Sample records for values annual fuel

  1. 40 CFR 600.314-01 - Updating label values, annual fuel cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economies for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economies for comparable automobiles. 600.314-01 Section 600... Model Year Automobiles-Labeling § 600.314-01 Updating label values, annual fuel cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economies for comparable automobiles. (a) The label values established in § 600.312...

  2. 40 CFR 600.314-86 - Updating label values, annual fuel cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economies for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economies for comparable automobiles. 600.314-86 Section 600... Model Year Automobiles-Labeling § 600.314-86 Updating label values, annual fuel cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economies for comparable automobiles. (a) The label values established in § 600.312...

  3. 40 CFR 600.314-08 - Updating label values, annual fuel cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economy for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economy for comparable automobiles. 600.314-08 Section 600.314... Model Year Automobiles-Labeling § 600.314-08 Updating label values, annual fuel cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economy for comparable automobiles. (a) The label values established in § 600.312...

  4. 40 CFR 600.314-08 - Updating label values, annual fuel cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economy for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economy for comparable automobiles. 600.314-08 Section 600.314... label values, annual fuel cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economy for comparable automobiles... economies of comparable automobiles based upon all label data supplied to the Administrator. (e) The...

  5. 40 CFR 600.314-08 - Updating label values, annual fuel cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economy for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economy for comparable automobiles. 600.314-08 Section 600.314... label values, annual fuel cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economy for comparable automobiles... economies of comparable automobiles based upon all label data supplied to the Administrator. (e) The...

  6. 40 CFR 600.314-08 - Updating label values, annual fuel cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economy for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economy for comparable automobiles. 600.314-08 Section 600.314... label values, annual fuel cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economy for comparable automobiles... economies of comparable automobiles based upon all label data supplied to the Administrator. (e) The...

  7. 40 CFR 600.314-86 - Updating label values, annual fuel cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economies for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Updating label values, annual fuel cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economies for comparable automobiles. 600.314-86 Section 600.314-86 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR...

  8. 40 CFR 600.314-01 - Updating label values, annual fuel cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economies for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Updating label values, annual fuel cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economies for comparable automobiles. 600.314-01 Section 600.314-01 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR...

  9. 40 CFR 600.314-08 - Updating label values, annual fuel cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economy for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Updating label values, annual fuel cost, Gas Guzzler Tax, and range of fuel economy for comparable automobiles. 600.314-08 Section 600.314-08 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR...

  10. 40 CFR 600.311-12 - Determination of values for fuel economy labels.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... value from paragraph (a) of this section, in miles per kW-hour. (4) For hydrogen fuel cell vehicles... for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. MPG = The combined fuel economy value from paragraph (a) of this... hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Average Annual Miles = The estimated annual mileage figure provided by EPA, in...

  11. 40 CFR 600.311-12 - Determination of values for fuel economy labels.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... value from paragraph (a) of this section, in miles per kW-hour. (4) For hydrogen fuel cell vehicles... for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. MPG = The combined fuel economy value from paragraph (a) of this... hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Average Annual Miles = The estimated annual mileage figure provided by EPA, in...

  12. First Annual Fuel Cell End Users Forum

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2011-05-03

    UNCLASSIFIED: Dist A. Approved for public release 1 Conference Report First Annual Fuel Cell End Users Forum ...Report First Annual Fuel Cell End Users Forum 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER w56hzv-09-D-0154 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S...End Users Forum was established to provide a user focused venue that enables a peer-to-peer support network to exchange information and gain knowledge

  13. FY2014 Fuel & Lubricant Technologies Annual Progress Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Stork, Kevin

    2016-02-01

    Annual progress report for Fuel & Lubricant Technologies. The Fuel & Lubricant Technologies Program supports fuels and lubricants research and development (R&D) to provide vehicle manufacturers and users with cost-competitive options that enable high fuel economy with low emissions, and contribute to petroleum displacement.

  14. Economic value of U.S. fossil fuel electricity health impacts.

    PubMed

    Machol, Ben; Rizk, Sarah

    2013-02-01

    Fossil fuel energy has several externalities not accounted for in the retail price, including associated adverse human health impacts, future costs from climate change, and other environmental damages. Here, we quantify the economic value of health impacts associated with PM(2.5) and PM(2.5) precursors (NO(x) and SO(2)) on a per kilowatt hour basis. We provide figures based on state electricity profiles, national averages and fossil fuel type. We find that the economic value of improved human health associated with avoiding emissions from fossil fuel electricity in the United States ranges from a low of $0.005-$0.013/kWh in California to a high of $0.41-$1.01/kWh in Maryland. When accounting for the adverse health impacts of imported electricity, the California figure increases to $0.03-$0.07/kWh. Nationally, the average economic value of health impacts associated with fossil fuel usage is $0.14-$0.35/kWh. For coal, oil, and natural gas, respectively, associated economic values of health impacts are $0.19-$0.45/kWh, $0.08-$0.19/kWh, and $0.01-$0.02/kWh. For coal and oil, these costs are larger than the typical retail price of electricity, demonstrating the magnitude of the externality. When the economic value of health impacts resulting from air emissions is considered, our analysis suggests that on average, U.S. consumers of electricity should be willing to pay $0.24-$0.45/kWh for alternatives such as energy efficiency investments or emission-free renewable sources that avoid fossil fuel combustion. The economic value of health impacts is approximately an order of magnitude larger than estimates of the social cost of carbon for fossil fuel electricity. In total, we estimate that the economic value of health impacts from fossil fuel electricity in the United States is $361.7-886.5 billion annually, representing 2.5-6.0% of the national GDP. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  15. 10 CFR 171.15 - Annual fees: Reactor licenses and independent spent fuel storage licenses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Annual fees: Reactor licenses and independent spent fuel... REACTOR LICENSES AND FUEL CYCLE LICENSES AND MATERIALS LICENSES, INCLUDING HOLDERS OF CERTIFICATES OF... NRC § 171.15 Annual fees: Reactor licenses and independent spent fuel storage licenses. (a) Each...

  16. 10 CFR 171.15 - Annual fees: Reactor licenses and independent spent fuel storage licenses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Annual fees: Reactor licenses and independent spent fuel... REACTOR LICENSES AND FUEL CYCLE LICENSES AND MATERIALS LICENSES, INCLUDING HOLDERS OF CERTIFICATES OF... NRC § 171.15 Annual fees: Reactor licenses and independent spent fuel storage licenses. (a) Each...

  17. 2015 Annual Progress Report: DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    None, None

    The 2015 Annual Progress Report summarizes fiscal year 2015 activities and accomplishments by projects funded by the DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program. It covers the program areas of hydrogen production; hydrogen delivery; hydrogen storage; fuel cells; manufacturing R&D; technology validation; safety, codes and standards; systems analysis; and market transformation.

  18. 2016 Annual Progress Report: DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    None, None

    The 2016 Annual Progress Report summarizes fiscal year 2016 activities and accomplishments by projects funded by the DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program. It covers the program areas of hydrogen production; hydrogen delivery; hydrogen storage; fuel cells; manufacturing R&D; technology validation; safety, codes and standards; systems analysis; market transformation; and Small Business Innovation Research projects.

  19. Annual Report to Congress: Federal Alternative Motor Fuels Programs (4th : 1995)

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1995-07-01

    This annual report to Congress presents the current status of the alternative : fuel programs being conducted across the country in accordance to the : Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988. These programs, which represent the most : comprehensive data...

  20. 49 CFR 537.9 - Determination of fuel economy values and average fuel economy.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Determination of fuel economy values and average fuel economy. 537.9 Section 537.9 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation... ECONOMY REPORTS § 537.9 Determination of fuel economy values and average fuel economy. (a) Vehicle...

  1. 49 CFR 537.9 - Determination of fuel economy values and average fuel economy.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Determination of fuel economy values and average fuel economy. 537.9 Section 537.9 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation... ECONOMY REPORTS § 537.9 Determination of fuel economy values and average fuel economy. (a) Vehicle...

  2. 49 CFR 537.9 - Determination of fuel economy values and average fuel economy.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Determination of fuel economy values and average fuel economy. 537.9 Section 537.9 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation... ECONOMY REPORTS § 537.9 Determination of fuel economy values and average fuel economy. (a) Vehicle...

  3. 49 CFR 537.9 - Determination of fuel economy values and average fuel economy.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Determination of fuel economy values and average fuel economy. 537.9 Section 537.9 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation... ECONOMY REPORTS § 537.9 Determination of fuel economy values and average fuel economy. (a) Vehicle...

  4. Annual Compliance Data for Obligated Parties and Renewable Fuel Exporters under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) Program

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Gasoline and diesel refiners and importers (Obligated Parties) demonstrate compliance with each of the four annual standards under the Renewable Fuel Standard by meeting the Renewable Volume Obligations (RVO).

  5. Low NOx heavy fuel combustor concept program addendum: Low/mid heating value gaseous fuel evaluation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Novick, A. S.; Troth, D. L.

    1982-01-01

    The combustion performance of a rich/quench/lean (RQL) combustor was evaluated when operated on low and mid heating value gaseous fuels. Two synthesized fuels were prepared having lower heating values of 10.2 MJ/cu m. (274 Btu/scf) and 6.6 MJ/cu m (176 Btu/scf). These fuels were configured to be representative of actual fuels, being composed primarily of nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. A liquid fuel air assist fuel nozzle was modified to inject both of the gaseous fuels. The RQL combustor liner was not changed from the configuration used when the liquid fuels were tested. Both gaseous fuels were tested over a range of power levels from 50 percent load to maximum rated power of the DDN Model 570-K industrial gas turbine engine. Exhaust emissions were recorded for four power level at several rich zone equivalence ratios to determine NOx sensitivity to the rich zone operating point. For the mid Btu heating value gas, ammonia was added to the fuel to simulate a fuel bound nitrogen type gaseous fuel. Results at the testing showed that for the low heating value fuel NOx emissions were all below 20 ppmc and smoke was below a 10 smoke number. For the mid heating value fuel, NOx emissions were in the 50 to 70 ppmc range with the smoke below a 10 smoke number.

  6. Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Global Stable Carbon Isotope Signature (DB1013, V. 2016)

    DOE Data Explorer

    Andres, R. J. [CDIAC, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Boden, T. A. [CDIAC, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Marland, G. [Appalachian State University, Boone, NC (USA)

    2016-01-01

    The 2016 revision of this database contains estimates of the annual, global mean value of δ 13C of CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel consumption and cement manufacture for 1751-2013. These estimates of the carbon isotopic signature account for the changing mix of coal, petroleum, and natural gas being consumed and for the changing mix of petroleum from various producing areas with characteristic isotopic signatures. This time series of global fossil-fuel del 13C signature provides an additional constraint for balancing the sources and sinks of the global carbon cycle and complements the atmospheric δ 13C measurements that are used to partition the uptake of fossil carbon emissions among the ocean, atmosphere, and terrestrial biosphere reservoirs.

  7. Fuel cell added value for early market applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hardman, Scott; Chandan, Amrit; Steinberger-Wilckens, Robert

    2015-08-01

    Fuel Cells are often considered in the market place as just power providers. Whilst fuel cells do provide power, there are additional beneficial characteristics that should be highlighted to consumers. Due to the high price premiums associated with fuel cells, added value features need to be exploited in order to make them more appealing and increase unit sales and market penetration. This paper looks at the approach taken by two companies to sell high value fuel cells to niche markets. The first, SFC Energy, has a proven track record selling fuel cell power providers. The second, Bloom Energy, is making significant progress in the US by having sold its Energy Server to more than 40 corporations including Wal-Mart, Staples, Google, eBay and Apple. Further to these current markets, two prospective added value applications for fuel cells are discussed. These are fuel cells for aircraft APUs and fuel cells for fire prevention. These two existing markets and two future markets highlight that fuel cells are not just power providers. Rather, they can be used as solutions to many needs, thus being more cost effective by replacing a number of incumbent systems at the same time.

  8. 2014 Annual Progress Report: DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    none,

    2014-11-01

    The 2014 Annual Progress Report summarizes fiscal year 2014 activities and accomplishments by projects funded by the DOE Hydrogen Program. It covers the program areas of hydrogen production and delivery; hydrogen storage; fuel cells; manufacturing; technology validation; safety, codes and standards; market transformation; and systems analysis.

  9. 49 CFR 537.9 - Determination of fuel economy values and average fuel economy.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Determination of fuel economy values and average fuel economy. 537.9 Section 537.9 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY REPORTS § 537.9 Determination of fuel...

  10. Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Global Stable Carbon Isotopic Signature (1751-2008) (DB1013 V.2011)

    DOE Data Explorer

    Andres, R. J. [CDIAC, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Boden, T. A. [CDIAC, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Marland, G. [CDIAC, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA)

    1996-01-01

    The 2011 revision of this database contains estimates of the annual, global mean value of del 13C of CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel consumption and cement manufacture for 1751-2008. These estimates of the carbon isotopic signature account for the changing mix of coal, petroleum, and natural gas being consumed and for the changing mix of petroleum from various producing areas with characteristic isotopic signatures. This time series of global fossil-fuel del 13C signature provides an additional constraint for balancing the sources and sinks of the global carbon cycle and complements the atmospheric del 13C measurements that are used to partition the uptake of fossil carbon emissions among the ocean, atmosphere, and terrestrial biosphere reservoirs.

  11. Residents' values and fuels management approaches

    Treesearch

    Gwo-Bao Liou; Christine Vogt; Greg Winter; Sarah McCaffrey

    2008-01-01

    The research utilizes the Forest Value and Salient Value Similarity Scales to examine homeowners' value orientations and relate them to attitudes toward and support for fuels management approaches. Data were collected from homeowners living in the wildland-urban interface of the Huron- Manistee National Forest at two time periods, in 2002 and 2006. The panel data...

  12. 40 CFR 600.206-93 - Calculation and use of fuel economy values for gasoline-fueled, diesel-fueled, electric, alcohol...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Calculation and use of fuel economy values for gasoline-fueled, diesel-fueled, electric, alcohol-fueled, natural gas-fueled, alcohol dual fuel, and natural gas dual fuel vehicle configurations. 600.206-93 Section 600.206-93 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ...

  13. 40 CFR 80.604 - What are the annual reporting requirements for refiners and importers of NRLM diesel fuel?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... requirements for refiners and importers of NRLM diesel fuel? 80.604 Section 80.604 Protection of Environment... Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel... importers of NRLM diesel fuel? Beginning with the annual compliance period that begins June 1, 2007, or the...

  14. 40 CFR 80.604 - What are the annual reporting requirements for refiners and importers of NRLM diesel fuel?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... requirements for refiners and importers of NRLM diesel fuel? 80.604 Section 80.604 Protection of Environment... Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel... importers of NRLM diesel fuel? Beginning with the annual compliance period that begins June 1, 2007, or the...

  15. Microfabricated fuel heating value monitoring device

    DOEpatents

    Robinson, Alex L [Albuquerque, NM; Manginell, Ronald P [Albuquerque, NM; Moorman, Matthew W [Albuquerque, NM

    2010-05-04

    A microfabricated fuel heating value monitoring device comprises a microfabricated gas chromatography column in combination with a catalytic microcalorimeter. The microcalorimeter can comprise a reference thermal conductivity sensor to provide diagnostics and surety. Using microfabrication techniques, the device can be manufactured in production quantities at a low per-unit cost. The microfabricated fuel heating value monitoring device enables continuous calorimetric determination of the heating value of natural gas with a 1 minute analysis time and 1.5 minute cycle time using air as a carrier gas. This device has applications in remote natural gas mining stations, pipeline switching and metering stations, turbine generators, and other industrial user sites. For gas pipelines, the device can improve gas quality during transfer and blending, and provide accurate financial accounting. For industrial end users, the device can provide continuous feedback of physical gas properties to improve combustion efficiency during use.

  16. 2014 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    none,

    2014-10-01

    This report summarizes comments from the Peer Review Panel at the 2014 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Annual Merit Review, held on June 16-20, 2014, in Washington, DC. It covers the program areas of hydrogen production and delivery; hydrogen storage; fuel cells; manufacturing R&D; technology validation; safety, codes, and standards; market transformation; and systems analysis.

  17. 2012 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    none,

    2012-09-01

    This report summarizes comments from the Peer Review Panel at the 2012 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Annual Merit Review, held on May 14-18, 2012, in Arlington, Virginia. It covers the program areas of hydrogen production and delivery; hydrogen storage; fuel cells; manufacturing R&D; technology validation; safety, codes, and standards; education; market transformation; and systems analysis.

  18. 2011 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    none,

    2011-09-01

    This report summarizes comments from the Peer Review Panel at the 2011 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Annual Merit Review, held on May 9-13, 2011, in Arlington, Virginia. It covers the program areas of hydrogen production and delivery; hydrogen storage; fuel cells; manufacturing R&D; technology validation; safety, codes, and standards; education; market transformation; and systems analysis.

  19. 2015 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    none,

    This report summarizes comments from the Peer Review Panel at the 2015 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Annual Merit Review, held on June 8-12, 2015, in Arlington, Virginia. It covers the program areas of hydrogen production and delivery; hydrogen storage; fuel cells; manufacturing R&D; technology validation; safety, codes, and standards; market transformation; and systems analysis.

  20. 40 CFR 600.206-86 - Calculation and use of fuel economy values for gasoline-fueled, diesel, and electric vehicle...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Calculation and use of fuel economy values for gasoline-fueled, diesel, and electric vehicle configurations. 600.206-86 Section 600.206-86... economy values for gasoline-fueled, diesel, and electric vehicle configurations. (a) Fuel economy values...

  1. 40 CFR 600.206-93 - Calculation and use of fuel economy values for gasoline-fueled, diesel-fueled, electric, alcohol...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) Calculate the city, highway, and combined fuel economy values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural gas test fuel. (b) If only one equivalent... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Calculation and use of fuel economy...

  2. Do petroleum-based protective coatings add fuel value to slash

    Treesearch

    James L. Murphy; Charles W. Philpot

    1965-01-01

    Asphalts and wax emulsions have been recommended as protective coatings to help obtain clean, safe burns in slash disposal work. Fuel value determinations in the laboratory indicate that such coatings add little to the fuel value of slash.

  3. Caloric Value of Some Forest Fuels of the Southern United States

    Treesearch

    Walter A. Hough

    1969-01-01

    The caloric value of a variety of southern forest fuels was determined in an oxygen bomb calorimeter. High heat values ranged between about 3,600 and 5,200 cal./g. for fuels as sampled and between 4,500 and 5,600 cal./g. for fuels on an ash-free basis. Additional tests of forest fuels from the Southern, Eastern, and North Central United States showed a...

  4. DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 2017 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    None, None

    The fiscal year 2017 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting (AMR), in conjunction with DOE's Vehicle Technologies Office AMR, was held from June June 5-9, 2017, in Washington, D.C. This report is a summary of comments by AMR peer reviewers about the hydrogen and fuel cell projects funded by DOE's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.

  5. DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 2016 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    None, None

    The fiscal year 2016 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting (AMR), in conjunction with DOE's Vehicle Technologies Office AMR, was held from June 6-10, 2016, in Washington, D.C. This report is a summary of comments by AMR peer reviewers about the hydrogen and fuel cell projects funded by DOE's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.

  6. 25 CFR 39.807 - How will the Student Unit Value be adjusted annually?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false How will the Student Unit Value be adjusted annually? 39.807 Section 39.807 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR EDUCATION THE INDIAN... Program § 39.807 How will the Student Unit Value be adjusted annually? (a) The student unit instructional...

  7. 40 CFR 600.209-85 - Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for Calculating Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust Emission Values for 1977 and Later Model Year Automobiles...

  8. Proceedings: Fourteenth annual EPRI conference on fuel science

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    1990-05-01

    EPRI's Fourteenth Annual Contractors' Conference on Fuel Science was held on May 18--19, 1989 in Palo Alto, CA. The conference featured results of work on coal science, coal liquefaction, methanol production, and coal oil coprocessing and coal upgrading. The following topics were discussed: recent development in coal liquefaction at the Wilsonville Clean Coal Research Center; British coal's liquid solvent extraction (LSE) process; feedstock reactivity in coal/oil co-processing; utility applications for coal-oil coprocessed fuels; effect of coal rank and quality on two-stage liquefaction; organic sulfur compounds in coals; the perchloroethylene refining process of high-sulfur coals; extraction of sulfur coals; extraction ofmore » sulfur from coal; agglomeration of bituminous and subbituminous coals; solubilization of coals by cell-free extracts derived from polyporus versicolor; remediation technologies and services; preliminary results from proof-of-concept testing of heavy liquid cyclone cleaning technology; clean-up of soil contaminated with tarry/oily organics; midwest ore processing company's coal benefication technology: recent prep plant, scale and laboratory activities; combustion characterization of coal-oil agglomerate fuels; status report on the liquid phase methanol project; biomimetic catalysis; hydroxylation of C{sub 2} {minus} C{sub 3} and cycloc{sub 6} hydrocarbons with Fe cluster catalysts as models for methane monooxygenase enzyme; methanol production scenarios; and modeling studies of the BNL low temperature methanol catalyst. Individual projects are processed separately for the data bases.« less

  9. 40 CFR 600.207-93 - Calculation of fuel economy values for a model type.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... economy data from tests conducted on these vehicle configuration(s) at high altitude to calculate the fuel... city, highway, and combined fuel economy values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) Calculate the city, highway, and combined fuel economy values from the tests performed using...

  10. 40 CFR 600.207-86 - Calculation of fuel economy values for a model type.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for... AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for Calculating Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust Emission Values for 1977 and Later Model...

  11. 40 CFR 600.210-08 - Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and vehicles equipped with hydrogen... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for...

  12. 40 CFR 600.210-08 - Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and vehicles equipped with hydrogen... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for...

  13. 40 CFR 600.210-08 - Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... including, but not limited to battery electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for...

  14. U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program: 2017 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Popovich, Neil A

    The fiscal year 2017 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting (AMR), in conjunction with DOE's Vehicle Technologies Office AMR, was held from June June 5-9, 2017, in Washington, D.C. This report is a summary of comments by AMR peer reviewers about the hydrogen and fuel cell projects funded by DOE's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.

  15. 40 CFR 600.206-86 - Calculation and use of fuel economy values for gasoline-fueled, diesel, and electric vehicle...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Calculation and use of fuel economy values for gasoline-fueled, diesel, and electric vehicle configurations. 600.206-86 Section 600.206-86 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR...

  16. 40 CFR 600.209-95 - Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling. 600.209-95 Section 600.209-95 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year...

  17. 40 CFR 600.209-85 - Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling. 600.209-85 Section 600.209-85 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year...

  18. 40 CFR 600.210-08 - Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling. 600.210-08 Section 600.210-08 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year...

  19. Fuel rod with annular nuclear fuel pellets having same U-235 enrichment and different annulus sizes for graduated enrichment loading

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Mildrum, C.M.

    1987-08-18

    A fuel rod is described for a nuclear reactor fuel assembly, comprising: (a) a hollow cladding tube; (b) a pair of end plugs connected to and sealing the cladding tube at opposite ends thereof; (c) a plurality of fuel pellets contained on the tube and being composed of fissile material having a single enrichment the value of which is at the level of the maximum enrichment loading of the rod, the pellets having provided in a stack having one end disposed adjacent to one of the end plugs and an opposite end disposed remote from the other of the endmore » plugs; and (d) a plenum spring disposed in the tube between the other end plug and the opposite end of the pellet stack for retaining the pellets in a stack form; (e) at least some of the fuel pellets having an annular configuration and at least other of the fuel pellets having a solid configuration; (f) each of some of the annular fuel pellets having an annulus of a first size; (e) each of other of the annual fuel pellets having an annulus of a second size different from the first size, whereby graduation of axial enrichment loading is provided between the annual fuel pellets of the fuel rod.« less

  20. Fuel Cell Buses in U.S. Transit Fleets: Current Status 2015

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Eudy, Leslie; Post, Matthew; Gikakis, Christina

    This report, published annually, summarizes the progress of fuel cell electric bus (FCEB) development in the United States and discusses the achievements and challenges of introducing fuel cell propulsion in transit. Various stakeholders, including FCEB developers, transit agencies, and system integrators, have expressed the value of this annual status report, which provides a summary of results from evaluations performed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The annual status report tracks the progress of the FCEB industry toward meeting technical targets, documents the lessons learned, and discusses the path forward for commercial viability of fuel cell technology for transit buses. Themore » 2015 summary results primarily focus on the most recent year for each demonstration, from August 2014 through July 2015. The results for these buses account for more than 1,045,000 miles traveled and 83,000 hours of fuel cell power system operation. The primary results presented in the report are from two demonstrations of fuel-cell-dominant bus designs: the Zero Emission Bay Area Demonstration Group led by Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District (AC Transit) in California and the American Fuel Cell Bus Project at SunLine Transit Agency in California.« less

  1. Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude (NDP-058.2010)

    DOE Data Explorer

    Andres, R. J. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Boden, T. A. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Marland, G. [Appalachian State University, Boone, NC (USA)

    2010-01-01

    The 2010 version of this database presents a time series recording 1° latitude by 1° longitude CO2 emissions in units of million metric tons of carbon per year from anthropogenic sources for 1751-2007. Detailed geographic information on CO2 emissions can be critical in understanding the pattern of the atmospheric and biospheric response to these emissions. Global, regional, and national annual estimates for 1751 through 2007 were published earlier (Boden et al. 2010). Those national, annual CO2 emission estimates were based on statistics about fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacturing and gas flaring in oil fields as well as energy production, consumption, and trade data, using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The national annual estimates were combined with gridded 1° data on political units and 1984 human populations to create the new gridded CO2 emission time series. The same population distribution was used for each of the years as proxy for the emission distribution within each country. The implied assumption for that procedure was that per capita energy use and fuel mixes are uniform over a political unit. The consequence of this first-order procedure is that the spatial changes observed over time are solely due to changes in national energy consumption and nation-based fuel mix. Increases in fossil-fuel CO2 emissions over time are apparent for most areas.

  2. Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude (NDP-058.2013)

    DOE Data Explorer

    Andres, R. J. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Boden, T. A. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Marland, G. [Appalachian State University, Boone, NC (USA)

    2013-01-01

    The 2013 version of this database presents a time series recording 1° latitude by 1° longitude CO2 emissions in units of million metric tons of carbon per year from anthropogenic sources for 1751-2010. Detailed geographic information on CO2 emissions can be critical in understanding the pattern of the atmospheric and biospheric response to these emissions. Global, regional, and national annual estimates for 1751 through 2010 were published earlier (Boden et al. 2013). Those national, annual CO2 emission estimates were based on statistics about fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacturing and gas flaring in oil fields as well as energy production, consumption, and trade data, using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The national annual estimates were combined with gridded 1° data on political units and 1984 human populations to create the new gridded CO2 emission time series. The same population distribution was used for each of the years as proxy for the emission distribution within each country. The implied assumption for that procedure was that per capita energy use and fuel mixes are uniform over a political unit. The consequence of this first-order procedure is that the spatial changes observed over time are solely due to changes in national energy consumption and nation-based fuel mix. Increases in fossil-fuel CO2 emissions over time are apparent for most areas.

  3. Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude (NDP-058.2015)

    DOE Data Explorer

    Andres, R. J. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Boden, T. A. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Marland, G. [Appalachian State University, Boone, NC (USA)

    2015-01-01

    The 2015 version of this database presents a time series recording 1° latitude by 1° longitude CO2 emissions in units of million metric tons of carbon per year from anthropogenic sources for 1751-2011. Detailed geographic information on CO2 emissions can be critical in understanding the pattern of the atmospheric and biospheric response to these emissions. Global, regional, and national annual estimates for 1751 through 2011 were published earlier (Boden et al. 2015). Those national, annual CO2 emission estimates were based on statistics about fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacturing and gas flaring in oil fields as well as energy production, consumption, and trade data, using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The national annual estimates were combined with gridded 1° data on political units and 1984 human populations to create the new gridded CO2 emission time series. The same population distribution was used for each of the years as proxy for the emission distribution within each country. The implied assumption for that procedure was that per capita energy use and fuel mixes are uniform over a political unit. The consequence of this first-order procedure is that the spatial changes observed over time are solely due to changes in national energy consumption and nation-based fuel mix. Increases in fossil-fuel CO2 emissions over time are apparent for most areas.

  4. Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude (NDP-058.2011)

    DOE Data Explorer

    Andres, R. J. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Boden, T. A. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Marland, G. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA)

    2011-01-01

    The 2011 version of this database presents a time series recording 1° latitude by 1° longitude CO2 emissions in units of million metric tons of carbon per year from anthropogenic sources for 1751-2008. Detailed geographic information on CO2 emissions can be critical in understanding the pattern of the atmospheric and biospheric response to these emissions. Global, regional, and national annual estimates for 1751 through 2008 were published earlier (Boden et al. 2011). Those national, annual CO2 emission estimates were based on statistics about fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacturing and gas flaring in oil fields as well as energy production, consumption, and trade data, using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The national annual estimates were combined with gridded 1° data on political units and 1984 human populations to create the new gridded CO2 emission time series. The same population distribution was used for each of the years as proxy for the emission distribution within each country. The implied assumption for that procedure was that per capita energy use and fuel mixes are uniform over a political unit. The consequence of this first-order procedure is that the spatial changes observed over time are solely due to changes in national energy consumption and nation-based fuel mix. Increases in fossil-fuel CO2 emissions over time are apparent for most areas.

  5. Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude (NDP-058.2012)

    DOE Data Explorer

    Andres, R. J. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Boden, T. A. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Marland, G. [Appalachian State University, Boone, NC (USA)

    2012-01-01

    The 2012 version of this database presents a time series recording 1° latitude by 1° longitude CO2 emissions in units of million metric tons of carbon per year from anthropogenic sources for 1751-2009. Detailed geographic information on CO2 emissions can be critical in understanding the pattern of the atmospheric and biospheric response to these emissions. Global, regional, and national annual estimates for 1751 through 2009 were published earlier (Boden et al. 2012). Those national, annual CO2 emission estimates were based on statistics about fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacturing and gas flaring in oil fields as well as energy production, consumption, and trade data, using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The national annual estimates were combined with gridded 1° data on political units and 1984 human populations to create the new gridded CO2 emission time series. The same population distribution was used for each of the years as proxy for the emission distribution within each country. The implied assumption for that procedure was that per capita energy use and fuel mixes are uniform over a political unit. The consequence of this first-order procedure is that the spatial changes observed over time are solely due to changes in national energy consumption and nation-based fuel mix. Increases in fossil-fuel CO2 emissions over time are apparent for most areas.

  6. Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude (NDP-058.2016)

    DOE Data Explorer

    Andres, R. J. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Boden, T. A. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA)

    2016-01-01

    The 2016 version of this database presents a time series recording 1° latitude by 1° longitude CO2 emissions in units of million metric tons of carbon per year from anthropogenic sources for 1751-2013. Detailed geographic information on CO2 emissions can be critical in understanding the pattern of the atmospheric and biospheric response to these emissions. Global, regional, and national annual estimates for 1751 through 2013 were published earlier (Boden et al. 2016). Those national, annual CO2 emission estimates were based on statistics about fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacturing and gas flaring in oil fields as well as energy production, consumption, and trade data, using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The national annual estimates were combined with gridded 1° data on political units and 1984 human populations to create the new gridded CO2 emission time series. The same population distribution was used for each of the years as proxy for the emission distribution within each country. The implied assumption for that procedure was that per capita energy use and fuel mixes are uniform over a political unit. The consequence of this first-order procedure is that the spatial changes observed over time are solely due to changes in national energy consumption and nation-based fuel mix. Increases in fossil-fuel CO2 emissions over time are apparent for most areas.

  7. Education and debate: a manifesto for ethics and values at annual healthcare conferences

    PubMed Central

    Papanikitas, Andrew

    2016-01-01

    Abstract In this paper I discuss the ways in which the conference stream ethics and values manifested at the 2015 RCGP Annual Conference in Glasgow, and the ways in which it is planned for the 2016 RCGP Annual Conference in Harrogate. The 2015 RCGP had plenaries, oral presentations, breakout symposia, a debate, and a poster stream. I briefly discuss each in turn before offering a manifesto (a public statement of aims and proposed policy) for ethics and values at healthcare conferences. It is my hope that others will critique this, flesh it out further and even consider how ethics and values relate to conferences for healthcare workers of various specialities. A conference provides opportunities for ethics and values discussion that are potentially distinctive from any other kind of forum. Because conferences offer the potential for knowledge and attitudes to be revisited and revised, issues can be ‘unsettled’ in a way that permits different perspectives to be more fully discussed. PMID:28250844

  8. Effect of fuel density and heating value on ram-jet airplane range

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Henneberry, Hugh M

    1952-01-01

    An analytical investigation of the effects of fuel density and heating value on the cruising range of a ram-jet airplane was made. Results indicate that with present-day knowledge of chemical fuels, neither very high nor very low fuel densities have any advantages for long-range flight. Of the fuels investigated, the borohydrides and metallic boron have the greatest range potential. Aluminum and aluminum hydrocarbon slurries were inferior to pure hydrocarbon fuel and boron-hydrocarbon slurries were superior on a range basis. It was concluded that the practical difficulties associated with the use of liquid hydrogen fuel cannot be justified on a range basis.

  9. 40 CFR 600.211-08 - Sample calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Sample calculation of fuel economy... AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for Calculating Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust Emission Values for 1977 and Later Model...

  10. Method of preparing a high heating value fuel product

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Somerville, R.; Fan, L.T.

    1989-10-24

    This patent describes a method of preparing a high heating value fuel product. The method comprising the steps of: blending a high heating value waste material with a cellulosic material; mixing an organic reagent to the blended mixture of the waste material and the cellulosic material, the organic reagent being a mixture having a 4-15 weight percent of a chemical selected from the group consisting of: triethylene, glycol, diethylene glycol, and glycerin propylene glycol; introducing a pozzolanic agent to the blended mixture for controlling the rate of solidification; and forming the blended mixture into a form suitable for handling. Alsomore » described is the same method with the mixture of the organic reagent further comprising: a 20-32 weight percent calcium chloride solution. Another method of preparing a fuel product is also described.« less

  11. FY2016 Ceramic Fuels Development Annual Highlights

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Mcclellan, Kenneth James

    Key challenges for the Advanced Fuels Campaign are the development of fuel technologies to enable major increases in fuel performance (safety, reliability, power and burnup) beyond current technologies, and development of characterization methods and predictive fuel performance models to enable more efficient development and licensing of advanced fuels. Ceramic fuel development activities for fiscal year 2016 fell within the areas of 1) National and International Technical Integration, 2) Advanced Accident Tolerant Ceramic Fuel Development, 3) Advanced Techniques and Reference Materials Development, and 4) Fabrication of Enriched Ceramic Fuels. High uranium density fuels were the focus of the ceramic fuels efforts.more » Accomplishments for FY16 primarily reflect the prioritization of identification and assessment of new ceramic fuels for light water reactors which have enhanced accident tolerance while also maintaining or improving normal operation performance, and exploration of advanced post irradiation examination techniques which will support more efficient testing and qualification of new fuel systems.« less

  12. Electric power annual 1992

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    The Electric Power Annual presents a summary of electric utility statistics at national, regional and State levels. The objective of the publication is to provide industry decisionmakers, government policymakers, analysts and the general public with historical data that may be used in understanding US electricity markets. The Electric Power Annual is prepared by the Survey Management Division; Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels; Energy Information Administration (EIA); US Department of Energy. ``The US Electric Power Industry at a Glance`` section presents a profile of the electric power industry ownership and performance, and a review of key statistics formore » the year. Subsequent sections present data on generating capability, including proposed capability additions; net generation; fossil-fuel statistics; retail sales; revenue; financial statistics; environmental statistics; electric power transactions; demand-side management; and nonutility power producers. In addition, the appendices provide supplemental data on major disturbances and unusual occurrences in US electricity power systems. Each section contains related text and tables and refers the reader to the appropriate publication that contains more detailed data on the subject matter. Monetary values in this publication are expressed in nominal terms.« less

  13. Estimates of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Mexico at Monthly Time Intervals

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Losey, L. M.; Andres, R. J.

    2003-12-01

    Human consumption of fossil fuels has greatly contributed to the rise of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere. To better understand the global carbon cycle, it is important to identify the major sources of these fossil fuels. Mexico is among the top fifteen nations in the world for producing fossil fuel carbon dioxide emissions. Based on this information and that emissions from Mexico are a focus of the North American Carbon Program, Mexico was selected for this study. Mexican monthly inland sales volumes for January 1988-May 2003 were collected on natural gas and liquid fuels from the Energy Information Agency in the United States Department of Energy. These sales figures represent a major portion of the total fossil fuel consumption in Mexico. The fraction of a particular fossil fuel consumed in a given month was determined by dividing the monthly sales volumes by the annual sum of monthly sales volumes for a given year. This fraction was then multiplied by the annual carbon dioxide values reported by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to estimate the monthly carbon dioxide emissions from the respective fuels. The advantages of this methodology are: 1) monthly fluxes are consistent with the annual flux as determined by the widely-accepted CDIAC values, and 2) its general application can be easily adapted to other nations for determining their sub-annual time scale emissions. The major disadvantage of this methodology is the proxy nature inherent to it. Only a fraction of the total emissions are used as an estimate in determining the seasonal cycle. The error inherent in this approach increases as the fraction of total emissions represented by the proxy decreases. These data are part of a long-term project between researchers at the University of North Dakota and ORNL which attempts to identify and understand the source(s) of seasonal variations of global, fossil-fuel derived, carbon dioxide emissions

  14. 40 CFR 600.211-08 - Sample calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Sample calculation of fuel economy values for labeling. 600.211-08 Section 600.211-08 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model...

  15. 25 CFR 39.807 - How will the Student Unit Value be adjusted annually?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... Labor. (b) If the student unit value amount is not fully funded, the schools will receive their pro rata... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false How will the Student Unit Value be adjusted annually? 39.807 Section 39.807 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR EDUCATION THE INDIAN...

  16. Coprocessed nuclear fuels containing (U, Pu) values as oxides, carbides or carbonitrides

    DOEpatents

    Lloyd, M.H.

    1981-01-09

    Method for direct coprocessing of nuclear fuels derived from a product stream of fuels reprocessing facility containing uranium, plutonium, and fission product values comprising nitrate stabilization of said stream vacuum concentration to remove water and nitrates, neutralization to form an acid deficient feed solution for the internal gelation mode of sol-gel technology, green spherule formation, recovery and treatment for loading into a fuel element by vibra packed or pellet formation technologies.

  17. Coprocessed nuclear fuels containing (U, Pu) values as oxides, carbides or carbonitrides

    DOEpatents

    Lloyd, Milton H.

    1983-01-01

    Method for direct coprocessing of nuclear fuels derived from a product stream of a fuels reprocessing facility containing uranium, plutonium, and fission product values comprising nitrate stabilization of said stream vacuum concentration to remove water and nitrates, neutralization to form an acid deficient feed solution for the internal gelation mode of sol-gel technology, green spherule formation, recovery and treatment for loading into a fuel element by vibra packed or pellet formation technologies.

  18. Production of CO2 from Fossil Fuel Burning by Fuel Type, 1860-1982

    DOE Data Explorer

    Rotty, R.M. [Oak Ridge Associated Univ., Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Marland, G. [Oak Ridge Associated Univ., Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

    2004-01-01

    Global carbon dioxide emissions for 1950 through 1982 were estimated by Marland and Rotty (1984) from fuel production data from the U.N. Energy Statistics Yearbook (1983, 1984). Data before 1950 came from Keeling (1973). Fuel-production data were used in these calculations because they appeared to be more reliable on a global basis than fuel-consumption data. The data given are the year and annual global CO2 emissions (annual global total; cumulative global total since 1860; and annual global emissions from solid fuels, liquid fuels, natural gas, gas flaring, and cement manufacturing). These data provide the only pre-1950 estimates of the amount of carbon emitted to the atmosphere from fossil-fuel burning. The CO2 emission record since 1950 has been updated and revised several times with the most recent estimates being published by Marland et al. (1989).

  19. Annual report, FY 1979 Spent fuel and fuel pool component integrity.

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Johnson, A.B. Jr.; Bailey, W.J.; Schreiber, R.E.

    International meetings under the BEFAST program and under INFCE Working Group No. 6 during 1978 and 1979 continue to indicate that no cases of fuel cladding degradation have developed on pool-stored fuel from water reactors. A section from a spent fuel rack stand, exposed for 1.5 y in the Yankee Rowe (PWR) pool had 0.001- to 0.003-in.-deep (25- to 75-..mu..m) intergranular corrosion in weld heat-affected zones but no evidence of stress corrosion cracking. A section of a 304 stainless steel spent fuel storage rack exposed 6.67 y in the Point Beach reactor (PWR) spent fuel pool showed no significant corrosion.more » A section of 304 stainless steel 8-in.-dia pipe from the Three Mile Island No. 1 (PWR) spent fuel pool heat exchanger plumbing developed a through-wall crack. The crack was intergranular, initiating from the inside surface in a weld heat-affected zone. The zone where the crack occurred was severely sensitized during field welding. The Kraftwerk Union (Erlangen, GFR) disassembled a stainless-steel fuel-handling machine that operated for 12 y in a PWR (boric acid) spent fuel pool. There was no evidence of deterioration, and the fuel-handling machine was reassembled for further use. A spent fuel pool at a Swedish PWR was decontaminated. The procedure is outlined in this report.« less

  20. Factors influencing specific fuel use in Nebraska

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Shelton, D.P.; Von Bargen, K.

    1981-01-01

    Fuel use data relating to agricultural field operations were collected and analyzed during the Nebraska fuel use survey. The farms surveyed had a mean size of 598 ha and a mean total tractor power rating of 221 kW. Mean operating depth, field speed, and tractor power rating were determined for the major field operations. Mean field speeds were generally in agreement with commonly accepted values. Total annual fuel energy use increased with increasing farm size. Over 87 percent of this energy was used from April through October. Even though total fuel energy was increased, specific fuel energy use decreased withmore » increasing farm size. Specific fuel use for field operations was influenced by the size of area worked, operation depth, field speed, and tractor power rating.« less

  1. A Spectroscopic study on the fuel value of softwoods in relation to chemical composition

    Treesearch

    Chi-Leung So; Thomas L. Eberhardt; Les Groom; Todd F. Shupe

    2012-01-01

    The recent focus on bioenergy has led to interest in developing alternative technologies for assessing the fuel value of available biomass resources. In this study, both near- and mid-infrared spectroscopic datawere used to predict fuel value in relation to extractives and lignin contents for longleaf pine wood. Samples were analyzed both before and after extraction....

  2. 40 CFR 600.206-08 - Calculation and use of FTP-based and HFET-based fuel economy values for vehicle configurations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... fuel economy values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) Calculate the city, highway, and combined fuel economy values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural gas test fuel. (b) If only one equivalent petroleum-based fuel economy value exists for an electric...

  3. 40 CFR 600.206-08 - Calculation and use of FTP-based and HFET-based fuel economy values for vehicle configurations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... fuel economy values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) Calculate the city, highway, and combined fuel economy values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural gas test fuel. (b) If only one equivalent petroleum-based fuel economy value exists for an electric...

  4. 40 CFR 600.207-08 - Calculation and use of vehicle-specific 5-cycle-based fuel economy values for vehicle...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... economy values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii)(A) Calculate the 5-cycle city and highway fuel economy values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural gas test fuel...-specific 5-cycle-based fuel economy values for vehicle configurations. 600.207-08 Section 600.207-08...

  5. 40 CFR 600.207-08 - Calculation and use of vehicle-specific 5-cycle-based fuel economy values for vehicle...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... economy values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii)(A) Calculate the 5-cycle city and highway fuel economy values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural gas test fuel...-specific 5-cycle-based fuel economy values for vehicle configurations. 600.207-08 Section 600.207-08...

  6. 40 CFR 600.206-08 - Calculation and use of FTP-based and HFET-based fuel economy values for vehicle configurations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ..., highway, and combined fuel economy values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) Calculate the city, highway, and combined fuel economy values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural gas test fuel. (b) If only one equivalent petroleum-based fuel economy value exists for an...

  7. U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 2011 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Satypal, S.

    2011-09-01

    This document summarizes the comments provided by peer reviewers on hydrogen and fuel cell projects presented at the FY 2011 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen Program and Vehicle Technologies Program Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting (AMR), held May 9-13, 2011 in Arlington, Virginia

  8. Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude (1751-2006) (NDP-058.2009)

    DOE Data Explorer

    Andres, R. J. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Boden, T. A. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Marland, G. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA)

    2009-01-01

    The 2009 version of this database presents a time series recording 1° latitude by 1° longitude CO2 emissions in units of million metric tons of carbon per year from anthropogenic sources for 1751-2006. Detailed geographic information on CO2 emissions can be critical in understanding the pattern of the atmospheric and biospheric response to these emissions. Global, regional, and national annual estimates for 1751 through 2006 were published earlier (Boden et al. 2009). Those national, annual CO2 emission estimates were based on statistics about fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacturing and gas flaring in oil fields as well as energy production, consumption, and trade data, using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The national annual estimates were combined with gridded 1° data on political units and 1984 human populations to create the new gridded CO2 emission time series. The same population distribution was used for each of the years as proxy for the emission distribution within each country. The implied assumption for that procedure was that per capita energy use and fuel mixes are uniform over a political unit. The consequence of this first-order procedure is that the spatial changes observed over time are solely due to changes in national energy consumption and nation-based fuel mix. Increases in fossil-fuel CO2 emissions over time are apparent for most areas.

  9. 40 CFR 600.209-08 - Calculation of vehicle-specific 5-cycle fuel economy values for a model type.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... vehicle configuration 5-cycle fuel economy values as determined in § 600.207-08 for low-altitude tests. (1... economy data from tests conducted on these vehicle configuration(s) at high altitude to calculate the fuel... city and highway fuel economy values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii...

  10. 10 CFR 490.309 - Annual reporting requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Annual reporting requirements. 490.309 Section 490.309 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ALTERNATIVE FUEL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM Alternative Fuel... shall file an annual report under this section, on a form obtainable from DOE, with the Office of Energy...

  11. 10 CFR 490.309 - Annual reporting requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Annual reporting requirements. 490.309 Section 490.309 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ALTERNATIVE FUEL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM Alternative Fuel... shall file an annual report under this section, on a form obtainable from DOE, with the Office of Energy...

  12. 10 CFR 490.309 - Annual reporting requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Annual reporting requirements. 490.309 Section 490.309 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ALTERNATIVE FUEL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM Alternative Fuel... shall file an annual report under this section, on a form obtainable from DOE, with the Office of Energy...

  13. 10 CFR 490.309 - Annual reporting requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Annual reporting requirements. 490.309 Section 490.309 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ALTERNATIVE FUEL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM Alternative Fuel... shall file an annual report under this section, on a form obtainable from DOE, with the Office of Energy...

  14. 10 CFR 490.309 - Annual reporting requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Annual reporting requirements. 490.309 Section 490.309 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ALTERNATIVE FUEL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM Alternative Fuel... shall file an annual report under this section, on a form obtainable from DOE, with the Office of Energy...

  15. Valuing goodwill: not-for-profits prepare for annual impairment testing.

    PubMed

    Heuer, Christian; Travers, Mary Ann K

    2011-02-01

    Accounting standards for valuing goodwill and intangible assets are becoming more rigorous for not-for-profit organizations: Not-for-profit healthcare organizations need to test for goodwill impairment at least annually. Impairment testing is a two-stage process: initial analysis to determine whether impairment exists and subsequent calculation of the magnitude of impairment. Certain "triggering" events compel all organizations--whether for-profit or not-for-profit--to perform an impairment test for goodwill or intangible assets.

  16. 40 CFR 600.207-93 - Calculation of fuel economy values for a model type.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for a model type. 600.207-93 Section 600.207-93 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model...

  17. 40 CFR 600.207-86 - Calculation of fuel economy values for a model type.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for a model type. 600.207-86 Section 600.207-86 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model...

  18. 40 CFR 600.311-12 - Determination of values for fuel economy labels.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... of available information from the certification database for all model types. Specifically, the mean... vehicle cannot be charged at the higher voltage. (l) California-specific values. If the Administrator... fuel economy or other label values from those intended for sale in other states, the Administrator will...

  19. 40 CFR 600.208-08 - Calculation of FTP-based and HFET-based fuel economy values for a model type.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... may use fuel economy data from tests conducted on these vehicle configuration(s) at high altitude to...) Calculate the city, highway, and combined fuel economy values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) Calculate the city, highway, and combined fuel economy values from the tests...

  20. 40 CFR 600.208-08 - Calculation of FTP-based and HFET-based fuel economy values for a model type.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... tests conducted on these vehicle configuration(s) at high altitude to calculate the fuel economy for the... combined fuel economy values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) Calculate the city, highway, and combined fuel economy values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural...

  1. 40 CFR 600.208-08 - Calculation of FTP-based and HFET-based fuel economy values for a model type.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... tests conducted on these vehicle configuration(s) at high altitude to calculate the fuel economy for the... combined fuel economy values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) Calculate the city, highway, and combined fuel economy values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural...

  2. U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 2012 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report: May 14-18, 2012, Arlington, VA

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    2012-09-01

    This document summarizes the comments provided by peer reviewers on hydrogen and fuel cell projects presented at the fiscal year (FY) 2012 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program and Vehicle Technologies Program Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting (AMR), held May 14-18, 2012, in Arlington, VA.

  3. 48 CFR 252.229-7009 - Relief from customs duty and value added tax on fuel (passenger vehicles) (United Kingdom).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... and value added tax on fuel (passenger vehicles) (United Kingdom). 252.229-7009 Section 252.229-7009... Relief from customs duty and value added tax on fuel (passenger vehicles) (United Kingdom). As prescribed in 229.402-70(i), use the following clause: Relief from Customs Duty and Value Added Tax on Fuel...

  4. 48 CFR 252.229-7009 - Relief from customs duty and value added tax on fuel (passenger vehicles) (United Kingdom).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... and value added tax on fuel (passenger vehicles) (United Kingdom). 252.229-7009 Section 252.229-7009... Relief from customs duty and value added tax on fuel (passenger vehicles) (United Kingdom). As prescribed in 229.402-70(i), use the following clause: Relief from Customs Duty and Value Added Tax on Fuel...

  5. 48 CFR 252.229-7009 - Relief from customs duty and value added tax on fuel (passenger vehicles) (United Kingdom).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... and value added tax on fuel (passenger vehicles) (United Kingdom). 252.229-7009 Section 252.229-7009... Relief from customs duty and value added tax on fuel (passenger vehicles) (United Kingdom). As prescribed in 229.402-70(i), use the following clause: Relief from Customs Duty and Value Added Tax on Fuel...

  6. 48 CFR 252.229-7009 - Relief from customs duty and value added tax on fuel (passenger vehicles) (United Kingdom).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... and value added tax on fuel (passenger vehicles) (United Kingdom). 252.229-7009 Section 252.229-7009... Relief from customs duty and value added tax on fuel (passenger vehicles) (United Kingdom). As prescribed in 229.402-70(i), use the following clause: Relief from Customs Duty and Value Added Tax on Fuel...

  7. 48 CFR 252.229-7009 - Relief from customs duty and value added tax on fuel (passenger vehicles) (United Kingdom).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... and value added tax on fuel (passenger vehicles) (United Kingdom). 252.229-7009 Section 252.229-7009... Relief from customs duty and value added tax on fuel (passenger vehicles) (United Kingdom). As prescribed in 229.402-70(i), use the following clause: Relief from Customs Duty and Value Added Tax on Fuel...

  8. Fuel oil and kerosene sales 1994

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    NONE

    1995-09-27

    This publication contains the 1994 survey results of the ``Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report`` (Form EIA-821). This is the sixth year that the survey data have appeared in a separate publication. Prior to the 1989 report, the statistics appeared in the Petroleum Marketing Annual (PMA)for reference year 1988 and the Petroleum Marketing Monthly (PMM) for reference years 1984 through 1987. The 1994 edition marks the 11th annual presentation of the results of the ongoing ``Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report`` survey. Distillate and residual fuel oil sales continued to move in opposite directions during 1994. Distillate salesmore » rose for the third year in a row, due to a growing economy. Residual fuel oil sales, on the other hand, declined for the sixth year in a row, due to competitive natural gas prices, and a warmer heating season than in 1993. Distillate fuel oil sales increased 4.4 percent while residual fuel oil sales declined 1.6 percent. Kerosene sales decreased 1.4 percent in 1994.« less

  9. 40 CFR 600.207-08 - Calculation and use of vehicle-specific 5-cycle-based fuel economy values for vehicle...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    .... (i) Calculate the 5-cycle city and highway fuel economy values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii)(A) Calculate the 5-cycle city and highway fuel economy values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural gas test fuel, if 5-cycle testing has been performed. Otherwise...

  10. Fuel oil and kerosene sales 1993

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    1994-10-03

    This publication contains the 1993 survey results of the ``Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene, Sales Report`` (Form EIA-821). This is the fifth year that the survey data have appeared in a separate publication. Prior to the 1989 report, the statistics appeared in the Petroleum Marketing Annual (PMA) for reference year 1988 and the Petroleum Marketing Monthly (PMM) for reference years 1984 through 1987. The 1993 edition marks the 10th annual presentation of the results of the ongoing ``Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report`` survey. Except for the kerosene and on-highway diesel information, data presented in Tables 1 through 12more » (Sales of Fuel Oil and Kerosene) present results of the EIA-821 survey. Tables 13 through 24 (Adjusted Sales of Fuel Oil and Kerosene) include volumes that are based on the EIA-821 survey but have been adjusted to equal the products supplied volumes published in the Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA).« less

  11. Fuel oil and kerosene sales 1992

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    1993-10-29

    This publication contains the 1992 survey results of the ``Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report`` (Form EIA-821). This is the fourth year that the survey data have appeared in a separate publication. Prior to the 1989 report, the statistics appeared in the Petroleum Marketing Annual (PMA) for reference year 1988 and the Petroleum Marketing Monthly (PMM for reference years 1984 through 1987. The 1992 edition marks the ninth annual presentation of the results of the ongoing ``Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report`` survey. Except for the kerosene and on-highway diesel information, data presented in Tables 1 through 12more » (Sales of Fuel Oil and Kerosene) present results of the EIA-821 survey. Tables 13 through 24 (Adjusted Sales of Fuel Oil and Kerosene) include volumes that are based on the EIA-821 survey but have been adjusted to equal the products supplied volumes published in the Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA).« less

  12. 25 CFR 39.807 - How will the Student Unit Value be adjusted annually?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false How will the Student Unit Value be adjusted annually? 39.807 Section 39.807 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR EDUCATION THE INDIAN SCHOOL EQUALIZATION PROGRAM Determining the Amount Necessary To Sustain an Academic or Residential...

  13. 25 CFR 39.807 - How will the Student Unit Value be adjusted annually?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false How will the Student Unit Value be adjusted annually? 39.807 Section 39.807 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR EDUCATION THE INDIAN SCHOOL EQUALIZATION PROGRAM Determining the Amount Necessary To Sustain an Academic or Residential...

  14. 25 CFR 39.807 - How will the Student Unit Value be adjusted annually?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true How will the Student Unit Value be adjusted annually? 39.807 Section 39.807 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR EDUCATION THE INDIAN SCHOOL EQUALIZATION PROGRAM Determining the Amount Necessary To Sustain an Academic or Residential...

  15. Method for recovering palladium and technetium values from nuclear fuel reprocessing waste solutions

    DOEpatents

    Horwitz, E. Philip; Delphin, Walter H.

    1979-07-24

    A method for recovering palladium and technetium values from nuclear fuel reprocessing waste solutions containing these and other values by contacting the waste solution with an extractant of tricaprylmethylammonium nitrate in an inert hydrocarbon diluent which extracts the palladium and technetium values from the waste solution. The palladium and technetium values are recovered from the extractant and from any other coextracted values with a strong nitric acid strip solution.

  16. Process for the production and recovery of fuel values from coal

    DOEpatents

    Sass, Allan; McCarthy, Harry E.; Kaufman, Paul R.; Finney, Clement S.

    1982-01-01

    A method of pyrolyzing and desulfurizing coal in a transport reactor to recover volatile fuel values and hydrogen by heating particulate coal entrained in a carrier gas substantially free of oxygen to a pyrolysis temperature in a zone within three seconds.

  17. Inter-annual variability in fossil-fuel CO2 emissions due to temperature anomalies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bréon, F.-M.; Boucher, O.; Brender, P.

    2017-07-01

    It is well known that short-term (i.e. interannual) variations in fossil-fuel CO2 emissions are closely related to the evolution of the national economies. Nevertheless, a fraction of the CO2 emissions are linked to domestic and business heating and cooling, which can be expected to be related to the meteorology, independently of the economy. Here, we analyse whether the signature of the inter-annual temperature anomalies is discernible in the time series of CO2 emissions at the country scale. Our analysis shows that, for many countries, there is a clear positive correlation between a heating-degree-person index and the component of the CO2 emissions that is not explained by the economy as quantified by the gross domestic product (GDP). Similarly, several countries show a positive correlation between a cooling-degree-person (CDP) index and CO2 emissions. The slope of the linear relationship for heating is on the order of 0.5-1 kg CO2 (degree-day-person)-1 but with significant country-to-country variations. A similar relationship for cooling shows even greater diversity. We further show that the inter-annual climate anomalies have a small but significant impact on the annual growth rate of CO2 emissions, both at the national and global scale. Such a meteorological effect was a significant contribution to the rather small and unexpected global emission growth rate in 2014 while its contribution to the near zero emission growth in 2015 was insignificant.

  18. Electric Power Annual

    EIA Publications

    2016-01-01

    The Electric Power Annual 2015 presents 11 years (2005-15) of national-level data on electricity generating capacity, electricity generation and useful thermal output, fuel receipts, consumption, and emissions.

  19. Fuel oil and kerosene sales, 1994 (for microcomputers). Data file

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    NONE

    1994-10-01

    Annual petroleum marketing data are available on this diskette which contains statistics from the Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1994 report. Included are annual sales data on petroleum volumes of kerosene, distillate fuel oil, and residual fuel oil by state. Annual historic data at the national level are provided in summary tables.

  20. Fuel oil and kerosene sales 1991

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    1992-11-01

    This publication contains the 1991 survey results of the ``Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report`` (Form EIA-821). This is the third year that the survey data have appeared in a separate publication. Prior to the 1989 report, the statistics appeared in the Petroleum Marketing Annual (PMA) for reference year 1988 and the Petroleum Marketing Monthly (PMM) for reference years 1984 through 1987, The 1991 edition marks the eighth annual presentation, of the results of the ongoing ``Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report`` survey.

  1. Clean Cities 2013 Annual Metrics Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Johnson, C.; Singer, M.

    2014-10-01

    Each year, the U.S. Department of Energy asks its Clean Cities program coordinators to submit annual reports of their activities and accomplishments for the previous calendar year. Data and information are submitted via an online database that is maintained as part of the Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Coordinators submit a range of data that characterize the membership, funding, projects, and activities of their coalitions. They also submit data about sales of alternative fuels, deployment of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), idle-reduction (IR) initiatives, fuel economy activities, and programsmore » to reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT). NREL analyzes the data and translates them into petroleum-use reduction impacts, which are summarized in this 2013 Annual Metrics Report.« less

  2. Clean Cities 2014 Annual Metrics Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Johnson, Caley; Singer, Mark

    Each year, the U.S. Department of Energy asks its Clean Cities program coordinators to submit annual reports of their activities and accomplishments for the previous calendar year. Data and information are submitted via an online database that is maintained as part of the Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Coordinators submit a range of data that characterize the membership, funding, projects, and activities of their coalitions. They also submit data about sales of alternative fuels, deployment of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), idle-reduction (IR) initiatives, fuel economy activities, and programsmore » to reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT). NREL analyzes the data and translates them into petroleum-use reduction impacts, which are summarized in this 2014 Annual Metrics Report.« less

  3. 40 CFR 80.1115 - How are equivalence values assigned to renewable fuel?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... paragraph (c) of this section shall be calculated using the following formula: EV = (R / 0.931) * (EC / 77,550) Where: EV = Equivalence Value for the renewable fuel, rounded to the nearest tenth. R = Renewable...

  4. 40 CFR 80.1115 - How are equivalence values assigned to renewable fuel?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... paragraph (c) of this section shall be calculated using the following formula: EV = (R / 0.931) * (EC / 77,550) Where: EV = Equivalence Value for the renewable fuel, rounded to the nearest tenth. R = Renewable...

  5. 40 CFR 80.1115 - How are equivalence values assigned to renewable fuel?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... paragraph (c) of this section shall be calculated using the following formula: EV = (R / 0.931) * (EC / 77,550) Where: EV = Equivalence Value for the renewable fuel, rounded to the nearest tenth. R = Renewable...

  6. 40 CFR 80.1115 - How are equivalence values assigned to renewable fuel?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... paragraph (c) of this section shall be calculated using the following formula: EV = (R / 0.931) * (EC / 77,550) Where: EV = Equivalence Value for the renewable fuel, rounded to the nearest tenth. R = Renewable...

  7. Effect of Axially Staged Fuel Introduction on Performance of One-quarter Sector of Annular Turbojet Combustor

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Zettle, Eugene V; Mark, Herman

    1953-01-01

    The design principle of injecting liquid fuel at more than one axial station in an annual turbojet combustor was investigated. Fuel was injected into the combustor as much as 5 inches downstream of the primary fuel injectors. Many fuel-injection configurations were examined and the performance results are presented for 11 configurations that best demonstrate the trends in performance obtained. The performance investigations were made at a constant combustor-inlet pressure of 15 inches of mercury absolute and at air flows up to 70 percent higher than values typical of current design practice. At these higher air flows, staging the fuel introduction improved the combustion efficiency considerably over that obtained in the combustor when no fuel staging was employed. At air flows currently encountered in turbojet engines, fuel staging was of minor value. Radial temperature distribution seemed relatively unaffected by the location of fuel-injection stations.

  8. Bale Location Effects on Nutritive Value and Fermentation Characteristics of Annual Ryegrass Bale Stored in In-line Wrapping Silage

    PubMed Central

    Han, K. J.; McCormick, M. E.; Derouen, S. M.; Blouin, D. C.

    2014-01-01

    In southeastern regions of the US, herbage systems are primarily based on grazing or hay feeding with low nutritive value warm-season perennial grasses. Nutritious herbage such as annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) may be more suitable for preserving as baleage for winter feeding even with more intensive production inputs. Emerging in-line wrapped baleage storage systems featuring rapid wrapping and low polyethylene film requirements need to be tested for consistency of storing nutritive value of a range of annual ryegrass herbage. A ryegrass storage trial was conducted with 24-h wilted ‘Marshall’ annual ryegrass harvested at booting, heading and anthesis stages using three replicated in-line wrapped tubes containing ten round bales per tube. After a six-month storage period, nutritive value changes and fermentation end products differed significantly by harvest stage but not by bale location. Although wilted annual ryegrass exhibited a restricted fermentation across harvest stages characterized by high pH and low fermentation end product concentrations, butyric acid concentrations were less than 1 g/kg dry matter, and lactic acid was the major organic acid in the bales. Mold coverage and bale aroma did not differ substantially with harvest stage or bale location. Booting and heading stage-harvested ryegrass baleage were superior in nutritive value to anthesis stage-harvested herbage. Based on the investigated nutritive value and fermentation characteristics, individual bale location within in-line tubes did not significantly affect preservation quality of ryegrass round bale silages. PMID:25178371

  9. Bale Location Effects on Nutritive Value and Fermentation Characteristics of Annual Ryegrass Bale Stored in In-line Wrapping Silage.

    PubMed

    Han, K J; McCormick, M E; Derouen, S M; Blouin, D C

    2014-09-01

    In southeastern regions of the US, herbage systems are primarily based on grazing or hay feeding with low nutritive value warm-season perennial grasses. Nutritious herbage such as annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) may be more suitable for preserving as baleage for winter feeding even with more intensive production inputs. Emerging in-line wrapped baleage storage systems featuring rapid wrapping and low polyethylene film requirements need to be tested for consistency of storing nutritive value of a range of annual ryegrass herbage. A ryegrass storage trial was conducted with 24-h wilted 'Marshall' annual ryegrass harvested at booting, heading and anthesis stages using three replicated in-line wrapped tubes containing ten round bales per tube. After a six-month storage period, nutritive value changes and fermentation end products differed significantly by harvest stage but not by bale location. Although wilted annual ryegrass exhibited a restricted fermentation across harvest stages characterized by high pH and low fermentation end product concentrations, butyric acid concentrations were less than 1 g/kg dry matter, and lactic acid was the major organic acid in the bales. Mold coverage and bale aroma did not differ substantially with harvest stage or bale location. Booting and heading stage-harvested ryegrass baleage were superior in nutritive value to anthesis stage-harvested herbage. Based on the investigated nutritive value and fermentation characteristics, individual bale location within in-line tubes did not significantly affect preservation quality of ryegrass round bale silages.

  10. U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 2016 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report: June 6-10, 2016, Washington, DC

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Popovich, Neil

    The fiscal year 2016 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting (AMR), in conjunction with DOE's Vehicle Technologies Office AMR, was held from June 6-10, 2015, in Washington, D.C.. This report is a summary of comments by AMR peer reviewers about the hydrogen and fuel cell projects funded by DOE's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.

  11. U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 2015 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report: June 8-12, 2015, Arlington, Virginia

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Popovich, Neil

    The fiscal year 2015 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting (AMR), in conjunction with DOE's Vehicle Technologies Office AMR, was held from June 8-12, 2015, in Arlington, Virginia. This report is a summary of comments by AMR peer reviewers about the hydrogen and fuel cell projects funded by DOE's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.

  12. Alternative Fuels Data Center: Idle Reduction

    Science.gov Websites

    Cities Annual Petroleum Savings Clean Cities Annual Petroleum Savings Incentive and Law Additions by Fuel /Technology Type Incentive and Law Additions by Fuel/Technology Type Incentive Additions by Policy Type Incentive Additions by Policy Type More Idle Reduction Data | All Maps & Data Case Studies Massachusetts

  13. 40 CFR 600.208-12 - Calculation of FTP-based and HFET-based fuel economy and carbon-related exhaust emission values...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... emission data from tests conducted on these vehicle configuration(s) at high altitude to calculate the fuel... values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural gas test fuel. (b) For each model type, as..., highway, and combined fuel economy and carbon-related exhaust emission values from the tests performed...

  14. 40 CFR 600.209-08 - Calculation of vehicle-specific 5-cycle fuel economy values for a model type.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... intended for sale at high altitude, the Administrator may use fuel economy data from tests conducted on... from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) If 5-cycle testing was performed on the alcohol or natural gas test fuel, calculate the city and highway fuel economy values from the...

  15. 40 CFR 600.209-08 - Calculation of vehicle-specific 5-cycle fuel economy values for a model type.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... intended for sale at high altitude, the Administrator may use fuel economy data from tests conducted on... from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) If 5-cycle testing was performed on the alcohol or natural gas test fuel, calculate the city and highway fuel economy values from the...

  16. Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into value-added and renewable fuels

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yuan, Lan; Xu, Yi-Jun

    2015-07-01

    The increasing energy crisis and the worsening global climate caused by the excessive utilization of fossil fuel have boosted tremendous research activities about CO2 capture, storage and utilization. Artificial photosynthesis that uses solar light energy to convert CO2 to form value-added and renewable fuels such as methane or methanol has been consistently drawing increasing attention. It is like killing two birds with one stone since it can not only reduce the greenhouse effects caused by CO2 emission but also produce value added chemicals for alternative energy supplying. This review provides a brief introduction about the basic principles of artificial photosynthesis of CO2 and the progress made in exploring more efficient photocatalysts from the viewpoint of light harvesting and photogenerated charge carriers boosting. Moreover, the undergoing mechanisms of CO2 photoreduction are discussed with selected examples, in terms of adsorption of reactants, CO2 activation as well as the possible reaction pathways. Finally, perspectives on future research directions and open issues in CO2 photoreduction are outlined.

  17. Enhancing the properties of Fischer-Tropsch fuel produced from syngas over Co/SiO2 catalyst: Lubricity and Calorific Value

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Doustdar, O.; Wyszynski, M. L.; Mahmoudi, H.; Tsolakis, A.

    2016-09-01

    Bio-fuel produced from renewable sources is considered the most viable alternatives for the replacement of mineral diesel fuel in compression ignition engines. There are several options for biomass derived fuels production involving chemical, biological and thermochemical processes. One of the best options is Fischer Tropsch Synthesis, which has an extensive history of gasoline and diesel production from coal and natural gas. FTS fuel could be one of the best solutions to the fuel emission due to its high quality. FTS experiments were carried out in 16 different operation conditions. Mini structured vertical downdraft fixed bed reactor was used for the FTS. Instead of Biomass gasification, a simulated N2 -rich syngas cylinder of, 33% H2 and 50% N2 was used. FT fuels products were analyzed in GCMS to find the hydrocarbon distributions of FT fuel. Calorific value and lubricity of liquid FT product were measured and compared with commercial diesel fuel. Lubricity has become an important quality, particularly for biodiesel, due to higher pressures in new diesel fuel injection (DFI) technology which demands better lubrication from the fuel and calorific value which is amount of energy released in combustion paly very important role in CI engines. Results show that prepared FT fuel has desirable properties and it complies with standard values. FT samples lubricities as measured by ASTM D6079 standard vary from 286μm (HFRR scar diameter) to 417μm which are less than limit of 520μm. Net Calorific value for FT fuels vary from 9.89 MJ/kg to 43.29 MJ/kg, with six of the samples less than EN 14213 limit of 35MJ/kg. Effect of reaction condition on FT fuel properties was investigated which illustrates that in higher pressure Fischer-Tropsch reaction condition liquid product has better properties.

  18. Automotive fuel economy program

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2005-01-01

    The Automotive Fuel Economy Program Annual Update summarizes the fuel economy performance of the vehicle fleet during 2004, and the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to date, including a section summarizing curr...

  19. 40 CFR 600.209-12 - Calculation of vehicle-specific 5-cycle fuel economy and CO2 emission values for a model type.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... city and highway fuel economy and CO2 emission values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) If 5-cycle testing was performed on the alcohol or natural gas test fuel, calculate the city and highway fuel economy and CO2 emission values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural...

  20. 40 CFR 600.209-12 - Calculation of vehicle-specific 5-cycle fuel economy and CO2 emission values for a model type.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... city and highway fuel economy and CO2 emission values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) If 5-cycle testing was performed on the alcohol or natural gas test fuel, calculate the city and highway fuel economy and CO2 emission values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural...

  1. 40 CFR 600.209-12 - Calculation of vehicle-specific 5-cycle fuel economy and CO2 emission values for a model type.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... city and highway fuel economy and CO2 emission values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) If 5-cycle testing was performed on the alcohol or natural gas test fuel, calculate the city and highway fuel economy and CO2 emission values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural...

  2. Automotive fuel economy program

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2002-09-01

    The Automotive Fuel Economy Program Annual Update summarizes the fuel economy performance of the vehicle fleet and the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) during 2001. Included in this report is a section summariz...

  3. Automotive fuel economy program

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2003-09-01

    The Automotive Fuel Economy Program Annual Update summarizes the fuel economy performance of the vehicle fleet and the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) during 2002. Included in this report is a section summariz...

  4. Liquid fuels of high octane values

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Jessup, P.J.

    1989-03-14

    This patent describes an unleaded fuel composition having an octane rating of about 100 or more, the fuel comprising toluene and alkylate and at least two further components selected from the group consisting of methyl tertiary-butyl ether, isopentane, and n-butane. It also describes a specific composition consisting of toluene, isopentane, alkylate, and MTBE.

  5. Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Uncertainty of Emissions Gridded by On Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude (1950-2013) (V. 2016)

    DOE Data Explorer

    Andres, R. J. [CDIAC; Boden, T. A. [CDIAC

    2016-01-01

    The annual, gridded fossil-fuel CO2 emissions uncertainty estimates from 1950-2013 provided in this database are derived from time series of global, regional, and national fossil-fuel CO2 emissions (Boden et al. 2016). Andres et al. (2016) describes the basic methodology in estimating the uncertainty in the (gridded fossil fuel data product ). This uncertainty is gridded at the same spatial and temporal scales as the mass magnitude maps. This gridded uncertainty includes uncertainty contributions from the spatial, temporal, proxy, and magnitude components used to create the magnitude map of FFCO2 emissions. Throughout this process, when assumptions had to be made or expert judgment employed, the general tendency in most cases was toward overestimating or increasing the magnitude of uncertainty.

  6. Stationary Fuel Cell Systems Analysis | Hydrogen and Fuel Cells | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    Post, Presented at the 2016 DOE Annual Merit Review Meeting (June 2016) Transportation Big Data Ainscough, Sam Sprik, and Matt Post (December 2015) Stationary Fuel Cell Evaluation: 2015 Annual Merit Quarter 4 of 2014, Genevieve Saur, Jennifer Kurtz, Chris Ainscough, Sam Sprik, and Matt Post (April 2015

  7. Alternative Fuel Vehicle Data Browser

    EIA Publications

    The annual data for 2015 about fuel use and the number of vehicles in inventory for four types of alternative fuel vehicle (AFV) fleets: federal government, state governments, transit agencies, and fuel providers, is now available. The data is available through an interactive data viewer.

  8. Automotive fuel economy program

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2004-11-01

    The Automotive Fuel Economy Program Annual Update summarizes the fuel economy performance of the vehicle fleet during 2003, and the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to date. Included in this report is a section...

  9. Fuel oil and kerosene sales 1991. [USA, 1991

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    1992-11-01

    This publication contains the 1991 survey results of the Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report'' (Form EIA-821). This is the third year that the survey data have appeared in a separate publication. Prior to the 1989 report, the statistics appeared in the Petroleum Marketing Annual (PMA) for reference year 1988 and the Petroleum Marketing Monthly (PMM) for reference years 1984 through 1987, The 1991 edition marks the eighth annual presentation, of the results of the ongoing Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report'' survey.

  10. Alternative Fuels Data Center

    Science.gov Websites

    and Vehicle Tax Alternative fuels used to operate on-road vehicles are taxed at a rate of $0.162 ). Refer to the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) Fuels Tax Rates and Alternative Fuels subject to a $64.00 annual license tax at time of registration. For more information, see the Virginia DMV

  11. Comparison of fuel value and combustion characteristics of two different RDF samples.

    PubMed

    Sever Akdağ, A; Atımtay, A; Sanin, F D

    2016-01-01

    Generation of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) tends to increase with the growing population and economic development of the society; therefore, establishing environmentally sustainable waste management strategies is crucial. In this sense, waste to energy strategies have come into prominence since they increase the resource efficiency and replace the fossil fuels with renewable energy sources by enabling material and energy recovery instead of landfill disposal of the wastes. Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), which is an alternative fuel produced from energy-rich Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) materials diverted from landfills, is one of the waste to energy strategies gaining more and more attention. This study aims to investigate the thermal characteristics and co-combustion efficiency of two RDF samples in Turkey. Proximate, ultimate and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were conducted on these samples. Furthermore, elemental compositions of ash from RDF samples were determined by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The RDF samples were combusted alone and co-combusted in mixtures with coal and petroleum coke in a lab scale reactor at certain percentages on energy basis (3%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 30%) where co-combustion processes and efficiencies were investigated. It was found that the calorific values of RDF samples on dry basis were close to that of coal and a little lower compared to petroleum coke used in this study. Furthermore, the analysis indicated that when RDF in the mixture was higher than 10%, the CO concentration in the flue gas increased and so the combustion efficiency decreased; furthermore, the combustion characteristics changed from char combustion to volatile combustion. However, RDF addition to the fuel mixtures decreased the SO2 emission and did not change the NOx profiles. Also, XRF analysis showed that the slagging and fouling potential of RDF combustion was a function of RDF portion in fuel blend. When the RDF was combusted alone, the slagging and fouling

  12. 78 FR 49411 - Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2013 Biomass...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-14

    ...-AR55 Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2013 Biomass... Fuel Additives: 2013 Biomass-Based Diesel Renewable Fuel Volume. DATES: EPA's denials of the petitions... requires that EPA determine the applicable volume of biomass-based diesel to be used in setting annual...

  13. U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 2014 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report: June 16-20, 2014, Washington, D.C.

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    2014-10-01

    The fiscal year (FY) 2014 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting (AMR), in conjunction with DOE's Vehicle Technologies Office AMR, was held from June 16-20, 2014, at the Washington Marriott Wardman Park in Washington, D.C. This report is a summary of comments by AMR peer reviewers about the hydrogen and fuel cell projects funded by DOE's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE).

  14. Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends Data

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    The Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends report is the authoritative reference for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, fuel economy, and powertrain technology trends for new personal vehicles in the United States. The ??Trends?? report has been published annually since 1975 and covers all passenger cars, sport utility vehicles, minivans, and all but the largest pickup trucks and vans. This report does not provide formal compliance values for EPA CO2 emissions standards and NHTSA CAFE standards. The downloadable data are available in PDF or spreadsheet (XLS) formats.

  15. 40 CFR 600.209-08 - Calculation of vehicle-specific 5-cycle fuel economy values for a model type.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Calculation of vehicle-specific 5-cycle fuel economy values for a model type. 600.209-08 Section 600.209-08 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy Regulations fo...

  16. Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Isomass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude (1751 - 2009) (V. 2012)

    DOE Data Explorer

    Andres, R. J. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Boden, Thomas A. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Marlad, Greg [Appalachian State University, Boone, NC (USA)

    2012-01-01

    The annual, isotopic (δ 13C) fossil-fuel CO2 emissions estimates from 1751-2009 provided in this database are derived from time series of global, regional, and national fossil-fuel CO2 emissions (Boden et al. 2012) and references therein. The data accessible here take these tabular, national, mass-emissions data, multiply them by stable carbon isotopic signatures (δ 13C) as described in Andres et al. (2000), and distribute them spatially on a one degree latitude by one degree longitude grid. The within-country spatial distribution is achieved through a fixed population distribution as reported in Andres et al. (1996). Note that the mass-emissions data used here are based on fossil-fuel consumption estimates as these are more representative of within country emissions than fossil-fuel production estimates (see http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/faq.html#Q10 for a description why emission totals based upon consumption differ from those based upon production).

  17. Economic evaluation of the Annual Cycle Energy System (ACES). Volume 1: Executive summary

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    1980-05-01

    Three different classes of building are investigated, namely: single family residence; multifamily residence; and commercial office building. For each building type in each geographic location, the economic evaluation of the annual cycle energy system (ACES) is based on a comparison of the present worth of the ACES to the present worth of a number of conventional systems. The results of this analysis indicate that the economic viability of the ACES is very sensitive to the assumed value of the property tax, maintenance cost, and fuel escalation rates, while it is relatively insensitive to the assumed values of other parameters. Fortunately, any conceivable change in the fuel escalation rates would tend to increase the viability of the ACES concept. An increase in the assumed value of the maintenance cost or property tax would tend to make the ACES concept less viable; a decrease in either would tend to make the ACES concept more viable.

  18. Fuel oil and kerosene sales 1995

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    NONE

    1996-09-01

    This publication contains the 1995 survey results of the ``Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report`` (Form EIA-821). This is the seventh year that the survey data have appeared in a separate publication. Except for the kerosene and on-highway diesel information, data presented in Tables 1 through 12 (Sales of Fuel Oil and Kerosene) present results of the EIA-821 survey. Tables 13 through 24 (Adjusted Sales of Fuel Oil and Kerosene) include volumes that are based on the EIA-821 survey but have been adjusted to equal the product supplied volumes published in the Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA). 24 tabs.

  19. Carbonaceous material for production of hydrogen from low heating value fuel gases

    DOEpatents

    Koutsoukos, Elias P.

    1989-01-01

    A process for the catalytic production of hydrogen, from a wide variety of low heating value fuel gases containing carbon monoxide, comprises circulating a carbonaceous material between two reactors--a carbon deposition reactor and a steaming reactor. In the carbon deposition reactor, carbon monoxide is removed from a fuel gas and is deposited on the carbonaceous material as an active carbon. In the steaming reactor, the reactive carbon reacts with steam to give hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The carbonaceous material contains a metal component comprising from about 75% to about 95% cobalt, from about 5% to about 15% iron, and up to about 10% chromium, and is effective in suppressing the production of methane in the steaming reactor.

  20. 40 CFR 600.207-12 - Calculation and use of vehicle-specific 5-cycle-based fuel economy and CO2 emission values for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... economy and CO2 emission values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) Calculate the 5-cycle city and highway fuel economy and CO2 emission values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural gas test fuel, if 5-cycle testing has been performed. Otherwise, the procedure in § 600...

  1. 40 CFR 600.207-12 - Calculation and use of vehicle-specific 5-cycle-based fuel economy and CO2 emission values for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... economy and CO2 emission values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) Calculate the 5-cycle city and highway fuel economy and CO2 emission values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural gas test fuel, if 5-cycle testing has been performed. Otherwise, the procedure in § 600...

  2. 40 CFR 600.207-12 - Calculation and use of vehicle-specific 5-cycle-based fuel economy and CO2 emission values for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... economy and CO2 emission values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) Calculate the 5-cycle city and highway fuel economy and CO2 emission values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural gas test fuel, if 5-cycle testing has been performed. Otherwise, the procedure in § 600...

  3. Alternative Fuels Data Center: Widgets

    Science.gov Websites

    Efficiency and Renewable Energy Get Widget Code × Widget Code Select All Close Vehicle Cost Calculator Share a tool to calculate annual fuel cost and greenhouse gas emissions for alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles. Vehicle Cost Calculator Choose a vehicle to compare fuel cost and emissions with a

  4. 40 CFR 600.208-08 - Calculation of FTP-based and HFET-based fuel economy values for a model type.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Calculation of FTP-based and HFET-based fuel economy values for a model type. 600.208-08 Section 600.208-08 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy Regulations fo...

  5. FY2013 Progress Report for Fuel & Lubricant Technologies

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    none,

    2014-02-01

    Annual progress report for Fuel & Lubricant Technologies. The Fuel & Lubricant Technologies Program supports fuels and lubricants research and development (R&D) to provide vehicle manufacturers and users with cost-competitive options that enable high fuel economy with low emissions, and contribute to petroleum displacement.

  6. Alternative Fuels Data Center

    Science.gov Websites

    License Fee Each alternative fuel supplier, refiner, distributor, terminal operator, importer or exporter of alternative fuel used in motor vehicles must obtain an annual license from the Wyoming Department of Transportation to conduct business in the state. The fee for each type of license is $25

  7. Alternative Fuels Data Center

    Science.gov Websites

    Natural Gas Tax Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) used as motor fuel of using natural gas must pay an annual flat rate privilege tax if the vehicle has a gross vehicle equivalent of LNG; operators must prepay a portion of this tax annually. The Mississippi Department of

  8. Modeling Seasonality in Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Fossil Fuel Consumption

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gregg, J. S.; Andres, R. J.

    2004-05-01

    Using United States data, a method is developed to estimate the monthly consumption of solid, liquid and gaseous fossil fuels using monthly sales data to estimate the relative monthly proportions of the total annual national fossil fuel use. These proportions are then used to estimate the total monthly carbon dioxide emissions for each state. From these data, the goal is to develop mathematical models that describe the seasonal flux in consumption for each type of fuel, as well as the total emissions for the nation. The time series models have two components. First, the general long-term yearly trend is determined with regression models for the annual totals. After removing the general trend, two alternatives are considered for modeling the seasonality. The first alternative uses the mean of the monthly proportions to predict the seasonal distribution. Because the seasonal patterns are fairly consistent in the United States, this is an effective modeling technique. Such regularity, however, may not be present with data from other nations. Therefore, as a second alternative, an ordinary least squares autoregressive model is used. This model is chosen for its ability to accurately describe dependent data and for its predictive capacity. It also has a meaningful interpretation, as each coefficient in the model quantifies the dependency for each corresponding time lag. Most importantly, it is dynamic, and able to adapt to anomalies and changing patterns. The order of the autoregressive model is chosen by the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), which minimizes the predicted variance for all models of increasing complexity. To model the monthly fuel consumption, the annual trend is combined with the seasonal model. The models for each fuel type are then summed together to predict the total carbon dioxide emissions. The prediction error is estimated with the root mean square error (RMSE) from the actual estimated emission values. Overall, the models perform very well

  9. Liquid Fuels from Lignins: Annual Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Chum, H. L.; Johnson, D. K.

    1986-01-01

    This task was initiated to assess the conversion of lignins into liquid fuels, primarily of lignins relevant to biomass-to-ethanol conversion processes. The task was composed of a literature review of this area and an experimental part to obtain pertinent data on the conversion of lignins germane to biomass-to-ethanol conversion processes.

  10. Alternative Fuels Data Center: Transportation System Efficiency

    Science.gov Websites

    energy use. Transportation planners and corporate decision makers can implement combinations of these corporate decision makers can help employees telework to conserve fuel. Maps & Data Average Annual Fuel

  11. Predicting moisture and economic value of solid forest fuel piles for improving the profitability of bioenergy use

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lauren, Ari; Kinnunen, Jyrki-Pekko; Sikanen, Lauri

    2016-04-01

    Bioenergy contributes 26 % of the total energy use in Finland, and 60 % of this is provided by solid forest fuel consisting of small stems and logging residues such as tops, branches, roots and stumps. Typically the logging residues are stored as piles on site before transporting to regional combined heat and power plants for combustion. Profitability of forest fuel use depends on smart control of the feedstock. Fuel moisture, dry matter loss, and the rate of interest during the storing are the key variables affecting the economic value of the fuel. The value increases with drying, but decreases with wetting, dry matter loss and positive rate of interest. We compiled a simple simulation model computing the moisture change, dry matter loss, transportation costs and present value of feedstock piles. The model was used to predict the time of the maximum value of the stock, and to compose feedstock allocation strategies under the question: how should we choose the piles and the combustion time so that total energy yield and the economic value of the energy production is maximized? The question was assessed concerning the demand of the energy plant. The model parameterization was based on field scale studies. The initial moisture, and the rates of daily moisture change and dry matter loss in the feedstock piles depended on the day of the year according to empirical field measurements. Time step of the computation was one day. Effects of pile use timing on the total energy yield and profitability was studied using combinatorial optimization. Results show that the storing increases the pile maximum value if the natural drying onsets soon after the harvesting; otherwise dry matter loss and the capital cost of the storing overcome the benefits gained by drying. Optimized timing of the pile use can improve slightly the profitability, based on the increased total energy yield and because the energy unit based transportation costs decrease when water content in the biomass is

  12. The use of multi-temporal Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data for mapping fuels in Yosemite National Park, USA

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Van Wagtendonk, Jan W.; Root, Ralph R.

    2003-01-01

    The objective of this study was to test the applicability of using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values derived from a temporal sequence of six Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes to map fuel models for Yosemite National Park, USA. An unsupervised classification algorithm was used to define 30 unique spectral-temporal classes of NDVI values. A combination of graphical, statistical and visual techniques was used to characterize the 30 classes and identify those that responded similarly and could be combined into fuel models. The final classification of fuel models included six different types: short annual and perennial grasses, tall perennial grasses, medium brush and evergreen hardwoods, short-needled conifers with no heavy fuels, long-needled conifers and deciduous hardwoods, and short-needled conifers with a component of heavy fuels. The NDVI, when analysed over a season of phenologically distinct periods along with ancillary data, can elicit information necessary to distinguish fuel model types. Fuels information derived from remote sensors has proven to be useful for initial classification of fuels and has been applied to fire management situations on the ground.

  13. 40 CFR 600.206-08 - Calculation and use of FTP-based and HFET-based fuel economy values for vehicle configurations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Calculation and use of FTP-based and HFET-based fuel economy values for vehicle configurations. 600.206-08 Section 600.206-08 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel...

  14. 40 CFR 600.210-12 - Calculation of fuel economy and CO2 emission values for labeling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... not qualify for the second method as described in § 600.115 (other than electric vehicles). The second... values for electric vehicles. Determine FTP-based city and HFET-based highway fuel economy label values for electric vehicles as described in § 600.116. Convert W-hour/mile results to miles per kW-hr and...

  15. 40 CFR 600.210-12 - Calculation of fuel economy and CO2 emission values for labeling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... not qualify for the second method as described in § 600.115 (other than electric vehicles). The second... values for electric vehicles. Determine FTP-based city and HFET-based highway fuel economy label values for electric vehicles as described in § 600.116. Convert W-hour/mile results to miles per kW-hr and...

  16. 40 CFR 600.210-12 - Calculation of fuel economy and CO2 emission values for labeling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... not qualify for the second method as described in § 600.115 (other than electric vehicles). The second... values for electric vehicles. Determine FTP-based city and HFET-based highway fuel economy label values for electric vehicles as described in § 600.116. Convert W-hour/mile results to miles per kW-hr and...

  17. FY2015 Annual Report for Alternative Fuels DISI Engine Research.

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sjöberg, Carl-Magnus G.

    2016-01-01

    Climate change and the need to secure energy supplies are two reasons for a growing interest in engine efficiency and alternative fuels. This project contributes to the science-base needed by industry to develop highly efficient DISI engines that also beneficially exploit the different properties of alternative fuels. Our emphasis is on lean operation, which can provide higher efficiencies than traditional non-dilute stoichiometric operation. Since lean operation can lead to issues with ignition stability, slow flame propagation and low combustion efficiency, we focus on techniques that can overcome these challenges. Specifically, fuel stratification is used to ensure ignition and completeness ofmore » combustion but has soot- and NOx- emissions challenges. For ultralean well-mixed operation, turbulent deflagration can be combined with controlled end-gas auto-ignition to render mixed-mode combustion that facilitates high combustion efficiency. However, the response of both combustion and exhaust emissions to these techniques depends on the fuel properties. Therefore, to achieve optimal fuel-economy gains, the engine combustion-control strategies must be adapted to the fuel being utilized.« less

  18. Delta13C values of grasses as a novel indicator of pollution by fossil-fuel-derived greenhouse gas CO2 in urban areas.

    PubMed

    Lichtfouse, Eric; Lichtfouse, Michel; Jaffrézic, Anne

    2003-01-01

    A novel fossil fuel pollution indicator based on the 13C/12C isotopic composition of plants has been designed. This bioindicator is a promising tool for future mapping of the sequestration of fossil fuel CO2 into urban vegetation. Theoretically, plants growing in fossil-fuel-CO2-contaminated areas, such as major cities, industrial centers, and highway borders, should assimilate a mixture of global atmospheric CO2 of delta13C value of -8.02 per thousand and of fossil fuel CO2 of average delta13C value of -27.28 per thousand. This isotopic difference should, thus, be recorded in plant carbon. Indeed, this study reveals that grasses growing near a major highway in Paris, France, have strikingly depleted delta13C values, averaging at -35.08 per thousand, versus rural grasses that show an average delta13C value of -30.59 per thousand. A simple mixing model was used to calculate the contributions of fossil-fuel-derived CO2 to the plant tissue. Calculation based on contaminated and noncontaminated isotopic end members shows that urban grasses assimilate up to 29.1% of fossil-fuel-CO2-derived carbon in their tissues. The 13C isotopic composition of grasses thus represents a promising new tool for the study of the impact of fossil fuel CO2 in major cities.

  19. Technology Validation: Fuel Cell Bus Evaluations

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Eudy, Leslie

    This presentation describing the FY 2016 accomplishments for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Fuel Cell Bus Evaluations project was presented at the U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting, June 7, 2016.

  20. The Business Case for Fuel Cells: Delivering Sustainable Value

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Curtin, Sandra; Gangi, Jennifer

    This report, written and compiled by Argonne National Laboratory and the Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association with support from the Fuel Cell Technologies Office, provides an overview of private sector fuel cell installations at U.S. businesses as of December 31, 2016. Over the past few decades, hundreds of thousands of fuel cells have been installed around the world, for primary or backup power, as well as in various other applications including portable and emergency backup power. Fuel cells have also been deployed in other applications such as heat and electricity for homes and apartments, material handling, passenger vehicles, buses,more » and remote, off-grid sites.« less

  1. Fuel cell on-site integrated energy system parametric analysis of a residential complex

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Simons, S. N.

    1977-01-01

    A parametric energy-use analysis was performed for a large apartment complex served by a fuel cell on-site integrated energy system (OS/IES). The variables parameterized include operating characteristics for four phosphoric acid fuel cells, eight OS/IES energy recovery systems, and four climatic locations. The annual fuel consumption for selected parametric combinations are presented and a breakeven economic analysis is presented for one parametric combination. The results show fuel cell electrical efficiency and system component choice have the greatest effect on annual fuel consumption; fuel cell thermal efficiency and geographic location have less of an effect.

  2. 78 FR 9281 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2013 Renewable Fuel Standards

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-07

    ...Under section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act, the Environmental Protection Agency is required to set the renewable fuel standards each November for the following year. In general the standards are designed to ensure that the applicable volumes of renewable fuel specified in the statute are used. However, the statute specifies that EPA is to project the volume of cellulosic biofuel production for the upcoming year and must base the cellulosic biofuel standard on that projected volume if it is less than the applicable volume set forth in the Act. EPA is today proposing a projected cellulosic biofuel volume for 2013 that is below the applicable volume specified in the Act. EPA is proposing that the applicable volumes of advanced biofuel and total renewable fuel would remain at the statutory levels for 2013. Finally, today's action also proposes annual percentage standards for cellulosic biofuel, biomass-based diesel, advanced biofuel, and renewable fuels that would apply to all gasoline and diesel produced or imported in year 2013.

  3. Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report

    EIA Publications

    2017-01-01

    This report results from a new EIA survey launched in January 2016. The survey collects information on wood pellet and other densified biomass fuel production, sales, and inventory levels from approximately 90 operating pellet fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States. Facilities with an annual capacity of 10,000 tons or more per year are required to report monthly.

  4. Survey Evidence on the Willingness of U.S. Consumers to Pay for Automotive Fuel Economy

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Greene, David L; Evans, David H; Hiestand, John

    2013-01-01

    Prospect theory, which was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2002, holds that human beings faced with a risky bet will tend to value potential losses about twice as much as potential gains. Previous research has demonstrated that prospect theory could be sufficient to explain an energy paradox in the market for automotive fuel economy. This paper analyzes data from four random sample surveys of 1,000 U.S. households each in 2004, 2011, 2012 and 2013. Households were asked about willingness to pay for future fuel savings as well as the annual fuel savings necessary to justify a given upfrontmore » payment. Payback periods inferred from household responses are consistent over time and across different formulations of questions. Mean calculated payback periods are short, about 3 years, but there is substantial dispersion among individual responses. Calculated payback periods do not appear to be correlated with the attributes of respondents. Respondents were able to quantitatively describe their uncertainty about both vehicle fuel economy and future fuel prices. Simulation of loss averse behavior based on this stated uncertainty illustrate how loss aversion could lead consumers to substantially undervalue future fuel savings relative to their expected value.« less

  5. 40 CFR 600.207-08 - Calculation and use of vehicle-specific 5-cycle-based fuel economy values for vehicle...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Calculation and use of vehicle-specific 5-cycle-based fuel economy values for vehicle configurations. 600.207-08 Section 600.207-08 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fue...

  6. FY2017 Advanced Combustion Systems and Fuels Annual Progress Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    None, None

    The Advanced Combustion Systems and Fuels Program supports VTO’s goal and focuses early-stage research and development (R&D) to improve understanding of the combustion processes, fuel properties, and emission control technologies while generating knowledge and insight necessary for industry to develop the next generation of engines.

  7. 48 CFR 41.401 - Monthly and annual review.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... values exceeding the simplified acquisition threshold, on an annual basis. Annual reviews of accounts with annual values at or below the simplified acquisition threshold shall be conducted when deemed... services to each facility under the utility's most economical, applicable rate and to examine competitive...

  8. 1990 Fuel oil utilization workshop

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    McDonald, B.L.; Lange, H.B.; Miller, M.N.

    1992-01-01

    Following a 1983 EPRI-sponsored workshop on utility boiler problems (EPRI report AP-3753), the Institute has responded to the need for better information on fuel utilization by sponsoring annual utility-focused workshops. This workshop is the sixth in a series of annual events designed to address this need. The objective was to provide utility personnel with an opportunity to exchange information on residual oil use in fossil steam plants. Participants at the 1990 workshop, held in Arlington, Virginia, October 31-November 1, 1990, included 37 representatives from 19 electric utilities, including representatives from Mexico, Canada, and Spain, as well as the Institute demore » Investigaciones Electricas in Mexico. The workshop comprised formal presentations followed by question-and-answer sessions and three 2-hour discussion group sessions. Topics included a water/oil emulsion test summary, a NO{sub x} reduction program, particulate and unburned carbon emissions reductions from oil-fired boilers using combustion promoters, a utility perspective on oil spills, and size distribution and opacity of particulate matter emissions from combustion of residual fuel oils. In addition, participants discussed the development of a coke formation index, instability and compatibility of residual fuel oils, the clean combustion of heavy liquid fuels, toxic air emissions from the combustion of residual fuel oils, H{sub 2}S release from residual fuel oils, and increased reliability of superheater and reheater tubes and headers by optimization of steam-side and gas-side temperatures.« less

  9. 40 CFR 80.1426 - How are RINs generated and assigned to batches of renewable fuel by renewable fuel producers or...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... annual covercrops Fermentation using natural gas, biomass, or biogas for process energy 6 F Biodiesel...-Esterification Hydrotreating Excluding processes that co-process renewable biomass and petroleum 4 G Biodiesel... Biodiesel, renewable diesel, jet fuel and heating oil Soy bean oil; Oil from annual covercrops; Algal oil...

  10. Renewable Fuels Module - NEMS Documentation

    EIA Publications

    2017-01-01

    This report documents the objectives, analytical approach, and design of the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) Renewable Fuels Module (RFM) as it relates to the production of the Annual Energy Outlook forecasts.

  11. Method and apparatus for real-time measurement of fuel gas compositions and heating values

    DOEpatents

    Zelepouga, Serguei; Pratapas, John M.; Saveliev, Alexei V.; Jangale, Vilas V.

    2016-03-22

    An exemplary embodiment can be an apparatus for real-time, in situ measurement of gas compositions and heating values. The apparatus includes a near infrared sensor for measuring concentrations of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide, a mid infrared sensor for measuring concentrations of carbon monoxide and a semiconductor based sensor for measuring concentrations of hydrogen gas. A data processor having a computer program for reducing the effects of cross-sensitivities of the sensors to components other than target components of the sensors is also included. Also provided are corresponding or associated methods for real-time, in situ determination of a composition and heating value of a fuel gas.

  12. 40 CFR 600.208-12 - Calculation of FTP-based and HFET-based fuel economy and carbon-related exhaust emission values...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Calculation of FTP-based and HFET-based fuel economy and carbon-related exhaust emission values for a model type. 600.208-12 Section 600.208-12 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR...

  13. 76 FR 4645 - Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technical Advisory Committee (HTAC)

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-01-26

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technical Advisory Committee (HTAC) AGENCY: Department...: This notice announces a meeting of the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technical Advisory Committee (HTAC). HTAC... Presentations HTAC Subcommittee Overviews HTAC Annual Report Development Stationary Fuel Cell Industry Analysis...

  14. Early Fuel Cell Market Demonstrations | Hydrogen and Fuel Cells | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    Handling Equipment Data Collection and Analysis: 2015 Report, DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Annual Progress Report (December 2015) Material Handling Equipment Data Collection and Analysis: 2015 Review, DOE Technical Report (March 2015) 2014 Forklift and Backup Power Data Collection and Analysis: 2014 Report, DOE

  15. Target virus log10 reduction values determined for two reclaimed wastewater irrigation scenarios in Japan based on tolerable annual disease burden.

    PubMed

    Ito, Toshihiro; Kitajima, Masaaki; Kato, Tsuyoshi; Ishii, Satoshi; Segawa, Takahiro; Okabe, Satoshi; Sano, Daisuke

    2017-11-15

    Multiple-barriers are widely employed for managing microbial risks in water reuse, in which different types of wastewater treatment units (biological treatment, disinfection, etc.) and health protection measures (use of personal protective gear, vegetable washing, etc.) are combined to achieve a performance target value of log 10 reduction (LR) of viruses. The LR virus target value needs to be calculated based on the data obtained from monitoring the viruses of concern and the water reuse scheme in the context of the countries/regions where water reuse is implemented. In this study, we calculated the virus LR target values under two exposure scenarios for reclaimed wastewater irrigation in Japan, using the concentrations of indigenous viruses in untreated wastewater and a defined tolerable annual disease burden (10 -4 or 10 -6 disability-adjusted life years per person per year (DALY pppy )). Three genogroups of norovirus (norovirus genogroup I (NoV GI), geogroup II (NoV GII), and genogroup IV (NoV GIV)) in untreated wastewater were quantified as model viruses using reverse transcription-microfluidic quantitative PCR, and only NoV GII was present in quantifiable concentration. The probabilistic distribution of NoV GII concentration in untreated wastewater was then estimated from its concentration dataset, and used to calculate the LR target values of NoV GII for wastewater treatment. When an accidental ingestion of reclaimed wastewater by Japanese farmers was assumed, the NoV GII LR target values corresponding to the tolerable annual disease burden of 10 -6 DALY pppy were 3.2, 4.4, and 5.7 at 95, 99, and 99.9%tile, respectively. These percentile values, defined as "reliability," represent the cumulative probability of NoV GII concentration distribution in untreated wastewater below the corresponding tolerable annual disease burden after wastewater reclamation. An approximate 1-log 10 difference of LR target values was observed between 10 -4 and 10 -6 DALY pppy

  16. Fuel Cell Backup Power Geographical Visualization Map (Fact Sheet)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    2012-12-01

    This NREL Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technical Highlight describes a time-lapse geographical visualization map of early market use of fuel cells for telecommunications backup power. The map synthesizes data being analyzed by NREL's Technology Validation team for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Fuel Cell Technologies Program with DOE's publicly available annual summaries of electric disturbance events.

  17. Are P values and statistical assessments in poster abstracts presented at annual meetings of Taiwan Society of Anesthesiologists relative to the characteristics of hospitals?

    PubMed

    Lee, Fu-Jung; Wu, Chih-Cheng; Peng, Shih-Yen; Fan, Kuo-Tung

    2007-09-01

    Many anesthesiologists in medical centers (MC) or in anesthesiologist-training hospitals (ATH) are accustomed to present their research data in the form of poster abstracts at the annual meetings of Taiwan Society of Anesthesiologists (TSA) to represent their academic gainings in a designated period of time. However, an orphaned P value without mentioning the related specified statistical test has frequently been found in these articles. The difference in presentation of statistical test after P value between MC/ATH and non-MC/non-ATH in recent three TSA consecutive annual meetings was explored in this article. We collected the proceedings handbooks of TSA annual meetings in a period spanning 3 yrs (2003 to 2005) and analyzed the hospital characteristic of first institute-byliner in the poster abstract. Data were analyzed with Fisher's exact test and statistical significance was assumed if P < 0.05. Included were 101 poster abstracts with byliners of 20 hospitals. Only 2 of the 20 hospitals were accredited as non-ATH and 4 as non-MC. There were 64 (63%) abstracts without specified statistical test after P value and no significant difference was found among each category. (P = 0.47 in ATH vs. non-ATH and P = 0.07 in MC vs. non-MC). The basic concept of P value with specified statistical test was not applicable comprehensively in poster abstracts of the annual conferences. Based on our wishful intention, we suggest that the anesthesia administrators and senior anesthesiologists at ATH or MC, and the members of the committee responsible for running academic affairs in TSA, should pay attention to this prodigy and work together to improve our basic statistics in poster presentation.

  18. 40 CFR 80.1426 - How are RINs generated and assigned to batches of renewable fuel by renewable fuel producers or...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... process energy 6 F Biodiesel, renewable diesel, jet fuel and heating oil Soy bean oil; Oil from annual... biomass and petroleum 4 G Biodiesel, heating oil Canola/Rapeseed oil Trans-Esterification using natural gas or biomass for process energy 4 H Biodiesel, renewable diesel, jet fuel and heating oil Soy bean...

  19. Clean Cities Guide to Alternative Fuel Commercial Lawn Equipment (Brochure)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    Guide explains the different types of alternative fuel commercial mowers and lists the makes and models of the ones available on the market. Turf grass is a fixture of the American landscape and the American economy. It is the nation's largest irrigated crop, covering more than 40 million acres. Legions of lawnmowers care for this expanse during the growing season-up to year-round in the warmest climates. The annual economic impact of the U.S. turf grass industry has been estimated at more than $62 billion. Lawn mowing also contributes to the nation's petroleum consumption and pollutant emissions. Mowers consume 1.2 billionmore » gallons of gasoline annually, about 1% of U.S. motor gasoline consumption. Commercial mowing accounts for about 35% of this total and is the highest-intensity use. Large property owners and mowing companies cut lawns, sports fields, golf courses, parks, roadsides, and other grassy areas for 7 hours per day and consume 900 to 2,000 gallons of fuel annually depending on climate and length of the growing season. In addition to gasoline, commercial mowing consumes more than 100 million gallons of diesel annually. Alternative fuel mowers are one way to reduce the energy and environmental impacts of commercial lawn mowing. They can reduce petroleum use and emissions compared with gasoline- and diesel-fueled mowers. They may also save on fuel and maintenance costs, extend mower life, reduce fuel spillage and fuel theft, and promote a 'green' image. And on ozone alert days, alternative fuel mowers may not be subject to the operational restrictions that gasoline mowers must abide by. To help inform the commercial mowing industry about product options and potential benefits, Clean Cities produced this guide to alternative fuel commercial lawn equipment. Although the guide's focus is on original equipment manufacturer (OEM) mowers, some mowers can be converted to run on alternative fuels. For more information about propane conversions. This guide

  20. Twelfth annual fluidized bed conference

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    NONE

    1996-12-31

    The Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Fluidized Bed Conference held November 11-13, 1996 in Pittsburgh, PA are presented. Information is given on: owner`s discussions; new aspects and field upgrades in fluidized bed boilers; manufacturer`s perspectives; fuel considerations; FBC ash reclassification; and beneficial uses of FBC ash. Selected papers are indexed separately for inclusion in the Energy Science and Technology Database.

  1. 40 CFR 80.1415 - How are equivalence values assigned to renewable fuel?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... renewable fuel that came from renewable biomass, expressed as a fraction, on an energy basis. EC = Energy... renewable fuel? 80.1415 Section 80.1415 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1415 How...

  2. 40 CFR 80.1415 - How are equivalence values assigned to renewable fuel?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... renewable fuel that came from renewable biomass, expressed as a fraction, on an energy basis. EC = Energy... renewable fuel? 80.1415 Section 80.1415 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1415 How...

  3. 40 CFR 80.1415 - How are equivalence values assigned to renewable fuel?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... renewable fuel that came from renewable biomass, expressed as a fraction, on an energy basis. EC = Energy... renewable fuel? 80.1415 Section 80.1415 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1415 How...

  4. 40 CFR 80.1415 - How are equivalence values assigned to renewable fuel?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... renewable fuel that came from renewable biomass, expressed as a fraction, on an energy basis. EC = Energy... renewable fuel? 80.1415 Section 80.1415 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1415 How...

  5. 40 CFR 80.1415 - How are equivalence values assigned to renewable fuel?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... renewable fuel that came from renewable biomass, expressed as a fraction, on an energy basis. EC = Energy... renewable fuel? 80.1415 Section 80.1415 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1415 How...

  6. Estimates of global, regional, and national annual CO{sub 2} emissions from fossil-fuel burning, hydraulic cement production, and gas flaring: 1950--1992

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Boden, T.A.; Marland, G.; Andres, R.J.

    1995-12-01

    This document describes the compilation, content, and format of the most comprehensive C0{sub 2}-emissions database currently available. The database includes global, regional, and national annual estimates of C0{sub 2} emissions resulting from fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacturing, and gas flaring in oil fields for 1950--92 as well as the energy production, consumption, and trade data used for these estimates. The methods of Marland and Rotty (1983) are used to calculate these emission estimates. For the first time, the methods and data used to calculate CO, emissions from gas flaring are presented. This C0{sub 2}-emissions database is useful for carbon-cycle research, providesmore » estimates of the rate at which fossil-fuel combustion has released C0{sub 2} to the atmosphere, and offers baseline estimates for those countries compiling 1990 C0{sub 2}-emissions inventories.« less

  7. FY2017 Technology Integration Annual Progress Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    None

    The 2017 Technology Integration Annual Progress Report covers 27 multi-year projects funded by the Vehicle Technologies Office. The report includes information on 20 competitively awarded projects, ranging from training on alternative fuels and vehicles for first responders, to safety training and design for maintenance facilities housing gaseous fuel vehicles, to electric vehicle community partner programs. It also includes seven projects conducted by several of VTO’s national laboratory partners, Argonne National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. These projects range from a Technical Assistance project for business, industry, government and individuals, to the EcoCar 3 Studentmore » Competition, and the Fuel Economy Information Project.« less

  8. Influence of fuel moisture content and reactor temperature on the calorific value of syngas resulted from gasification of oil palm fronds.

    PubMed

    Atnaw, Samson Mekbib; Sulaiman, Shaharin Anwar; Yusup, Suzana

    2014-01-01

    Biomass wastes produced from oil palm mills and plantations include empty fruit bunches (EFBs), shells, fibers, trunks, and oil palm fronds (OPF). EFBs and shells are partially utilized as boiler fuel while the rest of the biomass materials like OPF have not been utilized for energy generation. No previous study has been reported on gasification of oil palm fronds (OPF) biomass for the production of fuel gas. In this paper, the effect of moisture content of fuel and reactor temperature on downdraft gasification of OPF was experimentally investigated using a lab scale gasifier of capacity 50 kW. In addition, results obtained from equilibrium model of gasification that was developed for facilitating the prediction of syngas composition are compared with experimental data. Comparison of simulation results for predicting calorific value of syngas with the experimental results showed a satisfactory agreement with a mean error of 0.1 MJ/Nm³. For a biomass moisture content of 29%, the resulting calorific value for the syngas was found to be only 2.63 MJ/Nm³, as compared to nearly double (4.95 MJ/Nm³) for biomass moisture content of 22%. A calorific value as high as 5.57 MJ/Nm³ was recorded for higher oxidation zone temperature values.

  9. [Fuel ethanol production from cassava feedstock].

    PubMed

    Huang, Ribo; Chen, Dong; Wang, Qingyan; Shen, Naikun; Wei, Yutuo; Du, Liqin

    2010-07-01

    The regions suitable for growing cassava include five provinces in Southern China, with Guangxi alone accounting for over 65% of the total cassava production in the country. In this article, the state-of-the-art development of fuel ethanol production from cassava in China is illustrated by the construction of the cassava fuel ethanol plant with its annual production capacity of 200 000 metric tons. And in the meantime, problems and challenges encountered in the development of China's cassava fuel ethanol are highlighted and the strategies to address them are proposed.

  10. Clean Cities 2012 Annual Metrics Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Johnson, Caley

    2013-12-01

    The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Clean Cities program advances the nation's economic, environmental, and energy security by supporting local actions to cut petroleum use in transportation. A national network of nearly 100 Clean Cities coalitions brings together stakeholders in the public and private sectors to deploy alternative and renewable fuels, idle-reduction measures, fuel economy improvements, and new transportation technologies, as they emerge. Each year DOE asks Clean Cities coordinators to submit annual reports of their activities and accomplishments for the previous calendar year. Data and information are submitted via an online database that is maintained as part of themore » Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Coordinators submit a range of data that characterizes the membership, funding, projects, and activities of their coalitions. They also submit data about sales of alternative fuels, deployment of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), idle-reduction initiatives, fuel economy activities, and programs to reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT). NREL analyzes the data and translates them into petroleum-use reduction impacts, which are summarized in this report.« less

  11. 2017 Annual Technology Baseline

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Cole, Wesley J; Hand, M. M; Eberle, Annika

    Consistent cost and performance data for various electricity generation technologies can be difficult to find and may change frequently for certain technologies. With the Annual Technology Baseline (ATB), the National Renewable Energy Laboratory annually provides an organized and centralized set of such cost and performance data. The ATB uses the best information from the Department of Energy national laboratories' renewable energy analysts as well as information from the Energy Information Administration for fuel-based technologies. The ATB has been reviewed by experts and it includes the following electricity generation technologies: land-based wind, offshore wind, utility-scale solar photovoltaics (PV), commercial-scale solar PV,more » residential-scale solar PV, concentrating solar power, geothermal power, hydropower, coal, natural gas, nuclear, and conventional biopower. This webinar presentation introduces the 2017 ATB.« less

  12. Fuel Cell Buses in U.S. Transit Fleets : Current Status 2014

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2014-12-03

    This report, published annually, summarizes the progress of fuel cell electric bus (FCEB) development in the United States and discusses the achievements and challenges of introducing fuel cell propulsion in transit. Various stakeholders, including d...

  13. Fuel Cell Buses in U.S. Transit Fleets : Current Status 2015

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2015-12-01

    This report, published annually, summarizes the progress of fuel cell electric bus (FCEB) development in the United States and discusses the achievements and challenges of introducing fuel cell propulsion in transit. The report provides a summary of ...

  14. Fuel Cell Buses in U.S. Transit Fleets: Current Status 2017

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2017-11-01

    This report, published annually, summarizes the progress of fuel cell electric bus (FCEB) development in the United States and discusses the achievements and challenges of introducing fuel cell propulsion in transit. The report provides a summary of ...

  15. Fuel Cell Buses in U.S. Transit Fleets: Current Status 2016

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2016-11-01

    This report, published annually, summarizes the progress of fuel cell electric bus (FCEB) development in the United States and discusses the achievements and challenges of introducing fuel cell propulsion in transit. The report provides a summary of ...

  16. Financing Strategies For A Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facility

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    David Shropshire; Sharon Chandler

    2006-07-01

    To help meet the nation’s energy needs, recycling of partially used nuclear fuel is required to close the nuclear fuel cycle, but implementing this step will require considerable investment. This report evaluates financing scenarios for integrating recycling facilities into the nuclear fuel cycle. A range of options from fully government owned to fully private owned were evaluated using DPL (Decision Programming Language 6.0), which can systematically optimize outcomes based on user-defined criteria (e.g., lowest lifecycle cost, lowest unit cost). This evaluation concludes that the lowest unit costs and lifetime costs are found for a fully government-owned financing strategy, due tomore » government forgiveness of debt as sunk costs. However, this does not mean that the facilities should necessarily be constructed and operated by the government. The costs for hybrid combinations of public and private (commercial) financed options can compete under some circumstances with the costs of the government option. This analysis shows that commercial operations have potential to be economical, but there is presently no incentive for private industry involvement. The Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA) currently establishes government ownership of partially used commercial nuclear fuel. In addition, the recently announced Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) suggests fuels from several countries will be recycled in the United States as part of an international governmental agreement; this also assumes government ownership. Overwhelmingly, uncertainty in annual facility capacity led to the greatest variations in unit costs necessary for recovery of operating and capital expenditures; the ability to determine annual capacity will be a driving factor in setting unit costs. For private ventures, the costs of capital, especially equity interest rates, dominate the balance sheet; and the annual operating costs, forgiveness of debt, and overnight costs dominate the costs

  17. Influence of Fuel Moisture Content and Reactor Temperature on the Calorific Value of Syngas Resulted from Gasification of Oil Palm Fronds

    PubMed Central

    Atnaw, Samson Mekbib; Sulaiman, Shaharin Anwar; Yusup, Suzana

    2014-01-01

    Biomass wastes produced from oil palm mills and plantations include empty fruit bunches (EFBs), shells, fibers, trunks, and oil palm fronds (OPF). EFBs and shells are partially utilized as boiler fuel while the rest of the biomass materials like OPF have not been utilized for energy generation. No previous study has been reported on gasification of oil palm fronds (OPF) biomass for the production of fuel gas. In this paper, the effect of moisture content of fuel and reactor temperature on downdraft gasification of OPF was experimentally investigated using a lab scale gasifier of capacity 50 kW. In addition, results obtained from equilibrium model of gasification that was developed for facilitating the prediction of syngas composition are compared with experimental data. Comparison of simulation results for predicting calorific value of syngas with the experimental results showed a satisfactory agreement with a mean error of 0.1 MJ/Nm3. For a biomass moisture content of 29%, the resulting calorific value for the syngas was found to be only 2.63 MJ/Nm3, as compared to nearly double (4.95 MJ/Nm3) for biomass moisture content of 22%. A calorific value as high as 5.57 MJ/Nm3 was recorded for higher oxidation zone temperature values. PMID:24578617

  18. Relationships between annual plant productivity, nitrogen deposition and fire size in low-elevation California desert scrub

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Rao, Leela E.; Matchett, John R.; Brooks, Matthew L.; Johns, Robert; Minnich, Richard A.; Allen, Edith B.

    2014-01-01

    Although precipitation is correlated with fire size in desert ecosystems and is typically used as an indirect surrogate for fine fuel load, a direct link between fine fuel biomass and fire size has not been established. In addition, nitrogen (N) deposition can affect fire risk through its fertilisation effect on fine fuel production. In this study, we examine the relationships between fire size and precipitation, N deposition and biomass with emphasis on identifying biomass and N deposition thresholds associated with fire spreading across the landscape. We used a 28-year fire record of 582 burns from low-elevation desert scrub to evaluate the relationship of precipitation, N deposition and biomass with the distribution of fire sizes using quantile regression. We found that models using annual biomass have similar predictive ability to those using precipitation and N deposition at the lower to intermediate portions of the fire size distribution. No distinct biomass threshold was found, although within the 99th percentile of the distribution fire size increased with greater than 125 g m–2 of winter fine fuel production. The study did not produce an N deposition threshold, but did validate the value of 125 g m–2 of fine fuel for spread of fires.

  19. Alternative Fuels Data Center

    Science.gov Websites

    Fuel-Efficient Green Fleets Policy and Fleet Management Program Development The Alabama Green Fleets Review Committee (Committee) established a Green Fleets Policy (Policy) outlining a procedure for managers must classify their vehicle inventory for compliance with the Policy and submit annual plans for

  20. Lignin depolymerization and upgrading via fast pyrolysis and electrocatalysis for the production of liquid fuels and value-added products

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Garedew, Mahlet

    The production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels from biomass is needed to replace fossil fuels, which are decreasing in supply at an unsustainable rate. Renewable fuels also address the rising levels of greenhouse gases, an issue for which the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change implicated humanity in 2013. In response, the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) mandates the production of 21 billion gallons of advanced biofuels by 2022. Biomass fast pyrolysis (BFP) uses heat (400-600 °C) without oxygen to convert biomass to liquids fuel precursors offering an alternative to fossil fuels and a means to meet the EISA mandate. The major product, bio-oil, can be further upgraded to liquid hydrocarbon fuels, while biochar can serve as a solid fuel or soil amendment. The combustible gas co-product is typically burned for process heat. Though the most valuable of the pyrolysis products, the liquid bio-oil is highly oxygenated, corrosive, low in energy content and unstable during storage. As a means of improving bio-oil properties, electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) is employed to reduce and deoxygenate reactive compounds. This work specifically focuses on lignin as a feed material for BFP. As lignin comprises up to 30% of the mass and 40% of the energy stored in biomass, it offers great potential for the production of liquid fuels and value-added products by utilizing fast pyrolysis as a conversion method coupled with electrocatalysis as an upgrading method.

  1. Report on the Procurement and Delivery of Fuel Oil.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Richardson, William M.; Baacke, Clifford M.

    Annual use of fuel oil for heating schools and other facilities of the Montgomery County (Maryland) Public Schools, Montgomery County Government, and Montgomery College exceeds four-million gallons. This report examines the processes by which purchases and distributions of fuel oil are made, makes recommendations based on the examination, and…

  2. Modeling annual extreme temperature using generalized extreme value distribution: A case study in Malaysia

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hasan, Husna; Salam, Norfatin; Kassim, Suraiya

    2013-04-01

    Extreme temperature of several stations in Malaysia is modeled by fitting the annual maximum to the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution. The Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron (PP) tests are used to detect stochastic trends among the stations. The Mann-Kendall (MK) test suggests a non-stationary model. Three models are considered for stations with trend and the Likelihood Ratio test is used to determine the best-fitting model. The results show that Subang and Bayan Lepas stations favour a model which is linear for the location parameters while Kota Kinabalu and Sibu stations are suitable with a model in the logarithm of the scale parameters. The return level is the level of events (maximum temperature) which is expected to be exceeded once, on average, in a given number of years, is obtained.

  3. Fuel Cell Buses in U.S. Transit Fleets : Current Status 2012

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2012-11-12

    This report is the sixth in an annual series of reports that summarize the progress of fuel cell electric bus (FCEB) development in the United States and discuss the achievements and challenges of introducing fuel cell propulsion in transit. The repo...

  4. Fuel Cell Buses in U.S. Transit Fleets : Current Status 2013

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2013-12-01

    This report is the seventh in an annual series of reports that summarize the progress of fuel cell electric bus (FCEB) development in the United States and discuss the achievements and challenges of introducing fuel cell propulsion in transit. This r...

  5. METHANOL PRODUCTION FROM BIOMASS AND NATURAL GAS AS TRANSPORTATION FUEL

    EPA Science Inventory

    Two processes are examined for production of methanol. They are assessed against the essential requirements of a future alternative fuel for road transport: that it (i) is producible in amounts comparable to the 19 EJ of motor fuel annually consumed in the U.S., (ii) minimizes em...

  6. New Methodology for Estimating Fuel Economy by Vehicle Class

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Chin, Shih-Miao; Dabbs, Kathryn; Hwang, Ho-Ling

    2011-01-01

    Office of Highway Policy Information to develop a new methodology to generate annual estimates of average fuel efficiency and number of motor vehicles registered by vehicle class for Table VM-1 of the Highway Statistics annual publication. This paper describes the new methodology developed under this effort and compares the results of the existing manual method and the new systematic approach. The methodology developed under this study takes a two-step approach. First, the preliminary fuel efficiency rates are estimated based on vehicle stock models for different classes of vehicles. Then, a reconciliation model is used to adjust the initial fuel consumptionmore » rates from the vehicle stock models and match the VMT information for each vehicle class and the reported total fuel consumption. This reconciliation model utilizes a systematic approach that produces documentable and reproducible results. The basic framework utilizes a mathematical programming formulation to minimize the deviations between the fuel economy estimates published in the previous year s Highway Statistics and the results from the vehicle stock models, subject to the constraint that fuel consumptions for different vehicle classes must sum to the total fuel consumption estimate published in Table MF-21 of the current year Highway Statistics. The results generated from this new approach provide a smoother time series for the fuel economies by vehicle class. It also utilizes the most up-to-date and best available data with sound econometric models to generate MPG estimates by vehicle class.« less

  7. Annualized TASAR Benefits for Virgin America Operations

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2014-01-01

    The Traffic Aware Strategic Aircrew Request (TASAR) concept offers onboard automation for the purpose of advising the pilot of traffic compatible trajectory changes that would be beneficial to the flight. A fast-time simulation study was conducted to assess the benefits of TASAR to Virgin America. The simulation compares historical trajectories without TASAR to trajectories developed with TASAR and evaluated by controllers against their objectives. It was estimated that about 25,000 gallons of fuel and about 2,500 minutes could be saved annually per aircraft. These savings were applied fleet-wide to produce an estimated annual cost savings to Virgin America in excess of $5 million due to fuel, maintenance, and depreciation cost savings. Switching to a more wind-optimal trajectory was found to be the use case that generated the highest benefits out of the three TASAR use cases analyzed. Virgin America TASAR requests peaked at two to four requests per hour per sector in high-altitude Oakland and Salt Lake City center sectors east of San Francisco.

  8. EPA's Final Action Denying Petitions for Reconsideration of the 2013 Renewable Fuel Standards

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    These September 2016 letters from EPA denies the petition from Monroe Energy LLC, American Petroleum Institute, American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers, regarding certain issues of the 2013 Renewable Fuel Standards Annual Rule.

  9. New gasoline regulations require annual attestations

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Leger, M.W.; Lott, L.H.

    1995-03-27

    The US Environmental Protection Agency's new reformulated fuels regulations impose a myriad of new record keeping and reporting requirements, in addition to the new quality standards. These requirements include an annual procedures review, or attestation. The attestation is part of EPA's enforcement plan and is required of all refiners, importers, and oxygenate blenders. This annual report is due May 31 of the year following the covered period and must be performed by a certified public accountant or a certified internal auditor. The attestation procedure is too complicated and detailed to be explained fully here, but the main points covered bymore » the attestation are outlined to inform refiners who may be unaware of the requirements.« less

  10. Fuel Cell Buses in U.S. Transit Fleets: Current Status 2011

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2011-11-11

    his report is the fifth in a series of annual status reports that summarize the progress resulting from fuel cell transit bus demonstrations in the United States and provide a discussion of the achievements and challenges of fuel cell propulsion in t...

  11. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Evaluation; NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kurtz, Jennifer; Sprik, Sam; Ainscough, Chris

    2015-06-10

    This presentation provides a summary of NREL's FY15 fuel cell electric vehicle evaluation project activities and accomplishments. It was presented at the U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 2015 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting on June 10, 2015, in Arlington, Virginia.

  12. Biodegradation of biodiesel fuels

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Zhang, X.; Haws, R.; Wright, B.

    1995-12-31

    Biodiesel fuel test substances Rape Ethyl Ester (REE), Rape Methyl Ester (RME), Neat Rape Oil (NR), Say Methyl Ester (SME), Soy Ethyl Ester (SEE), Neat Soy Oil (NS), and proportionate combinations of RME/diesel and REE/diesel were studied to test the biodegradability of the test substances in an aerobic aquatic environment using the EPA 560/6-82-003 Shake Flask Test Method. A concurrent analysis of Phillips D-2 Reference Diesel was also performed for comparison with a conventional fuel. The highest rates of percent CO{sub 2} evolution were seen in the esterified fuels, although no significant difference was noted between them. Ranges of percentmore » CO{sub 2} evolution for esterified fuels were from 77% to 91%. The neat rape and neat soy oils exhibited 70% to 78% CO{sub 2} evolution. These rates were all significantly higher than those of the Phillips D-2 reference fuel which evolved from 7% to 26% of the organic carbon to CO{sub 2}. The test substances were examined for BOD{sub 5} and COD values as a relative measure of biodegradability. Water Accommodated Fraction (WAF) was experimentally derived and BOD{sub 5} and COD analyses were carried out with a diluted concentration at or below the WAF. The results of analysis at WAF were then converted to pure substance values. The pure substance BOD{sub 5} and COD values for test substances were then compared to a control substance, Phillips D-2 Reference fuel. No significant difference was noted for COD values between test substances and the control fuel. (p > 0.20). The D-2 control substance was significantly lower than all test substances for BCD, values at p << 0.01. RME was also significantly lower than REE (p < 0.05) and MS (p < 0.01) for BOD{sub 5} value.« less

  13. Advanced Fuel Properties; A Computer Program for Estimating Property Values

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1993-05-01

    security considerations, contractual obligations, or notice on a specific document. REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Fogu Approwd I OMB No. 0704-01=5 Ps NP...found in fuels. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBEROF PAGES 175 Fuel properties, Physical Propertie, Thermodynamnics, Predictions 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY ...CLASSIFICATION is. SECURrrY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITFATION OF ABSTRACT OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT Unclassified

  14. 78 FR 68023 - Annual Surveys in the Manufacturing Area

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-13

    ... Manufacturing Area. The 2014 Annual Surveys consist of the Annual Survey of Manufactures, the Business R&D and... economic census will be conducted for the year 2017. Annual Survey of Manufactures The Annual Survey of Manufactures collects industry statistics, such as total value of shipments, employment, payroll, workers...

  15. Clean Cities 2015 Annual Metrics Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Johnson, Caley; Singer, Mark

    2016-12-01

    The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Clean Cities program advances the nation's economic, environmental, and energy security by supporting local actions to cut petroleum use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in transportation. A national network of nearly 100 Clean Cities coalitions, whose territory covers 80% of the U.S. population, brings together stakeholders in the public and private sectors to deploy alternative and renewable fuels, idle-reduction (IR) measures, fuel economy improvements, and new transportation technologies as they emerge. Each year, DOE asks Clean Cities coordinators to submit annual reports of their activities and accomplishments for the previous calendar year. Progress reportsmore » and information are submitted online as a function of the Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Coordinators report a range of information that characterize the membership, funding, projects, and activities of their coalitions. They also document activities in their region related to the development of refueling/charging infrastructure, sales of alternative fuels; deployment of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs); idle reduction initiatives; fuel economy improvement activities; and programs to reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT). NREL analyzes the data and translates them into petroleum-use and GHG emission reduction impacts, which are summarized in this report.« less

  16. Global and Latitudinal Estimates of del 13C from Fossil-Fuel Consumption and Cement Manufacture (DB1013)

    DOE Data Explorer

    Andres, R. J. [University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska (USA); Marland, Greg [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Bischof, Steve [Connecticut College, New London, Connecticut

    1996-01-01

    This database contains estimates of the annual mean value of 13C of CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel consumption and cement manufacture for 1860-1992. It also contains estimates of the value of 13C for 1° latitude bands for the years 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 1991, and 1992. These estimates of the carbon isotopic signature account for the changing mix of coal, petroleum, and natural gas being consumed and for the changing mix of petroleum from various producing areas with characteristic isotopic signatures. This time series of fossil-fuel 13C signature provides an additional constraint for balancing the sources and sinks of the global carbon cycle and complements the atmospheric 13C measurements that are used to partition the uptake of fossil carbon emissions among the ocean, atmosphere, and terrestrial biosphere reservoirs. The data are in two files ranging in size from 2.8 to 12.9 kB.

  17. Analysis Of Technology Options To Reduce The Fuel Consumption Of Idling Trucks

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2000-06-01

    Long-haul trucks idling overnight consume more than 838 million gallons (20 million barrels) of fuel annually. Idling also emits pollutants. Truck drivers idle their engines primarily to (1) heat or cool the cab and/or sleeper, (2) keep the fuel warm...

  18. Exotic annual grass alters fuel amounts, continuity and moisture content

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    1. Invasion by exotic plants are one of the most serious threats to native plant communities, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning. Of particular concern are exotic plants that alter disturbance regimes. Exotic annual grasses are believed to increase wildfire frequency to the detriment of nativ...

  19. 40 CFR 600.209-95 - Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ...) Multiply the city model type fuel economy calculated from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test... (B) Multiply the city model type fuel economy calculated from the tests performed using alcohol or natural gas test fuel as determined in § 600.207 (b)(5)(ii) by 0.90, rounding the product to the nearest...

  20. 40 CFR 600.113-88 - Fuel economy calculations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... grams/mile values for HC, CO and CO2 for both the city fuel economy test and the highway fuel economy...) Calculate the weighted grams/mile values for the city fuel economy test for HC, CO, and CO2 as specified in... paragraph (c) of this section. (2) Calculate the grams/mile values for the highway fuel economy test for HC...

  1. Annualized TASAR Benefit Estimate for Alaska Airlines Operations

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Henderson, Jeffrey

    2015-01-01

    The Traffic Aware Strategic Aircrew Request (TASAR) concept offers onboard automation for the purpose of advising the pilot of traffic compatible trajectory changes that would be beneficial to the flight. A fast-time simulation study was conducted to assess the benefits of TASAR to Alaska Airlines. The simulation compares historical trajectories without TASAR to trajectories developed with TASAR and evaluated by controllers against their objectives. It was estimated that between 8,000 and 12,000 gallons of fuel and 900 to 1,300 minutes could be saved annually per aircraft. These savings were applied fleet-wide to produce an estimated annual cost savings to Alaska Airlines in excess of $5 million due to fuel, maintenance, and depreciation cost savings. Switching to a more wind-optimal trajectory was found to be the use case that generated the highest benefits out of the three TASAR use cases analyzed. Alaska TASAR requests peaked at four to eight requests per hour in high-altitude Seattle center sectors south of Seattle-Tacoma airport.

  2. Annualized TASAR Benefit Estimate for Virgin America Operations

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Henderson, Jeffrey

    2015-01-01

    The Traffic Aware Strategic Aircrew Request (TASAR) concept offers onboard automation for the purpose of advising the pilot of traffic compatible trajectory changes that would be beneficial to the flight. A fast-time simulation study was conducted to assess the benefits of TASAR to Virgin America. The simulation compares historical trajectories without TASAR to trajectories developed with TASAR and evaluated by controllers against their objectives. It was estimated that about 25,000 gallons of fuel and about 2,500 minutes could be saved annually per aircraft. These savings were applied fleet-wide to produce an estimated annual cost savings to Virgin America in excess of $5 million due to fuel, maintenance, and depreciation cost savings. Switching to a more wind-optimal trajectory was found to be the use case that generated the highest benefits out of the three TASAR use cases analyzed. Virgin America TASAR requests peaked at two to four requests per hour per sector in high-altitude Oakland and Salt Lake City center sectors east of San Francisco.

  3. Decision Analysis Using Value-Focused Thinking to Select Renewable Alternative Fuels

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2005-03-01

    39 3-9. Ground or Water Contaminant SDVF ................................................................42 3-10. Particulate...13. Ground or Water Contaminant SDVF ................................................................91 A-14. Renewable/Alternative SDVF...conventional fuels and other alternative fuels. Under optimal conditions, hydrogen would be produced from the electrolysis of water (Bechtold, 1997:32

  4. 2011 Annual Progress Report: DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program (Book)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    In the past year, the DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program (the Program) made substantial progress toward its goals and objectives. The Program has conducted comprehensive and focused efforts to enable the widespread commercialization of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies in diverse sectors of the economy. With emphasis on applications that will effectively strengthen our nation's energy security and improve our stewardship of the environment, the Program engages in research, development, and demonstration of critical improvements in the technologies. Highlights of the Program's accomplishments can be found in the sub-program chapters of this report.

  5. 40 CFR Table C-1 to Subpart C of... - Default CO2 Emission Factors and High Heat Values for Various Types of Fuel

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... Heat Values for Various Types of Fuel C Table C-1 to Subpart C of Part 98 Protection of Environment... Stationary Fuel Combustion Sources Pt. 98, Subpt. C, Table C-1 Table C-1 to Subpart C of Part 98—Default CO2... input from MSW and/or tires; and (c) small batch incinerators that combust no more than 1,000 tons of...

  6. 40 CFR Table C-1 to Subpart C of... - Default CO2 Emission Factors and High Heat Values for Various Types of Fuel

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Heat Values for Various Types of Fuel C Table C-1 to Subpart C of Part 98 Protection of Environment... Stationary Fuel Combustion Sources Pt. 98, Subpt. C, Table C-1 Table C-1 to Subpart C of Part 98—Default CO2... exception of ethylene. 2 Ethylene HHV determined at 41 °F (5 °C) and saturation pressure. 3 Use of this...

  7. NHTS brief : energy use and fuel efficiency

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2008-04-01

    A number of factors affect fuel consumption in the U.S., such as total driving population and annual vehicle miles of travel per driver. According the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data series, both of these have nearly doubled since 1969.

  8. 40 CFR 600.113-78 - Fuel economy calculations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... economy calculations. The calculations of vehicle fuel economy values require the weighted grams/mile values for HC, CO, and CO2 for the city fuel economy test and the grams/mile values for HC, CO, and CO2... weighted grams/mile values for the city fuel economy test for HC, CO, and CO2 as specified in § 86.144 of...

  9. Gas-Cooled Reactor Programs annual progress report for period ending December 31, 1973. [HTGR fuel reprocessing, fuel fabrication, fuel irradiation, core materials, and fission product distribution; GCFR fuel irradiation and steam generator modeling

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kasten, P.R.; Coobs, J.H.; Lotts, A.L.

    1976-04-01

    Progress is summarized in studies relating to HTGR fuel reprocessing, refabrication, and recycle; HTGR fuel materials development and performance testing; HTGR PCRV development; HTGR materials investigations; HTGR fuel chemistry; HTGR safety studies; and GCFR irradiation experiments and steam generator modeling.

  10. Cheaper fuel and higher health costs among the poor in rural Nepal.

    PubMed

    Pant, Krishna Prasad

    2012-05-01

    Biomass fuels are used by the majority of resource poor households in low-income countries. Though biomass fuels, such as dung-briquette and firewood are apparently cheaper than the modern fuels indoor pollution from burning biomass fuels incurs high health costs. But, the health costs of these conventional fuels, mostly being indirect, are poorly understood. To address this gap, this study develops probit regression models using survey data generated through interviews from households using either dung-briquette or biogas as the primary source of fuel for cooking. The study investigates factors affecting the use of dung-briquette, assesses its impact on human health, and estimates the associated household health costs. Analysis suggests significant effects of dung-briquette on asthma and eye diseases. Despite of the perception of it being a cheap fuel, the annual health cost per household due to burning dung-briquette (US$ 16.94) is 61.3% higher than the annual cost of biogas (US$ 10.38), an alternative cleaner fuel for rural households. For reducing the use of dung-briquette and its indirect health costs, the study recommends three interventions: (1) educate women and aboriginal people, in particular, and make them aware of the benefits of switching to biogas; (2) facilitate tree planting in communal as well as private lands; and (3) create rural employment and income generation opportunities.

  11. Record annual increase of carbon dioxide observed at Mauna Loa for 2015 |

    Science.gov Websites

    related to atmospheric change since the 1950's. The annual growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide year. Continued high emissions from fossil fuel consumption are driving the underlying growth rate over

  12. Fuels characterization studies. [jet fuels

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Seng, G. T.; Antoine, A. C.; Flores, F. J.

    1980-01-01

    Current analytical techniques used in the characterization of broadened properties fuels are briefly described. Included are liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. High performance liquid chromatographic ground-type methods development is being approached from several directions, including aromatic fraction standards development and the elimination of standards through removal or partial removal of the alkene and aromatic fractions or through the use of whole fuel refractive index values. More sensitive methods for alkene determinations using an ultraviolet-visible detector are also being pursued. Some of the more successful gas chromatographic physical property determinations for petroleum derived fuels are the distillation curve (simulated distillation), heat of combustion, hydrogen content, API gravity, viscosity, flash point, and (to a lesser extent) freezing point.

  13. Region-wide ecological responses of arid Wyoming big sagebrush communities to fuel treatments

    Treesearch

    David A. Pyke; Scott E. Shaff; Andrew I. Lindgren; Eugene W. Schupp; Paul S. Doescher; Jeanne C. Chambers; Jeffrey S. Burnham; Manuela M. Huso

    2014-01-01

    If arid sagebrush ecosystems lack resilience to disturbances or resistance to annual invasives, then alternative successional states dominated by annual invasives, especially cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), are likely after fuel treatments. We identified six Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young) locations (152-381 mm...

  14. Values: A Symposium Report.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ryan, T. A., Ed.

    This publication brings together a set of four papers prepared for a symposium on values at the 1972 annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association. The first paper, by Fred N. Kerlinger, establishes a rationale for values research. The discussion focuses on the definition of values, relationship between values and attitudes,…

  15. Fuel system design concepts for broad property fuels

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Versaw, E. F.

    1984-01-01

    The results of a study assessing the impact of using jet fuel with relaxed specification properties on an aircraft fuel system are given. The study objectives were to identify credible values for specific fuel properties which might be relaxed, to evolve advanced fuel system designs for airframe and engines which would permit use of the specified relaxed properties fuels, and to evaluate performance of the candidate advanced fuel systems and the relaxed property fuels in a typical transport aircraft. The study used, as a baseline, the fuel system incorporated in the Lockheed Tristar. This aircraft is powered by three RB.211-524 Rolls-Royce engines and incorporates a Pratt and Whitney ST6C-421 auxiliary power unit for engine starting and inflight emergency electrical power. The fuel property limits examined are compared with commercial Jet A kerosene and the NASA RFP fuel properties. A screening of these properties established that a higher freezing point and a lower thermal stability would impact fuel system design more significantly than any of the other property changes. Three candidate fuel systems which combine the ability to operate with fuels having both a high freeze point and a low thermal stability are described. All candidates employ bleed air to melt fuel freeze-out prior to starting the APU or an inoperable engine. The effects of incorporating these systems on aircraft weight and engine specific fuel consumption are given.

  16. DOE Hydrogen Program 2004 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    This document summarizes the project evaluations and comments from the DOE Hydrogen Program 2004 Annual Program Review. Hydrogen production, delivery and storage; fuel cells; technology validation; safety, codes and standards; and education R&D projects funded by DOE in FY2004 are reviewed.

  17. Investigation into the Implications of Fuel Cell Shipboard Integration into the T-AGOS 19 Class

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-02-01

    with each defined by its fundamental electrolyte: i. Alkali Fuel Cells (AFC) ii. Polymer Exchange Membrane ( PEM ) iii. Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells ...of the PEM family (High Temperature – HTPEM and Direct Methanol Fuel Cells – DMFC) were assessed against a range of basic ship requirements...of Stationary PEM Fuel Cell Systems”, DOE hydrogen program 2010 annual report. [11] US Energy Information Administration, “EIA - Weekly Retail

  18. Assessment of industrial applications for fuel cell cogeneration systems

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Stickles, R. P.; Oneill, J. K.; Smith, E. H.

    1978-01-01

    The fuel cell energy systems are designed with and without a utility connection for emergency back-up power. Sale of electricity to the utility during periods of low plant demand is not considered. For each of the three industrial applications, conceptual designs were also developed for conventional utility systems relying on purchased electric power and fossil-fired boilers for steam/hot water. The capital investment for each energy system is estimated. Annual operating costs are also determined for each system. These cost estimates are converted to levelized annual costs by applying appropriate economic factors. The breakeven electricity price that would make fuel cell systems competitive with the conventional systems is plotted as a function of naphtha price. The sensitivity of the breakeven point to capital investment and coal price is also evaluated.

  19. Performance of a multiple venturi fuel-air preparation system. [fuel injection for gas turbines

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Tacina, R. R.

    1979-01-01

    Spatial fuel-air distributions, degree of vaporization, and pressure drop were measured 16.5 cm downstream of the fuel injection plane of a multiple Venturi tube fuel injector. Tests were performed in a 12 cm tubular duct. Test conditions were: a pressure of 0.3 MPa, inlet air temperature from 400 to 800K, air velocities of 10 and 20 m/s, and fuel-air ratios of 0.010 and 0.020. The fuel was Diesel #2. Spatial fuel-air distributions were within + or - 20 percent of the mean at inlet air temperatures above 450K. At an inlet air temperature of 400K, the fuel-air distribution was measured when a 50 percent blockage plate was placed 9.2 cm upstream of the fuel injection plane to distort the inlet air velocity fuel injection plane to distort the inlet air velocity profile. Vaporization of the fuel was 50 percent complete at an inlet air temperature of 400K and the percentage increased linearly with temperature to complete vaporization at 600K. The pressure drop was 3 percent at the design point which was three times greater than the designed value and the single tube experiment value. No autoignition or flashback was observed at the conditions tested.

  20. The value of personal health record (PHR) systems.

    PubMed

    Kaelber, David; Pan, Eric C

    2008-11-06

    Personal health records (PHRs) are a rapidly growing area of health information technology despite a lack of significant value-based assessment.Here we present an assessment of the potential value of PHR systems, looking at both costs and benefits.We examine provider-tethered, payer-tethered, and third-party PHRs, as well as idealized interoperable PHRs. An analytical model was developed that considered eight PHR application and infrastructure functions. Our analysis projects the initial and annual costs and annual benefits of PHRs to the entire US over the next 10 years.This PHR analysis shows that all forms of PHRs have initial net negative value. However, at the end of 10 years, steady state annual net value ranging from$13 billion to -$29 billion. Interoperable PHRs provide the most value, followed by third-party PHRs and payer-tethered PHRs also showing positive net value. Provider-tethered PHRs constantly demonstrating negative net value.

  1. Fuel Cell Buses in U.S. Transit Fleets: Current Status 2017

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Eudy, Leslie; Post, Matthew B

    This report, published annually, summarizes the progress of fuel cell electric bus (FCEB) development in the United States and discusses the achievements and challenges of introducing fuel cell propulsion in transit. The report provides a summary of results from evaluations performed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. This annual status report combines results from all FCEB demonstrations, tracks the progress of the FCEB industry toward meeting technical targets, documents the lessons learned, and discusses the path forward for commercial viability of fuel cell technology for transit buses. These data and analyses help provide needed information to guide future early-stage researchmore » and development. The 2017 summary results primarily focus on the most recent year for each demonstration, from August 2016 through July 2017. The primary results presented in the report are from five demonstrations of two different fuel-cell-dominant bus designs: Zero Emission Bay Area Demonstration Group led by Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District (AC Transit) in California; American Fuel Cell Bus (AFCB) Project at SunLine Transit Agency in California; AFCB Project at the University of California at Irvine; AFCB Project at Orange County Transportation Authority; and AFCB Project at Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.« less

  2. Double air-fuel ratio sensor system having double-skip function

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Katsuno, T.

    1988-01-26

    A method for controlling the air-fuel ratio in an internal combustion engine is described having a catalyst converter for removing pollutants in the exhaust gas thereof, and upstream-side and downstream-side air-fuel ratio sensors disposed upstream and downstream, respectively, of the catalyst converter for detecting a concentration of a specific component in an exhaust gas, comprising the steps of: comparing the output of the upstream-side air-fuel ratio sensor with a first predetermined value; gradually changing a first air-fuel ratio correction amount in accordance with a result of the comparison of the output of the upstream-side air-fuel ratio sensor with the predeterminedmore » value; shifting the first air-fuel ratio correction amount by a first skip amount during a predetermined time period after the result of the comparison of the upstream-side air-fuel ratio sensor is changed; shifting the first air-fuel ratio correction amount by a second skip amount smaller than the first skip amount after the predetermined time period has passed; comparing the output of the downstream-side air-fuel ratio with a second predetermined value, calculating a second air-fuel ratio correction amount in accordance with the comparison result of the output of the downstream-side air-fuel ratio sensor with the second predetermined value; and adjusting the actual air-fuel ratio in accordance with the first and second air-fuel ratio correction amounts; wherein the gradually-changing step comprises the steps of: gradually decreasing the first air-fuel ratio correction amount when the output of the upstream-side air-fuel sensor is on the rich side with respect to the first predetermined value; and gradually increasing the first air-fuel ratio correction amount when the output of the upstream-side air-fuel sensor is on the lean side with respect to the first predetermined value.« less

  3. The influence of number and values of ratios in stepped gearbox on mileage fuel consumption in NEDC test and real traffic

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bera, P.; Wędrychowicz, D.

    2016-09-01

    The article presents the influence of number and values of ratios in stepped gearbox on mileage fuel consumption in a city passenger car. The simulations were conducted for a particular vehicle characterized by its mass, body shape, size of tires and equipped with a combustion engine for which the characteristic of fuel consumption in dynamic states was already designated on the basis of engine test bed measurements. Several designs of transmission with different number of gears and their ratios were used in virtual simulations of road traffic, particularly in the NEDC test, to calculate mileage fuel consumption. This allows for a quantitative assessment of transmission parameters in terms of both vehicle economy and dynamic properties. Also, based on obtained results, recommendations for the selection of a particular vehicle for a specific type of exploitation have been formulated.

  4. Fuel cell stack monitoring and system control

    DOEpatents

    Keskula, Donald H.; Doan, Tien M.; Clingerman, Bruce J.

    2004-02-17

    A control method for monitoring a fuel cell stack in a fuel cell system in which the actual voltage and actual current from the fuel cell stack are monitored. A preestablished relationship between voltage and current over the operating range of the fuel cell is established. A variance value between the actual measured voltage and the expected voltage magnitude for a given actual measured current is calculated and compared with a predetermined allowable variance. An output is generated if the calculated variance value exceeds the predetermined variance. The predetermined voltage-current for the fuel cell is symbolized as a polarization curve at given operating conditions of the fuel cell.

  5. New co-products from grain-based fuel ethanol production and their drying performance

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Fuel ethanol production in the U.S. and elsewhere is an important and growing industry. In the U.S, about 40% of annual corn production is now converted into fuel ethanol. During co-product recovery, condensed distillers solubles (CDS) has to be mixed with distillers wet grains before drying due to ...

  6. Liquid Fuels Market Module - NEMS Documentation

    EIA Publications

    2017-01-01

    Defines the objectives of the Liquid Fuels Market Model (LFMM), describes its basic approach, and provides detail on how it works. This report is intended as a reference document for model analysts, users, and the public. This edition of the LFMM reflects changes made to the module over the past two years for the Annual Energy Outlook 2016.

  7. Effect of light on the production of bioelectricity and added-value microalgae biomass in a Photosynthetic Alga Microbial Fuel Cell.

    PubMed

    Gouveia, Luísa; Neves, Carole; Sebastião, Diogo; Nobre, Beatriz P; Matos, Cristina T

    2014-02-01

    This study demonstrates the simultaneous production of bioelectricity and added-value pigments in a Photosynthetic Alga Microbial Fuel Cell (PAMFC). A PAMFC was operated using Chlorella vulgaris in the cathode compartment and a bacterial consortium in the anode. The system was studied at two different light intensities and the maximum power produced was 62.7 mW/m(2) with a light intensity of 96 μE/(m(2)s). The results showed that increasing light intensity from 26 to 96 μE/(m(2)s) leads to an increase of about 6-folds in the power produced. Additionally, the pigments produced by the microalga were analysed and the results showed that the light intensity and PAMFC operation potentiated the carotenogenesis in the cathode compartment. The demonstrated possibility of producing added-value microalgae biomass in microbial fuel cell cathodes will increase the economic feasibility of these bioelectrochemical systems, allowing the development of energy efficient systems for wastewater treatment and carbon fixation. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. Fuel combustion adds to anxiety over CO/sub 2/ buildup

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sleeper, D.

    1979-08-01

    In the past 20 y, the annual rate of increase of atmosphreic carbon dioxide has grown sharply because of increased fossil fuel combustion. Most scientists agree that CO/sub 2/ buildup in the atmosphere is causing a greenhouse effect, slowly warming the earth's climate. Large-scale production of synthetic fuels that could be combusted without releasing CO/sub 2/ is examined as a possible solution. 31 references, 1 figure.

  9. Annual nitrate drawdown observed by SOCCOM profiling floats and the relationship to annual net community production

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Johnson, Kenneth S.; Plant, Joshua N.; Dunne, John P.; Talley, Lynne D.; Sarmiento, Jorge L.

    2017-08-01

    Annual nitrate cycles have been measured throughout the pelagic waters of the Southern Ocean, including regions with seasonal ice cover and southern hemisphere subtropical zones. Vertically resolved nitrate measurements were made using in situ ultraviolet spectrophotometer (ISUS) and submersible ultraviolet nitrate analyzer (SUNA) optical nitrate sensors deployed on profiling floats. Thirty-one floats returned 40 complete annual cycles. The mean nitrate profile from the month with the highest winter nitrate minus the mean profile from the month with the lowest nitrate yields the annual nitrate drawdown. This quantity was integrated to 200 m depth and converted to carbon using the Redfield ratio to estimate annual net community production (ANCP) throughout the Southern Ocean south of 30°S. A well-defined, zonal mean distribution is found with highest values (3-4 mol C m-2 yr-1) from 40 to 50°S. Lowest values are found in the subtropics and in the seasonal ice zone. The area weighted mean was 2.9 mol C m-2 yr-1 for all regions south of 40°S. Cumulative ANCP south of 50°S is 1.3 Pg C yr-1. This represents about 13% of global ANCP in about 14% of the global ocean area.Plain Language SummaryThis manuscript reports on 40 <span class="hlt">annual</span> cycles of nitrate observed by chemical sensors on SOCCOM profiling floats. The <span class="hlt">annual</span> drawdown in nitrate concentration by phytoplankton is used to assess the spatial variability of <span class="hlt">annual</span> net community production in the Southern Ocean. This ANCP is a key component of the global carbon cycle and it exerts an important control on atmospheric carbon dioxide. We show that the results are consistent with our prior understanding of Southern Ocean ANCP, which has required decades of observations to accumulate. The profiling floats now enable <span class="hlt">annual</span> resolution of this key process. The results also highlight spatial variability in ANCP in the Southern Ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830002286','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830002286"><span>Combustion of coal gas <span class="hlt">fuels</span> in a staged combustor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rosfjord, T. J.; Mcvey, J. B.; Sederquist, R. A.; Schultz, D. F.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Gaseous <span class="hlt">fuels</span> produced from coal resources generally have heating <span class="hlt">values</span> much lower than natural gas; the low heating <span class="hlt">value</span> could result in unstable or inefficient combustion. Coal gas <span class="hlt">fuels</span> may contain ammonia which if oxidized in an uncontrolled manner could result in unacceptable nitrogen oxide exhaust emission levels. Previous investigations indicate that staged, rich-lean combustion represents a desirable approach to achieve stable, efficient, low nitrogen oxide emission operation for coal-derived liquid <span class="hlt">fuels</span> contaning up to 0.8-wt pct nitrogen. An experimental program was conducted to determine whether this <span class="hlt">fuel</span> tolerance can be extended to include coal-derived gaseous <span class="hlt">fuels</span>. The results of tests with three nitrogen-free <span class="hlt">fuels</span> having heating <span class="hlt">values</span> of 100, 250, and 350 Btu/scf and a 250 Btu/scf heating <span class="hlt">value</span> doped to contain 0.7 pct ammonia are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1006240','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1006240"><span>DOE Hydrogen Program: 2010 <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Not Available</p> <p></p> <p>This document summarizes the comments provided by peer reviewers on hydrogen and <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell projects presented at the FY 2010 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen Program and Vehicle Technologies Program <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting (AMR), held June 7-11, 2010 in Washington, D.C.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT.......428B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT.......428B"><span>Using mobile distributed pyrolysis facilities to deliver a forest residue resource for bio-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> production</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brown, Duncan</p> <p></p> <p>Distributed mobile conversion facilities using either fast pyrolysis or torrefaction processes can be used to convert forest residues to more energy dense substances (bio-oil, bio-slurry or torrefied wood) that can be transported as feedstock for bio-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> facilities. All feedstock are suited for gasification, which produces syngas that can be used to synthesise petrol or diesel via Fischer-Tropsch reactions, or produce hydrogen via water gas shift reactions. Alternatively, the bio-oil product of fast pyrolysis may be upgraded to produce petrol and diesel, or can undergo steam reformation to produce hydrogen. Implementing a network of mobile facilities reduces the energy content of forest residues delivered to a bio-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> facility as mobile facilities use a fraction of the biomass energy content to meet thermal or electrical demands. The total energy delivered by bio-oil, bio-slurry and torrefied wood is 45%, 65% and 87% of the initial forest residue energy content, respectively. However, implementing mobile facilities is economically feasible when large transport distances are required. For an <span class="hlt">annual</span> harvest of 1.717 million m3 (equivalent to 2000 ODTPD), transport costs are reduced to less than 40% of the total levelised delivered feedstock cost when mobile facilities are implemented; transport costs account for up to 80% of feedstock costs for conventional woodchip delivery. Torrefaction provides the lowest cost pathway of delivering a forest residue resource when using mobile facilities. Cost savings occur against woodchip delivery for <span class="hlt">annual</span> forest residue harvests above 2.25 million m3 or when transport distances greater than 250 km are required. Important parameters that influence levelised delivered costs of feedstock are transport distances (forest residue spatial density), haul cost factors, thermal and electrical demands of mobile facilities, and initial moisture content of forest residues. Relocating mobile facilities can be optimised for lowest cost</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5853712-role-fuel-cells-industrial-cogeneration','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5853712-role-fuel-cells-industrial-cogeneration"><span>Role of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells in industrial cogeneration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Camara, E.H.</p> <p></p> <p>Work at the Institute of Gas Technology on <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell technology for commercial application has focused on phosphoric acid (PAFC), molten carbonate (MCFC), and solid oxide (SOFC) <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells. The author describes the status of the three technologies, and concludes that the MCFC in particular can efficiently supply energy in industrial cogeneration applications. The four largest industrial markets are primary metals, chemicals, food, and wood products, which collectively represent a potential market of 1000 to 1500 MEe <span class="hlt">annual</span> additions. At $700 to $900/kW, <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells can successfully compete with other advanced systems. An increase in research and development support wouldmore » be in the best interest of industry and the nation. 1 reference, 5 figures, 5 tables.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMGC23C1093K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMGC23C1093K"><span>Fossil-<span class="hlt">Fuel</span> C02 Emissions Database and Exploration System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Krassovski, M.; Boden, T.; Andres, R. J.; Blasing, T. J.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) quantifies the release of carbon from fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> use and cement production at global, regional, and national spatial scales. The CDIAC emission time series estimates are based largely on <span class="hlt">annual</span> energy statistics published at the national level by the United Nations (UN). CDIAC has developed a relational database to house collected data and information and a web-based interface to help users worldwide identify, explore and download desired emission data. The available information is divided in two major group: time series and gridded data. The time series data is offered for global, regional and national scales. Publications containing historical energy statistics make it possible to estimate fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> CO2 emissions back to 1751. Etemad et al. (1991) published a summary compilation that tabulates coal, brown coal, peat, and crude oil production by nation and year. Footnotes in the Etemad et al.(1991) publication extend the energy statistics time series back to 1751. Summary compilations of fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> trade were published by Mitchell (1983, 1992, 1993, 1995). Mitchell's work tabulates solid and liquid <span class="hlt">fuel</span> imports and exports by nation and year. These pre-1950 production and trade data were digitized and CO2 emission calculations were made following the procedures discussed in Marland and Rotty (1984) and Boden et al. (1995). The gridded data presents <span class="hlt">annual</span> and monthly estimates. <span class="hlt">Annual</span> data presents a time series recording 1° latitude by 1° longitude CO2 emissions in units of million metric tons of carbon per year from anthropogenic sources for 1751-2008. The monthly, fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> CO2 emissions estimates from 1950-2008 provided in this database are derived from time series of global, regional, and national fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> CO2 emissions (Boden et al. 2011), the references therein, and the methodology described in Andres et al. (2011). The data accessible here take these</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1126293','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1126293"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cell Buses in U.S. Transit Fleets: Current Status 2013</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Eudy, Leslie; Gikakis, Christina</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>This report is the seventh in an <span class="hlt">annual</span> series of reports that summarize the progress of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell electric bus (FCEB) development in the United States and discuss the achievements and challenges of introducing <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell propulsion in transit. The report also provides a snapshot of current FCEB performance results from August 2012 through July 2013 for five FCEB demonstrations at four transit agencies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27881350','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27881350"><span>[Geographical distribution of the Serum creatinine reference <span class="hlt">values</span> of healthy adults].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wei, De-Zhi; Ge, Miao; Wang, Cong-Xia; Lin, Qian-Yi; Li, Meng-Jiao; Li, Peng</p> <p>2016-11-20</p> <p>To explore the relationship between serum creatinine (Scr) reference <span class="hlt">values</span> in healthy adults and geographic factors and provide evidence for establishing Scr reference <span class="hlt">values</span> in different regions. We collected 29 697 Scr reference <span class="hlt">values</span> from healthy adults measured by 347 medical facilities from 23 provinces, 4 municipalities and 5 autonomous regions. We chose 23 geographical factors and analyzed their correlation with Scr reference <span class="hlt">values</span> to identify the factors correlated significantly with Scr reference <span class="hlt">values</span>. According to the Principal component analysis and Ridge regression analysis, two predictive models were constructed and the optimal model was chosen after comparison of the two model's fitting degree of predicted results and measured results. The distribution map of Scr reference <span class="hlt">values</span> was drawn using the Kriging interpolation method. Seven geographic factors, including latitude, <span class="hlt">annual</span> sunshine duration, <span class="hlt">annual</span> average temperature, <span class="hlt">annual</span> average relative humidity, <span class="hlt">annual</span> precipitation, <span class="hlt">annual</span> temperature range and topsoil (silt) cation exchange capacity were found to correlate significantly with Scr reference <span class="hlt">values</span>. The overall distribution of Scr reference <span class="hlt">values</span> featured a pattern that the <span class="hlt">values</span> were high in the south and low in the north, varying consistently with the latitude change. The data of the geographic factors in a given region allows the prediction of the Scr <span class="hlt">values</span> in healthy adults. Analysis of these geographical factors can facilitate the determination of the reference <span class="hlt">values</span> specific to a region to improve the accuracy for clinical diagnoses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1175218','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1175218"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> cell stack monitoring and system control</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Keskula, Donald H.; Doan, Tien M.; Clingerman, Bruce J.</p> <p>2005-01-25</p> <p>A control method for monitoring a <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell stack in a <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell system in which the actual voltage and actual current from the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell stack are monitored. A preestablished relationship between voltage and current over the operating range of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell is established. A variance <span class="hlt">value</span> between the actual measured voltage and the expected voltage magnitude for a given actual measured current is calculated and compared with a predetermined allowable variance. An output is generated if the calculated variance <span class="hlt">value</span> exceeds the predetermined variance. The predetermined voltage-current for the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell is symbolized as a polarization curve at given operating conditions of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell. Other polarization curves may be generated and used for <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell stack monitoring based on different operating pressures, temperatures, hydrogen quantities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70128738','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70128738"><span>Region-wide ecological responses of arid Wyoming big sagebrush communities to <span class="hlt">fuel</span> treatments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Pyke, David A.; Shaff, Scott E.; Lindgren, Andrew I.; Schupp, Eugene W.; Doescher, Paul S.; Chambers, Jeanne C.; Burnham, Jeffrey S.; Huso, Manuela M.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>If arid sagebrush ecosystems lack resilience to disturbances or resistance to <span class="hlt">annual</span> invasives, then alternative successional states dominated by <span class="hlt">annual</span> invasives, especially cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), are likely after <span class="hlt">fuel</span> treatments. We identified six Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young) locations (152–381 mm precipitation) that we believed had sufficient resilience and resistance for recovery. We examined impacts of woody <span class="hlt">fuel</span> reduction (fire, mowing, the herbicide tebuthiuron, and untreated controls, all with and without the herbicide imazapic) on short-term dominance of plant groups and on important land health parameters with the use of analysis of variance (ANOVA). Fire and mowing reduced woody biomass at least 85% for 3 yr, but herbaceous <span class="hlt">fuels</span> were reduced only by fire (72%) and only in the first year. Herbaceous <span class="hlt">fuels</span> produced at least 36% more biomass with mowing than untreated areas during posttreatment years. Imazapic only reduced herbaceous biomass after fires (34%). Tebuthiuron never affected herbaceous biomass. Perennial tall grass cover was reduced by 59% relative to untreated controls in the first year after fire, but it recovered by the second year. Cover of all remaining herbaceous groups was not changed by woody <span class="hlt">fuel</span> treatments. Only imazapic reduced significantly herbaceous cover. Cheatgrass cover was reduced at least 63% with imazapic for 3 yr. Imazapic reduced <span class="hlt">annual</span> forb cover by at least 45%, and unexpectedly, perennial grass cover by 49% (combination of tall grasses and Sandberg bluegrass [Poa secunda J. Presl.]). Fire reduced density of Sandberg bluegrass between 40% and 58%, decreased lichen and moss cover between 69% and 80%, and consequently increased bare ground between 21% and 34% and proportion of gaps among perennial plants > 2 m (at least 28% during the 3 yr). Fire, mowing, and imazapic may be effective in reducing <span class="hlt">fuels</span> for 3 yr, but each has potentially undesirable consequences</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/13191','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/13191"><span>Wood <span class="hlt">fuel</span> plentiful in West Virginia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Raymond L. Sarles</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>Biomass estimators applied to West Virginia timber resource data indicate that 34 million tons of wood is potentially available for <span class="hlt">fuel</span> each year. This tonnage is the <span class="hlt">annual</span> forest growth in excess of that now harvested for roundwood products. One-half of this excess can supply more than all of the State's energy needs in the residential and commercial sectors,...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED310961.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED310961.pdf"><span>Folklife <span class="hlt">Annual</span>, 1987.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Jabbour, Alan, Ed.; Hardin, James, Ed.</p> <p></p> <p>This <span class="hlt">annual</span> publication is intended to promote the documentation and study of the folklife of the United States, to share the traditions, <span class="hlt">values</span>, and activities of U.S. folk culture, and to serve as a national forum for the discussion of ideas and issues in folklore and folklife. The articles in this collection are: (1) "Eating in the Belly…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004cosp...35..413P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004cosp...35..413P"><span>Semi-<span class="hlt">annual</span> Sq-variation in solar activity cycle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pogrebnoy, V.; Malosiev, T.</p> <p></p> <p>The peculiarities of semi-<span class="hlt">annual</span> variation in solar activity cycle have been studied. The data from observatories having long observational series and located in different latitude zones were used. The following observatories were selected: Huancayo (magnetic equator), from 1922 to 1959; Apia (low latitudes), from 1912 to 1961; Moscow (middle latitudes), from 1947 to 1965. Based on the hourly <span class="hlt">values</span> of H-components, the average monthly diurnal amplitudes (a difference between midday and midnight <span class="hlt">values</span>), according to five international quiet days, were computed. Obtained results were compared with R (relative sunspot numbers) in the ranges of 0-30R, 40-100R, and 140-190R. It was shown, that the amplitude of semi-<span class="hlt">annual</span> variation increases with R, from minimum to maximum <span class="hlt">values</span>, on average by 45%. At equatorial Huancayo observatory, the semi-<span class="hlt">annual</span> Sq(H)-variation appears especially clearly: its maximums take place at periods of equinoxes (March-April, September-October), and minimums -- at periods of solstices (June-July, December-January). At low (Apia observatory) and middle (Moscow observatory) latitudes, the character of semi-<span class="hlt">annual</span> variation is somewhat different: it appears during the periods of equinoxes, but considerably less than at equator. Besides, with the growth of R, semi-<span class="hlt">annual</span> variation appears against a background of <span class="hlt">annual</span> variation, in the form of second peaks (maximum in June). At observatories located in low and middle latitudes, second peaks become more appreciable with an increase of R (March-April and September-October). During the periods of low solar activity, they are insignificant. This work has been carried out with the support from International Scientific and Technology Center (Project #KR-214).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA576793','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA576793"><span>Logistics and Capability Implications of a Bradley Fighting Vehicle with a <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cell Auxiliary Power Unit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2003-10-13</p> <p>04<span class="hlt">ANNUAL</span>-524 Logistics and Capability Implications of a Bradley Fighting Vehicle with a <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cell Auxiliary Power Unit Joseph Conover, Harry...used or the main engines are restarted. Integration of a solid oxide <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell (SOFC) auxiliary power unit into a military vehicle has the...presented which show the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> usage and capability impacts of incorporating a <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell APU into the electrical system of a Bradley M2A3 Diesel</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title10-vol3/pdf/CFR-2012-title10-vol3-sec420-13.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title10-vol3/pdf/CFR-2012-title10-vol3-sec420-13.pdf"><span>10 CFR 420.13 - <span class="hlt">Annual</span> State applications and amendments to State plans.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>..., renewable energy, and alternative transportation <span class="hlt">fuel</span> goals to be achieved, including wherever practicable... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Annual</span> State applications and amendments to State plans. 420.13 Section 420.13 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION STATE ENERGY PROGRAM Formula...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title10-vol3/pdf/CFR-2011-title10-vol3-sec420-13.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title10-vol3/pdf/CFR-2011-title10-vol3-sec420-13.pdf"><span>10 CFR 420.13 - <span class="hlt">Annual</span> State applications and amendments to State plans.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>..., renewable energy, and alternative transportation <span class="hlt">fuel</span> goals to be achieved, including wherever practicable... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Annual</span> State applications and amendments to State plans. 420.13 Section 420.13 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION STATE ENERGY PROGRAM Formula...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title10-vol3/pdf/CFR-2013-title10-vol3-sec420-13.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title10-vol3/pdf/CFR-2013-title10-vol3-sec420-13.pdf"><span>10 CFR 420.13 - <span class="hlt">Annual</span> State applications and amendments to State plans.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>..., renewable energy, and alternative transportation <span class="hlt">fuel</span> goals to be achieved, including wherever practicable... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Annual</span> State applications and amendments to State plans. 420.13 Section 420.13 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION STATE ENERGY PROGRAM Formula...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title10-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title10-vol3-sec420-13.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title10-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title10-vol3-sec420-13.pdf"><span>10 CFR 420.13 - <span class="hlt">Annual</span> State applications and amendments to State plans.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>..., renewable energy, and alternative transportation <span class="hlt">fuel</span> goals to be achieved, including wherever practicable... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Annual</span> State applications and amendments to State plans. 420.13 Section 420.13 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION STATE ENERGY PROGRAM Formula...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title10-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title10-vol3-sec420-13.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title10-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title10-vol3-sec420-13.pdf"><span>10 CFR 420.13 - <span class="hlt">Annual</span> State applications and amendments to State plans.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>..., renewable energy, and alternative transportation <span class="hlt">fuel</span> goals to be achieved, including wherever practicable... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Annual</span> State applications and amendments to State plans. 420.13 Section 420.13 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION STATE ENERGY PROGRAM Formula...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810022011','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810022011"><span>An assessment of the industrial cogeneration market for parabolic dish systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Doane, J. W.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">value</span> analysis technique used is straightforward. Maximum allowable life-cycle system cost for the cogeneration system is determined as the sum of the present <span class="hlt">value</span> of <span class="hlt">fuels</span> displaced plus the present <span class="hlt">value</span> of revenues from exported power. Each conventional <span class="hlt">fuel</span> displaced is described by a unit cost in the first year, a uniform <span class="hlt">annual</span> consumption rate, and a uniform <span class="hlt">annual</span> escalation rate for unit cost. Exported energy flows are treated the same as displaced energy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=49963&Lab=ORD&keyword=leadership&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=49963&Lab=ORD&keyword=leadership&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>CARBON DIOXIDE FROM FOSSIL <span class="hlt">FUELS</span>: ADAPTING TO UNCERTAINTY</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The paper discusses the general effect and control of CO2. The world is likely to experience noticeable global warming by the beginning of the next century if high <span class="hlt">annual</span> growth rates of fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> energy use continue. Only with optimistic assumptions and low growth rates will C...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JPS...188..244A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JPS...188..244A"><span>A natural-gas <span class="hlt">fuel</span> processor for a residential <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Adachi, H.; Ahmed, S.; Lee, S. H. D.; Papadias, D.; Ahluwalia, R. K.; Bendert, J. C.; Kanner, S. A.; Yamazaki, Y.</p> <p></p> <p>A system model was used to develop an autothermal reforming <span class="hlt">fuel</span> processor to meet the targets of 80% efficiency (higher heating <span class="hlt">value</span>) and start-up energy consumption of less than 500 kJ when operated as part of a 1-kWe natural-gas <span class="hlt">fueled</span> <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell system for cogeneration of heat and power. The key catalytic reactors of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> processor - namely the autothermal reformer, a two-stage water gas shift reactor and a preferential oxidation reactor - were configured and tested in a breadboard apparatus. Experimental results demonstrated a reformate containing ∼48% hydrogen (on a dry basis and with pure methane as <span class="hlt">fuel</span>) and less than 5 ppm CO. The effects of steam-to-carbon and part load operations were explored.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1225413','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1225413"><span>2008 DOE Hydrogen Program <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>none,</p> <p>2008-06-13</p> <p>This report summarizes comments from the Peer Review Panel at the 2008 DOE Hydrogen Program <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Merit Review, held on June 9-13, 2008, in Arlington, Virginia. It covers the program areas of hydrogen production and delivery; hydrogen storage; <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells; technology validation; safety, codes, and standards; education; systems analysis; and manufacturing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.afdc.energy.gov/prep/prep_methodology.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.afdc.energy.gov/prep/prep_methodology.html"><span>Alternative <span class="hlt">Fuels</span> Data Center: Petroleum Reduction Planning Tool</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>alternative <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. <span class="hlt">Values</span> found in Table 1. <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> <em>Cost</em> <span class="hlt">Fuel</span>_cost_current <span class="hlt">Fuel</span>_cost_alt_new <span class="hlt">Fuel</span>_cost_alt <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> <em>cost</em> for old vehicle. <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> <em>cost</em> for new vehicle using conventional vehicle <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> <em>cost</em> for new vehicle *(Alt_GGE_factor_conv/Alt_GGE_factor)*Alt_GGE_factor*GHG_alt)] Yearly <span class="hlt">fuel</span> <em>cost</em> savings resulting from <span class="hlt">fuel</span> and vehicle</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.891a2165Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.891a2165Z"><span>Increasing efficiency of TPP <span class="hlt">fuel</span> suply system due to LNG usage as a reserve <span class="hlt">fuel</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhigulina, E. V.; Khromchenkov, V. G.; Mischner, J.; Yavorovsky, Y. V.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The paper is devoted to the analysis of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy efficiency increase possibility at thermal power plants (TPP) due to the transition from the use of black oil as a reserve <span class="hlt">fuel</span> to liquefied natural gas (LNG) produced at the very station. The work represents the technical solution that allows to generate, to store and to use LNG as the reserve <span class="hlt">fuel</span> TPP. The <span class="hlt">annual</span> amounts of black oil and natural gas that are needed to ensure the reliable operation of several power plants in Russia were assessed. Some original schemes of the liquefied natural gas production and storing as alternative reserve <span class="hlt">fuel</span> generated by means of application of expansion turbines are proposed. The simulation results of the expansion process for two compositions of natural gas with different contents of high-boiling fractions are presented. The dependences of the condensation outlet and power generation from the flow initial parameters and from the natural gas composition are obtained and analysed. It was shown that the choice of a particular circuit design depends primarily on the specific natural gas composition. The calculations have proved the effectiveness and the technical ability to use liquefied natural gas as a backup <span class="hlt">fuel</span> at reconstructed and newly designed gas power station.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.1901K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.1901K"><span>Fossil-<span class="hlt">Fuel</span> C02 Emissions Database and Exploration System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Krassovski, M.; Boden, T.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Fossil-<span class="hlt">Fuel</span> C02 Emissions Database and Exploration System Misha Krassovski and Tom Boden Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) quantifies the release of carbon from fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> use and cement production each year at global, regional, and national spatial scales. These estimates are vital to climate change research given the strong evidence suggesting fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> emissions are responsible for unprecedented levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. The CDIAC fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> emissions time series are based largely on <span class="hlt">annual</span> energy statistics published for all nations by the United Nations (UN). Publications containing historical energy statistics make it possible to estimate fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> CO2 emissions back to 1751 before the Industrial Revolution. From these core fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> CO2 emission time series, CDIAC has developed a number of additional data products to satisfy modeling needs and to address other questions aimed at improving our understanding of the global carbon cycle budget. For example, CDIAC also produces a time series of gridded fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> CO2 emission estimates and isotopic (e.g., C13) emissions estimates. The gridded data are generated using the methodology described in Andres et al. (2011) and provide monthly and <span class="hlt">annual</span> estimates for 1751-2008 at 1° latitude by 1° longitude resolution. These gridded emission estimates are being used in the latest IPCC Scientific Assessment (AR4). Isotopic estimates are possible thanks to detailed information for individual nations regarding the carbon content of select <span class="hlt">fuels</span> (e.g., the carbon signature of natural gas from Russia). CDIAC has recently developed a relational database to house these baseline emissions estimates and associated derived products and a web-based interface to help users worldwide query these data holdings. Users can identify, explore and download desired CDIAC</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770020297','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770020297"><span>Preliminary analysis of aircraft <span class="hlt">fuel</span> systems for use with broadened specification jet <span class="hlt">fuels</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pasion, A. J.; Thomas, I.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>An analytical study was conducted on the use of broadened specification hydrocarbon <span class="hlt">fuels</span> in present day aircraft. A short range Boeing 727 mission and three long range Boeing 747 missions were used as basis of calculation for one-day-per-year extreme <span class="hlt">values</span> of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> loading, airport ambient and altitude ambient temperatures with various seasonal and climatic conditions. Four hypothetical <span class="hlt">fuels</span> were selected; two high-vapor-pressure <span class="hlt">fuels</span> with 35 kPa and 70 kPa RVP and two high-freezing-point <span class="hlt">fuels</span> with -29 C and -18 C freezing points. In-flight <span class="hlt">fuel</span> temperatures were predicted by Boeing's aircraft <span class="hlt">fuel</span> tank thermal analyzer computer program. Boil-off rates were calculated for the high vapor pressure <span class="hlt">fuels</span> and heating/insulation requirements for the high freezing point <span class="hlt">fuels</span> were established. Possible minor and major heating system modifications were investigated with respect to heat output, performance and economic penalties for the high freezing point <span class="hlt">fuels</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/16575','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/16575"><span>Proceedings of the <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cells `97 Review Meeting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>None</p> <p></p> <p>The Federal Energy Technology Center (FETC) sponsored the <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cells '97 Review Meeting on August 26-28, 1997, in Morgantown, West Virginia. The purpose of the meeting was to provide an <span class="hlt">annual</span> forum for the exchange of ideas and discussion of results and plans related to the research on <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell power systems. The total of almost 250 conference participants included engineers and scientists representing utilities, academia, and government from the U.S. and eleven other countries: Canada, China, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Russia, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom. On first day, the conference covered the perspectives of sponsors andmore » end users, and the progress reports of <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-cell developers. Papers covered phosphoric, carbonate, and solid oxide <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells for stationary power applications. On the second day, the conference covered advanced research in solid oxide and other <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell developments. On the third day, the conference sponsored a workshop on advanced research and technology development. A panel presentation was given on <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell opportunities. Breakout sessions with group discussions followed this with <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell developers, gas turbine vendors, and consultants.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1439098','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1439098"><span>Modularized Production of <span class="hlt">Value</span>-Added Products and <span class="hlt">Fuels</span> from Distributed Waste Carbon-Rich Feedstocks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Weber, Robert S.; Holladay, Johnathan E.</p> <p></p> <p>Here, we have adapted and characterized electrolysis reactors to complement the conversion of regional- and community-scale quantities of waste into <span class="hlt">fuel</span> or chemicals. The overall process must be able to contend with a wide range of feedstocks, must be inherently safe, and should not rely on external facilities for co-reactants or heat rejection and supply. Our current approach is based on the upgrading of bio-oil produced by the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of carbon-containing waste feedstocks. HTL can convert a variety of feedstocks into a bio-oil that requires much less upgrading than the products of other ways of deconstructing biomass. Wemore » are now investigating the use of electrochemical processes for the further conversions needed to transform the bio-oil from HTL into <span class="hlt">fuel</span> or higher <span class="hlt">value</span> chemicals. We, and others, have shown that electrochemical reduction can offer adequate reaction rates and at least some of the necessary generality. In addition, an electrochemical reactor necessarily both oxidizes (removes electrons) on one side of the reactor and reduces (adds electrons) on the other side. Therefore, the two types of reactions could, in principle, be coupled to upgrade the bio-oil and simultaneously polish the water that is employed as a reactant and a carrier in the upstream HTL. Here, we overview a notional process, the possible conversion chemistry, and the economics of an HTL-electrochemical process.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1439098-modularized-production-value-added-products-fuels-from-distributed-waste-carbon-rich-feedstocks','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1439098-modularized-production-value-added-products-fuels-from-distributed-waste-carbon-rich-feedstocks"><span>Modularized Production of <span class="hlt">Value</span>-Added Products and <span class="hlt">Fuels</span> from Distributed Waste Carbon-Rich Feedstocks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Weber, Robert S.; Holladay, Johnathan E.</p> <p>2018-05-22</p> <p>Here, we have adapted and characterized electrolysis reactors to complement the conversion of regional- and community-scale quantities of waste into <span class="hlt">fuel</span> or chemicals. The overall process must be able to contend with a wide range of feedstocks, must be inherently safe, and should not rely on external facilities for co-reactants or heat rejection and supply. Our current approach is based on the upgrading of bio-oil produced by the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of carbon-containing waste feedstocks. HTL can convert a variety of feedstocks into a bio-oil that requires much less upgrading than the products of other ways of deconstructing biomass. Wemore » are now investigating the use of electrochemical processes for the further conversions needed to transform the bio-oil from HTL into <span class="hlt">fuel</span> or higher <span class="hlt">value</span> chemicals. We, and others, have shown that electrochemical reduction can offer adequate reaction rates and at least some of the necessary generality. In addition, an electrochemical reactor necessarily both oxidizes (removes electrons) on one side of the reactor and reduces (adds electrons) on the other side. Therefore, the two types of reactions could, in principle, be coupled to upgrade the bio-oil and simultaneously polish the water that is employed as a reactant and a carrier in the upstream HTL. Here, we overview a notional process, the possible conversion chemistry, and the economics of an HTL-electrochemical process.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1225995','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1225995"><span>2010 DOE Hydrogen Program <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>none,</p> <p></p> <p>This report summarizes comments from the Peer Review Panel at the 2010 DOE Hydrogen Program <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Merit Review, held on June 7-11, 2010, in Washington, DC. It covers the program areas of hydrogen production and delivery; hydrogen storage; <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells; manufacturing R&D; technology validation; safety, codes, and standards; education; and systems analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27108009','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27108009"><span>Reference <span class="hlt">values</span> of MostGraph measures for middle-aged and elderly Japanese individuals who participated in <span class="hlt">annual</span> health checkups.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Abe, Yuki; Shibata, Yoko; Igarashi, Akira; Inoue, Sumito; Sato, Kento; Sato, Masamichi; Nemoto, Takako; Kobayashi, Maki; Nishiwaki, Michiko; Kimura, Tomomi; Tokairin, Yoshikane; Kayama, Takamasa; Kubota, Isao</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>The forced oscillation technique (FOT) can measure respiratory system resistance and reactance under tidal volume respiration. MostGraph is a device that incorporates the FOT and enables the immediate, three-dimensional visualization of resistance and reactance parameters. The aim of this study was to establish MostGraph reference <span class="hlt">values</span> for middle-aged and elderly Japanese individuals. From 2004 to 2006, 3253 subjects living in Takahata, Yamagata underwent spirometry. Of these, 872 again underwent spirometry in 2011, and 784 (368 men, ages 46-89 years; 416 women, ages 47-90 years) underwent FOT examinations using MostGraph-01. In this study population, 19.0% of the men and 91.5% of the women were life-long never smokers. Abnormal spirometric findings were observed in 30.2% of the men and 14.6% of the women. Although the respiratory system resistance and reactance parameters obtained using MostGraph were not distributed normally, normal distribution was achieved via natural logarithm (R5, R20, Fres, and ALX), square root (R5-R20), or exponential (X5) transformation. Furthermore, the transformed <span class="hlt">values</span> were converted back to the actual <span class="hlt">values</span> after determining the <span class="hlt">values</span> representing one and two standard deviations from the mean. Respiratory system resistance and reactance reference <span class="hlt">values</span> were determined using MostGraph in middle-aged and elderly Japanese individuals who participated in <span class="hlt">annual</span> health checkups. Copyright © 2016 The Japanese Respiratory Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900009566','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900009566"><span>Low-energy gamma ray attenuation characteristics of aviation <span class="hlt">fuels</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Singh, Jag J.; Shen, Chih-Ping; Sprinkle, Danny R.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Am241 (59.5 keV) gamma ray attenuation characteristics were investigated in 270 aviation <span class="hlt">fuel</span> (Jet A and Jet A-1) samples from 76 airports around the world as a part of world wide study to measure the variability of aviation <span class="hlt">fuel</span> properties as a function of season and geographical origin. All measurements were made at room temperature which varied from 20 to 27 C. <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> densities (rho) were measured concurrently with their linear attenuation coefficients (mu), thus providing a measure of mass attenuation coefficient (mu/rho) for the test samples. In 43 <span class="hlt">fuel</span> samples, rho and mu <span class="hlt">values</span> were measured at more than one room temperature, thus providing mu/rho <span class="hlt">values</span> for them at several temperatures. The results were found to be independent of the temperature at which mu and rho <span class="hlt">values</span> were measured. It is noted that whereas the individual mu and rho <span class="hlt">values</span> vary considerably from airport to airport as well as season to season, the mu/rho <span class="hlt">values</span> for all samples are constant at 0.1843 + or - 0.0013 cu cm/gm. This constancy of mu/rho <span class="hlt">value</span> for aviation <span class="hlt">fuels</span> is significant since a nuclear <span class="hlt">fuel</span> quantity gauging system based on low energy gamma ray attenuation will be viable throughout the world.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20563942','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20563942"><span>Estimating the <span class="hlt">value</span> of medical education: a net present <span class="hlt">value</span> approach.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kahn, Marc J; Nelling, Edward F</p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>Estimating the <span class="hlt">value</span> of a medical education is a difficult undertaking. As student debt levels rise and the role of managed care in price-setting increases, the financial benefit of an MD degree comes into question. We developed a model using net present <span class="hlt">value</span> (NPV) analysis for a range of <span class="hlt">annual</span> costs of medical school attendance. Using this model, we determined the point at which pursuing a medical education is a "break-even" proposition from a financial perspective. The NPV of a medical education was positive for all <span class="hlt">annual</span> costs of attendance from $10,000 to $100,000 and ranged from approximately $39,000 to $674,000 depending on the discount rate. Assuming a discount rate of 8%, only at an <span class="hlt">annual</span> cost of attendance of $139,805 was the NPV = $0, which represents the break-even cost of medical education for a prospective student. Medical education is a financially advantageous undertaking for costs of attendance that far exceed even the most expensive schools in the United States. Our analysis suggests that based on economics, the supply of future physicians ought to be secure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol30/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol30-sec600-113-93.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol30/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol30-sec600-113-93.pdf"><span>40 CFR 600.113-93 - <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> economy calculations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... calculations of the weighted <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy <span class="hlt">values</span> require input of the weighted grams/mile <span class="hlt">values</span> for total... this section. A sample appears in appendix II to this part. (a) Calculate the weighted grams/mile... the grams/mile <span class="hlt">values</span> for the highway <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy test for HC, CO and CO2, and where applicable CH3...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27389997','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27389997"><span>Influence of fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> power plant emissions on the surface fine particulate matter in the Seoul Capital Area, South Korea.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, Byeong-Uk; Kim, Okgil; Kim, Hyun Cheol; Kim, Soontae</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>The South Korean government plans to reduce region-wide <span class="hlt">annual</span> PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) concentrations in the Seoul Capital Area (SCA) from 2010 levels of 27 µg/m(3) to 20 µg/m(3) by 2024. At the same time, it is inevitable that emissions from fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> power plants will continue to increase if electricity generation expands and the generation portfolio remains the same in the future. To estimate incremental PM2.5 contributions due to projected electricity generation growth in South Korea, we utilized an ensemble forecasting member of the Integrated Multidimensional Air Quality System for Korea based on the Community Multi-scale Air Quality model. We performed sensitivity runs with across-the-board emission reductions for all fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> power plants in South Korea to estimate the contribution of PM2.5 from domestic fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> power plants. We estimated that fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> power plants are responsible for 2.4% of the <span class="hlt">annual</span> PM2.5 national ambient air quality standard in the SCA as of 2010. Based on the electricity generation and the <span class="hlt">annual</span> contribution of fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> power plants in 2010, we estimated that <span class="hlt">annual</span> PM2.5 concentrations may increase by 0.2 µg/m(3) per 100 TWhr due to additional electricity generation. With currently available information on future electricity demands, we estimated that the total future contribution of fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> power plants would be 0.87 µg/m(3), which is 12.4% of the target reduction amount of the <span class="hlt">annual</span> PM2.5 concentration by 2024. We also approximated that the number of premature deaths caused by existing fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> power plants would be 736 in 2024. Since the proximity of power plants to the SCA and the types of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> used significantly impact this estimation, further studies are warranted on the impact of physical parameters of plants, such as location and stack height, on PM2.5 concentrations in the SCA due to each precursor. Improving air quality by reducing fine particle</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1414813','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1414813"><span>2017 DOE Vehicle Technologies Office <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Merit Review</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>None, None</p> <p></p> <p>The 2017 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen and <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cells Program and Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting (AMR) was held June 5-9, 2017, in Washington, DC. The review encompassed work done by the Hydrogen and <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cells Program and VTO: 263 individual activities were reviewed for VTO by 191 reviewers. Exactly 1,241 individual review responses were received for the VTO technical reviews. The objective of the meeting was to review the accomplishments and plans for VTO over the previous 12 months, and provide an opportunity for industry, government, and academia to give inputsmore » to DOE with a structured and formal methodology. The meeting also provided attendees with a forum for interaction and technology information transfer.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1415266','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1415266"><span>2016 DOE Vehicle Technologies Office <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Merit Review</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>None, None</p> <p></p> <p>The 2016 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen and <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cells Program and Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting (AMR) was held June 6-9, 2016, in Washington, DC. The review encompassed work done by the Hydrogen and <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cells Program and VTO: 226 individual activities were reviewed for VTO, by 171 reviewers. A total of 1,044 individual review responses were received for the VTO technical reviews. The objective of the meeting was to review the accomplishments and plans for VTO over the previous 12 months, and provide an opportunity for industry, government, and academia tomore » give inputs to DOE with a structured and formal methodology. The meeting also provided attendees with a forum for interaction and technology information transfer.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol19/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol19-sec86-513.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol19/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol19-sec86-513.pdf"><span>40 CFR 86.513 - <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> and engine lubricant specifications.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... Regulations for 1978 and Later New Motorcycles; Test Procedures § 86.513 <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> and engine lubricant... of § 86.513—Gasoline Test <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Specifications Item <span class="hlt">Value</span> Procedure 1 Distillation Range: 1. Initial... of § 86.513—Natural Gas Test <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Specifications Item <span class="hlt">Value</span> 1 Methane, CH4 Minimum, 89.0 mole percent...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ArTh...33...41M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ArTh...33...41M"><span>Thermodynamic analysis of biofuels as <span class="hlt">fuels</span> for high temperature <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Milewski, Jarosław; Bujalski, Wojciech; Lewandowski, Janusz</p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p>Based on mathematical modeling and numerical simulations, applicativity of various biofuels on high temperature <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell performance are presented. Governing equations of high temperature <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell modeling are given. Adequate simulators of both solid oxide <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell (SOFC) and molten carbonate <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell (MCFC) have been done and described. Performance of these <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells with different biofuels is shown. Some characteristics are given and described. Advantages and disadvantages of various biofuels from the system performance point of view are pointed out. An analysis of various biofuels as potential <span class="hlt">fuels</span> for SOFC and MCFC is presented. The results are compared with both methane and hydrogen as the reference <span class="hlt">fuels</span>. The biofuels are characterized by both lower efficiency and lower <span class="hlt">fuel</span> utilization factors compared with methane. The presented results are based on a 0D mathematical model in the design point calculation. The governing equations of the model are also presented. Technical and financial analysis of high temperature <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells (SOFC and MCFC) are shown. High temperature <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells can be fed by biofuels like: biogas, bioethanol, and biomethanol. Operational costs and possible incomes of those installation types were estimated and analyzed. A comparison against classic power generation units is shown. A basic indicator net present <span class="hlt">value</span> (NPV) for projects was estimated and commented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ArTh...33...41M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ArTh...33...41M"><span>Thermodynamic analysis of biofuels as <span class="hlt">fuels</span> for high temperature <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Milewski, Jarosław; Bujalski, Wojciech; Lewandowski, Janusz</p> <p>2013-02-01</p> <p>Based on mathematical modeling and numerical simulations, applicativity of various biofuels on high temperature <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell performance are presented. Governing equations of high temperature <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell modeling are given. Adequate simulators of both solid oxide <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell (SOFC) and molten carbonate <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell (MCFC) have been done and described. Performance of these <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells with different biofuels is shown. Some characteristics are given and described. Advantages and disadvantages of various biofuels from the system performance point of view are pointed out. An analysis of various biofuels as potential <span class="hlt">fuels</span> for SOFC and MCFC is presented. The results are compared with both methane and hydrogen as the reference <span class="hlt">fuels</span>. The biofuels are characterized by both lower efficiency and lower <span class="hlt">fuel</span> utilization factors compared with methane. The presented results are based on a 0D mathematical model in the design point calculation. The governing equations of the model are also presented. Technical and financial analysis of high temperature <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells (SOFC and MCFC) are shown. High temperature <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells can be fed by biofuels like: biogas, bioethanol, and biomethanol. Operational costs and possible incomes of those installation types were estimated and analyzed. A comparison against classic power generation units is shown. A basic indicator net present <span class="hlt">value</span> (NPV) for projects was estimated and commented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/10319','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/10319"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Efficiency Improvement in Rail Freight Transportation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>1975-12-01</p> <p>Railroad diesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span> conservation is becoming increasingly cost-effective. The price of diesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span> has increased almost two and one-half times since the October 1973 Embargo. The estimated <span class="hlt">value</span> of diesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span>, if in short supply, is over 1 dollar a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23789268','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23789268"><span>[U.S. renewable <span class="hlt">fuel</span> standard implementation mechanism and market tracking].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kang, Liping; Earley, Robert; An, Feng; Zhang, Yu</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>U.S. Renewable <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Standard (RFS) is a mandatory policy for promoting the utilization of biofuels in road transpiration sector in order to reduce the country's dependency on foreign oil and greenhouse gas emissions. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines the proportion of renewable <span class="hlt">fuels</span> according to RFS <span class="hlt">annual</span> target, and requests obligated parties such like fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> refiner, blenders and importer in the U.S. to complete Renewable Volume Obligation (RVO) every year. Obligated parties prove they have achieved their RVO through a renewable <span class="hlt">fuels</span> certification system, which generates Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs) for every gallon of qualified renewable <span class="hlt">fuels</span> produced or imported into U.S., RINs is a key for tracking renewable <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption, which in turn is a key for implementing the RFS in the U.S., separated RINs can be freely traded in market and obligated parties could fulfill their RVO through buying RINs from other stakeholders. This briefing paper highlights RFS policy implementing mechanism and marketing tracking, mainly describes importance of RINs, and the method for generating and tracking RINs by both government and <span class="hlt">fuels</span> industry participants.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PhDT.......350S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PhDT.......350S"><span>The economic <span class="hlt">value</span> of transportation energy contingency planning: An objective model for analyzing the economics of domestic renewable energy for supply augmentation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shaten, Richard Jay</p> <p>1998-12-01</p> <p>Petroleum provides 90% of transportation energy needs. Domestic production is decreasing and global demand is increasing. Risk of escalating prices and supply interruptions are compounded by environmental and military externalities and lost opportunities from the failure to develop alternative domestic resources. Within the context of "energy contingency planning" municipalities should evaluate crisis mitigation strategies. Supply augmentation using domestic renewable <span class="hlt">fuels</span> is proposed to avert future financial liabilities. A method for calculating the economic <span class="hlt">value</span> of this strategy is demonstrated. An objective function and associated constraints represent the cost of preparing for each of three possible scenarios: status quo, inflationary and crisis. Constraints ensure that municipal <span class="hlt">fuel</span> needs are met. Environmental costs may be included. Optimal solutions determine the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> supply mix for each scenario. A 3 x 3 matrix presents the range of actual costs resulting from preparing for each scenario and subsequent three possible outcomes. The distribution of probabilities of the outcomes is applied to the cost matrix and an "expected <span class="hlt">value</span>" of preparing for each scenario is calculated. An unanticipated crisis outcome results in. The expected <span class="hlt">value</span> of the cost of preparing for a crisis is cast as an insurance premium against potential economic liability. Policy makers accept the crisis preparation <span class="hlt">fuel</span> mix if: (a) they agree with the calculated penalty cost, or (b) they accept the burden of the insurance premium. Green Bay Wisconsin was chosen as a sample municipality. Results show that a perceived 10% chance of crisis requires an <span class="hlt">annual</span> tax of 4.00 per household to avert economic impacts of 50 million. At a perceived 50% chance of crisis preparing for the crisis would begin to save the municipality money.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://edg.epa.gov/metadata/catalog/search/resource/details.page?uuid=%7B00C3B9D3-A265-417D-A301-07715A45602E%7D','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://edg.epa.gov/metadata/catalog/search/resource/details.page?uuid=%7B00C3B9D3-A265-417D-A301-07715A45602E%7D"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Economy Label and CAFE Data Inventory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Economy Label and CAFE Data asset contains measured summary <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy estimates and test data for light-duty vehicle manufacturers by model for certification as required under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA) and The Energy Independent Security Act of 2007 (EISA) to collect vehicle <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy estimates for the creation of Economy Labels and for the calculation of Corporate Average <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Economy (CAFE). Manufacturers submit data on an <span class="hlt">annual</span> basis, or as needed to document vehicle model changes.The EPA performs targeted <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy confirmatory tests on approximately 15% of vehicles submitted for validation. Confirmatory data on vehicles is associated with its corresponding submission data to verify the accuracy of manufacturer submissions beyond standard business rules. Submitted data comes in XML format or as documents, with the majority of submissions being sent in XML, and includes descriptive information on the vehicle itself, <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy information, and the manufacturer's testing approach. This data may contain proprietary information (CBI) such as information on estimated sales or other data elements indicated by the submitter as confidential. CBI data is not publically available; however, within the EPA data can accessed under the restrictions of the Office of Transportation and Air Quality (OTAQ) CBI policy [RCS Link]. Datasets are segmented by vehicle model/manufacturer and/or year with corresponding <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy, te</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.afdc.energy.gov/data/categories/fuel-trends','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.afdc.energy.gov/data/categories/fuel-trends"><span>Alternative <span class="hlt">Fuels</span> Data Center: Maps and Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>vehicles with unidentified <span class="hlt">fuel</span> <em>types</em>. Data consists of registered vehicles in operation in the United <span class="hlt">fuel</span> <em>types</em> with small populations, such as methanol and hydrogen vehicles. See relative vehicle completed a conversion. "undefined" <span class="hlt">values</span> are vehicles with unidentified <span class="hlt">fuel</span> <em>types</em>. Data</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1238776','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1238776"><span>Microalgae as a feedstock for biofuel precursors and <span class="hlt">value</span>-added products: Green <span class="hlt">fuels</span> and golden opportunities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Tang, Yuting; Rosenberg, Julian N.; Bohutskyi, Pavlo</p> <p></p> <p>In this study, the prospects of biofuel production from microalgal carbohydrates and lipids coupled with greenhouse gas mitigation due to photosynthetic assimilation of CO 2 have ushered in a renewed interest in algal feedstock. Furthermore, microalgae (including cyanobacteria) have become established as commercial sources of <span class="hlt">value</span>-added biochemicals such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoid pigments used as antioxidants in nutritional supplements and cosmetics. This article presents a comprehensive synopsis of the metabolic basis for accumulating lipids as well as applicable methods of lipid and cellulose bioconversion and final applications of these natural or refined products from microalgal biomass. For lipids,more » one-step in situ transesterification offers a new and more accurate approach to quantify oil content. As a complement to microalgal oil fractions, the utilization of cellulosic biomass from microalgae to produce bioethanol by fermentation, biogas by anaerobic digestion, and bio-oil by hydrothermal liquefaction are discussed. Collectively, a compendium of information spanning green renewable <span class="hlt">fuels</span> and <span class="hlt">value</span>-added nutritional compounds is provided.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1238776-microalgae-feedstock-biofuel-precursors-value-added-products-green-fuels-golden-opportunities','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1238776-microalgae-feedstock-biofuel-precursors-value-added-products-green-fuels-golden-opportunities"><span>Microalgae as a feedstock for biofuel precursors and <span class="hlt">value</span>-added products: Green <span class="hlt">fuels</span> and golden opportunities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Tang, Yuting; Rosenberg, Julian N.; Bohutskyi, Pavlo; ...</p> <p>2015-11-16</p> <p>In this study, the prospects of biofuel production from microalgal carbohydrates and lipids coupled with greenhouse gas mitigation due to photosynthetic assimilation of CO 2 have ushered in a renewed interest in algal feedstock. Furthermore, microalgae (including cyanobacteria) have become established as commercial sources of <span class="hlt">value</span>-added biochemicals such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoid pigments used as antioxidants in nutritional supplements and cosmetics. This article presents a comprehensive synopsis of the metabolic basis for accumulating lipids as well as applicable methods of lipid and cellulose bioconversion and final applications of these natural or refined products from microalgal biomass. For lipids,more » one-step in situ transesterification offers a new and more accurate approach to quantify oil content. As a complement to microalgal oil fractions, the utilization of cellulosic biomass from microalgae to produce bioethanol by fermentation, biogas by anaerobic digestion, and bio-oil by hydrothermal liquefaction are discussed. Collectively, a compendium of information spanning green renewable <span class="hlt">fuels</span> and <span class="hlt">value</span>-added nutritional compounds is provided.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMPA13A1769W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMPA13A1769W"><span>California's Low-Carbon <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Standard - Compliance Trends</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Witcover, J.; Yeh, S.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Policies to incentivize lower carbon transport <span class="hlt">fuels</span> have become more prevalent even as they spark heated debate over their cost and feasibility. California's approach - performance-based regulation called the Low Carbon <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Standard (LCFS) - has proved no exception. The LCFS aims to achieve 10% reductions in state transport <span class="hlt">fuel</span> carbon intensity (CI) by 2020, by setting declining <span class="hlt">annual</span> CI targets, and rewarding <span class="hlt">fuels</span> for incremental improvements in CI beyond the targets while penalizing those that fail to meet requirements. Even as debate continues over when new, lower carbon <span class="hlt">fuels</span> will become widely available at commercial scale, California's transport energy mix is shifting in gradual but noticeable ways under the LCFS. We analyze the changes using available data on LCFS <span class="hlt">fuels</span> from the California Air Resources Board and other secondary sources, beginning in 2011 (the first compliance year). We examine trends in program compliance (evaluated through carbon credits and deficits generated), and relative importance of various transport energy pathways (<span class="hlt">fuel</span> types and feedstocks, and their CI ratings, including new pathways added since the program's start). We document a roughly 2% decline in CI for gasoline and diesel substitutes under the program, with compliance achieved through small shifts toward greater reliance on <span class="hlt">fuels</span> with lower CI ratings within a relatively stable amount of transport energy derived from alternatives to fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> gasoline and diesel. We also discuss price trends in the nascent LCFS credit market. The results are important to the broader policy debate about transportation sector response to market-based policies aimed at reducing the sector's greenhouse gas emissions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JFuE...29..436A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JFuE...29..436A"><span>Utilization of TRISO <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> with LWR Spent <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> in Fusion-Fission Hybrid Reactor System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Acır, Adem; Altunok, Taner</p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>HTRs use a high performance particulate TRISO <span class="hlt">fuel</span> with ceramic multi-layer coatings due to the high burn up capability and very neutronic performance. TRISO <span class="hlt">fuel</span> because of capable of high burn up and very neutronic performance is conducted in a D-T fusion driven hybrid reactor. In this study, TRISO <span class="hlt">fuels</span> particles are imbedded body-centered cubic (BCC) in a graphite matrix with a volume fraction of 68%. The neutronic effect of TRISO coated LWR spent <span class="hlt">fuel</span> in the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> rod used hybrid reactor on the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> performance has been investigated for Flibe, Flinabe and Li20Sn80 coolants. The reactor operation time with the different first neutron wall loads is 24 months. Neutron transport calculations are evaluated by using XSDRNPM/SCALE 5 codes with 238 group cross section library. The effect of TRISO coated LWR spent <span class="hlt">fuel</span> in the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> rod used hybrid reactor on tritium breeding (TBR), energy multiplication (M), fissile <span class="hlt">fuel</span> breeding, average burn up <span class="hlt">values</span> are comparatively investigated. It is shown that the high burn up can be achieved with TRISO <span class="hlt">fuel</span> in the hybrid reactor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title41-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title41-vol2-sec101-26-602-3.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title41-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title41-vol2-sec101-26-602-3.pdf"><span>41 CFR 101-26.602-3 - Procurement of gasoline, <span class="hlt">fuel</span> oil (diesel and burner), kerosene, and solvents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2014-07-01 2012-07-01 true Procurement of gasoline... § 101-26.602-3 Procurement of gasoline, <span class="hlt">fuel</span> oil (diesel and burner), kerosene, and solvents. (a... capability to procure locally. Item Minimum <span class="hlt">annual</span> requirement (gallons) Gasoline 10,000 Burner <span class="hlt">fuel</span> oil 10...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title41-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title41-vol2-sec101-26-602-3.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title41-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title41-vol2-sec101-26-602-3.pdf"><span>41 CFR 101-26.602-3 - Procurement of gasoline, <span class="hlt">fuel</span> oil (diesel and burner), kerosene, and solvents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true Procurement of gasoline... § 101-26.602-3 Procurement of gasoline, <span class="hlt">fuel</span> oil (diesel and burner), kerosene, and solvents. (a... capability to procure locally. Item Minimum <span class="hlt">annual</span> requirement (gallons) Gasoline 10,000 Burner <span class="hlt">fuel</span> oil 10...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title41-vol2/pdf/CFR-2011-title41-vol2-sec101-26-602-3.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title41-vol2/pdf/CFR-2011-title41-vol2-sec101-26-602-3.pdf"><span>41 CFR 101-26.602-3 - Procurement of gasoline, <span class="hlt">fuel</span> oil (diesel and burner), kerosene, and solvents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2011-07-01 2007-07-01 true Procurement of gasoline... § 101-26.602-3 Procurement of gasoline, <span class="hlt">fuel</span> oil (diesel and burner), kerosene, and solvents. (a... capability to procure locally. Item Minimum <span class="hlt">annual</span> requirement (gallons) Gasoline 10,000 Burner <span class="hlt">fuel</span> oil 10...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title41-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title41-vol2-sec101-26-602-3.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title41-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title41-vol2-sec101-26-602-3.pdf"><span>41 CFR 101-26.602-3 - Procurement of gasoline, <span class="hlt">fuel</span> oil (diesel and burner), kerosene, and solvents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Procurement of gasoline... § 101-26.602-3 Procurement of gasoline, <span class="hlt">fuel</span> oil (diesel and burner), kerosene, and solvents. (a... capability to procure locally. Item Minimum <span class="hlt">annual</span> requirement (gallons) Gasoline 10,000 Burner <span class="hlt">fuel</span> oil 10...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title41-vol2/pdf/CFR-2010-title41-vol2-sec101-26-602-3.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title41-vol2/pdf/CFR-2010-title41-vol2-sec101-26-602-3.pdf"><span>41 CFR 101-26.602-3 - Procurement of gasoline, <span class="hlt">fuel</span> oil (diesel and burner), kerosene, and solvents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Procurement of gasoline... § 101-26.602-3 Procurement of gasoline, <span class="hlt">fuel</span> oil (diesel and burner), kerosene, and solvents. (a... capability to procure locally. Item Minimum <span class="hlt">annual</span> requirement (gallons) Gasoline 10,000 Burner <span class="hlt">fuel</span> oil 10...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/transportation/marinefuel/','EIAPUBS'); return false;" href="https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/transportation/marinefuel/"><span>Marine <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Choice For Ocean Going Vessels Within Emission Control Areas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/reports/">EIA Publications</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) contracted with Leidos Corporation to analyze the impact on ocean-going vessel <span class="hlt">fuel</span> usage of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) emissions control areas in North America and the Caribbean. EIA plans to update the upcoming <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Energy Outlook 2016 to include a new methodology for calculating the amount of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption by ocean-going vessels traveling though North American and Caribbean emissions control areas, including the impact of compliance strategies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/13653','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/13653"><span>Radiolytic and thermal process relevant to dry storage of spent nuclear <span class="hlt">fuels</span>. 1998 <span class="hlt">annual</span> progress report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Marschman, S.C.; Cowin, J.P.; Orlando, T.M.</p> <p>1998-06-01</p> <p>'This project involves basic research in chemistry and physics aimed at providing information pertinent to the safe long-term dry storage of spent nuclear <span class="hlt">fuel</span> (SNF), thousands of tons of which remain in water storage across the DOE complex. The Hanford Site K-Basins alone hold 2,300 tons of spent <span class="hlt">fuel</span>, much of it severely corroded, and similar situations exist at Savannah River and Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. The DOE plans to remove this <span class="hlt">fuel</span> and seal it in overpack canisters for dry interim storage for up to 75 years while awaiting permanent disposition. Chemically-bound water will remain in thismore » <span class="hlt">fuel</span> even following proposed drying steps, leading to possible long-term corrosion of the containers and/or <span class="hlt">fuel</span> rods themselves, generation of H{sub 2} and O{sub 2} gas via radiolysis (which could lead to deflagration or detonation), and reactions of pyrophoric uranium hydrides. No thoroughly tested model is currently available to predict <span class="hlt">fuel</span> behavior during pre-processing, processing, or storage. In a collaboration between Rutgers University, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and Brookhaven National Laboratory, the authors are studying the radiolytic reaction, drying processes, and corrosion behavior of actual SNF materials, and of pure and mixed-phase samples. The authors propose to determine what is omitted from current models: radiolysis of water adsorbed on or in hydrates or hydroxides, thermodynamics of interfacial phases, and kinetics of drying. A model will be developed and tested against actual <span class="hlt">fuel</span> rod behavior to insure validity and applicability to the problems associated with developing dry storage strategies for DOE-owned SNF. This report summarizes work after eight months of a three-year project.'« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT........53D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT........53D"><span>Life-cycle analysis of camelina biodiesel and jet-<span class="hlt">fuel</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dangol, Namrata</p> <p></p> <p>Camelina sativa (Camelina) could be a potential feedstock to help meet the goal of 36 billion gallons of biofuel production in the United States by 2022, as set forth by EISA of 2007. This research is focused on assessing the energy balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from camelina biodiesel grown and produced in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) region of the USA. Data were collected from a camelina farm in the region and compared to literature <span class="hlt">values</span>. Energy used in camelina crushing and transesterification were measured at the University of Idaho. Life cycle analysis showed that use of camelina biodiesel reduces GHG emissions by 72% compared to 2005 baseline diesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. Camelina biodiesel at B100 level, however, did not meet the ASTM D6751 specification for oxidative stability without any additives but could be corrected with proper additive. Camelina had a smaller seed size compared to canola and consequently required 23% more energy for crushing. Despite higher energy use for crushing, the net energy ratio for camelina biodiesel was found to be 3.68. From the agronomic standpoint, camelina can be incorporated as a rotational crop into low rainfall areas of the PNW. Wheat areas of PNW with <span class="hlt">annual</span> rainfall from 19 to 38 cm (7.5--15") and currently incorporating fallow into their rotations were considered as potential areas for camelina. There were 846,500 hectares (2.1 million acres) of land available in the region that could potentially produce 443.0 million L of biodiesel (117.1 million gal) and 1.2 billion kg of meal per year. This meal quantity is about 12.1% of the potential camelina meal that could be used as livestock feed in the PNW. Therefore, it was concluded that the meal has adequate market to be consumed locally as livestock feed. This research also conducted the life cycle analysis of camelina jet <span class="hlt">fuel</span> produced in the laboratory scale facility. The jet <span class="hlt">fuel</span> was produced via deoxygenation of the camelina oil in an inert environment, in the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1347209','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1347209"><span>2016 <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Progress Report: DOE Hydrogen and <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cells Program</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Satyapal, Sunita</p> <p></p> <p>In the past year, the DOE Hydrogen Program (the Program) made substantial progress toward its goals and objectives. The Program has conducted comprehensive and focused efforts to enable the widespread commercialization of hydrogen and <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell technologies in diverse sectors of the economy. With emphasis on applications that will effectively strengthen our nation's energy security and improve our stewardship of the environment, the Program engages in research, development, and demonstration of critical improvements in the technologies. Highlights of the Program's accomplishments can be found in the sub-program chapters of this report.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1068588','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1068588"><span>2012 <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Progress Report: DOE Hydrogen and <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cells Program</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Not Available</p> <p></p> <p>In the past year, the DOE Hydrogen Program (the Program) made substantial progress toward its goals and objectives. The Program has conducted comprehensive and focused efforts to enable the widespread commercialization of hydrogen and <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell technologies in diverse sectors of the economy. With emphasis on applications that will effectively strengthen our nation's energy security and improve our stewardship of the environment, the Program engages in research, development, and demonstration of critical improvements in the technologies. Highlights of the Program's accomplishments can be found in the sub-program chapters of this report.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1233740','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1233740"><span>2015 <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Progress Report: DOE Hydrogen and <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cells Program</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Popovich, Neil</p> <p></p> <p>In the past year, the DOE Hydrogen Program (the Program) made substantial progress toward its goals and objectives. The Program has conducted comprehensive and focused efforts to enable the widespread commercialization of hydrogen and <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell technologies in diverse sectors of the economy. With emphasis on applications that will effectively strengthen our nation's energy security and improve our stewardship of the environment, the Program engages in research, development, and demonstration of critical improvements in the technologies. Highlights of the Program's accomplishments can be found in the sub-program chapters of this report.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC42B..02W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC42B..02W"><span>Effects of Climate and <span class="hlt">Fuels</span> Management on Wildfire Occurrence, Size, Severity and Emissions in the Sierra Nevada</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Westerling, A. L.; Fites, J. A.; Keyser, A.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Annual</span> wildfire burned area in federally managed Sierra Nevada forests has increased by more than 10,000 ha per decade since the early 1970s. At the same time, recent years have seen some extremely large fires compared to the historical record, with significant areas of moderate to high severity fire (e.g., McNally 2002, Rim 2013, King 2014 fires). Changes to <span class="hlt">fuels</span> and fire regimes due to fire suppression and land use, as well as warming temperatures and the occurrence of drought, are thought to be significant factors contributing to increased risks of large, severe fires in Sierra Nevada forests. Over 70% of the vegetated area in federally managed forests in the Sierra Nevada is classified as having altered <span class="hlt">fuels</span> and fire regimes, while average <span class="hlt">annual</span> temperature in the Sierra Nevada has been above the long term mean for all but four years in the past two decades. As climate is expected to continue warming for decades to come, we explored <span class="hlt">fuels</span> management scenarios as the primary tools available to modify risks of large, severe wildfires. We developed experimental statistical models of fire occurrence, fire size, and high severity burned area, to explore the interaction between climate and altered <span class="hlt">fuels</span> conditions. These models were applied to historical climate conditions, a sample of future climate projections, and to both current <span class="hlt">fuels</span> conditions and a range of scenarios for <span class="hlt">fuels</span> treatments. Emissions from wildfires were estimated using the Fire Inventory from the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Our models project that average <span class="hlt">annual</span> burned area in the Sierra Nevada will more than double by mid-century. Similarly, particulate and other pollution emissions from Sierra Nevada wildfires are projected to more than double, even if future fire severity does not change. <span class="hlt">Fuels</span> treatment scenarios significantly reduced simulated future burned area and emissions below untreated projections. High severity burned area responded to both climate and <span class="hlt">fuels</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/55798','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/55798"><span>Effect of litter type upon <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-moisture indicator stick <span class="hlt">values</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>W. L. Fons; C. M. Countryman</p> <p>1950-01-01</p> <p>Instructions for establishing fire-weather stations in Region 5 have usually specified that the <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-moisture indicator sticks be placed over a bed of ponderosa pine needles. This specification was made to insure uniform ground-cover effect for all stations. Because ponderosa pine needles are not readily available in all areas of California fire control...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17731182','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17731182"><span>Oxygen isotope ratios in trees reflect mean <span class="hlt">annual</span> temperature and humidity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Burk, R L; Stuiver, M</p> <p>1981-03-27</p> <p><span class="hlt">Values</span> of the oxygen isotope ratios (delta(18)O) in tree-ring cellulose closely reflect the delta(18)O <span class="hlt">values</span> in atmospheric precipitation and hence mean <span class="hlt">annual</span> temperature. The change in delta(18)O in cellulose is 0.41 per mil per degree Celsius for selected near-coastal stations. The <span class="hlt">values</span> of delta(18)O in precipitation and cellulose also change with altitude, as demonstrated for Mount Rainier, Washington. A temperature lapse rate of 5.2 degrees +/- 0.5 degrees C per 1000 meters calculated from cellulose delta(18)O <span class="hlt">values</span> agrees with the accepted mean <span class="hlt">annual</span> lapse rate of 5 degrees C per 1000 meters for this region. Cellulose delta(18)O <span class="hlt">values</span> and delta(18)O <span class="hlt">values</span> of carbon dioxide equilibrated with leaf water differ by a fixed 16 per mil.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1346960','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1346960"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span>-flexible burner apparatus and method for fired heaters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zink, Darton J.; Isaacs, Rex K.; Jamaluddin, A. S.</p> <p></p> <p>A burner apparatus for a fired heating system and a method of burner operation. The burner provides stable operation when burning gas <span class="hlt">fuels</span> having heating <span class="hlt">values</span> ranging from low to high and accommodates sudden wide changes in the Wobbe <span class="hlt">value</span> of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> delivered to the burner. The burner apparatus includes a plurality of exterior <span class="hlt">fuel</span> ejectors and has an exterior notch which extends around the burner wall for receiving and combusting a portion of the gas <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. At least a portion of the hot combustion product gas produced in the exterior notch is delivered through channels formed in themore » burner wall to the combustion area at the forward end of the burner. As the Wobbe <span class="hlt">value</span> of the gas <span class="hlt">fuel</span> decreases, one or more outer series of addition ejectors can be automatically activated as needed to maintain the amount of heat output desired.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/874735','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/874735"><span>Method for operating a combustor in a <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Chalfant, Robert W.; Clingerman, Bruce J.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>A method of operating a combustor to heat a <span class="hlt">fuel</span> processor in a <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell system, in which the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> processor generates a hydrogen-rich stream a portion of which is consumed in a <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell stack and a portion of which is discharged from the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell stack and supplied to the combustor, and wherein first and second streams are supplied to the combustor, the first stream being a hydrocarbon <span class="hlt">fuel</span> stream and the second stream consisting of said hydrogen-rich stream, the method comprising the steps of monitoring the temperature of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> processor; regulating the quantity of the first stream to the combustor according to the temperature of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> processor; and comparing said quantity of said first stream to a predetermined <span class="hlt">value</span> or range of predetermined <span class="hlt">values</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7544E..5AX','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7544E..5AX"><span>Performance of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> system at different diesel temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xu, Xiaoyong; Li, Xiaolu; Sun, Zai</p> <p>2010-08-01</p> <p>This paper presents the findings about performance of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> system of a diesel engine at different diesel temperature obtained through simulation and experiment. It can be seen from these findings that at the same rotational speed of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> pump, the initial pressure in the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> pipe remain unchanged as the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> temperature increases, the peak pressure at the side of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> pipe near the injector delays, and its largest <span class="hlt">value</span> of pressure decreases. Meanwhile, at the same temperature, as the rotational speed increases, the initial pressure of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> pipe is also essentially the same, the arrival of its peaks delays, and its largest <span class="hlt">value</span> of pressure increases. The maximum <span class="hlt">fuel</span> pressure at the side of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> pipe near the injector has an increase of 28.9 %, 22.3%, and 13.9% respectively than the previous ones according to its conditions. At the same rotational speed, as the temperature increases, the injection quantity through the nozzle orifice decreases. At the same temperature, as the rotational speed increases, the injection quantity through the nozzle orifice increases. These experimental results are consistent with simulation results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ918607.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ918607.pdf"><span>Are We There Yet? Alternative <span class="hlt">Fuels</span> for School Buses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Lea, Dennis; Carter, Deborah</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>America's <span class="hlt">annual</span> oil consumption continues to increase and is projected to continue the upward spiral into the foreseeable future. Alternative-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> options are available that are not only cheaper in some cases on an energy-equivalent basis but are also more environmentally friendly. Education leaders need to be concerned with both these facts.…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/10106792','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/10106792"><span>Petroleum marketing <span class="hlt">annual</span> 1993</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Not Available</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>The Petroleum Marketing <span class="hlt">Annual</span> (PMA) contains statistical data on a variety of crude oils and refined petroleum products. The publication provides statistics on crude oil costs and refined petroleum products sales for use by industry, government, private sector analysts, educational institutions, and consumers. Data on crude oil include the domestic first purchase price, the free-on-board (f.o.b.) and landed cost of imported crude oil, and the refiners acquisition cost of crude oil. Sales data for motor gasoline, distillates, residuals, aviation <span class="hlt">fuels</span>, kerosene, and propane are presented. For this publication, all estimates have been recalculated since their earlier publication in the Petroleummore » Marketing Monthly (PMM). These calculations made use of additional data and corrections that were received after the PMM publication dates.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/442124','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/442124"><span>Linear air-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> sensor development</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Garzon, F.; Miller, C.</p> <p>1996-12-14</p> <p>The electrochemical zirconia solid electrolyte oxygen sensor, is extensively used for monitoring oxygen concentrations in various fields. They are currently utilized in automobiles to monitor the exhaust gas composition and control the air-to-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> ratio, thus reducing harmful emission components and improving <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy. Zirconia oxygen sensors, are divided into two classes of devices: (1) potentiometric or logarithmic air/<span class="hlt">fuel</span> sensors; and (2) amperometric or linear air/<span class="hlt">fuel</span> sensors. The potentiometric sensors are ideally suited to monitor the air-to-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> ratio close to the complete combustion stoichiometry; a <span class="hlt">value</span> of about 14.8 to 1 parts by volume. This occurs because the oxygen concentration changesmore » by many orders of magnitude as the air/<span class="hlt">fuel</span> ratio is varied through the stoichiometric <span class="hlt">value</span>. However, the potentiometric sensor is not very sensitive to changes in oxygen partial pressure away from the stoichiometric point due to the logarithmic dependence of the output voltage signal on the oxygen partial pressure. It is often advantageous to operate gasoline power piston engines with excess combustion air; this improves <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy and reduces hydrocarbon emissions. To maintain stable combustion away from stoichiometry, and enable engines to operate in the excess oxygen (lean burn) region several limiting-current amperometric sensors have been reported. These sensors are based on the electrochemical oxygen ion pumping of a zirconia electrolyte. They typically show reproducible limiting current plateaus with an applied voltage caused by the gas diffusion overpotential at the cathode.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/87028','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/87028"><span>Hydrogen <span class="hlt">fuel</span> dispensing station for transportation vehicles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Singh, S.P.N.; Richmond, A.A.</p> <p>1995-07-01</p> <p>A technical and economic assessment is being conducted of a hydrogen <span class="hlt">fuel</span> dispensing station to develop an understanding of the infrastructure requirements for supplying hydrogen <span class="hlt">fuel</span> for mobile applications. The study includes a process design of a conceptual small-scale, stand-alone, grassroots <span class="hlt">fuel</span> dispensing facility (similar to the present-day gasoline stations) producing hydrogen by steam reforming of natural gas. Other hydrogen production processes (such as partial oxidation of hydrocarbons and water electrolysis) were reviewed to determine their suitability for manufacturing the hydrogen. The study includes an assessment of the environmental and other regulatory permitting requirements likely to be imposed on amore » hydrogen <span class="hlt">fuel</span> dispensing station for transportation vehicles. The assessment concludes that a dispensing station designed to produce 0.75 million standard cubic feet of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> grade (99.99%+ purity) hydrogen will meet the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> needs of 300 light-duty vehicles per day. Preliminary economics place the total capital investment (in 1994 US dollars) for the dispensing station at $4.5 million and the <span class="hlt">annual</span> operating costs at around $1 million. A discounted cash-flow analysis indicates that the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> hydrogen product price (excluding taxes) to range between $1.37 to $2.31 per pound of hydrogen, depending upon the natural gas price, the plant financing scenario, and the rate of return on equity capital. A report on the assessment is due in June 1995. This paper presents a summary of the current status of the assessment.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/23263','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/23263"><span>Assessing Live <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Moisture For Fire Management Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>David R. Weise; Roberta A. Hartford; Larry Mahaffey</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>The variation associated with sampling live <span class="hlt">fuel</span> moisture was examined for several shrub and canopy <span class="hlt">fuels</span> in southern California, Arizona, and Colorado. Ninety-five % confidence intervals ranged from 5 to % . Estimated sample sizes varied greatly. The <span class="hlt">value</span> of knowing the live <span class="hlt">fuel</span> moisture content in fire decision making is unknown. If the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> moisture is highly...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..335a2058N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..335a2058N"><span>Analysis of Calorific <span class="hlt">Value</span> of Tibarau Cane Briquette</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nurdin, H.; Hasanuddin, H.; Darmawi, D.; Prasetya, F.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The development of product diversification through tibarau cane briquettes as an effort in obtaining alternative <span class="hlt">fuels</span>. Tibarau cane is one of the potential materials of renewable energy sources that can be processed into briquette. So as to reduce dependence on energy <span class="hlt">fuel</span> oil, which for the middle to lower class is the main requirement. Efforts and innovations tibarau cane briquettes in producing <span class="hlt">fuel</span> that has quality and performance can be measured with calorific <span class="hlt">value</span>. Prior to development of this potential required the existence of test and evaluation stages according to the order of the flow of new material product development. Through process technology of briquette product making with compaction and optimization of composition content on tapioca adhesive and mesh particles suitable to get optimum calorific <span class="hlt">value</span>. The results obtained in this research are the development of tibarau cane briquette model which is recommended as replacement <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. Where the calorific <span class="hlt">value</span> of tibarau cane briquette is 11.221,72 kJ / kg at composition percentage 80: 20 and its density is 0,565 gr/cm3. The comparison of mass tibarau with tapioca, particle size, pressure force (compaction), can affect the calorific <span class="hlt">value</span> and density of tibarau cane briquette.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740008439','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740008439"><span>Some optimal considerations in attitude control systems. [evaluation of <span class="hlt">value</span> of relative weighting between time and <span class="hlt">fuel</span> for relay control law</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Boland, J. S., III</p> <p>1973-01-01</p> <p>The conventional six-engine reaction control jet relay attitude control law with deadband is shown to be a good linear approximation to a weighted time-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> optimal control law. Techniques for evaluating the <span class="hlt">value</span> of the relative weighting between time and <span class="hlt">fuel</span> for a particular relay control law is studied along with techniques to interrelate other parameters for the two control laws. Vehicle attitude control laws employing control moment gyros are then investigated. Steering laws obtained from the expression for the reaction torque of the gyro configuration are compared to a total optimal attitude control law that is derived from optimal linear regulator theory. This total optimal attitude control law has computational disadvantages in the solving of the matrix Riccati equation. Several computational algorithms for solving the matrix Riccati equation are investigated with respect to accuracy, computational storage requirements, and computational speed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1098144','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1098144"><span>Economics of Direct Hydrogen Polymer Electrolyte Membrane <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cell Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Mahadevan, Kathyayani</p> <p></p> <p>Battelle's Economic Analysis of PEM <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cell Systems project was initiated in 2003 to evaluate the technology and markets that are near-term and potentially could support the transition to <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells in automotive markets. The objective of Battelle?s project was to assist the DOE in developing <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell systems for pre-automotive applications by analyzing the technical, economic, and market drivers of direct hydrogen PEM <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell adoption. The project was executed over a 6-year period (2003 to 2010) and a variety of analyses were completed in that period. The analyses presented in the final report include: Commercialization scenarios for stationarymore » generation through 2015 (2004); Stakeholder feedback on technology status and performance status of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell systems (2004); Development of manufacturing costs of stationary PEM <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell systems for backup power markets (2004); Identification of near-term and mid-term markets for PEM <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells (2006); Development of the <span class="hlt">value</span> proposition and market opportunity of PEM <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells in near-term markets by assessing the lifecycle cost of PEM <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells as compared to conventional alternatives used in the marketplace and modeling market penetration (2006); Development of the <span class="hlt">value</span> proposition of PEM <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells in government markets (2007); Development of the <span class="hlt">value</span> proposition and opportunity for large <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell system application at data centers and wastewater treatment plants (2008); Update of the manufacturing costs of PEM <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells for backup power applications (2009).« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.B44A..05V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.B44A..05V"><span>Impacts of climate on shrubland <span class="hlt">fuels</span> and fire behavior in the Owyhee Basin, Idaho</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vogelmann, J. E.; Shi, H.; Hawbaker, T.; Li, Z.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>There is evidence that wildland fire is increasing as a function of global change. However, fire activity is spatially, temporally and ecologically variable across the globe, and our understanding of fire risk and behavior in many ecosystems is limited. After a series of severe fire seasons that occurred during the late 1990's in the western United States, the LANDFIRE program was developed with the goals of providing the fire community with objective spatial <span class="hlt">fuel</span> data for assessing wildland fire risk. Even with access to the data provided by LANDFIRE, assessing fire behavior in shrublands in sagebrush-dominated ecosystems of the western United States has proven especially problematic, in part due to the complex nature of the vegetation, the variable influence of understory vegetation including invasive species (e.g. cheatgrass), and prior fire history events. Climate is undoubtedly playing a major role, affecting the intra- and inter-<span class="hlt">annual</span> variability in vegetation conditions, which in turn impacts fire behavior. In order to further our understanding of climate-vegetation-fire interactions in shrublands, we initiated a study in the Owyhee Basin, which is located in southwestern Idaho and adjacent Nevada. Our goals include: (1) assessing the relationship between climate and vegetation condition, (2) quantifying the range of temporal variability in grassland and shrubland <span class="hlt">fuel</span> loads, (3) identifying methods to operationally map the variability in <span class="hlt">fuel</span> loads, and (4) assessing how the variability in <span class="hlt">fuel</span> loads affect fire spread simulations. To address these goals, we are using a wide variety of geospatial data, including remotely sensed time-series data sets derived from MODIS and Landsat, and climate data from DAYMET and PRISM. Remotely-sensed information is used to characterize climate-induced temporal variability in primary productivity in the Basin, where fire spread can be extensive after senescence when dry vegetation is added to dead <span class="hlt">fuel</span> loads. Gridded</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/16168','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/16168"><span>Summary and analysis of the highway diesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span> 2003 pre-compliance reports.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>2003-10-01</p> <p>Any refiner or importer planning to produce : or import highway diesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span> in 2006-10, is : required to submit to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or the Agency) : pre-compliance reports. These reports are due <span class="hlt">annually</span> from June 2003 th...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/45048','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/45048"><span>Behaviour of conductivity improvers in jet <span class="hlt">fuel</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Dacre, B.; Hetherington, J.I.</p> <p>1995-05-01</p> <p>Dangerous accumulation of electrostatic charge can occur due to high speed pumping and microfiltration of <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. This can be avoided by increasing the electrical conductivity of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> using conductivity improver additives. However, marked variations occur in the conductivity response of different <span class="hlt">fuels</span> when doped to the same level with conductivity improver. This has been attributed to interactions of the conductivity improver with other <span class="hlt">fuel</span> additives or <span class="hlt">fuel</span> contaminants. The present work concentrates on the effects of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> contaminants, in particular polar compounds, on the performance of the conductivity improver. Conductivity is the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> property of prime interest. The conductivitymore » response of model systems of the conductivity improver STADIS 450 in dodecane has been measured and the effect on this conductivity of additions of model polar contaminants sodium naphthenate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate, and sodium phenate have been measured. The sodium salts have been found to have a complex effect on the performance of STADIS 450, reducing the conductivity at low concentrations to a minimum <span class="hlt">value</span> and then increasing the conductivity at high concentrations of sodium salts. This work has focused on characterising this minimum in the conductivity <span class="hlt">values</span> and on understanding the reason for its occurrence. The effects on the minimum conductivity <span class="hlt">value</span> of the following parameters are investigated: (a) time, (b) STADIS 450 concentration, (c) sodium salt concentration, (d) mixed sodium salts, (e) experimental method, (f) a phenol, (g) individual components of STADIS 450. The complex conductivity response of the STADIS 450 to sodium salt impurities is discussed in terms of possible inter-molecular interactions.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NLE.....4...23P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NLE.....4...23P"><span>Influence of test <span class="hlt">fuel</span> properties and composition on UNECE R101 CO2 and <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy valuation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Parker, A.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>CO2 emission and <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption of passenger cars is now assessed by using a simplistic procedure measuring the emission during a test performed without any control of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> properties and computing the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption through an unsophisticated formula. As pump gasoline and diesel <span class="hlt">fuels</span> are refinery products mixture of many different hydrocarbons, and in case of gasoline may also contain a significant amount of oxygenates, the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> properties, including the density, carbon and energy content may strongly vary from one pump <span class="hlt">fuel</span> to the other. Being the specific test <span class="hlt">fuels</span> carefully selected by the car manufacturers and everything but randomly chosen pump <span class="hlt">fuels</span>, the claimed CO2 emission and <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy figures may differ largely from the certification <span class="hlt">values</span>. I show from the analysis of the 2014 UK government data for 2358 diesel and 2103 petrol vehicles how same volumes of only theoretically same pump <span class="hlt">fuels</span> used during the certification test by the cars manufacturers unfortunately do not produce the same carbon dioxide emission, and very likely do not have the same energy content. The CO2 emission per liter of diesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span> is shown to oscillate froma maximum of 3049 g to a minimum of 2125 g, with an average of 2625 g, froma +16.13% to a -19.06% of the average. TheCO2 emission per liter of petrol <span class="hlt">fuel</span> is shown to oscillate even more from a maximum of 3735 g to a minimum of 1767 g with an average of 2327 g, from a +60.48% to a -24.05% of the average. The proposed solution is to center the assessment on the energy demand by measuring with accuracy the mass of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumed and the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> properties of the test <span class="hlt">fuel</span> starting from the lower heating. The corrected <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption and the corrected carbon dioxide emission to mention from the test are then computed by using pure hydrocarbon reference <span class="hlt">fuels</span> for diesel and petrol having a given lower heating <span class="hlt">value</span> and a given hydrocarbon composition. Alternatively, exactly the same test <span class="hlt">fuel</span> should be used by all the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29410475','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29410475"><span>Cleaner <span class="hlt">fuels</span> for ships provide public health benefits with climate tradeoffs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sofiev, Mikhail; Winebrake, James J; Johansson, Lasse; Carr, Edward W; Prank, Marje; Soares, Joana; Vira, Julius; Kouznetsov, Rostislav; Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka; Corbett, James J</p> <p>2018-02-06</p> <p>We evaluate public health and climate impacts of low-sulphur <span class="hlt">fuels</span> in global shipping. Using high-resolution emissions inventories, integrated atmospheric models, and health risk functions, we assess ship-related PM 2.5 pollution impacts in 2020 with and without the use of low-sulphur <span class="hlt">fuels</span>. Cleaner marine <span class="hlt">fuels</span> will reduce ship-related premature mortality and morbidity by 34 and 54%, respectively, representing a ~ 2.6% global reduction in PM 2.5 cardiovascular and lung cancer deaths and a ~3.6% global reduction in childhood asthma. Despite these reductions, low-sulphur marine <span class="hlt">fuels</span> will still account for ~250k deaths and ~6.4 M childhood asthma cases <span class="hlt">annually</span>, and more stringent standards beyond 2020 may provide additional health benefits. Lower sulphur <span class="hlt">fuels</span> also reduce radiative cooling from ship aerosols by ~80%, equating to a ~3% increase in current estimates of total anthropogenic forcing. Therefore, stronger international shipping policies may need to achieve climate and health targets by jointly reducing greenhouse gases and air pollution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol17/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol17-sec80-1405.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol17/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol17-sec80-1405.pdf"><span>40 CFR 80.1405 - What are the Renewable <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Standards?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>... Renewable <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Standards? (a) (1) Renewable <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Standards for 2010. (i) The <span class="hlt">value</span> of the cellulosic biofuel... shall be 1.10 percent. (iii) The <span class="hlt">value</span> of the advanced biofuel standard for 2010 shall be 0.61 percent... Standards for 2011. (i) The <span class="hlt">value</span> of the cellulosic biofuel standard for 2011 shall be 0.003 percent. (ii...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol17/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol17-sec80-1405.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol17/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol17-sec80-1405.pdf"><span>40 CFR 80.1405 - What are the Renewable <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Standards?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>... Renewable <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Standards? (a) (1) Renewable <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Standards for 2010. (i) The <span class="hlt">value</span> of the cellulosic biofuel... shall be 1.10 percent. (iii) The <span class="hlt">value</span> of the advanced biofuel standard for 2010 shall be 0.61 percent... Standards for 2011. (i) The <span class="hlt">value</span> of the cellulosic biofuel standard for 2011 shall be 0.003 percent. (ii...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol17/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol17-sec80-1405.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol17/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol17-sec80-1405.pdf"><span>40 CFR 80.1405 - What are the Renewable <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Standards?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... Renewable <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Standards? (a) (1) Renewable <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Standards for 2010. (i) The <span class="hlt">value</span> of the cellulosic biofuel... shall be 1.10 percent. (iii) The <span class="hlt">value</span> of the advanced biofuel standard for 2010 shall be 0.61 percent... Standards for 2011. (i) The <span class="hlt">value</span> of the cellulosic biofuel standard for 2011 shall be 0.003 percent. (ii...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27216509','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27216509"><span>Global combustion: the connection between fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> and biomass burning emissions (1997-2010).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Balch, Jennifer K; Nagy, R Chelsea; Archibald, Sally; Bowman, David M J S; Moritz, Max A; Roos, Christopher I; Scott, Andrew C; Williamson, Grant J</p> <p>2016-06-05</p> <p>Humans use combustion for heating and cooking, managing lands, and, more recently, for fuelling the industrial economy. As a shift to fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span>-based energy occurs, we expect that anthropogenic biomass burning in open landscapes will decline as it becomes less fundamental to energy acquisition and livelihoods. Using global data on both fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> and biomass burning emissions, we tested this relationship over a 14 year period (1997-2010). The global average <span class="hlt">annual</span> carbon emissions from biomass burning during this time were 2.2 Pg C per year (±0.3 s.d.), approximately one-third of fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> emissions over the same period (7.3 Pg C, ±0.8 s.d.). There was a significant inverse relationship between average <span class="hlt">annual</span> fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> and biomass burning emissions. Fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> emissions explained 8% of the variation in biomass burning emissions at a global scale, but this varied substantially by land cover. For example, fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> burning explained 31% of the variation in biomass burning in woody savannas, but was a non-significant predictor for evergreen needleleaf forests. In the land covers most dominated by human use, croplands and urban areas, fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> emissions were more than 30- and 500-fold greater than biomass burning emissions. This relationship suggests that combustion practices may be shifting from open landscape burning to contained combustion for industrial purposes, and highlights the need to take into account how humans appropriate combustion in global modelling of contemporary fire. Industrialized combustion is not only an important driver of atmospheric change, but also an important driver of landscape change through companion declines in human-started fires.This article is part of the themed issue 'The interaction of fire and mankind'. © 2016 The Author(s).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1320377','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1320377"><span>2016 <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Technology Baseline (ATB)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Cole, Wesley; Kurup, Parthiv; Hand, Maureen</p> <p></p> <p>Consistent cost and performance data for various electricity generation technologies can be difficult to find and may change frequently for certain technologies. With the <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Technology Baseline (ATB), National Renewable Energy Laboratory provides an organized and centralized dataset that was reviewed by internal and external experts. It uses the best information from the Department of Energy laboratory's renewable energy analysts and Energy Information Administration information for conventional technologies. The ATB will be updated <span class="hlt">annually</span> in order to provide an up-to-date repository of current and future cost and performance data. Going forward, we plan to revise and refine the <span class="hlt">values</span> usingmore » best available information. The ATB includes both a presentation with notes (PDF) and an associated Excel Workbook. The ATB includes the following electricity generation technologies: land-based wind; offshore wind; utility-scale solar PV; concentrating solar power; geothermal power; hydropower plants (upgrades to existing facilities, powering non-powered dams, and new stream-reach development); conventional coal; coal with carbon capture and sequestration; integrated gasification combined cycle coal; natural gas combustion turbines; natural gas combined cycle; conventional biopower. Nuclear laboratory's renewable energy analysts and Energy Information Administration information for conventional technologies. The ATB will be updated <span class="hlt">annually</span> in order to provide an up-to-date repository of current and future cost and performance data. Going forward, we plan to revise and refine the <span class="hlt">values</span> using best available information.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.799a2022D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.799a2022D"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Fraction Analysis of 500 MWth Gas Cooled Fast Reactor with Nitride (UN-PuN) <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> without Refueling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dewi Syarifah, Ratna; Su'ud, Zaki; Basar, Khairul; Irwanto, Dwi</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) is one of candidates which can support electricity demand in the world. The Generation IV NPP has fourth main objective, i.e. sustainability, economics competitiveness, safety and reliability, and proliferation and physical protection. One of Gen-IV reactor type is Gas Cooled Fast Reactor (GFR). In this study, the analysis of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> fraction in small GFR with nitride <span class="hlt">fuel</span> has been done. The calculation was performed by SRAC code, both Pij and CITATION calculation. SRAC2002 system is a code system applicable to analyze the neutronics of variety reactor type. And for the data library used JENDL-3.2. The step of SRAC calculation is <span class="hlt">fuel</span> pin calculated by Pij calculation until the data homogenized, after it homogenized we calculate core reactor. The variation of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> fraction is 40% up to 65%. The optimum design of 500MWth GFR without refueling with 10 years burn up time reach when radius F1:F2:F3 = 50cm:30cm:30cm and height F1:F2:F3 = 50cm:40cm:30cm, variation percentage Plutonium in F1:F2:F3 = 7%:10%:13%. The optimum <span class="hlt">fuel</span> fraction is 41% with addition 2% Plutonium weapon grade mix in the <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. The excess reactivity <span class="hlt">value</span> in this case 1.848% and the k-eff <span class="hlt">value</span> is 1.01883. The high burn up reached when the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> fraction is low. In this study 41% <span class="hlt">fuel</span> fraction produce faster fissile <span class="hlt">fuel</span>, so it has highest burn-up level than the other <span class="hlt">fuel</span> fraction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17938872','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17938872"><span>Can the envisaged reductions of fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> CO2 emissions be detected by atmospheric observations?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Levin, Ingeborg; Rödenbeck, Christian</p> <p>2008-03-01</p> <p>The lower troposphere is an excellent receptacle, which integrates anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions over large areas. Therefore, atmospheric concentration observations over populated regions would provide the ultimate proof if sustained emissions changes have occurred. The most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide (CO(2)), also shows large natural concentration variations, which need to be disentangled from anthropogenic signals to assess changes in associated emissions. This is in principle possible for the fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> CO(2) component (FFCO(2)) by high-precision radiocarbon ((14)C) analyses because FFCO(2) is free of radiocarbon. Long-term observations of (14)CO(2) conducted at two sites in south-western Germany do not yet reveal any significant trends in the regional fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> CO(2) component. We rather observe strong inter-<span class="hlt">annual</span> variations, which are largely imprinted by changes of atmospheric transport as supported by dedicated transport model simulations of fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> CO(2). In this paper, we show that, depending on the remoteness of the site, changes of about 7-26% in fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> emissions in respective catchment areas could be detected with confidence by high-precision atmospheric (14)CO(2) measurements when comparing 5-year averages if these inter-<span class="hlt">annual</span> variations were taken into account. This perspective constitutes the urgently needed tool for validation of fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> CO(2) emissions changes in the framework of the Kyoto protocol and successive climate initiatives.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AIPC.1169..179I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AIPC.1169..179I"><span>Partial replacement of non renewable fossil <span class="hlt">fuels</span> energy by the use of waste materials as alternative <span class="hlt">fuels</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Indrawati, V.; Manaf, A.; Purwadi, G.</p> <p>2009-09-01</p> <p>This paper reports recent investigations on the use of biomass like rice husk, palm kernel shell, saw dust and municipal waste to reduce the use of fossil <span class="hlt">fuels</span> energy in the cement production. Such waste materials have heat <span class="hlt">values</span> in the range approximately from 2,000 to 4,000 kcal/kg. These are comparable to the average <span class="hlt">value</span> of 5800 kcal/kg from fossil materials like coals which are widely applied in many industrial processing. Hence, such waste materials could be used as alternative <span class="hlt">fuels</span> replacing the fossil one. It is shown that replacement of coals with such waste materials has a significant impact on cost effectiveness as well as sustainable development. Variation in moisture content of the waste materials, however should be taken into account because this is one of the parameter that could not be controlled. During <span class="hlt">fuel</span> combustion, some amount of the total energy is used to evaporate the water content and thus the net effective heat <span class="hlt">value</span> is less.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994STIN...9437406M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994STIN...9437406M"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> savings and emissions reductions from light duty <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell vehicles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mark, J.; Ohi, J. M.; Hudson, D. V., Jr.</p> <p>1994-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> cell vehicles (FCV's) operate efficiently, emit few pollutants, and run on nonpetroleum <span class="hlt">fuels</span>. Because of these characteristics, the large-scale deployment of FCV's has the potential to lessen U.S. dependence on foreign oil and improve air quality. This study characterizes the benefits of large-scale FCV deployment in the light duty vehicle market. Specifically, the study assesses the potential <span class="hlt">fuel</span> savings and emissions reductions resulting from large-scale use of these FCV's and identifies the key parameters that affect the scope of the benefits from FCV use. The analysis scenario assumes that FCV's will compete with gasoline-powered light trucks and cars in the new vehicle market for replacement of retired vehicles and will compete for growth in the total market. Analysts concluded that the potential benefits from FCV's, measured in terms of consumer outlays for motor <span class="hlt">fuel</span> and the <span class="hlt">value</span> of reduced air emissions, are substantial.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1093835-value-post-extracted-algae-residue','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1093835-value-post-extracted-algae-residue"><span>The <span class="hlt">value</span> of post-extracted algae residue</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Bryant, Henry; Gogichaishvili, Ilia; Anderson, David; ...</p> <p>2012-07-26</p> <p>This paper develops a hedonic pricing model for post-extracted algae residue (PEAR), which can be used for assessing the economic feasibility of an algal production enterprise. Prices and nutritional characteristics of commonly employed livestock feed ingredients are used to estimate the <span class="hlt">value</span> of PEAR based on its composition. We find that PEAR would have a <span class="hlt">value</span> lower than that of soybean meal in recent years. The <span class="hlt">value</span> of PEAR will vary substantially based on its characteristics. PEAR could have generated algal <span class="hlt">fuel</span> co-product credits that in recent years would have ranged between $0.95 and $2.43 per gallon of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> produced.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1015864','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1015864"><span>Evaluation of Cetane Improver Additive in Alternative Jet <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Blends</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>diesel engines are sensitive to cetane <span class="hlt">values</span> of <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. Some <span class="hlt">fuels</span> originating from nonpetroleum sources contain low cetane numbers that have trouble...Improver Additive, Diesel <span class="hlt">Fuel</span>, JP-8, Kerosene, Aviation <span class="hlt">Fuel</span>, Alternative <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: a. REPORT ,,b. ABSTRACT r· THIS...performance of a diesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span> oil obtained by comparing it to reference <span class="hlt">fuels</span> in a standardized engine test (1). The cetane number has an inverse</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C41F..07P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C41F..07P"><span>Opportunities and Challenges in Enhancing <span class="hlt">Value</span> of <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Glacier Mass Balance Monitoring Examples from Western North America</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pelto, M. S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Alpine glacier mass balance is the most accurate indicator of glacier response to climate and with retreat of alpine glaciers is one of the clearest signals of global climate change. Completion of long term, representative and homogenous mass balance field measurement of mass balance, compiled by WGMS, is a key climate data record. To ensure a monitoring program remains vital and funded local collaboration and connecting the research to local societal impacts is crucial. Working with local partners in collecting and providing the right data is critical whether their interest is in hydropower, irrigation, municipal supply, hazard reduction and/or aquatic ecosystems. The expansion of remote sensing and modeling capability provides both a challenge to continued relevance and an opportunity for field mass balance programs to expand relevance. In modelling studies of both glacier mass balance and glacier runoff transient balance data has equivalent <span class="hlt">value</span> with <span class="hlt">annual</span> balance data, for both calibration runs and as an input variable. This increases the utility of mid-season field observations. Remote sensing provides repeat imagery that often identifies the AAR and transient snowline of a glacier. For runoff assessment understanding the specific percent of glacier surface area that is glacier ice, older firn, and retained snowpack from the previous winter at frequent intervals during the melt season is vital since each region has a different melt factor. A denser field observation network combined with this imagery can provide additional point balance <span class="hlt">values</span> of ablation that complement the mass balance record. Periodic measurement of mass balance at a denser network using GPR, LIDAR, TLS or probing is required to better understand long term point balance locations and is important at end of the melt season not just beginning, and has <span class="hlt">value</span> mid-season for modelling. Applications of each of utility of field mass balance observations will be illustrated.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24163614','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24163614"><span>Total economic <span class="hlt">value</span> of wetlands products and services in Uganda.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kakuru, Willy; Turyahabwe, Nelson; Mugisha, Johnny</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Wetlands provide food and non-food products that contribute to income and food security in Uganda. This study determined the economic <span class="hlt">value</span> of wetland resources and their contribution to food security in the three agroecological zones of Uganda. The <span class="hlt">values</span> of wetland resources were estimated using primary and secondary data. Market price, Productivity, and Contingent valuation methods were used to estimate the <span class="hlt">value</span> of wetland resources. The per capita <span class="hlt">value</span> of fish was approximately US$ 0.49 person⁻¹. Fish spawning was <span class="hlt">valued</span> at approximately US$ 363,815 year⁻¹, livestock pastures at US$ 4.24 million, domestic water use at US$ 34 million year⁻¹, and the gross <span class="hlt">annual</span> <span class="hlt">value</span> added by wetlands to milk production at US$ 1.22 million. Flood control was <span class="hlt">valued</span> at approximately US$ 1,702,934,880 hectare⁻¹ year⁻¹ and water regulation and recharge at US$ 7,056,360 hectare⁻¹ year⁻¹. Through provision of grass for mulching, wetlands were estimated to contribute to US$ 8.65 million <span class="hlt">annually</span>. The <span class="hlt">annual</span> contribution of non-use <span class="hlt">values</span> was estimated in the range of US$ 7.1 million for water recharge and regulation and to US$ 1.7 billion for flood control. Thus, resource investment for wetlands conservation is economically justified to create incentives for continued benefits.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=medical+AND+specialization&pg=3&id=ED141184','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=medical+AND+specialization&pg=3&id=ED141184"><span>Human <span class="hlt">Values</span> in Medical Education. <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Oration of the Society for Health and Human <span class="hlt">Values</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Ellis, John R.</p> <p></p> <p>In this 1975 Oration of the Society for Health and Human <span class="hlt">Values</span>, the author, an international medical educator, reviews the changing attitudes to human <span class="hlt">values</span> in medical education as experienced at the London Hospital Medical College. Proposed is a broad, general approach to the whole patient, socially and behaviorally as well as biologically and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1334402','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1334402"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cell Buses in U.S. Transit Fleets: Current Status 2016</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Eudy, Leslie; Post, Matthew; Jeffers, Matthew</p> <p></p> <p>This report, published <span class="hlt">annually</span>, summarizes the progress of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell electric bus development in the United States and discusses the achievements and challenges of introducing <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell propulsion in transit. The report provides a summary of results from evaluations performed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Funding for this effort is provided by the U.S. Department of Energy's <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cell Technologies Office within the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy and by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Transit Administration. The 2016 summary results primarily focus on the most recent year for each demonstration, from August 2015 through Julymore » 2016. The results for these buses account for more than 550,000 miles traveled and 59,500 hours of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell power system operation. The primary results presented in the report are from three demonstrations of two different <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-cell-dominant bus designs: Zero Emission Bay Area Demonstration Group led by Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District (AC Transit) in California; American <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cell Bus Project at SunLine Transit Agency in California; and American <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cell Bus Project at the University of California at Irvine.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/41397','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/41397"><span>Estimation of wildfire size and risk changes due to <span class="hlt">fuels</span> treatments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>M. A. Cochrane; C. J. Moran; M. C. Wimberly; A. D. Baer; M. A. Finney; K. L. Beckendorf; J. Eidenshink; Z. Zhu</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Human land use practices, altered climates, and shifting forest and fire management policies have increased the frequency of large wildfires several-fold. Mitigation of potential fire behaviour and fire severity have increasingly been attempted through pre-fire alteration of wildland <span class="hlt">fuels</span> using mechanical treatments and prescribed fires. Despite <span class="hlt">annual</span> treatment of...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24084520','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24084520"><span>Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in ashes from a <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-oil power plant in Cienfuegos, Cuba, and the associated radiation hazards.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Alonso-Hernández, C M; Bernal-Castillo, J; Morera-Gómez, Y; Guillen-Arruebarrena, A; Cartas-Aguila, H A; Acosta-Milián, R</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>The radioactivity of NORM was measured in ashes collected from a <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-oil power plant in Cienfuegos, Cuba, using an HPGe gamma-ray spectrometer. The (226)Ra, (210)Pb, (40)K, (232)Th and (238)U activity concentrations reached 240, 77, 59, 70 and 15 Bq kg(-1), respectively. The potential radiological hazard of these residuals was assessed. The radium equivalent activities of the samples varied from 54 to 345 Bq kg(-1). The gamma index was calculated to be lower than that of the reference <span class="hlt">values</span>, and the gamma absorbed dose rate was higher than the average reported for the earth's crust; however, the assessed <span class="hlt">annual</span> effective dose was slightly lower than the <span class="hlt">annual</span> effective dose limit for public, i.e. 1 mSv. Therefore, these bottom ashes were not dramatically enriched with radionuclides and may be used as an additive for building materials without restrictions from a radiological protection point of view.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800019008','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800019008"><span>Use of petroleum-based correlations and estimation methods for synthetic <span class="hlt">fuels</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Antoine, A. C.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>Correlations of hydrogen content with aromatics content, heat of combustion, and smoke point are derived for some synthetic <span class="hlt">fuels</span> prepared from oil and coal syncrudes. Comparing the results of the aromatics content with correlations derived for petroleum <span class="hlt">fuels</span> shows that the shale-derived <span class="hlt">fuels</span> fit the petroleum-based correlations, but the coal-derived <span class="hlt">fuels</span> do not. The correlations derived for heat of combustion and smoke point are comparable to some found for petroleum-based correlations. Calculated <span class="hlt">values</span> of hydrogen content and of heat of combustion are obtained for the synthetic <span class="hlt">fuels</span> by use of ASTM estimation methods. Comparisons of the measured and calculated <span class="hlt">values</span> show biases in the equations that exceed the critical statistics <span class="hlt">values</span>. Comparison of the measured hydrogen content by the standard ASTM combustion method with that by a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method shows a decided bias. The comparison of the calculated and measured NMR hydrogen contents shows a difference similar to that found with petroleum <span class="hlt">fuels</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol16/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol16-sec80-1115.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol16/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol16-sec80-1115.pdf"><span>40 CFR 80.1115 - How are equivalence <span class="hlt">values</span> assigned to renewable <span class="hlt">fuel</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... certain renewable <span class="hlt">fuels</span> as follows: (1) Cellulosic biomass ethanol and waste derived ethanol produced on... other than cellulosic biomass ethanol or waste-derived ethanol which is denatured shall have an...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=339679&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=management+AND+information&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=339679&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=management+AND+information&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>Life Cycle Assessment of Cooking <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Systems in India, China, Kenya, and Ghana</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Daily use of traditional cooking <span class="hlt">fuels</span> and stoves in India, China, Kenya, and Ghana emits harmful air pollutants that result in over a million premature deaths <span class="hlt">annually</span>. Reducing pollution from cookstoves is a key priority, as emissions from traditional cookstoves and open fires ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28308465','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28308465"><span>Transpiration efficiency of three Mediterranean <span class="hlt">annual</span> pasture species and wheat.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bolger, T P; Turner, N C</p> <p>1998-06-01</p> <p>Attempts to improve water use efficiency in regions with Mediterranean climates generally focus on increasing plant transpiration relative to evaporation from the soil and increasing transpiration efficiency. Our aim was to determine if transpiration efficiency differs among key species occurring in <span class="hlt">annual</span> pastures in southern Australia. Two glasshouse experiments were conducted with three key pasture species, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), capeweed [Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns] and <span class="hlt">annual</span> ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Transpiration efficiency was assessed at the levels of␣whole-plant biomass and water use (W), leaf gas exchange measurements of the ratio of CO 2 assimilation to leaf conductance to water vapour (A/g), and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in leaf tissue. In addition, Δ was measured on shoots of the three pasture species growing together in the field. In the glasshouse studies, <span class="hlt">annual</span> ryegrass had a consistently higher transpiration efficiency than subterranean clover or capeweed by all methods of measurement. Subterranean clover and capeweed had similar transpiration efficiencies by all three methods of measurement. Wheat had W <span class="hlt">values</span> similar to ryegrass but A/g and Δ <span class="hlt">values</span> similar to subterranean clover or capeweed. The high W of <span class="hlt">annual</span> ryegrass seems to be related to a conservative leaf gas exchange behaviour, with lower assimilation and conductance but higher A/g than for the other species. In contrast to the glasshouse results, the three pasture species had similar Δ <span class="hlt">values</span> when growing together in mixed-species swards in the field. Reasons for these differing responses between glasshouse and field-grown plants are discussed in terms of the implications for improving the transpiration efficiency of mixed-species <span class="hlt">annual</span> pasture communities in the field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/47360','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/47360"><span>Moisture content calculations for 1000-hour timelag <span class="hlt">fuels</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Michael A. Fosberg; Richard C. Rothermel; Patricia L. Andrews</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>Techniques to calculate 1000-hour timelag <span class="hlt">fuel</span> moistures were developed from theory of water movement in wood. The 1000-hour timelag <span class="hlt">fuel</span> moisture is computed from mean daily temperatures and humidities and precipitation duration. Comparison of calculated and observed <span class="hlt">fuel</span> moistures showed good agreement. Techniques to determine the seasonal starting <span class="hlt">value</span> of the 1000-...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/10307','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/10307"><span>Highway <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Consumption Computer Model (Version 1)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>1974-04-01</p> <p>A highway <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption computer model is given. The model allows the computation of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption of a highway vehicle class as a function of time. The model is of the initial <span class="hlt">value</span> (in this case initial inventory) and lumped parameter type. P...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4874414','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4874414"><span>Global combustion: the connection between fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> and biomass burning emissions (1997–2010)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Balch, Jennifer K.; Nagy, R. Chelsea; Archibald, Sally; Moritz, Max A.; Williamson, Grant J.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Humans use combustion for heating and cooking, managing lands, and, more recently, for fuelling the industrial economy. As a shift to fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span>-based energy occurs, we expect that anthropogenic biomass burning in open landscapes will decline as it becomes less fundamental to energy acquisition and livelihoods. Using global data on both fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> and biomass burning emissions, we tested this relationship over a 14 year period (1997–2010). The global average <span class="hlt">annual</span> carbon emissions from biomass burning during this time were 2.2 Pg C per year (±0.3 s.d.), approximately one-third of fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> emissions over the same period (7.3 Pg C, ±0.8 s.d.). There was a significant inverse relationship between average <span class="hlt">annual</span> fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> and biomass burning emissions. Fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> emissions explained 8% of the variation in biomass burning emissions at a global scale, but this varied substantially by land cover. For example, fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> burning explained 31% of the variation in biomass burning in woody savannas, but was a non-significant predictor for evergreen needleleaf forests. In the land covers most dominated by human use, croplands and urban areas, fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> emissions were more than 30- and 500-fold greater than biomass burning emissions. This relationship suggests that combustion practices may be shifting from open landscape burning to contained combustion for industrial purposes, and highlights the need to take into account how humans appropriate combustion in global modelling of contemporary fire. Industrialized combustion is not only an important driver of atmospheric change, but also an important driver of landscape change through companion declines in human-started fires. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’. PMID:27216509</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7032629-new-york-city-police-department-automated-fuel-monitoring-system-volume-ii-documentation-report','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7032629-new-york-city-police-department-automated-fuel-monitoring-system-volume-ii-documentation-report"><span>New York City Police Department automated <span class="hlt">fuel</span> monitoring system. Volume II: documentation report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>McGrath, W.J.; McNamara, M.M.</p> <p>1981-11-01</p> <p>The New York City Police Department's (NYCPD) automated <span class="hlt">fuel</span> monitoring system was designed and implemented for NYCPD as a major aspect of the Naval Underwater System Center's technology transfer program. The system, which is the largest of its kind installed to date, provides complete control of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> usage for an agency with 4,000 motor vehicles and 25,000 vehicle operators, and can be scaled up or down to meet the needs of other governmental units. Estimated <span class="hlt">annual</span> cost savings to NYCPD are $2,000,000. Other benefits of the new system are: (1) central control of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> ordering and dispensing which ensures fewermore » sites out of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> and for shorter periods; (2) less out-of-precinct travel because personnel do not have to go from site to site looking for gas; and (3) control of the total <span class="hlt">fuel</span> operation, both for management and accounting purposes.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174720','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174720"><span>Nuclear <span class="hlt">fuel</span> electrorefiner</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Ahluwalia, Rajesh K.; Hua, Thanh Q.</p> <p>2004-02-10</p> <p>The present invention relates to a nuclear <span class="hlt">fuel</span> electrorefiner having a vessel containing a molten electrolyte pool floating on top of a cadmium pool. An anodic <span class="hlt">fuel</span> dissolution basket and a high-efficiency cathode are suspended in the molten electrolyte pool. A shroud surrounds the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> dissolution basket and the shroud is positioned so as to separate the electrolyte pool into an isolated electrolyte pool within the shroud and a bulk electrolyte pool outside the shroud. In operation, unwanted noble-metal fission products migrate downward into the cadmium pool and form precipitates where they are removed by a filter and separator assembly. Uranium <span class="hlt">values</span> are transported by the cadmium pool from the isolated electrolyte pool to the bulk electrolyte pool, and then pass to the high-efficiency cathode where they are electrolytically deposited thereto.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/876474','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/876474"><span>Premium <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Production From Mining and Timber Waste Using Advanced Separation and Pelletizing Technologies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Honaker, R. Q.; Taulbee, D.; Parekh, B. K.</p> <p>2005-12-05</p> <p>The Commonwealth of Kentucky is one of the leading states in the production of both coal and timber. As a result of mining and processing coal, an estimated 3 million tons of fine coal are disposed <span class="hlt">annually</span> to waste-slurry impoundments with an additional 500 million tons stored at a number of disposal sites around the state due to past practices. Likewise, the Kentucky timber industry discards nearly 35,000 tons of sawdust on the production site due to unfavorable economics of transporting the material to industrial boilers for use as a <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. With an average heating <span class="hlt">value</span> of 6,700 Btu/lb, themore » monetary <span class="hlt">value</span> of the energy disposed in the form of sawdust is approximately $490,000 <span class="hlt">annually</span>. Since the two industries are typically in close proximity, one promising avenue is to selectively recover and dewater the fine-coal particles and then briquette them with sawdust to produce a high-<span class="hlt">value</span> <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. The benefits are i) a premium <span class="hlt">fuel</span> product that is low in moisture and can be handled, transported, and utilized in existing infrastructure, thereby avoiding significant additional capital investment and ii) a reduction in the amount of fine-waste material produced by the two industries that must now be disposed at a significant financial and environmental price. As such, the goal of this project was to evaluate the feasibility of producing a premium <span class="hlt">fuel</span> with a heating <span class="hlt">value</span> greater than 10,000 Btu/lb from waste materials generated by the coal and timber industries. Laboratory and pilot-scale testing of the briquetting process indicated that the goal was successfully achieved. Low-ash briquettes containing 5% to 10% sawdust were produced with energy <span class="hlt">values</span> that were well in excess of 12,000 Btu/lb. A major economic hurdle associated with commercially briquetting coal is binder cost. Approximately fifty binder formulations, both with and without lime, were subjected to an extensive laboratory evaluation to assess their relative technical and economical effectiveness as</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/93537','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/93537"><span><span class="hlt">Annual</span> energy review 1994</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>NONE</p> <p>1995-07-01</p> <p>This 13th edition presents the Energy Information Administration`s historical energy statistics. For most series, statistics are given for every year from 1949 through 1994; thus, this report is well-suited to long-term trend analyses. It covers all major energy activities, including consumption, production, trade, stocks, and prices for all major energy commodities, including fossil <span class="hlt">fuels</span> and electricity. Statistics on renewable energy sources are also included: this year, for the first time, usage of renewables by other consumers as well as by electric utilities is included. Also new is a two-part, comprehensive presentation of data on petroleum products supplied by sector formore » 1949 through 1994. Data from electric utilities and nonutilities are integrated as ``electric power industry`` data; nonutility power gross generation are presented for the first time. One section presents international statistics (for more detail see EIA`s International Energy <span class="hlt">Annual</span>).« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1935j0005M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1935j0005M"><span>Uranium oxide <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycle analysis in VVER-1000 with VISTA simulation code</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mirekhtiary, Seyedeh Fatemeh; Abbasi, Akbar</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The VVER-1000 Nuclear power plant generates about 20-25 tons of spent <span class="hlt">fuel</span> per year. In this research, the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> transmutation of Uranium Oxide (UOX) <span class="hlt">fuel</span> was calculated by using of nuclear <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycle simulation system (VISTA) code. In this simulation, we evaluated the back end components <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycle. The back end component calculations are Spent <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> (SF), Actinide Inventory (AI) and Fission Product (FP) radioisotopes. The SF, AI and FP <span class="hlt">values</span> were obtained 23.792178 ton/y, 22.811139 ton/y, 0.981039 ton/y, respectively. The obtained <span class="hlt">value</span> of spent <span class="hlt">fuel</span>, major actinide, and minor actinide and fission products were 23.8 ton/year, 22.795 ton/year, 0.024 ton/year and 0.981 ton/year, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3791690','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3791690"><span>Total Economic <span class="hlt">Value</span> of Wetlands Products and Services in Uganda</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kakuru, Willy; Turyahabwe, Nelson; Mugisha, Johnny</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Wetlands provide food and non-food products that contribute to income and food security in Uganda. This study determined the economic <span class="hlt">value</span> of wetland resources and their contribution to food security in the three agroecological zones of Uganda. The <span class="hlt">values</span> of wetland resources were estimated using primary and secondary data. Market price, Productivity, and Contingent valuation methods were used to estimate the <span class="hlt">value</span> of wetland resources. The per capita <span class="hlt">value</span> of fish was approximately US$ 0.49 person−1. Fish spawning was <span class="hlt">valued</span> at approximately US$ 363,815 year−1, livestock pastures at US$ 4.24 million, domestic water use at US$ 34 million year−1, and the gross <span class="hlt">annual</span> <span class="hlt">value</span> added by wetlands to milk production at US$ 1.22 million. Flood control was <span class="hlt">valued</span> at approximately US$ 1,702,934,880 hectare−1 year−1 and water regulation and recharge at US$ 7,056,360 hectare−1 year−1. Through provision of grass for mulching, wetlands were estimated to contribute to US$ 8.65 million <span class="hlt">annually</span>. The <span class="hlt">annual</span> contribution of non-use <span class="hlt">values</span> was estimated in the range of US$ 7.1 million for water recharge and regulation and to US$ 1.7 billion for flood control. Thus, resource investment for wetlands conservation is economically justified to create incentives for continued benefits. PMID:24163614</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=APA&pg=3&id=EJ848895','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=APA&pg=3&id=EJ848895"><span>American Psychological Association: <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Report, 2008</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>American Psychologist, 2009</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>This article presents the 2008 <span class="hlt">annual</span> reports from the various directorates and offices of the American Psychological Association (APA). In 2008, APA continued to work on initiatives, programs, and products that lend <span class="hlt">value</span> to the member's psychology career, support the future of their discipline, and serve the public. APA's goal is to strengthen…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT........11C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT........11C"><span>Hydrogen <span class="hlt">Fueled</span> Hybrid Solid Oxide <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cell-Gas Turbine (SOFC-GT) System for Long-Haul Rail Application</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chow, Justin Jeff</p> <p></p> <p>Freight movement of goods is the artery for America's economic health. Long-haul rail is the premier mode of transport on a ton-mile basis. Concerns regarding greenhouse gas and criteria pollutant emissions, however, have motivated the creation of <span class="hlt">annually</span> increasing locomotive emissions standards. Health issues from diesel particulate matter, especially near rail yards, have also been on the rise. These factors and the potential to raise conventional diesel-electric locomotive performance warrants the investigation of using future <span class="hlt">fuels</span> in a more efficient system for locomotive application. This research evaluates the dynamic performance of a Solid Oxide <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cell-Gas Turbine (SOFC-GT) Hybrid system operating on hydrogen <span class="hlt">fuel</span> to power a locomotive over a rail path starting from the Port of Los Angeles and ending in the City of Barstow. Physical constraints, representative locomotive operation logic, and basic design are used from a previous feasibility study and simulations are performed in the MATLAB Simulink environment. In-house controls are adapted to and expanded upon. Results indicate high <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-to-electricity efficiencies of at least 54% compared to a conventional diesel-electric locomotive efficiency of 35%. Incorporation of properly calibrated feedback and feed-forward controls enables substantial load following of difficult transients that result from train kinematics while maintaining turbomachinery operating requirements and suppressing thermal stresses in the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell stack. The power split between the SOFC and gas turbine is deduced to be a deterministic factor in the balance between capital and operational costs. Using hydrogen results in no emissions if renewable and offers a potential of 24.2% <span class="hlt">fuel</span> energy savings for the rail industry.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AnGeo..16..974S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AnGeo..16..974S"><span><span class="hlt">Annual</span> and seasonal variations in the low-latitude topside ionosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Su, Y. Z.; Bailey, G. J.; Oyama, K.-I.</p> <p>1998-08-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Annual</span> and seasonal variations in the low-latitude topside ionosphere are investigated using observations made by the Hinotori satellite and the Sheffield University Plasmasphere Ionosphere Model (SUPIM). The observed electron densities at 600 km altitude show a strong <span class="hlt">annual</span> anomaly at all longitudes. The average electron densities of conjugate latitudes within the latitude range +/-25° are higher at the December solstice than at the June solstice by about 100 during daytime and 30 during night-time. Model calculations show that the <span class="hlt">annual</span> variations in the neutral gas densities play important roles. The model <span class="hlt">values</span> obtained from calculations with inputs for the neutral densities obtained from MSIS86 reproduce the general behaviour of the observed <span class="hlt">annual</span> anomaly. However, the differences in the modelled electron densities at the two solstices are only about 30 of that seen in the observed <span class="hlt">values</span>. The model calculations suggest that while the differences between the solstice <span class="hlt">values</span> of neutral wind, resulting from the coupling of the neutral gas and plasma, may also make a significant contribution to the daytime <span class="hlt">annual</span> anomaly, the E×B drift velocity may slightly weaken the <span class="hlt">annual</span> anomaly during daytime and strengthen the anomaly during the post-sunset period. It is suggested that energy sources, other than those arising from the 6 difference in the solar EUV fluxes at the two solstices due to the change in the Sun-Earth distance, may contribute to the <span class="hlt">annual</span> anomaly. Observations show strong seasonal variations at the solstices, with the electron density at 600 km altitude being higher in the summer hemisphere than in the winter hemisphere, contrary to the behaviour in NmF2. Model calculations confirm that the seasonal behaviour results from effects caused by transequatorial component of the neutral wind in the direction summer hemisphere to winter hemisphere. Acknowledgements. We thank all the members of the Exos-D project team, especially K. Tsuruda and H. Oya</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22308417-temperature-measuring-analysis-nuclear-reactor-fuel-assembly','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22308417-temperature-measuring-analysis-nuclear-reactor-fuel-assembly"><span>Temperature measuring analysis of the nuclear reactor <span class="hlt">fuel</span> assembly</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Urban, F., E-mail: jozef.bereznai@stuba.sk, E-mail: zdenko.zavodny@stuba.sk; Kučák, L., E-mail: jozef.bereznai@stuba.sk, E-mail: zdenko.zavodny@stuba.sk; Bereznai, J., E-mail: jozef.bereznai@stuba.sk, E-mail: zdenko.zavodny@stuba.sk</p> <p>2014-08-06</p> <p>Study was based on rapid changes of measured temperature <span class="hlt">values</span> from the thermocouple in the VVER 440 nuclear reactor <span class="hlt">fuel</span> assembly. Task was to determine origin of fluctuations of the temperature <span class="hlt">values</span> by experiments on physical model of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> assembly. During an experiment, heated water was circulating in the system and cold water inlet through central tube to record sensitivity of the temperature sensor. Two positions of the sensor was used. First, just above the central tube in the physical model <span class="hlt">fuel</span> assembly axis and second at the position of the thermocouple in the VVER 440 nuclear reactor fuelmore » assembly. Dependency of the temperature <span class="hlt">values</span> on time are presented in the diagram form in the paper.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ThEng..61..533B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ThEng..61..533B"><span>Some methods for achieving more efficient performance of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> assemblies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Boltenko, E. A.</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>More efficient operation of reactor plant <span class="hlt">fuel</span> assemblies can be achieved through the use of new technical solutions aimed at obtaining more uniform distribution of coolant over the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> assembly section, more intense heat removal on convex heat-transfer surfaces, and higher <span class="hlt">values</span> of departure from nucleate boiling ratio (DNBR). Technical solutions using which it is possible to obtain more intense heat removal on convex heat-transfer surfaces and higher DNBR <span class="hlt">values</span> in reactor plant <span class="hlt">fuel</span> assemblies are considered. An alternative heat removal arrangement is described using which it is possible to obtain a significantly higher power density in a reactor plant and essentially lower maximal <span class="hlt">fuel</span> rod temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/139699','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/139699"><span><span class="hlt">Annual</span> report to Congress, FY 1992</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>NONE</p> <p>1993-07-01</p> <p>The Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (OCRWM) is responsible for disposing of the Nation`s spent nuclear <span class="hlt">fuel</span> from civilian nuclear power reactors and high-level radioactive waste from its defense activities in a cost-effective manner that protects the health and safety of the public and workers and the quality of the environment. To accomplish this mission OCRWM is developing a waste management system consisting of a geologic repository, a facility for monitored retrievable storage, and a system for transporting the waste. This is the ninth <span class="hlt">annual</span> report submitted by the OCRWM to Congress. The OCRWM submits this report to informmore » Congress of its activities and expenditures during fiscal year 1992 (October 1, 1991 through September 30, 1992).« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs/CarbonSequestration.pdf','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="http://www.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs/CarbonSequestration.pdf"><span>Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration in National Parks: <span class="hlt">Values</span> for the Conterminous United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Richardson, Leslie A.; Huber, Christopher; Zhu, Zhi-Liang; Koontz, Lynne</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Lands managed by the National Park Service (NPS) provide a wide range of beneficial services to the American public. This study quantifies the ecosystem service <span class="hlt">value</span> of carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems within NPS units in the conterminous United States for which data were available. Combining <span class="hlt">annual</span> net carbon balance data with spatially explicit NPS land unit boundaries and social cost of carbon estimates, this study calculates the net metric tons of carbon dioxide sequestered <span class="hlt">annually</span> by park unit under baseline conditions, as well as the associated economic <span class="hlt">value</span> to society. Results show that, in aggregate, NPS lands in the conterminous United States are a net carbon sink, sequestering more than 14.8 million metric tons of carbon dioxide <span class="hlt">annually</span>. The associated societal <span class="hlt">value</span> of this service is estimated at approximately $582.5 million per year. While this analysis provides a broad overview of the <span class="hlt">annual</span> <span class="hlt">value</span> of carbon sequestration on NPS lands averaged over a five year baseline period, it should be noted that carbon fluxes fluctuate from year to year, and there can be considerable variation in net carbon balance and its associated <span class="hlt">value</span> within a given park unit. Future research could look in-depth at the spatial heterogeneity of carbon flux within specific NPS land units.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA173690','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA173690"><span>Feasibility Study of Coal Gasification/<span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cell/Cogeneration Project. Fort Hood, Texas Site. Project Description,</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1985-07-01</p> <p>and Operation 132 6.7.5 Safety 135 6.7.6 System Control Description 136 6.7.6.1 Coal Gasification 136 6.7.6.2 Gas Cooling, Cleaning and Compression...the hydrogen content. The gas is then desulfurized and heated before final polishing and feeding to the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell. Receiving compressed <span class="hlt">fuel</span> gas and...4 CO Shift 1 Stretford Desulfurizer 3 Gas Compressors 3 Material Handling(3) 3 Subtotal 39 Scheduled Shutdown 14 Total <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Shutdown 53</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1389333','SCIGOV-DOEDE'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1389333"><span>Estimates of <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Fossil-<span class="hlt">Fuel</span> CO2 Emitted for Each State in the U.S.A. and the District of Columbia for Each Year from 1960 through 2001</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/dataexplorer">DOE Data Explorer</a></p> <p>Blasing, T. J. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee (USA); Marland, Gregg [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee (USA); Broniak, Christine [Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR (United States)</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Consumption data for coal, petroleum, and natural gas are multiplied by their respective thermal conversion factors, which are in units of heat energy per unit of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumed (i.e., per cubic foot, barrel, or ton), to calculate the amount of heat energy derived from <span class="hlt">fuel</span> combustion. The thermal conversion factors are given in Appendix A of each issue of Monthly Energy Review, published by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Results are expressed in terms of heat energy obtained from each <span class="hlt">fuel</span> type. These energy <span class="hlt">values</span> were obtained from the State Energy Data Report (EIA, 2003a), ( http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_use/total/csv/use_csv.html), and served as our basic input. The energy data are also available in hard copy from the Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, as the State Energy Data Report (EIA, 2003a,b).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29043061','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29043061"><span>Refining the cheatgrass-fire cycle in the Great Basin: Precipitation timing and fine <span class="hlt">fuel</span> composition predict wildfire trends.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pilliod, David S; Welty, Justin L; Arkle, Robert S</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Larger, more frequent wildfires in arid and semi-arid ecosystems have been associated with invasion by non-native <span class="hlt">annual</span> grasses, yet a complete understanding of fine <span class="hlt">fuel</span> development and subsequent wildfire trends is lacking. We investigated the complex relationships among weather, fine <span class="hlt">fuels</span>, and fire in the Great Basin, USA. We first modeled the <span class="hlt">annual</span> and time-lagged effects of precipitation and temperature on herbaceous vegetation cover and litter accumulation over a 26-year period in the northern Great Basin. We then modeled how these fine <span class="hlt">fuels</span> and weather patterns influence subsequent wildfires. We found that cheatgrass cover increased in years with higher precipitation and especially when one of the previous 3 years also was particularly wet. Cover of non-native forbs and native herbs also increased in wet years, but only after several dry years. The area burned by wildfire in a given year was mostly associated with native herb and non-native forb cover, whereas cheatgrass mainly influenced area burned in the form of litter derived from previous years' growth. Consequently, multiyear weather patterns, including precipitation in the previous 1-3 years, was a strong predictor of wildfire in a given year because of the time needed to develop these fine <span class="hlt">fuel</span> loads. The strong relationship between precipitation and wildfire allowed us to expand our inference to 10,162 wildfires across the entire Great Basin over a 35-year period from 1980 to 2014. Our results suggest that the region's precipitation pattern of consecutive wet years followed by consecutive dry years results in a cycle of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> accumulation followed by weather conditions that increase the probability of wildfire events in the year when the cycle transitions from wet to dry. These patterns varied regionally but were strong enough to allow us to model <span class="hlt">annual</span> wildfire risk across the Great Basin based on precipitation alone.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70191114','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70191114"><span>Refining the cheatgrass–fire cycle in the Great Basin: Precipitation timing and fine <span class="hlt">fuel</span> composition predict wildfire trends</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Pilliod, David S.; Welty, Justin; Arkle, Robert</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Larger, more frequent wildfires in arid and semi-arid ecosystems have been associated with invasion by non-native <span class="hlt">annual</span> grasses, yet a complete understanding of fine <span class="hlt">fuel</span> development and subsequent wildfire trends is lacking. We investigated the complex relationships among weather, fine <span class="hlt">fuels</span>, and fire in the Great Basin, USA. We first modeled the <span class="hlt">annual</span> and time-lagged effects of precipitation and temperature on herbaceous vegetation cover and litter accumulation over a 26-year period in the northern Great Basin. We then modeled how these fine <span class="hlt">fuels</span> and weather patterns influence subsequent wildfires. We found that cheatgrass cover increased in years with higher precipitation and especially when one of the previous 3 years also was particularly wet. Cover of non-native forbs and native herbs also increased in wet years, but only after several dry years. The area burned by wildfire in a given year was mostly associated with native herb and non-native forb cover, whereas cheatgrass mainly influenced area burned in the form of litter derived from previous years’ growth. Consequently, multiyear weather patterns, including precipitation in the previous 1–3 years, was a strong predictor of wildfire in a given year because of the time needed to develop these fine <span class="hlt">fuel</span> loads. The strong relationship between precipitation and wildfire allowed us to expand our inference to 10,162 wildfires across the entire Great Basin over a 35-year period from 1980 to 2014. Our results suggest that the region's precipitation pattern of consecutive wet years followed by consecutive dry years results in a cycle of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> accumulation followed by weather conditions that increase the probability of wildfire events in the year when the cycle transitions from wet to dry. These patterns varied regionally but were strong enough to allow us to model <span class="hlt">annual</span> wildfire risk across the Great Basin based on precipitation alone.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPS...355...44S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPS...355...44S"><span>A diesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span> processor for <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-cell-based auxiliary power unit applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Samsun, Remzi Can; Krekel, Daniel; Pasel, Joachim; Prawitz, Matthias; Peters, Ralf; Stolten, Detlef</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Producing a hydrogen-rich gas from diesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span> enables the efficient generation of electricity in a <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-cell-based auxiliary power unit. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in diesel reforming. One issue encountered is the stable operation of water-gas shift reactors with real reformates. A new <span class="hlt">fuel</span> processor is developed using a commercial shift catalyst. The system is operated using optimized start-up and shut-down strategies. Experiments with diesel and kerosene <span class="hlt">fuels</span> show slight performance drops in the shift reactor during continuous operation for 100 h. CO concentrations much lower than the target <span class="hlt">value</span> are achieved during system operation in auxiliary power unit mode at partial loads of up to 60%. The regeneration leads to full recovery of the shift activity. Finally, a new operation strategy is developed whereby the gas hourly space velocity of the shift stages is re-designed. This strategy is validated using different diesel and kerosene <span class="hlt">fuels</span>, showing a maximum CO concentration of 1.5% at the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> processor outlet under extreme conditions, which can be tolerated by a high-temperature PEFC. The proposed operation strategy solves the issue of strong performance drop in the shift reactor and makes this technology available for reducing emissions in the transportation sector.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JNuM..346...56J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JNuM..346...56J"><span>Spent <span class="hlt">fuel</span> radionuclide source-term model for assessing spent <span class="hlt">fuel</span> performance in geological disposal. Part I: Assessment of the instant release fraction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Johnson, Lawrence; Ferry, Cécile; Poinssot, Christophe; Lovera, Patrick</p> <p>2005-11-01</p> <p>A source-term model for the short-term release of radionuclides from spent nuclear <span class="hlt">fuel</span> (SNF) has been developed. It provides quantitative estimates of the fraction of various radionuclides that are expected to be released rapidly (the instant release fraction, or IRF) when water contacts the UO 2 or MOX <span class="hlt">fuel</span> after container breaching in a geological repository. The estimates are based on correlation of leaching data for radionuclides with <span class="hlt">fuel</span> burnup and fission gas release. Extrapolation of the data to higher <span class="hlt">fuel</span> burnup <span class="hlt">values</span> is based on examination of data on <span class="hlt">fuel</span> restructuring, such as rim development, and on fission gas release data, which permits bounding IRF <span class="hlt">values</span> to be estimated assuming that radionuclide releases will be less than fission gas release. The consideration of long-term solid-state changes influencing the IRF prior to canister breaching is addressed by evaluating alpha self-irradiation enhanced diffusion, which may gradually increase the accumulation of fission products at grain boundaries.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/17130','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/17130"><span>Development and validation of light-duty vehicle modal emissions and <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption <span class="hlt">values</span> for traffic models.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>1999-03-01</p> <p>A methodology for developing modal vehicle emissions and <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption models has been developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration. These models, in the form of look-up tables for <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consump...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70033176','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70033176"><span>An <span class="hlt">annual</span> plant growth proxy in the Mojave Desert using MODIS-EVI data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Wallace, C.S.A.; Thomas, K.A.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>In the arid Mojave Desert, the phenological response of vegetation is largely dependent upon the timing and amount of rainfall, and maps of <span class="hlt">annual</span> plant cover at any one point in time can vary widely. Our study developed relative <span class="hlt">annual</span> plant growth models as proxies for <span class="hlt">annual</span> plant cover using metrics that captured phenological variability in Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) satellite images. We used landscape phenologies revealed in MODIS data together with ecological knowledge of <span class="hlt">annual</span> plant seasonality to develop a suite of metrics to describe <span class="hlt">annual</span> growth on a yearly basis. Each of these metrics was applied to temporally-composited MODIS-EVI images to develop a relative model of <span class="hlt">annual</span> growth. Each model was evaluated by testing how well it predicted field estimates of <span class="hlt">annual</span> cover collected during 2003 and 2005 at the Mojave National Preserve. The best performing metric was the spring difference metric, which compared the average of three spring MODIS-EVI composites of a given year to that of 2002, a year of record drought. The spring difference metric showed correlations with <span class="hlt">annual</span> plant cover of R2 = 0.61 for 2005 and R 2 = 0.47 for 2003. Although the correlation is moderate, we consider it supportive given the characteristics of the field data, which were collected for a different study in a localized area and are not ideal for calibration to MODIS pixels. A proxy for <span class="hlt">annual</span> growth potential was developed from the spring difference metric of 2005 for use as an environmental data layer in desert tortoise habitat modeling. The application of the spring difference metric to other imagery years presents potential for other applications such as <span class="hlt">fuels</span>, invasive species, and dust-emission monitoring in the Mojave Desert.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27873958','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27873958"><span>An <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Plant Growth Proxy in the Mojave Desert Using MODIS-EVI Data.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wallace, Cynthia S A; Thomas, Kathryn A</p> <p>2008-12-03</p> <p>In the arid Mojave Desert, the phenological response of vegetation is largely dependent upon the timing and amount of rainfall, and maps of <span class="hlt">annual</span> plant cover at any one point in time can vary widely. Our study developed relative <span class="hlt">annual</span> plant growth models as proxies for <span class="hlt">annual</span> plant cover using metrics that captured phenological variability in Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) satellite images. We used landscape phenologies revealed in MODIS data together with ecological knowledge of <span class="hlt">annual</span> plant seasonality to develop a suite of metrics to describe <span class="hlt">annual</span> growth on a yearly basis. Each of these metrics was applied to temporally-composited MODIS-EVI images to develop a relative model of <span class="hlt">annual</span> growth. Each model was evaluated by testing how well it predicted field estimates of <span class="hlt">annual</span> cover collected during 2003 and 2005 at the Mojave National Preserve. The best performing metric was the spring difference metric, which compared the average of three spring MODIS-EVI composites of a given year to that of 2002, a year of record drought. The spring difference metric showed correlations with <span class="hlt">annual</span> plant cover of R² = 0.61 for 2005 and R² = 0.47 for 2003. Although the correlation is moderate, we consider it supportive given the characteristics of the field data, which were collected for a different study in a localized area and are not ideal for calibration to MODIS pixels. A proxy for <span class="hlt">annual</span> growth potential was developed from the spring difference metric of 2005 for use as an environmental data layer in desert tortoise habitat modeling. The application of the spring difference metric to other imagery years presents potential for other applications such as <span class="hlt">fuels</span>, invasive species, and dust-emission monitoring in the Mojave Desert.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT.......230M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT.......230M"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Economy Regulations and Efficiency Technology Improvements in U.S. Cars Since 1975</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>MacKenzie, Donald Warren</p> <p></p> <p>Light-duty vehicles account for 43% of petroleum consumption and 23% of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. Corporate Average <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Economy (CAFE) standards are the primary policy tool addressing petroleum consumption in the U.S., and are set to tighten substantially through 2025. In this dissertation, I address several interconnected questions on the technical, policy, and market aspects of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption reduction. I begin by quantifying historic improvements in <span class="hlt">fuel</span> efficiency technologies since the 1970s. First. I develop a linear regression model of acceleration performance conditional on power, weight, powertrain, and body characteristics, showing that vehicles today accelerate 20-30% faster than vehicles with similar specifications in the 1970s. Second, I find that growing use of alternative materials and a switch to more weight-efficient vehicle architectures since 1975 have cut the weight of today's new cars by approximately 790 kg (46%). Integrating these results with model-level specification data, I estimate that the average <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy of new cars could have tripled from 1975-2009, if not for changes in performance, size, and features over this period. The pace of improvements was not uniform, averaging 5% <span class="hlt">annually</span> from 1975-1990, but only 2% <span class="hlt">annually</span> since then. I conclude that the 2025 standards can be met through improvements in efficiency technology, if we can return to 1980s rates of improvement, and growth in acceleration performance and feature content is curtailed. I next test the hypotheses that higher <span class="hlt">fuel</span> prices and more stringent CAFE standards cause automotive firms to deploy efficiency technologies more rapidly. I find some evidence that higher <span class="hlt">fuel</span> prices cause more rapid changes in technology, but little to no evidence that tighter CAFE standards increase rates of technology change. I conclude that standards alone, without continued high gasoline prices, may not drive technology improvements at rates needed to meet the 2025</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1169125','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1169125"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> flexible <span class="hlt">fuel</span> injector</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Tuthill, Richard S; Davis, Dustin W; Dai, Zhongtao</p> <p>2015-02-03</p> <p>A disclosed <span class="hlt">fuel</span> injector provides mixing of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> with airflow by surrounding a swirled <span class="hlt">fuel</span> flow with first and second swirled airflows that ensures mixing prior to or upon entering the combustion chamber. <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> tubes produce a central <span class="hlt">fuel</span> flow along with a central airflow through a plurality of openings to generate the high velocity <span class="hlt">fuel</span>/air mixture along the axis of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> injector in addition to the swirled <span class="hlt">fuel</span>/air mixture.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6991700','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6991700"><span>The role of accelerators in the nuclear <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Takahashi, Hiroshi.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>The use of neutrons produced by the medium energy proton accelerator (1 GeV--3 GeV) has considerable potential in reconstructing the nuclear <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycle. About 1.5 {approximately} 2.5 ton of fissile material can be produced <span class="hlt">annually</span> by injecting a 450 MW proton beam directly into fertile materials. A source of neutrons, produced by a proton beam, to supply subcritical reactors could alleviate many of the safety problems associated with critical assemblies, such as positive reactivity coefficients due to coolant voiding. The transient power of the target can be swiftly controlled by controlling the power of the proton beam. Also, the usemore » of a proton beam would allow more flexibility in the choice of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> and structural materials which otherwise might reduce the reactivity of reactors. This paper discusses the rate of accelerators in the transmutation of radioactive wastes of the nuclear <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycles. 34 refs., 17 figs., 9 tabs.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1361958-analysis-fuel-using-direct-lsc-method-determination-bio-originated-fuel-presence-quenching','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1361958-analysis-fuel-using-direct-lsc-method-determination-bio-originated-fuel-presence-quenching"><span>Analysis of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> using the Direct LSC method determination of bio-originated <span class="hlt">fuel</span> in the presence of quenching</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Doll, Charles G.; Wright, Cherylyn W.; Morley, Shannon M.</p> <p></p> <p>A modified version of the Direct LSC method to correct for quenching effect was investigated for the determination of bio-originated <span class="hlt">fuel</span> content in <span class="hlt">fuel</span> samples produced from multiple biological starting materials. The modified method was found to be accurate in determining the percent bio-originated <span class="hlt">fuel</span> to within 5% of the actual <span class="hlt">value</span> for samples with quenching effects ≤43%. Analysis of highly quenched samples was possible when diluted with the exception of one sample with a 100% quenching effect.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1163271','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1163271"><span>A Total Cost of Ownership Model for Low Temperature PEM <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cells in Combined Heat and Power and Backup Power Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>University of California, Berkeley; Wei, Max; Lipman, Timothy</p> <p>2014-06-23</p> <p>A total cost of ownership model is described for low temperature proton exchange membrane stationary <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell systems for combined heat and power (CHP) applications from 1-250kW and backup power applications from 1-50kW. System designs and functional specifications for these two applications were developed across the range of system power levels. Bottom-up cost estimates were made for balance of plant costs, and detailed direct cost estimates for key <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell stack components were derived using design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly techniques. The development of high throughput, automated processes achieving high yield are projected to reduce the cost for <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell stacks to the $300/kWmore » level at an <span class="hlt">annual</span> production volume of 100 MW. Several promising combinations of building types and geographical location in the U.S. were identified for installation of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell CHP systems based on the LBNL modelling tool DER CAM. Life-cycle modelling and externality assessment were done for hotels and hospitals. Reduced electricity demand charges, heating credits and carbon credits can reduce the effective cost of electricity ($/kWhe) by 26-44percent in locations such as Minneapolis, where high carbon intensity electricity from the grid is displaces by a <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell system operating on reformate <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. This project extends the scope of existing cost studies to include externalities and ancillary financial benefits and thus provides a more comprehensive picture of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell system benefits, consistent with a policy and incentive environment that increasingly <span class="hlt">values</span> these ancillary benefits. The project provides a critical, new modelling capacity and should aid a broad range of policy makers in assessing the integrated costs and benefits of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell systems versus other distributed generation technologies.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/896398','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/896398"><span>DOE Hydrogen Program: 2006 <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Milliken, J.</p> <p></p> <p>This report summarizes comments from the Peer Review Panel at the FY 2006 DOE Hydrogen Program <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Merit Review, held on May 16-19, 2006, in Arlington, Virginia. The projects evaluated support the Department of Energy and President Bush's Hydrogen Initiative. The results of this merit review and peer evaluation are major inputs used by DOE to make funding decisions. Project areas include hydrogen production and delivery; hydrogen storage; <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells; technology validation; safety, codes and standards; education; and systems analysis.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/15020501','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/15020501"><span>DOE Hydrogen Program: 2005 <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Chalk, S. G.</p> <p></p> <p>This report summarizes comments from the Peer Review Panel at the FY 2005 DOE Hydrogen Program <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Merit Review, held on May 23-26, 2005, in Arlington, Virginia. The projects evaluated support the Department of Energy and President Bush's Hydrogen Initiative. The results of this merit review and peer evaluation are major inputs used by DOE to make funding decisions. Project areas include hydrogen production and delivery; hydrogen storage; <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells; technology validation; safety, codes and standards; education; and systems analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/919967','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/919967"><span>DOE Hydrogen Program: 2007 <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Milliken, J.</p> <p></p> <p>This report summarizes comments from the Peer Review Panel at the FY 2007 DOE Hydrogen Program <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Merit Review, held on May 14-18, 2007, in Washington, D.C. The projects evaluated support the Department of Energy and President Bush's Hydrogen Initiative. The results of this merit review and peer evaluation are major inputs used by DOE to make funding decisions. Project areas include hydrogen production and delivery; hydrogen storage; <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells; technology validation; safety, codes and standards; education; and systems analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/345024','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/345024"><span>International energy <span class="hlt">annual</span> 1997</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>NONE</p> <p></p> <p>The International Energy <span class="hlt">Annual</span> presents an overview of key international energy trends for production, consumption, imports, and exports of primary energy commodities in over 220 countries, dependencies, and areas of special sovereignty. Also included are population and gross domestic product data, as well as prices for crude oil and petroleum products in selected countries. Renewable energy reported in the International Energy <span class="hlt">Annual</span> includes hydroelectric power and geothermal, solar, and wind electric power. Also included are biomass electric power for Brazil and the US, and biomass, geothermal, and solar energy produced in the US and not used for electricity generation. Thismore » report is published to keep the public and other interested parties fully informed of primary energy supplies on a global basis. The data presented have been largely derived from published sources. The data have been converted to units of measurement and thermal <span class="hlt">values</span> (Appendices E and F) familiar to the American public. 93 tabs.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6530407-new-york-city-police-department-automated-fuel-monitoring-system-volume-overview-technical-report','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6530407-new-york-city-police-department-automated-fuel-monitoring-system-volume-overview-technical-report"><span>New York City Police Department Automated <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Monitoring system. Volume I. Overview. Technical report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>McGrath, W.J.; McNamara, M.M.</p> <p>1981-10-01</p> <p>The New York City Police Department (NYCPD) Automated <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Monitoring system is briefly described from the original study, through system design, to implementation. The system provides complete control of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> usage for an agency with 4,000 motor vehicles and 25,000 vehicle operators. As far as is known, it is the largest system of its kind installed to date. The system can be scaled up or down to meet the needs of other governmental units. Estimated <span class="hlt">annual</span> cost savings to NYCPD are $2,000,000.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1410173','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1410173"><span><span class="hlt">Annual</span> Report: DOE Advanced Combustion Systems & <span class="hlt">Fuels</span> R&D; Light-Duty Diesel Combustion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Busch, Stephen</p> <p></p> <p>Despite compliance issues in previous years, automakers have demonstrated that the newest generation of diesel power trains are capable of meeting all federal and state regulations (EPA, 2016). Diesels continue to be a cost-effective, efficient, powerful propulsion source for many light- and medium-duty vehicle applications (Martec, 2016). Even modest reductions in the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption of light- and medium duty diesel vehicles in the U.S. will eliminate millions of tons of CO2 emissions per year. Continued improvement of diesel combustion systems will play an important role in reducing fleet <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption, but these improvements will require an unprecedented scientific understanding ofmore » how changes in engine design and calibration affect the mixture preparation, combustion, and pollutant formation processes that take place inside the cylinder. The focus of this year’s research is to provide insight into the physical mechanisms responsible for improved thermal efficiency observed with a stepped-lip piston. Understanding how piston design can influence efficiency will help engineers develop and optimize new diesel combustion systems.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/pdfpages/appendixhindex.php','EIAPUBS'); return false;" href="https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/pdfpages/appendixhindex.php"><span>Estimating and Presenting Power Sector <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Use in EIA Publications and Analyses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/reports/">EIA Publications</a></p> <p></p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>The goal of EIA’s comprehensive review was to improve the quality and consistency of its electric power data throughout all data and analysis products. Because power facilities operate in all sectors of the economy (e.g., in commercial buildings, such as hospitals and college campuses, and industrial facilities, such as paper mills and refineries) and use many <span class="hlt">fuels</span>, any change to electric power data affects data series in nearly all <span class="hlt">fuel</span> areas and causes changes in a wide variety of EIA publications. This report was published as Appendix H in the <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Energy Review 2001.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930091255','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930091255"><span>Relation of <span class="hlt">Fuel</span>-Air Ratio to Engine Performance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sparrow, Stanwood W</p> <p>1925-01-01</p> <p>The tests upon which this report is based were made at the Bureau of Standards between October 1919 and May 1923. From these it is concluded that: (1) with gasoline as a <span class="hlt">fuel</span>, maximum power is obtained with <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-air mixtures of from 0.07 to 0.08 pound of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> per pound of air; (2) maximum power is obtained with approximately the same ratio over the range of air pressures and temperatures encountered in flight; (3) nearly minimum specific <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption is secured by decreasing the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> content of the charge until the power is 95 per cent of its maximum <span class="hlt">value</span>. Presumably this information is of most direct <span class="hlt">value</span> to the carburetor engineer. A carburetor should supply the engine with a suitable mixture. This report discusses what mixtures have been found suitable for various engines. It also furnishes the engine designer with a basis for estimating how much greater piston displacement an engine operating with a maximum economy mixture should have than one operating with a maximum power mixture in order for both to be capable of the same power development.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21233877-chlorine-solid-fuels-fired-pulverized-fuel-boilers-sources-forms-reactions-consequences-literature-review','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21233877-chlorine-solid-fuels-fired-pulverized-fuel-boilers-sources-forms-reactions-consequences-literature-review"><span>Chlorine in solid <span class="hlt">fuels</span> fired in pulverized <span class="hlt">fuel</span> boilers sources, forms, reactions, and consequences: a literature review</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>David A. Tillman; Dao Duong; Bruce Miller</p> <p>2009-07-15</p> <p>Chlorine is a significant source of corrosion and deposition, both from coal and from biomass, and in PF boilers. This investigation was designed to highlight the potential for corrosion risks associated with once-through units and advanced cycles. The research took the form of a detailed literature investigation to evaluate chlorine in solid <span class="hlt">fuels</span>: coals of various ranks and origins, biomass <span class="hlt">fuels</span> of a variety of types, petroleum cokes, and blends of the above. The investigation focused upon an extensive literature review of documents dating back to 1991. The focus is strictly corrosion and deposition. To address the deposition and corrosionmore » issues, this review evaluates the following considerations: concentrations of chlorine in available solid <span class="hlt">fuels</span> including various coals and biomass <span class="hlt">fuels</span>, forms of chlorine in those <span class="hlt">fuels</span>, and reactions - including reactivities - of chlorine in such <span class="hlt">fuels</span>. The assessment includes consideration of alkali metals and alkali earth elements as they react with, and to, the chlorine and other elements (e.g., sulfur) in the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> and in the gaseous products of combustion. The assessment also includes other factors of combustion: for example, combustion conditions including excess O{sub 2} and combustion temperatures. It also considers analyses conducted at all levels: theoretical calculations, bench scale laboratory data and experiments, pilot plant experiments, and full scale plant experience. Case studies and plant surveys form a significant consideration in this review. The result of this investigation focuses upon the concentrations of chlorine acceptable in coals burned exclusively, in coals burned with biomass, and in biomass cofired with coal. <span class="hlt">Values</span> are posited based upon type of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> and combustion technology. <span class="hlt">Values</span> are also posited based upon both first principles and field experience. 86 refs., 8 figs., 7 tabs.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930081217','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930081217"><span>Compression-ignition engine tests of several <span class="hlt">fuels</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Spanogle, J A</p> <p>1932-01-01</p> <p>The tests reported in this paper were made to devise simple engine tests which would rate <span class="hlt">fuels</span> as to their comparative <span class="hlt">value</span> and their suitability for the operating conditions of the individual engine on which the tests are made. Three commercial <span class="hlt">fuels</span> were used in two test engines having combustion chambers with and without effective air flow. Strictly comparative performance tests gave almost identical results for the three <span class="hlt">fuels</span>. Analysis of indicator cards allowed a differentiation between <span class="hlt">fuels</span> on a basis of rates of combustion. The same comparative ratings were obtained by determining the consistent operating range of injection advance angle for the three <span class="hlt">fuels</span>. The difference in <span class="hlt">fuels</span> is more pronounced in a quiescent combustion chamber than in one with high-velocity air flow. A <span class="hlt">fuel</span> is considered suitable for the operating conditions of an engine with a quiescent combustion chamber if it permits the injection of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> to be advanced beyond the optimum without exceeding allowable knock or allowable maximum cylinder pressures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5393931-apparatus-controlling-air-fuel-ratio-internal-combustion-engine','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5393931-apparatus-controlling-air-fuel-ratio-internal-combustion-engine"><span>Apparatus for controlling air/<span class="hlt">fuel</span> ratio for internal combustion engine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kato, K.; Mizuno, T.</p> <p>1986-07-08</p> <p>This patent describes an apparatus for controlling air-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> ratio of an air-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> mixture to be supplied to an internal combustion engine having an intake passage, an exhaust passage, an an exhaust gas recirculation passage for recirculating exhaust gases in the exhaust passage to the intake passage therethrough. The apparatus consists of: (a) means for sensing rotational speed of the engine; (b) means for sensing intake pressure in the intake passage; (c) means for sensing atmospheric pressure; (d) means for enabling and disabling exhaust gas recirculation through the exhaust gas recirculation passage in accordance with operating condition of the engine; (e)more » means for determining required amount of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> in accordance with the sensed rotational speed and the sensed intake pressure; (f) means for determining, when the exhaust gas recirculation is enabled, a first correction <span class="hlt">value</span> in accordance with the sensed rotational speed, the sensed intake pressure and the sensed atmospheric pressure, the first correction factor being used for correcting <span class="hlt">fuel</span> amount so as to compensate for the decrease of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> due to the performance of exhaust gas recirculation and also to compensate for the change in atmospheric pressure; (g) means for determining, when the exhaust gas recirculation is disabled, a second correction <span class="hlt">value</span> in accordance with the atmospheric pressure, the second correction factor being used so as to compensate for the change in atmospheric pressure; (h) means for correcting the required amount of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> by the first correction <span class="hlt">value</span> and the second correction <span class="hlt">value</span> when the exhaust gas recirculation is enabled and disabled respectively; and (i) means for supplying the engine with the corrected amount of <span class="hlt">fuel</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174555','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174555"><span>Apparatus and method for combusting low quality <span class="hlt">fuel</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Brushwood, John Samuel; Pillsbury, Paul; Foote, John; Heilos, Andreas</p> <p>2003-11-04</p> <p>A gas turbine (12) capable of combusting a low quality gaseous <span class="hlt">fuel</span> having a ratio of flammability limits less than 2, or a heat <span class="hlt">value</span> below 100 BTU/SCF. A high quality <span class="hlt">fuel</span> is burned simultaneously with the low quality <span class="hlt">fuel</span> to eliminate instability in the combustion flame. A sensor (46) is used to monitor at least one parameter of the flame indicative of instability. A controller (50) having the sensor signal (48) as input is programmed to control the relative flow rates of the low quality and high quality <span class="hlt">fuels</span>. When instability is detected, the flow rate of high quality <span class="hlt">fuel</span> is automatically increased in relation to the flow rate of low quality <span class="hlt">fuel</span> to restore stability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/52447','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/52447"><span>Weather, <span class="hlt">fuels</span>, and topography impede wildland fire spread in western US landscapes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Lisa Holsinger; Sean A. Parks; Carol Miller</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>As wildland fire activity continues to surge across the western US, it is increasingly important that we understand and quantify the environmental drivers of fire and how they vary across ecosystems. At daily to <span class="hlt">annual</span> timescales, weather, <span class="hlt">fuels</span>, and topography are known to influence characteristics such as area burned and fire severity. An understudied facet...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5900685-fuel-use-control-fishing-industry-final-report','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5900685-fuel-use-control-fishing-industry-final-report"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> use control in the fishing industry. Final report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Billington, G.</p> <p>1985-08-01</p> <p>The project undertook <span class="hlt">fuel</span> flow monitoring of a random sample of fishing vessels in the New Zealand fishing industry. The object of the project was to determine the <span class="hlt">value</span> of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> flow measurement on a range of vessels of differing size and fishing method, and to investigate the effect on <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption of hull fouling and propeller repitching where this appeared to be required. Eight vessels in the port of Tauranga were included in the trials. Three of these are company-owned and operated and the remainder are owner-operated. One purse seiner, two longliners and five trawlers (pair and single) weremore » involved. <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> flow measurements were carried out, with before-and-after tests on one vessel to determine the <span class="hlt">value</span> of removing hull fouling. In two cases propeller repitching was undertaken. The tests demonstrated that five of the eight vessels could, through minor operational changes, make significant <span class="hlt">fuel</span> conservation gains with minimal loss of performance.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000024892&hterms=Evaporation&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DEvaporation','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000024892&hterms=Evaporation&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DEvaporation"><span>Further Evaluation of an Emperical Equation for <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Total Evaporation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Choudhury, Bhaskar J.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>An empirical equation for <span class="hlt">annual</span> total evaporation based on <span class="hlt">annual</span> precipitation and net radiation was found to provide evaporation within 10% of the observed <span class="hlt">values</span> at seven locations within temperate and tropical regions, but it overestimated evaporation by 90% at one location within the tundra region. A synthesis of observations at two other locations within the tundra region gives overestimates of about 65%. A general analysis of observed precipitation, net radiation, and runoff within the tundra region shows that the empirical equation is generally biased to overestimate <span class="hlt">annual</span> evaporation within the tundra region. A theoretical analysis is being done to understand the reason behind this bias.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26695415','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26695415"><span>An experimental study on usage of plastic oil and B20 algae biodiesel blend as substitute <span class="hlt">fuel</span> to diesel engine.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ramesha, D K; Kumara, G Prema; Lalsaheb; Mohammed, Aamir V T; Mohammad, Haseeb A; Kasma, Mufteeb Ain</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Usage of plastics has been ever increasing and now poses a tremendous threat to the environment. Millions of tons of plastics are produced <span class="hlt">annually</span> worldwide, and the waste products have become a common feature at overflowing bins and landfills. The process of converting waste plastic into <span class="hlt">value</span>-added <span class="hlt">fuels</span> finds a feasible solution for recycling of plastics. Thus, two universal problems such as problems of waste plastic management and problems of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> shortage are being tackled simultaneously. Converting waste plastics into <span class="hlt">fuel</span> holds great promise for both the environmental and economic scenarios. In order to carry out the study on plastic wastes, the pyrolysis process was used. Pyrolysis runs without oxygen and in high temperature of about 250-300 °C. The <span class="hlt">fuel</span> obtained from plastics is blended with B20 algae oil, which is a biodiesel obtained from microalgae. For conducting the various experiments, a 10-HP single-cylinder four-stroke direct-injection water-cooled diesel engine is employed. The engine is made to run at 1500 rpm and the load is varied gradually from 0 to 100 %. The performance, emission and combustion characteristics are observed. The BTE was observed to be higher with respect to diesel for plastic-biodiesel blend and biodiesel blend by 15.7 and 12.9 %, respectively, at full load. For plastic-biodiesel blend, the emission of UBHC and CO decreases with a slight increase in NO x as compared to diesel. It reveals that <span class="hlt">fuel</span> properties are comparable with petroleum products. Also, the process of converting plastic waste to <span class="hlt">fuel</span> has now turned the problems into an opportunity to make wealth from waste.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840025966','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840025966"><span>Manual of phosphoric acid <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell power plant cost model and computer program</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lu, C. Y.; Alkasab, K. A.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>Cost analysis of phosphoric acid <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell power plant includes two parts: a method for estimation of system capital costs, and an economic analysis which determines the levelized <span class="hlt">annual</span> cost of operating the system used in the capital cost estimation. A FORTRAN computer has been developed for this cost analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol16/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol16-sec80-1130.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol16/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol16-sec80-1130.pdf"><span>40 CFR 80.1130 - Requirements for exporters of renewable <span class="hlt">fuels</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... gallons of renewable <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. k = A discrete volume of renewable <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. VOLk = The standardized volume of discrete volume k of exported renewable <span class="hlt">fuel</span>, in gallons, calculated in accordance with § 80.1126(d)(7). EVk = The equivalence <span class="hlt">value</span> associated with discrete volume k. = Sum involving all volumes of...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPS...340..347S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPS...340..347S"><span>Comparative study of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell, battery and hybrid buses for renewable energy constrained areas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stempien, J. P.; Chan, S. H.</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> cell- and battery-based public bus technologies are reviewed and compared for application in tropical urban areas. This paper scrutinizes the reported literature on <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell bus, <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell electric bus, battery electric bus, hybrid electric bus, internal combustion diesel bus and compressed natural gas bus. The comparison includes the capital and operating costs, <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption and <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycle emissions. To the best of authors knowledge, this is the first study to holistically compare hydrogen and battery powered buses, which is the original contribution of this paper. Moreover, this is the first study to focus on supplying hydrogen and electricity from fossil resources, while including the associated emissions. The study shows that compressed natural gas and hybrid electric buses appear to be the cheapest options in terms of total cost of ownership, but they are unable to meet the EURO VI emissions' standard requirement. Only <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell based buses have the potential to achieve the emissions' standard when the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycle based on fossil energy was considered. <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> cell electric buses are identified as a technology allowing for the largest CO2 emission reduction, making ∼61% decrease in <span class="hlt">annual</span> emissions possible.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1338908','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1338908"><span>Detecting pin diversion from pressurized water reactors spent <span class="hlt">fuel</span> assemblies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ham, Young S.; Sitaraman, Shivakumar</p> <p></p> <p>Detecting diversion of spent <span class="hlt">fuel</span> from Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) by determining possible diversion including the steps of providing a detector cluster containing gamma ray and neutron detectors, inserting the detector cluster containing the gamma ray and neutron detectors into the spent <span class="hlt">fuel</span> assembly through the guide tube holes in the spent <span class="hlt">fuel</span> assembly, measuring gamma ray and neutron radiation responses of the gamma ray and neutron detectors in the guide tube holes, processing the gamma ray and neutron radiation responses at the guide tube locations by normalizing them to the maximum <span class="hlt">value</span> among each set of responses and takingmore » the ratio of the gamma ray and neutron responses at the guide tube locations and normalizing the ratios to the maximum <span class="hlt">value</span> among them and producing three signatures, gamma, neutron, and gamma-neutron ratio, based on these normalized <span class="hlt">values</span>, and producing an output that consists of these signatures that can indicate possible diversion of the pins from the spent <span class="hlt">fuel</span> assembly.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/7154051','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/7154051"><span>Irradiation performance of HTGR recycle fissile <span class="hlt">fuel</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Homan, F.J.; Long, E.L. Jr.</p> <p>1976-08-01</p> <p>The irradiation performance of candidate HTGR recycle fissile <span class="hlt">fuel</span> under accelerated testing conditions is reviewed. Failure modes for coated-particle <span class="hlt">fuels</span> are described, and the performance of candidate recycle fissile <span class="hlt">fuels</span> is discussed in terms of these failure modes. The bases on which UO/sub 2/ and (Th,U)O/sub 2/ were rejected as candidate recycle fissile <span class="hlt">fuels</span> are outlined, along with the bases on which the weak-acid resin (WAR)-derived fissile <span class="hlt">fuel</span> was selected as the reference recycle kernel. Comparisons are made relative to the irradiation behavior of WAR-derived <span class="hlt">fuels</span> of varying stoichiometry and conclusions are drawn about the optimum stoichiometry and the rangemore » of acceptable <span class="hlt">values</span>. Plans for future testing in support of specification development, confirmation of the results of accelerated testing by real-time experiments, and improvement in <span class="hlt">fuel</span> performance and reliability are described.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22326758','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22326758"><span>The life cycle assessment of alternative <span class="hlt">fuel</span> chains for urban buses and trolleybuses.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kliucininkas, L; Matulevicius, J; Martuzevicius, D</p> <p>2012-05-30</p> <p>This paper describes a comparative analysis of public transport alternatives in the city of Kaunas, Lithuania. An LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) inventory analysis of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> chains was undertaken using the midi urban bus and a similar type of trolleybus. The inventory analysis of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> chains followed the guidelines provided by the ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards. The ReCiPe Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methodology was used to quantify weighted damage originating from five alternative <span class="hlt">fuel</span> chains. The compressed biogas <span class="hlt">fuel</span> chain had the lowest weighted damage <span class="hlt">value</span>, namely 45.7 mPt/km, whereas weighted damage <span class="hlt">values</span> of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> chains based on electricity generation for trolleybuses were 60.6 mPt/km (for natural gas) and 78.9 mPt/km (for heavy <span class="hlt">fuel</span> oil). The diesel and compressed natural gas <span class="hlt">fuel</span> chains exhibited considerably higher damage <span class="hlt">values</span> of 114.2 mPt/km and 132.6 mPt/km, respectively. The comparative life cycle assessment of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> chains suggested that biogas-powered buses and electric trolleybuses can be considered as the best alternatives to use when modernizing the public transport fleet in Kaunas. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1342761-analysis-fuel-using-direct-lsc-method-determination-bio-originated-fuel-presence-quenching','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1342761-analysis-fuel-using-direct-lsc-method-determination-bio-originated-fuel-presence-quenching"><span>Analysis of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> using the Direct LSC method determination of bio-originated <span class="hlt">fuel</span> in the presence of quenching</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Doll, Charles G.; Wright, Cherylyn W.; Morley, Shannon M.; ...</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>In this paper, a modified version of the Direct LSC method to correct for quenching effect was investigated for the determination of bio-originated <span class="hlt">fuel</span> content in <span class="hlt">fuel</span> samples produced from multiple biological starting materials. The modified method was found to be accurate in determining the percent bio-originated <span class="hlt">fuel</span> to within 5% of the actual <span class="hlt">value</span> for samples with quenching effects ≤43%. Finally, analysis of highly quenched samples was possible when diluted with the exception of one sample with a 100% quenching effect.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1342761','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1342761"><span>Analysis of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> using the Direct LSC method determination of bio-originated <span class="hlt">fuel</span> in the presence of quenching</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Doll, Charles G.; Wright, Cherylyn W.; Morley, Shannon M.</p> <p></p> <p>In this paper, a modified version of the Direct LSC method to correct for quenching effect was investigated for the determination of bio-originated <span class="hlt">fuel</span> content in <span class="hlt">fuel</span> samples produced from multiple biological starting materials. The modified method was found to be accurate in determining the percent bio-originated <span class="hlt">fuel</span> to within 5% of the actual <span class="hlt">value</span> for samples with quenching effects ≤43%. Finally, analysis of highly quenched samples was possible when diluted with the exception of one sample with a 100% quenching effect.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol16/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol16-sec80-1405.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol16/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol16-sec80-1405.pdf"><span>40 CFR 80.1405 - What are the Renewable <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Standards?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... Renewable <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Standards? (a) Renewable <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Standards for 2011. (1) The <span class="hlt">value</span> of the cellulosic biofuel... be 0.69 percent. (3) The <span class="hlt">value</span> of the advanced biofuel standard for 2011 shall be 0.78 percent. (4... ER10MY10.003 ER10MY10.004 Where: StdCB,i = The cellulosic biofuel standard for year i, in percent. StdBBD,i...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080026086','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080026086"><span>Intelligent Engine Systems: Alternate <span class="hlt">Fuels</span> Evaluation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ballal, Dilip</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>The performance and gaseous emissions were measured for a well-stirred reactor operating under lean conditions for two <span class="hlt">fuels</span>: JP8 and a synthetic Fisher-Tropsch <span class="hlt">fuel</span> over a range of equivalence ratios from 0.6 down to the lean blowout. The lean blowout characteristics were determined in LBO experiments at loading parameter <span class="hlt">values</span> from 0.7 to 1.4. The lean blowout characteristics were then explored under higher loading conditions by simulating higher altitude operation with the use of nitrogen as a dilution gas for the air stream. The experiments showed that: (1) The lean blowout characteristics for the two <span class="hlt">fuels</span> were close under both low loading and high loading conditions. (2) The combustion temperatures and observed combustion efficiencies were similar for the two <span class="hlt">fuels</span>. (3) The gaseous emissions were similar for the two <span class="hlt">fuels</span> and the differences in the H2O and CO2 emissions appear to be directly relatable to the C/H ratio for the <span class="hlt">fuels</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/221893','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/221893"><span>Model documentation Renewable <span class="hlt">Fuels</span> Module of the National Energy Modeling System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>NONE</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>This report documents the objectives, analaytical approach and design of the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) Renewable <span class="hlt">Fuels</span> Module (RFM) as it relates to the production of the 1996 <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Energy Outlook forecasts. The report catalogues and describes modeling assumptions, computational methodologies, data inputs, and parameter estimation techniques. A number of offline analyses used in lieu of RFM modeling components are also described.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950004226','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950004226"><span>Statistic analysis of <span class="hlt">annual</span> total ozone extremes for the period 1964-1988</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Krzyscin, Janusz W.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Annual</span> extremes of total column amount of ozone (in the period 1964-1988) from a network of 29 Dobson stations have been examined using the extreme <span class="hlt">value</span> analysis. The extremes have been calculated as the highest deviation of daily mean total ozone from its long-term monthly mean, normalized by the monthly standard deviations. The extremes have been selected from the direct-Sun total ozone observations only. The extremes resulting from abrupt changes in ozone (day to day changes greater than 20 percent) have not been considered. The ordered extremes (maxima in ascending way, minima in descending way) have been fitted to one of three forms of the Fisher-Tippet extreme <span class="hlt">value</span> distribution by the nonlinear least square method (Levenberg-Marguard method). We have found that the ordered extremes from a majority of Dobson stations lie close to Fisher-Tippet type III. The extreme <span class="hlt">value</span> analysis of the composite <span class="hlt">annual</span> extremes (combined from averages of the <span class="hlt">annual</span> extremes selected at individual stations) has shown that the composite maxima are fitted by the Fisher-Tippet type III and the composite minima by the Fisher-Tippet type I. The difference between the Fisher-Tippet types of the composite extremes seems to be related to the ozone downward trend. Extreme <span class="hlt">value</span> prognoses for the period 1964-2014 (derived from the data taken at: all analyzed stations, the North American, and the European stations) have revealed that the prognostic extremes are close to the largest <span class="hlt">annual</span> extremes in the period 1964-1988 and there are only small regional differences in the prognoses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006IzAOP..42..300E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006IzAOP..42..300E"><span>Sensitivity of amplitude-phase characteristics of the surface air temperature <span class="hlt">annual</span> cycle to variations in <span class="hlt">annual</span> mean temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eliseev, A. V.; Mokhov, I. I.; Guseva, M. S.</p> <p>2006-05-01</p> <p>The ERA40 and NCEP/NCAR data over 1958 1998 were used to estimate the sensitivity of amplitude-phase characteristics (APCs) of the <span class="hlt">annual</span> cycle (AC) of the surface air temperature (SAT) T s. The results were compared with outputs of the ECHAM4/OPYC3, HadCM3, and INM RAS general circulation models and the IAP RAS climate model of intermediate complexity, which were run with variations in greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosol specified over 1860 2100. The analysis was performed in terms of the linear regression coefficients b of SAT AC APCs on the local <span class="hlt">annual</span> mean temperature and in terms of the sensitivity characteristic D = br 2, which takes into account not only the linear regression coefficient but also its statistical significance (via the correlation coefficient r). The reanalysis data were used to reveal the features of the tendencies of change in the SAT AC APCs in various regions, including areas near the snow-ice boundary, storm-track ocean regions, large desert areas, and the tropical Pacific. These results agree with earlier observations. The model computations are in fairly good agreement with the reanalysis data in regions of statistically significant variations in SAT AC APCs. The differences between individual models and the reanalysis data can be explained, in particular, in terms of the features of the sea-ice schemes used in the models. Over the land in the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the absolute <span class="hlt">values</span> of D for the fall phase time and the interval of exceeding exhibit a positive intermodel correlation with the absolute <span class="hlt">value</span> of D for the <span class="hlt">annual</span>-harmonic amplitude. Over the ocean, the models reproducing larger (in modulus) sensitivity parameters of the SAT <span class="hlt">annual</span>-harmonic amplitude are generally characterized by larger (in modulus) negative sensitivity <span class="hlt">values</span> of the semiannual-harmonic amplitude T s, 2, especially at latitudes characteristic of the sea-ice boundary. In contrast to the averaged fields of AC APCs and their</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810013004','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810013004"><span>Study of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell on-site, integrated energy systems in residential/commercial applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wakefield, R. A.; Karamchetty, S.; Rand, R. H.; Ku, W. S.; Tekumalla, V.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>Three building applications were selected for a detailed study: a low rise apartment building; a retail store, and a hospital. Building design data were then specified for each application, based on the design and construction of typical, actual buildings. Finally, a computerized building loads analysis program was used to estimate hourly end use load profiles for each building. Conventional and <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell based energy systems were designed and simulated for each building in each location. Based on the results of a computer simulation of each energy system, levelized <span class="hlt">annual</span> costs and <span class="hlt">annual</span> energy consumptions were calculated for all systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.aapcc.org/annual-reports/','NIH-MEDLINEPLUS'); return false;" href="http://www.aapcc.org/annual-reports/"><span>AAPCC <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Reports</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://medlineplus.gov/">MedlinePlus</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>... <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Report 2000 <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Report 1999 <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Report Poison Data National Poison Data System Uses for NPDS ... Elements NPDS FAQs <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Reports Find Your Local Poison Center Poison centers offer free, private, confidential medical ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012APS..APR.H6001G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012APS..APR.H6001G"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> efficient stoves for the poorest two billion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gadgil, Ashok</p> <p>2012-03-01</p> <p>About 2 billion people cook their daily meals on generally inefficient, polluting, biomass cookstoves. The <span class="hlt">fuels</span> include twigs and leaves, agricultural waste, animal dung, firewood, and charcoal. Exposure to resulting smoke leads to acute respiratory illness, and cancers, particularly among women cooks, and their infant children near them. Resulting <span class="hlt">annual</span> mortality estimate is almost 2 million deaths, higher than that from malaria or tuberculosis. There is a large diversity of cooking methods (baking, boiling, long simmers, brazing and roasting), and a diversity of pot shapes and sizes in which the cooking is undertaken. <span class="hlt">Fuel</span>-efficiency and emissions depend on the tending of the fire (and thermal power), type of <span class="hlt">fuel</span>, stove characteristics, and fit of the pot to the stove. Thus, no one perfect <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-efficient low-emitting stove can suit all users. Affordability imposes a further severe constraint on the stove design. For various economic strata within the users, a variety of stove designs may be appropriate and affordable. In some regions, biomass is harvested non-renewably for cooking <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. There is also increasing evidence that black carbon emitted from stoves is a significant contributor to atmospheric forcing. Thus improved biomass stoves can also help mitigate global climate change. The speaker will describe specific work undertaken to design, develop, test, and disseminate affordable <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-efficient stoves for internally displaced persons (IDPs) of Darfur, Sudan, where the IDPs face hardship, humiliation, hunger, and risk of sexual assault owing to their dependence on local biomass for cooking their meals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MsT..........6C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MsT..........6C"><span>A statistical approach to nuclear <span class="hlt">fuel</span> design and performance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cunning, Travis Andrew</p> <p></p> <p>As CANDU <span class="hlt">fuel</span> failures can have significant economic and operational consequences on the Canadian nuclear power industry, it is essential that factors impacting <span class="hlt">fuel</span> performance are adequately understood. Current industrial practice relies on deterministic safety analysis and the highly conservative "limit of operating envelope" approach, where all parameters are assumed to be at their limits simultaneously. This results in a conservative prediction of event consequences with little consideration given to the high quality and precision of current manufacturing processes. This study employs a novel approach to the prediction of CANDU <span class="hlt">fuel</span> reliability. Probability distributions are fitted to actual <span class="hlt">fuel</span> manufacturing datasets provided by Cameco <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Manufacturing, Inc. They are used to form input for two industry-standard <span class="hlt">fuel</span> performance codes: ELESTRES for the steady-state case and ELOCA for the transient case---a hypothesized 80% reactor outlet header break loss of coolant accident. Using a Monte Carlo technique for input generation, 105 independent trials are conducted and probability distributions are fitted to key model output quantities. Comparing model output against recognized industrial acceptance criteria, no <span class="hlt">fuel</span> failures are predicted for either case. Output distributions are well removed from failure limit <span class="hlt">values</span>, implying that margin exists in current <span class="hlt">fuel</span> manufacturing and design. To validate the results and attempt to reduce the simulation burden of the methodology, two dimensional reduction methods are assessed. Using just 36 trials, both methods are able to produce output distributions that agree strongly with those obtained via the brute-force Monte Carlo method, often to a relative discrepancy of less than 0.3% when predicting the first statistical moment, and a relative discrepancy of less than 5% when predicting the second statistical moment. In terms of global sensitivity, pellet density proves to have the greatest impact on <span class="hlt">fuel</span> performance</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27578573','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27578573"><span>[Relationship between reference <span class="hlt">values</span> of fibrinogen and geographical factors based on neural network analysis].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Meng-Jiao; Ge, Miao; Wang, Cong-Xia; Cen, Min-Yi; Jiang, Ji-Lin; He, Jin-Wei; Lin, Qian-Yi; Liu, Xin</p> <p>2016-08-20</p> <p>To analyze the relationship between the reference <span class="hlt">values</span> of fibrinogen (FIB) in healthy Chinese adults and geographical factors to provide scientific evidences for establishing the uniform standard. The reference <span class="hlt">values</span> of FIB of 10701 Chinese healthy adults from 103 cities were collected to investigate their relationship with 18 geographical factors including spatial index, terrain index, climate index, and soil index. Geographical factors that significantly correlated with the reference <span class="hlt">values</span> were selected for constructing the BP neural network model. The spatial distribution map of the reference <span class="hlt">value</span> of FIB of healthy Chinese adults was fitted by disjunctive kriging interpolation. We used the 5-layer neural network and selected 2000 times of training covering 11 hidden layers to build the simulation rule for simulating the relationship between FIB and geographical environmental factors using the MATLAB software. s The reference <span class="hlt">value</span> of FIB in healthy Chinese adults was significantly correlated with the latitude, sunshine duration, <span class="hlt">annual</span> average temperature, <span class="hlt">annual</span> average relative humidity, <span class="hlt">annual</span> precipitation, <span class="hlt">annual</span> range of air temperature, average <span class="hlt">annual</span> soil gravel content, and soil cation exchange capacity (silt). The artificial neural networks were created to analyze the simulation of the selected indicators of geographical factors. The spatial distribution map of the reference <span class="hlt">values</span> of FIB in healthy Chinese adults showed a distribution pattern that FIB levels were higher in the South and lower in the North, and higher in the East and lower in the West. When the geographical factors of a certain area are known, the reference <span class="hlt">values</span> of FIB in healthy Chinese adults can be obtained by establishing the neural network mode or plotting the spatial distribution map.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5194213','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5194213"><span>Development of an extended-burnup Mark B design. First semi-<span class="hlt">annual</span> progress report, July-December 1978. Report BAW-1532-1. [PWR</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>None</p> <p>1979-10-01</p> <p>The primary objective of this program is to develop and demonstrate an improved PWR <span class="hlt">fuel</span> assembly design capable of batch average burnups of 45,000-50,000 MWd/mtU. To accomplish this, a number of technical areas must be investigated to verify acceptable extended-burnup <span class="hlt">fuel</span> performance. This report is the first semi-<span class="hlt">annual</span> progress report for the program, and it describes work performed during the July-December 1978 time period. Efforts during this period included the definition of a preliminary design for a high-burnup <span class="hlt">fuel</span> rod, physics analyses of extended-burnup <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycles, studies of the physics characteristics of changes in <span class="hlt">fuel</span> assembly metal-to-water ratios, and developmentmore » of a design concept for post-irradiation examination equipment to be utilized in examining high-burnup lead-test assemblies.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28187358','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28187358"><span>Analysis of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> using the Direct LSC method determination of bio-originated <span class="hlt">fuel</span> in the presence of quenching.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Doll, Charles G; Wright, Cherylyn W; Morley, Shannon M; Wright, Bob W</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>A modified version of the Direct LSC method to correct for quenching effect was investigated for the determination of bio-originated <span class="hlt">fuel</span> content in <span class="hlt">fuel</span> samples produced from multiple biological starting materials. The modified method was found to be accurate in determining the percent bio-originated <span class="hlt">fuel</span> to within 5% of the actual <span class="hlt">value</span> for samples with quenching effects ≤43%. Analysis of highly quenched samples was possible when diluted with the exception of one sample with a 100% quenching effect. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6388496-new-york-city-police-department-automated-fuel-monitoring-system-volume-ii-documentation-report-technical-report','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6388496-new-york-city-police-department-automated-fuel-monitoring-system-volume-ii-documentation-report-technical-report"><span>New York City Police Department Automated <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Monitoring system. Volume II. Documentation report. Technical report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>McGrath, W.J.; McNamara, M.M.</p> <p>1981-11-16</p> <p>The New York City Police Department (NYCPD) Automated <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Monitoring system is briefly described from the original study, through system design, to implementation. The system provides complete control of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> usage for an agency with 4,000 motor vehicles and 25,000 vehicle operators. As far as is known, it is the largest system of its kind installed to date. The system can be scaled up or down to meet the needs of other governmental units. Estimated <span class="hlt">annual</span> cost savings to NYCPD are $2,000,000.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/171586-utilization-coal-water-fuel-heat-power-industry-public-utilities-ukraine','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/171586-utilization-coal-water-fuel-heat-power-industry-public-utilities-ukraine"><span>Utilization of coal-water <span class="hlt">fuel</span> in heat power industry and by public utilities of Ukraine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Papayani, F.A.; Switly, Y.G.</p> <p>1995-12-31</p> <p>One of the major problems of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> and energy balance of Ukraine is acute shortage of its own resources of organic <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. At present the steam coal output in Ukraine approaches 100 mln t, oil production makes up about 5 min t and that of gas reaches 22 bln. m{sup 3}, which in terms of equivalent <span class="hlt">fuel</span> (e.f ) totals 94 min t, the <span class="hlt">annual</span> demand being approximately 300 mln t e.f. To make up for <span class="hlt">fuel</span> deficiency Ukraine has to <span class="hlt">annually</span> import 120 bln. m{sup 3} of gas, 50 mln t of oil and about 10 mln tmore » of coal, their approximate cost being U.S.$ 15.6 bln. At the same time coal reserves in developed fields only make up 10 bln. t, the total reserves of this <span class="hlt">fuel</span> being 100 bln. t. Thus the whole burden of meeting the requirements of Ukraine in power resources when nuclear power plants capacities are being reduced and expected to be reducing in the nearest future falls on coal. Under wasting conditions a problem of today is to develop and introduce new technologies of coal mining and utilization with due regard for technical, economic and ecological aspects which are particularly important for densely populated industrial regions. Ecological problems associated with a dramatic increase in the volume of coal combustion can be solved by developing new methods and means for flue gas cleaning in the first place and by wide-scale introduction of coal-water <span class="hlt">fuel</span> (CWF) in the second place. Investigations have shown that the second way is more preferable since it is based on the integrated technology for original coal demineralization and CWT production, advantages of each process being used in full measure. Thus demineralization of coal is among major requirements to development of a CWT production technology.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1414283','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1414283"><span>Intermediate Temperature Hybrid <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cell System for the Conversion of Natural to Electricity and Liquid <span class="hlt">Fuels</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Krause, Theodore</p> <p></p> <p>This goal of this project was to develop a new hybrid <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell technology that operates directly on natural gas or biogas to generate electrical energy and to produce ethane or ethylene from methane, the main component of natural gas or biogas, which can be converted to a liquid <span class="hlt">fuel</span> or high-<span class="hlt">value</span> chemical using existing process technologies. By taking advantage of the modularity and scalability of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell technology, this combined <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell/chemical process technology targets the recovery of stranded natural gas available at the well pad or biogas produced at waste water treatment plants and municipal landfills by convertingmore » it to a liquid <span class="hlt">fuel</span> or chemical. By converting the stranded gas to a liquid <span class="hlt">fuel</span> or chemical, it can be cost-effectively transported to market thus allowing the stranded natural gas or biogas to be monetized instead of flared, producing CO2, a greenhouse gas, because the volumes produced at these locations are too small to be economically recovered using current gas-to-liquids process technologies.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ792811.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ792811.pdf"><span>Circumcision: The Good, the Bad and American <span class="hlt">Values</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Buie, Mary E.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>National statistics estimate that 1.2 million newborn males are circumcised <span class="hlt">annually</span> in the United States (70% to 80%). Such <span class="hlt">values</span> as sanctity, equity, fraternity, paternity and liberty affect circumcision rates in America. The <span class="hlt">value</span> of sanctity allows freedom of religious beliefs and traditions that often overcome medical impetus in…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUFM.A72C0192T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUFM.A72C0192T"><span>Environmental Impact of H2 from Hydrogen <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cell on the Stratosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tromp, T. K.</p> <p>2002-12-01</p> <p>Hydrogen <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell technology seems poised to replace the internal combustion engine in the upcoming decade. Environmentalists tout the technology as environmentally friendly and stress its low tailpipe emissions resulting in cleaner urban air. At face <span class="hlt">value</span> the technology should have a negligible impact because the major byproduct is water. What has not been considered is that it will take billions of liters of H2 to power the future national (and international) fleet of <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-cell vehicles and that the leading contenders to make that H2 are the very fossil <span class="hlt">fuels</span> that cause smog and greenhouse gases. If that does happen, there will be two important consequences. First, the current fossil <span class="hlt">fuel</span> pollutants will not disappear, rather they will be shifted from tailpipe sources to where the fossil <span class="hlt">fuels</span> are extracted and the hydrogen is made. In addition, the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> to make the cells work, H2, is an important trace constituent (~0.5 ppmv) of the atmosphere [Novelli et al., 1999] and participates in reactions involving pollutants and greenhouse gases [Crutzen, 1977]. Thus, anthropogenic H2 emissions could have significant indirect environmental consequences. The global <span class="hlt">annual</span> H2 production from current sources, anthropogenic plus natural, could be doubled in coming decades with the development of a hydrogen <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy [Zittel, 1996]. Such an increase could significantly impact the hydrogen cycle and other cycles with which it interacts in both the atmosphere and biosphere. We have examined the potential environmental impact of additional H2 release for several emission scenarios. We calculated the ODP of H2. Given that the oxidation of H2 is an important source of water vapor in the stratosphere, which is otherwise isolated from direct sources of H2O by the `cold trap' at the tropopause. We calculated what kind of elevated concentrations of stratospheric water vapor could occur for the different emission scenarios. Not only will additional water vapor cool the</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/561199','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/561199"><span>Dart model for irradiation-induced swelling of dispersion <span class="hlt">fuel</span> elements including aluminum-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> interaction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Rest, J.; Hofman, G.L.</p> <p>1997-06-01</p> <p>The Dispersion Analysis Research Tool (DART) contains models for fission-gas induced <span class="hlt">fuel</span> swelling, interaction of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> with the matrix aluminum, resultant reaction-product swelling, and calculation of the stress gradient within the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> particle. The effects of an aluminide shell on <span class="hlt">fuel</span> particle swelling are evaluated. Validation of the model is demonstrated by a comparison of DART calculations of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> swelling of U{sub 3}SiAl-Al and U{sub 3}Si{sub 2}-Al for various dispersion <span class="hlt">fuel</span> element designs with the data. DART results are compared with data for <span class="hlt">fuel</span> swelling Of U{sub 3}SiAl-Al in plate, tube, and rod configurations as a function of fission density.more » Plate and tube calculations were performed at a constant <span class="hlt">fuel</span> temperature of 373 K and 518 K, respectively. An irradiation temperature of 518 K results in a calculated aluminide layer thickness for the Russian tube that is in the center of the measured range (16 {mu}m). Rod calculations were performed with a temperature gradient across the rod characterized by surface and central temperatures of 373 K and 423 K, respectively. The effective yield stress of irradiated Al matrix material and the aluminide was determined by comparing the results of DART calculations with postirradiation immersion volume measurement of U{sub 3}SiAl plates. The <span class="hlt">values</span> for the effective yield stress were used in all subsequent simulations. The lower calculated <span class="hlt">fuel</span> swelling in the rod-type element is due to an assumed biaxial stress state. <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> swelling in plates results in plate thickness increase only. Likewise, in tubes, only the wall thickness increases. Irradiation experiments have shown that plate-type dispersion <span class="hlt">fuel</span> elements can develop blisters or pillows at high U-235 burnup when <span class="hlt">fuel</span> compounds exhibiting breakaway swelling are used at moderate to high <span class="hlt">fuel</span> volume fractions. DART-calculated interaction layer thickness and <span class="hlt">fuel</span> swelling follows the trends of the observations. 3 refs., 2 figs.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19639830','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19639830"><span>[Comparison of <span class="hlt">annual</span> risk for tuberculosis infection (1994-2001) in school children in Djibouti: methodological limitations and epidemiological <span class="hlt">value</span> in a hyperendemic context].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bernatas, J J; Mohamed Ali, I; Ali Ismaël, H; Barreh Matan, A</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>The purpose of this report was to describe a tuberculin survey conducted in 2001 to assess the trend in the <span class="hlt">annual</span> risk for tuberculosis infection in Djibouti and compare resulting data with those obtained in a previous survey conducted in 1994. In 2001 cluster sampling allowed selection of 5599 school children between the ages of 6 and 10 years including 31.2% (1747/5599) without BCG vaccination scar. In this sample the <span class="hlt">annual</span> risk of infection (ARI) estimated using cutoff points of 6 mm, 10 mm, and 14 mm corrected by a factor of 1/0.82 and a mode <span class="hlt">value</span> (18 mm) determined according to the "mirror" method were 4.67%, 3.64%, 3.19% and 2.66% respectively. The distribution of positive tuberculin skin reaction size was significantly different from the normal law. In 1994 a total of 5257 children were selected using the same method. The distribution of positive reactions was not significantly different from the gaussian distribution and 28.6% (1505/5257) did not have a BCG scar. The ARI estimated using cutoff points of 6 mm, 10 mm, and 14 mm corrected by a factor of 1/0.82 and a mode <span class="hlt">value</span> (17 mm) determined according to the "mirror" method were 2.68%, 2.52%, 2.75% and 3.32 respectively. Tuberculin skin reaction size among positive skin test reactors was correlated with the presence of a BCG scar, and its mean was significantly higher among children with BCG scar. The proportion of positive skin test reactors was also higher in the BCG scar group regardless of the cutoff point selected. Comparison of prevalence rates and ARI <span class="hlt">values</span> did not allow any clear conclusion to be drawn, mainly because of a drastic difference in the positive reaction distribution profiles between the two studies. The distribution of the skin test reaction's size 1994 study could be modelized by a gaussian distribution while it could not in 2001. A partial explanation for the positive reaction distribution observed in the 2001 study might be the existence of cross-reactions with environmental</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070002524&hterms=NDVI&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DNDVI','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070002524&hterms=NDVI&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DNDVI"><span>Global Analysis of Empirical Relationships Between <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Climate and Seasonality of NDVI</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Potter, C. S.; Brooks, V.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>This paper describes the use of satellite data to calibrate a new climate-vegetation greenness relationship for global change studies. We examined statistical relationships between <span class="hlt">annual</span> climate indexes (temperature, precipitation, and surface radiation) and seasonal attributes If the AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series for the mid-1980's in order to refine our understanding of intra-<span class="hlt">annual</span> patterns and global abiotic controls on natural vegetation dynamics. Multiple linear regression results using global 1o gridded data sets suggest that three climate indexes: degree days (growing/chilling), <span class="hlt">annual</span> precipitation total, and an <span class="hlt">annual</span> moisture index together can account to 70-80 percent of the geographic variation in the NDVI seasonal extremes (maximum and minimum <span class="hlt">values</span>) for the calibration year 1984. Inclusion of the same <span class="hlt">annual</span> climate index <span class="hlt">values</span> from the previous year explains no substantial additional portion of the global scale variation in NDVI seasonal extremes. The monthly timing of NDVI extremes is closely associated with seasonal patterns in maximum and minimum temperature and rainfall, with lag times of 1 to 2 months. We separated well-drained areas from lo grid cells mapped as greater than 25 percent inundated coverage for estimation of both the magnitude and timing of seasonal NDVI maximum <span class="hlt">values</span>. Predicted monthly NDVI, derived from our climate-based regression equations and Fourier smoothing algorithms, shows good agreement with observed NDVI for several different years at a series of ecosystem test locations from around the globe. Regions in which NDVI seasonal extremes are not accurately predicted are mainly high latitude zones, mixed and disturbed vegetation types, and other remote locations where climate station data are sparse.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/49454','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/49454"><span><span class="hlt">Fuels</span> treatments in the 21st century - do they matter?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Erik C. Christiansen</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Fuels</span> treatments have long mattered, and are expected to into the future. Mangers are trying desperately to quantitatively answer the question "How much of the risk of wildfire to key <span class="hlt">values</span> is being reduced through <span class="hlt">fuels</span> management programs?" Serious challenges to continued implementation of <span class="hlt">fuels</span> treatments persist, such as lack of sufficient resources to...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFM.A31B0061C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFM.A31B0061C"><span>The Effect of Converting to a U.S. Hydrogen <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cell Vehicle Fleet on Emissions and Energy Use</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Colella, W. G.; Jacobson, M. Z.; Golden, D. M.</p> <p>2004-12-01</p> <p> mines and chemically processed into a hydrogen rich gas. Hydrogen is transmitted through pipelines to refueling stations. In the third scenario, hydrogen is derived via electrolysis powered by wind-generated electricity that has been transmitted across the country to electrolyzers at distributed hydrogen refueling stations. If hydrogen is produced via the first scenario, total <span class="hlt">annual</span> U.S. production of carbon dioxide (CO2) could be expected to decrease by approximately 900 million metric tons, or 16 percent of <span class="hlt">annual</span> U.S. CO2 production from all anthropogenic sources. Under this scenario, compared with the conventional vehicle fleet, a <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell vehicle fleet would produce some additional CO2 emissions due to the electric power required for the compression of hydrogen, but less CO2 emissions on the road during vehicle operation. This scenario results in an additional methane leakage of approximately one million metric tons per year, or 4 percent of <span class="hlt">annual</span> U.S. methane emissions from all anthropogenic sources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810015998','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810015998"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-injector design on ultra-lean combustion performance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Anderson, D. N.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>Emissions data were obtained for six <span class="hlt">fuel</span> injector configurations tested with ultra lean combustion. <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> injectors included three multiple source designs and three configurations using a single air assist injector. Only the multiple source <span class="hlt">fuel</span> injectors provided acceptable emissions. <span class="hlt">Values</span> of 16g CO/kg <span class="hlt">fuel</span>, 1.9g HC/kg <span class="hlt">fuel</span>, and 19.g NO2/kg <span class="hlt">fuel</span> were obtained for the combustion temperature range of 1450 to 1700 K for both a high blockage 19 source injector and a low blockage 41 source injector. It was shown that high <span class="hlt">fuel</span> injector pressure drop may not be required to achieve low emissions performance at high inlet air temperature when the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> is well dispersed in the airstream.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29294292','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29294292"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Exhaling <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cell.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Manzoor Bhat, Zahid; Thimmappa, Ravikumar; Devendrachari, Mruthyunjayachari Chattanahalli; Kottaichamy, Alagar Raja; Shafi, Shahid Pottachola; Varhade, Swapnil; Gautam, Manu; Thotiyl, Musthafa Ottakam</p> <p>2018-01-18</p> <p>State-of-the-art proton exchange membrane <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cells (PEMFCs) anodically inhale H 2 <span class="hlt">fuel</span> and cathodically expel water molecules. We show an unprecedented <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell concept exhibiting cathodic <span class="hlt">fuel</span> exhalation capability of anodically inhaled <span class="hlt">fuel</span>, driven by the neutralization energy on decoupling the direct acid-base chemistry. The <span class="hlt">fuel</span> exhaling <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell delivered a peak power density of 70 mW/cm 2 at a peak current density of 160 mA/cm 2 with a cathodic H 2 output of ∼80 mL in 1 h. We illustrate that the energy benefits from the same <span class="hlt">fuel</span> stream can at least be doubled by directing it through proposed neutralization electrochemical cell prior to PEMFC in a tandem configuration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820014452','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820014452"><span>Low NO sub x heavy <span class="hlt">fuel</span> combustor concept program. Phase 1A: Combustion technology generation coal gas <span class="hlt">fuels</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sherlock, T. P.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Combustion tests of two scaled burners using actual coal gas from a 25 ton/day fluidized bed coal gasifier are described. The two combustor configurations studied were a ceramic lined, staged rich/lean burner and an integral, all metal multiannual swirl burner (MASB). The tests were conducted over a range of temperature and pressures representative of current industrial combustion turbine inlet conditions. Tests on the rich lean burner were conducted at three levels of product gas heating <span class="hlt">values</span>: 104, 197 and 254 btu/scf. Corresponding levels of NOx emissions were 5, 20 and 70 ppmv. Nitrogen was added to the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> in the form of ammonia, and conversion efficiencies of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> nitrogen to NOx were on the order of 4 percent to 12 percent, which is somewhat lower than the 14 percent to 18 percent conversion efficiency when src-2 liquid <span class="hlt">fuel</span> was used. The MASB was tested only on medium btu gas (220 to 270 btu/scf), and produced approximately 80 ppmv NOx at rated engine conditions. Both burners operated similarly on actual coal gas and erbs <span class="hlt">fuel</span>, and all heating <span class="hlt">values</span> tested can be successfully burned in current machines.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26443391','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26443391"><span>The influence of different referencing methods on the accuracy of δ(13) C <span class="hlt">value</span> measurement of ethanol <span class="hlt">fuel</span> by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Neves, Laura A; Rodrigues, Janaína M; Daroda, Romeu J; Silva, Paulo R M; Ferreira, Alexandre A; Aranda, Donato A G; Eberlin, Marcos N; Fasciotti, Maíra</p> <p>2015-11-15</p> <p>Brazil is the largest producer of sugar cane bioethanol in the world. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is the technique of choice to certify the origin/raw materials for ethanol production, but the lack of certified reference materials (CRMs) for accurate measurements of δ(13) C <span class="hlt">values</span> traceable to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB), the international zero point for (13) C/(12) C measurements, certified and compatible with gas chromatography (GC)/IRMS instruments may compromise the accuracy of δ(13) C determinations. We evaluated the influence of methods for the calibration and normalization of raw δ(13) C <span class="hlt">values</span> of ethanol samples. Samples were analyzed by GC/C/IRMS using two different GC columns. Different substances were used as isotopic standards for the working gas calibration. The δ(13) C <span class="hlt">values</span> obtained with the three methods of normalization were statistically compared with those obtained with elemental analyzer (EA)/IRMS, since the δ(13) C results obtained using EA are traceable to VPDB via the NBS 22 reference material. It was observed that both the isotopic reference material for CO2 calibration and the GC column have a major effect on the δ(13) C measurements, leading to a bias of almost 2-3 ‰ in the δ(13) C <span class="hlt">values</span>. All three methods of normalization were equivalent in performance, enabling an improvement in the GC/C/IRMS accuracy, compared with the EA/IRMS reference <span class="hlt">values</span> for the samples. All the methods of CO2 calibration, chromatography and normalization presented in this work demonstrated several sources of traceability and accuracy loss for the determination of δ(13) C <span class="hlt">values</span> in ethanol <span class="hlt">fuel</span> samples by GC/C/IRMS. This work has also shown the importance of using proper CRMs traceable to VPBD that should be compatible and certified using GC/C/IRMS, ideally in a wide range of δ(13) C <span class="hlt">values</span>. This is important not only for bioethanol <span class="hlt">fuel</span> samples, but also for many analytes commonly analyzed by IRMS. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..257a2082L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..257a2082L"><span>Tri-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> (diesel-biodiesel-ethanol) emulsion characterization, stability and the corrosion effect</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Low, M. H.; Mukhtar, N. A. M.; Yohaness Hagos, Ftwi; Noor, M. M.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>This paper presents the result of experimenting emulsified tri-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> in term of stability, physico-chemical properties and corrosion effect on three common metals. The results were interpreted in terms of the impact of five minutes emulsification approach. Tri-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> emulsions were varied in proportion ratio consist of biodiesel; 0%, 5%, 10%, and ethanol; 5%, 10%, 15%. <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> characterization includes density, calorific <span class="hlt">value</span>, flash point, and kinematic viscosity. Flash point of tri-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> emulsion came with range catalog. Calorific <span class="hlt">value</span> of tri-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> emulsion appeared in declining pattern as more ethanol and biodiesel were added. Biodiesel promoted flow resistance while ethanol with opposite effect. 15% ethanol content in tri-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> emulsion separated faster than 10% ethanol content but ethanol content with 5% yield no phase separation at all. Close cap under static immersion with various ratio of tri-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> emulsions for over a month, corrosiveness attack was detected via weight loss technique on aluminum, stainless steel and mild steel.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174499','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174499"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> cell-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell hybrid system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Geisbrecht, Rodney A.; Williams, Mark C.</p> <p>2003-09-23</p> <p>A device for converting chemical energy to electricity is provided, the device comprising a high temperature <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell with the ability for partially oxidizing and completely reforming <span class="hlt">fuel</span>, and a low temperature <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell juxtaposed to said high temperature <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell so as to utilize remaining reformed <span class="hlt">fuel</span> from the high temperature <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell. Also provided is a method for producing electricity comprising directing <span class="hlt">fuel</span> to a first <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell, completely oxidizing a first portion of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> and partially oxidizing a second portion of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span>, directing the second <span class="hlt">fuel</span> portion to a second <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell, allowing the first <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell to utilize the first portion of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> to produce electricity; and allowing the second <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell to utilize the second portion of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> to produce electricity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/29841','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/29841"><span>Forests at risk: integrating risk science into <span class="hlt">fuel</span> management strategies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Jonathan Thompson</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>The threat from wildland fire continues to grow across many regions of the Western United States. Drought, urbanization, and a buildup of <span class="hlt">fuels</span> over the last century have contributed to increasing wildfire risk to property and highly <span class="hlt">valued</span> natural resources. <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> treatments, including thinning overly dense forests to reduce <span class="hlt">fuel</span> and lower fire risk, have become a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/10171190','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/10171190"><span>Proceedings: pellet <span class="hlt">fuels</span> conference</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Not Available</p> <p>1995-12-31</p> <p>The conference brought together professionals from the process- engineered-<span class="hlt">fuels</span> (PEF), utility, paper, plastics, and boiler industries. Although the last two decades have produced technical breakthroughs, efforts to advance PEF must now focus on increasing commercial breakthroughs. Successful commercialization will depend on increasing supplier, consumer, and regulator confidence and support by demonstrating the performance and <span class="hlt">value</span> of PEF products. Speakers provided updates on how PEF technology is evolving with respect to technical, economic, and regulatory challenges. Actions critical toward full commercialization of PEF were then considered. Discussion groups addressed materials sourcing, <span class="hlt">fuel</span> processing and transportation, combustion, and ash handling.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/25944','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/25944"><span>An analytical framework for quantifying wildland fire risk and <span class="hlt">fuel</span> treatment benefit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Joe H. Scott</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Federal wildland fire management programs have readily embraced the practice of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> treatment. Wildland fire risk is quantified as expected <span class="hlt">annual</span> loss ($ yr –1 or $ yr –1 ac –1). Fire risk at a point on the landscape is a function of the probability of burning at that point, the relative frequency...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3701999','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3701999"><span>Solid <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Use for Household Cooking: Country and Regional Estimates for 1980–2010</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bonjour, Sophie; Adair-Rohani, Heather; Wolf, Jennyfer; Bruce, Nigel G.; Mehta, Sumi; Lahiff, Maureen; Rehfuess, Eva A.; Mishra, Vinod; Smith, Kirk R.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background: Exposure to household air pollution from cooking with solid <span class="hlt">fuels</span> in simple stoves is a major health risk. Modeling reliable estimates of solid <span class="hlt">fuel</span> use is needed for monitoring trends and informing policy. Objectives: In order to revise the disease burden attributed to household air pollution for the Global Burden of Disease 2010 project and for international reporting purposes, we estimated <span class="hlt">annual</span> trends in the world population using solid <span class="hlt">fuels</span>. Methods: We developed a multilevel model based on national survey data on primary cooking <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. Results: The proportion of households relying mainly on solid <span class="hlt">fuels</span> for cooking has decreased from 62% (95% CI: 58, 66%) to 41% (95% CI: 37, 44%) between 1980 and 2010. Yet because of population growth, the actual number of persons exposed has remained stable at around 2.8 billion during three decades. Solid <span class="hlt">fuel</span> use is most prevalent in Africa and Southeast Asia where > 60% of households cook with solid <span class="hlt">fuels</span>. In other regions, primary solid <span class="hlt">fuel</span> use ranges from 46% in the Western Pacific, to 35% in the Eastern Mediterranean and < 20% in the Americas and Europe. Conclusion: Multilevel modeling is a suitable technique for deriving reliable solid-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> use estimates. Worldwide, the proportion of households cooking mainly with solid <span class="hlt">fuels</span> is decreasing. The absolute number of persons using solid <span class="hlt">fuels</span>, however, has remained steady globally and is increasing in some regions. Surveys require enhancement to better capture the health implications of new technologies and multiple <span class="hlt">fuel</span> use. PMID:23674502</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23898361','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23898361"><span>Association between the use of biomass <span class="hlt">fuels</span> on respiratory health of workers in food catering enterprises in Nairobi Kenya.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Keraka, Margaret; Ochieng, Carolyne; Engelbrecht, Jacobus; Hongoro, Charles</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Indoor air pollution from biomass <span class="hlt">fuel</span> use has been found to be responsible for more than 1.6 million <span class="hlt">annual</span> deaths and 2.7% of the global burden of disease. This makes it the second biggest environmental contributor to ill health, behind unsafe water and sanitation. The main objective of this study was to investigate if there was any association between use of bio-<span class="hlt">fuels</span> in food catering enterprises and respiratory health of the workers. A cross-sectional design was employed, and data collected using Qualitative and quantitative techniques. The study found significantly higher prevalence of respiratory health outcomes among respondents in enterprises using biomass <span class="hlt">fuels</span> compared to those using processed <span class="hlt">fuels</span>. Biomass <span class="hlt">fuels</span> are thus a major public health threat to workers in this sub-sector, and urgent intervention is required. The study recommends a switch from biomass <span class="hlt">fuels</span> to processed <span class="hlt">fuels</span> to protect the health of the workers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970026593','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970026593"><span><span class="hlt">Annual</span> and Semi-<span class="hlt">Annual</span> Temperature Oscillations in the Upper Mesosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Niciejewski, R. J.; Killeen, T. L.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Fourier transform spectrometer observations of the mesosphere have been performed at the University of Michigan (latitude: 42.5 N) on a long term basis. A database of near infrared Meinel hydroxyl spectra has been accumulated from which rotational temperatures have been determined. Harmonic analysis of one-day averaged temperatures for the period 1992.0 to 1994.5 has shown a distinct <span class="hlt">annual</span> and semi-<span class="hlt">annual</span> variation. Subsequent fitting of a five term periodic function characterizing the <span class="hlt">annual</span> and semi-<span class="hlt">annual</span> temperature oscillations to the daily averaged temperatures was performed. The resultant mean temperature and the amplitudes and phases of the <span class="hlt">annual</span> and semi-<span class="hlt">annual</span> variations are shown to coincide with an emission height slightly above 85 km which is consistent with the mean rocket derived altitude for peak nocturnal hydroxyl emission.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=237366&keyword=pavement&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=237366&keyword=pavement&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>The <span class="hlt">value</span> of our public trees</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>An assessment of the <span class="hlt">value</span> and <span class="hlt">annual</span> benefits of public trees in the Corvallis Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) was recently conducted by Don Phillips (Research Biologist at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] research lab in Corvallis), along with Connie Burdick (EPA geog...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFMPP43A0616W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFMPP43A0616W"><span><span class="hlt">Annual</span> growth bands in Hymenaea courbaril: implications for utilization in tropical paleoclimate reconstructions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Westbrook, J. A.; Guilderson, T.; Colinvaux, P. A.; D'Arrigo, R.</p> <p>2004-12-01</p> <p>Instrumental records of environmental variables such as temperature and precipitation are necessary to understand climate patterns and variability. In general, such observations from the tropics do not exist prior to the late 19th century, and existing records contain large spatial and temporal gaps and are sparsely distributed. An important source of <span class="hlt">annual</span> temperature and precipitation proxy-data comes from the regular <span class="hlt">annual</span> growth rings of wood formed by trees. Tree growth rings occur in response to periodic seasonal changes in the environment. Although expansive and diverse in number and ecology, a vast majority of tropical trees do not produce distinct <span class="hlt">annual</span> growth rings. Because of this, tropical dendrochronology and paleoclimate reconstructions have lagged behind their temperate and higher latitude cousins. Distinct secondary growth rings were investigated in a single individual of the tropical hardwood legume Hymenaea courbaril felled within the City of David, Republic of Panama. Rings that maintained circuitry were considered <span class="hlt">annual</span> and were sampled for 14C. Radiocarbon <span class="hlt">values</span> from the secondary growth rings from this specimen were compared with <span class="hlt">annual</span> reference radiocarbon <span class="hlt">values</span> from wood and air in North America, New Zealand and Germany. This comparison demonstrated that the secondary growth rings formed by H. courbaril were determined to be <span class="hlt">annual</span> in nature in this one stem disk specimen. To confirm the consistency of the <span class="hlt">annual</span> nature of the secondary growth rings in H. courbaril, nine (9) additional specimens were recovered from the small hamlet of San Carlos y Algarobbo in western Panama between the town of David and the cordillera approximately ~30km from the site of the first tree sample. Of the nine specimens, four were chosen for ring counts and isotope analyses. "<span class="hlt">Annual</span>" rings were counted and samples corresponding to the equivalent time of the bomb-14C peak were sampled. In addition a small subset of years within one tree specimen were sub-<span class="hlt">annually</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/989698-monthly-estimates-carbon-dioxide-emissions-from-fossil-fuel-consumption-brazil-during-late-early','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/989698-monthly-estimates-carbon-dioxide-emissions-from-fossil-fuel-consumption-brazil-during-late-early"><span>Monthly estimates of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-<span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption in Brazil during the late 1990s and early 2000s</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Losey, London M; Andres, Robert Joseph; Marland, Gregg</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>Detailed understanding of global carbon cycling requires estimates of CO2 emissions on temporal and spatial scales finer than <span class="hlt">annual</span> and country. This is the first attempt to derive such estimates for a large, developing, Southern Hemisphere country. Though data on energy use are not complete in terms of time and geography, there are enough data available on the sale or consumption of <span class="hlt">fuels</span> in Brazil to reasonably approximate the temporal and spatial patterns of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> use and CO2 emissions. Given the available data, a strong <span class="hlt">annual</span> cycle in emissions from Brazil is not apparent. CO2 emissions are unevenly distributed withinmore » Brazil as the population density and level of development both vary widely.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1162200','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1162200"><span>An analysis of nuclear <span class="hlt">fuel</span> burnup in the AGR-1 TRISO <span class="hlt">fuel</span> experiment using gamma spectrometry, mass spectrometry, and computational simulation techniques</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Harp, Jason M.; Demkowicz, Paul A.; Winston, Philip L.</p> <p></p> <p>AGR 1 was the first in a series of experiments designed to test US TRISO <span class="hlt">fuel</span> under high temperature gas-cooled reactor irradiation conditions. This experiment was irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and is currently undergoing post irradiation examination (PIE) at INL and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. One component of the AGR 1 PIE is the experimental evaluation of the burnup of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> by two separate techniques. Gamma spectrometry was used to non destructively evaluate the burnup of all 72 of the TRISO <span class="hlt">fuel</span> compacts that comprised the AGR 1 experiment. Two methodsmore » for evaluating burnup by gamma spectrometry were developed, one based on the Cs 137 activity and the other based on the ratio of Cs 134 and Cs 137 activities. Burnup <span class="hlt">values</span> determined from both methods compared well with the <span class="hlt">values</span> predicted from simulations. The highest measured burnup was 20.1% FIMA for the direct method and 20.0% FIMA for the ratio method (compared to 19.56% FIMA from simulations). An advantage of the ratio method is that the burnup of the cylindrical <span class="hlt">fuel</span> compacts can determined in small (2.5 mm) axial increments and an axial burnup profile can be produced. Destructive chemical analysis by inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP MS) was then performed on selected compacts that were representative of the expected range of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> burnups in the experiment to compare with the burnup <span class="hlt">values</span> determined by gamma spectrometry. The compacts analyzed by mass spectrometry had a burnup range of 19.3% FIMA to 10.7% FIMA. The mass spectrometry evaluation of burnup for the four compacts agreed well with the gamma spectrometry burnup evaluations and the expected burnup from simulation. For all four compacts analyzed by mass spectrometry, the maximum range in the three experimentally determined <span class="hlt">values</span> and the predicted <span class="hlt">value</span> was 6% or less. Furthermore, the results confirm the accuracy of the nondestructive burnup evaluation from gamma</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1162200-analysis-nuclear-fuel-burnup-agr-triso-fuel-experiment-using-gamma-spectrometry-mass-spectrometry-computational-simulation-techniques','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1162200-analysis-nuclear-fuel-burnup-agr-triso-fuel-experiment-using-gamma-spectrometry-mass-spectrometry-computational-simulation-techniques"><span>An analysis of nuclear <span class="hlt">fuel</span> burnup in the AGR-1 TRISO <span class="hlt">fuel</span> experiment using gamma spectrometry, mass spectrometry, and computational simulation techniques</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Harp, Jason M.; Demkowicz, Paul A.; Winston, Philip L.; ...</p> <p>2014-09-03</p> <p>AGR 1 was the first in a series of experiments designed to test US TRISO <span class="hlt">fuel</span> under high temperature gas-cooled reactor irradiation conditions. This experiment was irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and is currently undergoing post irradiation examination (PIE) at INL and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. One component of the AGR 1 PIE is the experimental evaluation of the burnup of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> by two separate techniques. Gamma spectrometry was used to non destructively evaluate the burnup of all 72 of the TRISO <span class="hlt">fuel</span> compacts that comprised the AGR 1 experiment. Two methodsmore » for evaluating burnup by gamma spectrometry were developed, one based on the Cs 137 activity and the other based on the ratio of Cs 134 and Cs 137 activities. Burnup <span class="hlt">values</span> determined from both methods compared well with the <span class="hlt">values</span> predicted from simulations. The highest measured burnup was 20.1% FIMA for the direct method and 20.0% FIMA for the ratio method (compared to 19.56% FIMA from simulations). An advantage of the ratio method is that the burnup of the cylindrical <span class="hlt">fuel</span> compacts can determined in small (2.5 mm) axial increments and an axial burnup profile can be produced. Destructive chemical analysis by inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP MS) was then performed on selected compacts that were representative of the expected range of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> burnups in the experiment to compare with the burnup <span class="hlt">values</span> determined by gamma spectrometry. The compacts analyzed by mass spectrometry had a burnup range of 19.3% FIMA to 10.7% FIMA. The mass spectrometry evaluation of burnup for the four compacts agreed well with the gamma spectrometry burnup evaluations and the expected burnup from simulation. For all four compacts analyzed by mass spectrometry, the maximum range in the three experimentally determined <span class="hlt">values</span> and the predicted <span class="hlt">value</span> was 6% or less. Furthermore, the results confirm the accuracy of the nondestructive burnup evaluation from gamma</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/21824','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/21824"><span>Timber <span class="hlt">value</span> growth rates in New England</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>David A, Gansner; Stanford L. Arner; Thomas W. Birch; Thomas W. Birch</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Rates of growth in the <span class="hlt">value</span> of standing timber can vary greatly from stand to stand and from tree to tree. In Maine, the compound <span class="hlt">annual</span> rate of change in stand <span class="hlt">value</span> between the two most recent forest inventories ranged from -12 to +43 percent. Faced with this kind of variation, forest managers can use help in determining financial rates of return for their woodland...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17000541','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17000541"><span>Soybean-derived biofuels and home heating <span class="hlt">fuels</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mushrush, George W; Wynne, James H; Willauer, Heather D; Lloyd, Christopher L</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>It is environmentally enticing to consider replacing or blending petroleum derived heating <span class="hlt">fuels</span> with biofuels for many reasons. Major considerations include the soaring worldwide price of petroleum products, especially home heating oil, the toxicity of the petroleum-derived <span class="hlt">fuels</span> and the environmental damage that leaking petroleum tanks afford. For these reasons, it has been suggested that domestic renewable energy sources be considered as replacements, or at the least, as blending stocks for home heating <span class="hlt">fuels</span>. If recycled soy restaurant cooking oils could be employed for this purpose, this would represent an environmental advantage. Renewable plant sources of energy tend to be less toxic than their petroleum counterparts. This is an important consideration when tank leakage occurs. Home <span class="hlt">fuel</span> oil storage tanks practically always contain some bottom water. This water environment has a pH <span class="hlt">value</span> that factors into heating <span class="hlt">fuel</span> stability. Therefore, the question is: would the biofuel help or exacerbate <span class="hlt">fuel</span> stability and furnace maintenance issues?</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1924b0010T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1924b0010T"><span>Calibrating the social <span class="hlt">value</span> of prospective new goods: The case of hydrogen <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell electric Vehicles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Topel, Robert H.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Economic studies of the <span class="hlt">value</span> of a new good or product innovation are typically retrospective: after a new good has been developed and marketed to consumers, data on prices and consumer choices can be used to estimate welfare gains. This paper calibrates the prospective welfare gains in the United States from a nascent vehicle platform, <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell electric vehicles (FCVs), that may or may not succeed in competition with existing vehicle platforms. Prospective gains are due to three main sources: (1) possibly reduced carbon emissions compared to existing vehicle alternatives; (2) the monopsony benefit to the U.S. from reducing world oil demand and hence the price of oil; (3) national security benefits due to reduced "oil dependence", mitigating the impact of oil price shocks on national income. I find that the benefits of reduced carbon emissions are likely to be quite small because reduced oil demand in the U.S. as only a small impact on world oil consumption and carbon emissions. Net monopsony benefits to U.S. consumers are much larger.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/269279','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/269279"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> cell programs in the United States for stationary power applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Singer, M.</p> <p>1996-04-01</p> <p>The Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Fossil Energy, is participating with the private sector in sponsoring the development of molten carbonate <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell (MCFC) and solid oxide <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell (SOFC) technologies for application in the utility, commercial and industrial sectors. Phosphoric acid <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell (PAFC) development was sponsored by the Office of Fossil Energy in previous years and is now being commercialized by the private sector. Private sector participants with the Department of Energy include the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), the Gas Research institute (GRI), electric and gas utilities, universities, manufacturing companies and their suppliers. through continued governmentmore » and private sector support, <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell systems are emerging power generation technologies which are expected to have significant worldwide impacts. An industry with <span class="hlt">annual</span> sales of over a billion dollars is envisioned early in the 21st century. PAFC power plants have begun to enter the marketplace and MCFC and SOFC power plants are expected to be ready to enter the marketplace in the late 1990s. In support of the efficient and effective use of our natural resources, the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell program seeks to increase energy efficiency and economic effectiveness of power generation. This is to be accomplished through effectiveness of power generation. This is accomplished through the development and commercialization of cost-effective, efficient and environmentally desirable <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell systems which will operate on fossil <span class="hlt">fuels</span> in multiple and end use sectors.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/15007768','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/15007768"><span>Chevron: Refinery Identifies $4.4 Million in <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Savings by Using Process Simulation Models to Perform Energy-Efficiency Assessment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Not Available</p> <p>2004-05-01</p> <p>In an energy-efficiency study at its refinery near Salt Lake City, Utah, Chevron focused on light hydrocarbons processing. The company found it could recover hydrocarbons from its <span class="hlt">fuel</span> gas system and sell them. By using process simulation models of special distillation columns and associated reboilers and condensers, Chevron could predict the performance of potential equipment configuration changes and process modifications. More than 25,000 MMBtu in natural gas could be saved <span class="hlt">annually</span> if a debutanizer upgrade project and a new saturated gas plant project were completed. Together, these projects would save $4.4 million <span class="hlt">annually</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120002710','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120002710"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Burn Estimation Using Real Track Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Chatterji, Gano B.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>A procedure for estimating <span class="hlt">fuel</span> burned based on actual flight track data, and drag and <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-flow models is described. The procedure consists of estimating aircraft and wind states, lift, drag and thrust. <span class="hlt">Fuel</span>-flow for jet aircraft is determined in terms of thrust, true airspeed and altitude as prescribed by the Base of Aircraft Data <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-flow model. This paper provides a theoretical foundation for computing <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-flow with most of the information derived from actual flight data. The procedure does not require an explicit model of thrust and calibrated airspeed/Mach profile which are typically needed for trajectory synthesis. To validate the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> computation method, flight test data provided by the Federal Aviation Administration were processed. Results from this method show that <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumed can be estimated within 1% of the actual <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumed in the flight test. Next, <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption was estimated with simplified lift and thrust models. Results show negligible difference with respect to the full model without simplifications. An iterative takeoff weight estimation procedure is described for estimating <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption, when takeoff weight is unavailable, and for establishing <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption uncertainty bounds. Finally, the suitability of using radar-based position information for <span class="hlt">fuel</span> estimation is examined. It is shown that <span class="hlt">fuel</span> usage could be estimated within 5.4% of the actual <span class="hlt">value</span> using positions reported in the Airline Situation Display to Industry data with simplified models and iterative takeoff weight computation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1821126','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1821126"><span>Sustainable <span class="hlt">fuel</span> for the transportation sector</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Agrawal, Rakesh; Singh, Navneet R.; Ribeiro, Fabio H.; Delgass, W. Nicholas</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>A hybrid hydrogen-carbon (H2CAR) process for the production of liquid hydrocarbon <span class="hlt">fuels</span> is proposed wherein biomass is the carbon source and hydrogen is supplied from carbon-free energy. To implement this concept, a process has been designed to co-feed a biomass gasifier with H2 and CO2 recycled from the H2-CO to liquid conversion reactor. Modeling of this biomass to liquids process has identified several major advantages of the H2CAR process. (i) The land area needed to grow the biomass is <40% of that needed by other routes that solely use biomass to support the entire transportation sector. (ii) Whereas the literature estimates known processes to be able to produce ≈30% of the United States transportation <span class="hlt">fuel</span> from the <span class="hlt">annual</span> biomass of 1.366 billion tons, the H2CAR process shows the potential to supply the entire United States transportation sector from that quantity of biomass. (iii) The synthesized liquid provides H2 storage in an open loop system. (iv) Reduction to practice of the H2CAR route has the potential to provide the transportation sector for the foreseeable future, using the existing infrastructure. The rationale of using H2 in the H2CAR process is explained by the significantly higher <span class="hlt">annualized</span> average solar energy conversion efficiency for hydrogen generation versus that for biomass growth. For coal to liquids, the advantage of H2CAR is that there is no additional CO2 release to the atmosphere due to the replacement of petroleum with coal, thus eliminating the need to sequester CO2. PMID:17360377</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17360377','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17360377"><span>Sustainable <span class="hlt">fuel</span> for the transportation sector.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Agrawal, Rakesh; Singh, Navneet R; Ribeiro, Fabio H; Delgass, W Nicholas</p> <p>2007-03-20</p> <p>A hybrid hydrogen-carbon (H(2)CAR) process for the production of liquid hydrocarbon <span class="hlt">fuels</span> is proposed wherein biomass is the carbon source and hydrogen is supplied from carbon-free energy. To implement this concept, a process has been designed to co-feed a biomass gasifier with H(2) and CO(2) recycled from the H(2)-CO to liquid conversion reactor. Modeling of this biomass to liquids process has identified several major advantages of the H(2)CAR process. (i) The land area needed to grow the biomass is <40% of that needed by other routes that solely use biomass to support the entire transportation sector. (ii) Whereas the literature estimates known processes to be able to produce approximately 30% of the United States transportation <span class="hlt">fuel</span> from the <span class="hlt">annual</span> biomass of 1.366 billion tons, the H(2)CAR process shows the potential to supply the entire United States transportation sector from that quantity of biomass. (iii) The synthesized liquid provides H(2) storage in an open loop system. (iv) Reduction to practice of the H(2)CAR route has the potential to provide the transportation sector for the foreseeable future, using the existing infrastructure. The rationale of using H(2) in the H(2)CAR process is explained by the significantly higher <span class="hlt">annualized</span> average solar energy conversion efficiency for hydrogen generation versus that for biomass growth. For coal to liquids, the advantage of H(2)CAR is that there is no additional CO(2) release to the atmosphere due to the replacement of petroleum with coal, thus eliminating the need to sequester CO(2).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790054179&hterms=Air+conditioning+system&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DAir%2Bconditioning%2Bsystem','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790054179&hterms=Air+conditioning+system&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DAir%2Bconditioning%2Bsystem"><span>Analysis of a <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell on-site integrated energy system for a residential complex</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Simons, S. N.; Maag, W. L.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>The energy use and costs of the on-site integrated energy system (OS/IES) which provides electric power from an on-site power plant and recovers heat that would normally be rejected to the environment is compared to a conventional system purchasing electricity from a utility and a phosphoric acid <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell powered system. The analysis showed that for a 500-unit apartment complex a <span class="hlt">fuel</span> OS/IES would be about 10% more energy conservative in terms of total coal consumption than a diesel OS/IES system or a conventional system. The <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell OS/IES capital costs could be 30 to 55% greater than the diesel OS/IES capital costs for the same life cycle costs. The life cycle cost of a <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell OS/IES would be lower than that for a conventional system as long as the cost of electricity is greater than $0.05 to $0.065/kWh. An analysis of several parametric combinations of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell power plant and state-of-art energy recovery systems and <span class="hlt">annual</span> <span class="hlt">fuel</span> requirement calculations for four locations were made. It was shown that OS/IES component choices are a major factor in <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption, with the least efficient system using 25% more <span class="hlt">fuel</span> than the most efficient. Central air conditioning and heat pumps result in minimum <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption while individual air conditioning units increase it, and in general the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell of highest electrical efficiency has the lowest <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumption.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol31/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol31-sec600-206-12.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol31/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol31-sec600-206-12.pdf"><span>40 CFR 600.206-12 - Calculation and use of FTP-based and HFET-based <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy, CO2 emissions, and carbon-related...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">values</span> from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. (ii) Calculate the city, highway, and combined <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy, CO2 emissions, and carbon-related exhaust emission <span class="hlt">values</span> from the tests performed using alcohol or natural gas test <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. (b) If only one equivalent petroleum-based <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy <span class="hlt">value</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol30/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol30-sec600-206-12.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol30/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol30-sec600-206-12.pdf"><span>40 CFR 600.206-12 - Calculation and use of FTP-based and HFET-based <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy, CO2 emissions, and carbon-related...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">values</span> from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. (ii) Calculate the city, highway, and combined <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy, CO2 emissions, and carbon-related exhaust emission <span class="hlt">values</span> from the tests performed using alcohol or natural gas test <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. (b) If only one equivalent petroleum-based <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy <span class="hlt">value</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol31/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol31-sec600-206-12.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol31/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol31-sec600-206-12.pdf"><span>40 CFR 600.206-12 - Calculation and use of FTP-based and HFET-based <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy, CO2 emissions, and carbon-related...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">values</span> from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. (ii) Calculate the city, highway, and combined <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy, CO2 emissions, and carbon-related exhaust emission <span class="hlt">values</span> from the tests performed using alcohol or natural gas test <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. (b) If only one equivalent petroleum-based <span class="hlt">fuel</span> economy <span class="hlt">value</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22257847-fuel-cycle-cost-uncertainty-from-nuclear-fuel-cycle-comparison','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22257847-fuel-cycle-cost-uncertainty-from-nuclear-fuel-cycle-comparison"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> cycle cost uncertainty from nuclear <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycle comparison</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Li, J.; McNelis, D.; Yim, M.S.</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>This paper examined the uncertainty in <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycle cost (FCC) calculation by considering both model and parameter uncertainty. Four different <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycle options were compared in the analysis including the once-through cycle (OT), the DUPIC cycle, the MOX cycle and a closed <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycle with fast reactors (FR). The model uncertainty was addressed by using three different FCC modeling approaches with and without the time <span class="hlt">value</span> of money consideration. The relative ratios of FCC in comparison to OT did not change much by using different modeling approaches. This observation was consistent with the results of the sensitivity study for themore » discount rate. Two different sets of data with uncertainty range of unit costs were used to address the parameter uncertainty of the FCC calculation. The sensitivity study showed that the dominating contributor to the total variance of FCC is the uranium price. In general, the FCC of OT was found to be the lowest followed by FR, MOX, and DUPIC. But depending on the uranium price, the FR cycle was found to have lower FCC over OT. The reprocessing cost was also found to have a major impact on FCC.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1259412-safeguards-considerations-thorium-fuel-cycles','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1259412-safeguards-considerations-thorium-fuel-cycles"><span>Safeguards Considerations for Thorium <span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Cycles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Worrall, Louise G.; Worrall, Andrew; Flanagan, George F.; ...</p> <p>2016-04-21</p> <p>We report that by around 2025, thorium-based <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycles are likely to be deployed internationally. States such as China and India are pursuing research, development, and deployment pathways toward a number of commercial-scale thorium <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycles, and they are already building test reactors and the associated <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycle infrastructure. In the future, the potential exists for these emerging programs to sell, export, and deploy thorium <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycle technology in other states. Without technically adequate international safeguards protocols and measures in place, any future potential clandestine misuse of these <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycles could go undetected, compromising the deterrent <span class="hlt">value</span> of these protocolsmore » and measures. The development of safeguards approaches for thorium-based <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycles is therefore a matter of some urgency. Yet, the focus of the international safeguards community remains mainly on safeguarding conventional 235U- and 239Pu-based <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycles while the safeguards challenges of thorium-uranium <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycles remain largely uninvestigated. This raises the following question: Is the International Atomic Energy Agency and international safeguards system ready for thorium <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycles? Furthermore, is the safeguards technology of today sufficiently mature to meet the verification challenges posed by thorium-based <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycles? In defining these and other related research questions, the objectives of this paper are to identify key safeguards considerations for thorium-based <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycles and to call for an early dialogue between the international safeguards and the nuclear <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycle communities to prepare for the potential safeguards challenges associated with these <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycles. In this paper, it is concluded that directed research and development programs are required to meet the identified safeguards challenges and to take timely action in preparation for the international deployment of thorium <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cycles.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5107840-fuel-supply-control-method-internal-combustion-engines-adaptability-various-engines-controls-therefor-having-different-operating-characteristics','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5107840-fuel-supply-control-method-internal-combustion-engines-adaptability-various-engines-controls-therefor-having-different-operating-characteristics"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> supply control method for internal combustion engines, with adaptability to various engines and controls therefor having different operating characteristics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Otobe, Y.; Chikamatsu, M.</p> <p>1988-03-08</p> <p>A method of controlling the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> supply to an internal combustion engine is described, wherein a quantity of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> for supply to the engine is determined by correcting a basic <span class="hlt">value</span> of the quantity of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> determined as a function of at least one operating parameter of the engine by correction <span class="hlt">values</span> dependent upon operating conditions of the engine and the determined quantity of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> is supplied to the engine. The method comprises the steps of: (1) detecting a <span class="hlt">value</span> of at least one predetermined operating parameter of the engine; (2) manually adjusting a single voltage creating means to setmore » an output voltage therefrom to such a desired <span class="hlt">value</span> as to compensate for deviation of the air/<span class="hlt">fuel</span> ratio of a mixture supplied to the engine due to variations in operating characteristics of engines between different production lots or aging changes; (3) determining a <span class="hlt">value</span> of the predetermined one correction <span class="hlt">value</span> corresponding to the set desired <span class="hlt">value</span> of output voltage of the single voltage creating means, and then modifying the thus determined <span class="hlt">value</span> in response to the detected <span class="hlt">value</span> of the predetermined at least one operating parameter of the engine during engine operation; and (4) correcting the basic <span class="hlt">value</span> of the quantity of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> by the <span class="hlt">value</span> of the predetermined one correction <span class="hlt">value</span> having the thus modified <span class="hlt">value</span>, and the other correction <span class="hlt">values</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1212301','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1212301"><span><span class="hlt">Annual</span> Energy Review 1997</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Seiferlein, Katherine E.</p> <p>1998-07-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Annual</span> Energy Review (AER) presents the Energy Information Administration’s historical energy statistics. For many series, statistics are given for every year from 1949 through 1997. The statistics, expressed in either physical units or British thermal units, cover all major energy activities, including consumption, production, trade, stocks, and prices, for all major energy commodities, including fossil <span class="hlt">fuels</span>, electricity, and renewable energy sources. Publication of this report is in keeping with responsibilities given to the Energy Information Administration (EIA) in Public Law 95–91 (Department of Energy Organization Act), which states, in part, in Section 205(a)(2) that: “The Administrator shall be responsiblemore » for carrying out a central, comprehensive, and unified energy data and information program which will collect, evaluate, assemble, analyze, and disseminate data and information....” The AER is intended for use by Members of Congress, Federal and State agencies, energy analysts, and the general public. EIA welcomes suggestions from readers regarding data series in the AER and in other EIA publications.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title10-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title10-vol4-sec503-38.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title10-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title10-vol4-sec503-38.pdf"><span>10 CFR 503.38 - Permanent exemption for certain <span class="hlt">fuel</span> mixtures containing natural gas or petroleum.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... mixture of solar energy (including wind, tide, and other intermittent sources) and petroleum or natural gas, where: (1) Solar energy will account for at least 20 percent of the total <span class="hlt">annual</span> Btu heat input... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Permanent exemption for certain <span class="hlt">fuel</span> mixtures containing...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title10-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title10-vol4-sec503-38.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title10-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title10-vol4-sec503-38.pdf"><span>10 CFR 503.38 - Permanent exemption for certain <span class="hlt">fuel</span> mixtures containing natural gas or petroleum.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>... mixture of solar energy (including wind, tide, and other intermittent sources) and petroleum or natural gas, where: (1) Solar energy will account for at least 20 percent of the total <span class="hlt">annual</span> Btu heat input... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Permanent exemption for certain <span class="hlt">fuel</span> mixtures containing...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title10-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title10-vol4-sec503-38.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title10-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title10-vol4-sec503-38.pdf"><span>10 CFR 503.38 - Permanent exemption for certain <span class="hlt">fuel</span> mixtures containing natural gas or petroleum.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>... mixture of solar energy (including wind, tide, and other intermittent sources) and petroleum or natural gas, where: (1) Solar energy will account for at least 20 percent of the total <span class="hlt">annual</span> Btu heat input... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Permanent exemption for certain <span class="hlt">fuel</span> mixtures containing...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title10-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title10-vol4-sec503-38.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title10-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title10-vol4-sec503-38.pdf"><span>10 CFR 503.38 - Permanent exemption for certain <span class="hlt">fuel</span> mixtures containing natural gas or petroleum.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>... mixture of solar energy (including wind, tide, and other intermittent sources) and petroleum or natural gas, where: (1) Solar energy will account for at least 20 percent of the total <span class="hlt">annual</span> Btu heat input... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Permanent exemption for certain <span class="hlt">fuel</span> mixtures containing...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880003956','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880003956"><span>Combustion characteristics of gas turbine alternative <span class="hlt">fuels</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rollbuhler, R. James</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>An experimental investigation was conducted to obtain combustion performance <span class="hlt">values</span> for specific heavyend, synthetic hydrocarbon <span class="hlt">fuels</span>. A flame tube combustor modified to duplicate an advanced gas turbine engine combustor was used for the tests. Each <span class="hlt">fuel</span> was tested at steady-state operating conditions over a range of mass flow rates, <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-to-air mass ratio, and inlet air temperatures. The combustion pressure, as well as the hardware, were kept nearly constant over the program test phase. Test results were obtained in regards to geometric temperature pattern factors as a function of combustor wall temperatures, the combustion gas temperature, and the combustion emissions, both as affected by the mass flow rate and <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-to-air ratio. The synthetic <span class="hlt">fuels</span> were reacted in the combustor such that for most tests their performance was as good, if not better, than the baseline gasoline or diesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span> tests. The only detrimental effects were that at high inlet air temperature conditions, <span class="hlt">fuel</span> decomposition occurred in the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> atomizing nozzle passages resulting in blockage. And the nitrogen oxide emissions were above EPA limits at low flow rate and high operating temperature conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70043104','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70043104"><span>Estimation of wildfire size and risk changes due to <span class="hlt">fuels</span> treatments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Cochrane, M.A.; Moran, C.J.; Wimberly, M.C.; Baer, A.D.; Finney, M.A.; Beckendorf, K.L.; Eidenshink, J.; Zhu, Z.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Human land use practices, altered climates, and shifting forest and fire management policies have increased the frequency of large wildfires several-fold. Mitigation of potential fire behaviour and fire severity have increasingly been attempted through pre-fire alteration of wildland <span class="hlt">fuels</span> using mechanical treatments and prescribed fires. Despite <span class="hlt">annual</span> treatment of more than a million hectares of land, quantitative assessments of the effectiveness of existing <span class="hlt">fuel</span> treatments at reducing the size of actual wildfires or how they might alter the risk of burning across landscapes are currently lacking. Here, we present a method for estimating spatial probabilities of burning as a function of extant <span class="hlt">fuels</span> treatments for any wildland fire-affected landscape. We examined the landscape effects of more than 72 000 ha of wildland <span class="hlt">fuel</span> treatments involved in 14 large wildfires that burned 314 000 ha of forests in nine US states between 2002 and 2010. <span class="hlt">Fuels</span> treatments altered the probability of fire occurrence both positively and negatively across landscapes, effectively redistributing fire risk by changing surface fire spread rates and reducing the likelihood of crowning behaviour. Trade offs are created between formation of large areas with low probabilities of increased burning and smaller, well-defined regions with reduced fire risk.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1288362','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1288362"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> cell and membrane therefore</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Aindow, Tai-Tsui</p> <p></p> <p>A <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell includes first and second flow field plates, and an anode electrode and a cathode electrode between the flow field plates. A polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) is arranged between the electrodes. At least one of the flow field plates influences, at least in part, an in-plane anisotropic physical condition of the PEM that varies in magnitude between a high <span class="hlt">value</span> direction and a low <span class="hlt">value</span> direction. The PEM has an in-plane physical property that varies in magnitude between a high <span class="hlt">value</span> direction and a low <span class="hlt">value</span> direction. The PEM is oriented with its high <span class="hlt">value</span> direction substantially alignedmore » with the high <span class="hlt">value</span> direction of the flow field plate.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1393822','SCIGOV-DOEDE'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1393822"><span>Estimates of Monthly CO2 Emissions and Associated 13C/12C <span class="hlt">Values</span> from Fossil-<span class="hlt">Fuel</span> Consumption in the U.S.A. (1981-2003)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/dataexplorer">DOE Data Explorer</a></p> <p>Blasing, T. J. [CDIAC, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); Marland, Gregg [CDIAC, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); Broniak, Christine [Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon</p> <p>2004-07-01</p> <p>The data from which these carbon-emissions estimates were derived are <span class="hlt">values</span> of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> consumed: in billions of cubic feet, for natural gas; in millions of barrels, for petroleum products; and in thousands of short tons, for coal. The resulting emissions estimates are expressed as teragrams of carbon. A teragram is 1012 grams, or 106 metric tons. To convert from carbon to carbon dioxide, multiply by 44/12 (=3.67). Data are available for over 30 different petroleum products, with the exact breakdown varying somewhat from year to year. These products have been treated separately here until the final step of the estimation, at which time CO2 emissions were summed and attributed to liquid petroleum products. These <span class="hlt">fuel</span>-consumption data are available from the Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy. They are published in the Monthly Energy Review, and are available electronically from the Energy Information Administration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/44505','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/44505"><span>Hazardous <span class="hlt">fuel</span> treatments, suppression cost impacts, and risk mitigation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Matthew P. Thompson; Michael S. Hand; Julie W. Gilbertson-Day; Nicole M. Vaillant; Darek J. Nalle</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Land management agencies face uncertain tradeoffs regarding investments in preparedness and <span class="hlt">fuels</span> management versus future suppression costs and impacts to <span class="hlt">valued</span> resources and assets. Prospective evaluation of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> treatments allows for comparison of alternative treatment strategies in terms of socioeconomic and ecological impacts, and can facilitate tradeoff analysis...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3725321','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3725321"><span>Association between the use of biomass <span class="hlt">fuels</span> on respiratory health of workers in food catering enterprises in Nairobi Kenya</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Keraka, Margaret; Ochieng, Carolyne; Engelbrecht, Jacobus; Hongoro, Charles</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Introduction Indoor air pollution from biomass <span class="hlt">fuel</span> use has been found to be responsible for more than 1.6 million <span class="hlt">annual</span> deaths and 2.7% of the global burden of disease. This makes it the second biggest environmental contributor to ill health, behind unsafe water and sanitation. Methods The main objective of this study was to investigate if there was any association between use of bio-<span class="hlt">fuels</span> in food catering enterprises and respiratory health of the workers. A cross-sectional design was employed, and data collected using Qualitative and quantitative techniques. Results The study found significantly higher prevalence of respiratory health outcomes among respondents in enterprises using biomass <span class="hlt">fuels</span> compared to those using processed <span class="hlt">fuels</span>. Biomass <span class="hlt">fuels</span> are thus a major public health threat to workers in this sub-sector, and urgent intervention is required. Conclusion The study recommends a switch from biomass <span class="hlt">fuels</span> to processed <span class="hlt">fuels</span> to protect the health of the workers. PMID:23898361</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=285785','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=285785"><span>Sweet sorghum biorefinery for production of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> ethanol and <span class="hlt">value</span>-added co-products</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>An integrated process has been developed for a sweet-sorghum biorefinery in which all carbohydrate components of the feedstock were used for production of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> ethanol and industrial chemicals. In the first step, the juice was extracted from the stalks. The resulted straw (bagasse) then was pretreat...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1028652','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1028652"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> cell generator with <span class="hlt">fuel</span> electrodes that control on-cell <span class="hlt">fuel</span> reformation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Ruka, Roswell J [Pittsburgh, PA; Basel, Richard A [Pittsburgh, PA; Zhang, Gong [Murrysville, PA</p> <p>2011-10-25</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell for a <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell generator including a housing including a gas flow path for receiving a <span class="hlt">fuel</span> from a <span class="hlt">fuel</span> source and directing the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> across the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell. The <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell includes an elongate member including opposing first and second ends and defining an interior cathode portion and an exterior anode portion. The interior cathode portion includes an electrode in contact with an oxidant flow path. The exterior anode portion includes an electrode in contact with the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> in the gas flow path. The anode portion includes a catalyst material for effecting <span class="hlt">fuel</span> reformation along the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell between the opposing ends. A <span class="hlt">fuel</span> reformation control layer is applied over the catalyst material for reducing a rate of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> reformation on the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell. The control layer effects a variable reformation rate along the length of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span> cell.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol1-sec2-10-105.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol1-sec2-10-105.pdf"><span>46 CFR 2.10-105 - Prepayment of <span class="hlt">annual</span> vessel inspection fees.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... the design life or remaining expected service life of the vessel. (b) To prepay the <span class="hlt">annual</span> vessel... present <span class="hlt">value</span> using the following formula: ER13MR95.000 Where: PV is the Present <span class="hlt">Value</span> of the series of... i is the interest rate for 10-year Treasury notes at the time of prepayment calculation π is the...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol1-sec2-10-105.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol1-sec2-10-105.pdf"><span>46 CFR 2.10-105 - Prepayment of <span class="hlt">annual</span> vessel inspection fees.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... the design life or remaining expected service life of the vessel. (b) To prepay the <span class="hlt">annual</span> vessel... present <span class="hlt">value</span> using the following formula: ER13MR95.000 Where: PV is the Present <span class="hlt">Value</span> of the series of... i is the interest rate for 10-year Treasury notes at the time of prepayment calculation π is the...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol1-sec2-10-105.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol1-sec2-10-105.pdf"><span>46 CFR 2.10-105 - Prepayment of <span class="hlt">annual</span> vessel inspection fees.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... the design life or remaining expected service life of the vessel. (b) To prepay the <span class="hlt">annual</span> vessel... present <span class="hlt">value</span> using the following formula: ER13MR95.000 Where: PV is the Present <span class="hlt">Value</span> of the series of... i is the interest rate for 10-year Treasury notes at the time of prepayment calculation π is the...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol1-sec2-10-105.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol1-sec2-10-105.pdf"><span>46 CFR 2.10-105 - Prepayment of <span class="hlt">annual</span> vessel inspection fees.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... the design life or remaining expected service life of the vessel. (b) To prepay the <span class="hlt">annual</span> vessel... present <span class="hlt">value</span> using the following formula: ER13MR95.000 Where: PV is the Present <span class="hlt">Value</span> of the series of... i is the interest rate for 10-year Treasury notes at the time of prepayment calculation π is the...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol1-sec2-10-105.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol1-sec2-10-105.pdf"><span>46 CFR 2.10-105 - Prepayment of <span class="hlt">annual</span> vessel inspection fees.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... the design life or remaining expected service life of the vessel. (b) To prepay the <span class="hlt">annual</span> vessel... present <span class="hlt">value</span> using the following formula: ER13MR95.000 Where: PV is the Present <span class="hlt">Value</span> of the series of... i is the interest rate for 10-year Treasury notes at the time of prepayment calculation π is the...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/463','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/463"><span>Nonmarket economic user <span class="hlt">values</span> of the Florida Keys/Key West</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Vernon R. Leeworthy; J. Michael Bowker</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>This report provides estimates of the nonmarket economic user <span class="hlt">values</span> for recreating visitors to the Florida Keys/Key West that participated in natural resource-based activities. Results from estimated travel cost models are presented, including visitor’s responses to prices and estimated per person-trip user <span class="hlt">values</span>. <span class="hlt">Annual</span> user <span class="hlt">values</span> are also calculated and presented...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhCS.611a2013S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhCS.611a2013S"><span>Estimation of the indoor radon and the <span class="hlt">annual</span> effective dose from granite samples</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sola, P.; Srinuttrakul, W.; Kewsuwan, P.</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>Inhalation of radon and thoron daughters increases the risk of lung cancer. The main sources of indoor radon are building materials. The aim of this research is to estimate the indoor radon and the <span class="hlt">annual</span> effective dose from the building materials. Eighteen granite samples bought from the markets in Thailand were measured using an ionization chamber (ATMOS 12 DPX) for the radon concentration in air. Radon exhalation rates were calculated from the radon concentration in chamber. The indoor radon from the granite samples ranged from 10.04 to 55.32 Bq·m-2·h-1 with an average <span class="hlt">value</span> of 20.30 Bq·m-2·h-1 and the <span class="hlt">annual</span> effective dose ranged from 0.25 to 1.39 mSv·y-1 with an average <span class="hlt">value</span> of 0.48 mSv·y-1. The results showed that the <span class="hlt">annual</span> effective doses of three granite samples were higher than the <span class="hlt">annual</span> exposure limit for the general public (1 mSv·y-1) recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). In addition, the relationship between the colours and radon exhalation rates of granite samples was also explained.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1439540-fuel-property-effects-low-speed-pre-ignition','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1439540-fuel-property-effects-low-speed-pre-ignition"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> property effects on low-speed pre-ignition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Jatana, Gurneesh S.; Splitter, Derek A.; Kaul, Brian C.</p> <p></p> <p>This work explores the dependence of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> distillation and flame speed on low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI). Findings are based on cylinder pressure analysis, as well as the number count, clustering, intensity, duration, and onset crank angle of LSPI events. Four <span class="hlt">fuels</span> were used, with three of the <span class="hlt">fuels</span> being blends with gasoline, and the fourth being neat gasoline. The blended <span class="hlt">fuels</span> consisted of single molecules of different molecular types: a ketone (cyclopentanone), an alcohol (2-methyl-1-butanol), and an aromatic (ethylbenzene). All three pure molecules have RON <span class="hlt">values</span> within ±2 and boiling points within ±5 °C. These <span class="hlt">fuels</span> were blended with gasoline tomore » a 25% mass fraction and were used to run the engine at identical LSPI prone operating conditions. The findings highlight that <span class="hlt">fuels</span> with similar boiling properties and octane numbers can exhibit similar LSPI number counts, but with vastly different LSPI magnitudes and intensities. Moreover, the results highlight fundamental <span class="hlt">fuel</span> properties such as flame speed are critical to characterizing the LSPI propensity and behavior of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1439540-fuel-property-effects-low-speed-pre-ignition','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1439540-fuel-property-effects-low-speed-pre-ignition"><span><span class="hlt">Fuel</span> property effects on low-speed pre-ignition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Jatana, Gurneesh S.; Splitter, Derek A.; Kaul, Brian C.; ...</p> <p>2018-05-30</p> <p>This work explores the dependence of <span class="hlt">fuel</span> distillation and flame speed on low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI). Findings are based on cylinder pressure analysis, as well as the number count, clustering, intensity, duration, and onset crank angle of LSPI events. Four <span class="hlt">fuels</span> were used, with three of the <span class="hlt">fuels</span> being blends with gasoline, and the fourth being neat gasoline. The blended <span class="hlt">fuels</span> consisted of single molecules of different molecular types: a ketone (cyclopentanone), an alcohol (2-methyl-1-butanol), and an aromatic (ethylbenzene). All three pure molecules have RON <span class="hlt">values</span> within ±2 and boiling points within ±5 °C. These <span class="hlt">fuels</span> were blended with gasoline tomore » a 25% mass fraction and were used to run the engine at identical LSPI prone operating conditions. The findings highlight that <span class="hlt">fuels</span> with similar boiling properties and octane numbers can exhibit similar LSPI number counts, but with vastly different LSPI magnitudes and intensities. Moreover, the results highlight fundamental <span class="hlt">fuel</span> properties such as flame speed are critical to characterizing the LSPI propensity and behavior of the <span class="hlt">fuel</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22512168','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22512168"><span>[FTIR detection of unregulated emissions from a diesel engine with biodiesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span>].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tan, Pi-qiang; Hu, Zhi-yuan; Lou, Di-ming</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p>Biodiesel, as one of the most promising alternative <span class="hlt">fuels</span>, has received more attention because of limited fossil <span class="hlt">fuels</span>. A comparison of biodiesel and petroleum diesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span> is discussed as regards engine unregulated exhaust emissions. A diesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span>, a pure biodiesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span>, and <span class="hlt">fuel</span> with 20% V/V biodiesel blend ratio were tested without engine modification The present study examines six typical unregulated emissions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) method: formaldehyde (HCHO), acetaldehyde (C2 H4 O), acetone (C3 H6 O), toluene (C7 H8), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon dioxide (CO2). The results show addition of biodiesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span> increases the formaldehyde emission, and B20 <span class="hlt">fuel</span> has little change, but the formaldehyde emission of pure biodiesel shows a clear trend of addition. Compared with the pure diesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span>, the acetaldehyde of B20 <span class="hlt">fuel</span> has a distinct decrease, and the acetaldehyde emission of pure biodiesel is lower than that of the pure diesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span> at low and middle engine loads, but higher at high engine load. The acetone emission is very low, and increases for B20 and pure biodiesel <span class="hlt">fuels</span> as compared to diesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span>. Compared with the diesel <span class="hlt">fuel</span>, the toluene and sulfur dioxide <span class="hlt">values</span> of the engine show a distinct decrease with biodiesel blend ratio increasing. It is clear that the biodiesel could reduce aromatic compounds and emissions of diesel engines. The carbon dioxide emission of pure biodiesel has a little lower <span class="hlt">value</span> than diesel, showing that the biodiesel benefits control of greenhouse gas.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. Their policies may differ from this site.</div> </div><!-- container --> <footer><a id="backToTop" href="#top"> </a><nav><a id="backToTop" href="#top"> </a><ul class="links"><a id="backToTop" href="#top"> </a><li><a id="backToTop" href="#top"></a><a href="/sitemap.html">Site Map</a></li> <li><a href="/members/index.html">Members Only</a></li> <li><a href="/website-policies.html">Website Policies</a></li> <li><a href="https://doe.responsibledisclosure.com/hc/en-us" target="_blank">Vulnerability Disclosure Program</a></li> <li><a href="/contact.html">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> <div class="small">Science.gov is maintained by the U.S. Department of Energy's <a href="https://www.osti.gov/" target="_blank">Office of Scientific and Technical Information</a>, in partnership with <a href="https://www.cendi.gov/" target="_blank">CENDI</a>.</div> </nav> </footer> <script type="text/javascript"><!-- // var lastDiv = ""; function showDiv(divName) { // hide last div if (lastDiv) { document.getElementById(lastDiv).className = "hiddenDiv"; } //if value of the box is not nothing and an object with that name exists, then change the class if (divName && document.getElementById(divName)) { document.getElementById(divName).className = "visibleDiv"; lastDiv = divName; } } //--> </script> <script> /** * Function that tracks a click on an outbound link in Google Analytics. * This function takes a valid URL string as an argument, and uses that URL string * as the event label. */ var trackOutboundLink = function(url,collectionCode) { try { h = window.open(url); setTimeout(function() { ga('send', 'event', 'topic-page-click-through', collectionCode, url); }, 1000); } catch(err){} }; </script> <!-- Google Analytics --> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-1122789-34', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <!-- End Google Analytics --> <script> showDiv('page_1') </script> </body> </html>