}Sr, {sup 239+240}Pu, and {sup 241}Am. The {sup 90}Sr exposure is primarily through the food chain while the exposure to {sup 239+240}Pu, and {sup 241}Am is primarily via the inhalation pathway as a result of breathing re-suspended soil particles.« less
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Hamilton, T; Kehl, S; Brown, T
2007-06-08
This report contains individual radiological protection surveillance data developed during 2006 for adult members of a select group of families living on Utrok Atoll. These Group I volunteers all underwent a whole-body count to determine levels of internally deposited cesium-137 ({sup 137}Cs) and supplied a bioassay sample for analysis of plutonium isotopes. Measurement data were obtained and the results compared with an equivalent set of measurement data for {sup 137}Cs and plutonium isotopes from a second group of adult volunteers (Group II) who were long-term residents of Utrok Atoll. For the purposes of this comparison, Group II volunteers were consideredmore » representative of the general population on Utrok Atoll. The general aim of the study was to determine residual systemic burdens of fallout radionuclides in each volunteer group, develop data in response to addressing some specific concerns about the preferential uptake and potential health consequences of residual fallout radionuclides in Group I volunteers, and generally provide some perspective on the significance of radiation doses delivered to volunteers (and the general Utrok Atoll resident population) in terms of radiological protection standards and health risks. Based on dose estimates from measurements of internally deposited {sup 137}Cs and plutonium isotopes, the data and information developed in this report clearly show that neither volunteer group has acquired levels of internally deposited fallout radionuclides specific to nuclear weapons testing in the Marshall Islands that are likely to have any consequence on human health. Moreover, the dose estimates are well below radiological protection standards as prescribed by U.S. regulators and international agencies, and are very small when compared to doses from natural sources of radiation in the Marshall Islands and the threshold where radiation health effects could be either medically diagnosed in an individual or epidemiologically discerned in a group of people. In general, the results from the whole-body counting measurements of 137Cs are consistent with our knowledge that a key pathway for exposure to residual fallout contamination on Utrok Atoll is low-level chronic uptake of {sup 137}Cs from the consumption of locally grown produce (Robison et al., 1999). The error-weighted, average body burden of {sup 137}Cs measured in Group I and Group II volunteers was 0.31 kBq and 0.62 kBq, respectively. The associated average, annual committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) delivered to Group I and Group II volunteers from {sup 137}Cs during the year of measurement was 2.1 and 4.0 mrem. For comparative purposes, the annual dose limit for members of the public as recommended by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is 100 mrem. Consequently, specific concerns about elevated levels of {sup 137}Cs uptake and higher risks from radiation exposure to Group I volunteers would be considered unfounded. Moreover, the urinary excretion of plutonium-239 ({sup 239}Pu) from Group I and Group II volunteers is statistically indistinguishable. In this case, the error-weighted, average urinary excretion of {sup 239}Pu from Group I volunteers of 0.10 {mu}Bq per 24-h void with a range between -0.01 and 0.23 {mu}Bq per 24-h void compares with an error-weighted average from Group II volunteers of 0.11 {mu}Bq per 24-h void with a range between -0.20 and 0.47 {mu}Bq per 24-h void. The range in urinary excretion of {sup 239}Pu from Utrok Atoll residents is very similar to that observed for other population groups in the Marshall Islands (Bogen et al., 2006; Hamilton et al., 2006a; 2006b; 2006c, 2007a; 2007b; 2007c) and is generally considered representative of worldwide background.« less
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Individual Radiation Protection Monitoring in the Marshall Islands. Utrok Atoll (2010-2012)
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Hamilton, T. F.; Kehl, S. R.; Martinelli, R. E.
2014-12-15
As a hard copy supplement to the Marshall Islands Program website (https://marshallislands.llnl.gov), this document provides an overview of the individual radiological surveillance monitoring program established in support of residents of Utrōk Atoll and nonresident citizens of the Utrōk Atoll population group, along with full disclosure of verified measurement data (2010-2012). The Utrōk Atoll Whole Body Counting Facility has been temporarily stationed on Majuro Atoll and, in cooperation with the Utrōk Atoll Local Government, serves as a national radiological facility open to the general public.
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2003-09-19
During July 13-September 13, 2003, a total of 647 clinically diagnosed measles cases* were reported on Majuro Atoll in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI); this is the first measles outbreak reported in RMI since 1988. An additional 74 suspected measles cases are under investigation. This report describes the clinically diagnosed measles cases and the public health response to stop the epidemic. Of the 647 cases, 15 (2%) are laboratory confirmed, either by serology, polymerase chain reaction, or viral culture. The age of patients ranged from 2 weeks to 43 years (median: 12 years); 479 (74%) patients were aged <20 years. The overall measles incidence on Majuro Atoll (estimated 2003 population: 25,097) is 26 cases per 1,000 population. The incidence is highest among infants aged <1 year (160 per 1,000 population), followed by children aged 1-4 years (40).
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kan, H.; Ali, M.; Riyaz, M.
2005-12-01
In Maldives, 39 islands are significantly damaged among 200 inhabited islands and nearly a third of the Maldivian people are severely affected by the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 26 December 2004. We surveyed tsunami impact in 43 islands by measuring island topography and run-up height, interview to local people and mapping of the flooded and destructed areas. The differences in tsunami height and disaster corresponding to the atoll shape and island topography are observed. In the northern atolls, atoll rims consist of many ring-shaped reefs, i.e. miniature atolls called `faro', and interrupted many channels between them. The interrupted atoll rim may play an important role to reducing tsunami run-up height. Severe damage was not observed in the eastern coast of the islands. Beach ridge also contribute to the protection against tsunami. However, in some islands, houses beside the lagoon are damaged by backwashing floodwater from the lagoon. Water marks show the run-up height of -1.8m above MSL. The lagoon water-level seems to set-up by tsunami which permeates into the lagoon through the interrupted atoll rim. The disaster was severe at the southern atolls of Meemu, Thaa and Laamu. The higher run-up heights of up to 3.2m above MSL and enormous building damages were observed at the islands on the eastern atoll rims. The continuous atoll rim of these atolls may reinforce tsunami impact at the eastern islands. In addition, tsunami surge washed the islands totally because of low island topography without beach ridge. Significant floodwater from lagoon was not observed in these atolls. It seems the lagoon water-level was not set-up largely. The continuous atoll rim reduces the tsunami influence to the lagoon and the western side of the atolls. The continuity of atoll rim is probably the major factor to cause the difference in water movement, i.e. tsunami run-up and lagoon set-up, which affects the disaster in the islands. Beach ridge contribute to reduce the tsunami impact to the settlement and agricultural land. Our results may elucidate secure atoll and island type to mitigate the risk of future tsunamis on atoll nations/districts in the Pacific and the Indian Ocean.
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Multidecadal shoreline changes of atoll islands in the Marshall Islands
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ford, M.
2012-12-01
Atoll islands are considered highly vulnerable to the impacts of continued sea level rise. One of the most commonly predicted outcomes of continued sea level rise is widespread and chronic shoreline erosion. Despite the widespread implications of predicted erosion, the decadal scale changes of atoll island shorelines are poorly resolved. The Marshall Islands is one of only four countries where the majority of inhabited land is comprised of reef and atoll islands. Consisting of 29 atolls and 5 mid-ocean reef islands, the Marshall Islands are considered highly vulnerable to the impacts of sea level rise. A detailed analysis of shoreline change on over 300 islands on 10 atolls was undertaken using historic aerial photos (1945-1978) and modern high resolution satellite imagery (2004-2012). Results highlight the complex and dynamic nature of atoll islands, with significant shifts in shoreline position observed over the period of analysis. Results suggest shoreline accretion is the dominant mode of change on the islands studied, often associated with a net increase in vegetated island area. However, considerable inter- and intra-atoll variability exists with regards to shoreline stability. Findings are discussed with respect to island morphodynamics and potential hazard mitigation and planning responses within atoll settings.
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Earth Observations taken by the Expedition 18 Crew
2009-01-27
ISS018-E-024351 (27 Jan. 2009) --- Tetiaroa Island in French Polynesia is featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 18 crewmember on the International Space Station. This island, part of the Society Islands archipelago in the southern Pacific Ocean, is also known as ?Marlon Brando?s Island?. The late film star purchased the island ? more correctly, an atoll comprised of thirteen small islets (or motus) from the French Polynesian government for a total of 70,000 over 1966-1967. While the motus were his property, the government retained the rights to the coral reefs and lagoons to preserve control of marine resources. Following Brando?s death in 2004, ownership of the approximately 8 kilometers?wide atoll passed into other private hands, and there are now plans to build a luxury resort amongst the islets. This view illustrates the typical circular appearance of a fully-developed atoll. The ring of islands ? covered in green vegetation and white to tan sandy beaches ? develops on coral reefs, which originally form around a volcanic island. As the volcanic island gradually disappears due to subsidence and erosion, the coral reefs continue to grow upwards. Over time, the central volcanic island is completely submerged, leaving a ring of coral reefs and islands that surround a lagoon. The shallow lagoon waters appear blue-green in this image, and contrast with darker ? and deeper ? Pacific Ocean waters surrounding the atoll. One of the motus in the southern portion of the atoll, Tahuna Rahi, is a protected bird sanctuary, and is the nesting site of red- and brown-footed boobies, frigatebirds, and terns (among other species). Access to the atoll is via boat, as the airstrip was closed in 2004 due to safety and security concerns.
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Life on the atoll: Singapore ecology as a neglected dimension of social order.
Austin, Timothy
2005-10-01
Based on field interviews in Singapore in 1985, 1997, and 2003, this article addresses the issue of how island ecology helps explain the remarkable low rates of crime that are often attributed mainly to cultural and government policies. Understanding crime and control on this most densely populated Southeast Asian atoll must begin with how people are dispersed over the limited spatial area. Ecology also influences how styles of some crimes are defined and controlled. Several of Donald Black's propositions are given further consideration.
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Comets C/2003 X5-X11 and Y2-Y10 (SOHO)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Battams, K.; Boschat, M.; Zhou, X.-M.; Hoffman, T.; Leprette, X.; Matson, R.; Kracht, R.; Sachs, J.; Marsden, B. G.; Kisala, R.
2004-06-01
Further to IAUC 8356, K. Battams reports measurements for additional Kreutz sungrazing comets found on SOHO website C2 images by M. Boschat (C/2003 X5, X7, Y5, Y8), X.-m. Zhou (C/2003 X6, X9, X11), T. Hoffman (C/2003 X8), X. Leprette (C/2003 X10, Y2), R. Matson (2003 Y3, Y9, Y10), R. Kracht (C/2003 Y4, Y7), and J. Sachs (C/2003 Y6). C/2003 Y6 and Y7 were also visible on C3 images. The reductions by B. G. Marsden (and by R. Kisala for C/2003 Y8, Y9, Y10) and orbital elements by Marsden appear on the MPECs cited below. Comet 2003 UT R.A. (2000) Decl. MPEC C/2003 X5 Dec. 4.896 16 46.9 -24 12 2004-L24 C/2003 X6 6.396 16 52.2 -24 20 2004-L24 C/2003 X7 7.829 16 58.6 -24 27 2004-L24 C/2003 X8 8.246 17 00.9 -24 31 2004-L24 C/2003 X9 8.621 17 02.2 -24 34 2004-L24 C/2003 X10 11.188 17 14.5 -24 41 2004-L25 C/2003 X11 13.588 17 25.7 -24 57 2004-L25 C/2003 Y2 19.621 17 53.6 -25 08 2004-L25 C/2003 Y3 19.979 17 55.0 -25 02 2004-L25 C/2003 Y4 20.729 17 58.8 -25 14 2004-L25 C/2003 Y5 22.771 18 08.5 -25 08 2004-L25 C/2003 Y6 23.571 18 14.3 -27 22 2004-L26 C/2003 Y7 24.638 18 20.0 -27 44 2004-L26 C/2003 Y8 25.288 18 19.6 -25 00 2004-L67 C/2003 Y9 25.479 18 20.7 -24 46 2004-L67 C/2003 Y10 26.064 18 23.5 -24 50 2004-L67
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The Pacific Islands Climate Science Center five-year science agenda, 2014-2018
Helweg, David; Nash, Sarah A.B.; Polhemus, Dan A.
2014-01-01
From the heights of Mauna Kea on Hawaiʻi Island to the depths of the Mariana Trench, from densely populated cities to sparse rural indigenous communities and uninhabited sandy atolls, the Pacific region encompasses diverse associations of peoples and places that are directly affected by changes to the atmosphere, ocean, and land. The peoples of the Pacific are among the first to observe and experience the effects of global climatic changes. Because the Pacific region is predominantly composed of vast ocean expanses punctuated only by small, isolated emergent islands and atolls, marine processes are critical factors in the region’s climate systems, and their impacts occur here to a greater degree than in continental regions. Rates of sea-level rise in the region during the modern altimetry period exceed the global rate, with the highest increases occurring in the western North Pacific (Cazenave and Llovel, 2010; Nerem and others, 2010; Timmermann and others, 2010). The ocean has also warmed during this period. Since the 1970s, sea-surface temperature has increased at a rate of 0.13 to 0.41 °F (0.07 to 0.23 °C) per decade, depending on the location (Keener and others, 2012a). Ocean chemistry has changed during this period as well, with surface pH having dropped by 0.1 pH units (Feely and others, 2009; Doney and others, 2012). Over the past century, air temperature has increased throughout the Pacific region. In Hawaiʻi, average temperatures increased by 0.08 °F per decade during the period 1919 to 2006, and in recent years, the rate of increase has been accelerating, particularly at high elevations (Giambelluca and others, 2008). In the western North Pacific, temperatures also increased over the past 60 years (Lander and Guard, 2003; Lander, 2004; Lander and Khosrowpanah, 2004; Kruk and others, 2013), with a concurrent warming trend in the central South Pacific since the 1950s (Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, 2011).
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The failed state transition of the ATOLL source GRS 1724-308
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tarana, A.; Capitanio, F.; Cocchi, M.
2018-07-01
The 2004-2012 X-ray time history of the NS LMXB GRS 1724-308 shows, along with the episodic brightenings associated with the low-high state transitions typical of the ATOLL sources, a peculiar, long lasting (˜300 d) flaring event, observed in 2008. This rare episode, characterized by a high-flux hard state, has never been observed before for GRS 1724-308, and in any case is not common among ATOLL sources. We discuss here different hypotheses on the origin of this peculiar event that displayed the spectral signatures of a failed transition, similar in shape and duration to those rarely observed in black hole binaries. We also suggest the possibility that the atypical flare occurred in coincidence with a new rising phase of the 12-yr superorbital modulation that has been previously reported by other authors. The analysed data also confirm for GRS 1724-308 the already reported orbital period of ˜90 d.
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Reynolds, Michelle H.; Courtot, Karen; Hatfield, Jeffrey
2017-01-01
Wildlife managers often request a simple approach to monitor the status of species of concern. In response to that need, we used eight years of monitoring data to estimate population size and test the validity of an index for monitoring accurately the abundance of reintroduced, endangered Laysan Teal Anas laysanensis. The population was established at Midway Atoll in the Hawaiian archipelago after 42 wild birds were translocated from Laysan Island during 2004–2005. We fitted 587 birds with unique markers during 2004–2015, recorded 21,309 sightings until March 2016, and conducted standardised survey counts during 2007–2015. A modified Lincoln-Petersen mark-resight estimator and ANCOVA models were used to test the relationship between survey counts, seasonal detectability, and population abundance. Differences were found between the breeding and non-breeding seasons in detection and how maximum counts recorded related to population estimates. The results showed strong, positive correlations between the seasonal maximum counts and population estimates. The ANCOVA models supported the use of standardised bi-monthly counts of unmarked birds as a valid index to monitor trends among years within a season at Midway Atoll. The translocated population increased to 661 adult and juvenile birds (95% CI = 608–714) by 2010, then declined by 38% between 2010 and 2012 after the Toˉhoku Japan earthquake-generated tsunami inundated 41% of the atoll and triggered an Avian Botulism type C Clostridium botulinum outbreak. Following another severe botulism outbreak during 2015, the population experienced a 37% decline. Data indicated that the Midway Atoll population, like the founding Laysan Island population, is susceptible to catastrophic population declines. Consistent standardised monitoring using simple counts, in place of mark-recapture and resightings surveys, can be used to evaluate population status over the long-term. We estimate there were 314–435 Laysan Teal (95% CI for population estimate; point estimate = 375 individuals) at Midway Atoll in 2015; c. 50% of the global population. In comparison, the most recent estimate for numbers on Laysan Island was of 339 individuals in 2012 (95% CI = 265–413). We suggest that this approach can be used to validate a survey index for any marked, reintroduced resident wildlife population.
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Toomey, Michael; Ashton, Andrew; Raymo, Maureen E.; Perron, J. Taylor
2017-01-01
We appreciate Terry and Goff's thoughtful comment in response to our proposed atoll development model. Flank collapse of reef-built slopes likely does affect plan-form atoll morphology in some locations and potentially poses a tsunami hazard to low-lying Pacific islands (Terry and Goff, 2013). However, given the often rapid rates of lagoon infill (> 1 mm/yr; Montaggioni, 2005), such failure events would likely need to be frequent and widespread in order to leave a morphologic imprint on modern western Pacific atoll lagoon depths. Few atoll flank collapse features have been dated but many of the arcuate bight-like structures (ABLS) identified could be inherited from scars incised into the initial volcanic edifice (e.g. Terry and Goff, 2013 and refs. therein) — submarine mass wasting has been extensively documented on young hotspot islands (e.g. Hawaiian Islands: Moore et al., 1989; Reunion: Oehler et al., 2008). Atolls in the Marshall Islands, where our main study site Enewetak Atoll is located, are likely ~ 50–100 million years old (Larson et al., 1995) and dating of adjacent deep-water turbidite aprons in the Nauru Basin (DSDP Site 462; Schlanger and Silva, 1986) suggests that large atoll flank collapse events have been relatively infrequent there since the mid-Miocene (< 11 Ma). In our simple, 1D atoll development model (Toomey et al., 2016a), we included the minimum set of processes (vertical accretion, dissolution, and lagoonal infilling) required to accurately simulate Enewetak's ‘recent’ depositional history (8.5–0 Ma) and explain basic differences in lagoon depth among western Pacific atolls.We agree future development of a model incorporating the wider range of processes impacting connectivity between reef-bound lagoons and the ocean (e.g. Ouillon et al., 2004; Toomey et al., 2016b), including stochastic mass wasting events, will be essential for exploring the plan-form and 3D shapes of atolls. To our knowledge, no quantitative model of long-term atoll development has explicitly linked lagoon restriction/sedimentation to episodic flank collapse events (e.g. Montaggioni et al., 2015; Paterson et al., 2006; Quinn, 1991; Warrlich et al., 2002). Testing Terry and Goff's proposed conceptual model for how rim failure processes affect atoll morphology in a numerical context will require deep drilling along arcuate bight-like structures, as well as adjacent, unaffected, rim and lagoon areas, in order quantify how often failures occur and how quickly the rim/lagoon is rebuilt afterwards. The model we present here provides a general framework capable of integrating atoll flank collapse processes once they are sufficiently constrained by such observational datasets.
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Reynolds, M.H.; Breeden, J.H.; Klavitter, J.L.
2007-01-01
The Laysan Teal Anas laysanensis is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, where it has been restricted to Laysan Island over the last 150 years. Individuals of this endangered species have recently been translocated to the two largest islands that comprise Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, to reduce the risk of the Laysan Teal becoming extinct. Post-release monitoring with the aid of radio-telemetry was conducted to determine the success of the reintroduction attempt during October 2004-2007. The population was found to have increased after three breeding seasons, from forty-two founders sourced directly from Laysan, to a population of ??? 192 post-fledglings juveniles and adults. ?? Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust.
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Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile (JASSM)
2013-12-01
LRIP Decision/Contract Award JAN 2001 JAN 2001 JAN 2002 DEC 2001 Lot II Contract Award JAN 2002 JAN 2002 JAN 2003 NOV 2002 RAA /B-52 SEP 2002 SEP 2002...SEP 2003 SEP 2003 Milestone III OCT 2003 OCT 2003 JUL 2004 APR 2004 RAA /F-16 DEC 2003 DEC 2003 DEC 2004 DEC 2004 IOC/F/A-18 E/F JUN 2009 N/A N/A N/A...Engineering and Manufacturing Development PDRR - Program Definition and Risk Reduction RAA - Required Assets Available JASSM-ER Milestones SAR Baseline Prod
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Improved nutrition in the first 1000 days and adult human capital and health.
Martorell, Reynaldo
2017-03-01
The aim of this article is to review why the first 1000 days of life are a vulnerable period of human development and the long-term effects of a nutrition experiment carried out in Guatemala (1969-1977). In 1969-77, a supplement called Atole, containing high quality protein, energy and micronutrients, was provided to women during pregnancy and lactation and to children <7 years of age in two villages while in two control villages a low-energy drink called Fresco was provided. The villages were assigned at random to the treatment groups. Several reasons explain the vulnerability of the first 1000 days: rapid growth and development, high nutritional requirements, greater susceptibility to infections, high sensitivity to programming effects and full dependence on others for care, nutrition, and social interaction. Compared with Fresco, Atole improved total nutrient intakes (protein, energy, and micronutrients) and reduced stunting, but only in children < 3 years of age. A study in 2002-2004 showed that schooling, reading, and intelligence were improved in Atole villages, but only in those who received Atole before the age of 3 years. Wages of men were increased by 46% in those provided Atole through the age of 2 years. Findings for cardiovascular disease risk factors were inconclusive, perhaps because of the young age of the sample. A new study focusing on chronic diseases is ongoing (ages 38-54 years). The Guatemalan studies indicate that substantial improvement in adult human capital and economic productivity resulted from the nutrition intervention. This provides a powerful argument for promoting improvements in nutrition in pregnant women and young children in low income countries. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Improved Nutrition in the First 1000 Days and Adult Human Capital and Health
Martorell, Reynaldo
2017-01-01
Objective The aim of this article is to review why the first 1000 days of life are a vulnerable period of human development, and the long-term effects of a nutrition experiment carried out in Guatemala (1969–1977). Methods In 1969–77, a supplement called Atole, containing high quality protein, energy and micronutrients, was provided to women during pregnancy and lactation and to children <7 years of age in two villages while in two control villages a low-energy drink called Fresco was provided. The villages were assigned at random to the treatment groups. Results Several reasons explain the vulnerability of the first 1000 days: rapid growth and development, high nutritional requirements, greater susceptibility to infections, high sensitivity to programming effects and full dependence on others for care, nutrition, and social interaction. Compared to Fresco, Atole improved total nutrient intakes (protein, energy and micronutrients) and reduced stunting, but only in children < 3 years of age. A study in 2002–2004 showed that schooling, reading, and intelligence were improved in Atole villages, but only in those who received Atole before the age of 3 years. Wages of men were increased by 46% in those provided Atole through the age of 2 years. Findings for cardiovascular disease risk factors were inconclusive, perhaps because of the young age of the sample. A new study focusing on chronic diseases is ongoing (ages 38–54 years). Conclusions The Guatemalan studies indicate that substantial improvement in adult human capital and economic productivity resulted from the nutrition intervention. This provides a powerful argument for promoting improvements in nutrition in pregnant women and young children in low income countries. PMID:28117514
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Medication usage in Majuro, Marshall Islands.
Harding, Andrew
2005-03-01
To conduct a drug utilisation study to determine the top 50 drugs by prescription count, top 50 drugs by cost to government and the top 30 drugs by consumption for Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands for the year 2003. Data was collected from the Majuro Hospital computer dispensing system. All outpatient prescriptions dispensed in the year 2003 were included. The defined daily dose (DDD) methodology was employed. Drug consumption was presented as DDD/1000 population/day. The top 5 drugs by consumption in Majuro for 2003 were glibenclamide (glyburide), enalapril, ferrous sulphate, amoxycillin and ascorbic acid. Values for the DDD/1000 population/day were on average lower than many other countries. This is the first local study of medication usage in the Marshall Islands. It provided some useful baseline data.
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Cohen, Arlene, Ed.
2006-01-01
This publication follows the tradition of publishing selected papers from PIALA annual conferences, however, for the first time, two PIALA conferences (PIALA 2004 and PIALA 2005) are published in one volume, containing papers from both events. Both conferences featured papers by local Micronesian and Pacific Islands experts, as well as presenters…
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Work, Thierry M.; Klavitter, John L.; Reynolds, Michelle H.; Blehert, David S.
2010-01-01
Laysan Ducks are endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago and are one of the world’s most endangered waterfowl. For 150 yr, Laysan Ducks were restricted to an estimated 4 km2 of land on Laysan Island in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. In 2004 and 2005, 42 Laysan Ducks were translocated to Midway Atoll, and the population increased to approximately 200 by 2007. In August 2008, mortality due to botulism type C was identified, and 181 adult, fledgling, and duckling carcasses were collected from August to October. Diseased birds were found on two islands within Midway Atoll at multiple wetlands; however, one wetland contributed most carcasses. The epidemic was discovered approximately 14–21 days after the mortality started and lasted for 50 additional days. The details of this epidemic highlight the disease risk to birds restricted to small island populations and the challenges associated with managing newly translocated endangered species. Frequent population monitoring for early disease detection and comprehensive wetland monitoring and management will be needed to manage avian botulism in endangered Laysan Ducks. Vaccination may also be beneficial to reduce mortality in this small, geographically closed population.
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Mody, Lona; Langa, Kenneth M.; Malani, Preeti N.
2012-01-01
Objective To assess the response of long-term care facilities (LTCFs) to the 2004-2005 influenza vaccine shortage and the impact on resident and healthcare worker (HCW) immunization rates. Methods A 12-item questionnaire was sent to 824 randomly selected LTCFs in December 2004. The following 2 open-ended questions were also asked: “How did you cope with the vaccine shortage?” and “Who helped you get your supply?” Immunization rates reported by LTCF administrators for 2003-2003 and 2003-2004 were compared with those for 2004-2005. Immunization rates were defined as the proportion of all eligible residents and HCWs who received influenza vaccine. Results Responses were received from 380 LTCFs (46.3%), which had a total of 38,447 beds. Resident mean influenza immunization rates (±SD) decreased from 85% ± 15.3% in 2002-2003 and 85.1% ± 15.3% in 2003-2004 to 81.9% ± 19.4% in the 2004-2005 influenza season (P = .025). The immunization rates among HCWs also decreased from 51% in 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 to 38.4% in 2004-2005 (P < .001). In response to one of the open-ended questions, 96 facilities (25.3%) reported that they obtained vaccine from 2 or more sources. Eight percent commented on specific intensified infection control efforts, and only 2.3% commented on emergency preparedness. Conclusions The influenza vaccine shortage in 2004-2005 impacted immunization practices of LTCFs across the United States, leading to decreases in both resident and HCW vaccination rates. The significant decrease in vaccination rates in LTCFs is of concern and has broad implications for policy makers working on emergency preparedness for a possible pandemic of influenza. PMID:16622817
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75 FR 14438 - PPL Montana, LLC; Notice of Petition for Declaratory Order
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-03-25
..., 68 FR 49,846 (Aug. 19, 2003), FERC Stats. & Regs ] 31,146 (2003) (Order No. 2003); order on reh'g, Order No. 2003-A, 69 FR 15,932 (Mar. 26, 2004), FERC Stats. & Regs. 31,160, at P 531 (2004) (Order No. 2003-A); order on reh'g, Order No. 2003-B, 70 FR 265 (Jan. 4, 2005) (Order No. 2003-B) FERC Stats...
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Marsal, S.; Torta, J. M.; Gaya-Piqué, L.; Curto, J. J.; Sanclement, E.; Solé, J. G.; Altadill, D.; Ugalde, A.; de Santis, A.; Apostolov, E. M.; Alberca, L. F.; García, A.
This CD-ROM presents the Livingston Island Geomagnetic Observatory Bulletin, edited by Observatori de l'Ebre, containing the data obtained during the years 2003 including the 2003-2004 Austral summer survey. edited in digital format, The structure of the CD-ROM consists of one file with the Bulletin contents in PDF and of a tree of directories and subdirectories with the data corresponding to the different years and months of the Bulletin. These data files and their names were built according to the IAGA-2002 data exchange format.
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China’s Global Activism: Strategy, Drivers, and Tools
2006-10-01
35 Total Exports Destined for China from Asia—1993, 1998, 2003, 2004...for China from Africa—1993, 1998, 2003, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Chinese Infrastructure Projects in Africa...43 Total Exports Destined for China from Latin America—1993, 1998, 2003
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Arkansas 2004 traffic crash statistics
DOT National Transportation Integrated Search
2004-01-01
On all public roads in Arkansas during 2004 there were: : 74,059 total crashes reported, a 4.4% increase from 2003 : 626 fatal crashes reported, an 11.0 % increase from 2003 : 721 fatalities reported, a 12.5% increase from 2003 : 269 alcohol/drug...
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Goffredo, Stefano; Piccinetti, Corrado; Zaccanti, Francesco
2007-08-01
On December 26th 2004, a earthquake west of Sumatra generated a devastating tsunami. Hundreds of thousands of people fell victim. Economic losses were greatest in those countries dependant on tourism. The impact in the Maldives on persons and things was modest. Immediately following the event and notwithstanding the lack of scientific data, the mass media gave catastrophic reports on the state of coral reefs in the area. This paper reports on the first survey on coral reefs in the Maldives after the Tsunami. Ocean walls, passes, inner reefs, and shoals in the North and South Malé atolls, were surveyed two weeks after the event. Significant damage was recorded in the passes in the South Malé atoll. Our observations showed that the damage was more or less extensive depending on latitude and topography. Sri Lanka may have broken the wave's rush, reducing the extent of the impact on northern atolls. The water's acceleration inside the passes was so intense as to cause reef collapses. The observed damage represents a minimum fraction of the entire coral reef system. Tourist perception of the area seems unchanged. These data may be used to disseminate correct information about the state of Maldives coral reefs, which would be useful in relaunching local economy.
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Report #2004-S-00002, August 3, 2004. A partial response to the March 30, 2004, letter requesting that we provide certain information related to our October 10, 2003, report, Congressional Request on EPA Enforcement Resources and Accomplishments.
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Buden, Donald W.; Helgen, Kristofer M.; Wiles, Gary J.
2013-01-01
Abstract The taxonomy, biology, and population status of flying foxes (Pteropus spp.) remain little investigated in the Caroline Islands, Micronesia, where multiple endemic taxa occur. Our study evaluated the taxonomic relationships between the flying foxes of the Mortlock Islands (a subgroup of the Carolines) and two closely related taxa from elsewhere in the region, and involved the first ever field study of the Mortlock population. Through a review of historical literature, the name Pteropus pelagicus Kittlitz, 1836 is resurrected to replace the prevailing but younger name Pteropus phaeocephalus Thomas, 1882 for the flying fox of the Mortlocks. On the basis of cranial and external morphological comparisons, Pteropus pelagicus is united taxonomically with Pteropus insularis “Hombron and Jacquinot, 1842” (with authority herein emended to Jacquinot and Pucheran 1853), and the two formerly monotypic species are now treated as subspecies — Pteropus pelagicus pelagicus in the Mortlocks, and Pteropus phaeocephalus insularis on the islands of Chuuk Lagoon and Namonuito Atoll. The closest relative of Pteropus pelagicus is Pteropus tokudae Tate, 1934, of Guam, which is best regarded as a distinct species. Pteropus pelagicus pelagicus is the only known resident bat in the Mortlock Islands, a chain of more than 100 atoll islands with a total land area of <12 km2. Based on field observations in 2004, we estimated a population size of 925–1,200 bats, most of which occurred on Satawan and Lukunor Atolls, the two largest and southernmost atolls in the chain. Bats were absent on Nama Island and possibly extirpated from Losap Atoll in the northern Mortlocks. Resident Mortlockese indicated bats were more common in the past, but that the population generally has remained stable in recent years. Most Pteropus phaeocephalus pelagicus roosted alone or in groups of 5–10 bats; a roost of 27 was the largest noted. Diet is comprised of at least eight plant species, with breadfruit (Artocarpus spp.) being a preferred food. Records of females with young (April, July) and pregnant females (July) suggest an extended breeding season. Pteropus pelagicus pelagicus appears most threatened by the prospect of sea level rise associated with global climate change, which has the potential to submerge or reduce the size of atolls in the Mortlocks. Occasional severe typhoons probably temporarily reduce populations on heavily damaged atolls, but hunting and ongoing habitat loss are not current problems for the subspecies. PMID:24194666
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Individual Radiation Protection Monitoring in the Marshall Islands: Rongelap Atoll (2002-2004)
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Hamilton, T F; Kehl, S; Hickman, D
2006-01-17
The United States Department of Energy (U.S. DOE) has recently implemented a series of strategic initiatives to address long-term radiological surveillance needs at former U.S. nuclear test sites in the Marshall Islands. The plan is to engage local atoll communities in developing shared responsibilities for implementing radiation protection monitoring programs for resettled and resettling populations in the northern Marshall Islands. Using the pooled resources of the U.S. DOE and local atoll governments, individual radiological surveillance programs have been developed in whole body counting and plutonium urinalysis in order to accurately assess radiation doses resulting from the ingestion and uptake ofmore » fallout radionuclides contained in locally grown foods. Permanent whole body counting facilities have been established at three separate locations in the Marshall Islands including Rongelap Atoll (Figure 1). These facilities are operated and maintained by Marshallese technicians with scientists from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) providing on-going technical support services. Bioassay samples are collected under controlled conditions and analyzed for plutonium isotopes at the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry at LLNL using state-of-the art measurement technologies. We also conduct an on-going environmental monitoring and characterization program at selected sites in the northern Marshall Islands. The aim of the environmental program is to determine the level and distribution of important fallout radionuclides in soil, water and local foods with a view towards providing more accurate and updated dose assessments, incorporating knowledge of the unique behaviors and exposure pathways of fallout radionuclides in coral atoll ecosystems. These scientific studies have also been essential in helping guide the development of remedial options used in support of island resettlement. Together, the individual and environmental radiological surveillance programs are helping meet the informational needs of the U.S. DOE and the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Our updated environmental assessments provide a strong scientific basis for predicting future change in exposure conditions especially in relation to changes in lifestyle, diet and/or land-use patterns. This information has important implications in addressing questions about existing (and future) radiological conditions on the islands, in determining as well as the implementation, cost and effectiveness of potential intervention options, and in general policy support considerations. Perhaps most importantly, the recently established individual radiological surveillance programs provide affected atoll communities with an unprecedented level of radiation protection monitoring where, for the first time, local resources are being made available to monitor resettled and resettling populations on a continuous basis. As a hard copy supplement to Marshall Islands Program website (http://eed.llnl.gov/mi/), this document provides an overview of the individual radiation protection monitoring program established for resettlement workers living on Rongelap Island along with a full disclosure of all verified measurement data (2002-2004). Readers are advised that an additional feature of the associated web site is a provision where users are able calculate and track doses delivered to volunteers (de-identified information only) participating the Marshall Islands Radiological Surveillance Program.« less
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Individual Radiation Protection Monitoring in the Marshall Islands: Enewetak Atoll (2002-2004)
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Hamilton, T F; Kehl, S; Hickman, D
2006-01-17
The United States Department of Energy (U.S. DOE) has recently implemented a series of strategic initiatives to address long-term radiological surveillance needs at former U.S. nuclear test sites in the Marshall Islands. The plan is to engage local atoll communities in developing shared responsibilities for implementing radiation protection monitoring programs for resettled and resettling populations in the northern Marshall Islands. Using the pooled resources of the U.S. DOE and local atoll governments, individual radiological surveillance programs have been developed in whole body counting and plutonium urinalysis in order to accurately assess radiation doses resulting from the ingestion and uptake ofmore » fallout radionuclides contained in locally grown foods. Permanent whole body counting facilities have been established at three separate locations in the Marshall Islands including Enewetak Island (Figure 1) (Bell et al., 2002). These facilities are operated and maintained by Marshallese technicians with scientists from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) providing on-going technical support services. Bioassay samples are collected under controlled conditions and analyzed for plutonium isotopes at the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry at LLNL using state-of-the art measurement technologies. We also conduct an on-going environmental monitoring and characterization program at selected sites in the northern Marshall Islands. The aim of the environmental program is to determine the level and distribution of important fallout radionuclides in soil, water and local foods with a view towards providing more accurate and updated dose assessments, incorporating knowledge of the unique behaviors and exposure pathways of fallout radionuclides in coral atoll ecosystems. These scientific studies have also been essential in helping guide the development of remedial options used in support of island resettlement. Together, the individual and environmental radiological surveillance programs are helping meet the informational needs of the U.S. DOE and the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Our updated environmental assessments provide a strong scientific basis for predicting future change in exposure conditions especially in relation to changes in lifestyle, diet and/or land-use patterns. This information has important implications in addressing questions about existing (and future) radiological conditions on the islands, in determining the cost and estimating the effectiveness of potential remedial measures, and in general policy support considerations. Perhaps most importantly, the recently established individual radiological surveillance programs provide affected atoll communities with an unprecedented level of radiation protection monitoring where, for the first time, local resources are being made available to monitor resettled and resettling populations on a continuous basis. As a hard copy supplement to Marshall Islands Program website (http://eed.llnl.gov/mi/), this document provides an overview of the individual radiation protection monitoring program established for the Enewetak Atoll population group along with a full disclosure of all verified measurement data (2002-2004). Readers are advised that an additional feature of the associated web site is a provision where users are able calculate and track doses delivered to volunteers (de-identified information only) participating in the Marshall Islands Radiological Surveillance Program.« less
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Knapp, Laura G.; Kelly-Reid, Janice E.; Whitmore, Roy W.; Cong, June; Levine, Burton; Berzofsky, Marcus; Broyles, Susan G.
2005-01-01
This E.D. TAB presents findings from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) fall 2004 data collection, which included two survey components: Institutional Characteristics for the 2004-05 academic year, and Completions covering the period July 1, 2003, through June 30, 2004. These data were collected through the IPEDS web-based…
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Virginia "Standards of Learning" Assessments. Technical Report: 2003-2004 Administration
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Virginia Department of Education, 2005
2005-01-01
The purpose of this report is to inform users and other interested parties about the development, content and technical characteristics of the Virginia Standards of Learning (SOL) assessments. It provides information for the 2003 "SOL" cycle that comprises the fall 2003 and spring 2004 administrations. The report is divided into three…
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Peer and Leadership Effects in Academic and Athletic Performance
2007-05-02
literature has used previous peer achievement as an instrument for current achievement (Betts & Zau, 2004; Burke & Sass, 2004; Hanushek , et al...Betts & Zau, 2004; Burke & Sass, 2004; Hanushek , et al., 2003). This has typically been accomplished using large administrative panel data sets while... Hanushek , E.A., Kain, J.F., Markham, J.M. & Rivkin, S.G. (2003). Does Peer Ability Affect Student Achievement? Journal of Applied Econometrics, 18, 527
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Chudasama, Rajesh K; Lakkad, S G; Patel, Umed V; Sheth, Ankit; Thakkar, Dhara; Rangoonwala, Matib
2016-01-01
Background: National Leprosy Eradication Program (NLEP) was launched in 1983 with the goal of elimination of leprosy as a public health problem. Aim: To evaluate the NLEP performance after integration into general health system from April 2003 to March 2014. Material and Methods: A retrospective record based study was conducted by obtaining data from Rajkot district leprosy center. Prevalence rate (PR), new case detection rate (NCDR), proportion of female cases, child cases, multibacillary (MB) cases, Grade II disability among new cases and release from treatment (RFT) cases were evaluated from April 2003 to March 2014 and analyzed by using Chi-square for trend analysis test. Results: The PR of leprosy per 10,000 populations was significantly declined (P < 0.001) from 0.44 in 2003–2004 to 0.15 during March 2014. Reduction in NCDR trend was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The proportion of female cases among newly detected cases showed fluctuation from 36.23% in 2003–2004 to 37.10% in 2013–2014 (P > 0.05). The proportion of child cases also showed significantly declining trend from 12.08% in 2003–2004 to 6.70% in 2013–2014 (P < 0.05). Significant number of MB cases decreased from 122 (2003–2004) to 69 (2013–2014) (P < 0.001). Grade II disability proportion was 1.45% in the year 2003–2004, increased to 5.2% in 2009–2010 and then again decreased to 3.4% in 2013–2014 (P > 0.05). Proportion of patients RFT showed fluctuation from 66.66% (2003–2004) to 45.68% (2009–2010) and then 64.66% (2013–2014) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The NLEP is having a favorable impact on the problem of leprosy by maintaining the elimination level of leprosy in Rajkot district over a decade. PMID:26955096
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Associations between self-reported working conditions and registered health and safety results.
Høivik, Dordi; Baste, Valborg; Brandsdal, Einar; Moen, Bente E
2007-02-01
To investigate the association between self-reported working conditions and registered health and safety results in a petroleum company in Norway. We analyzed data from company surveys of working and organizational conditions in 2003 and 2004 and data from the company's files of sickness absence, personal injuries, serious incidents, and undesirable incidents in 2003 and 2004 as well as personal injuries from 2000 to 2004 using Pearson's correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analyses. Good perception of confidence in management in 2003 and 2004 was significantly negatively correlated with the number of personal injuries from 2000 to 2004. Management style and trust in the manager are important factors for predicting personal injuries. The company's working and organizational survey might be used as an indicator for injury risk.
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Hartman, K.J.; Hom, C.D.; Mazik, P.M.
2010-01-01
Effects of elevated temperature and acid mine drainage (AMD) on crayfish mortality were investigated in the Stony River, Grant County, West Virginia. During summers 2003 and 2004, four-week in situ bioassays were performed along a thermal and AMD gradient with the native crayfish Cambarus bartonii. Crayfish mortality was analyzed in conjunction with temperature and AMD related variables (pH, specific conductivity). Mortality was significantly higher (48-88%) at sites with high temperatures during 2003 (max = 33.0??C), but no significant differences were observed in 2004 (max = 32.0??C). Temperatures were higher in 2003 than 2004 due to increased discharge from a cooling reservoir flowing into the river. Additionally, duration of high temperature was approximately four days in 2003 as compared with only one day in 2004. No significant relationship between acid mine drainage variables and crayfish mortality was apparent.
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
LaFaive, Michael D.
2004-01-01
As the debate rages in Lansing over the size and scope of the 2004-2005 Fiscal Year state budget, the Mackinac Center for Public Policy is republishing and updating budget cutting ideas from its March 2003 study, "Recommendations to Strengthen Civil Society and Balance Michigan's Budget." The 2003 study made over 200 recommendations…
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Combinations of Earth Orientation Measurements: SPACE2003, COMB2003, and POLE2003
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Gross, Richard S.
2004-01-01
Independent Earth orientation measurements taken by the space-geodetic techniques of lunar and satellite laser ranging, very long baseline interferometry, and the global positioning system have been combined using a Kalman filter. The resulting combined Earth orientation series, SPACE2003, consists of values and uncertainties for Universal Time, polar motion, and their rates that span from September 28.0, 1976 to January 31.0, 2004 at daily intervals and is available in versions whose epochs are given at either midnight or noon. The space-geodetic measurements used to generate SPACE2003 have then been combined with optical astrometric measurements to form two additional combined Earth orientation series: (1) COMB2003, consisting of values and uncertainties for Universal Time, polar motion, and their rates that span from January 20.0, 1962 to January 31.0, 2004 at daily intervals and which is also available in versions whose epochs are given at either midnight or noon, and (2) POLE2003, consisting of values and uncertainties for polar motion and its rate that span from January 20, 1900 to January 21,2004 at 30.4375-day intervals.
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Knapp, Laura, G.; Kelly-Reid, Janice E.; Whitmore, Roy W.; Miller, Elise S.
2006-01-01
This E.D. TAB presents findings from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) Spring 2005 data collection, which included four components: Student Financial Aid for full-time, first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students for the 2003-04 academic year, Enrollment for fall 2004 and 12-month counts for 2003-04.…
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
..., Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, and Palmyra Atoll, is defined as...″ 0°28′39″ N. (d) Johnston Atoll. The Johnston Atoll unit of the Monument includes the waters and submerged and emergent lands around Johnston Atoll within an area defined by straight lines connecting the...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
..., Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, and Palmyra Atoll, is defined as...″ 0°28′39″ N. (d) Johnston Atoll. The Johnston Atoll unit of the Monument includes the waters and submerged and emergent lands around Johnston Atoll within an area defined by straight lines connecting the...
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Couch, Courtney S; Burns, John H R; Liu, Gang; Steward, Kanoelani; Gutlay, Tiffany Nicole; Kenyon, Jean; Eakin, C Mark; Kosaki, Randall K
2017-01-01
2014 marked the sixth and most widespread mass bleaching event reported in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, home to the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM), the world's second largest marine reserve. This event was associated with an unusual basin-scale warming in the North Pacific Ocean, with an unprecedented peak intensity of around 20°C-weeks of cumulative heat stress at Lisianksi Island. In situ bleaching surveys and satellite data were used to evaluate the relative importance of potential drivers of bleaching patterns in 2014, assess the subsequent morality and its effects on coral communities and 3D complexity, test for signs of regional acclimation, and investigate long-term change in heat stress in PMNM. Surveys conducted at four island/atoll (French Frigate Shoals, Lisianski Island, Pearl and Hermes Atoll, and Midway Atoll) showed that in 2014, percent bleaching varied considerably between islands/atolls and habitats (back reef/fore reef and depth), and was up to 91% in shallow habitats at Lisianski. The percent bleaching during the 2014 event was best explained by a combination of duration of heat stress measured by Coral Reef Watch's satellite Degree Heating Week, relative community susceptibility (bleaching susceptibility score of each taxon * the taxon's abundance relative to the total number of colonies), depth and region. Mean coral cover at permanent Lisianski monitoring sites decreased by 68% due to severe losses of Montipora dilatata complex, resulting in rapid reductions in habitat complexity. Spatial distribution of the 2014 bleaching was significantly different from the 2002 and 2004 bleaching events likely due to a combination of differences in heat stress and local acclimatization. Historical satellite data demonstrated heat stress in 2014 was unlike any previous event and that the exposure of corals to the bleaching-level heat stress has increased significantly in the northern PMNM since 1982, highlighting the increasing threat of climate change to reefs.
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Couch, Courtney S.; Burns, John H. R.; Liu, Gang; Steward, Kanoelani; Gutlay, Tiffany Nicole; Kenyon, Jean; Eakin, C. Mark; Kosaki, Randall K.
2017-01-01
2014 marked the sixth and most widespread mass bleaching event reported in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, home to the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM), the world’s second largest marine reserve. This event was associated with an unusual basin-scale warming in the North Pacific Ocean, with an unprecedented peak intensity of around 20°C-weeks of cumulative heat stress at Lisianksi Island. In situ bleaching surveys and satellite data were used to evaluate the relative importance of potential drivers of bleaching patterns in 2014, assess the subsequent morality and its effects on coral communities and 3D complexity, test for signs of regional acclimation, and investigate long-term change in heat stress in PMNM. Surveys conducted at four island/atoll (French Frigate Shoals, Lisianski Island, Pearl and Hermes Atoll, and Midway Atoll) showed that in 2014, percent bleaching varied considerably between islands/atolls and habitats (back reef/fore reef and depth), and was up to 91% in shallow habitats at Lisianski. The percent bleaching during the 2014 event was best explained by a combination of duration of heat stress measured by Coral Reef Watch’s satellite Degree Heating Week, relative community susceptibility (bleaching susceptibility score of each taxon * the taxon’s abundance relative to the total number of colonies), depth and region. Mean coral cover at permanent Lisianski monitoring sites decreased by 68% due to severe losses of Montipora dilatata complex, resulting in rapid reductions in habitat complexity. Spatial distribution of the 2014 bleaching was significantly different from the 2002 and 2004 bleaching events likely due to a combination of differences in heat stress and local acclimatization. Historical satellite data demonstrated heat stress in 2014 was unlike any previous event and that the exposure of corals to the bleaching-level heat stress has increased significantly in the northern PMNM since 1982, highlighting the increasing threat of climate change to reefs. PMID:28953909
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Changes in parents' perceptions of infant influenza vaccination over two years.
Nowalk, Mary Patricia; Lin, Chyongchiou J.; Zimmerman, Richard K.; Ko, Feng-Shou; Hoberman, Alejandro; Zoffel, Lisa; Kearney, Diana H.
2007-01-01
BACKGROUND: Inner-city health centers serving large proportions of low-income and minority children participated in a study to introduce influenza vaccination among healthy infants in 2002-2003 and 2003-2004. METHODS: Following the 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 influenza vaccination seasons, a short, low-literacy level survey was mailed to parents of vaccine-eligible children. Factors related to vaccination status were determined using Chi-squared and logistic regression procedures. In 2003, 436 of 1000 surveys were returned and in 2004, 274 of 583 surveys were returned. RESULTS: Influenza vaccination rate by parental report was 56% in 2003 and 45% in 2004. The most important factors related to immunization were doctor's recommendation (OR = 10.5, 95% CI: 6.2-17.7; P < 0.001), receiving a reminder (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.01-2.6; P = 0.047) and parental belief that the child should be vaccinated (OR = 7.1, 95% CI: 4.3-11.6; P < 0.001). From 2003-2004, nonphysician social influences to have infants vaccinated against influenza increased overall, and perceived positive consequences of vaccination increased among parents of vaccinated children. CONCLUSIONS: Social support for influenza vaccination of healthy infants increased over the two years of the encouragement period, suggesting that information regarding this vaccine was reaching the general public. The most important facilitators of influenza immunization were physician recommendation, parental support and reminders. This suggests that reminders from physicians should specifically state that the doctor recommends influenza vaccine and address common misperceptions about influenza vaccine. These findings may have broader applications as the age groups for whom influenza vaccination is recommended continue to expand. PMID:17595932
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Variations in catastrophic health expenditure estimates from household surveys in India
Dandona, Rakhi; Dandona, Lalit
2013-01-01
Abstract Objective To assess the comparability of out-of-pocket (OOP) payment and catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) estimates from different household surveys in India. Methods Data on CHE, outpatient and inpatient OOP payments and other expenditure from all major national or multi-state surveys since 2000 were compared. These included two consumer expenditure surveys (the National Sample Survey for 2004–05 [NSS 2004–05] and 2009–10 [NSS 2009–10]) and three health-focused surveys (the World Health Survey 2003 [WHS 2003]; the National Sample Survey on Morbidity, Health Care and the Condition of the Aged 2004 [NSS 2004]; and the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health 2007–08 [SAGE 2007–08]). All but the NSS 2004–05 and the NSS 2009–10 used different questionnaires. Findings CHE estimates from WHS 2003 and SAGE 2007–08 were twice as high as those from NSS 2004–05, NSS 2009–10 and NSS 2004. Inpatient OOP payment estimates were twice as high in WHS 2003 and SAGE 2007–08 because in these surveys a much higher proportion of households reported such payments. However, estimates of expenditures on other items were half as high in WHS 2003 as in the other surveys because a very small number of items was used to capture these expenditures. Conclusion The wide variations observed in CHE and OOP payment estimates resulted from methodological differences. Survey methods used to assess CHE in India need to be standardized and validated to accurately track CHE and assess the impact of recent policies to reduce it. PMID:24115796
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2004 Michigan traffic crash facts
DOT National Transportation Integrated Search
2005-04-11
The 2004 traffic fatality count was 1,159, down 9.7 percent from the 2003 figure of 1,283. : Compared with 2003, injuries were down 5.6 percent and total crashes were down 4.7 : percent. These figures translated into a death rate of 1.1 per 100 milli...
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10 CFR 431.95 - Materials incorporated by reference.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Commercial Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps Test Procedures § 431.95 Materials... Packaged Terminal Air-Conditioners and Heat Pumps,” published September 2004 (AHRI 310/380-2004), IBR... Single Package Vertical Air-Conditioners and Heat Pumps,” dated 2003, (AHRI 390-2003), IBR approved for...
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10 CFR 431.95 - Materials incorporated by reference.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Commercial Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps Test Procedures § 431.95 Materials... Packaged Terminal Air-Conditioners and Heat Pumps,” published September 2004 (AHRI 310/380-2004), IBR... Single Package Vertical Air-Conditioners and Heat Pumps,” dated 2003, (AHRI 390-2003), IBR approved for...
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Tragedy into Drama: An American History of Tourniquet Use in the Current War
2013-09-01
Southern Pines, NC, renamed Phil Durango LLC 2003 CAT initial parts made by VC Manufacturing, Cameron, NC, including farmers’ wives 2003 Amanda...Westmoreland of Phil Durango sews rods onto the main body of the CAT and molds plastic clips 2003 Amanda Westmoreland prints folds instruction sheets...by AMEDDBD 2004 Nov USSOCOM USAISR OAFME study: limb exsanguination deaths still common 2004 (Nov 9) Phil Durango cedes CAT distribution and
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42 CFR 414.615 - Transition to the ambulance fee schedule.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... inflation factor for ambulance services. (b) 2003 Payment. For services furnished in CY 2003, payment is... inflation factor for ambulance services. (c) 2004 Payment. For services furnished in CY 2004, payment is... inflation factor for ambulance services. (d) 2005 Payment. For services furnished in CY 2005, payment is...
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Spatial and Linguistic Aspects of Visual Imagery in Sentence Comprehension
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Bergen, Benjamin K.; Lindsay, Shane; Matlock, Teenie; Narayanan, Srini
2007-01-01
There is mounting evidence that language comprehension involves the activation of mental imagery of the content of utterances (Barsalou, 1999; Bergen, Chang, & Narayan, 2004; Bergen, Narayan, & Feldman, 2003; Narayan, Bergen, & Weinberg, 2004; Richardson, Spivey, McRae, & Barsalou, 2003; Stanfield & Zwaan, 2001; Zwaan, Stanfield, & Yaxley, 2002).…
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Report #2004-1-00067, May 26, 2004. The financial statements referred to in the first paragraph present fairly the financial position of the Washington Department of Ecology Water Pollution Control State Revolving Fund as of June 30, 2003.
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Update on the diagnostic radiologist employment market: findings through 2004.
Saket, Daniel D; Nwanze, Chukwuemeka C; Maynard, C Douglas; Sunshine, Jonathan H; Forman, Howard P
2005-12-01
The objective of this article is to summarize the latest information concerning the diagnostic radiologist employment market. Three sources of data are presented and compared with previous data: vacancies in academic radiology departments as of July; the ratio of job listings to job seekers at a major placement service; and the number of positions advertised in Radiology and the American Journal of Roentgenology. Vacancies in academic radiology departments averaged 3.9 in 2004, down 29%, and decreased for all subspecialties as compared with 2001, but the number of vacancies remained very similar to that for 2003. Job listings per job seeker were 1.1 in 2004, stable over the past 2 years but at the lowest level since 1997. The overall number of positions advertised declined by 14% in 2003 compared with 2002 and by an additional 17% in 2004, reaching the lowest level since 1998. In 2004, 45.3% of positions advertised were academic. Comparing 2003-2004 with 2001-2002, all geographic regions exhibited absolute declines in advertisements except the Northeast, which showed a 1.5% increase. Absolute increases occurred for musculoskeletal and emergency radiology positions. Statistically significant proportional decreases occurred for general radiology, vascular/interventional radiology, and pediatric radiology. Three separate data sources confirm a substantial and broad-based multiyear decline in the strength of the demand for diagnostic radiologists, with some shifting in relative demand for subspecialties. It is not clear if the decrease continued in 2004 or if 2004 demand was similar to that of 2003. Data are relative and do not indicate the employment market is weak in absolute terms.
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International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) 2003-2004 Annual Report
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Pearlman, Michael (Editor); Noll, Carey (Editor)
2005-01-01
The International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) organizes and coordinates Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) and Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) to support programs in geodetic, geophysical, and lunar research activities and provides the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) with products important to the maintenance of an accurate International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF). This reference frame provides the stability through which systematic measurements of the Earth can be made over thousands of kilometers, decades of time, and evolution of measurement technology. This 2003-2004 ILRS annual report is comprised of individual contributions from ILRS components within the international geodetic community for the years 2003-2004. The report documents changes and progress of the ILRS and is also available on the ILRS Web site at http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/reports/ilrs_reports/ilrsar_2003.html.
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Evidence for the presence of bluetongue virus in Kosovo between 2001 and 2004.
Osmani, A; Murati, B; Kabashi, Q; Goga, I; Berisha, B; Wilsmore, A J; Hamblin, C
2006-03-25
In 2001, clinical cases of bluetongue were observed in Kosovo, and in that year and in 2003 and 2004, serum samples were collected from cattle and small ruminants and tested for antibodies to bluetongue virus. The results provide evidence that bluetongue virus was not present in Kosovo before the summer of 2001, but that the virus circulated subclinically among the cattle and sheep populations of Kosovo in 2002, 2003 and 2004.
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Student Aid Audio Guide, 2003-2004. [CD-ROM].
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Office of Federal Student Aid (ED), Washington, DC.
This CD-ROM contains a simulated conversation between a counselor at the Department of Education's Federal Student Aid Information Center and a student inquiring about financial assistance. The information pertains to the year from July 2003 through June 2004. Following an introductory track containing information about the contents of the CD,…
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Mexican Americans Acquiring Bachelor's Degrees: Whose Opportunity?
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Evans, Carol
2009-01-01
This study offers a small, highly contextualized counter-example to several recent large-scale analyses depicting Latino underachievement in higher education (R. Fry, 2002; J. Immerwahr, 2003; S. Miller & E. Garcia, 2004; W. Swail, A. Cabrera, & C. Lee, 2004; W. S. Swail, K. E. Redd, & L. W. Perna, 2003). The purpose is to analyze…
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32 CFR 761.4 - Special provisions.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
..., Kirtland Air Force Base, NM 87115. (c) Entry into Johnston Atoll is controlled by the Defense Nuclear Agency. Inquiries concerning entries into Johnston Atoll should be directed to: Commander, Johnston Atoll... Kwajalein Atoll under military jurisdiction is controlled by the Department of the Army. Inquiries...
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32 CFR 761.4 - Special provisions.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
..., Kirtland Air Force Base, NM 87115. (c) Entry into Johnston Atoll is controlled by the Defense Nuclear Agency. Inquiries concerning entries into Johnston Atoll should be directed to: Commander, Johnston Atoll... Kwajalein Atoll under military jurisdiction is controlled by the Department of the Army. Inquiries...
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32 CFR 761.4 - Special provisions.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
..., Kirtland Air Force Base, NM 87115. (c) Entry into Johnston Atoll is controlled by the Defense Nuclear Agency. Inquiries concerning entries into Johnston Atoll should be directed to: Commander, Johnston Atoll... Kwajalein Atoll under military jurisdiction is controlled by the Department of the Army. Inquiries...
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32 CFR 761.4 - Special provisions.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
..., Kirtland Air Force Base, NM 87115. (c) Entry into Johnston Atoll is controlled by the Defense Nuclear Agency. Inquiries concerning entries into Johnston Atoll should be directed to: Commander, Johnston Atoll... Kwajalein Atoll under military jurisdiction is controlled by the Department of the Army. Inquiries...
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32 CFR 761.4 - Special provisions.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
..., Kirtland Air Force Base, NM 87115. (c) Entry into Johnston Atoll is controlled by the Defense Nuclear Agency. Inquiries concerning entries into Johnston Atoll should be directed to: Commander, Johnston Atoll... Kwajalein Atoll under military jurisdiction is controlled by the Department of the Army. Inquiries...
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Lincoln, J.M.
Past sea levels can be derived from any atoll subsurface sediments deposited at or near sea level by determining the ages of deposition and correcting the present depths to the sediments for subsidence of the underlying edifice since the times of deposition. A sea level curve constructed by this method consists of discontinuous segments, each corresponding to a period of rising relative sea level and deposition of a discrete sedimentary package. Discontinuities in the sea level curve derived by this method correspond to relative sea level falls and stratigraphic hiatuses in the atoll subsurface. During intervals of relative sea levelmore » fall an atoll emerges to become a high limestone island. Sea level may fluctuate several times during a period of atoll emergence to become a high limestone island. Sea level may fluctuate several times during a period of atoll emergence without depositing sediments on top of the atoll. Furthermore, subaerial erosion may remove a substantial part of the depositional record of previous sea level fluctuations. For these reasons the authors must look to the adjacent basins to complement the incomplete record of sea level change recorded beneath atolls. During lowstands of sea level, faunas originally deposited near sea level on an atoll may be eroded and redeposited as turbidites in deep adjacent basins. Three such turbidites penetrated during deep-sea drilling at Sites 462 and 315 in the central Pacific correlate well with a late Tertiary sea level curve based on biostratigraphic ages and {sup 87}Sr/{sup 86}Sr chronostratigraphy for core from Enewetak Atoll in the northern Marshall Islands. Further drilling of the archipelagic aprons adjacent to atolls will improve the sea level history that may be inferred from atoll stratigraphy.« less
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Curriculum Summary: Grade One, 2003-2004 = Sommaire des Programmes: 1re annee, 2003-2004.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Alberta Learning, Edmonton.
Intended for parents as a companion to the Alberta Curriculum Guides, this summary, in English- and French-language versions, uses an "at a glance" schematic to list the curricular goals for Grade 1 in Alberta. In addition to English language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies, goals cover health and life skills, physical…
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26 CFR 1.6050S-1 - Information reporting for qualified tuition and related expenses.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-04-01
..., Student B drops to half-time enrollment. In mid-January 2004, College Y credits Student B's account with... semester classes begin, Student A drops to half-time enrollment. In mid-January 2004, College X credits $5... early September 2003, Student A drops to half-time enrollment for the 2003 Fall semester. In late...
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26 CFR 1.6050S-1 - Information reporting for qualified tuition and related expenses.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
..., Student B drops to half-time enrollment. In mid-January 2004, College Y credits Student B's account with... semester classes begin, Student A drops to half-time enrollment. In mid-January 2004, College X credits $5... early September 2003, Student A drops to half-time enrollment for the 2003 Fall semester. In late...
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26 CFR 1.6050S-1 - Information reporting for qualified tuition and related expenses.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
..., Student B drops to half-time enrollment. In mid-January 2004, College Y credits Student B's account with... semester classes begin, Student A drops to half-time enrollment. In mid-January 2004, College X credits $5... early September 2003, Student A drops to half-time enrollment for the 2003 Fall semester. In late...
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26 CFR 1.6050S-1 - Information reporting for qualified tuition and related expenses.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
..., Student B drops to half-time enrollment. In mid-January 2004, College Y credits Student B's account with... semester classes begin, Student A drops to half-time enrollment. In mid-January 2004, College X credits $5... early September 2003, Student A drops to half-time enrollment for the 2003 Fall semester. In late...
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The Palmyra Atoll Research Consortium
Suchanek, Thomas H.
2012-01-01
Palmyra functions as a living laboratory. It is a low-lying coral atoll located about 1,800 kilometers south/southwest of Hawaii near the equator in the central Pacific Ocean (latitude 5°53'N, longitude 162°05'W). Palmyra Atoll and nearby Kingman Reef are U.S. territories and represent the northern atolls/reefs of the U.S. Line Islands. Palmyra also is one of the nine sovereign territories of the United States commonly referred to as the U.S. Pacific Remote Island Areas (PRIAs) that straddle the equator (fig. 1). Palmyra Atoll and nearby Kingman Reef also were included as part of the seven territories that comprise the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument set aside by President Bush in 2009 (Proclamation 8336), which includes the same territories as the PRIAS, except Rose Atoll and Midway Atoll.
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The Airline Quality Rating 2004
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bowen, Brent D.; Headley, Dean E.
2004-01-01
The Airline Quality Rating (AQR) was developed and first announced in early 1991 as an objective method of comparing airline quality on combined multiple performance criteria. This current report, the Airline Quality Rating 2004, reflects monthly Airline Quality Rating scores for 2003. AQR scores far the calendar year 2003 are based on 15 elemnts in four major areas that focus on airline performance aspects important to air travel consumers. The Airline Quality Rating 2004 is a summary of month-by-month quality ratings for U.S. airlines that have at least 1% of domestic passenger volume during 2003. Using the Airline Quality Rating system of weighted averages and monthly performance data in the areas of on-time arrivals, involuntary denied boardings, mishandled baggage, and a combination of 12 customer complaint categories, airlines comparative performance for the calendar year of 2003 is reported. This research monograph contains a brief summary of the AQR methodology, detailed data and charts that track comparative quality for domestic airline operations for the 12-month period of 2003, and industry results. Also, comparative Airline Quality Rating data for 2002 are included, where available, to provide historical perspective
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Kasmarek, Mark C.; Lanning-Rush, Jennifer
2004-01-01
This report is one in an annual series of reports that depicts water-level altitudes and water-level changes in the Chicot, Evangeline, and Jasper aquifers, and compaction in the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers in the Houston-Galveston region. The Houston-Galveston region comprises Harris, Galveston, Fort Bend, Waller, and Montgomery Counties and adjacent parts of Brazoria, Grimes, Walker, San Jacinto, Liberty, and Chambers Counties. The report was prepared in cooperation with the Harris-Galveston Coastal Subsidence District, the City of Houston, the Fort Bend Subsidence District, and the Lone Star Groundwater Conservation District. For the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers, maps show approximate water-level altitudes in 2004, water-level changes from 2003 to 2004, approximate water-level changes from 1977 to 2004, and approximate water-level changes from 1990 to 2004 (figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8). For the Jasper aquifer, maps show approximate water-level altitudes in 2004 and water-level changes from 2003 to 2004 and 2000 to 2004 (figs. 9, 10, 11). The report also contains a map showing borehole extensometer (well equipped with compaction monitor) site locations (fig. 12) and graphs showing measured compaction of subsurface material at these sites from 1973 or later to 2003 (fig. 13). The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has published annual reports of water-level altitudes and water-level changes for the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers in the Houston-Galveston region since 1979; and annual reports of same for the Fort Bend subregion (Fort Bend County and adjacent areas) since 1990. The USGS published its first water-level-altitude map for the Jasper aquifer in the greater Houston area (primarily Montgomery County) in 2001. The 2004 water-level-altitude and water-level-change maps for the three aquifers are included in this report.
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USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database
This report highlights the changes in the dietary intakes of selected USDA Food Patterns groups, including added sugars and solid fats, for the U.S. population from What We Eat in America, NHANES 2003-2004 to 2013-14. The nationally representative sample included 8,272 and 8,066 individuals, ages 2...
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Curriculum Summary: Grade Six, 2003-2004 = Sommaire des Programmes: 6e annee, 2003-2004.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Alberta Learning, Edmonton.
Intended for parents as a companion to the Alberta Curriculum Guides, this summary, in English- and French-language versions, uses an "at a glance" schematic to list the curricular goals for Grade 6 in Alberta. In addition to English language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies, goals cover art, music, health and life skills,…
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Curriculum Summary: Grade Four, 2003-2004 = Sommaire des Programmes: 4e annee, 2003-2004.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Alberta Learning, Edmonton.
Intended for parents as a companion to the Alberta Curriculum Guides, this summary, in English- and French-language versions, uses an "at a glance" schematic to list the curricular goals for Grade 4 in Alberta. In addition to English language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies, goals cover art, music, health and life skills,…
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Curriculum Summary: Grade Three, 2003-2004 = Sommaire des Programmes, 3e annee, 2003-2004.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Alberta Learning, Edmonton.
Intended for parents as a companion to the Alberta Curriculum Guides, this summary, in English- and French-language versions, uses an "at a glance" schematic to list the curricular goals for Grade 3 in Alberta. In addition to English language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies, goals cover art, music, health and life skills,…
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Curriculum Summary: Grade Two, 2003-2004 = Sommaire des Programmes: 2e annee, 2003-2004.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Alberta Learning, Edmonton.
Intended for parents as a companion to the Alberta Curriculum Guides, this summary, in English- and French-language versions, uses an "at a glance" schematic to list the curricular goals for Grade 2 in Alberta. In addition to English language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies, goals cover art, music, health and life skills,…
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Curriculum Summary: Grade Five, 2003-2004 = Sommaire des Programmes: 5e annee, 2003-2004.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Alberta Learning, Edmonton.
Intended for parents as a companion to the Alberta Curriculum Guides, this summary, in English- and French-language versions, uses an "at a glance" schematic to list the curricular goals for Grade 5 in Alberta. In addition to English language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies, goals cover art, music, health and life skills, physical…
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2006-12-01
increasing age ( Waki et al., 2003; Hatakeyama et al., 2004). We did not see a strong correlation to increasing age as a factor in biallelic methylation...Strathdee G and Brown R. (2004). Drug Resist. Update, 7, 267–278. Waki T, Tamura G, Sato M and Motoyama T. (2003). Oncogene, 22, 4128–4133. Williams JW, Hawes
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Schlenker, Richard M.
This document reviews the Pacific Region Junior Science and Humanities Symposium (PJSHS) program for 2003-2004 which is a 10-month, precollege student research program held in Japan. The theme is AtmosphereThe Other Ocean. The program includes a one-week symposium of student delegates who have completed research projects in the sciences or have…
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Earth Observations taken by the Expedition 18 Crew
2009-01-06
ISS018-E-018129 (6 Jan. 2009) --- Atafu Atoll in the Southern Pacific Ocean is featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 18 crewmember on the International Space Station. At roughly eight kilometers wide, Atafu Atoll is the smallest of three atolls (with Nukunonu and Fakaofo atolls to the southeast, not shown) comprising the Tokelau Islands group located in the southern Pacific Ocean. Swains Island to the south (not shown) is also considered part of the Tokelau group. The political entity of Tokelau is currently a territory of New Zealand. In recent years, public referendums on independence within the islands have been held, but have not received sufficient support to move forward. The primary settlement on Atafu is a village located at the northwestern corner of the atoll ? indicated by an area of light gray dots in this photograph. The typical ring shape of the atoll is the result of coral reefs building up around a former volcanic island. Over geologic time, the central volcano has subsided beneath the water surface, leaving the fringing reefs and a central lagoon that contains submerged coral reefs. Erosion and soil development on the surfaces of the exposed fringing reefs has lead to formation of tan to light brown beach deposits (southern and western sides of the atoll) and green vegetation cover (northern and eastern sides of the atoll). The Tokelau Islands, including Atafu Atoll, suffered significant inundation and erosion during Tropical Cyclone Percy in 2005. The approximate elevation of Atafu Atoll is only two meters above the tidal high water level. Vulnerability to tropical cyclones and potential sea level rise makes the long-term habitability of the atoll uncertain.
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Cruise-ship--associated Legionnaires disease, November 2003-May 2004.
2005-11-18
More than 9.4 million passengers traveled on pleasure cruises departing from North American ports in 2004, an increase of 13% since 2003 and 41% since 2001. Cruise ships typically transport closed populations of thousands of persons, often from diverse parts of the world. Travelers are at risk for becoming ill while on board, most commonly from person-to-person spread of viral gastrointestinal illnesses. Certain environmental organisms, such as Legionella spp., pose a risk to vulnerable passengers. During November 2003-May 2004, eight cases of Legionnaires disease (LD) among persons who had recently traveled on cruise ships were reported to CDC. This report describes these cases to raise clinician awareness of the potential for cruise-ship--associated LD and to emphasize the need for identification and reporting of cases to facilitate investigation.
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Abortion surveillance--United States, 2004.
Strauss, Lilo T; Gamble, Sonya B; Parker, Wilda Y; Cook, Douglas A; Zane, Suzanne B; Hamdan, Saeed
2007-11-23
CDC began abortion surveillance in 1969 to document the number and characteristics of women obtaining legal induced abortions. This report summarizes and describes data voluntarily reported to CDC regarding legal induced abortions obtained in the United States in 2004. For each year since 1969, CDC has compiled abortion data by state or area of occurrence. During 1973-1997, data were received from or estimated for 52 reporting areas in the United States: 50 states, the District of Columbia, and New York City. In 1998 and 1999, CDC compiled abortion data from 48 reporting areas. Alaska, California, New Hampshire, and Oklahoma did not report, and data for these states were not estimated. During 2000-2002, Oklahoma again reported these data, increasing the number of reporting areas to 49; for 2003 and 2004, Alaska again reported and West Virginia did not, maintaining the number of reporting areas at 49. A total of 839,226 legal induced abortions were reported to CDC for 2004 from 49 reporting areas, representing a 1.1% decline from the 848,163 legal induced abortions reported by 49 reporting areas for 2003. The abortion ratio, defined as the number of abortions per 1,000 live births, was 238 in 2004, a decrease from the 241 in 2003. The abortion rate was 16 per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years for 2004, the same since 2000. For the same 47 reporting areas, the abortion rate remained relatively constant during 1998-2004. In 2003 (the most recent years for which data are available), 10 women died as a result of complications from known legal induced abortion. No death was associated with known illegal abortion. The highest percentages of reported abortions were for women who were known to be unmarried (80%), white (53%), and aged <25 years (50%). Of all abortions for which gestational age was reported, 61% were performed at < or =8 weeks' gestation and 88% at <13 weeks. From 1992 (when detailed data regarding early abortions were first collected) through 2004, steady increases have occurred in the percentage of abortions performed at < or =6 weeks' gestation, except for a slight decline in 2003. A limited number of abortions were obtained at >15 weeks' gestation, including 4.0% at 16-20 weeks and 1.4% at > or =21 weeks. A total of 35 reporting areas submitted data stating that they performed and enumerated medical (nonsurgical) procedures, making up 9.7% of all known reported procedures from the 45 areas with adequate reporting on type of procedure. During 1990--1997, the number of legal induced abortions gradually declined. When the same 47 reporting areas are compared, the number of abortions decreased during 1996-2001, then slightly increased in 2002 and again decreased in 2003 and 2004. In 2000 and 2001, even with one additional reporting state, the number of abortions declined slightly, with a minimal increase in 2002 and a further decrease in both 2003 and 2004. In 2003, as in the previous years, deaths related to legal induced abortions occurred rarely. Abortion surveillance in the United States continues to provide the data necessary for examining trends in numbers and characteristics of women who obtain legal induced abortions and to increase understanding of this pregnancy outcome. Policymakers and program planners use these data to improve the health and well-being of women and infants.
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Ford, C N; Ng, S W; Popkin, B M
2016-02-01
It has been previously reported that total energy intake among US preschool children (ages 2-5 years) decreased between 2003-2004 and 2009-2010. However, little is known about how intakes of beverages among US preschoolers (ages 2-5 years) changed from 2003-2004 to 2011-2012. This paper examines changes in intakes of key beverages during this period, as well as how eating location (at home or away from home) and source (store vs. others) may have contributed to these changes. Cross-sectional day one dietary data among children ages 2-5 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004, 2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2009-2010 and 2011-2012 were used. Survey-weighted mean intakes by survey year, eating location and source were computed for total sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), milks, 100% juice, low/no-calorie beverages, 10 key beverages, total beverages and total foods. Means were compared using two-tailed z-tests with Bonferroni corrections (α < 0.05). Between 2003-2004 and 2011-2012, among 2-5 year olds, total caloric intake fell by 132 kcal d(-1) , with intakes of beverages falling by 55 kcal d(-1) . Decreases in intakes of total SSBs (-57 kcal d(-1) ), fruit-flavoured or juice drinks containing <100% juice (juice drinks) (-37 kcal d(-1) ), caloric soft drinks (-13 kcal d(-1) ) and >1% fat, low-sugar milk (-42 kcal d(-1) ) were among the major changes. By eating location, total beverage intake at home fell by 73 kcal d(-1) . By source, total beverage intake from stores fell by 106 kcal d(-1) . Changes in intakes occurred primarily between 2003-2004 and 2009-2010, as there were no significant differences in beverage intakes between 2009-2010 and 2011-2012. Intakes of total calories (+49 kcal d(-1) ) and calories from foods (+53 kcal d(-1) ) trended upward between 2009-2010 and 2011-2012, but changes were not significant. These findings suggest improvements in the diets of preschoolers between 2003-2004 and 2009-2010, of which stores were a major contributor. © 2015 World Obesity.
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USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database
This report highlights the changes in the dietary intakes of selected USDA Food Patterns groups, including added sugars and solid fats, for the U.S. population from What We Eat in America, NHANES 2003-2004 and 2011-12. Study sample included 8,272 and 7,932 individuals, ages 2 years and over (exclud...
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Multi-Resolution Planning in Large Uncertain Domains
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kaelbling, Leslie Pack
2005-01-01
This project spanned three and one half years of research. This report covers three major lines of work that were done most recently and reported on in a talk given by the PI at NASA Ames on March 23, 2004. There are have been additional publications related to this work (Lane & Kaelbling, 2001a, 2001b, 2002; Zettlemoyer, Pasula, & Kaelbling, 2003; Gardiol & Kaelbling, 2003; Pasula, Zettlemoyer, & Kaelbling, 2004).
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Werner, Adrian D.; Sharp, Hannah K.; Galvis, Sandra C.; Post, Vincent E. A.; Sinclair, Peter
2017-08-01
On atoll islands, fresh groundwater occurs as a buoyant lens-shaped body surrounded by saltwater derived from the sea, forming the main freshwater source for many island communities. A review of the state of knowledge of atoll island groundwater is overdue given their susceptibility to adverse impacts, and the task to address water access and sanitation issues within the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals framework before the year 2030. In this article, we review available literature to summarise the key processes, investigation techniques and management approaches of atoll island groundwater systems. Over fifty years of investigation has led to important advancements in the understanding of atoll hydrogeology, but a paucity of hydrogeological data persists on all but a small number of atoll islands. We find that the combined effects of buoyancy forces, complex geology, tides, episodic ocean events, strong climatic variability and human impacts create highly dynamic fresh groundwater lenses. Methods used to quantify freshwater availability range from simple empirical relationships to three-dimensional density-dependent models. Generic atoll island numerical models have proven popular in trying to unravel the individual factors controlling fresh groundwater lens behaviour. Major challenges face the inhabitants and custodians of atoll island aquifers, with rising anthropogenic stresses compounded by the threats of climate variability and change, sea-level rise, and some atolls already extracting freshwater at or above sustainability limits. We find that the study of atoll groundwater systems remains a critical area for further research effort to address persistent knowledge gaps, which lead to high uncertainties in water security issues for both island residents and surrounding environs.
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Stabilization of lead-contaminated municipal ash on Johnston Atoll
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Lear, P.R.; Gemar, D.; Ingoglia, M.
1995-12-31
Johnston Atoll is located approximately 700 nautical miles southwest of the Hawaiian Islands. Johnston Atoll is an unincorporated territory of the United States with operational control administered by the Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA). The atoll serves as a storage and destruction site for chemical munitions under the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS). Previously, the atoll served as a site high and low altitude nuclear testing and more recently, principal overseas base to support the Nation Nuclear Readiness Program`s Safeguard C, which required the capability to promptly resume nuclear testing. Johnston Atoll is also managed by the US Fishmore » and Wildlife Service as a National Wildlife Refuge. The atoll is comprised of four small islands, Johnston, Sand, North and East, surrounded by a coral reef. Most activities at the atoll are limited to Johnston Island (JI). The Solid Waste Burn Pit (SWBP) is located on the northwest end of JI, approximately 50 feet from the lagoon. Constructed in 1978 or shortly thereafter, the SWBP was utilized to burn refuse generated during the daily operation of the island. Part of the SWBP remains active and is still in use, burning nonhazardous waste material. In the inactive portion of the SWBP, hazardous materials such as batteries, paints, and solvents were burned in the past. This paper addresses the remediation of the inactive portion of the SWBP only.« less
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Lessons From Tarawa and Their Relevance to the Operating Environment of 2011
2011-04-07
culminating in the first actual assault against a heavily defended beachhead, the battle for Tarawa atoll . The iconic victory at Tarawa was a direct...efended beachhead, the battle for Tarawa atolL The iconic victory at Tarawa was a direct derivative of innovative thinking combined with a dedication to...CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 23 / APPENDIX A: TARAWA ATOLL MAP
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Cenozoic sea level and the rise of modern rimmed atolls
Toomey, Michael; Ashton, Andrew; Raymo, Maureen E.; Perron, J. Taylor
2016-01-01
Sea-level records from atolls, potentially spanning the Cenozoic, have been largely overlooked, in part because the processes that control atoll form (reef accretion, carbonate dissolution, sediment transport, vertical motion) are complex and, for many islands, unconstrained on million-year timescales. Here we combine existing observations of atoll morphology and corelog stratigraphy from Enewetak Atoll with a numerical model to (1) constrain the relative rates of subsidence, dissolution and sedimentation that have shaped modern Pacific atolls and (2) construct a record of sea level over the past 8.5 million years. Both the stratigraphy from Enewetak Atoll (constrained by a subsidence rate of ~ 20 m/Myr) and our numerical modeling results suggest that low sea levels (50–125 m below present), and presumably bi-polar glaciations, occurred throughout much of the late Miocene, preceding the warmer climate of the Pliocene, when sea level was higher than present. Carbonate dissolution through the subsequent sea-level fall that accompanied the onset of large glacial cycles in the late Pliocene, along with rapid highstand constructional reef growth, likely drove development of the rimmed atoll morphology we see today.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Buchanan, Rebecca A.; Skalski, John R.; Broms, Kristin
The combined juvenile and adult detection histories of PIT-tagged wild salmonids migrating through the Federal Columbia River Power System (FCRPS) were analyzed using the ROSTER (River-Ocean Survival and Transportation Effects Routine) statistical release-recapture model. This model, implemented by software Program ROSTER, was used to estimate survival on large temporal and spatial scales for PIT-tagged wild spring and summer Chinook salmon and steelhead released in the Snake River Basin upstream of Lower Granite Dam from 1996 to 2004. In addition, annual results from wild salmonids were compared with results from hatchery salmonids, which were presented in a previous report in thismore » series (Buchanan, R. A., Skalski, J. R., Lady, J. L., Westhagen, P., Griswold, J., and Smith, S. 2007, 'Survival and Transportation Effects for Migrating Snake River Hatchery Chinook Salmon and Steelhead: Historical Estimates from 1996-2003', Technical report, Bonneville Power Administration, Project 1991-051-00). These results are reported here. Annual estimates of the smolt-to-adult return ratio (SAR), juvenile inriver survival from Lower Granite to Bonneville, the ocean return probability from Bonneville to Bonneville, and adult upriver survival from Bonneville to Lower Granite are reported. Annual estimates of transport-inriver (T/I) ratios and differential post-Bonneville mortality (D) are reported on a dam-specific basis for release years with sufficient numbers of wild PIT-tagged smolts transported. Transportation effects are estimated only for dams where at least 1,000 tagged wild smolts were transported from a given upstream release group. Because few wild Chinook salmon and steelhead tagged upstream of Lower Granite Dam were transported before the 2003 release year, T/I and D were estimated only for the 2003 and 2004 release years. Performance measures include age-1-ocean adult returns for steelhead, but not for Chinook salmon. Spring and summer Chinook salmon release groups were pooled across the entire Snake River Basin upstream of Lower Granite Dam for this report. Annual estimates of SAR from Lower Granite back to Lower Granite averaged 0.92% with an estimated standard error (dSE) of 0.25% for wild spring and summer Chinook salmon for tagged groups released from 1996 through 2004, omitting age-1-ocean (jack) returns. Only for the 1999 and 2000 release years did the wild Chinook SAR approach the target value of 2%, identified by the NPCC as the minimum SAR necessary for recovery. Annual estimates of SAR for wild steelhead from the Snake River Basin averaged 0.63% (dSE = 0.15%), including age-1-ocean returns, for release years 1996 through 2004. For release years when the ocean return probability from Bonneville back to Bonneville could be estimated (i.e., 1999 through 2004), it was estimated that on average approximately 83% of the total integrated mortality for nontransported, tagged wild spring and summer Chinook, and 78% for steelhead (omitting the 2001 release year), occurred during the ocean life stage (i.e., from Bonneville to Bonneville). This suggests that additional monitoring and research efforts should include the ocean and estuary environment. Annual estimates of the dam-specific T/I for Lower Granite Dam were available for the 2003 and 2004 release years for both wild Chinook salmon and wild steelhead. The estimated T/I for Lower Granite was significantly > 1.0 for Chinook in 2004 (P < 0.0001) and for steelhead in both 2003 (P < 0.0001) and 2004 (P < 0.0001), indicating that for these release years, wild fish transported at Lower Granite returned there in higher proportions than fish that were returned to the river at Lower Granite, or that passed Lower Granite without detection as juveniles. Annual estimates of the dam-specific T/I for Little Goose Dam were available for wild Chinook salmon for both 2003 and 2004. The estimated T/I for Little Goose was significantly > 1.0 for wild Chinook in 2004 (P = 0.0024), but not in 2003 (P = 0.1554). Differential post-Bonneville mortality (D) is the ratio of post-Bonneville survival to Lower Granite Dam of transported fish to that of nontransported ('inriver') fish. Estimates of D were available for transportation from Lower Granite and Little Goose dams in 2003 and 2004 for wild Chinook, and from Lower Granite Dam in 2003 and 2004 for wild steelhead. Point estimates ranged from 0.74 (dSE = 0.29) for transportation of wild Chinook salmon from Lower Granite Dam in 2003 to 1.91 (dSE = 0.61) for transportation of wild steelhead from Lower Granite Dam in 2003. Small transport groups resulted in high uncertainty on the point estimates, and only for 2003 steelhead transported from Lower Granite Dam did transported fish have significantly greater post-Bonneville survival than nontransported fish (P = 0.0213).« less
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The Airline Quality Rating 2004
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Fink, Mary M. (Editor); Bowen, Brent D.; Headley, Dean E.
2004-01-01
The Airline Quality Rating (AQR) was developed and first announced in early 1991 as an objective method of comparing airline quality on combined multiple performance criteria. This current report, the Airline Quality Rating 2004, reflects monthly Airline Quality Rating scores for 2003. AQR scores for the calendar year 2003 are based on 15 elements in four major areas that focus on airline performance aspects important to air travel consumers. The Airline Quality Rating 2004 is a summary of month-by-month quality ratings for U.S. airlines that have at least 1 % of domestic passenger volume during 2003. Using the Airline Quality Rating system of weighted averages and monthly performance data in the areas of on-time arrivals, involuntary denied boardings, mishandled baggage, and a combination of 12 customer complaint categories, airlines comparative performance for the calendar year of 2003 is reported. This research monograph contains a brief summary of the AQR methodology, detailed data and charts that track comparative quality for domestic airline operations for the 12-month period of 2003, and industry results. Also, comparative Airline Quality Rating data for 2002 are included, where available, to provide historical perspective regarding performance quality in the industry.
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40 CFR 62.10 - Submission to Administrator.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... Islands; the territories of Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Islands; and certain U.S. Government activities in the freely...
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40 CFR 62.10 - Submission to Administrator.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... Islands; the territories of Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Islands; and certain U.S. Government activities in the freely...
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Time-dependent seismic tomography of the Coso geothermal area, 1996-2004
Julian, B.R.; Foulger, G.R.
2005-01-01
The permanent 18-station network of three-component digital seismometers at the seismically active Coso geothermal area, California, provides high-quality microearthquake (MEQ) data that are well suited to investigating temporal variations in structure related to processes within the geothermal reservoir. A preliminary study [Julian, et al., 2003; Julian, et al., 2004] comparing data from 1996 and 2003 found significant variations in the ratio of the seismic wave-speeds, Vp/Vs, at shallow depths over this time interval. This report describes results of a more detailed study of each year from 1996 through 2004.
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40 CFR 62.10 - Submission to Administrator.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... territories of Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Islands; and certain U.S. Government activities in the freely associated states of...
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40 CFR 62.10 - Submission to Administrator.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... territories of Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Islands; and certain U.S. Government activities in the freely associated states of...
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40 CFR 1.7 - Location of principal offices.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... territories of Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Islands; and certain U.S. Government activities in the freely associated states of...
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40 CFR 1.7 - Location of principal offices.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... territories of Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Islands; and certain U.S. Government activities in the freely associated states of...
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40 CFR 1.7 - Location of principal offices.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... territories of Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Islands; and certain U.S. Government activities in the freely associated states of...
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40 CFR 1.7 - Location of principal offices.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... Northern Mariana Islands; the territories of Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Islands; and certain U.S. Government activities in the...
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40 CFR 59.107 - Addresses of EPA Regional Offices.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... Islands; the territories of Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Islands; and certain U.S. Government activities in the freely...
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fojtíková, Lucia; Vavryčuk, Václav
2018-02-01
We study two earthquake swarms that occurred in the Ubaye Valley, French Alps within the past decade: the 2003-2004 earthquake swarm with the strongest shock of magnitude ML = 2.7, and the 2012-2015 earthquake swarm with the strongest shock of magnitude ML = 4.8. The 2003-2004 seismic activity clustered along a 9-km-long rupture zone at depth between 3 and 8 km. The 2012-2015 activity occurred a few kilometres to the northwest from the previous one. We applied the iterative joint inversion for stress and fault orientations developed by Vavryčuk (2014) to focal mechanisms of 74 events of the 2003-2004 swarm and of 13 strongest events of the 2012-2015 swarm. The retrieved stress regime is consistent for both seismic activities. The σ 3 principal axis is nearly horizontal with azimuth of 103°. The σ 1 and σ 2 principal axes are inclined and their stress magnitudes are similar. The active faults are optimally oriented for shear faulting with respect to tectonic stress and differ from major fault systems known from geological mapping in the region. The estimated low value of friction coefficient at the faults 0.2-0.3 supports an idea of seismic activity triggered or strongly affected by presence of fluids.
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Harats, M; Peleg, K; Givon, A; Kornhaber, R; Goder, M; Jaeger, M; Haik, J
2016-05-01
To review hospitalised burn patients from 2004 to 2010 admitted to Israeli burn units and compare these result with data from 1997 to 2003. Retrospectively, data was collected from the Israeli Trauma Registry (ITR) encompassing all burn admissions to Israeli burn units from 2004-2010 and compared to 1997-2003. Of the 5269 burn patients admitted from 2004 to 2010, 39.8% were non-Jewish. Infants under two years were the prominent age group (24.1%). Second to third degree burns 1-9% TBSA/first degree burns were 71%, second to third degree burns 10-19% TBSA were 16% and those 20%>TBSA consisted of 13%. Only 2.7% involved an inhalation injury. The average length of stay was 11.67 days and mortality rate 3.72%. All data was compared to the previous year's 1997-2003 and trends were identified. Within Israel, high risk populations remain infants under two years of age, males and those from non-Jewish populations. National prevention strategies and campaigns are warranted to inform and educated parents of young children and those at risk of burns. Of note, advances in burn care and procedures might have contributed to a decrease in the length of hospital stay (LOS). Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved.
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77 FR 3279 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Recovery Permit Applications
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-01-23
... with monitoring and population studies on Pacific islands nesting beaches (Midway Atoll, Johnston Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef, Howland Island, Baker Island, Jarvis Island, Wake Island, American Samoa...
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Moring, J. Bruce
2005-01-01
During 2003–04 the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service, re-evaluated the status of fish communities in three reaches of the Rio Grande in Big Bend National Park that originally were evaluated when the three reaches were established for study in 1999. The objective was to determine whether there were measurable differences between 1999 and 2003–04 (referred to as 2004) fish community status that likely are attributable to a rare 58-day period of low flow (less than 1 cubic meter per second) in spring 2003 at the Johnson Ranch gaging station on the Rio Grande in Big Bend National Park. The total number of fish species collected at all three sites (Boquillas, Johnson Ranch, and Santa Elena) in 1999 was greater than in 2004. The number of fish species collected at the Boquillas site in 1999 (10) was twice that collected in 2004; the number of species collected at the Johnson Ranch site in 1999 (nine) was almost twice that collected in 2004 (five). In contrast, the numbers at the Santa Elena site were nearly the same, 15 species in 1999, 14 in 2004. Percent community similarity for the Boquillas site is 8.04, for the Johnson Ranch site, 6.65, and for the Santa Elena site, 47.6, which indicates considerably more similarity between the 1999 and 2004 fish communities at the Santa Elena site than for the Boquillas and Johnson Ranch sites. At the Boquillas and Johnson Ranch sites, the fish communities shifted from small minnow (Cyprinidae) dominated in 1999 to largely gar (Lepisosteidae) and catfish (Ictaluridae) dominated in 2004. In contrast, no such shift occurred at the Santa Elena site between 1999 and 2004. Differences in flow conditions between the two downstream sites and the Santa Elena site might account for the dissimilar findings. The findings of the study provide some evidence that the spring 2003 period of low flow affected fish communities, but the findings are not definitive as other factors such as increased salinity, algal toxins, bioavailable contaminants, and exotic species can affect fish populations and, ultimately, fish community structure.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Manney, Gloria L.; Krueger, Kirstin; Sabutis, Joseph L.; Sena, Sara Amina; Pawson, Steven
2004-01-01
The 2003-2004 Arctic winter was remarkable in the 40-year record of meteorological analyses. A major warming beginning in early January 2004 led to nearly two months of vortex disruption with high-latitude easterlies in the middle to lower stratosphere. The upper stratospheric vortex broke up in late December, but began to recover by early January, and in February and March was the strongest since regular observations began in 1979. The lower stratospheric vortex broke up in late January. Comparison with two previous years, 1984-1985 and 1986-1987, with prolonged mid-winter warming periods shows unique characteristics of the 2003-2004 warming period: The length of the vortex disruption, the strong and rapid recovery in the upper stratosphere, and the slow progression of the warming from upper to lower stratosphere. January 2004 zonal mean winds in the middle and lower stratosphere were over two standard deviations below average. Examination of past variability shows that the recent frequency of major stratospheric warmings (seven in the past six years) is unprecedented. Lower stratospheric temperatures were unusually high during six of the past seven years, with five having much lower than usual potential for PSC formation and ozone loss (nearly none in 1998-1999, 2001-2002 and 2003-2004, and very little in 1997-1998 and 2000-2001). Middle and upper stratospheric temperatures, however, were unusually low during and after February. The pattern of five of the last seven years with very low PSC potential would be expected to occur randomly once every approximately 850 years. This cluster of warm winters, immediately following a period of unusually cold winters, may have important implications for possible changes in interannual variability and for determination and attribution of trends in stratospheric temperatures and ozone.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Manney, Gloria L.; Kruger, Kirstin; Sabutis, Joseph L.; Sena, Sara Amina; Pawson, Steven
2005-01-01
The 2003-2004 Arctic winter was remarkable in the approximately 50-year record of meteorological analyses. A major warming beginning in early January 2004 led to nearly 2 months of vortex disruption with high-latitude easterlies in the middle to lower stratosphere. The upper stratospheric vortex broke up in late December, but began to recover by early January, and in February and March was the strongest since regular observations began in 1979. The lower stratospheric vortex broke up in late January. Comparison with 2 previous years, 1984-1985 and 1986-1987, with prolonged midwinter warming periods shows unique characteristics of the 2003-2004 warming period: The length of the vortex disruption, the strong and rapid recovery in the upper stratosphere, and the slow progression of the warming from upper to lower stratosphere. January 2004 zonal mean winds in the middle and lower stratosphere were over 2 standard deviations below average. Examination of past variability shows that the recent frequency of major stratospheric warmings (7 in the past 6 years) is unprecedented. Lower stratospheric temperatures were unusually high during 6 of the past 7 years, with 5 having much lower than usual potential for polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) formation and ozone loss (nearly none in 1998-1999, 2001-2002, and 2003-2004, and very little in 1997-1998 and 2000-2001). Middle and upper stratospheric temperatures, however, were unusually low during and after February. The pattern of 5 of the last 7 years with very low PSC potential would be expected to occur randomly once every 850 years. This cluster of warm winters, immediately following a period of unusually cold winters, may have important implications for possible changes in interannual variability and for determination and attribution of trends in stratospheric temperatures and ozone.
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National Household Education Surveys of 2003: Data File User's Manual, Volume I. NCES 2004-001
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Hagedorn, Mary; Montaquila, Jill; Vaden-Kiernan, Nancy; Kim, Kwang; Chapman, Christopher
2004-01-01
This manual describes the development of the surveys fielded in 2003 under the National Household Education Surveys Program (NHES: 2003). It describes how the questionnaires were designed, how the samples were developed, data collection experiences, and file information needed to analyze the NHES: 2003 data sets. The surveys fielded as part of…
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Report: Audit of EPA’s Fiscal 2003 and 2002 Financial Statements
Report #2004-1-00021, November 21, 2003. The Superfund Trust Fund, managed by the U.S. Treasury Bureau of Public Debt, transferred funds to EPA in excess of the assets available to be transferred by $82.7 million in fiscal 2003.
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Effect of Cylindrically Shaped Atoll on Westward-Propagating Anticyclonic Eddy - A Case Study
2011-07-07
IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS, VOL. 9, NO. 1, JANUARY 2012 43 Effect of Cylindrically Shaped Atoll on Westward-Propagating Anticyclonic...across the Dongsha atoll situated on the continental slope in the northern South China Sea (SCS). Satellite observa- tions of this phenomenon are...used to identify eddy weakening and deforming. Stronger anticyclonic eddies are weakening within a distance of 30–120 km from the atoll . A weaker
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Alberta Learning, Edmonton.
Noting that parents are vital partners in the educational system, this French-language handbook provides parents with information about the Grade 4 curriculum in Alberta, Canada. Based on the Alberta Learning "Programs of Study: Elementary Schools," the handbook describes the knowledge, skills, and attitudes students in Alberta are…
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Alberta Learning, Edmonton.
Noting that parents are vital partners in the educational system, this French-language handbook provides parents with information about the Grade 6 curriculum in Alberta, Canada. Based on the Alberta Learning"Programs of Study: Elementary Schools," the handbook describes the knowledge, skills, and attitudes students in Alberta are…
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Alberta Learning, Edmonton.
Noting that parents are vital partners in the educational system, this French-language handbook provides parents with information about the Grade 5 curriculum in Alberta, Canada. Based on the Alberta Learning "Programs of Study: Elementary Schools," the handbook describes the knowledge, skills, and attitudes students in Alberta are…
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Alberta Learning, Edmonton.
Noting that parents are vital partners in the educational system, this French-language handbook provides parents with information about the Grade 2 curriculum in Alberta, Canada. Based on the Alberta Learning "Programs of Study: Elementary Schools," the handbook describes the knowledge, skills, and attitudes students in Alberta are…
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Alberta Learning, Edmonton.
Noting that parents are vital partners in the educational system, this French-language handbook provides parents with information about the Grade 3 curriculum in Alberta, Canada. Based on the Alberta Learning "Programs of Study: Elementary Schools," the handbook describes the knowledge, skills, and attitudes students in Alberta are…
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Alberta Learning, Edmonton.
Noting that parents are vital partners in the educational system, this French-language handbook provides parents with information about the Grade 1 curriculum in Alberta, Canada. Based on the Alberta Learning "Programs of Study: Elementary Schools," the handbook describes the knowledge, skills, and attitudes students in Alberta are…
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Summary Impacts of Modeled Provisions of the 2003 Conference Energy Bill
2004-01-01
This service report was undertaken at the February 2, 2004, request of Senator John Sununu to perform an assessment of the Conference Energy Bill of 2003. This report summarizes the CEB provisions that can be analyzed using the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) and have the potential to affect energy consumption, supply, and prices. The impacts are estimated by comparing the projections with the CEB provisions to the AEO2004 Reference Case.
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Office of Federal Student Aid (ED), Washington, DC.
This Spanish language publication explains what federal student financial aid is and the types of student financial aid that are available. The guide opens with an overview of federal student financial aid, and then discusses how to find out about student aid. A section of general information discusses eligibility and dependency. Types of federal…
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FIRST 2002, 2003, 2004 Robotics Competition(s)
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Purman, Richard
2004-01-01
The New Horizons Regional Education Center (NHREC) in Hampton, VA sought and received NASA funding to support its participation in the 2002, 2003, and 2004 FIRST Robotics Competitions. FIRST, Inc. (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology) is an organization which encourages the application of creative science, math, and computer science principles to solve real-world engineering problems. The FIRST competition is an international engineering contest featuring high school, government, and business partnerships.
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Shea, Alisa M; Curtis, Lesley H; Hammill, Bradley G; DiMartino, Lisa D; Abernethy, Amy P; Schulman, Kevin A
2008-07-09
The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) altered reimbursements for outpatient chemotherapy drugs and drug administration services. Anecdotal reports suggest that these adjustments may have negatively affected access to chemotherapy for Medicare beneficiaries. To compare patient wait times and travel distances for chemotherapy before and after the enactment of the MMA. Analysis of a nationally representative 5% sample of claims from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services for the period 2003 through 2006. Patients were Medicare beneficiaries with incident breast cancer, colorectal cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, or lymphoma who received chemotherapy in inpatient hospital, institutional outpatient, or physician office settings. Days from incident diagnosis to first chemotherapy visit and distance traveled for treatment, controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, cancer type, geographic region, comorbid conditions, and year of diagnosis and treatment. There were 5082 incident cases of breast cancer, colorectal cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, or lymphoma in 2003; 5379 cases in 2004; 5116 cases in 2005; and 5288 cases in 2006. Approximately 70% of patients received treatment in physician office settings in each year. Although the distribution of treatment settings in 2004 and 2005 was not significantly different from 2003 (P = .24 and P = .72, respectively), there was a small but significant change from 2003 to 2006 (P = .02). The proportion of patients receiving chemotherapy in inpatient settings decreased from 10.2% in 2003 to 8.8% in 2006 (P = .03), and the proportion in institutional outpatient settings increased from 21.1% to 22.5% (P = .004). The proportion in physician offices remained at 68.7% (P = .29). The median time from diagnosis to initial chemotherapy visit was 28 days in 2003, 27 days in 2004, 29 days in 2005, and 28 days in 2006. In multivariate analyses, average wait times for chemotherapy were 1.96 days longer in 2005 than in 2003 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11-3.80 days; P = .04) but not significantly different in 2006 (0.88 days; 95% CI, -0.96 to 2.71 days; P = .35). Median travel distance was 7 miles (11.2 km) in 2003 and 8 miles (12.8 km) in 2004 through 2006. After adjustment, average travel distance remained slightly longer in 2004 (1.47 miles [2.35 km]; 95% CI, 0.87-2.07 miles [1.39-3.31 km]; P < .001), 2005 (1.19 miles [1.90 km]; 95% CI, 0.58-1.80 miles [0.93-2.88 km]; P < .001), and 2006 (1.30 miles [2.08 km]; 95% CI, 0.69-1.90 miles [1.10-3.04 km]; P < .001) compared with 2003. There have not been major changes in travel distance and patient wait times for chemotherapy in the Medicare population since 2003, the year before MMA-related changes in reimbursement.
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Storlazzi, Curt D.; Berkowitz, Paul; Reynolds, Michelle H.; Logan, Joshua B.
2013-01-01
Two inundation events in 2011 underscored the potential for elevated water levels to damage infrastructure and affect terrestrial ecosystems on the low-lying Northwestern Hawaiian Islands in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. The goal of this study was to compare passive "bathtub" inundation models based on geographic information systems (GIS) to those that include dynamic water levels caused by wave-induced set-up and run-up for two end-member island morphologies: Midway, a classic atoll with islands on the shallow (2-8 m) atoll rim and a deep, central lagoon; and Laysan, which is characterized by a deep (20-30 m) atoll rim and an island at the center of the atoll. Vulnerability to elevated water levels was assessed using hindcast wind and wave data to drive coupled physics-based numerical wave, current, and water-level models for the atolls. The resulting model data were then used to compute run-up elevations using a parametric run-up equation under both present conditions and future sea-level-rise scenarios. In both geomorphologies, wave heights and wavelengths adjacent to the island shorelines increased more than three times and four times, respectively, with increasing values of sea-level rise, as more deep-water wave energy could propagate over the atoll rim and larger wind-driven waves could develop on the atoll. Although these increases in water depth resulted in decreased set-up along the islands’ shorelines, the larger wave heights and longer wavelengths due to sea-level rise increased the resulting wave-induced run-up. Run-up values were spatially heterogeneous and dependent on the direction of incident wave direction, bathymetry, and island configuration. Island inundation was modeled to increase substantially when wave-driven effects were included, suggesting that inundation and impacts to infrastructure and terrestrial habitats will occur at lower values of predicted sea-level rise, and thus sooner in the 21st century, than suggested by passive GIS-based "bathtub" inundation models. Lastly, observations and the modeling results suggest that classic atolls with islands on a shallow atoll rim are more susceptible to the combined effects of sea-level rise and wave-driven inundation than atolls characterized by a deep atoll rim.
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Reductions in firearm-related mortality and hospitalizations in Brazil after gun control.
Marinho de Souza, Maria de Fátima; Macinko, James; Alencar, Airlane Pereira; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; de Morais Neto, Otaliba Libânio
2007-01-01
This paper provides evidence suggesting that gun control measures have been effective in reducing the toll of violence on population health in Brazil. In 2004, for the first time in more than a decade, firearm-related mortality declined 8 percent from the previous year. Firearm-related hospitalizations also reversed a historical trend that year by decreasing 4.6 percent from 2003 levels. These changes corresponded with anti-gun legislation passed in late 2003 and disarmament campaigns undertaken throughout the country since mid-2004. The estimated impact of these measures, if they prove causal, could be as much as 5,563 firearm-related deaths averted in 2004 alone.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Harazono, Y.; Ueyama, M.; Miyata, A.
2005-12-01
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes were measured at a black spruce forest over discontinuous permafrost in central Alaska since November 2002. CO2 flux was measured by open-path eddy correlation system and CH4 flux was measured by gradient method continuously. CO2 uptake was observed during daytime after DOY 60 when the forest floor was snow-covered with low temperature (<-10 °C). At the moment, CH4 flux was negative (uptake) during daytime and nearing to zero at night, which varied with surface temperature. During snow melt and following permafrost thawing periods (around DOY 110-140, 2003), nocturnal CO2 efflux was larger than daytime uptake resulted in a daily CO2 source, and CH4 flux became small positive in daytime and nearing zero at night resulted in a weak daily CH4 source. After DOY 140 in 2003, CO2 flux was strong uptake and the maximum level was 1.0 g m-2 h-1 in late July around 10:30h when 3 hr earlier than solar noon. During mid summer (DOY 180-230, 2003), daytime CH4 uptake was weak and was near zero at night resulted in a weak daily CH4 sink. 2004 was low snow fall and draught summer, the seasonal patterns of CO2 and CH4 fluxes shifted more than 3-weeks earlier than that in 2003, resulted in high CO2 and CH4 emissions in early summer. Daily amount of CH4 flux in mid summer 2003 and 2004 were 1.2 and 0.5 mg CH4 m-2 d-1, respectively. Sum of observed NEE and CO2 storage term within the canopy, NEP were -482 and -366.6 gCO2 m-2 y-1 in 2003 and 2004. However, application of u* filtering correction made NEP reduce to the ranges between -434.8 and -315.9 gCO2 m-2 y-1 (under u<0.05 ms-1 and u<0.2 ms-1) in 2003 and to -282.5 and -215.9 gCO2 m-2 y-1 in 2004. The low NEP in 2004 was caused by high temperature and low precipitation during growing season. CH4 emission was also higher in 2004. CO2 and CH4 exchanges at sub-arctic forest were quite sensitive to draught and summer temperature.
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Polar Climate Connections of the Last Glacial Period
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yang, X.; Rial, J. A.
2015-12-01
Ever since the cross-core chronology became available, the connection between the Earth's polar regions - or the lack of such [Wunsch, 2003; 2006] - has been an on-going debate in the paleoclimate community. While the inverse relationship inferred from the bipolar seesaw model [Crowley, 1992] could not account for the difference in signal shape of the polar records, integration/differentiation (I/D) has been proposed as the linkage between them [Schmittner et al., 2003; Huybers, 2004; Roe and Steig, 2004; Schmittner et al., 2004]. Stoker and Johnsen [2003] have proposed a revised (thermal) bipolar seesaw model (TBS), demonstrating that the climate record from Antarctic is that of the Greenland convolved with an exponential decaying function, which represents the heat reservoir of the Southern Ocean. More recently, Rial [2012] has proposed phase synchronization (PS) as the polar climate connection from which polar climate records can be treated approximately as a Hilbert transform pair. All three models (I/D, TBS, and PS) have been used to reconstruct past climate of the north from the longer climate record of the south [Siddall et al., 2006; Barker et al., 2011; Oh et al., 2014]. However, no comparison has been made to test and analyze these models against one another for their performance and stabilities. Here we investigated the aforementioned models with polar climate data on the recent AICC2012 chronology to derive the similarities and differences among them in both time and frequency domains. Most importantly we discussed how such differences translate to the discrepancies in reconstructions of the northern climate and possible physical mechanism(s) of connection each model limits and allows. ReferencesBarker et al., 2011, Science, 334(6054), 347-351. Crowley, 1992, Paleoceanography, 7(4), 489-497. Huybers, 2004, QSR, 23(1-2), 207-210. Oh et al., 2014, QSR, 83, 129-142. Rial, 2012, Am J Sci, 312(4), 417-448. Roe & Steig, 2004, Journal of Climate, 17(10), 1929-1944. Schmittner et al., 2003, QSR, 22(5-7), 659-671. Schmittner et al., 2004, QSR, 23(1-2), 210-212. Siddall et al., 2006, QSR, 25(23), 3185-3197. Stocker & Johnsen, 2003, Paleoceanography, 18(4), 1087. Wunsch, 2003, QSR, 22(15-17), 1631-1646. Wunsch, 2006, Quaternary Research, 65(2), 191-203.
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Western Pond Turtle Head-starting and Reintroduction; 2003-2004 Annual Report.
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Van Leuven, Susan; Allen, Harriet; Slavin, Kate
This report covers the results of the western pond turtle head-starting and reintroduction project for the period of October 2003-September 2004. Wild hatchling western pond turtles from the Columbia River Gorge were reared at the Woodland Park and Oregon Zoos in 2003 and 2004 as part of the recovery effort for this Washington State endangered species. The objective of the program is to reduce losses to introduced predators like bullfrogs and largemouth bass by raising the hatchlings to a size where they are too large to be eaten by most of these predators. Sixty-nine turtles were over-wintered at the Woodlandmore » Park Zoo and 69 at the Oregon Zoo. Of these, 136 head-started juvenile turtles were released at three sites in the Columbia Gorge in 2004. Two were held back to attain more growth in captivity. Thirty-four were released at the Klickitat ponds, 19 at the Klickitat lake, 21 at the Skamania site, and 62 at Pierce National Wildlife Refuge (NWR). This brought the total number of head-start turtles released since 1991 to 246 for the Klickitat ponds, 114 for the Klickitat lake, 167 for the Skamania pond complex, and 250 at Pierce NWR. In 2004, 32 females from the two Columbia Gorge populations were equipped with transmitters and monitored for nesting activity. Twenty-one of the females nested and produced 85 hatchlings. The hatchlings were collected in September and October and transported to the Woodland Park and Oregon zoos for rearing in the head-start program. Data collection for a four-year telemetry study of survival and habitat use by juvenile western pond turtles at Pierce NWR concluded in 2004. Radio transmitters on study animals were replaced as needed until all replacements were in service; afterward, the turtles were monitored until their transmitters failed. The corps of study turtles ranged from 39 in August 2003 to 2 turtles at the end of August 2004. These turtles showed the same seasonal pattern of movements between summer water and upland winter habitats observed in previous years. During the 2004 field season trapping effort, 345 western pond turtles were captured in the Columbia Gorge, including 297 previously head-started turtles. These recaptures, together with confirmed nesting by head-start females and visual resightings, indicate the program is succeeding in boosting juvenile recruitment to increase the populations. Records were also collected on 224 individual painted turtles captured in 2004 during trapping efforts at Pierce NWR, to gather baseline information on this native population. Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) funded approximately 60% of program activities in the Columbia River Gorge from October 2003 through September 2004.« less
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ENSO-Related Variability in Wave Climate Drives Greater Erosion Potential on Central Pacific Atolls
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bramante, J. F.; Ashton, A. D.; Donnelly, J. P.
2015-12-01
The El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) modulates atmospheric circulation across the equatorial Pacific over a periodic time scale of 2-7 years. Despite the importance of this climate mode in forcing storm generation and trade wind variability, its impact on the wave climate incident on central Pacific atolls has not been addressed. We used the NOAA Wavewatch III CFSR reanalysis hindcasts (1979-2007) to examine the influence of ENSO on sediment mobility and transport at Kwajalein Atoll (8.8°N, 167.7°E). We found that during El Nino event years, easterly trade winds incident on the atoll weakened by 4% compared to normal years and 17% relative to La Nina event years. Despite this decrease in wind strength, significant wave heights incident on the atoll were 3-4% greater during El Nino event years. Using machine learning to partition these waves revealed that the greater El Nino wave heights originated mainly from greater storm winds near the atoll. The southeastern shift in tropical cyclone genesis location during El Nino years forced these storm winds and contributed to the 7% and 16% increases in annual wave energy relative to normal and La Nina years, respectively. Using nested SWAN and XBeach models we determined that the additional wave energy during El Nino event years significantly increased potential sediment mobility at Kwajalein Atoll and led to greater net offshore transport on its most populous island. The larger storm waves likely deplete ocean-facing beaches and reef flats of sediment, but increase the supply of sediment to the atoll lagoon across open reef platforms that are not supporting islands. We discuss further explicit modelling of storms passing over the atoll to elucidate the confounding role of storm surge on the net erosional/depositional effects of these waves. Extrapolating our results to recent Wavewatch III forecasts leads us to conclude that climate change-linked increases in wave height and storm wave energy will increase erosion on central Pacific atolls.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Y.; Zou, X.; Ge, C.; Tan, M.; Wang, C.
2017-12-01
Reef islands situated on the rims of atolls are composed almost exclusively of bioclastic materials locally supplied from adjacent coral reefs. Major skeletal component of these islands include coral, coralline algae, mollusks and foraminifera, produced in adjacent reefs. As the island builder, the bioclastic material is the sedimentary products, which also is the point of penetration to decipher the process. The bioclast of coral islands decrease in size with the transportation process. The grain-size provides a proxy record for the abrasion history of the unconsolidated sediment. The 230Th age of coral record the abrasion time. We hereby present a model to calculate the abrasion rate based on the data of 230Th age and grain-size of Yongle Atoll of Xisha Island, South China Sea. The grain size pattern in Yongle Atoll environment have confirm that the coral article diminution behave exponentially. The sediment composition of Yongle Atoll is identified, coral is dominant sediment constituent and the Th230 age is shown to exert an age distribution characteristics of coral detritus. We illustrate this approach by calculate the coral debris age of Xude Atoll, which located near the Yongle Atoll and then by comparing actual measured age and calculated age and to explore the dependence of the model. Observed 230 Th ages are well matched by predicted ages for medium age sediment. A poorer match for young and old sediment may result from some combination of large analytical uncertainties in the detrital ages and inhomogeneous erosion rates within the atoll. Such mismatches emphasize the need for more accurate kinematic models and for sampling strategies that are adapted to atoll-specific geologic and geomorphic conditions. Results presented constitute important new insights into regional sediment abrasion processed and on the evolution of coral atoll islands.
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Entropy Based Classifier Combination for Sentence Segmentation
2007-01-01
speaker diarization system to divide the audio data into hypothetical speakers [17...the prosodic feature also includes turn-based features which describe the position of a word in relation to diarization seg- mentation. The speaker ...ro- bust speaker segmentation: the ICSI-SRI fall 2004 diarization system,” in Proc. RT-04F Workshop, 2004. [18] “The rich transcription fall 2003,” http://nist.gov/speech/tests/rt/rt2003/fall/docs/rt03-fall-eval- plan-v9.pdf.
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2011-04-01
blood were collected for possible transplantation, from August 2002 to June 2003, and (2) pregnant women delivering at T-NEMC from October 2004 to April...and Epidemiology, UMass Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA Received 22 June 2010; accepted 16 August 2010...cord blood were collected for possible transplanta tion, from August 2002 to June 2003, and (2) pregnant women delivering at T NEMC from October 2004
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Sebastian, Rhonda S; Wilkinson Enns, Cecilia; Goldman, Joseph D; Moshfegh, Alanna J
2012-07-01
To provide updated estimates of drinking water intake (total, tap, plain bottled) for groups aged ≥1 year in the USA and to determine whether intakes collected in 2005-2006 using the Automated Multiple-Pass Method for the 24 h recall differ from intakes collected in 2003-2004 via post-recall food-frequency type questions. Cross-sectional, observational study. What We Eat in America (WWEIA), the dietary intake component of the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Individuals aged ≥1 year in 2003-2004 (n 8249) and 2005-2006 (n 8437) with one complete 24 h recall. The estimate for the percentage of individuals who reported total drinking water in 2005-2006 was significantly (P < 0·0000) smaller (76·9 %) than that for 2003-2004 (87·1 %), attributable to a lower percentage reporting tap water (54·1 % in 2005-2006 v. 67·0 % in 2003-2004; P = 0·0001). Estimates of mean tap water intake differed between the survey cycles for men aged ≥71 years. Survey variables must be examined before combining or comparing data from multiple WWEIA/NHANES release cycles. For at least some age/gender groups, drinking water intake data from NHANES cycles prior to 2005-2006 should not be considered comparable to more recent data.
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2010-08-13
ISS024-E-011914 (13 Aug. 2010) --- Mataiva Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean is featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 24 crew member on the International Space Station. The Tuamotu Archipelago is part of French Polynesia, and forms the largest chain of atolls in the world. This photograph features Mataiva Atoll, the westernmost atoll of the Tuamotu chain. An atoll is a ring-shaped island that encloses a central lagoon. This distinctive morphology is usually associated with oceanic islands formed by volcanoes; coral reefs become established around the partially submerged volcanic cone. Over geologic time the central volcano becomes extinct, followed by erosion and subsidence beneath the sea surface, leaving the coral reefs as a ring around (or cap on) the submerged island remnant. Coral reefs exposed above the sea surface in turn experience erosion, sedimentation and soil formation, leading to the establishment of vegetation and complex ecosystems – including in many cases human habitation. Mataiva Atoll is notable in that its central lagoon includes a network of ridges (white, center) and small basins formed from eroded coral reefs. Mataiva means “nine eyes” in Tuamotuan, an allusion to nine narrow channels on the south-central portion of the island. The atoll is sparsely populated, with only a single village – Pahua – located on either side of the only pass providing constant connection between the shallow (light blue) water of the lagoon and the deeper (dark blue) adjacent Pacific Ocean. Much of the 10 kilometer-long atoll is covered with forest (greenish brown); vanilla and copra (dried coconut) are major exports from the atoll, but tourism is becoming a greater economic factor.
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5 CFR Appendix B to Subpart B to... - Places and Rates At Which Differentials Are Paid
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... of longitude 171° west of Greenwich, together with Swains Island) 25.0 Johnston Atoll 25.0 Midway Atoll 25.0 Territory of Guam and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 20.0 Wake Atoll 25.0 ...
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5 CFR Appendix B to Subpart B of... - Places and Rates At Which Differentials Are Paid
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... of longitude 171° west of Greenwich, together with Swains Island) 25.0 Johnston Atoll 25.0 Midway Atoll 25.0 Territory of Guam and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 20.0 Wake Atoll 25.0 ...
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5 CFR Appendix B to Subpart B to... - Places and Rates At Which Differentials Are Paid
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... of longitude 171° west of Greenwich, together with Swains Island) 25.0 Johnston Atoll 25.0 Midway Atoll 25.0 Territory of Guam and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 20.0 Wake Atoll 25.0 ...
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5 CFR Appendix B to Subpart B to... - Places and Rates At Which Differentials Are Paid
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... of longitude 171° west of Greenwich, together with Swains Island) 25.0 Johnston Atoll 25.0 Midway Atoll 25.0 Territory of Guam and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 20.0 Wake Atoll 25.0 ...
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5 CFR Appendix B to Subpart B of... - Places and Rates At Which Differentials Are Paid
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... of longitude 171° west of Greenwich, together with Swains Island) 25.0 Johnston Atoll 25.0 Midway Atoll 25.0 Territory of Guam and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 20.0 Wake Atoll 25.0 ...
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kobayashi, Donald R.
2006-08-01
Larval transport between Johnston Atoll and the Hawaiian Archipelago was examined using computer simulation and high-resolution ocean current data. The effects of pelagic larval duration and spawning seasonality on long-distance transport and local retention were examined using a Lagrangian, individual-based approach. Retention around Johnston Atoll appeared to be low, and there appeared to be seasonal effects on both retention and dispersal. Potential larval transport corridors between Johnston Atoll and the Hawaiian Archipelago were charted. One corridor connects Johnston Atoll with the middle portion of the Hawaiian Archipelago in the vicinity of French Frigate Shoals. Another corridor connects Johnston Atoll with the lower inhabited islands in the vicinity of Kauai. Transport appears to be related to the subtropical countercurrent and the Hawaiian Lee countercurrent, both located to the west of the archipelago and flowing to the east. A new analytical tool, termed CONREC-IRC is presented for the quantification of spatial patterns.
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West Nile virus among blood donors in the United States, 2003 and 2004.
Stramer, Susan L; Fang, Chyang T; Foster, Gregory A; Wagner, Annette G; Brodsky, Jaye P; Dodd, Roger Y
2005-08-04
West Nile virus first appeared in the United States in 1999 and has since spread throughout the contiguous states, resulting in thousands of cases of disease. By 2002, it was clear that the virus could be transmitted by blood transfusion, and by the middle of 2003, essentially all blood donations were being tested for West Nile virus RNA with the use of investigational nucleic acid amplification tests; testing was performed on individual samples or on "minipools" of up to 16 donations. We analyzed data from the West Nile virus testing program of the American Red Cross for 2003 and 2004 to identify geographic and temporal trends. In areas with a high incidence of infection, individual donations were tested to increase the sensitivity of testing. Donors with reactive results participated in follow-up studies to confirm the original reactivity and to assess the natural history of infection. Routine testing in 2003 and 2004 identified 540 donations that were positive for West Nile virus RNA, of which 362 (67 percent) were IgM-antibody-negative and most likely infectious. Of the 540 positive donations, 148 (27 percent) were detectable only by testing of individual donations, but only 15 of the 148 (10 percent) were negative for IgM antibody. The overall frequencies of RNA-positive donations during the epidemic periods were 1.49 per 10,000 donations in 2003 and 0.44 per 10,000 in 2004. In 2004, 52 percent of the positive donations were from donors in four counties in southern California. Rapid implementation of a nucleic acid amplification test led to the prospective identification of 519 donors who were positive for West Nile virus RNA and the removal of more than 1000 potentially infectious related components from the blood supply of the Red Cross. No cases of transfusion-transmitted infection were confirmed among recipients of the tested blood. Copyright 2005 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rogers, Justin S.; Monismith, Stephen G.; Fringer, Oliver B.; Koweek, David A.; Dunbar, Robert B.
2017-02-01
We present a hydrodynamic analysis of an atoll system from modeling simulations using a coupled wave and three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (COAWST) applied to Palmyra Atoll in the Central Pacific. This is the first time the vortex force formalism has been applied in a highly frictional reef environment. The model results agree well with field observations considering the model complexity in terms of bathymetry, bottom roughness, and forcing (waves, wind, metrological, tides, regional boundary conditions), and open boundary conditions. At the atoll scale, strong regional flows create flow separation and a well-defined wake, similar to 2D flow past a cylinder. Circulation within the atoll is typically forced by waves and tides, with strong waves from the north driving flow from north to south across the atoll, and from east to west through the lagoon system. Bottom stress is significant for depths less than about 60 m, and in addition to the model bathymetry, is important for correct representation of flow in the model. Connectivity within the atoll system shows that the general trends follow the mean flow paths. However, some connectivity exists between all regions of the atoll system due to nonlinear processes such as eddies and tidal phasing. Moderate wave stress, short travel time (days since entering the reef system), and low temperature appear to be the most ideal conditions for high coral cover at this site.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rogers, J.; Monismith, S. G.; Fringer, O. B.; Koweek, D.; Dunbar, R. B.
2016-12-01
We present a hydrodynamic analysis of an atoll system from modeling simulations using a coupled wave and three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (COAWST) applied to Palmyra Atoll in the Central Pacific. This is the first time the vortex force formalism has been applied in a highly frictional reef environment. The model results agree well with field observations considering the model complexity in terms of bathymetry, bottom roughness, and forcing (waves, wind, metrological, tides, regional boundary conditions), and open boundary conditions. At the atoll scale, strong regional flows create flow separation and a well-defined wake, similar to 2D flow past a cylinder. Circulation within the atoll is typically forced by waves and tides, with strong waves from the north driving flow from north to south across the atoll, and from east to west through the lagoon system. Bottom stress is significant for depths less than about 60 m, and in addition to the model bathymetry, is important for correct representation of flow in the model. Connectivity within the atoll system shows that the general trends follow the mean flow paths. However, some connectivity exists between all regions of the atoll system due to nonlinear processes such as eddies and tidal phasing. While high mean flow and travel time less than 20 hours appears to differentiate very productive coral regions, low temperature and moderate wave stress appear to be the most ideal conditions for high coral cover on Palmyra.
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50 CFR 665.598 - Management area.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... § 665.598 Management area. The PRIA fishery management area is the EEZ seaward of Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef, Jarvis Island, Baker Island, Howland Island, Johnston Atoll, and Wake Island, Pacific Remote Island Areas with the inner boundary a line coterminous with the seaward boundaries of the above atolls...
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50 CFR 665.598 - Management area.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... § 665.598 Management area. The PRIA fishery management area is the EEZ seaward of Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef, Jarvis Island, Baker Island, Howland Island, Johnston Atoll, and Wake Island, Pacific Remote Island Areas with the inner boundary a line coterminous with the seaward boundaries of the above atolls...
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50 CFR 665.598 - Management area.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... § 665.598 Management area. The PRIA fishery management area is the EEZ seaward of Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef, Jarvis Island, Baker Island, Howland Island, Johnston Atoll, and Wake Island, Pacific Remote Island Areas with the inner boundary a line coterminous with the seaward boundaries of the above atolls...
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50 CFR 665.598 - Management area.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... § 665.598 Management area. The PRIA fishery management area is the EEZ seaward of Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef, Jarvis Island, Baker Island, Howland Island, Johnston Atoll, and Wake Island, Pacific Remote Island Areas with the inner boundary a line coterminous with the seaward boundaries of the above atolls...
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Prevalence of soil transmitted nematodes on Nukufetau, a remote Pacific island in Tuvalu
Speare, Rick; Latasi, Falatea Fab; Nelesone, Tekaai; Harmen, Sonia; Melrose, Wayne; Durrheim, David; Heukelbach, Jorg
2006-01-01
Background The population of Nukufetau, a remote coral atoll island in Tuvalu in the Western Pacific, received annual mass drug administration (MDA) of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole under the Pacific Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis program in 2001, 2002 and 2003, with the last MDA occurring six months before a cross-sectional survey of the whole population for soil transmitted helminths (STH). Methods A cross-sectional survey in May 2004 recruited 206 residents (35.2% of the population) who provided a single faecal sample that was preserved, concentrated and examined microscopically. Results Overall prevalence of STH was 69.9%; only hookworm and Trichuris trichiura were diagnosed. Trichuris was present in 68.4% with intensity of infection being light in 56.3%, medium in 11.7% and heavy in 0.5%. Hookworm occurred in 11.7% with intensity of infection 11.2% being light and medium in 0.5%. Twenty individuals (9.7%) had dual infections. The prevalence of Trichuris was constant across all ages while the prevalence of hookworm was significantly lower in residents below 30 years of age. In the age group 5–12 years comparison of results with a 2001 survey [1] suggested that the prevalence of STH has declined minimally, due to sustained high prevalence of Trichuris, while hookworm has declined dramatically from 34.4% to 1.6%. Conclusion The results of this survey suggest that although the MDA appears to have reduced hookworm prevalence in residents below 30 years of age, there has been minimal effect on Trichuris prevalence. An integrated program to control STH is required. PMID:16836746
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Molecular Genetic and Gene Therapy Studies of the Musculoskeletal System
2009-09-01
C 1999 Sequence requirements for plasmid nuclear import. Exp Cell Res 253(2):713- 22 . 8). Young J L, Benoit J N, Dean D A 2003 Effect of a DNA nuclear...31. Culig Z (2004) Androgen receptor cross-talk with cell signaling pathways. Growth Factors 22 :179–184 382 X. Wang et al.: Effect of Leptin on Bone... Cell Biol. 2003:13:435-446 43. Watanabe N, Higashida C. Formins: processive cappers of growing actin filaments. Exp. Cell Res. 2004:301:16- 22 44
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75 FR 7445 - Western Pacific Fishery Management Council; Public Meetings
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-02-19
... measures for non-commercial fishing in the Rose Atoll Marine National Monument and Pacific Remote Islands... fishing in the Rose Atoll Marine National Monument as prescribed in Presidential Proclamation 8337... limited to issues regarding non-commercial fishing in the Rose Atoll Marine National Monument and the...
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2010-07-30
number of zoonotic pathogens: spotted fever group rickettsiae (Lee et al. 2003), Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp. (Chae et al. 2003), Bartonella spp. (Kim...K.H. & Lee, S.H. (2003) Identification of the spotted fever group rickettsiae detected from Haemaphysalis longicornis in Korea. Microbiology and
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Food Intakes Converted to Retail Commodities Databases 2003-08: Methodology and User Guide
USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database
The purpose for developing the Food Intakes Converted to Retail Commodities Databases (FICRCD) 2003-08 is to convert foods consumed in What We Eat In America, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (WWEIA, NHANES) 2003-2004, 2005-2006, and 2007-2008 to respective amounts of retail-level fo...
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Schumann, Kate R; Knowles, Nick J; Davies, Paul R; Midgley, Rebecca J; Valarcher, Jean-Francois; Raoufi, Abdul Quader; McKenna, Thomas S; Hurtle, William; Burans, James P; Martin, Barbara M; Rodriguez, Luis L; Beckham, Tammy R
2008-04-01
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) isolates collected from various geographic locations in Afghanistan between 2003 and 2005 were genetically characterized, and their phylogeny was reconstructed utilizing nucleotide sequences of the complete VP1 coding region. Three serotypes of FMDV (types A, O, and Asia 1) were identified as causing clinical disease in Afghanistan during this period. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the type A viruses were most closely related to isolates collected in Iran during 2002-2004. This is the first published report of serotype A in Afghanistan since 1975, therefore indicating the need for inclusion of serotype A in vaccine formulations that will be used to control disease outbreaks in this country. Serotype O virus isolates were closely related to PanAsia strains, including those that originated from Bhutan and Nepal during 2003-2004. The Asia 1 viruses, collected along the northern and eastern borders of Afghanistan, were most closely related to FMDV isolates collected in Pakistan during 2003 and 2004. Data obtained from this study provide valuable information on the FMDV serotypes circulating in Afghanistan and their genetic relationship with strains causing FMD in neighboring countries.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Stone, E L; Migvar, L; Robison, W L
Many years ago people living on atolls depended entirely on foods gathered from the sea and reefs and grown on land. Only a few plants, such as coconut (ni), Pandanus (bob), and arrowroot (mok-mok), could be grown on the lower rainfall atolls, although adequate groundwater conditions also allowed taro (iaraj, kotak, wot) to be cultivated. On higher rainfall atolls, breadfruit (ma) was a major food source, and banana (binana, kepran), lime (laim), and taros (iaraj, kotak, wot) could be grown. The early atoll populations were experts in growing plants that were vital to sustaining their nutrition requirements and to providingmore » materials for thatch, basketry, cordage, canoe construction, flowers, and medicine. They knew which varieties of food plants grew well or poorly on their atolls, how to propagate them, and where on their atoll they grew best. They knew the uses of most native plants and what the various woods were well suited for. Many varieties of Pandanus (bob) and breadfruit (ma) grew well with high rainfall, but only a few produced well on drier atolls. Such information had been passed down through the generations although some of it has been lost in the last century. Today there are new plants and new varieties of existing plants that can be grown on atolls. There are also new materials and information on how to grow both the old and new plants more effectively. However, there are also introduced weeds and pests to control. Today, there is also an acute need to grow more of the useful plants adapted to atolls. Increasing numbers of people living on an atoll without an equal increase in income or food production stretches the available food supplies. Much has been written about the poor conditions for plant growth on atolls. As compared with many places in the world where crops are grown, however, atolls can provide some highly favorable conditions. For instance, the driving force for plant growth is sunlight, and on atolls light is abundant throughout the year. Except on the driest of atolls, air temperature and humidity range only within limits set by the surrounding sea. There are no cold seasons, no frosts, no cold soils, no dry winds, and no periodic plagues of insects or diseases moving from miles away. Problems of soil drainage or salinity are few and easily recognized. Nor are there problems with acid soils, soil crusting, or erosion that challenge cultivators in many other areas. On the contrary, some of the black soils at the center of wide islands rank with the best soils of Russia and the American Midwest, except for their shortage of potassium and the uncertainties of rainfall. Some of these atoll soils contain more total nitrogen than many of the world's most productive agricultural soils and, in some, the total phosphorus content is so high as to be almost unbelievable--two to five tons of the element per acre. Certainly, problems exist in growing plants on atolls. There are also some special concerns not encountered in other environments, such as the wind and salt spray near shore. The two major physical limitations, however, are inadequate rainfall in some years and in many places, and soil fertility limitations. The alkaline or ''limy'' make-up of atoll soils means that a few plant nutrients, especially iron, limit growth of many introduced plants, and this is difficult to correct. As elsewhere in the world, many--but not all--atoll soils lack enough nitrogen and/or phosphorus for high yield, and all lack sufficient potassium. There is no practical way of overcoming drought except by use of tolerant plants such as coconut (ni) and Pandanus (bob), plus collection and careful use of whatever water is available. There are opportunities to overcome nutritional limitations mentioned above, first, by intensive use of all organic debris and household wastes in small gardens and, second, by use of commercial fertilizers. Imported fertilizers are expensive, certainly, but much less so on a family basis than the equivalent costs of imported food.« less
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Evolving practice patterns and attitudes toward hormone therapy of obstetrician-gynecologists.
Power, Michael L; Schulkin, Jay; Rossouw, Jacques E
2007-01-01
The objective of this study was to examine the opinions and prescribing practices of obstetrician-gynecologists regarding hormone therapy (HT) and the results from the Women's Health Initiative. Surveys were sent to 2,500 randomly selected American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology fellows during December 2004 to March 2005; their responses are compared with those from a survey conducted in November to December 2003. Respondents remained skeptical of the combined HT results (49.1% did not find the results convincing). Compared with the 2003 survey, men were more skeptical (58.8% did not consider the findings convincing in 2004 vs 53.4% in 2003, P = 0.045), and women were somewhat less skeptical (39.5% did not consider the findings convincing in 2004 vs 45.3% in 2003, P = 0.056). There was less skepticism about the estrogen-only trial, although 4 of 10 did not find the results convincing. Men were more skeptical than women; a majority of men disagreed with the decisions to stop the trials. Physicians who completed their residency more recently were more likely to accept the trial results. Respondents reported a reduction in HT prescription practice relative to the year 2000, but 62.7% reported they did not expect their prescribing practices to change further in the near future. The proportion of respondents who considered alternative therapies to HT as viable treatment options increased between 2003 and 2004 (37.1% vs 28.1%, P < 0.001). There was strong support for the use of HT for vasomotor symptoms, vaginal dryness, and osteoporosis, but most physicians did not consider HT useful for cardiovascular disease or dementia. Many obstetrician-gynecologists continue to express skepticism about the results and conduct of the Women's Health Initiative trials. The survey could not determine the reasons for skepticism.
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Atmospheric Effects of Energetic Particle Precipitation in the Arctic Winter 1978-1979 Revisited
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Holt, L. A.; Randall, C. E.; Harvey, V. L.; Remsberg, E. E.; Stiller, G. P.; Funke, B.; Bernath, P. F.; Walker, K. A.
2012-01-01
The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) measured polar stratospheric enhancements of NO2 mixing ratios due to energetic particle precipitation (EPP) in the Arctic winter of 1978-1979. Recently reprocessed LIMS data are compared to more recent measurements from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS) to place the LIMS measurements in the context of current observations. The amount of NOx (NO + NO2) entering the stratosphere that has been created by EPP in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (EPP-NOx) has been quantified for the 1978-1979 and 2002-2003 through 2008-2009 Arctic winters. The NO2 enhancements in the LIMS data are similar to those in MIPAS and ACE-FTS data in the Arctic winters of 2002-2003, 2004-2005, 2006-2007, and 2007-2008. The largest enhancement by far is in 2003-2004 (approximately 2.2 Gmol at 1500 K), which is attributed to a combination of elevated EPP and unusual dynamics that led to strong descent in the upper stratosphere/lower mesosphere in late winter. The enhancements in 2005-2006 and 2008-2009, during which large stratospheric NOx enhancements were caused by a dynamical situation similar to that in 2003 2004, are larger than in all the other years (except 2003-2004) at 3000 K. However, by 2000 K the enhancements in 2005-2006 (2008-2009) are on the same order of magnitude as (smaller than) all other years. These results highlight the importance of the timing of the descent in determining the potential of EPP-NOx for reaching the middle stratosphere.
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Itani, Razzan
2017-01-01
Intercultural competence is a skill required by those who teach in transnational education--that is, at branch campuses located in foreign countries (Crabtree & Sapp, 2004; Dunn & Wallace, 2004; Gribble & Ziguras, 2003; Leask, 2004). Despite the strong emphasis that has been put on the importance of having classrooms facilitated by…
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Buchanan, P.A.
2005-01-01
This article presents time-series graphs of specificconductance and water-temperature data collected in San Francisco Bay during water year 2004 (October 1, 2003, through September 30, 2004). Specific-conductance and water-temperature data were recorded at 15-minute intervals at seven U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) locations (Figure 1, Table 1). Specific-conductance and water-temperature data from Point San Pablo (PSP) and San Mateo Bridge (SMB) were recorded by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) before 1988, by the USGS National Research Program from 1988 to 1989, and by the USGSDWR cooperative program since 1990. Benicia Bridge (BEN), Carquinez Bridge (CARQ), and Napa River (NAP) were established in 1998 by the USGS. San Pablo Bay (SPB) was initially established in 1998 at Channel Marker 9 but was moved to Channel Marker 1 in 2003. The monitoring station at Alcatraz (ALC) was established in 2003 by the USGS to replace the discontinued monitoring station San Francisco Bay at Presidio Military Reservation.
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Survey of advanced practice registered nurses disciplinary action.
Hudspeth, Randall
2007-04-02
The nursing profession continues to struggle to find the most appropriate approach to credentialing Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs). One early step in addressing this struggle is determining the incidence of APRN disciplinary actions by boards of nursing. This article presents data from 2003 and 2004 describing the incidence of APRN disciplinary actions by United States boards of nursing. Fifty-one boards of nursing, all members of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, were asked to report the numbers of APRN discipline cases for 2003 and 2004 which had been resolved, using a tool that differentiated disciplinary cases into four data categories: chemical impairment, exceeding scope of practice, unprofessional conduct, and safety or abuse of patients. Thirty-eight (74.5%) of 51 boards of nursing reported discipline data for a total of 125,882 APRNs showing 688 disciplinary actions were taken during 2003 and 2004. This indicates that APRNs experience a low incidence of discipline related to chemical impairment, exceeding scope of practice, unprofessional conduct, and safety or abuse of patients.
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Robison, William L; Hamilton, Terry F
2010-01-01
Radiation doses calculated for people resettling Bikini Island at Bikini Atoll, Enjebi Island at Enewetak Atoll, Rongelap Island at Rongelap Atoll, and Utrōk Island at Utrōk Atoll are presented. Residence is assumed to begin in 2010. In previous dose assessments it was shown that (137)Cs accounts for about 98% of the total dose for returning residents. About 85 to 90% (depending on the atoll) is via consumption of locally grown foods containing (137)Cs, and about 10 to 15% is due to external exposure from (137)Cs in the soil. These assessments were made using only the radiological half-life of (137)Cs (30.1 y). We have shown since that there is an environmental loss of (137)Cs from soil to groundwater that results in a more rapid loss of (137)Cs from the atoll ecosystem. The mean effective half-life of (137)Cs at the atolls is 8.5 y. Moreover, treatment of coconut trees with potassium (K) reduces (137)Cs concentration in drinking coconut meat at Bikini Atoll to about 5% of pretreatment concentrations. The magnitude of reduction is dependent on the concentration of (137)Cs in soil, and thereby in food crops, and is less for Enjebi and Rongelap Islands than for Bikini Island. Treatment of food crops and fruit trees with K and removal of the top 15 cm of soil around houses and community buildings prior to construction to reduce external exposure where people spend most of their time has been presented to the communities as a "Combined Option" remediation strategy. Doses presented here are calculated using the Combined Option, effective half-life of (137)Cs at the atolls, and a diet of both imported and local foods. The average natural background dose in the Marshall Islands, plus the anthropogenic nuclear test-related dose at Bikini, Enjebi, and Rongelap Islands, is less for each of the islands than the average background dose in the U.S. and Europe.
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Accelerated increases observed for hydrochlorofluorocarbons since 2004 in the global atmosphere
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Montzka, S. A.; Hall, B. D.; Elkins, J. W.
2009-02-01
Tropospheric accumulation rates of the three most abundant hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) were up to two times faster during 2007 than measured in 2003-2004. Tropospheric chlorine from HCFCs increased at 10 pptCl/yr during 2006-2007, up from 6 pptCl/yr in 2003-2004, and offset declines in chlorine from other anthropogenic ozone-depleting substances in 2007 by approximately one-third. Derived global emissions for HCFCs increased by up to 60% since 2004, and, for HCFC-142b, emissions during 2007 were two times larger than projected recently. Measured tropospheric distributions suggest a shift in HCFC emissions to lower latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. These changes coincide with exponential increases in developing country production and consumption and decreases in other countries. When weighted by direct, 100-yr global warming potentials, HCFC emissions in 2007 amounted to 0.78 GtCO2-equivalents, or 30% larger than the average during 2000-2004, and were approximately 2.6% of fossil-fuel and cement related CO2 emissions.
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Ellis, Simon; Tod, Janet
2005-01-01
In this article Simon Ellis and Janet Tod review the KS3 National Strategy Behaviour and Attendance strand (DfES, 2003a; 2004a) and the Behaviour and Attendance pilot materials from the Primary National Strategy (DfES, 2003b; 2003c; 2003d). Relevant policy documentation is examined in order to explore how the role of the special educational needs…
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[Report on notifications with respect to section sign 21 German Transfusion Act for 2003 and 2004].
Waterkamp, A; Haschberger, B; Hesse, J; Heiden, M; Seitz, R
2007-02-01
Data with respect to the section sign 21 Transfusion Act concerning collection, manufacture, imports and exports show consolidation, but a non-plausible discrepancy due to the considerably lower figures of product consumption. Failure of numerous institutions to report their consumption precludes an interpretation as surplus supply. Homologous blood donations peaked in 2003 (6.8 million) with 2.4 million thereof being apheresis, which decreased to 1.6 million in 2004. Manufacture of red cells reached a peak of 4.52 million in 2004, with 74% attributable to the Red Cross. Reported consumption differs so significantly that the PEI considers utilising the legal possibility to compare the distribution lists of blood services with submitted user data. The 2.4 million litres plasma for fractionation in 2003 constitute the hitherto highest value, with a 62% share of apheresis; the latter decreased in 2004 to 50% of 1.9 million litres, paralleled by a decrease in commercial plasma centres. The new request (2004) for figures of fractionation in Germany revealed 734,224 litres, i.e. 45% of the calculated available amount on the German market. Isolated consideration of the German situation concerning plasma derivatives is impossible due to complex trade and manufacture in various federal states. Assessment of the supply situation is further impaired by missing data from users. Regarding haemophilia treatment, an improvement is intended by establishing a German Haemophilia Register.
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19 CFR 7.2 - Insular possessions of the United States other than Puerto Rico.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
... possessions are the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, Wake Island, Midway Islands, and Johnston Atoll...) Importations into Guam, American Samoa, Wake Island, Midway Islands, Johnston Atoll, and the Commonwealth of... no customs authority on Johnston Atoll, which is under the operational control of the Defense Nuclear...
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19 CFR 7.2 - Insular possessions of the United States other than Puerto Rico.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... possessions are the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, Wake Island, Midway Islands, and Johnston Atoll...) Importations into Guam, American Samoa, Wake Island, Midway Islands, Johnston Atoll, and the Commonwealth of... no customs authority on Johnston Atoll, which is under the operational control of the Defense Nuclear...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... maintenance forces on the atoll of Enewetak between June 21, 1951, and July 1, 1952; the period of atmospheric nuclear testing for service as a member of the garrison or maintenance forces on the atoll of Enewetak... a member of the garrison or maintenance forces on the atoll of Enewetak from August 7, 1956, through...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... maintenance forces on the atoll of Enewetak between June 21, 1951, and July 1, 1952; the period of atmospheric nuclear testing for service as a member of the garrison or maintenance forces on the atoll of Enewetak... a member of the garrison or maintenance forces on the atoll of Enewetak from August 7, 1956, through...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... maintenance forces on the atoll of Enewetak between June 21, 1951, and July 1, 1952; the period of atmospheric nuclear testing for service as a member of the garrison or maintenance forces on the atoll of Enewetak... a member of the garrison or maintenance forces on the atoll of Enewetak from August 7, 1956, through...
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19 CFR 7.2 - Insular possessions of the United States other than Puerto Rico.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
... possessions are the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, Wake Island, Midway Islands, and Johnston Atoll...) Importations into Guam, American Samoa, Wake Island, Midway Islands, Johnston Atoll, and the Commonwealth of... no customs authority on Johnston Atoll, which is under the operational control of the Defense Nuclear...
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19 CFR 7.2 - Insular possessions of the United States other than Puerto Rico.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-04-01
... possessions are the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, Wake Island, Midway Islands, and Johnston Atoll...) Importations into Guam, American Samoa, Wake Island, Midway Islands, Johnston Atoll, and the Commonwealth of... no customs authority on Johnston Atoll, which is under the operational control of the Defense Nuclear...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... maintenance forces on the atoll of Enewetak between June 21, 1951, and July 1, 1952; the period of atmospheric nuclear testing for service as a member of the garrison or maintenance forces on the atoll of Enewetak... a member of the garrison or maintenance forces on the atoll of Enewetak from August 7, 1956, through...
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19 CFR 7.2 - Insular possessions of the United States other than Puerto Rico.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... possessions are the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, Wake Island, Midway Islands, and Johnston Atoll...) Importations into Guam, American Samoa, Wake Island, Midway Islands, Johnston Atoll, and the Commonwealth of... no customs authority on Johnston Atoll, which is under the operational control of the Defense Nuclear...
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2004-01-01
Senator James M. Inhofe requested that the Energy Information Administration (EIA) undertake analysis of S.843, the Clean Air Planning Act of 2003, introduced by Senator Thomas Carper; S.366, the Clean Power Act of 2003, introduced by Senator James Jeffords; and S.1844, the Clear Skies Act of 2003, introduced by Senator James M. Inhofe. The EIA received this request on March 19, 2004. This Service Report responds to his request.
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Similarities and Differences between the Termination Foreshock/ Bow Shock and Planetary Bow Shocks
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Krimigis, S. M.; Decker, R. B.; Roelof, E. C.; Hill, M. E.
2006-05-01
It is now evident that Voyager 1 (V1) entered the termination foreshock (TFS) at ~~85 AU in mid-2002, exited this region in early 2003 and re-entered in the late 2003-early 2004 time frame, before finally crossing the termination shock (TS) at ~~94 AU on December 16, 2004. The TFS region is characterized by large intensities of tangentially outward-moving beams of energetic ions E > 40 keV, and generally isotropic electron intensity increases E > 350 keV (Krimigis et al, 2003; Decker et al, 2005). Elevated magnetic field intensities were observed throughout these periods (Burlaga et al, 2003, 2005) and comparison with particle pressures showed this region to be a high-beta plasma (Krimigis et al, 2004, 2005). Proximity of the TS was also evident from occasional electron plasma oscillations seen as early as 91 AU (Gurnett and Kurth, 2005). In this paper we examine the extent to which the TFS and TS exhibit properties seen in planetary bow shocks using data from Voyager?s flyby of the outer planets and Cassini data in the vicinity of Saturn. Magnetic field distributions in these high-beta regions appear to be Gaussian. A possible source for the TSF particles is the supertherma1 population residing in the heliosheath, similar to upstream ions observed leaking from planetary magnetospheres. Krimigis, S.M. et al, Nature, 426, pg 45-48, 2003. Decker, R. B. et al, Science, 309, 2020- 2024, 2005. Burlaga et al, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, NO. 20, 2072, doi:10.1029/2003GL018291, 2003. Burlaga, L. F, et al, Science, 309, 2027-2029, 2005 Krimigis S. M., et al, V. Florinski, N. V. Pogorelov, and G. P. Zank (eds) CP719, American Institute of Physics, 0-7354-0199-3/04, 133-138, 2004. Krimigis, S. M., et al, Proceedings of the Solar Wind 11 / SOHO 16 Conference,12-17 June 2005, Whistler, Canada, , B. Fleck & T.H. Zurbuchen (eds), (ESA SP-592, September 2005) Gurnett, D. A., and W. S. Kurth, Science, 309, 2025- 2027, 2005
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lane, J. W.; Briggs, M.; Kulongoski, J. T.; Pollock, A. L.
2013-12-01
The Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge is located in the central Pacific Ocean, about 1,000 miles south of the island of Oahu. Impacts on the atoll's hydrologic and ecologic systems are anticipated from two key anthropogenic drivers of change: (1) eradication of invasive coconut palms and replanting of native Pisonia grandis trees, and (2) global climate change. In the near-term, the palm eradication program is expected to modify the distribution and quality of groundwater proximal to the reforested areas. Longer term, sea level rise, changes in precipitation, and changes in storm frequency and intensity are expected to have a broader impact on the freshwater resources of the atoll. We have initiated a project to characterize current climatic and hydrologic conditions on Palmyra, and monitor changes in order to model baseline conditions and future changes in groundwater distribution. Because rain water harvest satisfies human need on Palmyra, the atoll enables study of groundwater resource change uncomplicated by groundwater pumping stress. Field trips conducted in 2008 and 2013 have included geophysical surveys, weather station upgrades, installation of monitoring wells, and geochemical sampling. Nine wells have been installed on Cooper Island (the largest island of the atoll), each instrumented with a combination of temperature, conductivity, and pressure sensors. Repeated frequency-domain electromagnetic conductivity surveys indicate a reduction in the thickness of the freshwater lens on the southern side of the Cooper Island since 2008, possibly linked to recent modification to the atoll's runway and drainage system. These results indicate that we can successfully capture future transformations induced by land cover and climate changes. The Palmyra Atoll project provides open-source information and insight about human-driven change to the vulnerable freshwater resources of low-lying islands; we hope others will take interest in, and make use of the hydrologic data now being collected on the atoll.
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Fung, Vicki; Tager, Ira B; Brand, Richard; Newhouse, Joseph P; Hsu, John
2008-01-01
Background Patients face increasing insurance restrictions on prescription drugs, including generic-only coverage. There are no generic inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), which are a mainstay of asthma therapy, and patients pay the full price for these drugs under generic-only policies. We examined changes in ICS use following the introduction of generic-only coverage in a Medicare Advantage population from 2003–2004. Methods Subjects were age 65+, with asthma, prior ICS use, and no chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (n = 1,802). In 2004, 74.0% switched from having a $30 brand-copayment plan to a generic-only coverage plan (restricted coverage); 26% had $15–25 brand copayments in 2003–2004 (unrestricted coverage). Using linear difference-in-difference models, we examined annual changes in ICS use (measured by days-of-supply dispensed). There was a lower-cost ICS available within the study setting and we also examined changes in drug choice (higher- vs. lower-cost ICS). In multivariable models we adjusted for socio-demographic, clinical, and asthma characteristics. Results In 2003 subjects had an average of 188 days of ICS supply. Restricted compared with unrestricted coverage was associated with reductions in ICS use from 2003–2004 (-15.5 days-of-supply, 95% confidence interval (CI): -25.0 to -6.0). Among patients using higher-cost ICS drugs in 2003 (n = 662), more restricted versus unrestricted coverage subjects switched to the lower-cost ICS in 2004 (39.8% vs. 10.3%). Restricted coverage was not associated with decreased ICS use (2003–2004) among patients who switched to the lower-cost ICS (18.7 days-of-supply, CI: -27.5 to 65.0), but was among patients who did not switch (-38.6 days-of-supply, CI: -57.0 to -20.3). In addition, restricted coverage was associated with decreases in ICS use among patients with both higher- and lower-risk asthma (-15.0 days-of-supply, CI: -41.4 to 11.44; and -15.6 days-of-supply, CI: -25.8 to -5.3, respectively). Conclusion In this elderly population, patients reduced their already low ICS use in response to losing drug coverage. Switching to the lower-cost ICS mitigated reductions in use among patients who previously used higher-cost drugs. Additional work is needed to assess barriers to switching ICS drugs and the clinical effects of these drug use changes. PMID:18638405
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Asymmetric radiation of seismic waves from an atoll: nuclear tests in French Polynesia
Weber, Michael J.; Wicks, Charles W.; Krüger, Frank; Jahnke, Gunnar; Schlittenhardt, Jörg
1998-01-01
Seismic records of nuclear tests detonated in the Mururoa Atoll in French Polynesia show large unpredicted arrivals 2.2 and 4.5 seconds (X1 and X2) after the P-wave at the Australian Warramunga Array. These arrivals are not observed at the Canadian Yellowknife Array. X1 and X2 are also absent on Warramunga Array recordings of tests carried out at the Fangataufa Atoll situated 40 km SSE of Mururoa. Array analysis shows that X1 and X2 are produced within the source area. The layered crustal structure of the atoll, significant local inhomogeneities, and focusing effects due to the elongated shape and the steep flanks of the Mururoa Atoll are most likely responsible for X1 and X2. The form of Mururoa (28 × 10 km) and its East-West orientation is due to its location on the Austral Fracture Zone (AFZ). The Fangataufa Atoll on the other hand is almost circular (10 km diameter) and is unaffected by the dynamics along the AFZ. Our observations demonstrate that complicated structures in the source area can significantly alter the wave field at teleseismic distances and produce a large magnitude (mb) bias. A better understanding of the exact cause of these unusual seismic observations will only become possible, if the coordinates of the tests and information on the detailed 3-D structure of the atolls are released.
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-04-20
... certain boundaries of the large fishing vessel prohibited area around Tutuila, the Manua Islands, and Rose Atoll in American Samoa to align with the boundaries of the Rose Atoll Marine National Monument. The... around Tutuila, the Manua Islands, and Rose Atoll (67 FR 4369, January 30, 2002). The two areas prohibit...
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33 CFR 3.70-10 - Sector Honolulu Marine Inspection Zone and Captain of the Port Zone.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
..., including all the islands and atolls of the Hawaiian chain and the adjacent waters of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ); and the following islands and their adjacent waters of the EEZ: American Samoa, Johnston Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef, Wake Island, Jarvis Island, Howland and Baker Islands, and Midway...
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33 CFR 3.70-10 - Sector Honolulu Marine Inspection Zone and Captain of the Port Zone.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
..., including all the islands and atolls of the Hawaiian chain and the adjacent waters of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ); and the following islands and their adjacent waters of the EEZ: American Samoa, Johnston Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef, Wake Island, Jarvis Island, Howland and Baker Islands, and Midway...
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33 CFR 3.70-10 - Sector Honolulu Marine Inspection Zone and Captain of the Port Zone.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
..., including all the islands and atolls of the Hawaiian chain and the adjacent waters of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ); and the following islands and their adjacent waters of the EEZ: American Samoa, Johnston Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef, Wake Island, Jarvis Island, Howland and Baker Islands, and Midway...
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33 CFR 3.70-10 - Sector Honolulu Marine Inspection Zone and Captain of the Port Zone.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
..., including all the islands and atolls of the Hawaiian chain and the adjacent waters of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ); and the following islands and their adjacent waters of the EEZ: American Samoa, Johnston Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef, Wake Island, Jarvis Island, Howland and Baker Islands, and Midway...
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33 CFR 3.70-10 - Sector Honolulu Marine Inspection Zone and Captain of the Port Zone.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
..., including all the islands and atolls of the Hawaiian chain and the adjacent waters of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ); and the following islands and their adjacent waters of the EEZ: American Samoa, Johnston Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef, Wake Island, Jarvis Island, Howland and Baker Islands, and Midway...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-12-16
... Forest, Palmyra Atoll, Pearl Harbor, Rose Atoll, and Wake Atoll. These refuges are located in Hawai'i... the following national wildlife refuges: Baker Island, Guam, Hakalau Forest, Hanalei, Hawaiian Islands... identified a WSA on the Hakalau Forest Refuge, as part of the refuge's CCP completed in September 2010. The...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-06-11
... large fishing vessel prohibited area around Tutuila, the Manua Islands, and Rose Atoll in American Samoa to align with the boundaries of the Rose Atoll Marine National Monument. This rule simplifies... Island and one around Tutuila, the Manua Islands, and Rose Atoll (67 FR 4369, January 30, 2002). In 2009...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... most pristine atolls in the world. The lands, submerged lands, waters, and marine environment around... supports most of the seabird population of American Samoa, including 12 federally protected migratory... relatively undisturbed islands remain in the world and Rose Atoll is one of the last remaining refuges for...
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Sources of Comfort and Change in This "Would-Be" Science.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Driver-Linn, Erin
2004-01-01
Responds to comments made by numerous authors (see records 2004-14303-014, 2004-14303-015, and 2004-14303-016) on the current author's original article (see record 2003-05602-002), which presented an account of why psychologists have almost continuously invoked Kuhn since the 1970s to justify a wide array of the discipline's historical…
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Microbial Ecology of Four Coral Atolls in the Northern Line Islands
Smriga, Steven; Edwards, Robert A.; Angly, Florent; Wegley, Linda; Hatay, Mark; Hall, Dana; Brown, Elysa; Haynes, Matthew; Krause, Lutz; Sala, Enric; Sandin, Stuart A.; Thurber, Rebecca Vega; Willis, Bette L.; Azam, Farooq; Knowlton, Nancy; Rohwer, Forest
2008-01-01
Microbes are key players in both healthy and degraded coral reefs. A combination of metagenomics, microscopy, culturing, and water chemistry were used to characterize microbial communities on four coral atolls in the Northern Line Islands, central Pacific. Kingman, a small uninhabited atoll which lies most northerly in the chain, had microbial and water chemistry characteristic of an open ocean ecosystem. On this atoll the microbial community was equally divided between autotrophs (mostly Prochlorococcus spp.) and heterotrophs. In contrast, Kiritimati, a large and populated (∼5500 people) atoll, which is most southerly in the chain, had microbial and water chemistry characteristic of a near-shore environment. On Kiritimati, there were 10 times more microbial cells and virus-like particles in the water column and these microbes were dominated by heterotrophs, including a large percentage of potential pathogens. Culturable Vibrios were common only on Kiritimati. The benthic community on Kiritimati had the highest prevalence of coral disease and lowest coral cover. The middle atolls, Palmyra and Tabuaeran, had intermediate densities of microbes and viruses and higher percentages of autotrophic microbes than either Kingman or Kiritimati. The differences in microbial communities across atolls could reflect variation in 1) oceaonographic and/or hydrographic conditions or 2) human impacts associated with land-use and fishing. The fact that historically Kingman and Kiritimati did not differ strongly in their fish or benthic communities (both had large numbers of sharks and high coral cover) suggest an anthropogenic component in the differences in the microbial communities. Kingman is one of the world's most pristine coral reefs, and this dataset should serve as a baseline for future studies of coral reef microbes. Obtaining the microbial data set, from atolls is particularly important given the association of microbes in the ongoing degradation of coral reef ecosystems worldwide. PMID:18301735
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Microbial ecology of four coral atolls in the Northern Line Islands.
Dinsdale, Elizabeth A; Pantos, Olga; Smriga, Steven; Edwards, Robert A; Angly, Florent; Wegley, Linda; Hatay, Mark; Hall, Dana; Brown, Elysa; Haynes, Matthew; Krause, Lutz; Sala, Enric; Sandin, Stuart A; Thurber, Rebecca Vega; Willis, Bette L; Azam, Farooq; Knowlton, Nancy; Rohwer, Forest
2008-02-27
Microbes are key players in both healthy and degraded coral reefs. A combination of metagenomics, microscopy, culturing, and water chemistry were used to characterize microbial communities on four coral atolls in the Northern Line Islands, central Pacific. Kingman, a small uninhabited atoll which lies most northerly in the chain, had microbial and water chemistry characteristic of an open ocean ecosystem. On this atoll the microbial community was equally divided between autotrophs (mostly Prochlorococcus spp.) and heterotrophs. In contrast, Kiritimati, a large and populated ( approximately 5500 people) atoll, which is most southerly in the chain, had microbial and water chemistry characteristic of a near-shore environment. On Kiritimati, there were 10 times more microbial cells and virus-like particles in the water column and these microbes were dominated by heterotrophs, including a large percentage of potential pathogens. Culturable Vibrios were common only on Kiritimati. The benthic community on Kiritimati had the highest prevalence of coral disease and lowest coral cover. The middle atolls, Palmyra and Tabuaeran, had intermediate densities of microbes and viruses and higher percentages of autotrophic microbes than either Kingman or Kiritimati. The differences in microbial communities across atolls could reflect variation in 1) oceaonographic and/or hydrographic conditions or 2) human impacts associated with land-use and fishing. The fact that historically Kingman and Kiritimati did not differ strongly in their fish or benthic communities (both had large numbers of sharks and high coral cover) suggest an anthropogenic component in the differences in the microbial communities. Kingman is one of the world's most pristine coral reefs, and this dataset should serve as a baseline for future studies of coral reef microbes. Obtaining the microbial data set, from atolls is particularly important given the association of microbes in the ongoing degradation of coral reef ecosystems worldwide.
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Influence of space use on fitness and the reintroduction success of the Laysan teal
Reynolds, M.H.; Hatfield, J.S.; Laniawe, L.P.; Vekasy, M.S.; Klavitter, J.L.; Berkowitz, P.; Crampton, L.H.; Walters, J.R.
2012-01-01
Translocation is an important tool for wildlife conservation and biodiversity restoration, but an inefficient one because of the unpredictability of success. Predictors of success such as habitat quality of the release site and number of individuals released have been identified, but the dynamics of successful translocations remain poorly understood. In particular, little is known about the relationship of individual post-release movements to population establishment. In 2004, Laysan teal Anas laysanensis were reintroduced by translocating 20 wild birds from Laysan Island to Midway Atoll. Twenty-two additional wild founders were brought the next year. We monitored the survival, reproductive success and movements of the 42 translocated individuals and their offspring for 4 years. Additionally, we monitored population size from 2004 to 2010. Unlike most translocations, we did not observe elevated post-release mortality despite flight-feather trimming to prevent immediate dispersal off-island: first year survival was > 90% and survival rates until 2009 were 0.65±0.08 for founding adults. Laysan teal flew between the two main islands of Midway Atoll, and offspring had significantly larger maximum movement distances than founders. We monitored 84 nests and observed a significant, negative relationship of home range size to productivity for founding females. Flightless founders did not show fidelity to their release sites, but had strong fidelity to annual home ranges after attaining flight. Although we observed a component Allee effect on mate-finding, this did not translate into a demographic Allee effect, and generally, the high fitness of founders contributed substantially to successful population establishment. Laysan teal abundance increased linearly until 2009, but showed evidence of population regulation afterwards. The population estimate was 473 (95% confidence interval 439–508) in 2010. On the much larger main Hawaiian Islands, we expect greater post-release movement, a stronger component Allee effect, lower survival and lower reproductive rates because of predation to preclude successful reintroductions of this species to sites without predator management.
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[Accidents with biological material at West Paraná University Hospital].
Murofuse, Neide Tiemi; Marziale, Maria Helena Palucci; Gemelli, Lorena Moraes Goetem
2005-08-01
It is a descriptive and retrospective study with the purpose of investigating labor accidents with biological material involving workers and trainees occurred in 2003 and 2004 in a University Hospital of Parana. For data collection, the electronic form of the Net of Occupational Accidents Prevention - REPAT has been utilized. Out of the 586 hospital workers, there was a register of 20 (3,4%) injured workers in 2003 and 23 (3,8%) in 2004, representing an increase of 15% in the notifications from one year to the other.
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Recent developments in employee benefits law.
Rose, Jonathan G; Adler, Adam
2005-01-01
The first part of this article highlights important judicial developments involving employee benefits and the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), as amended, during the latter part of 2003 and the first part of 2004, including the most significant U.S. Supreme Court and federal circuit court decisions. The second part covers recent legislative and regulatory developments in employee benefits law. This article is not meant to be exhaustive, but discusses the more important developments during 2003-2004, with particular focus on issues of concern to the insurance industry.
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Peregrine falcon predation of endangered Laysan teal and Laysan Finches on remote Hawaiian atolls
Reynolds, Michelle H.; Nash, Sarah A.B.; Courtot, Karen
2015-01-01
We report the first records of Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) predation on endangered Laysan teal (or duck; Anas laysanensis) and predation on endangered Laysan finches (Telespiza cantans). At Midway Atoll, vagrant Peregrine falcons killed ≥4% of a newly translocated Laysan teal population in 2006 and ≥2% in 2008. On Laysan Island during 2008–2009, remains of >76 Laysan finches (<1% of the population) were found at peregrine perches. On Midway Atoll, all depredated Laysan teal and other seabirds were recovered at kill sites on tarmac (runways). If the frequency or duration of vagrant raptors visitation increases at small atolls, this could pose a mortality risk to consider, especially during proposed translocations of endangered species. Vegetation restoration of abandoned runways near wetlands at Midway Atoll would provide cover and may help reduce mortality of endangered species due to vagrant raptors.
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Report: Congressional Request on Funding Needs for Non-Federal Superfund Sites
Report #2004-P-00001, January 7, 2004. During FY 2003, limited funding prevented EPA from beginning construction at all sites or providing additional funds needed to address sites in a manner believed necessary by regional officials.
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Peter J. Ince; Eduard Akim; Bernard Lombard; Tomas Parik
2005-01-01
Global pulp, paper and paperboard markets improved in 2004 and 2005, as indicated by generally higher prices for most pulp, paper and paperboard products in comparison with 2003. While growth in demand was quite robust in 2004, by the end of the first half of 2005, markets appeared more hesitant and prices appeared to waver or reach a plateau. Within the UNECE region,...
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Region 9: California Adequate Letter (4/9/2004)
This is a letter from Deborah Jordan, Acting Director, to Catherine Witherspoon regarding the motor vehicle emission budgets in the South Coast 2003 Air Quality Management Plan (2003 AQMP) for the 1-hour ozone, PM-10. carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen
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Dickson, J; Hunt, D D
2001-03-01
In an area of the world not previously studied for the presence of nutritional deficiencies, this study conducted in 1994, examined the prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency on a representative atoll of the Marshall Islands. All children ages three through ten living on Mili atoll were surveyed. The study was conducted house-to-house with all 38 subjects on the atoll voluntarily enrolling in the study. Vitamin A status was assessed by conjunctival impression cytology with transfer ([CT), clinical ophthalmic signs, and nutritional survey in all children ages three through ten living on Mili atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Forty-seven percent had xerophthannia (5% with XN, 39% with XN + XIA, and 3% with XN + XIB). More than three-quarters (78%) were ICT abnormal, indicating 31% of the population had mild sub-clinical vitamin A deficiency. Eighty-six percent of the children had not received the U.S. recommended daily allowance of vitamin A in the previous week. Oiven the World Health Organization's published guidelines that anything greater than a 1% prevalence, Vitamin A deficiency on Mili atoll may be classified as a significant public health problem.
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Structural failure and drowning of Johnston Atoll, central Pacific Basin
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Keating, Barbara H.
Emery (1956) and Ashmore (1973) described the geology of Johnston Atoll (Northern Line Islands chain) and pointed out the anomalous structure of the atoll. These studies led Ashmore )1973) to suggest that the atoll itself is tilted. Johnston Atoll appears to be an example of a seamount that is undergoing a transition from an atoll to a drowned seamount (guyot). Submersible studies of the shallow carbonate bank demonstrate that the carbonate bank displays important karstic features. Recent side-scan sonar studies of the southern flank of this seamount provide evidence that the southern flank of the seamount has undergone substantial mass-wasting. We hypothesize that the mass-wasting of the seamount has loaded the seafloor surrounding Johnston Island unevenly. The southeast Johnston Basin lies 700 m shallower than the southwest Johnston Basin. The loading of the southeast Johnston Basin has resulted in differential subsidence of the sea floor surrounding the seamount which has resulted in the tilting of the seamount (0.016°) and is responsible for the drowning of much of the reef. It is suggested that local structural failure, preferential erosion and drainage, and differential subsidence of seamounts can cause drowning of reefs which may lead to the formation of guyots.
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Tikehau Atoll, French Polynesia
2017-12-08
The islands and coral atolls of French Polynesia, located in the southern Pacific Ocean, epitomize the idea of tropical paradise: white sandy beaches, turquoise lagoons, and palm trees. Even from the distance of space, the view of these atolls is beautiful. This image from the Advanced Land Imager on NASA’s Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) satellite shows the southern part of Tikehau Atoll, one of the 78 coral atolls that make up the Tuamotu Archipelago. Patches of coral make star-like spots across the turquoise expanse of the lagoon. A line of tree-covered islets encircles the lagoon. At the southernmost tip of the atoll, a large islet accommodates a small village and an air strip. NASA image created by Jesse Allen, using EO-1 ALI data provided courtesy of the NASA EO-1 Team. Caption by Rebecca Lindsey. NASA image use policy. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Duvat, Virginie K. E.; Pillet, Valentin
2017-04-01
Atoll reef islands are considered highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. While accelerated sea-level rise is expected to destabilize reef islands, ocean warming and acidification are considered as major threats to coral reef growth, which is of primary importance for the persistence of islands and of food supply to islanders. Using multi-date aerial imagery, shoreline and island changes between 1969 and 2013 were assessed on Takapoto Atoll, Northern Tuamotu region, in French Polynesia. Results show that over the 44-year study period, 41% of islands were stable in area while 33% expanded and 26% contracted. Island expansion was the dominant mode of change on the leeward side of the atoll. Tropical Cyclone Orama (category 3, 1983) contributed to shoreline and island change on the windward side of the atoll through the reworking of previous storm deposits and the injection of fresh sediments in the island system (with up to 62% of an island's land area being covered with fresh sediments). Human activities contributed significantly to shoreline and island change throughout the atoll through infrastructure construction, the removal of the indigenous vegetation from a number of islets and sediment mining.
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Washington Higher Education Coordinating Board, 2006
2006-01-01
The Higher Education Coordinating Board (HECB) received two appropriations totaling $11.8 million in the 2003-05 state operating budget to award competitive grants to increase enrollment in high-demand fields. Grants were available to Washington's public four-year colleges and universities during the 2003-04 and 2004-05 academic years. This report…
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Walther, D. A.; Whiles, M. R.
2005-05-01
Rock weirs were constructed in a degraded section of the Cache River in southern Illinois in 2001 and 2003 to prevent channel incision and protect riparian wetlands. We sampled macroinvertebrates in two older weirs and in two sites downstream of the restored section in April 2003, October 2003, and April 2004 to evaluate differences in community structure between weir, snag, and streambed (scoured clay) habitats. Three recently constructed weirs were also sampled in April 2004. Functional composition differed among sample dates and habitats. Although collector-gatherers consistently dominated streambed habitats, functional composition on weirs and snags was more variable. Filterer and predator biomass was generally higher on weirs, and snags harbored the only shredders collected in the system (Pycnopsyche spp.). Weirs generally supported higher biomass of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera than other habitats. For example, mean EPT biomass on weirs in 2003 (April=187 mgAFDM/m2; October=899 mgAFDM/m2) was 4 to 10-fold higher than EPT biomass in snag or streambed habitats. Late instar Pycnopsyche contributed 41% of snag biomass in April 2004, resulting in EPT biomass similar to rock weirs. Results indicate rock weirs provide suitable stable substrate for macroinvertebrates and may enhance populations of sensitive EPT taxa in degraded systems.
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McDonald, Mark A; Hildebrand, John A; Wiggins, Sean M
2006-08-01
Recent measurement at a previously studied location illustrates the magnitude of increases in ocean ambient noise in the Northeast Pacific over the past four decades. Continuous measurements west of San Nicolas Island, California, over 138 days, spanning 2003-2004 are compared to measurements made during the 1960s at the same site. Ambient noise levels at 30-50 Hz were 10-12 dB higher (95% CI = 2.6 dB) in 2003-2004 than in 1964-1966, suggesting an average noise increase rate of 2.5-3 dB per decade. Above 50 Hz the noise level differences between recording periods gradually diminished to only 1-3 dB at 100-300 Hz. Above 300 Hz the 1964-1966 ambient noise levels were higher than in 2003-2004, owing to a diel component which was absent in the more recent data. Low frequency (10-50 Hz) ocean ambient noise levels are closely related to shipping vessel traffic. The number of commercial vessels plying the world's oceans approximately doubled between 1965 and 2003 and the gross tonnage quadrupled, with a corresponding increase in horsepower. Increases in commercial shipping are believed to account for the observed low-frequency ambient noise increase.
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Adult blood lead epidemiology and surveillance--United States, 2003-2004.
2006-08-18
Since 1994, CDC's state-based Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance (ABLES) program has been tracking laboratory-reported blood lead levels (BLLs) in U.S. adults. A national public health objective for 2010 (objective 20-7) is to reduce the prevalence of BLLs > or =25 microg/dL among employed adults to zero. A second key ABLES measurement level is a BLL > or =40 microg/dL, the level at which the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires workers to have an annual medical evaluation of health effects related to lead exposure. A previously published ABLES report provided data collected from 35 states during 2002. This report summarizes ABLES data collected from 37 states during 2003-2004 and compares them with annual data collected since 1994. The findings indicated that the national rate of adults with elevated BLLs (i.e., > or =25 microg/dL) declined from 2002 to 2003 and declined further in 2004. Projections using 1994-2004 ABLES data trends indicate that the national prevalence rate of adults with BLLs > or =25 microg/dL will be approximately 5.7 per 100,000 employed adults in 2010. Increased prevention measures, particularly in work environments, will be necessary to achieve the 2010 objective of reducing this rate to zero.
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Diversity of parasites of fish from the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil.
Takemoto, R M; Pavanelli, G C; Lizama, M A P; Lacerda, A C F; Yamada, F H; Moreira, L H A; Ceschini, T L; Bellay, S
2009-06-01
The aim of the present study was to provide a current survey of the species of parasites found in the Upper Paraná River floodplain, as well as to investigate which strategies and mechanisms used by parasites, are favored and which environmental factors influence the parasite community in the studied environments. During a seven-year period from February 2000 to September 2007, 3,768 fish belonging to 72 species were collected and analyzed for the purpose of studying the parasite fauna. A total of 337 species of parasites were reported, including 12 new descriptions: one myxosporid, Henneguya paranaensis Eiras, Pavanelli and Takemoto, 2004; eight monogeneans, Kritskyia annakohnae Boeger, Tanaka and Pavanelli, 2001; Kritskyia boegeri Takemoto, Lizama and Pavanelli, 2002; Kritskyia eirasi Guidelli, Takemoto and Pavanelli, 2003; Demidospermus labrosi França, Isaac, Pavanelli and Takemoto, 2003; Demidospermus mandi França, Isaac, Pavanelli and Takemoto, 2003; Pseudovancleaveus paranaensis França, Isaac, Pavanelli and Takemoto, 2003; Tereancistrum curimba Lizama, Takemoto and Pavanelli, 2004 and Tereancistrum toksonum Lizama, Takemoto and Pavanelli, 2004; two digeneans, Sanguinicola platyrhynchi Guidelli, Isaac and Pavanelli, 2002 and Dadayius pacupeva Lacerda, Takemoto and Pavanelli, 2003 and one cestode, Nomimoscolex pertierrae Chambrier, Takemoto and Pavanelli, 2005. In addition, several other species were reported for the first time in new hosts or in the floodplain. Monogeneans presented the highest number of species, followed by digeneans. The infection site with the highest species richness was the intestine, with 127 species.
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Human Resource Automation Architecture Validation for a Transforming Army
2005-03-03
2004. 26 Ibid 27 Alan Bundy, “One Essential Direction: Information Literacy , Information Technology Fluency” 30 May 2003. available from...smartcard.html>. Internet. Accessed 11 December 2004. Bundy, Alan “One Essential Direction: Information Literacy , Information Technology Fluency” 30
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In-car cell phone use and hazards following hands free legislation.
Rajalin, Sirpa; Summala, Heikki; Pöysti, Leena; Anteroinen, Pasi; Porter, Bryan E
2005-09-01
A new law took effect in Finland at the beginning of 2003 which prohibits the handheld use of mobile phones while driving a motor vehicle. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the law on phone usage and self-reported safety during the first few months and 16 months later to determine whether the initial level of compliance with the law had been sustained. Data were collected by Gallup home poll before (spring 2002) and after legislation took effect (spring 2003 and 2004). A representative sample of drivers who owned a cell phone (n = 836 to 966) was interviewed each time. On-road observations were also collected in four cities for 2003 and 2004. Just after the law, 97% of drivers were aware of the new hands free legislation. In sharp contrast to the pre-law rate of 16%, 43% reported not using the phone while driving immediately after the law and 41% one year later. The occasional users especially reduced their use of phones while driving. The law was correlated to reductions in self-reported handheld use of cell phones while driving, from 55.6% pre-law to 15.2% immediately after passage. In spite of this change, however, the hands free legislation did not reduce self-reported involvement of Finnish drivers in phone-related hazards. Handheld usage was still lower in 2004 than pre-law (20.0%), but the 32% increase from 2003 was significant. Observational data collected in Finland in 2003 and 2004 showed an even higher upward trend in handheld use (87% increase, from 3.1% to 5.8%; pre-law data were not available), and matched a similar increase reported by McCartt and Geary (2004) in their observational evaluation of New York's handheld mobile phone law. The self-reports indicate that the hands-free law reduced handheld phone use, among occasional users especially, but did not reduce phone-related hazards. The effect of the law on phone use substantially declined within one year.
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Tkachenko, Konstantin S
2012-12-01
Ihavandippolu, the northernmost atoll of the Maldives, experienced severe coral bleaching and mortality in 1998 followed by several bleaching episodes in the last decade. Coral cover in the 11 study sites surveyed in July-December of 2011 in the 3-5 m depth range varied from 1.7 to 51%. Reefs of the islands located in the center of Ihavandippolu lagoon have exhibited a very low coral recovery since 1998 and remain mostly degraded 12 years after the impact. At the same time, some reefs, especially in the inner part of the eastern ring of the atoll, demonstrate a high coral cover (>40%) with a dominance of branching Acropora that is known to be one of the coral genera that is most susceptible to thermal stress. The last severe bleaching event in 2010 resulted in high coral mortality in some sites of the atoll. Differences in coral mortality rates and proportion between "susceptible" and "resistant" taxa in study sites are apparently related to long-term adaptation and local hydrological features that can mitigate thermal impacts. Abundant herbivorous fish observed in the atoll prevent coral overgrowth by macroalgae even on degraded reefs. Despite the frequent influence of temperature anomalies and having less geomorphologic refuges for coral survivals than other larger Maldivian atolls, a major part of observed coral communities in Ihavandippolu Atoll exhibits high resilience and potential for further acclimatization to a changing environment. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Future Reef Growth Can Mitigate Physical Impacts of Sea-Level Rise on Atoll Islands
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Beetham, Edward; Kench, Paul S.; Popinet, Stéphane
2017-10-01
We present new detail on how future sea-level rise (SLR) will modify nonlinear wave transformation processes, shoreline wave energy, and wave driven flooding on atoll islands. Frequent and destructive wave inundation is a primary climate-change hazard that may render atoll islands uninhabitable in the near future. However, limited research has examined the physical vulnerability of atoll islands to future SLR and sparse information are available to implement process-based coastal management on coral reef environments. We utilize a field-verified numerical model capable of resolving all nonlinear wave transformation processes to simulate how future SLR will modify wave dissipation and overtopping on Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu, accounting for static and accretionary reef adjustment morphologies. Results show that future SLR coupled with a static reef morphology will not only increase shoreline wave energy and overtopping but will fundamentally alter the spectral composition of shoreline energy by decreasing the contemporary influence of low-frequency infragravity waves. "
Business-as-usual " emissions (RCP 8.5) will result in annual wave overtopping on Funafuti Atoll by 2030, with overtopping at high tide under mean wave conditions occurring from 2090. Comparatively, vertical reef accretion in response to SLR will prevent any significant increase in shoreline wave energy and mitigate wave driven flooding volume by 72%. Our results provide the first quantitative assessment of how effective future reef accretion can be at mitigating SLR-associated flooding on atoll islands and endorse active reef conservation and restoration for future coastal protection. -
SATS HVO Concept Validation Experiment
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Consiglio, Maria; Williams, Daniel; Murdoch, Jennifer; Adams, Catherine
2005-01-01
A human-in-the-loop simulation experiment was conducted at the NASA Langley Research Center s (LaRC) Air Traffic Operations Lab (ATOL) in an effort to comprehensively validate tools and procedures intended to enable the Small Aircraft Transportation System, Higher Volume Operations (SATS HVO) concept of operations. The SATS HVO procedures were developed to increase the rate of operations at non-towered, non-radar airports in near all-weather conditions. A key element of the design is the establishment of a volume of airspace around designated airports where pilots accept responsibility for self-separation. Flights operating at these airports, are given approach sequencing information computed by a ground based automated system. The SATS HVO validation experiment was conducted in the ATOL during the spring of 2004 in order to determine if a pilot can safely and proficiently fly an airplane while performing SATS HVO procedures. Comparative measures of flight path error, perceived workload and situation awareness were obtained for two types of scenarios. Baseline scenarios were representative of today s system utilizing procedure separation, where air traffic control grants one approach or departure clearance at a time. SATS HVO scenarios represented approaches and departure procedures as described in the SATS HVO concept of operations. Results from the experiment indicate that low time pilots were able to fly SATS HVO procedures and maintain self-separation as safely and proficiently as flying today's procedures.
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Designing economic impact assessments for USFS wildfire programs
Karen L. Abt; Robert J. Jr. Huggett; Thomas P. Holmes
2008-01-01
As often happens in the wake of a series of extreme fire seasons, such as those in 2000, 2002 and 2003, federal wildfire policy is being scrutinized and recommendations regarding changes both large and small are prevalent (Stephens and Ruth 2005, Busenberg 2004, Dellasalla et al. 2004, Dombeck et al. 2004). It is common practice for increases in acres burned and in...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-12-16
... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A)). Currently... Corporations, and Revenue Procedure 2004-48, Deemed Corporate Election for Late Electing S Corporations. DATES...-45, Late Election Relief for S Corporations, and Revenue Procedure 2004-48, Deemed Corporate Election...
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Bat use of highway bridges in south-central Montana.
DOT National Transportation Integrated Search
2005-06-01
"We studied use of highway structures by bats in the Billings, Montana area during 2003 and 2004. We found : evidence of bat use at 78 of 130 highway structures examined during summer 2003 in Carbon, Stillwater, and Yellowstone : counties; 66 structu...
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Utility of Satellite LIDAR Waveform Data in Shallow Water
2010-06-01
American Samoa, Guam, Tuvalu, Palau, Vanuatu, Micronesia, Kiribati, Nauru, Solomon Islands, Puka Puka, Jarvis Islands, and the Johnston Atoll . Seventy...intensity. Transects are studied from three geographic areas; Kure Atoll (near Midway), the Bahamas, and Sequoia National Forest. Differences in the data...nm sensor measures both total power and the perpendicularly polarized intensity. Transects are studied from three geographic areas; Kure Atoll (near
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Audit Report Office of the Inspector General: Defense Nuclear Agency Activities at Johnston Atoll
1989-12-15
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AUDIT REPORT DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY ACTIVITIES AT JOHNSTON ATOLL NO. 90-020 December 15, 1989 A&piored tea ggabiic release...a 5330 Accession Number: 5320 Publication Date: Dec 15, 1989 Title: Audit Report Office Of The Inspector General: Defense Nuclear Agency...Descriptors, Keywords: DNA Johnston Atoll Audit Management Economy Efficiency BOS Administration Oversight DOE Nuclear Atmospheric Testing Safeguard
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Hirabayashi, Yoshihiro; Kawakami, Takayuki; Suzuki, Hideo; Igarashi, Takashi; Saitoh, Kazuhiko; Seo, Norimasa
2005-09-01
Syringe swap is an important problem in anesthetic care, causing harm to patients. We examined the effect of colored syringe and a colored sheet on the incidence of syringe swaps during anesthetic management. We determined the color code. The blue-syringe contains local anesthetics; yellow-syringe, sympathomimetic drugs; and white-syringe with a red label fixed opposite the scale, muscle relaxants. The colored sheet displays the photographs of the syringe with drug name, dose and volume. The colored syringe and colored sheet were supplied for use from February 2004. We compared the incidence of syringe swaps during the period from February 2004 to January 2005 with that from February 2003 to January 2004. Although five syringe swaps were recorded from February 2003 to January 2004, in 5901 procedures, we encountered no syringe swaps from February 2004 to January 2005, in 6078 procedures. The colored syringe and colored sheet significantly decreased the incidence of syringe swaps during anesthetic management (P <0.05). The use of the sheet together with colored syringes can prevent syringe swaps during anesthesia.
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The chemistry of gaseous acids in medieval churches in Cyprus
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Loupa, G.; Charpantidou, E.; Karageorgos, E.; Rapsomanikis, S.
Indoor and outdoor concentrations of HCl, HNO 3, HCOOH and CH 3COOH were determined in two medieval churches in Cyprus, during July 2003 and March 2004. The high air exchange rate through the open windows and doors led to lower indoor, compared to outdoor, acid concentrations in July 2003. Indoor pollutant emissions and a low air exchange rate resulted in higher indoor compared to outdoors acid concentrations in both churches during March 2004. Indoor to outdoor inorganic acid ratios were higher than the corresponding indoor to outdoor organic acid ratios during July 2003, whilst the opposite trend was observed during March 2004. Direct acid emission from candle burning appears to play a major role in the observed indoor acid concentrations. Emissions of volatile organic compounds from other sources, like humans, cleaning products and incense, led also to formation or depletion of the gaseous acids via homogeneous photochemical, heterogeneous and dark reaction sequences. Chemical reaction pathways were extensively investigated and appear to explain the observed results. The apparent indoor acid deposition velocities ranged between 0.05 and 0.15 cm s -1.
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Halloran, M. Elizabeth; Piedra, Pedro A.; Longini, Ira M.; Gaglani, Manjusha J.; Schmotzer, Brian; Fewlass, Charles; Herschler, Gayla B.; Glezen, W. Paul
2009-01-01
In the 2003–2004 influenza season, the predominant circulating influenza A (H3N2) virus in the United States was similar antigenically to A/Fujian/411/2002 (H3N2), a drift variant of A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2), the vaccine strain. That year, a field study of trivalent live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV-T) was conducted in Temple-Belton, Texas, as part of a larger community-based, non-randomized, open-label study in three communities that began in August 1998 [1, 2, 3]. Participants were healthy children aged 5 – 18 years. The analysis here concerns 6,403 children in the Scott & White Health Plan (SWHP) database living within zip codes of the Temple-Belton area, of whom 1,706 received LAIV-T and 548 received trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) in 2003, 983 had been previously vaccinated in 1998–2001, but not in 2002–2003 or 2003, and 3,166 had never been vaccinated. The main outcome measure was medically-attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI). Surveillance culture results were incorporated into the analysis to estimate efficacy against culture-confirmed influenza illness. Vaccine effectiveness of LAIV-T against MAARI was 26% (95% confidence interval (CI) 11,39). Vaccine efficacy of LAIV-T against culture-confirmed influenza illness including surveillance cultures of children in the SWHP database in the validation calculation was 56% (95% CI 24,84). LAIV-T was cross-protective with a drift variant strain in 2003–2004, evidence that such vaccines could be important for preparing for a pandemic and for annual influenza. PMID:17395338
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Jeffery, Caroline; Beckworth, Colin; Hadden, Wilbur C; Ouma, Joseph; Lwanga, Stephen K; Valadez, Joseph J
2016-01-01
Beginning in 2003, Uganda used Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) to assist district managers collect and use data to improve their human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS program. Uganda's LQAS-database (2003-2012) covers up to 73 of 112 districts. Our multidistrict analysis of the LQAS data-set at 2003-2004 and 2012 examined gender variation among adults who ever tested for HIV over time, and attributes associated with testing. Conditional logistic regression matched men and women by community with seven model effect variables. HIV testing prevalence rose from 14% (men) and 12% (women) in 2003-2004 to 62% (men) and 80% (women) in 2012. In 2003-2004, knowing the benefits of testing (Odds Ratio [OR] = 6.09, 95% CI = 3.01-12.35), knowing where to get tested (OR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.44-5.56), and secondary education (OR = 3.04, 95% CI = 1.19-7.77) were significantly associated with HIV testing. By 2012, knowing the benefits of testing (OR = 3.63, 95% CI = 2.25-5.83), where to get tested (OR = 5.15, 95% CI = 3.26-8.14), primary education (OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.39-2.91), being female (OR = 3.03, 95% CI = 2.53-3.62), and being married (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.17-2.8) were significantly associated with HIV testing. HIV testing prevalence in Uganda has increased dramatically, more for women than men. Our results concurred with other authors that education, knowledge of HIV, and marriage (women only) are associated with testing for HIV and suggest that couples testing is more prevalent than other authors.
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2004-01-01
The editorial staff of The American Journal of Human Genetics thanks the following scientists for their invaluable assistance in reviewing manuscripts from July 1, 2003, through June 30, 2004. We extend special recognition to the following for reviewing five or more papers in this time period.
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U.S. Department of Transportation Fiscal Year 2004 Budget in Brief
DOT National Transportation Integrated Search
2003-01-01
The Department's FY 2004 budget request totals $54.3 billion in mandatory and discretionary funding. This represents an overall increase of $2.9 billion or 6 percent when compared to the President's FY 2003 request. The Department's five key performa...
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DOT National Transportation Integrated Search
2004-12-01
House Report 108-243 (2003) accompanying the FY 2004 Department of Transportation : Appropriations Act requested the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) to prepare a : report identifying the impediments to the formation of large, capital-intensiv...
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Knapp, Laura G.; Kelly-Reid, Janice E.; Whitmore, Roy W.; Huh, Seungho; Levine, Burton; Berzofsky, Marcus
2005-01-01
This E.D. TAB presents findings from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) Spring 2004 data collection, which included four survey components: Student Financial Aid for full-time, first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students for the 2002-03 academic year, Enrollment for fall 2003, Graduation Rates for…
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Changes in school environments with implementation of Arkansas Act 1220 of 2003.
Phillips, Martha M; Raczynski, James M; West, Delia S; Pulley, LeaVonne; Bursac, Zoran; Gauss, C Heath; Walker, Jada F
2010-02-01
Changes in school nutrition and physical activity policies and environments are important to combat childhood obesity. Arkansas Act 1220 of 2003 was among the first and most comprehensive statewide legislative initiatives to combat childhood obesity through school-based change. Annual surveys of principals and superintendents have been analyzed to document substantial and important changes in school environments, policies, and practices. For example, results indicate that schools are more likely to require that healthy options be provided for student parties (4.5% in 2004, 36.9% in 2008; P
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[Influenza telephone consultation target the general public--2003-2004, 2004-2005].
Yamadera, Shizuko; Kobune, Fumio; Komatsu, Toshihiko; Suzuki, Kazuyoshi; Nakayama, Mikio; Hagiwara, Toshikatsu; Matsumoto, Miyako; Yamamoto, Kiichi; Renard, Junko; Oya, Akira
2007-07-01
The NPO Biomedical Science Association provided telephone consultation, including contacts by fax and email, targeting the general public within the framework of influenza control measures worked out by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW). We received 2,813 inquiries during the 2003-2004 flu season and 2,444 inquiries during the 2004-2005 season. By month, the highest number was in October-November, accounting for 42.6%. The preceding season showed a similar trend. By gender, 72.5% of those seeking advice were women. By area of residence, the highest number was living in metropolitan Tokyo, and the remainder lived in the prefectures of Kanagawa, Chiba, Saitama, Nagano, Shizuoka, and Ibaraki in this order. We received no inquiries from the prefectures of Shimane or Saga. By occupation, housewives accounted for 1,114 inquiries (45.6%), followed by private companies with 447 inquiries (18.3%) and health-care providers with 227 inquiries (9.3%), similar to the 2003-2004 flu season. By subject, 1,545 inquiries concerned vaccines (62.2%) mainly, the pros and cons of vaccination, adverse reactions, and the number of inoculations required. Inquiries about pregnancy, infants and young children, and breast-feeding accounted for 19.2%. Inquiries on vaccine shortages during the 2004-2005 flu season (7), SARS (22), and bird flu (22) decreased compared to the previous season, while the number of consultations on antiviral agents increased (209). In discussing how information on influenza should be communicated to the public, we propose that "Influenza Q & A" provided by the Infectious Diseases Surveillance Center of the NIID, MHLW, should include information on influenza specifically addressing pregnant woman and breast-feeding or child-rearing mothers.
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2003-12-09
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - In the Vehicle Assembly Building, after being removed from the solid rocket booster (SRB), the forward assembly is lowered toward a transporter below in the transfer aisle. The destacking is part of time and cycle activities. The SRB was part of the stack on Atlantis originally scheduled for a March 1, 2003, launch on mission STS-114. The SRBs and external tank were demated in February 2003. The mission is now scheduled to occur no earlier than Sept. 12, 2004, on Atlantis.
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2003-12-09
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - In the Vehicle Assembly Building, after being removed from the solid rocket booster (SRB), the forward assembly is lowered from high above the transfer aisle. The destacking is part of time and cycle activities. The SRB was part of the stack on Atlantis originally scheduled for a March 1, 2003, launch on mission STS-114. The SRBs and external tank were demated in February 2003. The mission is now scheduled to occur no earlier than Sept. 12, 2004, on Atlantis.
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South Carolina Coastal Erosion Study, Data Report for Observations, October 2003 - April 2004
Sullivan, Charlene M.; Warner, John C.; Martini, Marinna A.; Voulgaris, George; Work, Paul; Haas, Kevin A.; Hanes, Daniel
2006-01-01
Oceanographic observations have been made at nine locations in Long Bay, South Carolina from October 2003 through April 2004. These sites are centered around a shore-oblique sand feature that is approximately 10 km long, 2 km wide, and in excess of 3 m thick. The observations were collected through a collaborative effort with the U.S. Geological Survey, the University of South Carolina, and Georgia Institute of Technology Savannah Campus as part of a larger study to understand the physical processes that control the transport of sediments in Long Bay.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Rein, Thomas A.; Hughes, Michele L.; Kern, J. Chris
2005-08-01
We report on our progress from April 2003 through March 2004 on determining the effects of mitigative measures on productivity of white sturgeon populations in the Columbia River downstream from McNary Dam, and on determining the status and habitat requirements of white sturgeon populations in the Columbia and Snake rivers upstream from McNary Dam. This is a multi-year study with many objectives requiring more than one year to complete; therefore, findings from a given year may be part of more significant findings yet to be reported.
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High Gain Antenna Gimbal for the 2003-2004 Mars Exploration Rover Program
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Sokol, Jeff; Krishnan, Satish; Ayari, Laoucet
2004-01-01
The High Gain Antenna Assemblies built for the 2003-2004 Mars Exploration Rover (MER) missions provide the primary communication link for the Rovers once they arrive on Mars. The High Gain Antenna Gimbal (HGAG) portion of the assembly is a two-axis gimbal that provides the structural support, pointing, and tracking for the High Gain Antenna (HGA). The MER mission requirements provided some unique design challenges for the HGAG. This paper describes all the major subsystems of the HGAG that were developed to meet these challenges, and the requirements that drove their design.
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Interpretation of ICESat-Derived Elevation Change on the Malaspina-Seward Glacier
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sauber, J.; Ramage, J.; Kopczynski, S.; Muskett, R.
2005-12-01
In this study, we report and interpret ICESat-derived short-term variability in surface elevation in the snow accumulation region of the Seward-Malaspina Glacier, one of the largest glacier systems in southern Alaska. The Seward-Malaspina complex consists of an extensive icefield, the upper Seward Glacier, and a narrower lower outlet glacier (lower Seward) through which ice drains to the enormous piedmont of the Malaspina Glacier. Although the upper Seward is just 80 km north of the Gulf of Alaska it has an environment more continental than maritime because of shielding afforded by high mountains to the south [Sharp, 1951]. The Malaspina Glacier by contrast lies completely within the moist maritime environment of the southern Alaska coast. In an earlier study of the Malaspina Glacier, we reported elevation differences between ICESat Laser 1-3 observations (February 2003 - November 2004) and a Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)-derived DEM from February 2000 [Sauber et al., 2005]. Elevation decreases of up to 20-25 m over a 3-4 year time period were observed across the folded loop moraine on the southern portion of the piedmont lobe of the Malaspina Glacier. For the western portion of the Upper Seward we will estimate elevation change over a comparable time period by using an X-band InSAR-derived DEM from Intermap Tech. (Sept. 2000) and ICESat-derived elevations. Early field measurements (1945-1949) from the Upper Seward Glacier indicated an average annual net surplus of 75 cm water equivalent in the Upper Seward basin [Sharp, 1951]. However, even over this short time period, Sharp [1951] found large interannual variability in net accumulation of 41-168 cm. To further constrain and understand surface changes, we examined ICESat-derived elevations from a variable set of repeated ICESat upper Seward profiles made between Feb. 2003 and May 2005. Additionally we compared the elevation change profiles to snowmelt timing and ablation season length derived from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) 37 GHz brightness temperatures for 2000-2004 using the approach of Ramage and Isacks (2003). We found the largest elevation increase between Oct 2003 and late Feb./March 2004 (3-4 m over a flat region of the upper Seward at 1740 m), little discernible elevation change occurred between March and May 2004, and about 2 m of elevation decrease occurred at 1750 m between May and Oct. 2004. The elevation increase of 3-4 m at 1740 m in the upper Seward occurred after refreezing started in August 2003 and before the snowmelt onset in mid to late April 2004. Ramage and Isacks, J. Glaciol., 2003. Sauber et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., in press, 2005. Sharp, Geol. Soc. Am.,1951.
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Aldabra Islands, Seychelle Archipelago, Indian Ocean
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
1991-01-01
The Aldabra Islands, two coral atolls of the Seychelle Archipelago (9.5S, 46.5E) in the Indian Ocean, because of their remotness, have a rare ecosystem almost completely untouched by outside influences. About 10 % of the plant and animal life is unique to the atolls and therefore, development of the area has been barred. Assumption, the smaller atoll has a small aircraft runway to support occasional environmental or scientific survey teams.
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Lightweight Exoatmospheric Projectile (LEAP) Test Program. Environment Assessment
1991-07-01
and Man-Made Environment Kwajalein Atoll is a coral reef containing approximately 100 islands surrounding the largest lagoon in the Nlorld. The Atoll is...entirely from the remains of marine organisms such as reef corals , coralline algae, foramnifera, and others. Soils are coarse, grain size, alkaline...Kwajalein Atoll include ocean reefs , lagoon reefs , lagoon floor and sand flats, harbors, piers, quarries, and sea grass beds. Several reef species are
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An Ecological Assessment of Johnston Atoll
2012-01-01
annexation of Johnston Atoll, which he called Kalama Atoll. The guano deposits were mined until the 1880s. The US Government annexed Hawaii in 1898... Government ) and others, who were from the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI with support from the Department of Agriculture and the US Navy. They arrived by boat... governed by an Environmental Protection Agency permit under the federal hazardous waste law, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. JACADS completed
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Many atolls may be uninhabitable within decades due to climate change
Storlazzi, Curt; Elias, Edwin P.L.; Berkowitz, Paul
2015-01-01
Observations show global sea level is rising due to climate change, with the highest rates in the tropical Pacific Ocean where many of the world’s low-lying atolls are located. Sea-level rise is particularly critical for low-lying carbonate reef-lined atoll islands; these islands have limited land and water available for human habitation, water and food sources, and ecosystems that are vulnerable to inundation from sea-level rise. Here we demonstrate that sea-level rise will result in larger waves and higher wave-driven water levels along atoll islands’ shorelines than at present. Numerical model results reveal waves will synergistically interact with sea-level rise, causing twice as much land forecast to be flooded for a given value of sea-level rise than currently predicted by current models that do not take wave-driven water levels into account. Atolls with islands close to the shallow reef crest are more likely to be subjected to greater wave-induced run-up and flooding due to sea-level rise than those with deeper reef crests farther from the islands’ shorelines. It appears that many atoll islands will be flooded annually, salinizing the limited freshwater resources and thus likely forcing inhabitants to abandon their islands in decades, not centuries, as previously thought.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Oberle, Ferdinand K. J.; Swarzenski, Peter W.; Storlazzi, Curt
2017-04-01
Atoll islands, most of which only average 1-2 meters above today's sea level, provide a tremendous natural laboratory in which to study and better understand the intensifying impacts of high rates of sea-level rise on tropical reef-lined islands globally due to their unique geologic structure and limited water supply. Groundwater resources of atolls are typically minimal due to the low elevation and small surface area of the islands and are also subject to recurring droughts, and more frequent, storm-driven seawater overwash events. Although groundwater is the principal means of freshwater storage on atoll islands and is a major factor in determining the overall sustainability of island communities, hydrological data on how an aquifer will response to changes in sea-level rise or storm-driven overwash remain limited. We here present high-resolution time series hydrogeological and geochemical data to determine the role of the atoll's carbonate geology, land use, and atmospheric and oceanographic forcing in driving coastal groundwater exchange on the island of Roi Namur on Kwajalein Atoll in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. This information can provide new estimates on the recovery and resilience of coastal groundwater resources on such islands to expected climate change-driven perturbations.
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Moty-Monnereau, C; Leroy, V; Deligne, J; Latapy, C; Rumeau-Pichon, C; Blum-Boisgard, C; Flori, Y-A; Salamon, R
2005-12-01
Screening cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant women is still controversial in 2004 in France. In this context, we evaluated the interest of such a screening in 2004 in France. This paper was designed to describe trends in CMV prenatal screening practices in 2000-2003 in France. This retrospective study, describes the prescription of CMV screening in HIV-negative pregnant women giving birth in the private care sector, according to their occupational category and geographical area. Data were provided by the "Caisse d'Assurance-maladie des Travailleurs Indépendants" (independent workers health insurance fund). The study included 34.347 women, delivering in 2001-2004 (beginning of pregnancy in 2000-2003). The number of pregnant women screened for CMV increased significantly between 2000 (5.8%, 301/5.177), 2001 (11.1%, 1.130/10.139) and 2002 (22.1%, 2.701/12.223), (p<0.001), then was stable in 2003 (22.0%, 1.496/6.808). The percentage of women screened for CMV, at least once during pregnancy, doubled between 2001 and 2002 (p<0.001) in each occupational category and geographical area. It was significantly different between occupational categories (p<0.01), with a higher percentage of women in the self-employed and commercial agent occupational categories than in the craftsman category. There was also a significant difference between geographical areas (p<0.001), with a higher rate in Paris. This study providing baseline information on CMV practices showed: 1- a significant increase in the frequency of CMV screening among pregnant women over the period 2000-2002 with a stabilization in 2003; 2- a similar trend observed in each occupation category and geographical area but with a markedly higher frequency of screening practices in the Paris area and among self-employed women. A study measuring the effect of the 2004 ANAES recommendation suggesting not to screen for CMV during pregnancy should be conducted.
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Dupuis, O; Gaucherand, P; Mellier, G
2006-11-01
This study aims to describe the organization that was implemented at the Rhône-Alpes perinatal hotline, as well as to describe in utero transfer and neonate transport from an epidemiological point of view. A cohort study was performed between January 2003 and December 2004. Every in utero transfer and neonate transport was included. Transfers performed in 2003 were compared to transfers performed in 2004. Three endpoints were defined: the rate of in utero transfer (number of in utero transfers/number of in utero transfers + number of neonatal transfers), the rate of transfer toward level II units (number of transfers from level I to level II/number of transfers from level I to level II + number of transfers from level I to level III) as well as the rate of intra network transfer (number of intra network transfers/number of intra network transfers + number of extra network transfers). In 2003, 865 in utero transfers (IUT) and 1297 neonate transports (NT) were performed, in 2004 848 IUT and 1069 NT were performed. The rate of in utero transfer significantly increased from 40 to 44.2% in 2004 (865/2162 versus 848/1917, p = 0.007). The rate of transfer toward level II units increased for the mothers from 31.8% to 36.9% (177/557 versus 174/471, p = 0.09) and significantly increased for the neonates from 43.2 to 51.6% in 2004 (335/775 versus 327/633, p = 0.002). Finally the rate of intra network transfer has not significantly changed: for the IUT it decreased from 87 to 86% (755/865 versus 732/848, p = 0.59) and for the NT from 91% to 90% (1179/1297 versus 963/1069, p = 0.45). The organization that was implemented allows not only a safe 24 hour on call management of maternal transfers as well as neonate transport, but also a precise knowledge of epidemiologic indications relative to perinatal transfer.
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Palache, A; Abelin, A; Hollingsworth, R; Cracknell, W; Jacobs, C; Tsai, T; Barbosa, P
2017-08-24
There is no global monitoring system for influenza vaccination coverage, making it difficult to assess progress towards the 2003 World Health Assembly (WHA) vaccination coverage target. In 2008, the IFPMA Influenza Vaccine Supply International Task Force (IVS) developed a survey method to assess the global distribution of influenza vaccine doses as a proxy for vaccination coverage rates. The latest dose distribution data for 2014 and 2015 was used to update previous analyses. Data were confidentially collected and aggregated by the IFPMA Secretariat, and combined with previous IFPMA IVS survey data (2004-2013). Data were available from 201 countries over the 2004-2015 period. A "hurdle" rate was defined as the number of doses required to reach 15.9% of the population in 2008. Overall, the number of distributed doses progressively increased between 2004 and 2011, driven by a 150% increase in AMRO, then plateaued. One percent fewer doses were distributed in 2015 than in 2011. Twenty-three countries were above the hurdle rate in 2015, compared to 15 in 2004, but distribution was highly uneven in and across all WHO regions. Three WHO regions (AMRO, EURO and WPRO) accounted for about 95% of doses distributed. But in EURO and WPRO, distribution rates in 2015 were only marginally higher than in 2004, and in EURO there was an overall downward trend in dose distribution. The vast majority of countries cannot meet the 2003WHA coverage targets and are inadequately prepared for a global influenza pandemic. With only 5% of influenza vaccine doses being distributed to 50% of the world's population, there is urgency to redress the gross inequities in disease prevention and in pandemic preparedness. The 2003WHA resolution must be reviewed and revised and a call issued for the renewed commitment of Member States to influenza vaccination coverage targets. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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Fallout Deposition in the Marshall Islands from Bikini and Enewetak Nuclear Weapons Tests
Beck, Harold L.; Bouville, André; Moroz, Brian E.; Simon, Steven L.
2009-01-01
Deposition densities (Bq m-2) of all important dose-contributing radionuclides occurring in nuclear weapons testing fallout from tests conducted at Bikini and Enewetak Atolls (1946-1958) have been estimated on a test-specific basis for all the 31 atolls and separate reef islands of the Marshall Islands. A complete review of various historical and contemporary data, as well as meteorological analysis, was used to make judgments regarding which tests deposited fallout in the Marshall Islands and to estimate fallout deposition density. Our analysis suggested that only 20 of the 66 nuclear tests conducted in or near the Marshall Islands resulted in substantial fallout deposition on any of the 25 inhabited atolls. This analysis was confirmed by the fact that the sum of our estimates of 137Cs deposition from these 20 tests at each atoll is in good agreement with the total 137Cs deposited as estimated from contemporary soil sample analyses. The monitoring data and meteorological analyses were used to quantitatively estimate the deposition density of 63 activation and fission products for each nuclear test, plus the cumulative deposition of 239+240Pu at each atoll. Estimates of the degree of fractionation of fallout from each test at each atoll, as well as of the fallout transit times from the test sites to the atolls were used in this analysis. The estimates of radionuclide deposition density, fractionation, and transit times reported here are the most complete available anywhere and are suitable for estimations of both external and internal dose to representative persons as described in companion papers. PMID:20622548
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Fallout deposition in the Marshall Islands from Bikini and Enewetak nuclear weapons tests.
Beck, Harold L; Bouville, André; Moroz, Brian E; Simon, Steven L
2010-08-01
Deposition densities (Bq m(-2)) of all important dose-contributing radionuclides occurring in nuclear weapons testing fallout from tests conducted at Bikini and Enewetak Atolls (1946-1958) have been estimated on a test-specific basis for 32 atolls and separate reef islands of the Marshall Islands. A complete review of various historical and contemporary data, as well as meteorological analysis, was used to make judgments regarding which tests deposited fallout in the Marshall Islands and to estimate fallout deposition density. Our analysis suggested that only 20 of the 66 nuclear tests conducted in or near the Marshall Islands resulted in substantial fallout deposition on any of the 23 inhabited atolls. This analysis was confirmed by the fact that the sum of our estimates of 137Cs deposition from these 20 tests at each atoll is in good agreement with the total 137Cs deposited as estimated from contemporary soil sample analyses. The monitoring data and meteorological analyses were used to quantitatively estimate the deposition density of 63 activation and fission products for each nuclear test, plus the cumulative deposition of 239+240Pu at each atoll. Estimates of the degree of fractionation of fallout from each test at each atoll, as well as of the fallout transit times from the test sites to the atolls were used in this analysis. The estimates of radionuclide deposition density, fractionation, and transit times reported here are the most complete available anywhere and are suitable for estimations of both external and internal dose to representative persons as described in companion papers.
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
US Department of Education, 2004
2004-01-01
This document describes the accomplishments of the Office of Inspector General (OIG), U.S. Department of Education from October 1, 2003 through March 31, 2004. During this period, 71 audit and inspection reports were issued and 94 investigations were closed. Congress was provided with an analysis of issues for consideration in its reauthorization…
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ENVIRONMENTAL MASS SPECTROMETRY: EMERGING CONTAMINANTS AND CURRENT ISSUES, 2004 REVIEW
This review covers developments in environmental mass spectrometry over the period of 2002-2003. A few significant references that appeared between January and March 2004 are also included. This review is in keeping with a current approach of Analytical Chemistry to include onl...
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Che, Xiao-yan; Di, Biao; Zhao, Guo-ping; Wang, Ya-di; Qiu, Li-wen; Hao, Wei; Wang, Ming; Qin, Peng-zhe; Liu, Yu-fei; Chan, Kwok-hong; Cheng, Vincent C C; Yuen, Kwok-yung
2006-07-01
An asymptomatic case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) occurred early in 2004, during a community outbreak of SARS in Guangzhou, China. This was the first time that a case of asymptomatic SARS was noted in an individual with antigenemia and seroconversion. The asymptomatic case patient and the second index case patient with SARS in the 2003-2004 outbreak both worked in the same restaurant, where they served palm civets, which were found to carry SARS-associated coronaviruses. Epidemiological information and laboratory findings suggested that the findings for the patient with asymptomatic infection, together with the findings from previously reported serological analyses of handlers of wild animals and the 4 index case patients from the 2004 community outbreak, reflected a likely intermediate phase of animal-to-human transmission of infection, rather than a case of human-to-human transmission. This intermediate phase may be a critical stage for virus evolution and disease prevention.
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Thermal bioclimate in Strasbourg - the 2003 heat wave
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Matzarakis, Andreas; de Rocco, Manuela; Najjar, Georges
2009-10-01
This case study highlights the implications of the 2003 heat wave for the city of Strasbourg, France. The urban centers of France and other European countries were particularly affected by the heat wave. In some urban areas, the mortality rate was 60% above the expected value (Institute de Veille Sanitaire, 2003). The 2003 heat wave demonstrated once again that populations in urban centers are much more affected by extreme meteorological events than people living in rural areas. The aim of this analysis is to explore differences in thermal comfort conditions of (a) the city center of Strasbourg, and (b) its hinterland. The differences in thermal conditions existing between rural and urban areas are quantified by using a bio-climatological index termed physiologically equivalent temperature (PET). This index is based on the human energy balance and builds a relevant index for the quantification of the thermal environment of humans. We calculate the PET for the years 2003 and 2004 to highlight the temporal changes in the severity of climate extremes. The spatial scope of this study is improved compared to previous works in the field through the inclusion of PET calculations for five different sites on a central place in Strasbourg (Place Kléber). The calculations are characterized by different sky view factors and are compared to the reference site, which is located in a rural area. In the rural hinterland (Entzheim), the analysis of PET indicates a strong cold thermal stress during the winter months but no significant stress in summer. In 2003, summer temperatures were sensed as warmer compared to other years, but did not reach the extreme temperatures that may cause severe heat stress. For both the rural and the urban study sites PET was higher in the summer of 2003 than in 2004, which reflects the inferior thermal conditions in the urban area during the heat wave in 2003. For the entire study period, urban and rural day-time PET reached similar maximal values. Strong differences in PET, however, were observed between the rural and urban areas at night-time. The study of PET for several study sites on a central place in the city (Place Kléber) of Strasbourg for the years 2003 and 2004 showed that the sites with a higher sky view factor present higher values than sites with a lower sky view factor. The comparison of these PET values (Place Kléber) to the results for the rural area showed that during the day and the night the rural city of Entzheim has the lowest PET. During the day, the site at Place Kléber, which is located under a tree, has the lowest PET. The comparison of PET for the years 2003 and 2004 shows that PET in 2003 was about 5 to 7 K higher.
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U.S. Foreign Aid to East and South Asia: Selected Recipients
2007-01-03
28 Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 India...25 Table 14. U.S. Assistance to Bangladesh , 2003-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Table 15...400 600 800 1000 1200 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 est. Bangladesh Cambodia India Indonesia Pakistan Philippines Figure 1. Major U.S. Aid Recipient in
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Online Islamic Organizations and Measuring Web Effectiveness
2004-12-01
Internet Research 13 (2003) : 17-26. Retrived from ProQuest online database on 15 May 2004. Lee, Jae-Kwan. “A model for monitoring public sector...Web site strategy.” Internet Research : Electronic Networking Applications and Policy 13 (2003) : 259-266. Retrieved from Emerad online database on
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Radiation Dose Assessment for Military Personnel of the Enewetak Atoll Cleanup Project (1977-1980)
2018-04-13
population are detailed. 2.1 Enewetak Atoll Setting Enewetak Atoll (Figure 2) is approximately 23 by 17 statute miles with the long axis running ...Survey and stake the boundaries of soil excision areas; • Remove excess brush; • Excise (scrape surface with bulldozer blade ) the area and...JTGJ-2 and FRST members Survey instruments, soil sampling tools, dump trucks, bucket and backhoe loaders, water tank trucks, scrape blades
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Characterization of Marine Mammal Recordings from the Hawaii Range Complex
2010-11-01
This was higher than known from a previous study at Palmyra Atoll (Baumann- Pickering, 2009), where the peak frequency was around 25-29 kHz. Recordings...cavirostris), signals known from an unknown species at Palmyra Atoll (possibly Mesoplodon hotaula, Baumann-Pickering et al., 2010), and an unknown...Measurement of Activity in Odontocete Species of Palmyra Atoll by Acoustic Monitoring,” Doctorate thesis, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen
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Processing plutonium-contaminated soil on Johnston Atoll
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Moroney, K.; Moroney, J. III; Turney, J.
1994-07-01
This article describes a cleanup project to process plutonium- and americium-contaminated soil on Johnston Atoll for volume reduction. Thermo Analytical`s (TMA`s) segmented gate system (SGS) for this remedial operation has been in successful on-site operation since 1992. Topics covered include the basis for development, a description of the Johnston Atoll; the significance of results; the benefits of the technology; applicability to other radiologically contaminated sites. 7 figs., 1 tab.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Chakravarti, D.; Held, E.E.
Radiocesium and stable potassium levels were determined in samples of muscle tissue of Birgus latro, the coconut crab, collected at Rongelap Atoll, Marshall Islands, during March and August 1958 and March 1959, and at Utirik Atoll in March 1959. Levels of cesium-137 ranged betwoen 731 d/m/g dry weight at Kabelle Island, Rongelap Atoll, and 28 d/m/g dry weight at Utirik Island, Utirik Atoll. The average potassium value for all samples was 13.05 mg/g dry weight with a standard deviation of 3.66. No significant correlation between cesium-l37 and potassium levels was found. There wse no significant difference in the average levelsmore » of cesium-137 in crabs collected at different times at the same island. (auth)« less
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The Double R Theory of Language Comprehension
2004-02-01
AFRL-HE-AZ-TR- 2003 - 0110 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. AIR FORCE MATERIEL COMMAND AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY Human...REPORT TYPE Final 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) March 2003 to February 2004 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER F41624-97-D-5000 5b. GRANT NUMBER 4. TITLE...Laboratory Human Effectiveness Directorate Warfighter Training Research Division 6030 South Kent Street Mesa AZ 85212-6061 AFRL-HE-AZ-TR- 2003
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Transforming the Colombian Army During the War on Terrorism
2006-03-15
Amerindian 1% Religion : Literacy rate: Roman Catholic 90% 93% (2003 est.) Economic summary: • GDP/PPP (2004 est.): $281.1 billion; per capita...Carlisle Barracks, U.S. Army War College, Student Research Paper, 2004. 10 Nestor Hernando Parra, Colombia dos siglos en busca de la gobernabilidad
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Da Silva, M; Garcia, G T; Vizoni, E; Kawamura, O; Hirooka, E Y; Ono, E Y S
2008-05-01
Natural mycoflora and fumonisins were analysed in 490 samples of freshly harvested corn (Zea mays L.) (2003 and 2004 crops) collected at three points in the producing chain from the Northern region of Parana State, Brazil, and correlated to the time interval between the harvesting and the pre-drying step. The two crops showed a similar profile concerning the fungal frequency, and Fusarium sp. was the prevalent genera (100%) for the sampling sites from both crops. Fumonisins were detected in all samples from the three points of the producing chain (2003 and 2004 crops). The levels ranged from 0.11 to 15.32 microg g(-1)in field samples, from 0.16 to 15.90 microg g(-1)in reception samples, and from 0.02 to 18.78 microg g(-1)in pre-drying samples (2003 crop). Samples from the 2004 crop showed lower contamination and fumonisin levels ranged from 0.07 to 4.78 microg g(-1)in field samples, from 0.03 to 4.09 microg g(-1)in reception samples, and from 0.11 to 11.21 microg g(-1)in pre-drying samples. The mean fumonisin level increased gradually from < or = 5.0 to 19.0 microg g(-1)as the time interval between the harvesting and the pre-drying step increased from 3.22 to 8.89 h (2003 crop). The same profile was observed for samples from the 2004 crop. Fumonisin levels and the time interval (rho = 0.96) showed positive correlation (p < or = 0.05), indicating that delay in the drying process can increase fumonisin levels.
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Loftin, Karin C; Diallo, Alpha A; Herbert, Marcia W; Phaltankar, Priyarshadan G; Yuan, Christine; Grefe, Norman; Flemming, Agnes; Foley, Kirby; Williams, Jason; Fisher, Sandra L; Elberfeld, Michael; Constantine, Juan; Burcham, Mitchell; Stallings, Valerie; Xia, Dongxiang
2006-05-01
To investigate the occurrence of West Nile virus (WNV) and Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE) in southeastern Virginia, the Bureau of Laboratories at the Norfolk Department of Public Health (NDPH) analyzed mosquito pools and the sera of sentinel chickens from the southeastern Virginia area each year from 2000 to 2004. Mosquito pool supernatants were screened for the presence of viral RNA by conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Taqman RT-PCR with the i-Cycler. Mosquito pools were also tested for virus activity by Vero cell culture. The primary enzootic vector of WNV was Culex (Cx.) pipiens and that of EEE was Culiseta (Cs.) melanura. During the five-year surveillance period, the peak minimum infection rates (MIRs) of WNV and EEE in these mosquito species were 2.7 (2002) and 0.9 (2001), respectively. In 2003, the MIRs in Cs. melanura for WNV and EEE were 0.24 and 0.56, respectively; and the MIR for WNV in Cx. pipiens was 0.64. In 2004, Cs. melanura was less active in the WNV transmission cycle (MIR = 0.07) than was Cx. pipiens (MIR = 1.8), and Cs. melanura was the only vector for EEE (MIR = 0.37). The trend was for EEE activity to peak in July; WNV activity peaked in August. Sentinel-chicken sera were tested for IgM antibodies, and peak IgM seroconversions to these arboviruses were recorded in August 2003 for WNV and in July 2003 for EEE. In 2004, the highest IgM seroconversions to EEE occurred later in August. The overall trend of arbovirus activity was greater in 2003 than in 2004.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Weekly, R. T.; Tolstoy, M.; Waldhauser, F.; Bohnenstiehl, D. R.; Kim, W.
2005-12-01
Monitoring of micro-seismicity within the bull's-eye region of the R2K ISS at 9deg49'N - 9deg51'N on the East Pacific Rise has been ongoing since October 2003. Results from the first deployment (October 2003 - April 2004) will be presented with hypocenters determined using relative-relocation techniques. Analysis shows that there is a gradual and ongoing increase in the rate of activity over the 7 months of the deployment. Mean event rates increase from 31 events/day for the first quarter of the deployment period, to 55, 105, and 131 events per day for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th quarters, respectively. This gradual increase in activity suggests long-term changes in the magma body or changes in the hydrothermal cracking front. Preliminary analysis and event counts for the 2004-2005 deployment will be presented to assess whether or not the build up in activity seen in 2003-2004 continued. Numerous brief swarms are observed throughout the deployment and their locations will be studied relative to temporal changes in the vent temperature monitoring as well as variations in the fluid chemistry (see Von Damm et al., same session). Early analysis suggests two dominant areas of recurrent activity, between M-vent and Bio-9 and between Bio-9 and Tube-worm pillar. The exceptionally well-characterized and monitored seafloor at this site allows for unprecedented correlation of observed seismic activity with local biology, geology, geochemical and hydrothermal monitoring. As results from different monitoring activities continue to come in, a detailed understanding of the linkages should emerge.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gica, E.; Reynolds, M.
2012-12-01
Recent global models predict a rise of approximately one meter in global sea level by 2100, with potentially larger increases in areas of the Pacific Ocean. If current climate change trends continue, low-lying islands across the globe may become inundated over the next century, placing island biodiversity at risk. Adding to the risk of inundation due to sea level rise is the occurrence of cyclones and tsunamis. This combined trend will affect the low-lying islands of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and it is therefore important to assess its impact since these islands are critical habitats to many endangered endemic species and support the largest tropical seabird rookery in the world. The 11 March 2011 Tohoku (Mw=8.8) earthquake-tsunami affected the habitat of many endangered endemic species in Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge because all three islands (Sand, Eastern and Spit) were inundated by tsunami waves. At present sea level, some tsunamis from certain source regions would not affect Midway Atoll. For example, the previous earthquake-tsunamis such as the 15 November 2006 Kuril (Mw=8.1) and 13 February 2007 Kuril (Mw=7.9) were not significant enough to affect Midway Atoll. But at higher sea levels, tsunamis with similar characteristics could pose a threat to such terrestrial habitats and wildlife. To visualize projected impacts to vegetation composition, wildlife habitat, and wildlife populations, we explored and analyzed inundation vulnerability for a range of possible sea level rise and tsunami scenarios at Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge. Studying the combined threat of tsunamis and sea level rise can provide more accurate and comprehensive assessments of the vulnerability of the unique natural resources on low-lying islands. A passive sea level rise model was used to determine how much inundation will occur at different sea level rise values for the three islands of Midway Atoll and each scenario was coupled with NOAA Center for Tsunami Research's tsunami forecasting tool. The tsunami forecasting tool was used to generate tsunami scenarios from different source regions and served as boundary conditions for inundation models to project the coastal impact at Midway Atoll. Underlying the tsunami forecast tool is a database of pre-computed tsunami propagation runs for discrete sections of the earth's subduction zones that are the principal locus of tsunami-generating activity. The new LiDAR topographic data, which is the first high resolution elevation data for three individual islands of Midway Atoll, was used for both the passive sea level rise model and inundation model for Midway Atoll. Results of the study will indicate how the combined climate change and tsunami occurrence will affect Midway Atoll and can therefore be used for early climate change adaptation and mitigation planning, especially for vulnerable species and areas of the Atoll.
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[Clinical performance measurement in surgery and orthopedics -- new aspects in 2004].
Döbler, K; Mohr, V D
2004-06-01
In 2004, principles and practice of clinical performance measurement (CPM) in German hospitals were changed according to new legislative and administrative regulations. In many respects, focus and methods of clinical performance measurement were improved in favour of hospitals. Starting from January 1, 2004, the new Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss (Joint Federal Board) has competence for decisions on future focus and scope of CPM. Former agreements on implementation of CPM in 2004 will be effective as long as Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss passes new resolutions. Methods to identify relevant cases for CPM particularly changed in 2004. Until end of 2003, obligations to report case data were based on special types of hospital reimbursement. In 2004, obligations for reporting no longer derive from financial criteria, but from medical criteria such as diagnoses and procedures. In 2003, reporting for CPM covered more than 30 subjects in medicine and nursing. For 2004, the scope of CPM has been reduced by 13 subjects which need to be reconsidered in order to secure unified quality goals for out-patients as well as in-patients and to allow long-term follow-up of outcome data. For their CPM expenditure, hospitals receive an additional fee of euro 0.58 per case reimbursed by DRG. Financial sanctions will be effective for hospitals with overall CPM reporting rates below 80 %. Starting from 2005, hospitals are obliged to publish CPM reporting rates for each CPM subject in annual hospital quality reports.
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-07-19
... to Port Authority 33-015-0015 Portsmouth-Port 2001-2003 2 0.7 Authority. Site relocated to Peirce Island 33-015-0014 Portsmouth-Peirce 2003-2005 0 0.0 Island. 2004-2006 0 0.0 2005-2007 0 0.0 2006-2008 0...
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NLC Past Workshops & Conferences
NLC Technical SLAC Meeting Schedule Web Comments 2004 Calendar Year 2003 Calendar Year 2003 Chronological listing 2002 Calendar Year 2002 Chronological listing 2001 Calendar Year 2001 Chronological listing 2000 Calendar Year 2000 Chronological listing 1999 Calendar Year 1999 Chronological listing This
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Matriculation Related Wastage in Nigerian Universities
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Ofoegbu, Felicia I.; Ojogwu, Chiaka
2006-01-01
The objective of the study was to provide substantial evidence on the rate of matriculation related wastage in Nigerian universities. Five federal universities were used for the study. The Joint Admission Matriculation Board (JAMB) admission list and the university matriculation clearance documents of the 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 admission years…
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Analysis of Senate Amendment 2028, the Climate Stewardship Act of 2003
2004-01-01
On May 11, 2004, Senator Landrieu asked the Energy Information Administration (EIA) to evaluate SA 2028. This paper responds to that request, relying on the modeling methodology, data sources, and assumptions used to analyze the original bill, as extensively documented in EIA's June 2003 report.
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Religion, Ethnicity and Language Learning Strategies
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Liyanage, Indika; Birch, Gary; Grimbeek, Peter
2004-01-01
Previous studies (Liyanage, 2003a, 2003b, 2004) by one of the authors indicated that ethnicity and religion jointly predict the metacognitive, cognitive and social affective strategies of ESL learners in Sri Lanka. The current study further examines which of these two variables (ethnicity or religion) is more important in determining the…
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The hardwood chip market in 2004 : up in the North/Down in the South : so what's up?
Peter J. Ince
2005-01-01
The hardwood chip market gained some stability in the first half of 2004 with a modest upturn in hardwood pulp production and as timber supply emerged from the dampening clouds of unusually wet weather that prevailed throughout the Eastern United States in 2003. Although U.S. pulp production and exports increased in 2004, the hardwood pulp market began to show signs of...
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lo, Wen-tseng; Hsu, Pei-Kai; Hunag, Jia-Jang; Wang, Yu-Huai
2013-04-01
Dongsha (Pratas) Atoll, the so called "Pearl Crown of South China Sea", is a well-developed atoll with a total area of 80000 hectares. It possesses various ecosystems and has very high biodiversity, but it is very sensitive to climate change and physical processes. According to our investigation within the shallow semi-enclosed atoll in April, July, and October, 2011 (i.e., spring, summer, and autumn, respectively), we found that plankton assemblages and hydrographical conditions exhibited clear seasonal and spatial variations. Colder and higher salinity water was observed in April, while warmer water in July and lower salinity water in October, respectively. Nutrient concentration within the atoll was similar to that of the oligotrophic South China Sea waters and seemed to be in nitrogen-limit situation, while the distribution pattern of DOC and POC was mainly attributed to Chla and imported detritus matters. Carbon deposition flux also showed significant seasonal changes, but POC/PN value was near Redfield ratio, implying mostly due to biogenic factors; however it could still be classified as a typical coral ecosystem, since CaCO3 sinking flux generally was 30 times higher than that of organic matter. Plankton biodiversity was quite high in the atoll, and preformed apparent seasonal succession; in total, 82 phytoplankton species and 67 copepod species were recorded; furthermore, crab zoea (17.3% of the total zooplankton by number), fish eggs (12.5%), and shrimp larvae (4.2%), were relatively abundant in zooplankton community, revealed that atoll might be a good hatching ground. We deduced that the seasonal patterns of chemical and biological variables were mainly influenced by monsoons and precipitation, while small scales of temporal and spatial variations could be ascribed to internal wave and tide in this study area.
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Prospective Contributions of Amphibious Operations to AirSea Battle
2013-05-02
Midway, Wake as well as Johnston and Palmyra atolls . This was necessary to support scouting and screening operations to the west of Hawaii in defense of...decisive battle with Japanese forces. To accomplish this, the Japanese plan was to attack and seize the Midway Atoll at the extreme northwest end of...Japanese messages allowing them to prepare for the upcoming attack on the Midway atoll . The US responded by dispatching TF 16 and TF 17 consisting of
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Operation CASTLE. Operation Plan Number 3-53. March - May 1954,
Nuclear radiation, *Nuclear explosions, *Radiation dosage, *Test methods, *Military operations, *Military planning, Radiobiology, Missions, Marshall Islands , Eniwetok Atoll, Bikini Atoll, Atmospheric physics, Low level, Radiation
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Operation CASTLE. Report of the Manager Santa Fe Operations. Extracted Version.
Nuclear explosion testing, *Test facilities, *Management planning and control, Pacific Ocean, Eniwetok Atoll, Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands , Organizations, Construction, Operation, Management, Logistics support, Costs
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Central Asia and Its Asian Neighbors: Security and Commerce at the Crossroads
2006-01-01
16 Tajik Television (2005). 17 “Tajikistan: Iran Allocates Total of $30 Million for Tunnel” (2003); Avesta (2004). 18 Asia-Plus News...International Re- ports, August 24, 2004. Avesta , “Road Linking Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Iran To Be Built Soon,” BBC Worldwide Monitoring: International
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Technology in Massachusetts Schools, 2003-2004
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Massachusetts Department of Education, 2005
2005-01-01
The 2004 National Education Technology Plan paints a hopeful picture of technology in American schools, highlighting examples of effective use and applauding the innovation that is occurring. The plan touts the benefits of the Internet and the opportunities it offers for improving education, such as enhanced access to interactive learning…
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LLE 2004 annual report, October 2003-September 2004
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
None, None
2005-01-01
This report summarizes research at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) conducted during the year, operation of the National Laser Users’ Facility (NLUF), a status report of the new OMEGA Extended Performance (EP) laser project, and programs concerning the education of high school, undergraduate, and graduate students during the year.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Stuart, M.L.
1995-09-01
The United States used the Marshall Islands for its nuclear weapons program testing site from 1946 to 1958. The BRAVO test was detonated at Bikini Atoll on March 1, 1954. Due to shifting wind conditions at the time of the nuclear detonation, many of the surrounding Atolls became contaminated with fallout (radionuclides carried by the wind currents). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory`s (LLNL) Marshall Islands Project has been responsible for the collecting, processing, and analyzing of food crops, vegetation, soil, water, animals, and marine species to characterize the radionuclides in the environment, and to estimate dose at atolls that may havemore » been contaminated. Tropical agriculture experiments reducing the uptake of {sup 137}Cs have been conducted on Bikini Atoll. The Marshall Islands field team and laboratory processing team play an important role in the overall scheme of the Marshall Islands Dose Assessment and Radioecology Project. This report gives a general description of the Marshall Islands field sampling and laboratory processing procedures currently used by our staff.« less
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McFadden, Katherine W; Gómez, Andrés; Sterling, Eleanor J; Naro-Maciel, Eugenia
2014-12-15
Palmyra Atoll, in the Central Pacific, is a unique marine ecosystem because of its remarkably intact food web and limited anthropogenic stressors. However during World War II the atoll was structurally reconfigured into a military installation and questions remain whether this may have impacted the health of the atoll's ecosystems and species. To address the issue we assessed green sea turtle (n=157) health and exposure to contaminants at this foraging ground from 2008 to 2012. Physical exams were performed and blood was sampled for testosterone analysis, plasma biochemistry analysis, hematology and heavy metal exposure. Hematological and plasma chemistries were consistent with concentrations reported for healthy green turtles. Heavy metal screenings revealed low concentrations of most metals, except for high concentrations of iron and aluminum. Body condition indices showed that <1% of turtles had poor body condition. In this study, we provide the first published blood values for a markedly healthy sea turtle population at a remote Central Pacific Atoll. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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Measles outbreak in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, 2003.
Hyde, Terri B; Dayan, Gustavo H; Langidrik, Justina R; Nandy, Robin; Edwards, Russell; Briand, Kennar; Konelios, Mailynn; Marin, Mona; Nguyen, Huong Q; Khalifah, Anthony P; O'leary, Michael J; Williams, Nobia J; Bellini, William J; Bi, Daoling; Brown, Cedric J; Seward, Jane F; Papania, Mark J
2006-04-01
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection. Measles transmission can be prevented through high population immunity (>or=95%) achieved by measles vaccination. In the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), no measles cases were reported during 1989-2002; however, a large measles outbreak occurred in 2003. Reported 1-dose measles vaccine coverage among children aged 12-23 months varied widely (52-94%) between 1990 and 2000. RMI is a Pacific island nation (1999 population: 50,840). A measles case was defined as fever, rash, and cough, or coryza, or conjunctivitis, in an RMI resident between July 13 and November 7, 2003. A vaccination campaign was used for outbreak control. Of the 826 reported measles cases, 766 (92%) occurred in the capital (Majuro). There were 186 (23%) cases in infants aged <1 year and 309 (37%) of cases in persons aged >or=15 years. The attack rate was highest among infants (Majuro atoll: 213 cases/1,000 infants). Among cases aged 1-14 years, 281 (59%) reported no measles vaccination before July 2003. There were 100 hospitalizations and 3 deaths. The measles H1 genotype was identified. The vaccination campaign resulted in 93% coverage among persons aged 6 months to 40 years. Interpretation Populations without endemic measles transmission can accumulate substantial susceptibility and be at risk for large outbreaks when measles virus is imported. 'Islands' of measles susceptibility may develop in infants, adults, and any groups with low vaccine coverage. To prevent outbreaks, high population immunity must be sustained by maintaining and documenting high vaccine coverage.
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50 CFR 665.1 - Purpose and scope.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... Samoa, Hawaii, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef, Jarvis Island, Baker Island, Howland Island, Johnston Atoll, and Wake Island. (b) General regulations governing fishing by all...
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50 CFR 665.1 - Purpose and scope.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... Samoa, Hawaii, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef, Jarvis Island, Baker Island, Howland Island, Johnston Atoll, and Wake Island. (b) General regulations governing fishing by all...
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50 CFR 665.1 - Purpose and scope.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... Samoa, Hawaii, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef, Jarvis Island, Baker Island, Howland Island, Johnston Atoll, and Wake Island. (b) General regulations governing fishing by all...
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50 CFR 665.1 - Purpose and scope.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... Samoa, Hawaii, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef, Jarvis Island, Baker Island, Howland Island, Johnston Atoll, and Wake Island. (b) General regulations governing fishing by all...
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50 CFR 665.1 - Purpose and scope.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... Samoa, Hawaii, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef, Jarvis Island, Baker Island, Howland Island, Johnston Atoll, and Wake Island. (b) General regulations governing fishing by all...
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International Space Station (ISS) Environmental Control and Life Support System Status: 2003-2004
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Williams, David E.; Gentry, Gregory
2004-01-01
The International Space Station (ISS) Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLS) system includes regenerative and non-regenerative technologies that provide the basic life support functions to support the crew, while maintaining a safe and habitable shirtsleeve environment. This paper provides a summary of the U.S. ECLS system activities over the past year, covering the period of time between April 2003 and March 2004. The ISS continued permanent crew operations, with the start of Phase 3 of the ISS Assembly Sequence. Work continued on the Phase 3 pressurized elements and the continued manufacturing and testing of the regenerative ECLS equipment.
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The Blazar 3C 66A in 2003-2004: hadronic versus leptonic model fits
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Reimer, A.; Joshi, M.; Boettcher, M.
2008-12-24
The low-frequency peaked BL Lac object 3C 66A was the subject of an extensive multi-wavelength campaign from July 2003 till April 2004, which included quasi-simultaneous observations at optical, X-rays and very high energy gamma-rays. Here we apply the hadronic Synchrotron-Proton Blazar (SPB) model to the observed spectral energy distribution time-averaged over a flaring state, and compare the resulting model fits to those obtained from the application of the leptonic Synchrotron-Self-Compton (SSC) model. The results are used to identify diagnostic key predictions of the two blazar models for future multi-wavelength observations.
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Sunburn prevalence among adults--United States, 1999, 2003, and 2004.
2007-06-01
Episodic acute overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation (i.e., sunburn) is an important risk factor for two types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma and melanoma. Melanoma is the most lethal type of skin cancer. In 2003, a total of 45,625 new cases of melanoma were diagnosed in the United States, and 7,818 persons died from the disease. A meta-analysis of 57 studies indicated that the relative risk for melanoma among persons with sunburn history compared with those without sunburn history was 2.03 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.73-2.37). Monitoring sunburn prevalence with population-based surveys allows an estimate of compliance with sun-protection behaviors, assessments of risk for developing skin cancer, and measurement of the success of prevention programs. To evaluate trends in sunburn prevalence among U.S. adults, CDC analyzed cross-sectional data from the 1999, 2003, and 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) surveys. This report describes the results of that analysis, which indicated that sunburn prevalence among all adults increased from 31.8% in 1999 to 33.7% in 2004. Further research is needed to determine which interventions will best improve sun-protection behaviors among the public.
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THE NEAR SURFACE GEOLOGY AT ENIWETOK AND BIKINI ATOLLS.
ROCK, *NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, BIKINI ATOLL, CRATERING, SURFACE PROPERTIES, PARTICLE SIZE, GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING, LIMESTONE, GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS, SAND, GRAVEL, CORAL REEFS, DRILLING, ROCK, MARSHALL ISLANDS , SANDSTONE, FRICTION, COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES, SOILS.
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Modeling of Habitat and Foraging Behavior of Beaked Whales in the Southern California Bight
2012-09-30
patterns of beaked whale echolocation signals in the North Pacific over 26 sites (Figure 3) (Baumann-Pickering et al., 2012a) revealed that Wake Atoll ... Atoll are not considered typical territory for this species and would be a surprising finding. BW43 signal encounters were restricted to the...Roch, M. A., Schnitzler, H. U., and Hildebrand, J. A. (2010). "Echolocation signals of a beaked whale at Palmyra Atoll ," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 127
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Using Darwin's theory of atoll formation to improve tsunami hazard mitigation in the Pacific
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Goff, J. R.; Terry, J. P.
2012-12-01
It is 130 years since Charles Darwin's death and 176 years since he his penned his subsidence theory of atoll formation on 12th April 1836 during the voyage of the Beagle through the Pacific. This theory, founded on the premise of a subsiding volcano and the corresponding upward growth of coral reef, was astonishing for the time considering the absence of an underpinning awareness of plate tectonics. Furthermore, with the exception of the occasional permutation and opposing idea his theory has endured and has an enviable longevity amongst paradigms in geomorphology. In his theory, Darwin emphasised the generally circular morphology of the atoll shape and surprisingly, the validity of this simple morphological premise has never been questioned. There are however, few atolls in the Pacific Ocean that attain such a simple morphology with most manifesting one or more arcuate 'bight-like' structures (ABLSs). These departures from the circular form complicate his simplistic model and are indicative of geomorphological processes in the Pacific Ocean which cannot be ignored. ABLSs represent the surface morphological expression of major submarine failures of atoll volcanic foundations. Such failures can occur during any stage of atoll formation and are a valuable addition to Darwin's theory because they indicate the instability of the volcanic foundations. It is widely recognized in the research community that sector/flank collapses of island edifices are invariably tsunamigenic and yet we have no clear understanding of how significant such events are in the tsunami hazard arena. The recognition of ABLSs however, now offers scientists the opportunity to establish a first order database of potential local and regional tsunamigenic sources associated with the sector/flank collapses of island edifices. We illustrate the talk with examples of arcuate 'bight-like' structures and associated tsunamis in atoll and atoll-like environments. The implications for our understanding of tsunami hazards are profound. In essence, at present we are seriously under-estimating the significance of locally and regionally generated tsunamis throughout the entire Pacific Ocean, but we now have the opportunity to enhance our understanding of such events.
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Palaseanu-Lovejoy, Monica; Poppenga, Sandra K.; Danielson, Jeffrey J.; Tyler, Dean J.; Gesch, Dean B.; Kottermair, Maria; Jalandoni, Andrea; Carlson, Edward; Thatcher, Cindy A.; Barbee, Matthew M.
2018-03-30
Atoll and island coastal communities are highly exposed to sea-level rise, tsunamis, storm surges, rogue waves, king tides, and the occasional combination of multiple factors, such as high regional sea levels, extreme high local tides, and unusually strong wave set-up. The elevation of most of these atolls averages just under 3 meters (m), with many areas roughly at sea level. The lack of high-resolution topographic data has been identified as a critical data gap for hazard vulnerability and adaptation efforts and for high-resolution inundation modeling for atoll nations. Modern topographic survey equipment and airborne lidar surveys can be very difficult and costly to deploy. Therefore, unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) were investigated for collecting overlapping imagery to generate topographic digital elevation models (DEMs). Medium- and high-resolution satellite imagery (Landsat 8 and WorldView-3) was investigated to derive nearshore bathymetry.The Republic of the Marshall Islands is associated with the United States through a Compact of Free Association, and Majuro Atoll is home to the capital city of Majuro and the largest population of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. The only elevation datasets currently available for the entire Majuro Atoll are the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model Version 2 elevation data, which have a 30-m grid-cell spacing and a 8-m vertical root mean square error (RMSE). Both these datasets have inadequate spatial resolution and vertical accuracy for inundation modeling.The final topobathymetric DEM (TBDEM) developed for Majuro Atoll is derived from various data sources including charts, soundings, acoustic sonar, and UAS and satellite imagery spanning over 70 years of data collection (1944 to 2016) on different sections of the atoll. The RMSE of the TBDEM over the land area is 0.197 m using over 70,000 Global Navigation Satellite System real-time kinematic survey points for validation, and 1.066 m for Landsat 8 and 1.112 m for WorldView-3 derived bathymetry using over 16,000 and 9,000 lidar bathymetry points, respectively.
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24 CFR 990.195 - Calculation of formula income.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Calculation of formula income. 990... fiscal year-end information: (1) April 1, 2003, through March 31, 2004; (2) July 1, 2003, through June 30... communications with the respective PHAs. (e) Inapplicability of 24 CFR 85.25. Formula income is not subject to...
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Directory of AFRL/HEA Technical Publications Submitted to DTIC from 1969 to 2007
2007-09-01
Research Division ( AFRL /HEA) 2004 to 30 September 1007 – Air Force Research Laboratory , Warfighter Readiness Research Division ( AFRL /HEA...NUMBER 2003 AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY WARFIGHTER TRAINING RESEARCH DIVISION ( AFRL /HEA) TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS AUTHOR(S) AFRL -HE-AZ-TP-2003...NUMBER WORK UNIT NUMBER 2002 AIR FORCE RESEARCH
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Classroom Notes Plus: A Quarterly of Teaching Ideas, 2003-2004
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
National Council of Teachers of English, 2004
2004-01-01
This issue of "Classroom Notes Plus" contains descriptions of original, unpublished teaching practices, and of adapted ideas. Under the "Ideas from the Classroom" section, the August 2003 issue (v21 n1) contains the following materials: Reading Poetry with Wright's "Black Boy" (David Fuder); Finding Poetry Lost in Translation (James Penha); "Lord…
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Embodied Civic Education: The Corporeality of a Civil Body Politic
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Phillips, Donna Paoletti
2014-01-01
This study explores the lived experience of democratic civic education for middle school students. Grounded in the tradition of hermeneutic phenomenology as guided by Heidegger (1962), Gadamer (1960/2003), Casey (1993), and Levinas (1961/2004), among others, the framework for conducting action-sensitive research, as described by van Manen (2003),…
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Outcome Measures of Triple Board Graduates, 1991-2003
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Warren, Marla J.; Dunn, David W.; Rushton, Jerry
2006-01-01
Objective: To describe program outcomes for the Combined Training Program in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Psychiatry (Triple Board Program). Method: All Triple Board Program graduates to date (1991-2003) were asked to participate in a 37-item written survey from February to April 2004. Results: The response rate was 80.7%. Most…
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49 CFR 579.28 - Due date of reports and other miscellaneous provisions.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... 2003 (including any vehicle designated as a 2004 model); (ii) Each manufacturer of child restraint... reports, that it received in each calendar quarter from July 1, 2000, to June 30, 2003, for child... claim or notice involving injury, a claim involving property damage, a consumer complaint, a warranty...
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49 CFR 579.28 - Due date of reports and other miscellaneous provisions.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... 2003 (including any vehicle designated as a 2004 model); (ii) Each manufacturer of child restraint... reports, that it received in each calendar quarter from July 1, 2000, to June 30, 2003, for child... claim or notice involving injury, a claim involving property damage, a consumer complaint, a warranty...
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49 CFR 579.28 - Due date of reports and other miscellaneous provisions.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... 2003 (including any vehicle designated as a 2004 model); (ii) Each manufacturer of child restraint... reports, that it received in each calendar quarter from July 1, 2000, to June 30, 2003, for child... claim or notice involving injury, a claim involving property damage, a consumer complaint, a warranty...
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49 CFR 579.28 - Due date of reports and other miscellaneous provisions.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 2003 (including any vehicle designated as a 2004 model); (ii) Each manufacturer of child restraint... reports, that it received in each calendar quarter from July 1, 2000, to June 30, 2003, for child... claim or notice involving injury, a claim involving property damage, a consumer complaint, a warranty...
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49 CFR 579.28 - Due date of reports and other miscellaneous provisions.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... 2003 (including any vehicle designated as a 2004 model); (ii) Each manufacturer of child restraint... reports, that it received in each calendar quarter from July 1, 2000, to June 30, 2003, for child... claim or notice involving injury, a claim involving property damage, a consumer complaint, a warranty...
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Working Memory in Aphasia: Theory, Measures, and Clinical Implications
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Wright, Heather Harris; Shisler, Rebecca J.
2005-01-01
Recently, researchers have suggested that deficits in working memory capacity contribute to language-processing difficulties observed in individuals with aphasia (e.g., I. Caspari, S. Parkinson, L. LaPointe, & R. Katz, 1998; R. A. Downey et al., 2004; N. Friedmann & A. Gvion, 2003; H. H. Wright, M. Newhoff, R. Downey, & S. Austermann, 2003). A…
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Negotiating Power Relations and Ethnicity in a Sociolinguistic Ethnography in Madrid
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Santos, Adriana Patino
2011-01-01
One of the major dilemmas when practising critical sociolinguistic ethnography within the field of education is the ethnographer's degree of implication within the studied site (Goldstein, 2003; Martin Rojo, 2003; Unamuno, 2004). How far should the researcher intervene within the daily practices he/she is observing? This exercise of methodological…
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Using Avatars and Virtual Environments in Learning: What Do They Have to Offer?
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Falloon, Garry
2010-01-01
This paper explores and discusses arguments for the use of virtual environments and interactive avatars in supporting the achievement of student learning goals within conventional educational contexts. It describes and evaluates arguments promoted by some authors (eg, van den Brekel, 2007; Deuchar & Nodder, 2003; Dickey, 2003; Facer, 2004; de…
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eLearning: A Review of Internet-Based Continuing Medical Education
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Wutoh, Rita; Boren, Suzanne Austin; Balas, E. Andrew
2004-01-01
Introduction: The objective was to review the effect of Internet-based continuing medical education (CME) interventions on physician performance and health care outcomes. Methods: Data sources included searches of MEDLINE (1966 to January 2004), CINAHL (1982 to December 2003), ACP Journal Club (1991 to July/August 2003), and the Cochrane Database…
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U.S. Foreign Aid to East and South Asia: Selected Recipients
2006-08-27
Levels and Restrictions — South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Bangladesh ...24 Table 14. U.S. Assistance to Bangladesh , 2003-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Table 15. U.S...and Appendix. 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 est. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1 - Bangladesh 2 - Cambodia 3 - India 4 - Indonesia 5 - Pakistan 6
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
...) means the EEZ around Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef, Jarvis Island, Baker Island, Howland Island, Johnston Atoll, and Wake Island. PRIA crustacean fishing permit means the permit required by § 665.642 to use a...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
...) means the EEZ around Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef, Jarvis Island, Baker Island, Howland Island, Johnston Atoll, and Wake Island. PRIA crustacean fishing permit means the permit required by § 665.642 to use a...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
...) means the EEZ around Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef, Jarvis Island, Baker Island, Howland Island, Johnston Atoll, and Wake Island. PRIA crustacean fishing permit means the permit required by § 665.642 to use a...
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Storlazzi, Curt D.; Presto, M. Kathy
2005-01-01
High-resolution measurements of waves, currents, water levels, temperature, salinity and turbidity were made in Honolua Bay, northwest Maui, Hawaii, during 2003 and 2004 to better understand coastal dynamics in coral reef habitats. Measurements were acquired through two different collection methods. Two hydrographic survey cruises were conducted to acquire spatially-extensive, but temporally-limited, three-dimensional measurements of currents, temperature, salinity and turbidity in the winter and summer of 2003. From mid 2003 through early 2004, a bottom-mounted instrument package was deployed in a water depth of 10 m to collect long-term, single-point high-resolution measurements of waves, currents, water levels, temperature, salinity and turbidity. The purpose of these measurements was to collect hydrographic data to learn how waves, currents and water column properties such as water temperature, salinity and turbidity vary spatially and temporally in a near-shore coral reef system adjacent to a major stream drainage. These measurements support the ongoing process studies being conducted as part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Program's Coral Reef Project; the ultimate goal is to better understand the transport mechanisms of sediment, larvae, pollutants and other particles in coral reef settings. This report, the final part in a series, describes data acquisition, processing and analysis. Previous reports provided data and results on: Long-term measurements of currents, temperature, salinity and turbidity off Kahana (PART I), the spatial structure of currents, temperature, salinity and suspended sediment along West Maui (PART II), and flow and coral larvae and sediment dynamics during the 2003 summer spawning season (PART III).
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Enacting Culture in Gaming: A Video Gamer's Literacy Experiences and Practices
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Toscano, Aaron Antonio
2011-01-01
Video games are growing as a subject for scholarly analysis (Gee, 2003; Selfe & Hawisher 2004; Selfe & Hawisher 2004, 2007): This discussion argues that video games are another simulacra for postmodern cultural critique. Video games do cultural work by allowing gamers to play out socially constructed hopes and fears. As cultural products mediated…
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48 CFR 13.501 - Special documentation requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Special documentation... justification is accurate and complete to the best of the contracting officer's knowledge and belief will serve..., Jan. 27, 2003; 69 FR 8314, Feb. 23, 2004; 69 FR 76352, Dec. 20, 2004; 70 FR 57457, Sept. 30, 2005; 71...
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48 CFR 13.501 - Special documentation requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Special documentation... justification is accurate and complete to the best of the contracting officer's knowledge and belief will serve..., Jan. 27, 2003; 69 FR 8314, Feb. 23, 2004; 69 FR 76352, Dec. 20, 2004; 70 FR 57457, Sept. 30, 2005; 71...
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Graduate Study in Psychology: 1971-2004
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Norcross, John C.; Kohout, Jessica L.; Wicherski, Marlene
2005-01-01
This article traces the evolution of graduate study in psychology in the United States and Canada during the past 3 decades. The authors summarize the 2003-2004 characteristics of graduate programs and departments in psychology and compare these data to those obtained in 1970-1971, 1979-1980, and 1992-1993. The most recent data were obtained from…
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Hannon, Charles
2008-01-01
A May 2007 Congressional advisory committee found that average full-time undergraduates spent between $700 and $1,000 on textbooks in 2003-2004 and that from 1987-2004, textbook prices at four-year public colleges rose 109 percent compared to a rise in the Consumer Price Index of 65 percent. Higher education is transitioning from atoms…
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Public Higher Education Governing Boards: The Role of Social Networks
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Miller, Emily R.
2011-01-01
A defining feature of American higher education is the provision for authority over the institution by an external governing board consisting of lay members of the public (Thelin, 2004). Studies of higher education governing boards typically focus on structure and performance (Kezar & Eckel, 2004; Kezar, 2006; McGuinness, 2003; Minor, 2006;…
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Office for Civil Rights Annual Report to Congress, Fiscal Year 2004
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
US Department of Education, 2005
2005-01-01
This report covers the activities of the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights (OCR) from Oct. 1, 2003, to Sept. 30, 2004. From investigating the misidentification of minority students in special education, to ensuring accessibility of college campuses for students with disabilities, to facilitating access of women to equal…
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Excellence and Enjoyment: The Logic of a "Contradiction"
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Hartley, David
2006-01-01
In 2004, the Department for Education and Skills in England published its Five Year Strategy for Children and Learners (DfES, 2004). It was preceded by Excellence and Enjoyment: a strategy for primary schools (DfES, 2003). "Excellence and enjoyment" seems to constitute an ambiguity, even a contradiction. The government's view is…
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How Has Pedagogy Changed in a Digital Age?
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Al-Khatib, Hayat
2009-01-01
Education in the twenty-first century is underpinned by theories of inclusion and practices of open and distance learning (Aldrich, 2003; Richards, 2004). New concerns are replacing the traditional views on the impossibility of integrating pedagogy and technology (Barab et al, 2004; Roblyer et al, 2000). Supporting learning in the digital age…
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Oberle, F. J.; Swarzenski, P. W.; Storlazzi, C. D.
2017-12-01
Atoll islands, most of which only average 1-2 meters above today's sea level, provide a tremendous natural laboratory in which to study and better understand the intensifying impacts of high rates of sea-level rise on tropical reef-lined islands. These islands are unique and on the frontline of negative societal impacts due to their geologic structure and limited water supply. Groundwater resources on atolls are typically minimal due to the low elevation and small surface area of the islands and are also subject to recurring droughts, and more frequent, storm-driven seawater overwash events. Although groundwater is the principal means of freshwater storage on atoll islands and is a major factor in determining the overall sustainability of island settlements, hydrological data on how an aquifer will response to changes in sea-level rise or storm-driven overwash remain limited. Here we present high-resolution time series hydrogeological and geochemical data from a 16 month study to determine the role of an atoll's carbonate geology, land use, and atmospheric and oceanographic forcing in driving coastal groundwater exchange including submarine groundwater discharge on the island of Roi-Namur on Kwajalein Atoll in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. This information can provide new estimates on the recovery and resilience of coastal groundwater resources on similar islands that are expected to experience climate change-driven perturbations.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Andréfouët, Serge; Thomas, Yoann; Dumas, Franck; Lo, Cédrik
2016-12-01
Spat collecting of the black lip oyster (Pinctada margaritifera) is the foundation of cultured black pearl production, the second source of income for French Polynesia. To understand spat collecting temporal and spatial variations, larval supply and its origin need to be characterized. To achieve this, it is necessary to account for the stock of oysters, its distribution and population characteristics (size distribution, sex-ratio). While the farmed stock in concessions can be easily characterized, the wild stock is elusive. Here, we investigate the distribution and population structure of the wild stock of Ahe and Takaroa atolls using fine-scale bathymetry and in situ census data. Stocks were surprisingly low (∼666,000 and ∼1,030,000 oysters for Ahe and Takaroa respectively) considering these two atolls have both been very successful spat collecting atolls in the past. Furthermore, in Ahe atoll, wild populations are aging with a dominant but small female population. Comparison with the cultured stock population (∼14 millions oysters) and its dominant young male population suggests that to maximize larval supply and spat collecting on the long term, it would be useful to increase the number of females in selected sanctuaries. We discuss the implication of our findings for the long-term management of stocks and for spat collection in pearl farming atolls, and for on-going numerical modelling studies on larval dispersal.
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Simon, Steven L.; Bouville, André; Land, Charles E.; Beck, Harold L.
2014-01-01
Nuclear weapons testing conducted at Bikini and Enewetak Atolls during 1946–1958 resulted in exposures of the resident population of the present-day Republic of the Marshall Islands to radioactive fallout. This paper summarizes the results of a thorough and systematic reconstruction of radiation doses to that population, by year, age at exposure, and atoll of residence, and the related cancer risks. Detailed methods and results are presented in a series of companion papers in this volume. From our analysis, we concluded that 20 of the 66 nuclear tests conducted in or near the Marshall Islands resulted in measurable fallout deposition on one or more of the inhabited atolls of the Marshall Islands. In this work, we estimated deposition densities (kBq m−2) of all important dose-contributing radionuclides at each of the 32 atolls and separate reef islands of the Marshall Islands. Quantitative deposition estimates were made for 63 radionuclides from each test at each atoll. Those estimates along with reported measurements of exposure rates at various times after fallout were used to estimate radiation absorbed doses to the red bone marrow, thyroid gland, stomach wall, and colon wall of atoll residents from both external and internal exposure. Annual doses were estimated for six age groups ranging from newborns to adults. We found that the total deposition of 137Cs, external dose, internal organ doses, and cancer risks followed the same geographic pattern with the large population of the southern atolls receiving the lowest doses. Permanent residents of the southern atolls who were of adult age at the beginning of the testing period received external doses ranging from 5 to 12 mGy on average; the external doses to adults at the mid-latitude atolls ranged from 22 to 59 mGy on average, while the residents of the northern atolls received external doses in the hundreds to over 1,000 mGy. Internal doses varied significantly by age at exposure, location, and organ. Except for internal doses to the thyroid gland, external exposure was generally the major contributor to organ doses, particularly for red bone marrow and stomach wall. Internal doses to the stomach wall and red bone marrow were similar in magnitude, about 1 mGy to 7 mGy for permanent residents of the southern and mid-latitude atolls. However, adult residents of Utrik and Rongelap Island, which are part of the northern atolls, received much higher internal doses because of intakes of short-lived radionuclides leading to doses from 20 mGy to more than 500 mGy to red bone marrow and stomach wall. In general, internal doses to the colon wall were four to ten times greater than those to the red bone marrow and internal doses to the thyroid gland were 20 to 30 times greater than to the red bone marrow. Adult internal thyroid doses for the Utrik community and for the Rongelap Island community were about 760 mGy and 7,600 mGy, respectively. The highest doses were to the thyroid glands of young children exposed on Rongelap at the time of the Castle Bravo test of 1 March 1954 and were about three times higher than for adults. Internal doses from chronic intakes, related to residual activities of long-lived radionuclides in the environment, were, in general, low in comparison with acute exposure resulting from the intakes of radionuclides immediately or soon after the deposition of fallout. The annual doses and the population sizes at each atoll in each year were used to develop estimates of cancer risks for the permanent residents of all atolls that were inhabited during the testing period as well as for the Marshallese population groups that were relocated prior to the testing or after it had begun. About 170 excess cancers (radiation-related cases) are projected to occur among more than 25,000 Marshallese, half of whom were born before 1948. All but about 65 of those cancers are estimated to have already been expressed. The 170 excess cancers are in comparison to about 10,600 cancers that would spontaneously arise, unrelated to radioactive fallout, among the same cohort of Marshallese people. PMID:20622547
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Simon, Steven L; Bouville, André; Land, Charles E; Beck, Harold L
2010-08-01
Nuclear weapons testing conducted at Bikini and Enewetak Atolls during 1946-1958 resulted in exposures of the resident population of the present-day Republic of the Marshall Islands to radioactive fallout. This paper summarizes the results of a thorough and systematic reconstruction of radiation doses to that population, by year, age at exposure, and atoll of residence, and the related cancer risks. Detailed methods and results are presented in a series of companion papers in this volume. From our analysis, we concluded that 20 of the 66 nuclear tests conducted in or near the Marshall Islands resulted in measurable fallout deposition on one or more of the inhabited atolls of the Marshall Islands. In this work, we estimated deposition densities (kBq m(-2)) of all important dose-contributing radionuclides at each of the 32 atolls and separate reef islands of the Marshall Islands. Quantitative deposition estimates were made for 63 radionuclides from each test at each atoll. Those estimates along with reported measurements of exposure rates at various times after fallout were used to estimate radiation absorbed doses to the red bone marrow, thyroid gland, stomach wall, and colon wall of atoll residents from both external and internal exposure. Annual doses were estimated for six age groups ranging from newborns to adults. We found that the total deposition of 137Cs, external dose, internal organ doses, and cancer risks followed the same geographic pattern with the large population of the southern atolls receiving the lowest doses. Permanent residents of the southern atolls who were of adult age at the beginning of the testing period received external doses ranging from 5 to 12 mGy on average; the external doses to adults at the mid-latitude atolls ranged from 22 to 59 mGy on average, while the residents of the northern atolls received external doses in the hundreds to over 1,000 mGy. Internal doses varied significantly by age at exposure, location, and organ. Except for internal doses to the thyroid gland, external exposure was generally the major contributor to organ doses, particularly for red bone marrow and stomach wall. Internal doses to the stomach wall and red bone marrow were similar in magnitude, about 1 mGy to 7 mGy for permanent residents of the southern and mid-latitude atolls. However, adult residents of Utrik and Rongelap Island, which are part of the northern atolls, received much higher internal doses because of intakes of short-lived radionuclides leading to doses from 20 mGy to more than 500 mGy to red bone marrow and stomach wall. In general, internal doses to the colon wall were four to ten times greater than those to the red bone marrow and internal doses to the thyroid gland were 20 to 30 times greater than to the red bone marrow. Adult internal thyroid doses for the Utrik community and for the Rongelap Island community were about 760 mGy and 7,600 mGy, respectively. The highest doses were to the thyroid glands of young children exposed on Rongelap at the time of the Castle Bravo test of 1 March 1954 and were about three times higher than for adults. Internal doses from chronic intakes, related to residual activities of long-lived radionuclides in the environment, were, in general, low in comparison with acute exposure resulting from the intakes of radionuclides immediately or soon after the deposition of fallout. The annual doses and the population sizes at each atoll in each year were used to develop estimates of cancer risks for the permanent residents of all atolls that were inhabited during the testing period as well as for the Marshallese population groups that were relocated prior to the testing or after it had begun. About 170 excess cancers (radiation-related cases) are projected to occur among more than 25,000 Marshallese, half of whom were born before 1948. All but about 65 of those cancers are estimated to have already been expressed. The 170 excess cancers are in comparison to about 10,600 cancers that would spontaneously arise, unrelated to radioactive fallout, among the same cohort of Marshallese people.
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Phan, Tung Gia; Takanashi, Sayaka; Kaneshi, Kunio; Ueda, Yuichi; Nakaya, Shigekazu; Nishimura, Shuichi; Sugita, Kumiko; Nishimura, Tadashi; Yamamoto, Atsuko; Yagyu, Fumihiro; Okitsu, Shoko; Maneekarn, Niwat; Ushijima, Hiroshi
2006-01-01
A total of 752 fecal specimens collected during the period of July 2004 to June 2005 from infants and children with acute gastroenteritis from four different regions (Maizuru, Tokyo, Sapporo, and Osaka) of Japan were tested for the presence of norovirus by RT-PCR. It was found that 139 (18.5%) fecal specimens were positive for norovirus. Norovirus infection was detected almost all year round with the highest prevalence in January. Norovirus GII was the most predominant genogroup (98.6%; 137 of 139). The genotypes detected in this study were GI/1, GII/1, GII/3, GII/4, and GII/6. Of these, NoV GII/4 (known as the Lordsdale virus cluster) was re-emerging and became the leading genotype (77.7%). Meanwhile, the incidence of NoV GII/3 (known as the Arg320 virus cluster) has dropped rapidly, accounting for only 15.8%. Another interesting feature of the study was the identification of Picton03/AU-like recombinant NoV for the first time in Japan. Based on the genetic analysis, it was interesting to note that NoV GII/4 in 2004-2005 made a distinct cluster in comparison to other NoV GII/4 circulating in 2002-2003 and 2003-2004. Of note, "new recombinant variant designated GIIb" within NoV GII/3, which was first detected in Saga City, Japan in 2003-2004 in only one case, had increased, spreading widely in Japan and representing 45.5% (10 of 22). Further epidemiological studies should be conducted to determine whether this new recombinant variant strain will be dominant in Japan in the coming year.
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Advancing Air Force Scheduling through Modeling Problem Topologies
2006-08-03
Merrill on August 23, 2005 and corresponded with Major David Van Veldhuizen in Fall 2005 about obtaining data. 3.4.3 Transitions Analytical Graphics and...observation satellite orbit. Technical Report CRT-2003-27, Centre de recherche sur les transports, July 2003. [5] Van -Dat Cung. ROADEF 2003: Results of the...collaborateurs/etd/default.htm. January, 2004. [15] P.J.M van Laarhoven, E.H.L. Aarts, and J.K. Lenstra. Job shop scheduling by simulated annealing
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Peter J. Ince; Eduard Akim; Bernard Lombard; Tomas Parik
2004-01-01
Annual paper and paperboard output climbed by 2.2% in the EU/EFTA subregion in 2003, a record year for European papermakers, while the subregionâs woodpulp output climbed by 2.8%. Higher paper and paperboard exports from the EU/EFTA subregion to non-UNECE countries, and a 16% increase in net exports in 2003, propelled expansion of output. Paper and paperboard...
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2006-03-01
2003 Air Emission Inventory, July 2004. o The generators are assumed to be diesel-fired and have a horsepower rating of less than 600 hp. o...In July 2003, the 460th LRS purchased and installed an automated movable storage system for mobility bag storage. This system eliminates wasted aisle...Installation Restoration Program Draft Final Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis IRP Site 4. July . • URS Corporation (URS). 2003a. Buckley Air Force
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No Green-On-Blue Against the Reds?: Organizational Strategies Behind Insider Attacks in Afghanistan
2013-06-01
Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 2003 ), 1. 46 Alexander L. George, Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences, BCSIA Studies in...the actions we take.2 For example, Kiras notes that the US missed opportunities to address the root causes of violence in Iraq during 2003 -2004...Warfare,” 230. 4 Merriam-Webster, Inc, Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed (Springfield, Mass: Merriam-Webster, Inc, 2003 ), 649. 5
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Riddick, E. W.
2006-01-01
Hesperomyces virescens Thaxter (Laboulbeniales: Laboulbeniaceae) is a parasitic fungus that infects lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) via horizontal transmission between adults at overwintering and feeding sites. The differential behavior of male and female hosts could have profound effects on intensity of infection and positioning of fungus on the host's integument. The influence of host gender on infection rate, density and distribution of this parasite on the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), was determined at a feeding site. Adult H. axyridis were sampled from pecan, Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch, trees in northern Mississippi, USA, during summer and early fall 2003–2004. Results indicated that the behavior of male or female beetles on pecan trees had only a limited effect on the intensity of infection. When averaged over the entire season, the percentage of H. axyridis infected with H. virescens was not influenced by host gender. In 2003, a seasonal average of 54 and 39% of males and females, respectively, were infected; whereas in 2004, 36 and 41% of male and female beetles, respectively, were infected. The percentage of males infected with H. virescens was correlated with the number of males captured at the site in 2003; infection rate decreased as male abundance increased. Infection rate did not correlate with female abundance in 2003 or male or female abundance in 2004. Host gender had a considerable effect on the density and distribution of the fungus. Hesperomyces virescens mature thalli were denser on male rather than female beetles. Also, thallus density was often greatest on the elytra, meso- and metathorax, and abdomen of males and elytra of females, than on other body parts, in 2003. In 2003 and 2004, approximately 59 and 97% and 67 and 96% of males and females, respectively, had mature thalli distributed on the elytra. Prevalence of H. virescens thalli on the dorsum of H. axyridis females suggests that mating behavior is important in fungal transmission. However, prevalence of thalli on the dorsum of H. axyridis males suggests that behaviors other than mating contribute to the transmission of H. virescens onto male beetles. Spread of H. virescens ascospores from infected to uninfected H. axyridis adults of different generations, at feeding sites, might be vital to maintaining stable populations of the fungus. PMID:20298119
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Investigation of geomagnetic induced current at high latitude during the storm-time variation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Falayi, E. O.; Ogunmodimu, O.; Bolaji, O. S.; Ayanda, J. D.; Ojoniyi, O. S.
2017-06-01
During the geomagnetic disturbances, the geomagnetically induced current (GIC) are influenced by the geoelectric field flowing in conductive Earth. In this paper, we studied the variability of GICs, the time derivatives of the geomagnetic field (dB/dt), geomagnetic indices: Symmetric disturbance field in H (SYM-H) index, AU (eastward electrojet) and AL (westward electrojet) indices, Interplanetary parameters such as solar wind speed (v), and interplanetary magnetic field (Bz) during the geomagnetic storms on 31 March 2001, 21 October 2001, 6 November 2001, 29 October 2003, 31 October 2003 and 9 November 2004 with high solar wind speed due to a coronal mass ejection. Wavelet spectrum based approach was employed to analyze the GIC time series in a sequence of time scales of one to twenty four hours. It was observed that there are more concentration of power between the 14-24 h on 31 March 2001, 17-24 h on 21 October 2001, 1-7 h on 6 November 2001, two peaks were observed between 5-8 h and 21-24 h on 29 October 2003, 1-3 h on 31 October 2003 and 18-22 h on 9 November 2004. Bootstrap method was used to obtain regression correlations between the time derivative of the geomagnetic field (dB/dt) and the observed values of the geomagnetic induced current on 31 March 2001, 21 October 2001, 6 November 2001, 29 October 2003, 31 October 2003 and 9 November 2004 which shows a distributed cluster of correlation coefficients at around r = -0.567, -0.717, -0.477, -0.419, -0.210 and r = -0.488 respectively. We observed that high energy wavelet coefficient correlated well with bootstrap correlation, while low energy wavelet coefficient gives low bootstrap correlation. It was noticed that the geomagnetic storm has a influence on GIC and geomagnetic field derivatives (dB/dt). This might be ascribed to the coronal mass ejection with solar wind due to particle acceleration processes in the solar atmosphere.
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The 80-hour work week: will we have less-experienced graduating surgeons?
Jarman, Benjamin T; Miller, Marcus R; Brown, R Shane; Armen, Scott B; Bozaan, Anthony G; Ho, George T; Hartranft, Thomas H
2004-01-01
Our primary concern when modifying the Mount Carmel Medical Center surgical residency to comply with the "80-hour work week" was the effect on operative experience. Our goal was to measure the impact that work-hour restrictions have on operative volumes and to evaluate the potential benefit of a night rotation to minimize the number of "lost operations." Categorical surgical residents (PGY I-IV) recorded missed surgical procedures on post-call days from September 1, 2002 to March 31, 2004. The data collection is split between the pre-night rotation (September 1, 2002 to March 31, 2003) and post-night rotation (April 1, 2003 to March 31, 2004) periods. The post-night rotation period is further divided to account for the end of the academic year. Previous graduate operative logs were reviewed for comparison. Mount Carmel Health System is a tertiary referral, community-based hospital in Columbus, Ohio. Categorical general surgery residents (Postgraduate Years I to V). In the 7-month period, extending from September 1, 2002 to March 31, 2003, the average number of missed cases for successive levels was PGY I: 21, PGY II: 31, PGY III: 26, and PGY IV: 40. From April 1, 2003 to June 30, 2003, the average number of missed cases for successive levels was PGY I: 3, PGY II: 7, PGY III: 5, and PGY IV: 6. From July 1, 2003 to March 31, 2004, the average number of missed cases for successive levels was PGY I: 34, PGY II: 8, PGY III: 14, and PGY IV: 30. Before the implementation of a night rotation, residents were projected to miss an average of 202 operations over 4 years. After implementation of a night rotation, the projected loss would drop to 107 operations over 4 years. Work-hour restrictions result in a significant decrease in operative experience. This detriment can be partially alleviated with the institution of a night rotation to better regulate in-house call.
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Rapid Settlement of Majuro Atoll, Central Pacific, Following its Emergence 2000 Years Ago
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kayanne, H.; Yamaguchi, T.; Yamano, H.; Yoneda, M.
2010-12-01
Atoll islands are areas of low, flat land, and the sustainability of habitable land in such environments is sensitive to even slight changes in sea level. The rise in sea level projected to occur during this century may lead to the submergence of atoll islands and the widespread loss of habitable land. However, the actual time sequence of past sea level change, island emergence events, and human settlement of newly emerged islands remain poorly constrained. Our excavation survey, combined with calibrated radiocarbon age dates, at Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands, central Pacific, reveals that emergence of the island, triggered by a fall in sea level, was quickly followed by human settlement. The elevation of the central body of the island exceeded high water level at 2000 years ago, and the complete formation of the island occurred within an interval of 100 years. The island was colonized by people shortly after emergence, at 2000 years ago, prior to the establishment of dense vegetation, and has been continuously settled since that time. Habitable land was created by a fall in sea level, and any future rise in sea level will have a reverse effect, resulting in a loss of habitable land on atoll islands.
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5 CFR 591.205 - Which areas are nonforeign areas?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... islands of the Samoa group east of longitude 171 degrees west of Greenwich, together with Swains Island...) Palmyra Atoll; (12) Territory of Guam; (13) United States Virgin Islands; (14) Wake Atoll; (15) Any small...
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Welp, L. R.; Liu, H.; Randerson, J. T.
2005-12-01
Recent increases in growing season length at high northern latitudes may allow for greater rates of photosynthesis and carbon accumulation during spring and summer. However, warmer air and soil temperatures may also stimulate higher rates of respiration in boreal and arctic ecosystems. The net effect of these different processes on biome-level carbon fluxes remains challenging to predict. We measured carbon fluxes in three interior Alaskan stands for three years (2002-2004) to test the hypothesis that NEE in early and mid successional ecosystems is more sensitive to climate variability than NEE of older, mature ecosystems. The stands represented a chronosequence of recovery after fire with burn events in 1920 (black spruce and moss), 1987 (aspen and willow) and 1999 (grasses and deciduous shrubs). In 2002, the region experienced a cool, moderately wet spring and wet summer. In contrast, 2003 had a warm, dry spring and dry summer. In 2004, the spring was the warmest and wettest of all three years and a severe summer drought followed. Spring air temperature increased during each year of the study with April-May means of 6.4°C in 2002, 7.7°C in 2003 and 9.9°C in 2004. In each stand, warmer spring temperatures increased spring GPP, as has been reported for other northern forests, and also led to increased carbon uptake at the aspen stand with May-June NEE values of -72, -106 and -138 g C m-2. In contrast, May-June NEE at the black spruce stand increased from -94 g C m-2 in 2002 to -110 g C m-2 in 2003, but returned to -96 g C m-2 in 2004 as Re increased in response to warmer soil temperatures during that year. Sensitivity of spring NEE to climate variability was greatest at the intermediate aged aspen stand. Using a simple atmospheric model, we also found that the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 was more sensitive to climate variability when forced with fluxes from the aspen stand than from the black spruce stand. During each year, we observed mid-summer depressions of carbon uptake rates at the black spruce stand. Despite the 2004 summer drought, Jul-Aug GPP and Re both increased in 2004, resulting in Jul-Aug NEE values comparable to 2003 (-57 and -59 g C m-2 for the black spruce in 2003 and 2004 respectively and -124 and -120 g C m-2 for the aspen), both of which were less than the wet cool summer of 2002 (-76 g C m-2 for the black spruce and -156 g C m-2 for the aspen). Warm springs and cool summers tended to promote carbon uptake in these ecosystems.
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Notice of Nominees for 2004 Election of Officers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The nominees listed below constitute the slate approved by the AGU Council for the upcoming election of officers for 2004-2006. Additional nominations may be made by membership petition until 15 August 2003. See details below. Additional nominations may be made by membership petition. Nominees must be either a Member or a Fellow of the Union. Each petition must be accompanied by a letter from the proposed nominee, agreeing to serve if elected. There are no age, nationality, residence, or other analogous restrictions on who may serve as an officer. Petitions should be sent to the General Secretary, American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue N.W., Washington, DC 20009. They must be received no later than 15 August 2003.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hejazian, M.; Swarzenski, P. W.; Gurdak, J. J.; Odigie, K. O.; Storlazzi, C. D.
2015-12-01
This study compares the hydrogeochemistry of two contrasting atoll groundwater systems in Roi-Namur, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Roi-Namur houses a U.S. Department of Defense military installation and presents an ideal study location where a human impacted aquifer is co-located next to a natural aquifer as part of two artificially conjoined atoll islands. The hydrogeology and geochemistry of carbonate atoll aquifers has been well studied, particularly because of its small, well-defined hydrologic system that allows for relatively precise modeling. However, it is unknown how changes in land-use/land cover and managed aquifer recharge (MAR) alters natural geochemical processes in atoll aquifers. A better understanding of this has implications on groundwater quantity and quality, carbonate dissolution, and best aquifer management practices in the context of rising sea level and saltwater intrusion. Roi has been heavily modified to house military and civilian operations; here, lack of vegetation and managed recharge has increased the volume of potable groundwater and affected the geochemical processes in the freshwater lens and saltwater transition zone. Namur is heavily vegetated and the hydrogeology is indicative of a natural atoll island. A suite of monitoring wells were sampled across both island settings for major ions, nutrients, trace elements, DOC/DIC, δ13C and δ18O/2H isotopes. By modeling geochemical reactions using a conservative mixing approach, we measure deviations from expected reactions and compare the two contrasting settings using derived geochemical profiles through a wide salinity spectrum. Results indicate that groundwater on Namur is more heavily depleted in δ13C and has greater dissolved inorganic carbon, suggesting higher microbial oxidation and greater dissolution within the carbonate aquifer. This suggests MAR and reduction of vegetation makes the groundwater supply on atoll islands more resilient to sea level rise.
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2014/2015 Investigations of the Ontong Java and Kerguelen Plateaus
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Coffin, M. F.; Whittaker, J. M.
2013-12-01
The two largest oceanic plateaus, Ontong Java in the western Pacific, and Kerguelen in the southern Indian Ocean, will be the focus of scheduled multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary shipboard expeditions in 2014 and 2015. In mid-2014, scientists aboard the Schmidt Ocean Institute's RV Falkor will investigate the origin and evolution of two large atolls, Ontong Java and Nukumanu, surmounting the ca 122 Ma Ontong Java Plateau, as well how Kroenke Canyon, which deeply incises the plateau, formed and evolved. First-ever multibeam bathymetry and sub-bottom profiling data from the atolls and canyon will reveal their submarine and shallow sub-seafloor morphology, and, if combined with geochemical and geochronological analyses of potential igneous basement samples, will yield important information on their origin and evolution. The primary goals of this atoll and canyon project are: to test potential genetic relationships between a) the atolls and the OJP, and b) the atolls and Kroenke Canyon; to understand and model how atolls and canyons form and evolve on oceanic plateaus, isolated from terrestrial influences and subject to sea level fluctuations; and to contribute to understanding tsunami risk on low-lying atolls. In late 2014 and early 2015, researchers aboard Australia's new Marine National Facility, RV Investigator, will investigate active submarine hotspot volcanism on the Kerguelen Plateau and its consequences. The project's overall aim is to test the hypothesis that hydrothermal activity driven by active submarine magmatism fertilizes surface waters with iron that enhances primary biological productivity. Surmounting the Cretaceous plateau, Heard and McDonald Islands are among the world's most active hotspot volcanoes, and new multibeam bathymetry and sub-bottom profiling data will enable identification of candidate active submarine volcanoes, which we will sample. In the overlying water column, we will collect samples to test for the presence or absence of associated hydrothermalism as well as iron and other elemental enrichment. If present, we will compare our data to satellite images of primary biological productivity (eg, chlorophyll) to test for temporal and spatial correlations.
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USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database
In August, 2003, a mission to protect an airfield in Monrovia, Liberia failed after 80 of 150 multi-force personnel were infected with the malaria parasite. Over 70 of these personnel were United States Marines. In October, 2003, the representatives from the U.S. Marine Corps requested assistance ...
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Assessment of and Problems with the Support Campaign for National Education in Turkey
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Dogan, Elife
2007-01-01
On September 8, 2001, Semra Sexer--wife of Turkish Republic president Ahmet Sezer and a retired teacher--started the Support Campaign for National Education (2003, 2004, 2005). This campaign aimed at finding problems in national education and offering solutions. Assessment meetings about the campaign were held on May 5-6, 2003, in Istanbul;…
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Ionic Channels as Natural Nanodevices
2006-05-01
introduce the numerical techniques required to simulate charge transport in ion channels. [1] Using Poisson- Nernst -Planck-type (PNP) equations ...Eisenberg. 2003. Ionic diffusion through protein channels: from molecular description to continuum equations . Nanotech 2003, 3: 439-442. 4...Nadler, B., Schuss, Z., Singer, A., and R. S. Eisenberg. 2004. Ionic diffusion through confined geometries: from Langevin equations to partial
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Habitat conditions associated with lynx hunting behavior during winter in northern Washington
Benjamin T. Maletzke; Gary M. Koehler; Robert B. Wielgus; Keith B. Aubry; Marc A. Evans
2008-01-01
Effectively managing habitat for threatened populations of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) requires knowledge of habitat conditions that provide for the ecological needs of lynx. We snow-tracked lynx to identify habitat conditions associated with hunting behavior and predation during winters of 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 in the northern Cascade Range in...
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Master's Students' Experiences in a Multicultural Counseling Role-Play
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Rapisarda, Clarrice; Jencius, Marty; McGlothlin, Jason
2011-01-01
This study examined the experiences of master's students in regard to their participation in a multicultural role-play and review process (Jencius "et al." 2004). Whereas the literature has supported the use of role-plays as a multicultural training technique (Alvarez and Miville 2003; Vazquez and Garcia-Vazquez 2003), there is a distinct lack of…
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Gibson, Shirley Kaye
2010-01-01
Several studies have examined parent expectations of schools in general (Gewertz, 2008; Carney-Hall, 2008; Keller, 2008; Stelmach, 2005; Boal, 2004; Lawson 2003; Wherry, 2003; Cheney, 2002; Bomotti, 1996; Epstein & Hollifield, 1996). Other studies have more specifically addressed parents' expectations of urban schools and their reasons for…
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Distant storms as drivers of environmental change at Pacific atolls.
Gardner, Jonathan P A; Garton, David W; Collen, John D; Zwartz, Daniel
2014-01-01
The central Pacific Ocean with its many low lying islands and atolls is under threat from sea level rise and increased storm activity. Here, we illustrate how increasing frequency and severity of large scale storm events associated with global climate change may be particularly profound at the local scale for human populations that rely on lagoon systems for provision of a variety of goods and services. In August 2011 a storm originating in the Southern Ocean caused a large amplitude ocean swell to move northward through the Pacific Ocean. Its arrival at Palmyra Atoll coincided with transient elevated sea surface height and triggered turnover of the lagoon water column. This storm-induced change to the lagoon reflects long distance connectivity with propagated wave energy from the Southern Ocean and illustrates the increasing threats generated by climate change that are faced by human populations on most low-lying Pacific islands and atolls.
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Distant Storms as Drivers of Environmental Change at Pacific Atolls
Gardner, Jonathan P. A.; Garton, David W.; Collen, John D.; Zwartz, Daniel
2014-01-01
The central Pacific Ocean with its many low lying islands and atolls is under threat from sea level rise and increased storm activity. Here, we illustrate how increasing frequency and severity of large scale storm events associated with global climate change may be particularly profound at the local scale for human populations that rely on lagoon systems for provision of a variety of goods and services. In August 2011 a storm originating in the Southern Ocean caused a large amplitude ocean swell to move northward through the Pacific Ocean. Its arrival at Palmyra Atoll coincided with transient elevated sea surface height and triggered turnover of the lagoon water column. This storm-induced change to the lagoon reflects long distance connectivity with propagated wave energy from the Southern Ocean and illustrates the increasing threats generated by climate change that are faced by human populations on most low-lying Pacific islands and atolls. PMID:24498232
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Reef corals of Johnston Atoll: one of the world's most isolated reefs
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Maragos, James E.; Jokiel, Paul L.
1986-01-01
Johnston Atoll lies 800 km southwest of the nearest reefs of Hawaii and over 1,500 km from other shallow reefs to the south and west. Only 33 species and 16 genera and subgenera of shallow water stony corals have been reported from the atoll. Endemic species are absent despite Johnston's great age and favorable environment. With few exceptions, only species with broad geographic distribution are represented. Factors contributing to the low number of species are remoteness, the atoll's small size, lack of favorable currents to transport larvae from the southwest Pacific, lack of reef “stepping stones” in the region since the Cretaceous, possible defaunation during eustatic sea-level rise and fall, and possible drowning from tectonic subsidence or tilting. The species list shows strongest affinity with that of Hawaii, but some unexpected discontinuities occur. Despite low species diversity, coral coverage is extremely high in most environments.
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Knives and Other Weapons in London Schools
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Neill, S. R. St. J.
2005-01-01
London schools operate in an area where crime rates, including violent crime, is statistically more frequent than the average for the whole of England and Wales (Moore and Yeo 2004). Violent crime in the capital increased (though not to a statistically significant extent) between 2002/3 and 2003/4 (Moore and Yeo 2004b). This has led to a…
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Cataract surgery among Medicare beneficiaries.
Schein, Oliver D; Cassard, Sandra D; Tielsch, James M; Gower, Emily W
2012-10-01
To present descriptive epidemiology of cataract surgery among Medicare recipients in the United States. Cataract surgery performed on Medicare beneficiaries in 2003 and 2004. Medicare claims data were used to identify all cataract surgery claims for procedures performed in the United States in 2003-2004. Standard assumptions were used to limit the claims to actual cataract surgery procedures performed. Summary statistics were created to determine the number of procedures performed for each outcome of interest: cataract surgery rates by age, sex, race and state; surgical volume by facility type and surgeon characteristics; time interval between first- and second-eye cataract surgery. The national cataract surgery rate for 2003-2004 was 61.8 per 1000 Medicare beneficiary person-years. The rate was significantly higher for females and for those aged 75-84 years. After adjustment for age and sex, blacks had approximately a 30% lower rate of surgery than whites. While only 5% of cataract surgeons performed more than 500 cataract surgeries annually, these surgeons performed 26% of the total cataract surgeries. Increasing surgical volume was found to be highly correlated with use of ambulatory surgical centers and reduced time interval between first- and second-eye surgery in the same patient. The epidemiology of cataract surgery in the United States Medicare population documents substantial variation in surgical rates by race, sex, age, and by certain provider characteristics.
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An Analysis of the Logistics Requisition Process
2011-06-01
California, Hawaii, Oregon and Washington • U. S. West Territories - American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern, Guam, Johnston Atoll , Marianas...U.S. Pacific Territories - Includes American Samoa (supported by FISC Norfolk), Atoll , Commonwealth of Northern Marianas Islands, Guam, Johnston
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-08-12
... remote island areas (PRIA). The PRIA are Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Island, Wake Island, and Palmyra Atoll. Before entering into a PIAFA, the Council...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-07-02
... Remote Islands, and Rose Atoll Marine National Monuments AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS... Marianas Trench, Pacific Remote Islands, and Rose Atoll Marine National Monuments. These are [[Page 39584...
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Sustainable use of groundwater in Atoll Islands
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Taniguchi, M.; Nakada, S.; Umezawa, Y.; Yamano, H.
2010-12-01
Water resources in small islands, such as atoll islands, are limited and threatened by climate change such as changes in precipitation and sea level rise. Groundwater is the main water resources in many atoll islands, and the freshwater in aquifers in coral atolls, where the average elevations are a few meters above the sea level, exists as lenses f1oating on salt water. Decrease in precipitation and groundwater recharge is caused by the climate change, increases of storm surge, and excessive groundwater extractions due to over population. There is high possibility that the aquifer salinization can damage the important natural ambience for the people living habitat such as crops field and vegetation. In this study, the aquifer salinization is evaluated by using electrical resistivity, hydrological and long-term meteorological data in two low-lying coral atolls, Laura islet, Majuro Atoll, Marshall islands and Fongafale islet, Funafuti atoll, Tuvalu. Hydrological surveys conducted in Laura islet showed that the interface between seawater and freshwater is shallowed in Aug 2009. This may be attributed to the result of recent decrease of the decadal rainfall and/or the sea level rise. The detailed structure of the freshwater lens based on the electrical resistivity surveys showed patches of brackish water due to the intrusion of seawater and over-pumping. The clear intrusion of the saltwater was observed near the lagoon coast which might be inf1uenced by the recirculation of the seawater in the margin of the freshwater lens. The recirculation was confirmed based on the analysis of the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) observed by seepage meters. On the other hand, in Fongatale islet, the geoelectric and hydrological surveys conducted in March 2009 showed that the soil and groundwater salinization was mainly caused by the tidal forcing during spring tides. The decrease of the resistivity during the f1ood tide indicates the coastal aquifer beneath the islet is intruded by the saline or brackish pore water in phase with the semi-diurnal tide. The aquifer allowing the intrusion can be formed by gravel retaining high porosity due to the past reclamation. Analyses of water balance in atoll islands including groundwater, water tanks and water pools, have been made and shown as the strategies for sustainable use of groundwater based on three different targeted periods.
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Demographic variation, reintroduction, and persistence of an island duck (Anas laysanensis)
Reynolds, Michelle H.; Weiser, Emily; Jamieson, Ian; Hatfield, Jeffrey S.
2013-01-01
Population variation in life history can be important for predicting successful establishment and persistence of reintroduced populations of endangered species. The Laysan duck (Anas laysanensis) is an endangered bird native to the Hawaiian Archipelago that was extirpated from most islands after the introduction of mammalian predators. Laysan ducks were restricted to a single remote island, Laysan Island (4.1 km2), for nearly 150 years. Since the species is not known to disperse between distant Hawaiian Islands today, 42 wild birds from Laysan Island were translocated to another mammalian predator-free low-lying atoll (Midway Atoll; 6.0 km2) to reduce extinction risk. We explored how variation in demography influences establishment and longer-term retention of genetic diversity (rare alleles) for reintroductions of this species. We observed dramatic differences in population growth between the source (λ = 1.18) and reintroduced (λ = 3.28) population. The number of eggs hatched at Midway Atoll was greater than at Laysan Island, however, we found no difference in hatching success (proportion of clutch hatched) between populations. Adult females produced 3 times as many fledglings per breeding year on Midway Atoll compared to Laysan Island. We estimated population abundance of both populations until 2010 and applied a Gompertz model with a Bayesian approach to infer density dependence, process variation, observation error, and carrying capacity for the Laysan Island and Midway Atoll populations. The carrying capacity from the Gompertz model for Midway Atoll (K = 883 ± 210 SD) was estimated to be greater than that of Laysan Island (K = 598 ± 76 SD). Translocations with small numbers of founders and no immigration can create population bottlenecks, leading to loss of genetic variation over time, and potentially reducing the reintroduced population's viability or its potential to serve as a source for future translocations. Therefore, we also assessed the probability of retaining rare alleles in an isolated reintroduced Laysan duck population using life history parameters observed from the Laysan Island and Midway Atoll populations; we concluded that additional founders are needed under scenarios using demographic estimates from both Laysan Island and Midway Atoll to retain either 90% or 95% of source population genetic diversity.
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Asteroid photometric observations at Catania and Padova Observatories
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gandolfi, D.; Blanco, C.; Cigna, M.
We present new photometric observations of 27 Euterpe, 173 Ino, 182 Elsa, 539 Pamina, 849 Ara, 2892 Filipenko, 3199 Nefertiti and 2004 UE, carried out between January 2003 and November 2004 at Catania Astrophysical Observatory and Padova Astronomical Observatory. The first determination of the synodic rotational period value of 2892 Filipenko and 2004 UE was obtained. For 182 Elsa, using the H-G magnitude relation (Bowell et al. 1989), we determined the absolute magnitude H and the slope parameter G.
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2005-04-01
UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME( S ) AND ADDRESS(ES) U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences,2511 Jefferson...Attitudes and Behaviors Towards Digitization John S . Barnett. February 2004. (A421864) This research measured how formal training affects Soldier...patterns of behavior and attitudes towards digitization. A set of questionnaires was administered to 24 enlisted Soldiers and 12 officers attending
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2003-01-01
greater deployment capabilities. The Stryker specific requirements program at Fort Lewis will be completed by the end of the calendar year 2003. This is...USAR and can be found in appendix B, for a complete list for all United States Army MILCON projects for the FYDP fiscal year 2004 through fiscal year...institution in one of its communities. 59 APPENDIX A ACTIVE ARMY FY 2004 --FY 2009 FYDP Funded Fiscal Year Installation Description MCA DD1391 2004 Fort
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Biosecurity Plan for Palmyra Atoll
Hathaway, Stacie A.; Fisher, Robert N.
2010-01-01
This Biosecurity Plan for Palmyra Atoll was developed for The Nature Conservancy (TNC) Palmyra Program to refine and expand goals and objectives developed through the Conservation Action Plan process. The Biosecurity Plan is one in a series of adaptive management plans designed to achieve TNC's mission toward the protection and enhancement of native wildlife and habitat. The Biosecurity Plan focuses on ecosystem security, and specifically identifies and addresses issues related to non-native and potentially invasive species. The Plan attempts to identify pathways of invasion and strategies for preventing or reducing new introductions. Overall, the Biosecurity Plan provides a framework to implement and track the progress of conservation and restoration goals related to non-native species on Palmyra Atoll. Palmyra Atoll is one of the Northern Line Islands in the Pacific Ocean southwest of the Hawai`ian Islands. It consists of many heavily vegetated islets arranged in a horseshoe pattern around four lagoons and surrounded by a coral reef. At present, Palmyra Atoll harbors various non-native or invasive species in the terrestrial and marine ecosystems. The most notable examples of terrestrial invasive species include coconut trees (Cocos nucifera) and black rats (Rattus rattus). Although it is unclear whether they are non-native, coconut trees are currently the most dominant plant across Palmyra Atoll. They compete with native plant species for space and resources, and are potentially detrimental to seabirds dependent on native vegetation. Black rats are known to predate ground-nesting seabirds and are likely responsible for the lack of burrowing seabird reproduction on Palmyra Atoll. The most notable example of a marine invasive species is the corallimorph (Rhodactis howsei). Although Rhodactis howsei is a native species, it can take advantage of human-altered habitat and significantly change the natural habitat by aggressively outcompeting native corals. Although the extent and impacts of these and other non-native and (or) invasive species are not fully understood, they are clearly a threat to the native species and overall ecosystem integrity of Palmyra Atoll. In fact, non-native invasive species have been considered the most important threat to ecosystems in Hawai`i and the second most important threat to biodiversity world-wide. Palmyra Atoll is somewhat protected because of its remote location, but there are still potential pathways for the introduction of non-native and possibly invasive species. With the continued influx of aircraft and ocean vessels and their contents to and around Palmyra Atoll, we anticipate many more concerns related to the import and spread of non-native invasive species in the future. In terms of ecosystem security, prevention is the most effective and efficient tool for managing invasive species. There are various potential pathways for introduction and spread of non-native species within Palmyra Atoll's terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Identification of these pathways provides a first step in preventing introductions. We also recommend establishing, enhancing, and enforcing quarantine protocols to prevent future non-native species invasions. Other critical steps to minimize the impacts and spread of invasive species include early detection through inventory and monitoring, as well as containment, control, and management of non-native species already established at Palmyra Atoll. These efforts in combination with research and education will serve to inform management decisions related to ecosystem integrity. Along with reinstating ecosystem security, this Biosecurity Plan aims to evaluate new risk factors related to non-native and potentially invasive species. To that end, an adaptive management process of audit and review is highly recommended to ensure the implementation and efficacy of the management practices outlined above. In addition, it will be important to identify high r
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Big heads in Port Moresby General Hospital: an audit of hydrocephalus cases seen from 2003 to 2004.
Kaptigau, W Matui; Ke, Liu; Rosenfeld, J V
2007-01-01
Hydrocephalus is a common neurosurgical problem in Port Moresby General Hospital (PMGH) contributing to 27 (24%) of the 114 neurosurgical operations done in 2003 and 2004. During the same period it was responsible for 25% of the cases seen in the neurosurgery clinic. To prospectively audit and follow up hydrocephalus cases in PMGH over 2 years from January 2003 to December 2004 and ascertain the causes and the outcome of treatment. All cases of hydrocephalus seen in 2003 and 2004 were categorized according to cause. The associated findings on ultrasound scan or CT (computed tomography) scan when available were noted. The subsequent progress was documented with and without treatment for at least 6 months. 61 cases of hydrocephalus were seen for surgical opinion. The age ranged from 4 weeks to 56 years. The commonest age group affected was in the first year of life (61% of cases). There were 34 cases (56%) of congenital hydrocephalus followed by 19 (31%) post meningitis and 8 (13%) due to tumour. There was only one case of myelomeningocele with concomitant hydrocephalus. Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts were inserted in 24 cases. 3 shunts were bypasses from the posterior horn to the cisterna magna, making a total of 27 shunt operations. 9 shunts were performed for post-meningitic hydrocephalus, 15 for congenital stenosis and 3 for a posterior fossa tumour. 24 out of the 27 shunt operations were in children aged <9 months. Post-VP-shunt infection of 2 cases reported within 6 weeks of operation gave an infection rate of 7%. There was cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak in 2 cases with Pundez-type shunts. There were 2 shunt blocks needing revision. Shunt operations can be done in PMGH with good outcomes. The decision-making about surgery can be made on the basis of the enlarging head and the ultrasound findings.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Jonasson, Brian
2004-02-01
We PIT-tagged juvenile spring chinook salmon reared at Lookingglass Hatchery in October 2002 as part of the Comparative Survival Rate Study (CSS) for migratory year (MY) 2003. We tagged 20,950 Imnaha stock spring chinook salmon, and after mortality and tag loss, we allowed the remaining 20,904 fish to leave the acclimation pond at our Imnaha River satellite facility beginning 1 April 2003 to begin their seaward migration. The fish remaining in the pond were forced out on 15 April 2003. We tagged 20,820 Catherine Creek stock captive and conventional brood progeny spring chinook salmon, and after mortality and tag loss,more » we allowed the remaining 20,628 fish to leave the acclimation ponds at our Catherine Creek satellite facility beginning during two acclimation periods. The volitional release for the early acclimation group began 12 March 2003, and all remaining fish were forced out of the ponds on 23 March 2003. The volitional release for the late acclimation group began 31 March 2003, and all remaining fish were forced out of the ponds on 14 April 2003. We estimated survival rates, from release to Lower Granite Dam in MY 2003, for three stocks of hatchery spring chinook salmon tagged at Lookingglass Hatchery to determine their relative migration performance. Survival rates for the Imnaha River, Lostine River, and Catherine Creek stocks were 0.714, 0.557, and 0.350, respectively. We PIT-tagged 20,944 BY 2002 Imnaha River stock and 20,980 BY 2002 Catherine Creek stock captive and conventional brood progeny in October and November 2003 as part of the CSS for MY 2004. From tagging to January 28, 2004, the rates of mortality and tag loss for Imnaha River stock were 0.16% and 0.04%, respectively. Catherine Creek stock, during the same period, had rates of mortality and tag loss of 0.19% and 0.06%, respectively.« less
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... Lands Act (ch. 345, 67 Stat. 462); American Samoa; Guam; Wake Island; Eniwetok Atoll; Kwajalein Atoll; and Johnston Island. (2) Agreements entered into by or on behalf of the Commodity Credit Corporation...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... Lands Act (ch. 345, 67 Stat. 462); American Samoa; Guam; Wake Island; Eniwetok Atoll; Kwajalein Atoll; and Johnston Island. (2) Agreements entered into by or on behalf of the Commodity Credit Corporation...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... Lands Act (ch. 345, 67 Stat. 462); American Samoa; Guam; Wake Island; Eniwetok Atoll; Kwajalein Atoll; and Johnston Island. (2) Agreements entered into by or on behalf of the Commodity Credit Corporation...
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Northern Marshall Islands radiological survey: sampling and analysis summary
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Robison, W.L.; Conrado, C.L.; Eagle, R.J.
1981-07-23
A radiological survey was conducted in the Northern Marshall Islands to document reamining external gamma exposures from nuclear tests conducted at Enewetak and Bikini Atolls. An additional program was later included to obtain terrestrial and marine samples for radiological dose assessment for current or potential atoll inhabitants. This report is the first of a series summarizing the results from the terrestrial and marine surveys. The sample collection and processing procedures and the general survey methodology are discussed; a summary of the collected samples and radionuclide analyses is presented. Over 5400 samples were collected from the 12 atolls and 2 islandsmore » and prepared for analysis including 3093 soil, 961 vegetation, 153 animal, 965 fish composite samples (average of 30 fish per sample), 101 clam, 50 lagoon water, 15 cistern water, 17 groundwater, and 85 lagoon sediment samples. A complete breakdown by sample type, atoll, and island is given here. The total number of analyses by radionuclide are 8840 for /sup 241/Am, 6569 for /sup 137/Cs, 4535 for /sup 239 +240/Pu, 4431 for /sup 90/Sr, 1146 for /sup 238/Pu, 269 for /sup 241/Pu, and 114 each for /sup 239/Pu and /sup 240/Pu. A complete breakdown by sample category, atoll or island, and radionuclide is also included.« less
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Storlazzi, Curt; Gingerich, Stephen B.; van Dongeren, Ap; Cheriton, Olivia; Swarzenski, Peter W.; Quataert, Ellen; Voss, Clifford I.; Field, Donald W.; Annamalai, Hariharasubramanian; Piniak, Greg A.; McCall, Robert T.
2018-01-01
Sea levels are rising, with the highest rates in the tropics, where thousands of low-lying coral atoll islands are located. Most studies on the resilience of these islands to sea-level rise have projected that they will experience minimal inundation impacts until at least the end of the 21st century. However, these have not taken into account the additional hazard of wave-driven overwash or its impact on freshwater availability. We project the impact of sea-level rise and wave-driven flooding on atoll infrastructure and freshwater availability under a variety of climate change scenarios. We show that, on the basis of current greenhouse gas emission rates, the nonlinear interactions between sea-level rise and wave dynamics over reefs will lead to the annual wave-driven overwash of most atoll islands by the mid-21st century. This annual flooding will result in the islands becoming uninhabitable because of frequent damage to infrastructure and the inability of their freshwater aquifers to recover between overwash events. This study provides critical information for understanding the timing and magnitude of climate change impacts on atoll islands that will result in significant, unavoidable geopolitical issues if it becomes necessary to abandon and relocate low-lying island states.
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Munger, Lisa M; Lammers, Marc O; Fisher-Pool, Pollyanna; Wong, Kevin
2012-10-01
Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) wintering in American Samoan waters belong to the endangered Oceania subpopulation (IUCN Red List), but survey effort in this region has been relatively limited. Humpback whale seasonal occurrence was assessed using long-term passive acoustic recordings from March 2008 to July 2009 at Tutuila, the most populous island of American Samoa, and October 2008 to September 2009 at the remote Rose Atoll, 240 km to the east. Humpback whale song occurred from mid-July through November at both locations. For days with song, the mean number of recordings per day with song was significantly greater at Tutuila than at Rose Atoll. Song incidence at Rose Atoll peaked at 82% of recordings/day in late September 2008, and at Tutuila 70-100% of recordings contained song in late August through early September 2009, when recording ceased. Song incidence at Rose Atoll decreased at midday and increased at midnight, whereas there was no significant diurnal pattern at Tutuila. The lower overall incidence of song and its episodic nature at Rose Atoll suggest lower densities of whales traveling through the likely smaller detection area there, whereas greater song incidence and longer peak periods at Tutuila suggest greater whale densities and longer residence times.
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Neogene biostratigraphy and paleoenvironments of Enewetak Atoll, equatorial Pacific Ocean
Cronin, T. M.; Bybell, L.M.; Brouwers, E.M.; Gibson, T.G.; Margerum, R.; Poore, R.Z.
1991-01-01
Micropaleontologic analyses of Neogene sediments from Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands, provide data on the age of lagoonal deposits, stratigraphic disconformities and the paleoenvironmental and subsidence history of the atoll. Benthic foraminifers, planktic foraminifers, calcareous nannofossils and ostracodes were studied from six boreholes, the deepest penetrating 1605 feet below the lagoon floor into upper Oligocene strata. The Oligocene-Miocene boundary occurs at about 1200 ft below the lagoon floor. The early and middle Miocene is characterized by brief periods of deposition and numerous hiatuses. Ostracodes and benthic foraminifers indicate a shallow-marine reefal environment with occasional brackish water conditions. Upper Miocene and lower Pliocene deposits placed in calcareous nannofossil Zones NN9-15 and in planktic foraminifer Zones N16-19 contain species-rich benthic microfaunas which indicate alternating reefal and brackish water mangrove environments. The upper Pliocene contains at least two major depositional hiatuses that coincide with a major faunal turnover in benthic foraminiferal and ostracode assemblages. The Quaternary is characterized by benthic microfaunas similar to those of modern atoll lagoons and is punctuated by at least 11 disconformities which signify periods of low sea level. Atoll subsidence rates during the last 10 Ma averaged 30 to 40 m/m.y. ?? 1991 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. All rights reserved.
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Miranda, Andrea L; Cordeiro, Soraia M; Reis, Joice N; Cardoso, Lucas G; Guimarães, Alaíse G
2017-01-01
Coral reefs are one of the most vulnerable ecosystems to ocean warming and acidification, and it is important to determine the role of reef building species in this environment in order to obtain insight into their susceptibility to expected impacts of global changes. Aspects of the life history of a coral population, such as reproduction, growth and size-frequency can contribute to the production of models that are used to estimate impacts and potential recovery of the population, acting as a powerful tool for the conservation and management of those ecosystems. Here, we present the first evidence of Siderastrea stellata planulation, its early growth, population size-frequency distribution and growth rate of adult colonies in Rocas Atoll. Our results, together with the environmental protection policies and the absence of anthropogenic pressures, suggest that S. stellata population may have a good potential in the maintenance and recovery in the atoll. However, our results also indicate an impact on corals' recruitment, probably as a consequence of the positive temperature anomaly that occurred in 2010. Thus, despite the pristine status of Rocas Atoll, the preservation of its coral community seems to be threatened by current global changes, such as more frequent thermal stress events.
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Storlazzi, Curt D; Gingerich, Stephen B; van Dongeren, Ap; Cheriton, Olivia M; Swarzenski, Peter W; Quataert, Ellen; Voss, Clifford I; Field, Donald W; Annamalai, Hariharasubramanian; Piniak, Greg A; McCall, Robert
2018-04-01
Sea levels are rising, with the highest rates in the tropics, where thousands of low-lying coral atoll islands are located. Most studies on the resilience of these islands to sea-level rise have projected that they will experience minimal inundation impacts until at least the end of the 21st century. However, these have not taken into account the additional hazard of wave-driven overwash or its impact on freshwater availability. We project the impact of sea-level rise and wave-driven flooding on atoll infrastructure and freshwater availability under a variety of climate change scenarios. We show that, on the basis of current greenhouse gas emission rates, the nonlinear interactions between sea-level rise and wave dynamics over reefs will lead to the annual wave-driven overwash of most atoll islands by the mid-21st century. This annual flooding will result in the islands becoming uninhabitable because of frequent damage to infrastructure and the inability of their freshwater aquifers to recover between overwash events. This study provides critical information for understanding the timing and magnitude of climate change impacts on atoll islands that will result in significant, unavoidable geopolitical issues if it becomes necessary to abandon and relocate low-lying island states.
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2018-01-01
Sea levels are rising, with the highest rates in the tropics, where thousands of low-lying coral atoll islands are located. Most studies on the resilience of these islands to sea-level rise have projected that they will experience minimal inundation impacts until at least the end of the 21st century. However, these have not taken into account the additional hazard of wave-driven overwash or its impact on freshwater availability. We project the impact of sea-level rise and wave-driven flooding on atoll infrastructure and freshwater availability under a variety of climate change scenarios. We show that, on the basis of current greenhouse gas emission rates, the nonlinear interactions between sea-level rise and wave dynamics over reefs will lead to the annual wave-driven overwash of most atoll islands by the mid-21st century. This annual flooding will result in the islands becoming uninhabitable because of frequent damage to infrastructure and the inability of their freshwater aquifers to recover between overwash events. This study provides critical information for understanding the timing and magnitude of climate change impacts on atoll islands that will result in significant, unavoidable geopolitical issues if it becomes necessary to abandon and relocate low-lying island states. PMID:29707635
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Dispersal of emerald ash borer at outlier sites: three case studies
Deborah G. McCullough; Nathan W. Siegert; Therese M. Poland; David L. Cappaert; Ivich Fraser; David Williams
2005-01-01
We worked with cooperators from several state and federal agencies in 2003 and 2004 to assess dispersal of emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, from known source points in three outlier sites. In February 2003, we felled and sampled more than 200 ash trees at an outlier site near Tipton, Michigan, where one generation of adult...
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High School Grade Inflation from 1991 to 2003. Research Report Series 2004-04
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Woodruff, David J.; Ziomek, Robert L.
2004-01-01
This report presents the results of a study investigating inflation in high school grade point average (HSGPA). Inflation was measured by comparing HSGPA to ACT Assessment (ACT) scores over the years 1991 to 2003. The results indicate the presence of grade inflation over the 13 years. That is, HSGPAs increased without a concomitant increase in…
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Student-Level Analysis of Year 1 (2003-2004) Achievement Outcomes for Tennessee Charter Schools
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Ross, Steven M.; McDonald, Aaron J.; Gallagher, Brenda McSparrin
2005-01-01
This report presents student-level achievement results for the four charter schools that began operation in Tennessee during the 2003-04 academic year. To conduct a rigorous and valid analysis of student achievement outcomes at these schools, we employed a matched program-control design at the student level, whereby each charter school student was…
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Your Renewal FAFSA: Free Application for Federal Student Aid, 2003-2004 School Year.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Office of Federal Student Aid (ED), Washington, DC.
This form is used to renew an application for federal and state grants, work study, and loans. The renewal version contains preprinted information that the student reported for the 2002-2003 school year. As a result, it is faster and easier for the student to use than the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). The form contains…
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State Arts Agencies 1965-2003: Whose Interests to Serve?
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Lowell, Julia F.
2004-01-01
Three-quarters of all U.S. state and jurisdictional governments cut their arts budgets in fiscal year 2003, and more than one-half imposed further cuts in fiscal year 2004. In this first of a series of reports commissioned by The Wallace Foundation, the author argues that these state arts budget cuts reflect more than just a one-time response to…
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2007-05-01
Dixon and Stern, 2004), and gun violence prevention programs ( Tita et al., 2003). As DHS considers promulgating regulations and implementing new...communication 2/21/07. Tita , G., K. J. Riley, G. Ridgeway, C. A. Grammich, A. Abrahamse, and P. W. Greenwood (2003), Reducing Gun Violence: Results
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... your existing affected source; (2) By April 7, 2004 for a new source that has an initial startup date before October 10, 2003; or (3) Within 180 days after initial startup for a new source that has an initial startup date after October 10, 2003. (b) For each operation and maintenance requirement that...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... your existing affected source; (2) By April 7, 2004 for a new source that has an initial startup date before October 10, 2003; or (3) Within 180 days after initial startup for a new source that has an initial startup date after October 10, 2003. (b) For each operation and maintenance requirement that...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... your existing affected source; (2) By April 7, 2004 for a new source that has an initial startup date before October 10, 2003; or (3) Within 180 days after initial startup for a new source that has an initial startup date after October 10, 2003. (b) For each operation and maintenance requirement that...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... your existing affected source; (2) By April 7, 2004 for a new source that has an initial startup date before October 10, 2003; or (3) Within 180 days after initial startup for a new source that has an initial startup date after October 10, 2003. (b) For each operation and maintenance requirement that...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... your existing affected source; (2) By April 7, 2004 for a new source that has an initial startup date before October 10, 2003; or (3) Within 180 days after initial startup for a new source that has an initial startup date after October 10, 2003. (b) For each operation and maintenance requirement that...
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Tesfaye, Casey Langer; Mulvey, Patrick J.
2007-01-01
This report describes the initial employment and educational paths pursued by physics and astronomy degree recipients at the bachelor's, master's, and PhD levels for the classes of 2002-03 and 2003-04. The report includes starting salaries, primary work activities, ratings of professional challenge and other aspects of initial employment. The…
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ribeiro, Henelyta S.; Schuchmann, Heike P.; Engel, Robert; Walz, Elke; Briviba, Karlis
Carotenoids are natural pigments, which are synthesized by microorganisms and plants. More than 600 naturally occurring carotenoids have been found in the nature. The main sources of carotenoids are fruits, vegetables, leaves, peppers, and certain types of fishes, sea foods, and birds. Carotenoids may protect cells against photosensitization and work as light-absorbing pigments during photosynthesis. Some carotenoids may inhibit the destructive effect of reactive oxygen species. Due to the antioxidative properties of carotenoids, many investigations regarding their protective effects against cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancers, as well as other degenerative illnesses, have been carried out in the last years (Briviba et al. 2004; Krinsky et al. 2004; Kirsh et al. 2006). A diet rich in carotenoids may also contribute to photoprotection against UV radiation (Stahl et al. 2006). In vitro studies have shown that carotenoids such as β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene stimulate bone formation and mineralization. The results may be related to prevention of osteoporosis (Kim et al. 2003; Yamaguchi and Uchiyama 2003; 2004; Yamaguchi et al. 2005).
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Orpin, Alan R.; Rickard, Graham J.; Gerring, Peter K.; Lamarche, Geoffroy
2016-05-01
Devastating tsunami over the last decade have significantly heightened awareness of the potential consequences and vulnerability of low-lying Pacific islands and coastal regions. Our appraisal of the potential tsunami hazard for the atolls of the Tokelau Islands is based on a tsunami source-propagation-inundation model using Gerris Flow Solver, adapted from the companion study by Lamarche et al. (2015) for the islands of Wallis and Futuna. We assess whether there is potential for tsunami flooding on any of the village islets from a selection of 14 earthquake-source experiments. These earthquake sources are primarily based on the largest Pacific earthquakes of Mw ≥ 8.1 since 1950 and other large credible sources of tsunami that may impact Tokelau. Earthquake-source location and moment magnitude are related to tsunami-wave amplitudes and tsunami flood depths simulated for each of the three atolls of Tokelau. This approach yields instructive results for a community advisory but is not intended to be fully deterministic. Rather, the underlying aim is to identify credible sources that present the greatest potential to trigger an emergency response. Results from our modelling show that wave fields are channelled by the bathymetry of the Pacific basin in such a way that the swathes of the highest waves sweep immediately northeast of the Tokelau Islands. Our limited simulations suggest that trans-Pacific tsunami from distant earthquake sources to the north of Tokelau pose the most significant inundation threat. In particular, our assumed worst-case scenario for the Kuril Trench generated maximum modelled-wave amplitudes in excess of 1 m, which may last a few hours and include several wave trains. Other sources can impact specific sectors of the atolls, particularly distant earthquakes from Chile and Peru, and regional earthquake sources to the south. Flooding is dependent on the wave orientation and direct alignment to the incoming tsunami. Our "worst-case" tsunami simulations of the Tokelau Islands suggest that dry areas remain around the villages, which are typically built on a high islet. Consistent with the oral history of little or no perceived tsunami threat, simulations from the recent Tohoku and Chile earthquake sources suggest only limited flooding around low-lying islets of the atoll. Where potential tsunami flooding is inferred from the modelling, recommended minimum evacuation heights above local sea level are compiled, with particular attention paid to variations in tsunami flood depth around the atolls, subdivided into directional quadrants around each atoll. However, complex wave behaviours around the atolls, islets, tidal channels and within the lagoons are also observed in our simulations. Wave amplitudes within the lagoons may exceed 50 cm, increasing any inundation and potential hazards on the inner shoreline of the atolls, which in turn may influence evacuation strategies. Our study shows that indicative simulation studies can be achieved even with only basic field information. In part, this is due to the spatially and vertically limited topography of the atoll, short reef flat and steep seaward bathymetry, and the simple depth profile of the lagoon bathymetry.
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76 FR 81928 - Kansas City, KS, Board of Public Utilities; Notice of Petition for Waiver
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-12-29
.... \\1\\ Open Access Same-Time Information System and Standards of Conduct, Order No. 889, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 31,035 (1996), order on reh'g, Order No. 889-A, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 31,049 (1997), reh'g... Providers, Order No. 2004, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 31,155 (2003), order on reh'g, Order No. 2004-A, FERC Stats...
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2005-08-01
several years (Bunce et al. 1997; de Lima Leite et al. 2003; Panizza and Cerisola 2004). Treatment is achieved by either oxidation (anodic) or...and mixed anaerobic cultures," Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 4341-4346. Panizza , M., and Cerisola, G. (2004). "Influence of anode material on the
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Pitch-Based Segregation of Reverberant Speech
2005-02-01
speaker recognition in real environments, audio information retrieval and hearing prosthesis. Second, although binaural listening improves the...intelligibility of target speech under anechoic conditions (Bronkhorst, 2000), this binaural advantage is largely eliminated by reverberation (Plomp, 1976...Brown and Cooke, 1994; Wang and Brown, 1999; Hu and Wang, 2004) as well as in binaural separation (e.g., Roman et al., 2003; Palomaki et al., 2004
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Square Peg in a Round Hole: Out-of-Field Teaching and Its Impact on Teacher Attrition
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Olmos, Frank
2010-01-01
Out-of-field teaching is a national occurrence that has not had extensive examination in relation to teacher retention and attrition. Using a nationally representative sample of secondary public school teachers, (N =770) taken from the 2003-2004 Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS) and the 2004-2005 Teacher Follow-up Survey (TFS) datasets, the…
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Ober, J.A.
2006-01-01
In 2005, lithium consumption in the United States was at 2.5 kt of contained lithium, nearly 32% more than the estimate for 2004. World consumption was 14.1 kt of lithium contained in minerals and compounds in 2003. Exports from the US increased slightly compared with 2004. Due to strong demand for lithium compounds in 2005, both lithium carbonate plants in Chile were operating at or near capacity.
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Gauging Media Influence on Adolescent Suicide Rates
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Siegel, Darren; McCabe, Paul C.
2009-01-01
The "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report" published by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reported that in 2004, suicide was the third leading cause of death among 10- to 24-year olds and accounted for 4,599 deaths. From 2003 to 2004, suicide rates of females age 10-14 years and 15-19 years and males age 15-19 years increased significantly.…
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Declining Foreign Enrollment at Higher Education Institutions in the United States: A Research Note
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Naidoo, Vik
2007-01-01
When the Institute of International Education reported a drop of 2.4% in international student enrollment in the United States in 2003/2004, the first absolute decline in foreign enrollments since 1971/1972 (Open Doors, 2004), many were quick to point fingers at visa policies instituted after the September 11, 2001 attacks. The "Visas…
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Southern pulpwood production, 2004
Tony G. Johnson; Carolyn D. Steppleton
2006-01-01
In 2004, the South's production of pulpwood increased from 61.3 million cords in 2003 to 63.8 million cords. Roundwood production increased 6 percent to 47.0 million cords and accounted for 74 percent of the total pulpwood production. The use of wood residue declined 1 percent to 16.8 million cords. Alabama led the South in total production at 10.2 million cords....
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Estimating sawmill processing capacity for Tongass timber: 2003 and 2004 update.
Allen M. Brackley; Daniel J. Parrent; Thomas D. Rojas
2006-01-01
In spring 2004 and 2005, sawmill capacity and wood utilization information was collected for selected mills in southeast Alaska. The collected information is required to prepare information for compliance with Section 705(a) of the Tongass Timber Reform Act. The total capacity in the region (active and inactive mills) was 370,350 thousand board feet (mbf) Scribner log...
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DeMartini, E.E.; Zgliczynski, B.J.; Boland, R.C.; Friedlander, A.M.
2009-01-01
This paper describes the results of a field survey designed to test the prediction that the density of benthic juveniles of shallow-reef fishes is greater on wind-wave "exposed" sectors of a pair of isolated oceanic atolls (Kure, Pearl and Hermes) at the far northwestern end of the Hawaiian Islands, an archipelago in which east-northeasterly trade winds dominate onshore water flow and transport by surface currents. The densities of recruits (juveniles ???5 cm total length) were higher overall on windward versus leeward sectors of carbonate rock-rubble back reefs at both atolls, and the pattern was stronger for smaller (likely younger, more recently settled) recruits of four of the five most abundant species and the remainder pooled as an "Other" taxon. The windward-leeward disparity was four-fold greater at Pearl Hermes (the atoll with a three-fold longer perimeter) than at Kure. Resident predator biomass also was correlated with recruit densities, but habitat (benthic substratum) effects were generally weak. The distribution and abundance of recruits and juveniles of the primarily endemic reef fishes on shallow back reefs at these atolls appear partly influenced by relative rates of water flow over windward vs. leeward sectors of barrier reef and by the size, shape, and orientation of habitat parcels that filter out postlarval fishes with relatively weak swimming capabilities like labroids. Whole-reef geomorphology as well as fine-scale habitat heterogeneity and rugosity should be considered among the suite of many factors used to interpret observed spatial patterns of post-settlement juvenile fish distribution at atolls and perhaps some other tropical reefs. ?? The Author(s) 2009.
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Wang, Jun; Caccamise, Sarah A L; Wu, Liejun; Woodward, Lee Ann; Li, Qing X
2011-08-01
Several nuclear tests were performed at Enewetak and Bikini Atolls in the Marshall Islands between 1946 and 1958. The events at Bikini Atoll involved several ships that were tested for durability during nuclear explosions, and 24 vessels now rest on the bottom of the Bikini lagoon. Nine soil samples were collected from different areas on the two islands of the atoll, and eighteen sediment, nine fish, and one lobster were collected in the vicinity of the sunken ships. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) in these samples were analyzed using gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry (GC/ITMS). The average recoveries ranged from 78% to 104% for the different PCB congeners. The limits of detection (LOD) for PCBs, PCTs, DDE, DDT, and dieldrin ranged 10-50 pg g(-1). Some fish from Enewetak contained PCBs at a concentration range of 37-137 ng g(-1), dry weight (dw), and most of the soils from Enewetak showed evidence of PCBs (22-392 ng g(-1)dw). Most of the Bikini lagoon sediment samples contained PCBs, and the highest was the one collected from around the Saratoga, an aircraft carrier (1555 ng g(-1)dw). Some of the fish samples, most of the soil samples, and only one of the sediment samples contained 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (DDE) and PCBs. In addition to PCBs, the soils from Enewetak Atoll contained PCTs. PCTs were not detected in the sediment samples from Bikini Atoll. The results suggest local pollution sources of PCBs, PCTs, and OCPs. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Schlanger, S.O.
Prior to 1968, ooids had not been described from shallow-water carbonate complexes deposited in atoll, seamount, or guyot settings in the Pacific basin. This apparent lack of an oolite facies in the Pacific was puzzling, considering the abundance of ooids in modern Bahamian settings and in the Phanerozoic record in general. Since 1968, Deep Sea Drilling Project operations, marine seismic stratigraphic studies, dredging on drowned atolls, and field studies of an emergent atoll have revealed the presence of a Cretaceous oolite limestone atop Ita Maitai Guyot, Paleocene ooids on Koko Seamount, late Paleocene to middle Eocene ooids on Ojin Seamount,more » Eocene ooids on Harrie Guyot, and Holocene oolite limestone on Malden Island. At Ita Maitai Guyot the oolite limestone overlies normal lagoon sediments and is overlain by deep-water pelagic carbonate. At Malden Island, which is an emergent atoll, 3550-year-old oolite limestone overlies a 125,000-year-old reef complex. At Harrie Guyot and at Koko and Ojin Seamounts, ooids are associated with drowned atoll reef and lagoon complexes. The paleolatitude of deposition of the oolite facies lay between 5/sup 0/S and 18/sup 0/N. In these settings the formation of the oolite facies was apparently related to a rapid rise in sea level that caused flooding of an antecedent reef complex which failed to keep up with the rise in sea level. In Pacific basin environments the oolite facies is a minor and temporally ephemeral one which accounts for its scarcity in the stratigraphic record from this region.« less
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Dongsha Atoll: A potential thermal refuge for reef-building corals in the South China Sea.
Tkachenko, Konstantin S; Soong, Keryea
2017-06-01
Dongsha Atoll (also known as the Pratas Islands), the northernmost atoll in the South China Sea, experiences two contrasting physical phenomena: repetitive anomalies of the sea surface temperature exceeding the coral bleaching threshold and regular effects of the world's strongest internal waves resulting in the rhythmic upwelling of cold deep waters at the outer reef slopes of the atoll. This unique combination may result in significant differences in coral species composition and structure between the lagoon and forereef. Surveys conducted in August-September 2016 at 12 study sites in the 2-15 m depth range at Dongsha Atoll revealed a clear spatial separation between 'thermally-susceptible' stony coral genera, including Acropora, Pocillopora and Montipora, which mainly inhabited the forereef, and 'thermally-resistant' genera, including massive Porites, foliaceous Echinopora, Pavona and Turbinaria, which mainly resided in the lagoon. The mean coral cover and species richness on the forereef were respectively 1.8 and 1.4 times higher than those in the lagoon (61.3% and 98 species on the forereef vs. 34.2% and 69 species in the lagoon). Coral mortality rates, expressed as the ratio of dead to live stony corals, showed the same pattern (0.4 in the lagoon vs. 0.009 on the forereef). Furthermore, in a laboratory experiment, 'thermally-susceptible' taxa from the lagoon, (e.g. Pocillopora verrucosa and P. damicornis), exhibited higher resistance to bleaching than did their counterparts from the forereef. The present findings indicate that Dongsha Atoll is a potential thermal refuge for reef-building corals in the northern South China Sea and reveal the development of resilience and resistance to bleaching in coral communities of the lagoon. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Experimental reintroduction reveals novel life-history variation in Laysan Ducks (Anas laysanensis)
Walters, Jeffrey R.; Reynolds, Michelle H.
2013-01-01
Subfossil remains indicate that the Laysan Duck (Anas laysanensis) formerly occurred throughout the Hawaiian archipelago, but for more than 150 years it has been confined to a single, small atoll in the northwestern chain, Laysan Island. In 2004–2005, 42 ducks were reintroduced from Laysan to Midway Atoll, where they exhibited variation in life history never observed on Laysan. On Laysan, females have never been observed to breed successfully at age 1 year and few attempt it, whereas on Midway, females routinely raised young at <1 year of age. Mean (± SD) clutch size on Midway (7.0 ± 1.1, n = 41) was larger than the maximum clutch size of six eggs observed on Laysan. On Midway, renesting following nest failure (0.55 probability, n = 27) and double brooding (0.50, n = 54) were routine, and two instances of triple brooding were observed, whereas on Laysan, renesting and double brooding are rare (0.05 probability for both during our study; n = 21 and 19, respectively) and triple brooding has never been observed. Other novel life history on Midway included early cessation of parental care to renest. Altered life history on Midway is likely related to better feeding conditions and low population density compared with Laysan. An especially intriguing possibility is that the phenotypic plasticity observed represents exposure of hidden reaction norms evolved when the species inhabited a range of environments, but several alternative explanations exist. Future reintroductions of this species may provide opportunities to test hypotheses about mechanisms underlying phenotypic plasticity.
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Halloran, M Elizabeth; Piedra, Pedro A; Longini, Ira M; Gaglani, Manjusha J; Schmotzer, Brian; Fewlass, Charles; Herschler, Gayla B; Glezen, W Paul
2007-05-16
In the 2003-2004 influenza season, the predominant circulating influenza A (H3N2) virus in the United States was similar antigenically to A/Fujian/411/2002 (H3N2), a drift variant of A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2), the vaccine strain. That year, a field study of trivalent live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV-T) was conducted in Temple-Belton, Texas, as part of a larger community-based, non-randomized, open-label study in three communities that began in August 1998 [Gaglani MJ, Piedra PA, Herschler GB, Griffith ME, Kozinetz CA, Riggs MW, et al. Direct effectiveness of the trivalent, cold-adapted, influenza virus vaccine (CAIV-T) against the 2000-2001 influenza A (H1N1) and B epidemic in healthy children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:65-73; Piedra PA, Gaglani MJ, Kozinetz CA, Herschler G, Riggs M, Griffith M, et al. Herd immunity in adults against influenza-related illnesses with use of the trivalent-live attenuated influenza vaccine (CAIV-T) in children. Vaccine 2005;23:1540-8; Piedra PA, Gaglani MJ, Riggs M, Herschler G, Fewlass C, Watts M, et al. Live attenuated influenza vaccine, trivalent, is safe in healthy children 18 months to 4 years, 5 to 9 years, and 10 to 18 years of age in a community-based, nonrandomized, open-label trial. Pediatrics 2005;116:397-407]. Participants were healthy children aged 5-18 years. The analysis here concerns 6403 children in the Scott & White Health Plan (SWHP) database living within zip codes of the Temple-Belton area, of whom 1706 received LAIV-T and 548 received trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) in 2003, 983 had been previously vaccinated in 1998-2001, but not in 2002-2003 or 2003, and 3166 had never been vaccinated. The main outcome measure was medically-attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI). Surveillance culture results were incorporated into the analysis to estimate efficacy against culture-confirmed influenza illness. Vaccine effectiveness of LAIV-T against MAARI was 26% (95% confidence interval (CI) 11, 39). Vaccine efficacy of LAIV-T against culture-confirmed influenza illness including surveillance cultures of children in the SWHP database in the validation calculation was 56% (95% CI 24, 84). LAIV-T was cross-protective with a drift variant strain in 2003-2004, evidence that such vaccines could be important for preparing for a pandemic and for annual influenza.
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Olson, D.W.
2004-01-01
Part of the 2003 industrial minerals review. Supply and demand data for industrial diamond are provided. Topics discussed are consumption, prices, imports and exports, government stockpiles, and the outlook for 2004.
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2014-06-04
ISS040-E-007404 (4 June 2014) --- One of the Expedition 40 crew members aboard the International Space Station on June 4, 2014, recorded this vertical image of Fangataufa Atoll, a small coral atoll on the eastern side of the Tuamotu Archipelago in French Polynesia in the South Pacific Ocean.
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Sun, Yu-Xin; Hu, Yong-Xia; Zhang, Zai-Wang; Xu, Xiang-Rong; Li, Heng-Xiang; Zuo, Lin-Zi; Zhong, Yi; Sun, Hong; Mai, Bi-Xian
2017-05-15
Six marine biota species were collected from the Xuande Atoll, South China Sea to investigate the bioaccumulation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and dechlorane plus (DP). Pike conger (Muraenesox talabonoides) had the highest concentrations of halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs) among the six marine biota species. DDTs were the predominant HOPs, followed by PCBs and PBDEs, with minor contributions of DBDPE and DP. Twenty-one percent of samples had ratios of (DDE+DDD)/ΣDDTs lower than 0.5, implying the presence of fresh DDT inputs in the environment of the Xuande Atoll. The biomagnification factor values for DDTs, PCBs, PBDEs and DP were higher than 1, suggesting biomagnification of these contaminants in the marine food chains. Consumption of seafood from the Xuande Atoll might not subject local residents in the coastal areas of South China to health risks as far as HOPs are concerned. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Lafferty, Kevin D.; Shaw, Jenny C.; Kuris, Armand M.
2008-01-01
We compared parasite communities at two coral atolls in the Line Islands chain of the central Pacific (Kiritimati Island and Palmyra Atoll). Palmyra Atoll is relatively pristine while Kiritimati Island is heavily fished. At each island, we sampled five fish species for helminth and arthropod endoparasites: Chromis margaritifer, Plectroglyphidodon dickii,Paracirrhites arcatus, Acanthurus nigricans, and Lutjanus bohar. The surveys found monogeneans, digeneans, cestodes, nematodes, acanthocephalans, and copepods. Parasite richness was higher at Palmyra compared to Kiritimati for all five fish species. Fishes from Palmyra also tended to have more parasites species per host, higher parasite prevalence, and higher parasite abundance than did fishes from Kiritimati. The lower parasitism at Kiritimati may result from a simplified food web due to over fishing. Low biodiversity could impair parasite transmission by reducing the availability of hosts required by parasites with complex life cycles. Most notably, the lower abundances of larval shark tapeworms at Kiritimati presumably reflect the fact that fishing has greatly depleted sharks there in comparison to Palmyra.
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Bouvy, Marc; Dupuy, Christine; Pagano, Marc; Barani, Aude; Charpy, Loic
2012-01-01
The spatial variations of the picoplankton (photoautotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms) in the Ahe atoll lagoon were studied in May and October 2008 to assess whether they were affected by human activities along the atoll. Spatial patterns were studied using 10 sampling stations chosen according to the location of the anthropogenic activities (pearl farming, harbor). Experiments were also carried out to determine whether bacterial growth, with or without predators, was limited by inorganic (N and P) substrates. The results showed that heterotrophic bacterioplankton abundance was superior to the photoautotrophic organisms, especially in May. Significant increases in bacterial abundance were observed in May after 24 h incubation with +P and +N (but not in October). All samples complied with the quality levels for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) defined by the European Union and there was no evidence that human sewage had any impact on picoplankton over the whole atoll. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Circulation of the Elite in the Chinese Communist Party
2014-09-02
the 11th Party Congress. Li Disheng (rank 6) made it to the 11th Congress, but as a Politburo member, and not as a PSC member. Only Ye Jianying (rank 5...2003; Holbig 2009; Holbig and Gilley 2010; Hsu 2001; Lee 2010: Li 2013b; Schubert 2007; Zheng 2003. 4Dittmer 2001, 58; Yue 2008, 82-83. 5Bo 2007; Cho...2008; Dittmer 2001; Fewsmith 2003; Kou and Zang 2014; Li 1994; Li 2012; Lin 2004; Nathan 1973; Shih 2008; Shih et al. 2010; Shih et al. 2012; Tsou and
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2005-04-01
enter S-phase but does not rescue endogenous histone expression (Ye et al. 2003). It is well known that HPV E7 inactivates Rb, the critical regulator...transcription during S-phase (McKnight 2003; Zheng et al. 2003), and with HiNF-P, a transcription factor critical for transactivation of histone H4 genes...CBP/p300 histone acetyltransferase to promote S-phase entry (Wang et al. 2004). Taken together, our work has allowed to demonstrate the critical role of
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Kootenai River Focus Watershed Coordination, 2003-2004 Annual Report.
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Kootenai River Network,
2006-02-01
The Kootenai River Network (KRN) was contracted by the Bonneville Power Administration; PPA Project Number 96087200 for the period June 1, 2003 to May 31, 2004 to provide Kootenai River basin watershed coordination services. The prime focus of the KRN is coordinating activities and disseminating information related to watershed improvement and education and outreach with other interest groups in the Kootenai River basin. To this end, the KRN primarily focuses on maintaining communication networks among private and public watershed improvement groups in the Columbia River Basin. The KRN willing shares its resources with these groups. The 2003-2004 BPA contract extendedmore » the original Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks contract, which was transferred to the Kootenai River Network through a Memorandum of Understanding in November 2001. The KRN objectives of this contract were carried out through Watershed Coordinator position. The highly successful Kootenai River Network Annual General Meeting in Bonners Ferry in May 2003 demonstrated the tremendous gains that the Kootenai River Network has made in trans-boundary networking of watershed issues and accomplishments. The Annual General Meeting included seventy five participants representing more than forty US and Canadian citizen groups, tribes, first nations, agencies, ministries, businesses and private land owners from Montana, British Columbia, Idaho and Alberta. The International Restoration Tour in July 2004 featured the Grave Creek and Therriault Wetlands restoration projects in Montana and the Sand Creek and Wolf Creek restoration projects in British Columbia. The tour was attended by more than thirty people representing US and Canadian Federal and State/Provincial agencies, schools, colleges, conservation groups, private land owners, consultants, tribes, first nations, and politicians. These exciting trans-boundary successes encouraged the KRN to establish half-time Watershed Coordinator positions in both the United States and Canada. In September 2004 Kim Laub was hired as US-Watershed Coordinator and Jim and Laura Duncan were hired as Canadian Watershed Coordinators. To rejuvenate and revitalize the KRN, the Board conducted a strategic thinking and planning meeting in November 2004. All Board, staff and Advisory members participated in a combined effort to clearly define the goals of the KRN and to design ways of achieving those goals. Affirming and integrating board policy was a primary focus and it included writing accurate job descriptions for all KRN positions. KRN committee goals, the BPA contract and the Statement of Work plan were reviewed to establish future directions for a complex organization.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ford, M.; Becker, J. M.; Merrifield, M. A.
2012-12-01
Atoll islands are highly vulnerable to a range of inundation hazards. The impacts of such hazards are expected to be magnified as a result of continued sea-level rise. Both recent and historic inundation events provide unique insights into the requisite conditions necessary to initiate island inundation. A number of recent and historic inundation events are presented in order to examine the oceanographic and meteorological conditions driving inundation of a densely populated, urbanized atoll in the central Pacific. Analysis of inundation events suggests that a number of key drivers contribute to the spatial and temporal extent of island inundation, with unique degrees of predictability and resultant impact signatures apparent on island geomorphology and local anthropogenic activities. Results indicate three distinct drivers of inundation hazards exist. Firstly, tropical storms and typhoons elevate sea level through inverse barometric setup, wind setup and a range of wave driven processes and have caused considerable impact on atolls within the Marshall Islands. Secondly, super-elevated sea level conditions resulting from the combination of seasonal high tides and quasi-cyclical La Nina conditions drive inundation of low-lying lagoon facing coastal areas. Thirdly, long period swell conditions, typically generated by distant storms, can elevate reef-flat water levels through wave setup and infragravity wave oscillations. Such wave conditions can over wash the ocean-facing island ridge, often inundating large sections of the island. Reef-flat wave conditions are tidally modulated, with inundation events typically occurring around high tide. However, the two most recent destructive swell-driven inundation events have occurred while tide levels were significantly lower than spring tide levels, suggesting high water levels are not a necessary prerequisite for wave-driven inundation. The different modes of inundation are discussed and grounded within recent and historic inundation events, as well as results of a lengthy reef flat wave observation dataset from Kwajalein and Majuro Atolls in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Future impacts of continued sea-level rise are considered on each mode of island inundation and the implications for local response discussed within the context of urbanised atoll islands.
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Environmental sampling plan for Kwajalein Atoll Lagoon: 2017 Kwajalein sampling event
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Hamilton, T. F.
2017-07-01
Since the early 1980s, the U.S DOE Marshall Islands Program at LLNL has provided radiological monitoring of the marine and terrestrial environment at nuclear affected atolls in the northern Marshall Islands. The fundamental aim of these studies was to identify the level and distribution of key residual fallout radionuclide in the environment, improve understanding of prevalent radiation exposure pathways, and develop predictive dose assessments for resettled and resettling atoll population groups. These data and information were essential in terms of guiding the development of effective and environmentally protective remedial measures, and promoting potential actions to improve on food safety andmore » security.« less
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Independent Control of Grafting Density and Conformation of Single-Stranded DNA Brushes
2007-01-02
Abstreiter G, Tornow M (2004) Langmuir 20:10086–10092. 20. Kimura-Suda H, Petrovykh DY, Tarlov MJ, Whitman LJ (2003) J Am Chem Soc 125:9014–9015. 21. Wolf...Tarlov MJ, Himpsel FJ, Whitman LJ (2006) J Am Chem Soc 128:2–3. 25. Rant U, Arinaga K, Fujiwara T, Fujita S, Tornow M, Yokoyama N, Abstreiter G (2003
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A More Nuanced Approach to the Fourth Estate
2012-05-17
School of Journalism, 2004. Shepard , Alicia C. Narrowing the Gap - Military, Media and the Iraq War - Cantigny Conference Series. Chicago : The McCormick...wary of access pledge, Chicago Tribune, January 26, 2003. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-01- 26/news/0301260301_1_gulf-war-iraq-vietnam-war...http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=2476 (accessed September 17, 2011). 149 Alicia C. Shepard , Narrowing the Gap
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Severe pediatric influenza in California, 2003-2005: implications for immunization recommendations.
Louie, Janice K; Schechter, Robert; Honarmand, Somayeh; Guevara, Hugo F; Shoemaker, Trevor R; Madrigal, Nora Y; Woodfill, Celia J I; Backer, Howard D; Glaser, Carol A
2006-04-01
The 2003-2004 influenza season was marked by both the emergence of a new drift "Fujian" strain of influenza A virus and prominent reports of increased influenza-related deaths in children in the absence of baseline data for comparison. In December 2003, the California Department of Health Services initiated surveillance of children who were hospitalized in California with severe influenza in an attempt to measure its impact and to identify additional preventive measures. From December 2003 to May 2005, surveillance of children who were hospitalized in PICUs or dying in the hospital with laboratory evidence of influenza was performed by hospital infection control practitioners and local public health departments using a standardized case definition and reporting form. In the 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 influenza seasons, 125 and 35 cases, respectively, of severe influenza in children were identified in California. The mean and median age of cases were 3.1 years and 1.5 years, with breakdown as follows: < 6 months, 39 (24%); 6 to 23 months, 53 (33%); 2 to 4 years, 40 (25%); 5 to 11 years, 15 (9%); and 12 to 17 years, 13 (8%). Fifty-three percent (85 of 160) had an underlying medical condition(s), including a neurologic disorder (n = 36), chronic pulmonary disease (n = 26), genetic disorder (n = 19), cardiac disease (n = 18), prematurity (n = 14), immunocompromised status (n = 12), endocrine/renal disease (n = 2), and other (n = 1). Only 16% (15 of 96) of all patients had received influenza vaccination. Thirty-seven patients had an underlying illness that met existing Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) or American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommendations for immunization, but only 8 had been vaccinated. More than 3 times as many children were reported to be hospitalized in intensive care with influenza in California during the 2003-2004 season compared with the 2004-2005 season. Because children who are younger than 6 months remain at highest risk for severe influenza yet cannot currently be immunized, development and validation of preventive measures for them (eg, maternal immunization, breastfeeding, immunization of young infants and their close contacts) are urgently needed. ACIP's recent recommendation for influenza vaccination of children with conditions that can compromise respiratory function (eg, cognitive dysfunction, spinal cord injuries, seizure disorders, other neuromuscular disorders) is further supported by the frequency of underlying neurologic disease in these cases of severe influenza. A significant proportion of children with severe influenza in California, including children who are aged 2 to 4 years or have underlying genetic syndromes or prematurity, would not have been routinely recommended for influenza vaccination in 2005-2006 ACIP and AAP recommendations, calling into question whether such guidelines should be expanded. Continued surveillance for severe influenza-related morbidity and mortality is important to measure the impact of influenza on children.
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Truini, Margot; Macy, Jamie P.; Porter, Thomas J.
2005-01-01
The N aquifer is the major source of water in the 5,400-square-mile area of Black Mesa in northeastern Arizona. Availability of water is an important issue in this area because of continued industrial and municipal use, a growing population, and precipitation of about 6 to 14 inches per year. The monitoring program in the Black Mesa area has been operating since 1971 and is designed to determine the long-term effects of ground-water withdrawals from the N aquifer for industrial and municipal uses. The monitoring program includes measurements of (1) ground-water pumping, (2) ground-water levels, (3) spring discharge, (4) surface-water discharge, (5) ground-water chemistry, and (6) periodic testing of ground-water withdrawal meters. In 2003, total ground-water withdrawals were 7,240 acre-feet, industrial withdrawals were 4,450 acre-feet, and municipal withdrawals were 2,790 acre-feet. From 2002 to 2003, total withdrawals decreased by 10 percent, industrial withdrawals decreased by 4 percent, and municipal withdrawals decreased by 20 percent. Flowmeter testing was completed for 24 municipal wells in 2004. The median difference between pumping rates for the permanent meter and a test meter for all the sites tested was -2.9 percent. Values ranged from -10.9 percent at Forest Lake NTUA 1 to +7.8 percent at Rough Rock NTUA 2. From 2003 to 2004, water levels declined in 6 of 12 wells in the unconfined part of the aquifer, and the median change was -0.1 foot. Water levels declined in 7 of 11 wells in the confined part of the aquifer, and the median change was -2.7 feet. From the prestress period (prior to 1965) to 2003, the median water-level change for 26 wells was -23.2 feet. Median water-level change were -6.1 feet for 14 wells in the unconfined parts of the aquifer and and -72.1 feet for 12 wells in the confined part. Discharges were measured once in 2003 and once in 2004 at four springs. Discharge stayed the same at Pasture Canyon Spring, increased 9 percent at Moenkopi Spring, decreased 26 percent at an unnamed spring near Dennehotso, and decreased 50 percent at Burro Spring. For the past 12 years, discharges from the four springs have fluctuated; however, an increasing or decreasing trend is not apparent. Continuous records of surface-water discharge have been collected from 1976 to 2003 at Moenkopi Wash, 1996 to 2003 at Laguna Creek, 1993 to 2003 at Dinnebito Wash, and 1994 to 2003 at Polacca Wash. Median flows for November, December, January, and February of each water year were used as an index of ground-water discharge to those streams. Since 1995, the median winter flows have decreased for Moenkopi Wash, Dinnebito Wash, and Polacca Wash. Since the first continuous record of surface-water discharge in 1997, there is no consistent trend in the median winter flow for Laguna Creek. In 2004, water samples were collected from 12 wells and 4 springs and analyzed for selected chemical constituents. Dissolved-solids concentrations ranged from 100 to 649 milligrams per liter. Water samples from 11 of the wells and from all the springs had less than 500 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids. There are no appreciable time trends in the chemistry of water samples from 7 wells and 2 springs; increasing trends in dissolved-solids and chloride concentrations were evident from the more than 10 years of data for 2 springs.
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Niedenthal, J
1997-07-01
The people of Bikini Atoll were moved from their homeland in 1946 to make way for the testing of 23 nuclear weapons by the United States government, beginning with the world's fourth atomic detonation. The subsequent half-century exodus of the Bikini people included a 2-y stay on Rongerik Atoll, where near starvation resulted, and a 6-mo sojourn on Kwajalein Atoll, where they lived in tents beside a runway used by the U.S. military. In 1948, they were finally relocated to Kili, a small, isolated, 200-acre island owned by the U.S. Trust Territory government. Numerous hardships have been faced there, not the least of which was the loss of skills required for self-sustenance. Located 425 miles south of Bikini, Kili Island is without a sheltered lagoon. Thus for six months of the year, fishing and sailing become futile endeavors. Because of the residual radioactive contamination from the nuclear testing, the majority of the Bikinian population still resides on Kili today. One attempt was made to resettle Bikini in the late 1960's when President Lyndon B. Johnson, on recommendations from the Atomic Energy Commission, declared Bikini Atoll safe for habitation. In 1978, however, it was discovered by the U.S. Department of Energy that in the span of only one year, some of the returned islanders were showing a 75% increase in their body burdens of 137Cs. In 1978, the people residing on Bikini were moved again, this time to a small island in Majuro Atoll. In the early 1980's, the Bikinians filed a class action lawsuit against the U.S. government for damages arising out of the nuclear testing program. Although the claim was dismissed, eventually a $90 million trust fund was established for their local government. Since then the leaders of the people of Bikini residing on Kili Island and Majuro Atoll have been confronted with the immense responsibility of determining how to clean their atoll while at the same time maintaining the health and welfare of their displaced population. For the community and their leaders, grappling with these technical decisions has created a life of strife, debate and conflict-and an uncertain future. Now, a radiological cleanup of Bikini is expected to begin sometime within 1997. The objective of this paper, with the support of the views and the recollections of elder Bikinians, is to recount the history and discuss issues facing the first displaced people of the nuclear age.
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Nash Receives 2004 David Perlman Award for Excellence in Science Writing
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Elmer-DeWitt, Philip; Nash, J. Madeleine
2004-07-01
J. Madeleine Nash received the David Perlman Award for Excellence in Science Writing at the AGU Joint Assembly Honors Ceremony, which was held on 19 May 2004, in Montreal, Canada. Nash was honored for ``Fireproofing the Forests,'' an article that appeared in the 18 August 2003 edition of Time Magazine. ``It is an honor to present AGU's 2004 David Perlman Award to Madeleine Nash, a senior contributor to Time Magazine and, if I may say so, one of the great science writers of her generation.''
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Identification of Directional Couplings
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bezruchko, Boris P.; Smirnov, Dmitry A.
An important piece of information, which can be extracted from parameters of empirical models, is quantitative characteristics of couplings between processes under study. The problem of coupling detection is encountered in multiple fields including physics (Bezruchko et al., 2003), geophysics (Maraun and Kurths, 2005; Mokhov and Smirnov, 2006, 2008; Mosedale et al., 2006; Palus and Novotna, 2006; Verdes, 2005; Wang et al., 2004), cardiology (Rosenblum et al., 2002; Palus and Stefanovska, 2003) and neurophysiology (Arnhold et al., 1999; Brea et al., 2006; Faes et al., 2008; Friston et al., 2003; Kreuz et al., 2007; Kiemel et al., 2003; Le Van Quyen et al., 1999; Mormann et al., 2000; Osterhage et al., 2007; Pereda et al., 2005; Prusseit and Lehnertz, 2008; Smirnov et al., 2005; Romano et al., 2007; Schelter et al., 2006; Schiff et al., 1996; Sitnikova et al., 2008; Smirnov et al., 2008, Staniek and Lehnertz, 2008; Tass, 1999; Tass et al., 2003). Numerous investigations are devoted to synchronisation, which is an effect of interaction between non-linear oscillatory systems (see, e.g., Balanov et al., 2008; Boccaletti et al., 2002; Hramov and Koronovskii, 2004; Kreuz et al., 2007; Maraun and Kurths, 2005; Mormann et al., 2000; Mosekilde et al., 2002; Osipov et al., 2007; Palus and Novotna, 2006; Pikovsky et al., 2001; Prokhorov et al., 2003; Tass et al., 2003). In the last decade, more careful attention is paid to directional coupling analysis. Such characteristics might help, e.g., to localise an epileptic focus (a pathologic area) in the brain from electroencephalogram (EEG) or magnetoencephalogram (MEG) recordings: hypothetically, an increasing influence of an epileptic focus on adjacent areas leads to the seizure onset for some kinds of epilepsy.
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Monogenea of fishes from the lagoon flats of Palmyra Atoll in the Central Pacific
Vidal-Martínez, Víctor Manuel; Soler-Jiménez, Lilia Catherinne; Aguirre-Macedo, Ma. Leopoldina; Mclaughlin, John; Jaramillo, Alejandra G.; Shaw, Jenny C.; James, Anna; Hechinger, Ryan F.; Kuris, Armand M.; Lafferty, Kevin D.
2017-01-01
A survey of the monogeneans of fishes from the lagoon flats of Palmyra Atoll detected 16 species already reported from the Indo-West Pacific faunal region. A total of 653 individual fish from 44 species were collected from the sand flats bordering the lagoon of the atoll. Eighteen species of fish were infected with monogeneans. The monogenean species recovered were: Benedenia hawaiiensis on Acanthurus xanthopterus, Chaetodon auriga, Chaetodon lunula, Mulloidichthys flavolineatus, Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus and Rhinecanthus aculeatus; Ancyrocephalus ornatus on Arothron hispidus; Euryhaliotrema annulocirrus on Chaetodon auriga and Chaetodon lunula; Euryhaliotrema chrysotaeniae on Lutjanus fulvus; Euryhaliotrema grandis on Chaetodon auriga and Chaetodon lunula; Haliotrema acanthuri on Acanthurus triostegus; Haliotrema aurigae on Chaetodon auriga and Chaetodon lunula; Haliotrema dempsteri on Acanthurus xanthopterus; Haliotrema minutospirale on Mulloidichthys flavolineatus; Haliotrematoides patellacirrus on Lutjanus monostigma; Neohaliotrema bombini on Abudefduf septemfasciatus and Abudefduf sordidus; Acleotrema girellae and Acleotrema parastromatei on Kyphosus cinerascens; Cemocotylella elongata on Caranx ignobilis, Caranx melampygus and Caranx papuensis; Metamicrocotyla macracantha on Crenimugil crenilabris; and Pseudopterinotrema albulae on Albula glossodonta. All these monogenean–host combinations represent new geographical records. The monogenean species composition of the Palmyra Atoll is similar to that of the Hawaiian Islands. However, the number of species recovered was lower compared with other localities within the Indo-West Pacific, perhaps due to the geographical isolation of Palmyra Atoll.
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Transuranics in bone of deceased former residents of Rongelap Atoll, Marshall Islands.
Franke, B; Schupfner, R; Schüttelkopf, H; Spennemann, D H
1995-11-01
Rongelap Atoll received intensive fallout from the 1 March 1954 Bravo thermonuclear test 105 miles upwind at Bikini. Fearful of their continued exposure to radiation, the residents of Rongelap Atoll went into voluntary exile in 1985. Transuranic soil concentrations on Rongelap Island are about 2-3 orders of magnitude greater than the average for the Northern hemisphere; the three dominating transuranics are 239,240Pu and 241Am. Only conflicting information has been available about the extent of transuranic uptake by the Rongelap community. As part of the Rongelap Resettlement Project, the community endorsed the exhumation of bones of deceased former atoll residents to provide an independent estimate of plutonium intake. This approach has the advantage of reducing the uncertainties associated with pathway modeling and the interpretation of urine data. Six graves (4 adults, 2 children) were selected for exhumation. Femora and tibiae were selected as well as humeri from the children's graves. The rest of the remains was left undisturbed. The results of the analysis of 239,240Pu and 241Am are presented. Assuming that the data can be considered as representative for the Rongelap population as a whole, the contamination with transuranics on Rongelap Atoll appears to result in radiation exposures in the order of 1% of the compliance limit of 100 mrem (1 mSv) effective dose equivalent per year.
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Monogenea of fishes from the lagoon flats of Palmyra Atoll in the Central Pacific
Vidal-Martínez, Víctor Manuel; Soler-Jiménez, Lilia Catherinne; Aguirre-Macedo, Ma. Leopoldina; Mclaughlin, John; Jaramillo, Alejandra G.; Shaw2, Jenny C.; James, Anna; Hechinger, Ryan F.; Kuris, Armand M.; Lafferty, Kevin D.
2017-01-01
Abstract A survey of the monogeneans of fishes from the lagoon flats of Palmyra Atoll detected 16 species already reported from the Indo-West Pacific faunal region. A total of 653 individual fish from 44 species were collected from the sand flats bordering the lagoon of the atoll. Eighteen species of fish were infected with monogeneans. The monogenean species recovered were: Benedenia hawaiiensis on Acanthurus xanthopterus, Chaetodon auriga, Chaetodon lunula, Mulloidichthys flavolineatus, Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus and Rhinecanthus aculeatus; Ancyrocephalus ornatus on Arothron hispidus; Euryhaliotrema annulocirrus on Chaetodon auriga and Chaetodon lunula; Euryhaliotrema chrysotaeniae on Lutjanus fulvus; Euryhaliotrema grandis on Chaetodon auriga and Chaetodon lunula; Haliotrema acanthuri on Acanthurus triostegus; Haliotrema aurigae on Chaetodon auriga and Chaetodon lunula; Haliotrema dempsteri on Acanthurus xanthopterus; Haliotrema minutospirale on Mulloidichthys flavolineatus; Haliotrematoides patellacirrus on Lutjanus monostigma; Neohaliotrema bombini on Abudefduf septemfasciatus and Abudefduf sordidus; Acleotrema girellae and Acleotrema parastromatei on Kyphosus cinerascens; Cemocotylella elongata on Caranx ignobilis, Caranx melampygus and Caranx papuensis; Metamicrocotyla macracantha on Crenimugil crenilabris; and Pseudopterinotrema albulae on Albula glossodonta. All these monogenean–host combinations represent new geographical records. The monogenean species composition of the Palmyra Atoll is similar to that of the Hawaiian Islands. However, the number of species recovered was lower compared with other localities within the Indo-West Pacific, perhaps due to the geographical isolation of Palmyra Atoll. PMID:29134039
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chen, Jianyu; Mao, Zhihua; He, Xianqiang
2009-01-01
Coral reefs are complex marine ecosystems that are constructed and maintained by biological communities that thrive in tropical oceans. The Dong-Sha Atoll is located at the northern continental margin of the South China Sea. It has being abused by destructive activity of human being and natural event during recent decades. Remote sensing offers a powerful tool for studying coral reef geomorphology and is the most cost-effective approach for large-scale reef survey. In this paper, the high-resolution Quickbird2 imageries which covered the full atoll are used to categorize the current distribution of coral reefs geomorphological structure therein with the auxiliary SPOT5 and ASTER imageries. Spectral and texture analysis are used to distinguish the geomorphological diversity during data processing. The Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrices is adopted for texture feature extraction and atoll geomorphology mapping in the high-resolution pan-color image of Quickbird2. Quickbird2 is considered as the most appropriate image source for coral reefs studies. In the Dong-Sha Atoll, various dynamical geomorphologic units are developed according to wave energy zones. There the reef frame types are classified to 3 different types according as its diversity at the image. The radial structure system is the most characteristic and from high resolution imagery we can distinguish the discrepancy between them.
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Wang, Jun; Caccamise, Sarah A L; Woodward, Lee Ann; Li, Qing X
2015-01-01
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous in the environment. Midway Atoll, located in the North Pacific Ocean, was occupied by the military during and after World War II. However, Midway Atoll has become a national wildlife refuge and home to many different seabirds today, including the black-footed albatross (Diomedea nigripes) (BFAL). The profiles and toxic equivalents (TEQ) of PCB congeners in the plasma and preen oil of BFAL chicks and adults were determined in this study. The concentrations of the total PCBs in the plasma samples of chicks and adults collected in Midway Atoll ranged from 2.3 to 223.8 (mean 80.1) and 22.8 to 504.5 (mean 158.6) ng g(-1) (wet weight, ww), respectively. The TEQs ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 (mean 0.4) and 0.4 to 1.6 (mean 0.9) pg g(-1) ww, respectively, in the plasma samples of chicks and adults from Midway Atoll. The major congeners in the plasma samples of chicks and adults included PCBs 31, 87, 97, 99, 118, 138, 153, and 180, accounting for 70% of the total PCBs. The concentrations of the total PCBs in the adult preen oil samples ranged from 1693 to 39404 (mean 10122) ng g(-1) (ww), of which 97% were PCBs 105, 118, 128, 138, 153, 161, 172, and 183.
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Financial Services: A Report on the Industry 2004
2004-06-01
Better-Educated Workforce.” Washington Post, Feb 21, 2004, p. E-1. Mishkin , Frederic S. and Eakins, Stanley G. Financial Markets + Institutions , 4th...Frederick S. and Eakins, Stanley G. Financial Markets and Institutions . New York: Addison Wesley 2003, 4th edition, p. 449. xviii Standard...There is a need to improve Defense Department financial policies and procedures. A better understanding of the behavior of capital markets
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Breast Cancer Stem Cells in Antiestrogen Resistance
2014-10-01
immunogen.Theproduced antibodywas purifiedwith an affinity columnmade of immuno- gen peptides . The antibodywas characterized and validatedwith a number of...et al., 2003), PTP1B enzyme inhibitory (Chen et al., 2002; Nguyen et al., 2012), antimicrobial , cytotoxic (Sohn et al., 2004), antiplatelet (Lin et al...C.S., Kang, S.S., 2004. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of 18 prenylated flavonoids isolated frommedicinal plants:Morus alba L., Morusm ongolica
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A Graph Is Worth a Thousand Words? The Publication Rate of Graphs in the JCSD, 1999 to 2004
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Walker, David
2005-01-01
Graphing data and/or results from quantitative studies have been noted in the social sciences and the field of education as a means toward employing solid methodological practices. The publication rate in the JCSD of six specified graphs was examined under two editor ships from 1999 to 2003 and 2004. Preliminary results from the review suggested…
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Thermochemical Processes in Plasma Aerodynamics
2006-06-01
hydrocarbon fuel possesses not only much lower induction time but also more effective potential in thermodynamic combustion cycle (more complete exergy ... Internal Plasma- Assisted Combustion, AIAA Paper 2004-1014. Proc. 42 "d AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, 4-8 January 2004, Reno, NV, P. 10 2...Vystavkin N, Sukovatkin N, Serov Yu, Savischenko N, Yuriev A., External and Internal Plasma- Assisted Combustion AIAA Paper 2003-6240. Proc. 41st
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Internal Tidal Hydrodynamics and Ambient Characteristics of the Adriatic (ITHACA)
2006-12-31
document atmospheric conditions along the line extending from the coast to the open sea. 2.1. Measuring sites Position of meteorological measuring sites...idealized case, they are perpendicular to the straight shoreline. However, along the eastern Adriatic irregularly shaped coast there is a number of...Cvitan, 2003; Belusic et al., 2004; Belusic and Klaic, 2004, 2006), southwestward, downslope windstorm , which frequently blows over the Adriatic
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Molecular Identification of the Schwannomatosis Locus
2004-07-01
AD Award Number: DAMD17-03-1-0445 TITLE: Molecular Identification of the Schwannomatosis Locus PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Mia M. MacCollin, M.D...COVERED (Leave blank) July 2004 Annual (1 Jul 2003 - 30 Jun 2004) 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Molecular Identification of the Schwannomatosis ...DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 Words) Background: Schwannomatosis is a recently recognized
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Young, Stacie T.M.; Ball, Marcael T.J.
2004-01-01
Storm runoff water-quality samples were collected as part of the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation Stormwater Monitoring Program. This program is designed to assess the effects of highway runoff and urban runoff on Halawa Stream. For this program, rainfall data were collected at two sites, continuous streamflow data at three sites, and water-quality data at five sites, which include the three streamflow sites. This report summarizes rainfall, streamflow, and water-quality data collected between July 1, 2003 and June 30, 2004. A total of 30 samples was collected over four storms during July 1, 2003 to June 30, 2004. In general, an attempt was made to collect grab samples nearly simultaneously at all five sites, and flow-weighted time-composite samples were collected at the three sites equipped with automatic samplers. However, all four storms were partially sampled because either not all stations were sampled or only grab samples were collected. Samples were analyzed for total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, nutrients, chemical oxygen demand, and selected trace metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc). Grab samples were additionally analyzed for oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons, fecal coliform, and biological oxygen demand. Quality-assurance/quality-control samples, collected during storms and during routine maintenance, were also collected to verify analytical procedures and check the effectiveness of equipment-cleaning procedures.
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Variation in winter diet of southern Beaufort Sea polar bears inferred from stable isotope analysis
Bentzen, T.W.; Follmann, Erich H.; Amstrup, Steven C.; York, G.S.; Wooller, M.J.; O'Hara, T. M.
2007-01-01
Ringed seals (Phoca hispida Schreber, 1775 = Pusa hispida (Schreber, 1775)) and bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus (Erxleben, 1777)) represent the majority of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774) annual diet. However, remains of lower trophic level bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus L., 1758) are available in the southern Beaufort Sea and their dietary contribution to polar bears has been unknown. We used stable isotope (13C/12C, δ13C, 15N/14N, and δ15N) analysis to determine the diet composition of polar bears sampled along Alaska’s Beaufort Sea coast in March and April 2003 and 2004. The mean δ15N values of polar bear blood cells were 19.5‰ (SD = 0.7‰) in 2003 and 19.9‰ (SD = 0.7‰) in 2004. Mixing models indicated bowhead whales composed 11%–26% (95% CI) of the diets of sampled polar bears in 2003, and 0%–14% (95% CI) in 2004. This suggests significant variability in the proportion of lower trophic level prey in polar bear diets among individuals and between years. Polar bears depend on sea ice for hunting seals, and the temporal and spatial availabilities of sea ice are projected to decline. Consumption of low trophic level foods documented here suggests bears may increasingly scavenge such foods in the future.
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Cataract Surgery among Medicare Beneficiaries
Schein, Oliver D.; Cassard, Sandra D.; Tielsch, James M.; Gower, Emily W.
2014-01-01
Purpose To present descriptive epidemiology of cataract surgery among Medicare recipients in the United States. Setting Cataract surgery performed on Medicare beneficiaries in 2003 and 2004. Methods Medicare claims data were used to identify all cataract surgery claims for procedures performed in the United States in 2003-2004. Standard assumptions were used to limit the claims to actual cataract surgery procedures performed. Summary statistics were created to determine the number of procedures performed for each outcome of interest: cataract surgery rates by age, race, and gender; surgical volume by facility type, surgeon characteristics, and state; time interval between first- and second-eye cataract surgery. Results The national cataract surgery rate for 2003-2004 was 61.8 per 1000 Medicare beneficiary person-years. The rate was significantly higher for females and for those 75-84. After adjustment for age and gender, blacks had approximately a 30% lower rate of surgery than whites. While only 5% of cataract surgeons performed more than 500 cataract surgeries annually, these surgeons performed 26% of the total cataract surgeries. Increasing surgical volume was found to be highly correlated with use of ambulatory surgical centers and reduced time interval between first- and second-eye surgery in the same patient. Conclusions The epidemiology of cataract surgery in the United States Medicare population documents substantial variation in surgical rates by race, gender, age, and by certain provider characteristics. PMID:22978526
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Macroinvertebrate Responses to Constructed Riffles in the Cache River, Illinois, USA
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Walther, Denise A.; Whiles, Matt R.
2008-04-01
Stream restoration practices are becoming increasingly common, but biological assessments of these improvements are still limited. Rock weirs, a type of constructed riffle, were implemented in the upper Cache River in southern Illinois, USA, in 2001 and 2003-2004 to control channel incision and protect high quality riparian wetlands as part of an extensive watershed-level restoration. Construction of the rock weirs provided an opportunity to examine biological responses to a common in-stream restoration technique. We compared macroinvertebrate assemblages on previously constructed rock weirs and newly constructed weirs to those on snags and scoured clay streambed, the two dominant substrates in the unrestored reaches of the river. We quantitatively sampled macroinvertebrates on these substrates on seven occasions during 2003 and 2004. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) biomass and aquatic insect biomass were significantly higher on rock weirs than the streambed for most sample periods. Snags supported intermediate EPT and aquatic insect biomass compared to rock weirs and the streambed. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations for 2003 and 2004 revealed distinct assemblage groups for rock weirs, snags, and the streambed. Analysis of similarity supported visual interpretation of NMDS plots. All pair-wise substrate comparisons differed significantly, except recently constructed weirs versus older weirs. Results indicate positive responses by macroinvertebrate assemblages to in-stream restoration in the Cache River. Moreover, these responses were not evident with more common measures of total density, biomass, and diversity.
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Kroneman, Madelon W; van Essen, Gerrit A
2007-01-01
Background In Sweden, the vaccination campaign is the individual responsibility of the counties, which results in different arrangements. The aim of this study was to find out whether influenza vaccination coverage rates (VCRs) had increased between 2003/4 and 2004/5 among population at high risk and to find out the influence of personal preferences, demographic characteristics and health care system characteristics on VCRs. Methods An average sample of 2500 persons was interviewed each season (2003/4 and 2004/5). The respondents were asked whether they had had an influenza vaccination, whether they suffered from chronic conditions and the reasons of non-vaccination. For every county the relevant health care system characteristics were collected via a questionnaire sent to the medical officers of communicable diseases. Results No difference in VCR was found between the two seasons. Personal invitations strongly increased the chance of having had a vaccination. For the elderly, the number of different health care professionals in a region involved in administering vaccines decreased this chance. Conclusion Sweden remained below the WHO-recommendations for population at high risk due to disease. To meet the 2010 WHO-recommendation further action may be necessary to increase vaccine uptake. Increasing the number of personal invitations and restricting the number of different administrators responsible for vaccination may be effective in increasing VCRs among the elderly. PMID:17570837
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Actkinson, M.A.; Kuvlesky, W.P.; Boal, C.W.; Brennan, L.A.; Hernandez, F.
2009-01-01
We compared the breeding biology of sympatric nesting Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), White-tailed Hawks (Buteo albicaudatus), and Crested Caracaras (Caracara cheriway) in south Texas during 2003 and 2004. We monitored 46 breeding attempts by Red-tailed Hawks, 56 by White-tailed Hawks, and 27 by Crested Caracaras. Observed nesting success was similar for Red-tailed Hawks (62%) and Crested Caracaras (61%), but lower for White-tailed Hawks (51%). Daily survival rates (0.99) were the same for all three species. Red-tailed Hawks and White-tailed Hawks both fledged 1.13 young per nesting pair and Crested Caracaras fledged 1.39 young per nesting pair. All three species nested earlier in 2004 than in 2003; in addition, the overall nesting density of these three species almost doubled from 2003 (1.45 pairs/km2) to 2004 (2.71 pairs/km2). Estimated productivity of all three species was within the ranges reported from other studies. Given extensive and progressive habitat alteration in some areas of south Texas, and the limited distributions of White-tailed Hawks and Crested Caracaras, the presence of large ranches managed for free-range cattle production and hunting leases likely provides important habitat and may be key areas for conservation of these two species. ?? 2009 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.
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Ehsani, Jonathon Pouya; Duckett, Stephen J; Jackson, Terri
2007-12-01
The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of adverse events in acute surgical admissions for cardiac disease in admitted episodes in the year 2003-2004 and to estimate the cost of these complications to the Victorian health system. Cardiac surgery adverse events are among the most frequent and significant contributors to the morbidity, mortality and cost associated with hospitalisation. Patient-level costing data set for major Victorian public hospitals in 2003-2004 was analysed for adverse events using C-prefixed markers, denoting complications that arose during the course of hospital treatment for cardiac surgery diagnosis related groups (DRGs). The cost of adverse events was estimated by linear regression modelling, adjusted for age and co-morbidity. A total of 16,766 multi-day cardiac disease cases were identified, of whom 6,181 (36.85%) had at least one adverse event. Patients with adverse events stayed approximately 7 days longer and had four times the case fatality rate than those without. After adjustment for age and co-morbidity, the presence of an adverse event adds AUS$5,751. The sum of the total cost of adverse events for each DRG was AUS$42.855 million, representing 21.6% of total expenditure on cardiac surgery and adding 27.5% in broad terms to the cardiac surgery budget.
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Maines, Taronna R.; Lu, Xui Hua; Erb, Steven M.; Edwards, Lindsay; Guarner, Jeannette; Greer, Patricia W.; Nguyen, Doan C.; Szretter, Kristy J.; Chen, Li-Mei; Thawatsupha, Pranee; Chittaganpitch, Malinee; Waicharoen, Sunthareeya; Nguyen, Diep T.; Nguyen, Tung; Nguyen, Hanh H. T.; Kim, Jae-Hong; Hoang, Long T.; Kang, Chun; Phuong, Lien S.; Lim, Wilina; Zaki, Sherif; Donis, Ruben O.; Cox, Nancy J.; Katz, Jacqueline M.; Tumpey, Terrence M.
2005-01-01
The spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses across Asia in 2003 and 2004 devastated domestic poultry populations and resulted in the largest and most lethal H5N1 virus outbreak in humans to date. To better understand the potential of H5N1 viruses isolated during this epizootic event to cause disease in mammals, we used the mouse and ferret models to evaluate the relative virulence of selected 2003 and 2004 H5N1 viruses representing multiple genetic and geographical groups and compared them to earlier H5N1 strains isolated from humans. Four of five human isolates tested were highly lethal for both mice and ferrets and exhibited a substantially greater level of virulence in ferrets than other H5N1 viruses isolated from humans since 1997. One human isolate and all four avian isolates tested were found to be of low virulence in either animal. The highly virulent viruses replicated to high titers in the mouse and ferret respiratory tracts and spread to multiple organs, including the brain. Rapid disease progression and high lethality rates in ferrets distinguished the highly virulent 2004 H5N1 viruses from the 1997 H5N1 viruses. A pair of viruses isolated from the same patient differed by eight amino acids, including a Lys/Glu disparity at 627 of PB2, previously identified as an H5N1 virulence factor in mice. The virus possessing Glu at 627 of PB2 exhibited only a modest decrease in virulence in mice and was highly virulent in ferrets, indicating that for this virus pair, the K627E PB2 difference did not have a prevailing effect on virulence in mice or ferrets. Our results demonstrate the general equivalence of mouse and ferret models for assessment of the virulence of 2003 and 2004 H5N1 viruses. However, the apparent enhancement of virulence of these viruses in humans in 2004 was better reflected in the ferret. PMID:16140756
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75 FR 2158 - Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Pacific Island Territory
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-01-14
... migratory birds, coral reefs, and threatened and endangered species in their natural setting. Palmyra Atoll..., (808) 792-9586. U.S. Mail: Beth Flint, Acting Project Leader, Pacific Reefs National Wildlife Refuge..., Pacific Reefs National Wildlife Refuge Complex, phone (808) 792-9553. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Refuge...
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Water Quality of a Micronesian Atoll
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Mabbett, Arthur N.
1975-01-01
In 1972, a water quality survey of the eastern end of Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands was conducted to determine the water quality of selected lagoon and open ocean sites and provide guidance for the construction of a sewerage system. This study revealed that lagoon waters were moderately to severely contaminated. (BT)
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
...; 3 CFR, 1943 Cum. Supp., p. 504). (iv) Johnston Island Naval Defensive Sea Area; Johnston Island... territorial waters: (1) Johnston Island—Executive Order 6935 of December 29, 1934 as amended by Executive... (Kwajalein Atoll) and of the Defense Nuclear Agency (Eniwetok Atoll) see § 761.4) is controlled by the High...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
...; 3 CFR, 1943 Cum. Supp., p. 504). (iv) Johnston Island Naval Defensive Sea Area; Johnston Island... territorial waters: (1) Johnston Island—Executive Order 6935 of December 29, 1934 as amended by Executive... (Kwajalein Atoll) and of the Defense Nuclear Agency (Eniwetok Atoll) see § 761.4) is controlled by the High...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
...; 3 CFR, 1943 Cum. Supp., p. 504). (iv) Johnston Island Naval Defensive Sea Area; Johnston Island... territorial waters: (1) Johnston Island—Executive Order 6935 of December 29, 1934 as amended by Executive... (Kwajalein Atoll) and of the Defense Nuclear Agency (Eniwetok Atoll) see § 761.4) is controlled by the High...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
...; 3 CFR, 1943 Cum. Supp., p. 504). (iv) Johnston Island Naval Defensive Sea Area; Johnston Island... territorial waters: (1) Johnston Island—Executive Order 6935 of December 29, 1934 as amended by Executive... (Kwajalein Atoll) and of the Defense Nuclear Agency (Eniwetok Atoll) see § 761.4) is controlled by the High...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
...; 3 CFR, 1943 Cum. Supp., p. 504). (iv) Johnston Island Naval Defensive Sea Area; Johnston Island... territorial waters: (1) Johnston Island—Executive Order 6935 of December 29, 1934 as amended by Executive... (Kwajalein Atoll) and of the Defense Nuclear Agency (Eniwetok Atoll) see § 761.4) is controlled by the High...
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50 CFR 665.965 - Fishing permit procedures and criteria.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 13 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Fishing permit procedures and criteria... Rose Atoll Marine National Monument § 665.965 Fishing permit procedures and criteria. (a) Rose Atoll Monument non-commercial fishing permit—(1) Applicability. Both the owner and operator of a vessel used to...
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50 CFR 665.965 - Fishing permit procedures and criteria.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 13 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Fishing permit procedures and criteria... Rose Atoll Marine National Monument § 665.965 Fishing permit procedures and criteria. (a) Rose Atoll Monument non-commercial fishing permit—(1) Applicability. Both the owner and operator of a vessel used to...
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50 CFR 665.599 - Area restrictions.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
..., DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (CONTINUED) FISHERIES IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC Pacific Remote Island Area Fisheries... waters are no-take MPAs: Landward of the 50 fathom (fm) (91.5 m) curve at Jarvis, Howland, and Baker... the shoreline and the 50 fm (91.5 m) curve around Johnston Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Island as...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Speed limits. 38.13 Section 38.13 Wildlife... NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM MIDWAY ATOLL NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Prohibitions § 38.13 Speed limits. No person on Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge will exceed the speed limit for automobiles, trucks...
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Semeniuk, K.; McConnell, J. C.; Jackman, C. H.
2005-01-01
The FTS instrument on SciSat-I observed a very large NO(x) anomaly in mid February of 2004 near 80 N in the lower mesosphere. It has been proposed that the most likely origin of the lower mesosphere anomaly in February is transport, from the lower thermosphere or upper mesosphere, of high levels of NO(x) associated with high levels of solar activity in 0ct.-Nov. 2003. There was no major solar flare activity during January and February to cause ionization in the mesosphere. Using a middle atmosphere GCM we investigate whether the NO(x) produced directly by the 0ct.-Nov. 2003 solar flares or indirectly via enhanced auroral ionization as a result of magnetospheric precipitation can explain the ACE observations. We find that the solar proton events associated with the solar explosions in 0ct.-Nov. 2003 produce insufficient amounts of NO(x), in the mesosphere and thermosphere (less than 2 ppm at 90 km) to give rise to the observed anomaly. However. there is evidence that intense aurorae caused by the 0ct.-Nov. 2003 solar storms produced thermospheric values of NO(x) reaching hundreds of ppm. The NO(x) created by the auroral particles appears to have lasted much longer than the immediate period of the 0ct.-Nov. 2003 solar storms. It appears that NO(x) rich air experienced confined polar night descent into the middle mesosphere during November and December, prior to the onset of the strong mesospheric vortex in January 2004.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Moon, Russell; Calvo, Fabian; Vasiliev, Victor
2006-04-01
Using the principles of the Vortex Theory, it was discovered that when the gamma ray strikes a nucleon, the positively charged pentaquark [and the K^- meson] had to be created by the collision with neutron. This discovery further reveals that if the gamma ray strikes a proton it can create a Neutral Pentaquark [and a D^+ meson]. The neutral pentaquark will consist of an up, up, down, down, and an anti-charm quark, while the D^+ meson will consist of a charm and an anti-down quark. The neutral pentaquark will later decay into a neutron and D^0 meson. Because the vortex theory also reveals that the strong force couples a proton to a neutron, the neutron that was coupled to the proton in the nucleus will also be found amid the debris particles. 1. R. G. Moon, The Vortex Theory, The Beginning. Gordons Publications of Fort Lauderdale Fla., 2003, 184 pp. 2. R. G. Moon, The Vortex Theory Explains the Quark Theory. Gordons Publications of Fort Lauderdale Fla., 2005, 205 pp. 3. R.G. Moon, V.V. Vasiliev, The bases of the vortex theory, Book of abstracts The 53 International Meeting on Nuclear Spectroscopy and Nuclear structure, NUCLEUS-2003, October 7-10, 2003, Moscow, St.-Petersburg, Russia, 2003, p.251 4. R.G. Moon, V.V. Vasiliev, The Vortex Theory and Some Interaction in Nuclear Physics, Book of abstracts The 54 International Meeting on Nuclear Spectroscopy and Nuclear Structure, NUCLEUS-2004, June 22-25, 2004, Belgorod, Russia, 2004, p.259 5. R.G. Moon, V.V. Vasiliev. Explanation of the Conservation of Lepton Number, Book of abstracts LV National Conference on Nuclear Physics, Frontiers in the Physics of Nucleus, June 28-July 1, 2005, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 2005, p. 347
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Castinel, Aurélie; Grinberg, Alex; Pattison, Rebecca; Duignan, Pádraig; Pomroy, Bill; Rogers, Lynn; Wilkinson, Ian
2007-05-16
The 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 breeding seasons of New Zealand sea lions (NZSLs) on the Auckland Islands were marked by a high pup mortality caused by acute bacterial infections. As part of a health survey from 1998/1999 to 2004/2005, tissues and swabs of lesions had been collected at necropsy to identify the bacteria associated with pup mortality. Klebsiella pneumoniae was grown in pure culture from 83% of various organs and lesions in 2001/2002 and 76% in 2002/2003, and less frequently in the following seasons (56% in 2003/2004 and 49% in 2004/2005). Pup isolates of K. pneumoniae showed identical minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of cefuroxime, neomycin, cephalotin, cephalexin and dihydrostreptomycin, suggesting clonal aetiology of the pathogen. Isolates also tested negative for production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), which was not in favour of an anthropogenetic origin of the epidemic strain. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of XbaI DNA macrorestriction fragments was performed on isolates of K. pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca from 35 pups, thee NZSL adult females, and from three human patients for comparison. PFGE showed that pup isolates of K. pneumoniae were genetically indistinguishable but were neither related to K. pneumoniae from humans and from NZSL adults, nor to K. oxytoca from NZSLs. It is concluded that the 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 epidemics at Sandy Bay rookery were caused by a single K. pneumoniae clonal lineage, genetically different from the strain carried by adult NZSLs. An anthropogenic origin of the K. pneumoniae clone could not be confirmed, but further investigations are required to rule-out such occurrence.
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Terrestrial forest management plan for Palmyra Atoll
Hathaway, Stacie A.; McEachern, Kathryn; Fisher, Robert N.
2011-01-01
This 'Terrestrial Forest Management Plan for Palmyra Atoll' was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for The Nature Conservancy (TNC) Palmyra Program to refine and expand goals and objectives developed through the Conservation Action Plan process. It is one in a series of adaptive management plans designed to achieve TNC's mission toward the protection and enhancement of native wildlife and habitat. The 'Terrestrial Forest Management Plan for Palmyra Atoll' focuses on ecosystem integrity and specifically identifies and addresses issues related to assessing the status and distribution of resources, as well as the pressures acting upon them, most specifically nonnative and potentially invasive species. The plan, which presents strategies for increasing ecosystem integrity, provides a framework to implement and track the progress of conservation and restoration goals related to terrestrial resources on Palmyra Atoll. The report in its present form is intended to be an overview of what is known about historical and current forest resources; it is not an exhaustive review of all available literature relevant to forest management but an attempt to assemble as much information specific to Palmyra Atoll as possible. Palmyra Atoll is one of the Northern Line Islands in the Pacific Ocean southwest of the Hawai`ian Islands. It consists of many heavily vegetated islets arranged in a horseshoe pattern around four lagoons and surrounded by a coral reef. The terrestrial ecosystem consists of three primary native vegetation types: Pisonia grandis forest, coastal strand forest, and grassland. Among these vegetation types, the health and extent of Pisonia grandis forest is of particular concern. Overall, the three vegetation types support 25 native plant species (two of which may be extirpated), 14 species of sea birds, six shore birds, at least one native reptile, at least seven native insects, and six native land crabs. Green and hawksbill turtles forage at Palmyra Atoll, and though rarely documented, beach nesting could be affected by terrestrial management actions. There are various nonnative or invasive species throughout the terrestrial ecosystem. The most notable examples of terrestrial invasive species include coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) and black rats (Rattus rattus). Although it is unclear whether they are nonnative, coconut palms are currently the most dominant plant across Palmyra Atoll. They compete with native plant species for space and resources and are potentially detrimental to sea birds dependent on native vegetation for roosting and nesting habitat. This competition in turn impacts nutrient resource availability, thereby reshaping energy flow in the ecosystem. Black rats are known to prey on ground-nesting sea birds and are likely responsible for the lack of burrowing sea bird reproduction at Palmyra Atoll. In addition, they may be facilitating the invasion of other nonnative species and negatively impacting other native fauna. Although the extent and impacts of these and other nonnative and (or) invasive species are not fully understood, the extent and impacts are clearly a threat to the native species and one of the most urgent threats to the overall ecosystem integrity of Palmyra Atoll. This 'Terrestrial Forest Management Plan for Palmyra Atoll' addresses issues related to invasive species and other problems. Priority goals are established as are associated objectives and strategies. The overarching goal is to perpetuate and where possible restore terrestrial ecosystem integrity through the following techniques: 1. Habitat management: Maintain and enhance habitat to the extent possible to sustain thriving Pisonia grandis forest, coastal strand forest, endemic grassland, self-sustaining populations of sea birds, shore birds, coconut crabs, native lizards, and native insects. 2. Monitoring and assessment: Acquire information on distribution and abundance as needed for conservation of each resour
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Hamliton, T F
Rongelap Atoll experienced close-in or local fallout from the U.S. nuclear test program conducted in the northern Marshall Islands between 1946 and 1958. By all internationally agreed scientific criteria, Rongelap Island is considered safe for permanent resettlement. However, the amount of bomb-related radioactivity in soil and vegetation is, on average, about 5 times greater in the northern islands of the atoll because the centerline of the fallout pattern from the 1954 thermonuclear ''Bravo'' test extended over this part of the atoll. The most important radioactive element remaining on the atoll is radioactive cesium (cesium-137). Cesium-137 emits what is called amore » ''gamma ray'' that can penetrate the body and deliver both an external (outside the body) and internal (from inside the body) gamma dose to inhabitants of Rongelap Atoll. Cesium-137 is taken up from the soil into locally grown foodstuffs such as coconut, Pandanus and breadfruit. Significant quantities of cesium-137 may also be found in coconut crab. The internal dose delivered to people eating these products will be directly proportional to the concentration of cesium-137 in the food and the amount consumed. The external gamma dose will depend on the concentration of cesium-137 in the soil and the amount of time spent in the area. The highest concentration of cesium-137 in surface soils of the northern islands of Rongelap Atoll is about equivalent to that measured on Bikini Island. Under the radiation protection criteria adopted by the Republic of the Marshall Islands Nuclear Claims Tribunal, permanent resettlement of these islands would require intervention because of the higher radiation doses that could potentially be delivered to inhabitants living on a diet derived largely from local foods. A more realistic lifestyle scenario is that the resettled population on Rongelap Island will occasionally visit the northern part of the atoll for food gathering, fishing and other recreational activities. It is estimated that a person spending 8 hours (1 work day) in the interior of the Rongelap Atoll northern islands will receive a maximum additional external dose of around 0.1-0.2 mrem per day. Furthermore, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's environmental monitoring continues to show that the marine environment contains very low levels of bomb radioactivity. Similarly, the occasional consumption of terrestrial foods including coconut crab from the northern islands is not expected to add significantly to the radiological health risk of living on Rongelap Island. The average annual effective ingestion dose for Rongelap Island resettlement in 2002 is estimated to be around 1-2 mrem per year when imported foods are made available and proposed remediation efforts take effect. This estimate is about twice that of the Rongelap Island resettlement worker population using direct measurements from the whole body counting program. Resettlement workers presently living on the islands receive an average internal dose from cesium-137 of less than 1 mrem (0.01 mSv) per year. These workers are known to eat locally grown foods and coconut crabs collected from the northern islands. The highest individual dose observed was 4 mrem (0.04 mSv) per year. Under the guidelines adopted by the Republic of the Marshall Islands Nuclear Claims Tribunal, it is concluded that diving, fishing and visiting any northern island of Rongelap Atoll are safe activities for limited periods. Eating local fish and other marine life such as clams would also be considered safe. Consumption of plant foods from the northern islands of Rongelap Atoll depends on successful implementation of specific remediation measures to ensure dietary intakes of cesium-137 remain at or below levels considered safe. The whole body counting program should continue to monitor the actual internal levels of cesium-137 among people eating plants and coconut crabs gathered from the northern islands of Rongelap Atoll islands until such time that the Nuclear Claims Tribunal guidelines are met.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lopez-Veneroni, D. G.; Vega, E.
2013-05-01
The stable carbon isotope composition of atmospheric particles (PM2.5) was measured at La Merced (MER), a commercial site in the eastern sector, and at Xalostoc (XAL) an industrial site in the NE sector of Mexico City, during three sampling periods in autumn 2003, and spring and autumn 2004. At each site and sampling campaign particle samples were collected daily with minivol samplers during two week periods. Ancillary data included organic and elemental carbon, trace elements and ionic species. This data base was complement with air quality data from the RAMA (Automatic Atmospheric Monitoring Network). In general, particle concentrations, ionic species and some air quality species showed higher concentrations in autumn and lowest values in spring. Moreover, the concentrations of these chemical species were highest at XAL compared to MER. The stable carbon isotope composition of PM2.5 during autumn 2003 and spring 2004 had and average value of -26.04 (± 1.54) ‰ vs. PDB. Differences in the isotopic composition between the two sites were non significant. The average δ13C during these seasons were 1 ‰ lighter relative to data collected previously at these sites during 2000 and 2001, and is consistent with a predominant source of hydrocarbon combustion. In autumn 2004, however, average δ13C at XAL and MER increased to -22.8 (± 0.9) and -20.6 (± 3.1) ‰, respectively. Organic carbon concentrations during this period increased concomitantly at these sites. The shift in the isotopic composition in ambient particles suggests a predominance of soil-derived carbon during this period. The possible causes and implications of this are discussed.
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Translocation of Endangered Laysan Ducks to Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (2004-5)
Reynolds, Michelle
2005-01-01
BACKGROUND Island ecosystems throughout the Pacific have undergone catastrophic species loss, largely due to the effects of alien or non-native species. Rats, in particular, pose significant threats to native species. In Hawai`i, the appearance of rats (which are not native to Hawai`i) in the subfossil record coincides with the disappearance of ground nesting birds. Sadly, only three of Hawai`i?s 10 endemic waterfowl species still exist today. The Laysan Duck (Anas laysanensis), also known as the Laysan Teal, is a critically endangered dabbling duck that is restricted to a single population on the remote and rat-free Laysan Island (Fig. 1). The Laysan Duck was listed as an endangered species in 1966 because of its small population, limited distribution, and dependence on a fragile island ecosystem. The same threats identified in 1966 continue to plague the species today.
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Learning to Adapt to Asymmetric Threats
2005-08-01
College, Carlisle, PA, September 2003. Book, Howard, “Gauge your Awareness,” Inside the Mind of the Leader, January 2004, pp. 32 Bourke , Canice...biblio/b-explrn.htm, February 8, 2005. Lambakis, Steven J., “Reconsidering Asymmetric Warfare,” JFQ, issue 36, Spring 2005. Latour, Sharon M., (USAF...Sword: What if Sun Tzu and John Boyd did a National Defense Review?,” Washington, DC, Center for Defense Information, February 2003. Riedel, Sharon L
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Hagedorn, Mary; Montaquila, Jill; Vaden-Kiernan, Nancy; Kim, Kwang; Roth, Shelley Brock; Chapman, Christopher
2004-01-01
This manual provides documentation and guidance for users of the public-use data file for PFI-NHES: 2003. This volume contains a description of the content and organization of the data file, including useful information regarding questionnaire items and the various derived variables found on the file. Appended are the public-use data file layout,…
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Hagedorn, Mary; Montaquila, Jill; Vaden-Kiernan, Nancy; Kim, Kwang; Roth, Shelley Brock; Chapman, Christopher
2004-01-01
This manual provides documentation and guidance for users of the public-use data file for the AEWR-NHES:2003 survey. This volume contains a description of the content and organization of the data file, including useful information regarding questionnaire items and the various derived variables found on the file. The reader should especially note…
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2014-02-01
1) Fighting between Sudan and South Sudan peaked in 2002; violence shifted to Darfur in Western Sudan beginning in 2003. CAA-2011026 ii (2...between 1997 and April 2011. This graph shows the sharp drop in violence after 2002 and before the increased intensity of the conflict in Darfur in...violence shifts to Darfur beginning in 2003. Communal violence begins take root in 2004 and gradually increases through 2009. 2009 marked the
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Practical Discrimination Strategies for Application to Live Sites
2009-11-01
evaluate the discrimination potential of the Geonics EM63 at Fort McClellan, AL, when deployed in a cued interrogation mode. Pasion - Oldenburg...the Geonics EM63 at Fort McClellan, AL, when deployed in a cued interrogation mode. Pasion - Oldenburg polarization tensor models were fit to each of... Pasion & Oldenburg, 2001; Zhang et al., 2003a, 2003b; Billings, 2004). The most promising discrimination methods typically proceed by first
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Agribusiness: Industry Study Final Report, AY 2003-2004, Seminar 1
2004-01-01
vulnerability of our nation’s food supply to a potential biological attack, primarily due to inadequate governmental oversight. He states, "The Food and Drug...national laboratory system to assist with chemical, biological , and radiological agent identification and analysis. Following the passage of the...Genetically Modified Foods,” June 2003. Chalk, Peter, “Hitting America’s Soft Underbelly: The Potential Threat of Deliberate Biological Attacks
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Competitive Nurse Rostering and Rerostering
2008-05-01
2003)(BenHassine and Ho, 2007), staff scheduling (Winstanley, 2004), project scheduling ( Knotts et. al. 2000)(Confessore et. al. 2007), and...International Journal of Production Research. Vol. 44, No. 20, 2006, 4431- 4444 32. Bowles, Cheryl and Candela, Lori. “First Job Experiences of Recents RN...IEEE Intl Sym on Comp Intel in Robotics and Automations. 2003, 312-317 105 81. Knotts , G. et. al. “Agent-Based Project Scheduling.” IIE
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Wilburn, D.R.
2005-01-01
The worldwide budget for nonferrous, nonfuel mineral exploration was expected to increase by 58 percent in 2004 from the 2003 budget, according to Metals Economics Group (MEG) of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The increase comes two years after a five-year period of declining spending for mineral exploration (1998 to 2002). Figures suggest a subsequent 27 percent increase in budgeted expenditures from 2002 to 2003. For the second consecutive year, all regional exploration budget estimates were anticipated to increase.
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Beachler, Judith
2005-01-01
During the Spring of 2004, graduates of Sacramento County (California) High Schools' Class of 2003, who took SAT exams during their senior year, were sent letters by the Los Rios Community College District's Communications Office. Through these letters the graduates were invited to attend a Los Rios college while at home on their summer breaks…
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Final report. (This is a conference support, no publications were delivered)
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Chen, F.; Hill, R.; Zohar, Y.
2004-05-01
The Marine Biotechnology Conference held in Chiba, Japan (September 17-21, 2003) was a very successful meeting. Approximately 700 participants from 32 different countries attended this meeting. The proceedings of MBC2003 will be published in a special edition of the journal Marine Biotechnology. Three PIs, Drs. Feng Chen, Russell Hill, and Yonathan Zohar from the Center of Marine Biotechnology led effort to raise a total of $38,000 from NSF, DOE, Maryland Sea Grant, and Martek BioScience Corp to assist 28 U.S. scientists from various research institutions to participate this conference. Among the 28 awardees, 14 are graduate students and postdocs, andmore » five are female scientists. All the awardees gave either oral or poster presentations at the conference. Each graduate student and junior scientist received $1,375 (the maximum amount) in support towards travel to this conference, and each senior scientist (including tenure-track assistant professor) received $655 (the maximum amount). Specifically, eight scientists (3 seniors and 5 juniors) were supported by the DOE travel award (see attached table). A Grants Specialist at the Center of Marine Biotechnology, Mrs. Nanci Henningsen at COMB took care of all the reimbursements, which were completed on January 16, 2004. The availability of travel fund was advertised on the website of MBC2003 and also through email contacts. During the meeting, these travel funds were acknowledged through slide presentation in each plenary session and in the two poster sessions in the exhibition hall (see attached). Because several people decided in the last minute that they did not need the funds, there is still about $4,142 remaining in the DOE fund. Per my conversation with Dr. Anna Palmisano, the Program Manager at DOE, we will use the remaining $4,142 of DOE fund to support graduate student attendance at major conferences related to Marine Biotechnology in 2004. We have identified several relevant meetings as followed: (1) The Fifth International Symposium on the Biology of Actinomyces, December, 2003, Australia; (2) Ocean Research Conference Hawaii, February 16-20, 2004; (3) World Aquaculture Conference Hawaii, March 1-5, 2004; and (4) The 10th International Symposium of Microbial Ecology, Cancun, Mexico, August, 2004. The remaining funds will be used to assist partial traveling cost for the graduate students who participate and present in the meetings mentioned above. The amount of support and number of awardees will be decided by PIs Drs. Feng Chen, Russell Hill, and Yonathan Zohar. The original grant (DE-FG02-03ER63563) ended by December 31, 2003, Dr. Palmisano suggested to us to contact DOE operations at Chicago for a no cost extension. Please let us know if more information is needed.« less
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Selden, Thomas M.
2009-01-01
The share of health insurance premiums that self-employed workers can deduct when computing federal income taxes rose from 30 percent in 1996 to 100 percent in 2003. Data from the 1996-2004 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey are used to show that the increased tax subsidy was associated with substantial increases in private coverage among…
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Industry Study Paper: The Aircraft Industry, AY 2004, Seminar 2
2004-01-01
Trade Perspective Teal Group – World Aviation Market Outlook View from the Fourth Estate: Aviation Week & Science Technology and Flight International...cxlviii Richard Aboulafia, “US Offerings Dominate Military Transport Markets ” Aviation Week & Space Technology 24 Feb 2003: 1-2. cxlix M.E. Rhett...Online. EBSCOhost. 10 March 2004. Aboulafia, Richard. “U.S. Offerings Dominate Military Transport Markets ,” Aviation Week & Space Technology , 24
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Cell Cycle Inhibitors as Breast Cancer Prevention Agents
2004-09-01
September 2004 2 . REPORT TYPE Revised Final 3. DATES COVERED 1 September 2003- 31 August 2004 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Cell Cycle Inhibitors as...induced adducts, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts [(6-4) PDs). DNA breaks were analyzed by...with methylated H3-K9 (Bannis- ter et al., 2001; Jenuwein and Allis, 2001 ). However, in ’Correspondence: rherrera@mdanderson.org 2 Presenl address
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The Integration of all Fleet Air Arm Helicopters into Joint Helicopter Command
2008-04-04
Defence Comptroller and Auditor General, Helicopter Logistics HC 840 Session 2001 – 2002, 23 May 2002, 1. 4 The Army currently operate Apache AH1...and Auditor report into MOD 5 Major General Gary Coward discussion with Jane’s correspondent, Tim...janes.com.ezproxy6.ndu.edu, 1. 6 Ministry of Defence Comptroller and Auditor General: Battlefield Helicopters HC 486 Session 2003 – 2004, 7 April 2004
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A Geometrically Nonlinear Phase Field Theory of Brittle Fracture
2014-10-01
of crack propagation. Philos Mag 91:75–95 Sun X, Khaleel M (2004) Modeling of glass fracture damage using continuum damage mechanics -static spherical...elastic fracture mechanics ). Engineering finite element (FE) simula- tions often invoke continuum damage mechanics the- ories, wherein the tangent...stiffness of a material ele- ment degrades as “damage” accumulates.Conventional continuum damage mechanics theories (Clayton and McDowell 2003, 2004; Sun and
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Academy for Educational Development, 2004
2004-01-01
This document reports on a programme of technical assistance for the Sector Education and Training Authority for Secondary Agriculture (SETASA) in 2003/2004. It presents background information which is both essential for understanding the rest of the report, including its attachments, and can be seen as reflecting some of the insights gained…
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Polydactyly in the central pacific gecko, Lepidodactylus sp. (Squamata: Gekkonidae)
Bauer, A.M.; Hathaway, S.A.; Fisher, R.N.
2009-01-01
We report the first known case of naturally occurring polydactyly in a gekkotan lizard. A single individual from Palmyra Atoll exhibited a triplication of digit III of the m hand. No obvious teratogenic sources are present on the atoll and the causal factors of polydactyly in Lepidodactylus sp. remain unknown.
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48 CFR 252.236-7012 - Military construction on Kwajalein Atoll-evaluation preference.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Military construction on Kwajalein Atoll-evaluation preference. 252.236-7012 Section 252.236-7012 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CLAUSES AND FORMS SOLICITATION PROVISIONS AND CONTRACT CLAUSES Text of...
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The Army’s Role in the Air/Sea Battle Concept: A World War II Pacific Theater Case Study
2013-12-10
bases in the Central Pacific Area were small due to land availability. Even so, these atoll airbases served as, “unsinkable...dividend in preventing combat skills from perishing. An example of this is Eniwetok Atoll . Commissioned as a naval advanced anchorage and training
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Surface and Internal Wave Processes in the Coastal Zone of an Atoll Island
2015-09-30
an Atoll Island Mark A. Merrifield 1000 Pope Road, MSB 317 Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 phone: (808) 956-6161 fax: (808) 956-2352 email...recovered at the end of the cruise. A second year PhD graduate student from the University of Hawaii , Mika Siegelman, will take part in the October
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Rapid settlement of Majuro Atoll, central Pacific, following its emergence at 2000 years CalBP
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kayanne, Hajime; Yasukochi, Toru; Yamaguchi, Toru; Yamano, Hiroya; Yoneda, Minoru
2011-10-01
Atoll islands are areas of low, flat land, and the sustainability of habitable land in such environments is sensitive to even slight changes in sea level. The projected rise in sea level during this century may lead to the submergence of atoll islands and the widespread loss of habitable land. However, the actual time sequence of past sea level change, island emergence events, and human settlement of newly emerged islands remain poorly constrained. The results of geomorphological and archaeological surveys, combined with calibrated radiocarbon age dates, at Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands, central Pacific, reveal that the emergence of the island, triggered by a fall in sea level, was quickly followed by human settlement. The elevation of the central body of the island exceeded high water level at 2000 years CalBP, and the complete formation of the island occurred within an interval of 100 years. The island was colonized by people shortly after emergence, at 2000 years CalBP, prior to the establishment of dense vegetation, and has been continuously settled since that time.
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Hard X-ray spectra of neutron stars and black hole candidates
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Durouchoux, P.; Mahoney, W.; Clenet, Y.; Ling, J.; Wallyn, P.; Wheaton, W.; Corbet, S.; Chapuis, C.
1997-01-01
The hard X-ray behavior of several X-ray binary systems containing a neutron star or a black hole candidate is analyzed in an attempt to determine the specific signature of these categories of compact objects. Limiting the consideration to two subclasses of neutron stars, Atoll sources and non-pulsating Z sources, it appears that only the Atoll sources have a spectral behavior similar to black holes. It is proposed that Atoll sources are weakly magnetized neutron stars, whereas Z sources are small radius moderate magnetized neutron stars. Large magnetic fields funnel the accreting matter, thus preventing spherical accretion and free fall if the neutron star radius is smaller than the last stable accreting orbit. Weak magnetic fields do not have this effect, and blackbody soft photons from the stellar surface are upscattered on the relativistic infalling matter, leading to excess hard X-rays. This excess is visible in two of the observed Atoll sources and in the spectrum of a black hole candidate. In the case of a Z source, a lack of photons was remarked, providing a possible signature to distinguish between these classes of objects.
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Digenean metacercariae of fishes from the lagoon flats of Palmyra Atoll, Eastern Indo-Pacific
Vidal-Martínez, V. M.; Aguirre-Macedo, M. L.; McLaughlin, J.P.; Hechinger, R.F.; Jaramillo, A.G.; Shaw, J.C.; James, A.K.; Kuris, A.M.; Lafferty, Kevin D.
2012-01-01
Although many studies on the taxonomy of digenean trematodes of marine fishes have been completed in the Eastern Indo-Pacific (EIP) marine ecoregion, only a few have considered metacercarial stages. Here, the results are presented of a taxonomic survey of the digenean metacercariae of fishes from Palmyra Atoll, a remote and relatively pristine US National Wildlife Refuge located 1680 km SSW of Hawaii. Up to 425 individual fish were collected, comprising 42 fish species, from the sand flats bordering the lagoon of the atoll. Quantitative parasitological examinations of each fish were performed. Morphological descriptions of the encountered digenean metacercariae are provided, together with their prevalence, mean intensities, host and tissue-use. Up to 33,964 individuals were recovered representing 19 digenean metacercaria species from eight families. The species composition of digeneans in lagoon fishes at Palmyra Atoll is a subset of what has previously been reported for the EIP. Further, the large diversity and abundance of metacercariae reported in this study highlight the utility of including this group in future ecological research in the EIP marine ecoregion.
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Wakai, Kenji
2006-01-01
Communicable diseases are still major causes of deaths in developing countries. Cancer incidence, however, increased 19% between 1990 and 2000, mainly in this same developing world (Stewart and Kleihaus, 2003), and malignant neoplasms are now the second leading cause of mortality in these countries (WHO, 2003). Limitations of medical facilities and equipment mean that prevention is indispensable for cancer control (Mikheev et al., 1994). However, human resources concerning cancer prevention are limited, and encouragement of their development should be taken as a first priority. To assist in this aim, the present training course was designed by the Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Japan, and has been annually conducted since 1999, supported by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (Takezaki, 2001; 2002; 2003; Wakai, 2004). The course targets doctors and public health workers who are responsible for community-based cancer prevention in developing countries to promote the introduction of comprehensive procedures, focusing mainly on primary prevention but also including screening for secondary prevention of cancer.
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2003 megafires in Australia: impact on tropospheric ozone and aerosols
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Guerova, G.; Jones, N.
2009-01-01
2003 was a record year for wildfires worldwide. Severe forest fires killed four people, displaced 20 500 others and burnt 260 000 ha in South-East Australia in January 2003. The uncontrolled fires ignited in early January 2003 as a result of a prolonged El Niño drought in South-East Australia. Severe weather conditions resulted in a fast spread of the fires and poor air quality in a region where 70% of the population of Australia lives. We use state-of-art global chemistry and transport model GEOS-Chem in conjunction with ground- and space-based observations to study the ozone (O3) and aerosol enhancement due to fires. Firstly, the monthly mean surface O3 and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) in January 2003 are compared to January 2004 and, secondly, from sensitivity model simulations, four episodes are isolated and an attempt is made to quantify the contribution of the fires to air quality in south and South-East Australia. In January 2003 the observed monthly mean afternoon surface O3 in Victoria (VIC) and South Australia (SA) reached 27.5 ppb, which is 6.5 ppb (i.e. 30%) higher than in 2004. The simulated O3 is 29.5 ppb, which is 10 ppb higher than in 2004. While the model tends to overestimate the observed peak O3, it exhibits very good skill in reproducing the O3 temporal variability in January 2003 with a correlation of 0.83. In VIC, the air quality 4-h ozone (O3) standard exceedences are reported on 17, 24 and 25 January. On 12, 17, 24-25 and 29 January 2003, the observed O3 peaks above 40 ppb and the simulated fire contribution is higher than 10 ppb. During these 4 episodes, the range of observed O3 enhancement due to fires is 20-35 ppb, which is a factor of 3 to 5 higher than the monthly mean. The simulated fire O3 enhancement is in the range 15-50 ppb with a factor of 1.5 to 5 higher than the monthly mean. During two episodes, a well-formed surface wind channel stretches across the Tasman Sea facilitating the long range transport to New Zealand contributing to a 10% increase of surface O3. During the four episodes in January 2003, the observed AOD was up to a factor of five higher that the monthly mean AOD. The simulated and observed AODs agree on the spatial structure. Despite the model tendency to underestimate the AOD, it proves a useful tool in reconstructing the mostly patchy observations.
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Prospective monitoring improves outcomes of primary total hip replacement: a cohort study
Streubel, Philipp N; Pachón, Marcela; Kerguelén, Carlos A; Navas, José; Portocarrero, Julio; Pesantez, Rodrigo F; Zayed, Gamal; Carrillo, Germán; Llinás, Adolfo M
2009-01-01
Background Over the past decade several studies have questioned current standards of patient safety in health care delivery. In response, our institution started a clinical pathway for total hip replacement in 1996. Prospective monitoring with regular feedback sessions to the individuals involved in patient care did however not start until 2003. The present study evaluates the effect of prospective monitoring on outcomes of total hip replacement. Methods Clinical records of patients undergoing primary elective total hip replacement between 1997 and 2004 were reviewed. Data on adverse events as well as adherence to protocols for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis were extracted retrospectively for the period 1997 to 2001 and prospectively from 2003 to 2004. Results were compared and analyzed in order to establish possible improvement in outcomes. Data was analyzed with Chi-square or Fisher's Exact test for categorical variables and Student's t-test for continuous variables. Alpha was set as less than 5% and analysis was performed with Stata 9.0 for Macintosh. Results Two-hundred and eighty-three patients were included from 1997 to 2001, and 62 from 2003 to 2004. Mean age, male to female ratio and initial diagnosis were similar in both groups. At least one adverse event occurred in 45% of patients in 1997–2001 and in 21% in 2003–2004 (p < 0.001). In-hospital hip dislocations occurred in 6% and 0% (p = 0.05), oliguria in 19% and 5% (p = 0.007), SSI and VTE in 3% and 0% (p = 0.37), adverse drug reactions in 11% and 13% (p = 0.66) and non-adherence to VTE prophylaxis protocols in 15% and 2% of cases respectively (p = 0.002). Conclusion Overall rate of adverse events as well as in-hospital hip dislocations, oliguria and non-adherence to VTE prophylaxis protocols were significantly reduced during the second period. We conclude that clinical pathways alone are insufficient to improve patient safety and require prospective monitoring and continuous feedback to health care providers in order to achieve the desired effect. PMID:19366438
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Identification of free tropospheric air masses at the new Mt. Bachelor, Oregon observatory
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Swarzendruber, P.; Weiss-Penzias, P.; Dennison, J.; Prestbo, E.; Jaffe, D.
2004-12-01
In February 2004, we established a new atmospheric observatory on the summit of Mt. Bachelor, Oregon in order to better understand the long range transport of chemicals and anthropogenic pollutants to North America. Previous work on the inflow to the Pacific Northwest (Weiss-Penzias 2004, 2003, Jaffe 2003) has been able to identify Asian influence on a costal site, but aircraft observations (Price et al. 2003, Kotchenruther et al 2001) and modeling work (Jaegle et al. 2003) have shown that transport events are much more frequent in the free troposphere. The detection of these pollution plumes in the planetary boundary layer is greatly complicated by the turbulent meteorology and complex chemistry of the boundary layer. The Mt. Bachelor Observatory (MBO) ( 2.7 km a.s.l.) was established to allow for continuous sampling at a site that likely experiences free tropospheric air a majority of the time. In order to help understand the influence of the boundary layer on the spring 2004 MBO observations, we have conducted a meteorological analysis for this period using several measured and modeled parameters. Our initial analysis of virtual soundings generated by the mesoscale NWP model, MM5 (University of Washington, Seattle), and of measured water vapor content, indicate that during the spring campaign (Mar-May), on at least 50% of the days, the daytime mixed layer height did not reach MBO before beginning to collapse at sunset into a shallow night time boundary layer. Thus, for the spring of 2004, we conclude that MBO experienced free-tropospheric air for more than 50% of the time; however, this is likely a lower limit. An objective analysis of water vapor and wind measurements with the goal of further improving the diagnosis of boundary layer influence will be presented along with their application to several long-range transport episodes at MBO. Additional measurements to be made at the site will hopefully allow us to make a more accurate assessment of the boundary layer height and its influence on the MBO observations. (See presentation by Weiss-Penzias et al., for a discussion of the chemical observations during this same time period.)
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Cergnul, John J; Russell, Philip J; Sunshine, Jonathan H
2005-12-01
To provide comparative data and analysis with respect to accounts receivable management performance criteria. Data from 3 sources were analyzed: the Radiology Business Management Association's (RBMA) 2003 Accounts Receivable Performance Survey; the RBMA's 2003 Accounts Receivable Survey; and Hogan and Sunshine's 2004 Radiology article "Financial Ratios in Diagnostic Radiology Practices: Variability and Trends," the data for which were drawn primarily from the ACR's 1999 Survey of Practices. The RBMA surveyed (via e-mail and postal mail) only its members, with response rates of 15% and 9%, respectively. The ACR's survey response rate was 66%, via postal mail, and was distributed without regard to the RBMA membership status of the practice manager or even whether the practice employed a practice manager. Comparison among the survey results provided information on trends. Median practice professional component adjusted collection percentage (ACP) deteriorated from 87.3% to 85.1% between the RBMA surveys. Practices limited to global fee billing faired much better when performing their billing in house, as opposed to using a billing service, with mean ACPs of 91.2% and 79.4%, respectively. Days charges in accounts receivable 2004 mean results for professional component billing and global fee billing were nearly identical at 56.11 and 55.54 days, respectively. The 2003 RBMA survey reported 63.74 days for professional component billing and 77.33 days for global fee billing. The improvement from 2003 to 2004 was highly significant for both professional component billing and global fee billing. The 2004 RBMA survey also reflected a rather dramatic improvement in days charges in accounts receivable compared with Hogan and Sunshine's results, which showed a mean of 69 days charges in accounts receivable. The conflicting trends between ACP performance and days charges in accounts receivable performance may be explained by the increasing sophistication of accounts receivable management processes (improving days charges in accounts receivable) and the deterioration in the general economy between survey periods (decreasing ACPs). Additionally, generally better accounts receivable management performance was experienced by practices employing RBMA members (RBMA survey participants) compared with those that may or may not have employed RBMA members (ACR survey participants).
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Ervin, R Bethene
2011-12-13
This report provides Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005) scores for adults aged 20 and over, by sex, age groups, race and ethnicity, and level of education in the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2003-2004). The analytic sample consisted of 4,448 adults aged 20 and over from NHANES 2003-2004. The Day 1 dietary recall was used to estimate the HEI-2005 scores. Food and nutrient intakes were assessed on a density basis. The population's mean usual HEI-2005 component and total scores were calculated using a population ratio method based on programs written by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. A two-tailed t-test was used to test significant differences between sexes, age and race, and ethnic groups and levels of education. Statistical hypotheses were tested at the p < 0.05 level of significance using a t statistic. The t-value at 0.975 with 15 degrees of freedom was 2.131. The Bonferroni method of adjustment was used to adjust the critical value for the family of pairwise comparisons for age, race and ethnicity, and education. Adults were below the maximum standard for all the HEI-2005 component scores except for total grains and meat and beans. Females and the oldest age group were more successful in meeting the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 recommendations for the fruit and vegetable components and discretionary calories, and had a slightly higher overall diet quality score than their counterparts. Adults with more than a high school education more closely complied with the recommendations for many of the components compared with those with less education. No one racial and ethnic group stood out as having the highest HEI-2005 scores across most of the components. These results demonstrate that adults continue to fall short in meeting the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 recommendations, and that sociodemographic characteristics influence their food choices and overall diet quality.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Turra, Alexander; Petracco, Marcelo; Amaral, A. Cecilia Z.; Denadai, Márcia R.
2014-10-01
Temporal variation in the structure and dynamics of a population of Tivela mactroides was examined over two periods (2003-2004 and 2007-2008) in the southern part of Caraguatatuba Bay, southeastern Brazil. During the first period from January 2003 to October 2004, sampling was conducted monthly. Sampling in the second period was performed in the summer (January and February 2007 and 2008) and winter (July and August 2007 and 2008). The von Bertalanffy growth function was applied to estimate growth parameters for both periods from length-frequency distributions. Production was determined using the mass-specific growth rate method. Results indicated that the mean abundance (±SE) of T. mactroides varied sharply between the two periods, with an increase of almost 150 times from 2003 to 2004 (8.67·102 ± 0.83·102 ind m-1) to 2007-2008 (1.25·105 ± 3.33·104 ind m-1). The higher abundance in the second period was related to successful recruitment events. While the mean biomass and the production were higher in the second (5.43 ± 0.87 kg AFDM m-1 and 7.89 kg AFDM m-1 yr-1) than in the first period (0.18 ± 0.02 kg AFDM m-1 and 0.18 kg AFDM m-1 yr-1), lower values of shell length, curvature parameter, asymptotic length of the VBGF, and the growth index phi-prime in 2007-2008 (17.57 ± 1.35 mm; K = 0.40 yr-1; L∞ = 38.60 mm, ϕ‧ = 2.78) than in 2003-2004 (26.21 ± 1.21 mm; K = 1.00 yr-1; L∞ = 40.75 mm, ϕ‧ = 3.22) were related to a strongly density-dependent growth process in the second period. The oscillation in growth observed in the second, but not in the first period also indicates a process of density-dependent growth. These sharp temporal variations in population parameters of T. mactroides suggest the occurrence of density-dependent processes, and reinforce the importance of these processes in structuring sandy-beach populations.
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2006-05-05
Autism is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by early onset of impairments in social interaction and communication and unusual, stereotyped behaviors. Autism (i.e., autistic disorder) often is classified with two related, although less severe, developmental disorders: Asperger disorder and pervasive developmental disorder--not otherwise specified. These three constitute the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Diagnosis of ASDs is based exclusively on developmental pattern and behavioral observation. Two population-based studies conducted by CDC in selected U.S. locations reported ASD prevalence of 3.4 and 6.7 per 1,000 children, respectively. CDC also conducts two nationally representative surveys, the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH), in which parents are asked whether their child ever received a diagnosis of autism. Because of similarities in methodology used by the two surveys, CDC analyzed 2003-2004 data from NHIS and data from the first-ever NSCH (collected during January 2003-July 2004) to 1) estimate the population-based prevalence of parental report of diagnosed autism in the United States and 2) assess parental reporting of child social, emotional, and behavioral strengths and difficulties and special-health care needs among children with and without reported autism. This report describes the results of that analysis, which indicated that the prevalence of parent-reported diagnosis of autism was 5.7 per 1,000 children in NHIS and 5.5 per 1,000 children in NSCH. Prevalence estimates in the two studies were similar across age, sex, and racial/ethnic populations. The consistency in estimates between the two surveys suggests high reliability for parental report of autism. These estimates suggest that, as of 2003-2004, autism had been diagnosed in at least 300,000 U.S. children aged 4-17 years. In addition, parental reports of autism were associated with reported social, emotional, and behavioral symptoms and specialized needs. Thus, these surveys might be useful to assess health, education, and social service needs of children with autism.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Swarzenski, P. W.
2015-12-01
More than 90% of the world's ~400 larger atoll islands are located in the Pacific and Indian Oceans and are inhabited by ~ 3/4 million people. As ground elevations of these atolls rarely exceed a few meters above mean sea level, atoll communities must rely precariously on finite resources, including fresh water and land. When demand for water exceeds precipitation rates, fresh groundwater may provide an additional, albeit also limited resource. The shape and size of this freshwater lens is controlled by precipitation, infiltration, discharge, and groundwater pumping, as well as hydrogeologic characteristics of the aquifer, and climate. Small atoll islands like Roi Namur on Kwajalein perhaps best illustrate the strong interdependence of the islet's depositional history and geochemical transformations that occur within the shallow aquifer and its host rock. This study utilized electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to define the position of the freshwater lens above underlying seawater and to examine scales of freshwater /saltwater mixing. Time series Rn-222 measurements were used to evaluate groundwater discharge rates to the coastal waters, and a suite of groundwater geochemical tracers, including select nutrients, trace elements, and water isotopes, were used to develop a better understanding of how the fresh water lens will likely to respond to external perturbations, such as managed recharge, and the inevitability of future marine over wash events that will be become more frequent and severe under expected sea level rise.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shuster, W.
2016-12-01
The comparatively uncertain rainfall catch and rising seas in isolated North Pacific atoll communities has presented serious challenges to maintain human communities with freshwater volume. Moreover, the feudal hierarchy, which structures social and economic relationships among local governance and citizens contributes equally to problems and potential solutions. These relationships modulate the availability of critical ecosystem services generated by freshwater, with additional constraints contributed by climate change, rainfall variability (e.g., current El Niño climate pattern), and continuous threat of drought. The major freshwater resources for an atoll are the groundwater freshwater lens, residential and commercial rainwater harvesting, large-scale rainfall catchments (e.g., an airport runway), imported-virtual water, or desalinization subsidies. The significance of each of these resources scale across different atolls according to size, topography, soils, population, infrastructure, and land ownership. The potential integration and coordination of these water resources is largely unrealized due to land ownership, the lack of a contiguous catchment area, uneven and fractured governance. The situational aspects are further characterized by feuding among families and communities (some resource rich, some resource poor), and conflicting land use priorities where agriculture placement and practice can compromise the quality of already limited freshwater resources. This presentation uses the example of Majuro atoll (Republic of the Marshall Islands), field data and other observations, to illustrate sociohydrologic-drivers of freshwater availability, and suggests approaches that may improve on current and ongoing threats to public health and well-being.
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Crane, Nicole L; Nelson, Peter; Abelson, Avigdor; Precoda, Kristin; Rulmal, John; Bernardi, Giacomo; Paddack, Michelle
2017-01-01
The dynamic relationship between reefs and the people who utilize them at a subsistence level is poorly understood. This paper characterizes atoll-scale patterns in shallow coral reef habitat and fish community structure, and correlates these with environmental characteristics and anthropogenic factors, critical to conservation efforts for the reefs and the people who depend on them. Hierarchical clustering analyses by site for benthic composition and fish community resulted in the same 3 major clusters: cluster 1-oceanic (close proximity to deep water) and uninhabited (low human impact); cluster 2-oceanic and inhabited (high human impact); and cluster 3-lagoonal (facing the inside of the lagoon) and inhabited (highest human impact). Distance from village, reef exposure to deep water and human population size had the greatest effect in predicting the fish and benthic community structure. Our study demonstrates a strong association between benthic and fish community structure and human use across the Ulithi Atoll (Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia) and confirms a pattern observed by local people that an 'opportunistic' scleractinian coral (Montipora sp.) is associated with more highly impacted reefs. Our findings suggest that small human populations (subsistence fishing) can nevertheless have considerable ecological impacts on reefs due, in part, to changes in fishing practices rather than overfishing per se, as well as larger global trends. Findings from this work can assist in building local capacity to manage reef resources across an atoll-wide scale, and illustrates the importance of anthropogenic impact even in small communities.
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Chasar, Lia C.; Scudder, Barbara C.; Bell, Amanda H.; Wentz, Dennis A.; Brigham, Mark E.
2008-01-01
The U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program conducted a multidisciplinary study to investigate the bioaccumulation of mercury from 2002 to 2004. Study areas were located in Oregon, Wisconsin, and Florida. Each study area included one urban site, and one or two nonurban sites that had the following attributes: high-percent wetland or low-percent wetland. Periphyton, macroinvertebrates, and forage fish were collected twice per year (during 2003 and 2004) to capture seasonality. Top predators, specifically largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), brown trout (Salmo trutta), and cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii), were collected once per year (Oregon, Wisconsin, and Florida in 2003; Florida only in 2004). All biota were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic category and were analyzed for mercury and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Periphyton and invertebrates were analyzed for total mercury and methylmercury; fish were analyzed for total mercury only. This report presents (1) methodology and data on mercury, methylmercury, stable isotopes, and (2) other ecologically relevant measurements in biological tissues of periphyton, invertebrates, forage fish, and predator fish.
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STORCK, C. HERRMANN; POSTIC, D.; LAMAURY, I.; PEREZ, J. M.
2008-01-01
SUMMARY Our study aimed at analysing the changes in epidemiological features of leptospirosis cases from the hospital of Pointe à Pitre in Guadeloupe in 2003–2004 compared to reliable data in 1994–2001. Leptospirosis incidence increased fourfold during 2002–2004, a period with two El Niño events. Whereas the main risk factors were unchanged (male gender, occupational exposure, contact with cattle or pigs) a major role of rodent exposure emerged (52%, P=0·02, multivariate analysis). Interestingly, mean age of cases shifted to the older population (51·7 years vs. 43 years, P<0·05). Moreover, the Ballum serogroup rose dramatically (36% of incidence) competing with the Icterohaemorragiae serogroup (62%). However, severe forms were less recorded. Our data suggest that the changes in leptospirosis features could be related to exceptional meteorological events and their consequences on rodent populations. We propose the monitoring of rodent population and climatic data as a tool of management of leptospirosis in Guadeloupe. PMID:18096102
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Hierarchical drivers of reef-fish metacommunity structure.
MacNeil, M Aaron; Graham, Nicholas A J; Polunin, Nicholas V C; Kulbicki, Michel; Galzin, René; Harmelin-Vivien, Mireille; Rushton, Steven P
2009-01-01
Coral reefs are highly complex ecological systems, where multiple processes interact across scales in space and time to create assemblages of exceptionally high biodiversity. Despite the increasing frequency of hierarchically structured sampling programs used in coral-reef science, little progress has been made in quantifying the relative importance of processes operating across multiple scales. The vast majority of reef studies are conducted, or at least analyzed, at a single spatial scale, ignoring the implicitly hierarchical structure of the overall system in favor of small-scale experiments or large-scale observations. Here we demonstrate how alpha (mean local number of species), beta diversity (degree of species dissimilarity among local sites), and gamma diversity (overall species richness) vary with spatial scale, and using a hierarchical, information-theoretic approach, we evaluate the relative importance of site-, reef-, and atoll-level processes driving the fish metacommunity structure among 10 atolls in French Polynesia. Process-based models, representing well-established hypotheses about drivers of reef-fish community structure, were assembled into a candidate set of 12 hierarchical linear models. Variation in fish abundance, biomass, and species richness were unevenly distributed among transect, reef, and atoll levels, establishing the relative contribution of variation at these spatial scales to the structure of the metacommunity. Reef-fish biomass, species richness, and the abundance of most functional-groups corresponded primarily with transect-level habitat diversity and atoll-lagoon size, whereas detritivore and grazer abundances were largely correlated with potential covariates of larval dispersal. Our findings show that (1) within-transect and among-atoll factors primarily drive the relationship between alpha and gamma diversity in this reef-fish metacommunity; (2) habitat is the primary correlate with reef-fish metacommunity structure at multiple spatial scales; and (3) inter-atoll connectedness was poorly correlated with the nonrandom clustering of reef-fish species. These results demonstrate the importance of modeling hierarchical data and processes in understanding reef-fish metacommunity structure.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Coccioni, R.; Marsili, A.; Montanari, A.
2004-12-01
The transition from global "greenhouse" conditions of the early and middle Eocene to global "icehouse" conditions of the early Oligocene marks a turning point in Cenozoic Earth history which was marked by reorganization of global ocean circulation patterns and significant turnovers in the marine and terrestrial biota (Prothero et al., 2003) and led to the development of the first East Antarctic ice-sheet, close to the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (33.7 Ma). The Massignano GSSP for the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (Premoli Silva & Jenkins, 1993), exposed in an abandoned quarry in the Monte Conero area, on the Adriatic coast of central Italy, was investigated at high-resolution in order to provide evidence for climatic changes across the marine Eocene-Oligocene transition. The Massignano section is 23-m thick and consists of alternating reddish/greenish-grey marls and calcareous marls with several biotite-rich levels of volcanic origin which were deposited in a lower bathyal depositional setting, at a paleodepth of 1000-2000 m (Coccioni & Galeotti, 2003). A complete geological record of 3 myr (from 36.2 to 33.2 Ma according to the time scale of Berggren et al., 1995) is preserved which spans the interval from the latest Eocene to the early Oligocene, from Chron C16n to C13n (Bice & Montanari, 1988; Lowrie & Lanci, 1994), and is provided by an accurate calibration of bio- and geochemical events. Cosmic signatures are also recorded in the Massignano section (Montanari et al., 1993) where three impactoclastic, iridium-rich layers occurs in the middle-lower part of the succession (Montanari et al., 1988, 1993; Bodeselitsch et al., 2004). They are possibly linked to the Popigai and Chesapeake Bay impacts and related to a comet shower over a duration of 2.2 myr (Farley et al., 1998). Calcareous nannofossil and foraminiferal assemblages (Coccioni et al., 2000; Spezzaferri et al., 2002), dinoflagellate cyst palynology (Brinkhuis & Biffi, 1993), ostracod faunas (Dall'Antonia et al., 2003), oxygen and carbon isotopes (Bodeselitsch et al., 2004), and environmental magnetism (Jovane et al., 2004) provide evidence of a major cooling trend with warm pulses. These pulses seems to be global in extent and may have been triggered by multiple impact events during the Late Eocene comet shower that may have played an important role related to the deterioration of the global climate at the end of the Eocene Epoch. The release of methane hydrate during and after an impact in a continental shelf (like the Chesapeake Bay impact) or seafloor, or impacts of 12C-rich comets may account for the observed negative isotope excursions. References Bice D. and Montanari A., 1988. IUGS Spec. Publ., Graf. Aniballi, 111-117; Bodeselitsch B. et al., 2004. E.P.S.L., 223, 283-302; Brinkhuis H. and Biffi U., 1993. Mar. Mic., 22, 131-183; Coccioni R. et al., 2000. Terra Nova, 12, 258-263; Coccioni R. and Galeotti S., 2003. In: Prothero D.R. et al., (eds.), 2003. Columbia Univ. Press, 438-452; Dall'Antonia B. et al., 2003. Mar. Mic., 48, 91-106; Farley K.A. et al., 1998. Science, 280, 1250-1253; Jovane L. et al., 2004. Geoph. Res. Let., 31, L15601, doi:10.1029/2004GL020554; Lowrie W. and Lanci L., 1994. E.P.S.L., 126, 247-258; Montanari A. et al., 1993. Palaios, 8, 420-437; Montanari A. et al., 1988. IUGS Spec. Publ., Graf. Aniballi, 195-208; Premoli Silva I. and Jenkins D.G., 1993. Episodes, 16, 379-382; Prothero D.R. et al., (eds.), 2003. Columbia Univ. Press, 541 pp.; Spezzaferri S. et al., 2002. J. Foram. Res., 32, 188-199.
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Decreasing Prevalence of Obesity Among Young Children in Massachusetts From 2004 to 2008
Gillman, Matthew W.; Rifas-Shiman, Sheryl L.; Sherry, Bettylou; Kleinman, Ken; Taveras, Elsie M.
2012-01-01
OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the obesity prevalence is increasing, level, or decreasing among young US children (aged <6 years) in the past decade; and to compare regional data to those of 2 national databases. METHODS: We analyzed data from 108 762 well-child visits (36 827 children) at a multisite pediatric practice in eastern Massachusetts during 1999–2008. By using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 gender-specific growth charts, we defined obesity as weight-for-length ≥95th percentile for children aged <24 months and BMI ≥95th percentile for children aged 24 to <72 months. By using multivariable logistic regression, we estimated gender-specific obesity trends in 2 separate periods, 1999–2003 and 2004–2008, adjusting for age group, race/ethnicity, health insurance, and practice site. RESULTS: From 1999 to 2003, the obesity prevalence was fairly stable among both boys and girls. From 2004 to 2008, the obesity prevalence substantially decreased among both boys and girls. The decline in obesity prevalence during 2004–2008 was more pronounced among children insured by non-Medicaid health plans than among those insured by Medicaid. CONCLUSIONS: Among children aged <6 years at this multisite pediatric practice, obesity prevalence decreased during 2004–2008, which is in line with national data showing no increase in prevalence during this time period. The smaller decrease among Medicaid-insured children may portend widening of socioeconomic disparities in childhood obesity. PMID:22529276
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"The Science Teacher": Spring 2004
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Long, Steve
2004-01-01
The chemistry articles published in the September through December 2003 issues of "The Science Teacher (TST)" are examined. Topics on buoyancy, density, molar volumes of gases, absorption spectra and the electromagnetic spectrum are discussed.
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75 FR 3492 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Comment Request
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-01-21
... 2003) cohorts of Institutional Transformation (IT) awardees, and (b) both (2002 and 2004) cohorts of.... Respondents: Faculty and staff at institutions of higher education and individuals holding doctoral degrees in...
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Guerino, Paul; Hurwitz, Michael D.; Noonan, Margaret E.; Kaffenberger, Sarah M.
2006-01-01
This report presents findings on crime and violence in regular public schools in the United States, using data from the 2003--04 School Survey on Crime and Safety (SSOCS:2004). First administered in the 1999--2000 school year, SSOCS provides information about school crime-related topics from the perspective of school administrators. Developed by…
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UCAC and URAT: Optical Astrometric Catalog Observing Programs
2010-09-21
12 100 K 1.0 1997 Tycho-2 G/S yes <= 12 2.5 M 10..100 2000 UCAC G yes 8..16 100 M 20.. 70 2004+ 2MASS G no IR...UCAC3 G yes 8..16 100 M 20.. 70 2009 first CCD survey 2MASS G no IR 500 M 90 2003 1 epoch USNO-B G yes 12..21 1000 M 200 2003 Schmidt plates PanSTARRS G
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Anthony Lagalante; Frank Calvosa; Michael Mirzabeigi; Vikram Iyengar; Michael Montgomery; Kathleen Shields
2007-01-01
A previously developed single-needle, SPME/GC/MS technique was used to measure the terpenoid content of T. canadensis growing in a hemlock forest at Lake Scranton, PA (Lagalante and Montgomery 2003). The volatile terpenoid composition was measured over a 1-year period from June 2003 to May 2004 to follow the annual cycle of foliage development from...
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Identification and Management of Multiple Threats to Rare and Endangered Plant Species
2013-07-30
Glynn et. al., 2003), affect fruit removal (Schaefer et. al., 2003) and change the palatability of plants to slugs (Albrectsen et. al., 2004...persistent seed bank. Initial seed bank composition should not be affected by the fence, as we detected no initial difference in flowering or fruiting ...and secondary compounds affect fruit removal. Oikos 102, 318-328. Sessions, L., Kelly, D., 2002. Predator mediated apparent competition between an
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The Mars Express/NASA Project at JPL
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Thompson, T. W.; Horttor, R. L.; Acton, C. H., Jr.; Zamani, P.; Johnson, W. T. K.; Plaut, J. J.; Holmes, D. P.; No, S.; Asmar, S.; Goltz, G.
2005-01-01
ESA s Mars Express Mission involves international collaboration between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European space agencies with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as a junior partner. The primary objective of this mission is to search for hydrologic resources on the surface of Mars. Mars Express was launched from Baikonur, Kazakhstan on June 2, 2003 and arrived at Mars on December 25, 2003. Orbital science observations started in January 2004.
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Rain Rate and DSD Retrievals at Kwajalein Atoll
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wolff, David; Marks, David; Tokay, Ali
2010-05-01
The dual-polarization weather radar on Kwajalein Atoll in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (KPOL) is one of the only full-time (24/7) operational S-band dual-polarimetric (DP) radars in the tropics. Using the DP data from KPOL, as well as data from a Joss-Waldvogel disdrometer on Kwajalein Island, algorithms for quality control, as well as calibration of reflectivity and differential reflectivity have been developed and adapted for application in a near real-time operational environment. Observations during light rain and drizzle show that KPOL measurements (since 2006) meet or exceed quality thresholds for these applications (as determined by consensus of the radar community). While the methodology for development of such applications is well documented, tuning of specific algorithms to a particular regime and observed raindrop size distributions requires a comprehensive testing and adjustment period to ensure high quality products. Upon application of these data quality techniques to the KPOL data, we have tested and compared several different rain retrieval algorithms. These include conventional Z-R, DP hybrid techniques, as well as polarimetrically-tuned Z-R described by Bringi et al. 2004. One of the major benefits of the polarimetrically tuned Z-R technique, is its ability to use the DP observations to retrieve key parameters of the drop size distribution (DSD), such as the median drop diameter, and the intercept and shape parameter of the assumed gammaDSD. We will show several such retrievals for different rain systems, as well as their distribution with height below the melting layer. From a physical validation perspective, such DSD parameter retrievals provide an important means to cross-validate microphysical parameterizations in GPM Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) and GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) retrieval algorithms.
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Guffanti, M.; Ewert, J.W.; Gallina, G.M.; Bluth, G.J.S.; Swanson, G.L.
2005-01-01
Within the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), Anatahan is one of nine active subaerial volcanoes that pose hazards to major air-traffic routes from airborne volcanic ash. The 2003-2004 eruptive activity of Anatahan volcano affected the region's aviation operations for 3 days in May 2003. On the first day of the eruption (10 May 2003), two international flights from Saipan to Japan were cancelled, and several flights implemented ash-avoidance procedures. On 13 May 2003, a high-altitude flight through volcanic gas was reported, with no perceptible damage to the aircraft. TOMS and MODIS analysis of satellite data strongly suggests that no significant ash and only minor amounts of SO2 were involved in the incident, consistent with crew observations. On 23 May 2003, airport operations were disrupted when tropical-cyclone winds dispersed ash to the south, dusting Saipan with light ashfall and causing flight cancellations there and at Guam 320 km south of the volcano. Operational (near-real-time) monitoring of ash clouds produced by Anatahan has been conducted since the first day of the eruption on 10 May 2003 by the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC). The VAAC was among the first groups outside of the immediate area of the volcano to detect and report on the unexpected eruption of Anatahan. After being contacted about an unusual cloud by National Weather Service forecasters in Guam at 1235 UTC on 10 May 2003, the VAAC analyzed GOES 9 images, confirming Anatahan as the likely source of an ash cloud and estimating that the eruption began at about 0730 UTC. The VAAC issued its first Volcanic Ash Advisory for Anatahan at 1300 UTC on 10 May 2003 more than 5 h after the start of the eruption, the delay reflecting the difficulty of detecting and confirming a surprise eruption at a remote volcano with no in situ real-time geophysical monitoring. The initial eruption plume reached 10.7-13.4 km (35,000-44,000 ft), well into jet cruise altitudes; thereafter, the maximum plume height decreased and during the rest of the eruption usually did not exceed ???5 km (???17,000 ft), which lessened the potential hazard to aircraft at higher cruise altitudes. Drifting ash clouds commonly extended hundreds of kilometers from the volcano, occasionally as far west as the Philippines. Over the course of the eruptive activity in 2003-2004, the VAAC issued 323 advisories (168 with graphical depictions of ash clouds) for Anatahan, serving as a reliable source of ash-cloud information for aviation-related meteorological offices and air carriers. With a record of frequent eruptions in the CNMI, continued satellite and in situ real-time geophysical monitoring is needed at Anatahan and other Marianas volcanoes so that potential hazards to aviation from any future eruptive activity can be quickly and correctly assessed. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Guffanti, Marianne; Ewert, John W.; Gallina, Gregory M.; Bluth, Gregg J. S.; Swanson, Grace L.
2005-08-01
Within the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), Anatahan is one of nine active subaerial volcanoes that pose hazards to major air-traffic routes from airborne volcanic ash. The 2003-2004 eruptive activity of Anatahan volcano affected the region's aviation operations for 3 days in May 2003. On the first day of the eruption (10 May 2003), two international flights from Saipan to Japan were cancelled, and several flights implemented ash-avoidance procedures. On 13 May 2003, a high-altitude flight through volcanic gas was reported, with no perceptible damage to the aircraft. TOMS and MODIS analysis of satellite data strongly suggests that no significant ash and only minor amounts of SO 2 were involved in the incident, consistent with crew observations. On 23 May 2003, airport operations were disrupted when tropical-cyclone winds dispersed ash to the south, dusting Saipan with light ashfall and causing flight cancellations there and at Guam 320 km south of the volcano. Operational (near-real-time) monitoring of ash clouds produced by Anatahan has been conducted since the first day of the eruption on 10 May 2003 by the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC). The VAAC was among the first groups outside of the immediate area of the volcano to detect and report on the unexpected eruption of Anatahan. After being contacted about an unusual cloud by National Weather Service forecasters in Guam at 1235 UTC on 10 May 2003, the VAAC analyzed GOES 9 images, confirming Anatahan as the likely source of an ash cloud and estimating that the eruption began at about 0730 UTC. The VAAC issued its first Volcanic Ash Advisory for Anatahan at 1300 UTC on 10 May 2003 more than 5 h after the start of the eruption, the delay reflecting the difficulty of detecting and confirming a surprise eruption at a remote volcano with no in situ real-time geophysical monitoring. The initial eruption plume reached 10.7-13.4 km (35,000-44,000 ft), well into jet cruise altitudes; thereafter, the maximum plume height decreased and during the rest of the eruption usually did not exceed ˜5 km (˜17,000 ft), which lessened the potential hazard to aircraft at higher cruise altitudes. Drifting ash clouds commonly extended hundreds of kilometers from the volcano, occasionally as far west as the Philippines. Over the course of the eruptive activity in 2003-2004, the VAAC issued 323 advisories (168 with graphical depictions of ash clouds) for Anatahan, serving as a reliable source of ash-cloud information for aviation-related meteorological offices and air carriers. With a record of frequent eruptions in the CNMI, continued satellite and in situ real-time geophysical monitoring is needed at Anatahan and other Marianas volcanoes so that potential hazards to aviation from any future eruptive activity can be quickly and correctly assessed.
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33 CFR 334.1440 - Pacific Ocean at Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands; missile testing area.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
..., Marshall Islands; missile testing area. 334.1440 Section 334.1440 Navigation and Navigable Waters CORPS OF....1440 Pacific Ocean at Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands; missile testing area. (a) The warning area...°43′00″ N., longitude 167°43′00″ E. Intermittent hazardous missile operations will be conducted within...
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33 CFR 334.1440 - Pacific Ocean at Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands; missile testing area.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
..., Marshall Islands; missile testing area. 334.1440 Section 334.1440 Navigation and Navigable Waters CORPS OF....1440 Pacific Ocean at Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands; missile testing area. (a) The warning area...°43′00″ N., longitude 167°43′00″ E. Intermittent hazardous missile operations will be conducted within...
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33 CFR 334.1440 - Pacific Ocean at Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands; missile testing area.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
..., Marshall Islands; missile testing area. 334.1440 Section 334.1440 Navigation and Navigable Waters CORPS OF....1440 Pacific Ocean at Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands; missile testing area. (a) The warning area...°43′00″ N., longitude 167°43′00″ E. Intermittent hazardous missile operations will be conducted within...
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33 CFR 334.1440 - Pacific Ocean at Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands; missile testing area.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
..., Marshall Islands; missile testing area. 334.1440 Section 334.1440 Navigation and Navigable Waters CORPS OF....1440 Pacific Ocean at Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands; missile testing area. (a) The warning area...°43′00″ N., longitude 167°43′00″ E. Intermittent hazardous missile operations will be conducted within...
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33 CFR 334.1440 - Pacific Ocean at Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands; missile testing area.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
..., Marshall Islands; missile testing area. 334.1440 Section 334.1440 Navigation and Navigable Waters CORPS OF....1440 Pacific Ocean at Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands; missile testing area. (a) The warning area...°43′00″ N., longitude 167°43′00″ E. Intermittent hazardous missile operations will be conducted within...