Sample records for variability results showed
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Charts Showing Relations Among Primary Aerodynamic Variables for Helicopter-performance Estimation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Talkin, Herbert W
1947-01-01
In order to facilitate solutions of the general problem of helicopter selection, the aerodynamic performance of rotors is presented in the form of charts showing relations between primary design and performance variables. By the use of conventional helicopter theory, certain variables are plotted and other variables are considered fixed. Charts constructed in such a manner show typical results, trends, and limits of helicopter performance. Performance conditions considered include hovering, horizontal flight, climb, and ceiling. Special problems discussed include vertical climb and the use of rotor-speed-reduction gears for hovering.
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A&M. TAN607 sections. Section A shows variable roof lines, variable ...
A&M. TAN-607 sections. Section A shows variable roof lines, variable thickness of hot shop shield walls, relationship of subterranean pool to grade. Section B shows relative heights of hot shop floor and its control gallery, position of bridge cranes and manipulator rails. Locomotive service pit. Referent drawing is ID-33-E-158 Above. Ralph M. Parsons 902-3-ANP-607-A 105. Date: December 1952. Approved by INEEL Classification Office for public release. INEEL index code no. 034-0607-00-693-106757 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Area North, Scoville, Butte County, ID
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Gun Shows and Gun Violence: Fatally Flawed Study Yields Misleading Results
Hemenway, David; Webster, Daniel; Pierce, Glenn; Braga, Anthony A.
2010-01-01
A widely publicized but unpublished study of the relationship between gun shows and gun violence is being cited in debates about the regulation of gun shows and gun commerce. We believe the study is fatally flawed. A working paper entitled “The Effect of Gun Shows on Gun-Related Deaths: Evidence from California and Texas” outlined this study, which found no association between gun shows and gun-related deaths. We believe the study reflects a limited understanding of gun shows and gun markets and is not statistically powered to detect even an implausibly large effect of gun shows on gun violence. In addition, the research contains serious ascertainment and classification errors, produces results that are sensitive to minor specification changes in key variables and in some cases have no face validity, and is contradicted by 1 of its own authors’ prior research. The study should not be used as evidence in formulating gun policy. PMID:20724672
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Gun shows and gun violence: fatally flawed study yields misleading results.
Wintemute, Garen J; Hemenway, David; Webster, Daniel; Pierce, Glenn; Braga, Anthony A
2010-10-01
A widely publicized but unpublished study of the relationship between gun shows and gun violence is being cited in debates about the regulation of gun shows and gun commerce. We believe the study is fatally flawed. A working paper entitled "The Effect of Gun Shows on Gun-Related Deaths: Evidence from California and Texas" outlined this study, which found no association between gun shows and gun-related deaths. We believe the study reflects a limited understanding of gun shows and gun markets and is not statistically powered to detect even an implausibly large effect of gun shows on gun violence. In addition, the research contains serious ascertainment and classification errors, produces results that are sensitive to minor specification changes in key variables and in some cases have no face validity, and is contradicted by 1 of its own authors' prior research. The study should not be used as evidence in formulating gun policy.
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Potential fitting biases resulting from grouping data into variable width bins
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Towers, S.
2014-07-01
When reading peer-reviewed scientific literature describing any analysis of empirical data, it is natural and correct to proceed with the underlying assumption that experiments have made good faith efforts to ensure that their analyses yield unbiased results. However, particle physics experiments are expensive and time consuming to carry out, thus if an analysis has inherent bias (even if unintentional), much money and effort can be wasted trying to replicate or understand the results, particularly if the analysis is fundamental to our understanding of the universe. In this note we discuss the significant biases that can result from data binning schemes. As we will show, if data are binned such that they provide the best comparison to a particular (but incorrect) model, the resulting model parameter estimates when fitting to the binned data can be significantly biased, leading us to too often accept the model hypothesis when it is not in fact true. When using binned likelihood or least squares methods there is of course no a priori requirement that data bin sizes need to be constant, but we show that fitting to data grouped into variable width bins is particularly prone to produce biased results if the bin boundaries are chosen to optimize the comparison of the binned data to a wrong model. The degree of bias that can be achieved simply with variable binning can be surprisingly large. Fitting the data with an unbinned likelihood method, when possible to do so, is the best way for researchers to show that their analyses are not biased by binning effects. Failing that, equal bin widths should be employed as a cross-check of the fitting analysis whenever possible.
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Exact statistical results for binary mixing and reaction in variable density turbulence
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ristorcelli, J. R.
2017-02-01
We report a number of rigorous statistical results on binary active scalar mixing in variable density turbulence. The study is motivated by mixing between pure fluids with very different densities and whose density intensity is of order unity. Our primary focus is the derivation of exact mathematical results for mixing in variable density turbulence and we do point out the potential fields of application of the results. A binary one step reaction is invoked to derive a metric to asses the state of mixing. The mean reaction rate in variable density turbulent mixing can be expressed, in closed form, using the first order Favre mean variables and the Reynolds averaged density variance, ⟨ρ2⟩ . We show that the normalized density variance, ⟨ρ2⟩ , reflects the reduction of the reaction due to mixing and is a mix metric. The result is mathematically rigorous. The result is the variable density analog, the normalized mass fraction variance ⟨c2⟩ used in constant density turbulent mixing. As a consequence, we demonstrate that use of the analogous normalized Favre variance of the mass fraction, c″ 2˜ , as a mix metric is not theoretically justified in variable density turbulence. We additionally derive expressions relating various second order moments of the mass fraction, specific volume, and density fields. The central role of the density specific volume covariance ⟨ρ v ⟩ is highlighted; it is a key quantity with considerable dynamical significance linking various second order statistics. For laboratory experiments, we have developed exact relations between the Reynolds scalar variance ⟨c2⟩ its Favre analog c″ 2˜ , and various second moments including ⟨ρ v ⟩ . For moment closure models that evolve ⟨ρ v ⟩ and not ⟨ρ2⟩ , we provide a novel expression for ⟨ρ2⟩ in terms of a rational function of ⟨ρ v ⟩ that avoids recourse to Taylor series methods (which do not converge for large density differences). We have derived
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Btu accounting: Showing results
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Nelson, K.E.
1994-10-01
In the preceding article in this series last month, the author showed how to calculate the energy consumed to make a pound of product. To realize a payoff, however, the results must be presented in graphs or tables that clearly display what has happened. They must call attention to plant performance and ultimately lead to more efficient use of energy. Energy-consumption reporting is particularly valuable when viewed over a period of time. The author recommend compiling data annually and maintaining a ten-year performance history. Four cases are considered: individual plant performance; site performance for sites having more than one plant;more » company performance, for companies having more than one site; and performance based on product, for identical or similar products made at different plants or sites. Of these, individual plant performance is inherently the most useful. It also serves as the best basis for site, company and product performance reports. A key element in energy accounting is the relating of all energy consumption to a common basis. As developed last month in Part 1 in this series, the author chose Btu[sub meth] (i.e., Btu of methane equivalent, expressed as its higher heating value) for this purpose. It represents the amount of methane that would be needed to replace (in the case of fuels) or generate (in the case of steam and power) the energy being used.« less
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Spinning Spacecraft Attitude Estimation Using Markley Variables: Filter Implementation And Results
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Sedlak, Joseph E.
2005-01-01
Attitude estimation is often more difficult for spinning spacecraft than for three-axis stabilized platforms due to the need to follow rapidly-varying state vector elements and the lack of three-axis rate measurements from gyros. The estimation problem simplifies when torques are negligible and nutation has damped out, but the general case requires a sequential filter with dynamics propagation. This paper describes the implementation and test results for an extended Kalman filter for spinning spacecraft attitude and rate estimation based on a novel set of variables suggested in a paper by Markley [AAS93-3301 (referred to hereafter as Markley variables). Markley has demonstrated that the new set of variables provides a superior parameterization for numerical integration of the attitude dynamics for spinning or momentum-biased spacecraft. The advantage is that the Markley variables have fewer rapidly-varying elements than other representations such as the attitude quaternion and rate vector. A filter based on these variables was expected to show improved performance due to the more accurate numerical state propagation. However, for a variety of test cases, it has been found that the new filter, as currently implemented, does not perform significantly better than a quaternion-based filter that was developed and tested in parallel. This paper reviews the mathematical background for a filter based on Markley variables. It also describes some features of the implementation and presents test results. The test cases are based on a mission using magnetometer and Sun sensor data and gyro measurements on two axes normal to the spin axis. The orbit and attitude scenarios and spacecraft parameters are modeled after one of the THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms) probes. Several tests are presented that demonstrate the filter accuracy and convergence properties. The tests include torque-free motion with various nutation angles, large
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Results of Propellant Mixing Variable Study Using Precise Pressure-Based Burn Rate Calculations
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Stefanski, Philip L.
2014-01-01
A designed experiment was conducted in which three mix processing variables (pre-curative addition mix temperature, pre-curative addition mixing time, and mixer speed) were varied to estimate their effects on within-mix propellant burn rate variability. The chosen discriminator for the experiment was the 2-inch diameter by 4-inch long (2x4) Center-Perforated (CP) ballistic evaluation motor. Motor nozzle throat diameters were sized to produce a common targeted chamber pressure. Initial data analysis did not show a statistically significant effect. Because propellant burn rate must be directly related to chamber pressure, a method was developed that showed statistically significant effects on chamber pressure (either maximum or average) by adjustments to the process settings. Burn rates were calculated from chamber pressures and these were then normalized to a common pressure for comparative purposes. The pressure-based method of burn rate determination showed significant reduction in error when compared to results obtained from the Brooks' modification of the propellant web-bisector burn rate determination method. Analysis of effects using burn rates calculated by the pressure-based method showed a significant correlation of within-mix burn rate dispersion to mixing duration and the quadratic of mixing duration. The findings were confirmed in a series of mixes that examined the effects of mixing time on burn rate variation, which yielded the same results.
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Krishnan, Michelle L.; Wang, Zi; Aljabar, Paul; Ball, Gareth; Mirza, Ghazala; Saxena, Alka; Counsell, Serena J.; Hajnal, Joseph V.; Montana, Giovanni
2017-01-01
Preterm infants show abnormal structural and functional brain development, and have a high risk of long-term neurocognitive problems. The molecular and cellular mechanisms involved are poorly understood, but novel methods now make it possible to address them by examining the relationship between common genetic variability and brain endophenotype. We addressed the hypothesis that variability in the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) pathway would be related to brain development. We employed machine learning in an unsupervised, unbiased, combined analysis of whole-brain diffusion tractography together with genomewide, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genotypes from a cohort of 272 preterm infants, using Sparse Reduced Rank Regression (sRRR) and correcting for ethnicity and age at birth and imaging. Empirical selection frequencies for SNPs associated with cerebral connectivity ranged from 0.663 to zero, with multiple highly selected SNPs mapping to genes for PPARG (six SNPs), ITGA6 (four SNPs), and FXR1 (two SNPs). SNPs in PPARG were significantly overrepresented (ranked 7–11 and 67 of 556,000 SNPs; P < 2.2 × 10−7), and were mostly in introns or regulatory regions with predicted effects including protein coding and nonsense-mediated decay. Edge-centric graph-theoretic analysis showed that highly selected white-matter tracts were consistent across the group and important for information transfer (P < 2.2 × 10−17); they most often connected to the insula (P < 6 × 10−17). These results suggest that the inhibited brain development seen in humans exposed to the stress of a premature extrauterine environment is modulated by genetic factors, and that PPARG signaling has a previously unrecognized role in cerebral development. PMID:29229843
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Beaumont, B. C.; Raineault, N.
2016-02-01
Scientists have recognized that natural seeps account for a large amount of methane emissions. Despite their widespread occurrence in areas like the Gulf of Mexico, little is known about the temporal variability and site-scale spatial variability of venting over time. We used repeat acoustic surveys to compare multiple days of seep activity and determine the changes in the locus of methane emission and plume height. The Sleeping Dragon site was surveyed with an EM302 multibeam sonar on three consecutive days in 2014 and 4 days within one week in 2015. The data revealed three distinctive plume regions. The locus of venting varied by 10-60 meters at each site. The plume that exhibited the least spatial variability in venting, was also the most temporally variable. This seep was present in one-third of survey dates in 2014 and three quarters of survey dates in 2015, showing high day-to-day variability. The plume height was very consistent for this plume, whereas the other plumes were more consistent temporally, but varied in maximum plume height detection by 25-85 m. The single locus of emission at the site that had high day-to-day variability may be due to a single conduit for methane release, which is sometimes closed off by carbonate or clathrate hydrate formation. In addition to day-to-day temporal variability, the locus of emission at one site was observed to shift from a point-source in 2014 to a diffuse source in 2015 at a nearby location. ROV observations showed that one of the seep sites that closed off temporarily, experienced an explosive breakthrough of gas, releasing confined methane and blowing out rock. The mechanism that causes on/off behavior of certain plumes, combined with the spatial variability of the locus of methane release shown in this study may point to carbonate or hydrate formation in the seep plumbing system and should be further investigated.
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Gaburro, Stefano; Stiedl, Oliver; Giusti, Pietro; Sartori, Simone B; Landgraf, Rainer; Singewald, Nicolas
2011-11-01
Increasing evidence suggests that specific physiological measures may serve as biomarkers for successful treatment to alleviate symptoms of pathological anxiety. Studies of autonomic function investigating parameters such as heart rate (HR), HR variability and blood pressure (BP) indicated that HR variability is consistently reduced in anxious patients, whereas HR and BP data show inconsistent results. Therefore, HR and HR variability were measured under various emotionally challenging conditions in a mouse model of high innate anxiety (high anxiety behaviour; HAB) vs. control normal anxiety-like behaviour (NAB) mice. Baseline HR, HR variability and activity did not differ between mouse lines. However, after cued Pavlovian fear conditioning, both elevated tachycardia and increased fear responses were observed in HAB mice compared to NAB mice upon re-exposure to the conditioning stimulus serving as the emotional stressor. When retention of conditioned fear was tested in the home cage, HAB mice again displayed higher fear responses than NAB mice, while the HR responses were similar. Conversely, in both experimental settings HAB mice consistently exhibited reduced HR variability. Repeated administration of the anxiolytic NK1 receptor antagonist L-822429 lowered the conditioned fear response and shifted HR dynamics in HAB mice to a more regular pattern, similar to that in NAB mice. Additional receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated the high specificity and sensitivity of HR variability to distinguish between normal and high anxiety trait. These findings indicate that assessment of autonomic response in addition to freezing might be a useful indicator of the efficacy of novel anxiolytic treatments.
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A survey for variable young stars with small telescopes: First results from HOYS-CAPS
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Froebrich, D.; Campbell-White, J.; Scholz, A.; Eislöffel, J.; Zegmott, T.; Billington, S. J.; Donohoe, J.; Makin, S. V.; Hibbert, R.; Newport, R. J.; Pickard, R.; Quinn, N.; Rodda, T.; Piehler, G.; Shelley, M.; Parkinson, S.; Wiersema, K.; Walton, I.
2018-05-01
Variability in Young Stellar Objects (YSOs) is one of their primary characteristics. Long-term, multi-filter, high-cadence monitoring of large YSO samples is the key to understand the partly unusual light-curves that many of these objects show. Here we introduce and present the first results of the HOYS-CAPScitizen science project which aims to perform such monitoring for nearby (d < 1 kpc) and young (age < 10 Myr) clusters and star forming regions, visible from the northern hemisphere, with small telescopes. We have identified and characterised 466 variable (413 confirmed young) stars in 8 young, nearby clusters. All sources vary by at least 0.2 mag in V, have been observed at least 15 times in V, R and I in the same night over a period of about 2 yrs and have a Stetson index of larger than 1. This is one of the largest samples of variable YSOs observed over such a time-span and cadence in multiple filters. About two thirds of our sample are classical T-Tauri stars, while the rest are objects with depleted or transition disks. Objects characterised as bursters show by far the highest variability. Dippers and objects whose variability is dominated by occultations from normal interstellar dust or dust with larger grains (or opaque material) have smaller amplitudes. We have established a hierarchical clustering algorithm based on the light-curve properties which allows the identification of the YSOs with the most unusual behaviour, and to group sources with similar properties. We discuss in detail the light-curves of the unusual objects V2492 Cyg, V350 Cep and 2MASS J21383981+5708470.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Haiping; Chen, Ruihong; Li, Feipeng; Chen, Ling
2015-03-01
To investigate the effects of flow rate on phytoplankton dynamics and related environment variables, a set of enclosure experiments with different flow rates were conducted in an artificial lake. We monitored nutrients, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, turbidity, chlorophyll- a and phytoplankton levels. The lower biomass in all flowing enclosures showed that flow rate significantly inhibited the growth of phytoplankton. A critical flow rate occurred near 0.06 m/s, which was the lowest relative inhibitory rate. Changes in flow conditions affected algal competition for light, resulting in a dramatic shift in phytoplankton composition, from blue-green algae in still waters to green algae in flowing conditions. These findings indicate that critical flow rate can be useful in developing methods to reduce algal bloom occurrence. However, flow rate significantly enhanced the inter-relationships among environmental variables, in particular by inducing higher water turbidity and vegetative reproduction of periphyton ( Spirogyra). These changes were accompanied by a decrease in underwater light intensity, which consequently inhibited the photosynthetic intensity of phytoplankton. These results warn that a universal critical flow rate might not exist, because the effect of flow rate on phytoplankton is interlinked with many other environmental variables.
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Stone, Mark H.; Wright, Benjamin D.; Stenner, A. Jackson
1999-01-01
Describes mapping variables, the principal technique for planning and constructing a test or rating instrument. A variable map is also useful for interpreting results. Provides several maps to show the importance and value of mapping a variable by person and item data. (Author/SLD)
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NREL`s variable speed test bed: Preliminary results
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Carlin, P.W.; Fingersh, L.J.; Fuchs, E.F.
1996-10-01
Under an NREL subcontract, the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of the University of Colorado (CU) designed a 20-kilowatt, 12-pole, permanent-magnet, electric generator and associated custom power electronics modules. This system can supply power over a generator speed range from 60 to 120 RPM. The generator was fabricated and assembled by the Denver electric-motor manufacturer, Unique Mobility, and the power electronics modules were designed and fabricated at the University. The generator was installed on a 56-foot tower in the modified nacelle of a Grumman Windstream 33 wind turbine in early October 1995. For checkout it was immediately loaded directly intomore » a three-phase resistive load in which it produced 3.5 kilowatts of power. Abstract only included. The ten-meter Grumman host wind machine is equipped with untwisted, untapered, NREL series S809 blades. The machine was instrumented to record both mechanical hub power and electrical power delivered to the utility. Initial tests are focusing on validating the calculated power surface. This mathematical surface shows the wind machine power as a function of both wind speed and turbine rotor speed. Upon the completion of this task, maximum effort will be directed toward filling a test matrix in which variable-speed operation will be contrasted with constant-speed mode by switching the variable speed control algorithm with the baseline constant speed control algorithm at 10 minutes time intervals. Other quantities in the test matrix will be analyzed to detect variable speed-effects on structural loads and power quality.« less
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Small scale denitrification variability in riparian zones: Results from a high-resolution dataset
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gassen, Niklas; Knöller, Kay; Musolff, Andreas; Popp, Felix; Lüders, Tillmann; Stumpp, Christine
2017-04-01
Riparian zones are important compartments at the interface between groundwater and surface water where biogeochemical processes like denitrification are often enhanced. Nitrate loads of either groundwater entering a stream through the riparian zone or streamwater infiltrating into the riparian zone can be substantially reduced. These processes are spatially and temporally highly variable, making it difficult to capture solute variabilities, estimate realistic turnover rates and thus to quantify integral mass removal. A crucial step towards a more detailed characterization is to monitor solutes on a scale which adequately resemble the highly heterogeneous distribution and on a scale where processes occur. We measured biogeochemical parameters in a spatial high resolution within a riparian corridor of a German lowland river system over the course of one year. Samples were taken from three newly developed high-resolution multi-level wells with a maximum vertical resolution of 5 cm and analyzed for major ions, DOC and N-O isotopes. Sediment derived during installation of the wells was analyzed for specific denitrifying enzymes. Results showed a distinct depth zonation of hydrochemistry within the shallow alluvial aquifer, with a 1 m thick zone just below the water table with lower nitrate concentrations and EC values similar to the nearby river. Conservative parameters were consistent inbetween the three wells, but nitrate was highly variable. In addition, spots with low nitrate concentrations showed isotopic and microbial evidence for higher denitrification activities. The depth zonation was observed throughout the year, with stronger temporal variations of nitrate concentrations just below the water table compared to deeper layers. Nitrate isotopes showed a clear seasonal trend of denitrification activities (high in summer, low in winter). Our dataset gives new insight into river-groundwater exchange processes and shows the highly heterogeneous distribution of
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Anterior dental microwear textures show habitat-driven variability in Neandertal behavior.
Krueger, Kristin L; Ungar, Peter S; Guatelli-Steinberg, Debbie; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pérez-Pérez, Alejandro; Trinkaus, Erik; Willman, John C
2017-04-01
The causes of Neandertal anterior tooth wear patterns, including labial rounding, labial scratches, and differential anterior-posterior wear, have been debated for decades. The most common explanation is the "stuff-and-cut" hypothesis, which describes Neandertals clamping down on a piece of meat and slicing a portion close to their lips. "Stuff-and-cut" has been accepted as a general aspect of Neandertal behavior without fully assessing its variability. This study analyzes anterior dental microwear textures across habitats, locations, and time intervals to discern possible variation in Neandertal anterior tooth-use behavior. Forty-five Neandertals from 24 sites were analyzed, represented by high-resolution replicas of permanent anterior teeth. The labial surface was scanned for antemortem microwear using a white-light confocal profiler. The resultant 3D-point clouds, representing 204 × 276 μm for each specimen, were uploaded into SSFA software packages for texture characterization. Statistical analyses, including MANOVAs, ANOVAs, and pairwise comparisons, were completed on ranked microwear data. Neandertal descriptive statistics were also compared to 10 bioarchaeological samples of known or inferred dietary and behavioral regimes. The Neandertal sample varied significantly by habitat, suggesting this factor was a principal driving force for differences in Neandertal anterior tooth-use behaviors. The Neandertals from open habitats showed significantly lower anisotropy and higher textural fill volume than those inhabiting more closed, forested environments. The texture signature from the open-habitat Neandertals was most similar to that of the Ipiutak and Nunavut, who used their anterior teeth for intense clamping and grasping behaviors related to hide preparation. Those in more closed habitats were most similar to the Arikara, who did not participate in non-dietary behaviors. These Neandertal individuals had a broad range of texture values consistent with non
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Variable features on Mars. II - Mariner 9 global results.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Sagan, C.; Veverka, J.; Fox, P.; Dubisch, F.; French, R.; Gierasch, P.; Quam, L.; Lederberg, J.; Levinthal, E.; Pollack, J. B.
1973-01-01
Systematic Mariner 9 monitoring of the space and time distribution of Martian bright and dark markings, the streaks and splotches, indicates a range of global correlations. The time-variable classical dark markings owe their configurations and variability to their constituent streaks and splotches, produced by windblown dust. Streaks and splotches are consistent wind direction indicators. Correlation of global streak patterns with general circulation models shows that velocities of about 50 to 90 m/sec above the boundary layer are necessary to initiate grain motion on the surface and to produce streaks and splotches. Detailed examples of changes in Syrtis Major, Lunae Palus, and Promethei Sinus are generally consistent with removal of bright sand and dust and uncovering of darker underlying material as the active agent in such changes, although dark mobile material probably also exists on Mars. The generation of streaks and the progressive albedo changes observed require only threshold velocities of about 2 m/sec for about 1 day at the grain surface.
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Douglas, Pamela Heidi; Hohmann, Gottfried; Murtagh, Róisín; Thiessen-Bock, Robyn; Deschner, Tobias
2016-06-30
The evolution of primate sexual swellings and their influence on mating strategies have captivated the interest of biologists for over a century. Across the primate order, variability in the timing of ovulation with respect to females' sexual swelling patterns differs greatly. Since sexual swellings typically function as signals of female fecundity, the temporal relation between ovulation and sexual swellings can impact the ability of males to pinpoint ovulation and thereby affect male mating strategies. Here, we used endocrine parameters to detect ovulation and examined the temporal relation between the maximum swelling phase (MSP) and ovulation in wild female bonobos (Pan paniscus). Data were collected at the Luikotale field site, Democratic Republic of Congo, spanning 36 months. Observational data from 13 females were used to characterise female swelling cycles (N = 70). Furthermore, we measured urinary oestrone and pregnanediol using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and used pregnanediol to determine the timing of ovulation in 34 cycles (N = 9 females). We found that the duration of females' MSP was highly variable, ranging from 1 to 31 days. Timing of ovulation varied considerably in relation to the onset of the MSP, resulting in a very low day-specific probability of ovulation and fecundity across female cycles. Ovulation occurred during the MSP in only 52.9 % of the analysed swelling cycles, and females showed regular sexual swelling patterns in N = 8 swelling cycles where ovulation did not occur. These findings reveal that sexual swellings of bonobos are less reliable indicators of ovulation compared to other species of primates. Female bonobos show unusual variability in the duration of the MSP and in the timing of ovulation relative to the sexual swelling signal. These data are important for understanding the evolution of sexual signals, how they influence male and female mating strategies, and how decoupling visual signals
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13. DETAIL VIEW OF BUTTRESS 4 SHOWING THE RESULTS OF ...
13. DETAIL VIEW OF BUTTRESS 4 SHOWING THE RESULTS OF POOR CONSTRUCTION WORK. THOUGH NOT A SERIOUS STRUCTURAL DEFICIENCY, THE 'HONEYCOMB' TEXTURE OF THE CONCRETE SURFACE WAS THE RESULT OF INADEQUATE TAMPING AT THE TIME OF THE INITIAL 'POUR'. - Hume Lake Dam, Sequioa National Forest, Hume, Fresno County, CA
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Preliminary results of spatial modeling of selected forest health variables in Georgia
Brock Stewart; Chris J. Cieszewski
2009-01-01
Variables relating to forest health monitoring, such as mortality, are difficult to predict and model. We present here the results of fitting various spatial regression models to these variables. We interpolate plot-level values compiled from the Forest Inventory and Analysis National Information Management System (FIA-NIMS) data that are related to forest health....
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14. DETAIL VIEW OF BUTTRESS 4 SHOWING THE RESULTS OF ...
14. DETAIL VIEW OF BUTTRESS 4 SHOWING THE RESULTS OF INADEQUATE TAMPING. THE SIZE OF THE GRANITE AGGREGATE USED IN THE DAMS CONCRETE IS CLEARLY SHOWN. - Hume Lake Dam, Sequioa National Forest, Hume, Fresno County, CA
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Variability and Trends in the Arctic Sea Ice Cover: Results from Different Techniques
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Comiso, Josefino C.; Meier, Walter N.; Gersten, Robert
2017-01-01
Variability and trend studies of sea ice in the Arctic have been conducted using products derived from the same raw passive microwave data but by different groups using different algorithms. This study provides consistency assessment of four of the leading products, namely, Goddard Bootstrap (SB2), Goddard NASA Team (NT1), EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSI-SAF 1.2), and Hadley HadISST 2.2 data in evaluating variability and trends in the Arctic sea ice cover. All four provide generally similar ice patterns but significant disagreements in ice concentration distributions especially in the marginal ice zone and adjacent regions in winter and meltponded areas in summer. The discrepancies are primarily due to different ways the four techniques account for occurrences of new ice and meltponding. However, results show that the different products generally provide consistent and similar representation of the state of the Arctic sea ice cover. Hadley and NT1 data usually provide the highest and lowest monthly ice extents, respectively. The Hadley data also show the lowest trends in ice extent and ice area at negative 3.88 percent decade and negative 4.37 percent decade, respectively, compared to an average of negative 4.36 percent decade and negative 4.57 percent decade for all four. Trend maps also show similar spatial distribution for all four with the largest negative trends occurring at the Kara/Barents Sea and Beaufort Sea regions, where sea ice has been retreating the fastest. The good agreement of the trends especially with updated data provides strong confidence in the quantification of the rate of decline in the Arctic sea ice cover.
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Koenig, Laura L.; Lucero, Jorge C.; Perlman, Elizabeth
2008-01-01
This study investigates token-to-token variability in fricative production of 5 year olds, 10 year olds, and adults. Previous studies have reported higher intrasubject variability in children than adults, in speech as well as nonspeech tasks, but authors have disagreed on the causes and implications of this finding. The current work assessed the characteristics of age-related variability across articulators (larynx and tongue) as well as in temporal versus spatial domains. Oral airflow signals, which reflect changes in both laryngeal and supralaryngeal apertures, were obtained for multiple productions of ∕h s z∕. The data were processed using functional data analysis, which provides a means of obtaining relatively independent indices of amplitude and temporal (phasing) variability. Consistent with past work, both temporal and amplitude variabilities were higher in children than adults, but the temporal indices were generally less adultlike than the amplitude indices for both groups of children. Quantitative and qualitative analyses showed considerable speaker- and consonant-specific patterns of variability. The data indicate that variability in ∕s∕ may represent laryngeal as well as supralaryngeal control and further that a simple random noise factor, higher in children than in adults, is insufficient to explain developmental differences in speech production variability. PMID:19045800
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A Hypomorphic RAG1 Mutation Resulting in a Phenotype Resembling Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Abolhassani, Hassan; Wang, Ning; Aghamohammadi, Asghar; Rezaei, Nima; Lee, Yu Nee; Frugoni, Francesco; Notrangelo, Luigi D.; Pan-Hammarström, Qiang; Hammarström, Lennart
2014-01-01
Background RAG1 deficiency presents a varied spectrum of combined immunodeficiency, ranging from a T−B−NK+type of disease to a T+B+NK+ phenotype. Objective To assess the genetic background of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients. Methods A patient diagnosed with CVID, who was born in a consanguineous family and thus would be expected to show an autosomal recessive inheritance, was subjected to clinical evaluation, immunological assays, homozygosity gene mapping, exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing and functional analysis. Results The 14-year-old patient, who suffered from liver granuloma, extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma and autoimmune neutropenia, is presented with a clinical picture resembling CVID. Genetic analysis of this patient showed a homozygous hypomorphic RAG1 mutation (c.1073 G>A, p.C358Y) with a residual functional capacity of 48% of wild-type protein. Conclusion Our finding broadens the range of disorders associated with RAG1 mutations and may have important therapeutic implications. PMID:24996264
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The variables V477 Peg and MW Com observation results
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bahý, V.; Gajtanska, M.; Hanisko, P.; Krišták, L.
2018-04-01
The paper deals with our results of the photometric observations of two variable stars and with basic interprettions of our results. We have observed the V477 Pegassi and MW Comae systems. We have obtained their light curves in the integral light and in the B, V, R and I filters. The color indices have been computed and there have been realized the models of the both systems by the usage of the BM3 software. These models are presented in our study too.
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Yu, Shikai; Chi, Chen; Protogerou, Athanase D; Safar, Michel E; Blacher, Jacques; Argyris, Antonis A; Nasothimiou, Efthimia G; Sfikakis, Petros P; Papaioannou, Theodore G; Xu, Henry; Zhang, Yi; Xu, Yawei
2018-03-01
We aim to compare 24-hour aortic blood pressure variability (BPV) with brachial BPV in relation to carotid damage as estimated by carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and cross-sectional area (CCSA). Four hundred and forty five individuals received brachial and aortic 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring with a validated device (Mobil-O-Graph). Systolic BPV was estimated by average real variability (ARV) and time-weighted standard deviation (wSD). In multiple logistic regression analysis, CIMT > 900 μm was significantly and independently associated with aortic ARV (OR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.04-1.84), aortic wSD (OR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.19-2.29) and brachial ARV (OR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.07-2.18), but not with brachial wSD. CCSA > 90th percentile was significantly and independently associated with aortic ARV (OR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.07-2.10) and wSD (OR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.12-2.56), but not with brachial BPVs. In receiver operator characteristics curve analysis, aortic wSD identified CCSA > 90th percentile better than brachial wSD (AUC: 0.73 vs 0.68, P < .01). In conclusion, aortic 24-hour systolic BPV showed a slightly stronger association with carotid damage than brachial BPV. ©2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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CAVALCANTI, Andrea Nóbrega; MARCHI, Giselle Maria; AMBROSANO, Gláucia Maria Bovi
2010-01-01
Statistical analysis interpretation is a critical field in scientific research. When there is more than one main variable being studied in a research, the effect of the interaction between those variables is fundamental on experiments discussion. However, some doubts can occur when the p-value of the interaction is greater than the significance level. Objective To determine the most adequate interpretation for factorial experiments with p-values of the interaction nearly higher than the significance level. Materials and methods The p-values of the interactions found in two restorative dentistry experiments (0.053 and 0.068) were interpreted in two distinct ways: considering the interaction as not significant and as significant. Results Different findings were observed between the two analyses, and studies results became more coherent when the significant interaction was used. Conclusion The p-value of the interaction between main variables must be analyzed with caution because it can change the outcomes of research studies. Researchers are strongly advised to interpret carefully the results of their statistical analysis in order to discuss the findings of their experiments properly. PMID:20857003
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Variability and trends in the Arctic Sea ice cover: Results from different techniques
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Comiso, Josefino C.; Meier, Walter N.; Gersten, Robert
2017-08-01
Variability and trend studies of sea ice in the Arctic have been conducted using products derived from the same raw passive microwave data but by different groups using different algorithms. This study provides consistency assessment of four of the leading products, namely, Goddard Bootstrap (SB2), Goddard NASA Team (NT1), EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSI-SAF 1.2), and Hadley HadISST 2.2 data in evaluating variability and trends in the Arctic sea ice cover. All four provide generally similar ice patterns but significant disagreements in ice concentration distributions especially in the marginal ice zone and adjacent regions in winter and meltponded areas in summer. The discrepancies are primarily due to different ways the four techniques account for occurrences of new ice and meltponding. However, results show that the different products generally provide consistent and similar representation of the state of the Arctic sea ice cover. Hadley and NT1 data usually provide the highest and lowest monthly ice extents, respectively. The Hadley data also show the lowest trends in ice extent and ice area at -3.88%/decade and -4.37%/decade, respectively, compared to an average of -4.36%/decade and -4.57%/decade for all four. Trend maps also show similar spatial distribution for all four with the largest negative trends occurring at the Kara/Barents Sea and Beaufort Sea regions, where sea ice has been retreating the fastest. The good agreement of the trends especially with updated data provides strong confidence in the quantification of the rate of decline in the Arctic sea ice cover.
Plain Language SummaryThe declining Arctic sea ice cover, especially in the summer, has been the center of attention in recent years. Reports on the sea ice cover have been provided by different institutions using basically the same set of satellite data but different techniques for estimating key parameters such as ice</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22658782','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22658782"><span>Monosomy 3 by FISH in uveal melanoma: <span class="hlt">variability</span> in techniques and <span class="hlt">results</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Aronow, Mary; Sun, Yang; Saunthararajah, Yogen; Biscotti, Charles; Tubbs, Raymond; Triozzi, Pierre; Singh, Arun D</p> <p>2012-09-01</p> <p>Tumor monosomy 3 confers a poor prognosis in patients with uveal melanoma. We critically review the techniques used for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) detection of monosomy 3 in order to assess <span class="hlt">variability</span> in practice patterns and to explain differences in <span class="hlt">results</span>. Significant <span class="hlt">variability</span> that has likely affected reported <span class="hlt">results</span> was found in tissue sampling methods, selection of FISH probes, number of cells counted, and the cut-off point used to determine monosomy 3 status. Clinical parameters and specific techniques employed to report FISH <span class="hlt">results</span> should be specified so as to allow meta-analysis of published studies. FISH-based detection of monosomy 3 in uveal melanoma has not been performed in a standardized manner, which limits conclusions regarding its clinical utility. FISH is a widely available, versatile technology, and when performed optimally has the potential to be a valuable tool for determining the prognosis of uveal melanoma. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23442115','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23442115"><span><span class="hlt">Variability</span> of bioaccessibility <span class="hlt">results</span> using seventeen different methods on a standard reference material, NIST 2710.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Koch, Iris; Reimer, Kenneth J; Bakker, Martine I; Basta, Nicholas T; Cave, Mark R; Denys, Sébastien; Dodd, Matt; Hale, Beverly A; Irwin, Rob; Lowney, Yvette W; Moore, Margo M; Paquin, Viviane; Rasmussen, Pat E; Repaso-Subang, Theresa; Stephenson, Gladys L; Siciliano, Steven D; Wragg, Joanna; Zagury, Gerald J</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Bioaccessibility is a measurement of a substance's solubility in the human gastro-intestinal system, and is often used in the risk assessment of soils. The present study was designed to determine the <span class="hlt">variability</span> among laboratories using different methods to measure the bioaccessibility of 24 inorganic contaminants in one standardized soil sample, the standard reference material NIST 2710. Fourteen laboratories used a total of 17 bioaccessibility extraction methods. The <span class="hlt">variability</span> between methods was assessed by calculating the reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDs), where reproducibility is the sum of within-laboratory and between-laboratory <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Whereas within-laboratory repeatability was usually better than (<) 15% for most elements, reproducibility RSDs were much higher, indicating more <span class="hlt">variability</span>, although for many elements they were comparable to typical uncertainties (e.g., 30% in commercial laboratories). For five trace elements of interest, reproducibility RSDs were: arsenic (As), 22-44%; cadmium (Cd), 11-41%; Cu, 15-30%; lead (Pb), 45-83%; and Zn, 18-56%. Only one method <span class="hlt">variable</span>, pH, was found to correlate significantly with bioaccessibility for aluminum (Al), Cd, copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), Pb and zinc (Zn) but other method <span class="hlt">variables</span> could not be examined systematically because of the study design. When bioaccessibility <span class="hlt">results</span> were directly compared with bioavailability <span class="hlt">results</span> for As (swine and mouse) and Pb (swine), four methods returned <span class="hlt">results</span> within uncertainty ranges for both elements: two that were defined as simpler (gastric phase only, limited chemicals) and two were more complex (gastric + intestinal phases, with a mixture of chemicals).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JAD....19....2W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JAD....19....2W"><span><span class="hlt">Results</span> from the Rothney Astrophysical Observatory <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Star Search Program: Background, Procedure, and <span class="hlt">Results</span> from RAO Field 1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Williams, Michael D.; Milone, E. F.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>We describe a <span class="hlt">variable</span> star search program and present the fully reduced <span class="hlt">results</span> of a search in a 19 square degree (4.4 × 4.4) field centered on J2000 RA = 22:03:24, DEC= +18:54:32. The search was carried out with the Baker-Nunn Patrol Camera located at the Rothney Astrophysical Observatory in the foothills of the Canadian Rockies. A total of 26,271 stars were detected in the field, over a range of about 11-15 (instrumental) magnitudes. Our image processing made use of the IRAF version of the DAOPHOT aperture photometry routine and we used the ANOVA method to search for periodic variations in the light curves. We formally detected periodic <span class="hlt">variability</span> in 35 stars, that we tentatively classify according to light curve characteristics: 6 EA (Algol), 5 EB (?? Lyrae), 19 EW (W UMa), and 5 RR (RR Lyrae) stars. Eleven of the detected <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars have been reported previously in the literature. The eclipsing binary light curves have been analyzed with a package of light curve modeling programs and 25 have yielded converged solutions. Ten of these are of systems that are detached, 3 semi-detached, 10 overcontact, and 2 are of systems that appear to be in marginal contact. We discuss these <span class="hlt">results</span> as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the instrument and of the program.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1038640-disaggregating-measurement-uncertainty-from-population-variability-bayesian-treatment-uncensored-results','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1038640-disaggregating-measurement-uncertainty-from-population-variability-bayesian-treatment-uncensored-results"><span>Disaggregating measurement uncertainty from population <span class="hlt">variability</span> and Bayesian treatment of uncensored <span class="hlt">results</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Strom, Daniel J.; Joyce, Kevin E.; Maclellan, Jay A.</p> <p>2012-04-17</p> <p>In making low-level radioactivity measurements of populations, it is commonly observed that a substantial portion of net <span class="hlt">results</span> are negative. Furthermore, the observed variance of the measurement <span class="hlt">results</span> arises from a combination of measurement uncertainty and population <span class="hlt">variability</span>. This paper presents a method for disaggregating measurement uncertainty from population <span class="hlt">variability</span> to produce a probability density function (PDF) of possibly true <span class="hlt">results</span>. To do this, simple, justifiable, and reasonable assumptions are made about the relationship of the measurements to the measurands (the 'true values'). The measurements are assumed to be unbiased, that is, that their average value is the average ofmore » the measurands. Using traditional estimates of each measurement's uncertainty to disaggregate population <span class="hlt">variability</span> from measurement uncertainty, a PDF of measurands for the population is produced. Then, using Bayes's theorem, the same assumptions, and all the data from the population of individuals, a prior PDF is computed for each individual's measurand. These PDFs are non-negative, and their average is equal to the average of the measurement <span class="hlt">results</span> for the population. The uncertainty in these Bayesian posterior PDFs is all Berkson with no remaining classical component. The methods are applied to baseline bioassay data from the Hanford site. The data include 90Sr urinalysis measurements on 128 people, 137Cs in vivo measurements on 5,337 people, and 239Pu urinalysis measurements on 3,270 people. The method produces excellent <span class="hlt">results</span> for the 90Sr and 137Cs measurements, since there are nonzero concentrations of these global fallout radionuclides in people who have not been occupationally exposed. The method does not work for the 239Pu measurements in non-occupationally exposed people because the population average is essentially zero.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27717932','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27717932"><span>[<span class="hlt">Variable</span> magnetic fields in the treatment of tics disorders - preliminary <span class="hlt">results</span>].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pasek, Jarosław; Jędrzejewska, Anna; Jagodziński, Leszek; Obuchowicz, Anna; Flak, Maria; Sieroń, Aleksander</p> <p></p> <p>Tics disorders is frequent pathological syndrome, particularly typical for children's age. The symptoms of this disease are differential, and their intensification individualized, which makes difficult unique recognition. Tics disorders concern the most often the muscles of face, head, upper limbs and trunk. The study group consisted of 16 patients (11 boys and 5 girls) with tics complex disorders about unknown etiology particularly relating of face and upper limbs muscles. In the treatment were the interventions with use a magnetotherapy and magnetostimulation applied. The procedures were ones daily by 3 weeks in two series executed. It author's pool was the frequency of occurrence tics disorders as well as the proportional opinion of effectiveness conducted treatment estimated. After 10 weeks in 14 patients was the decrease of occurrence frequency involuntary movements observed, in proportional scale about 75%. The <span class="hlt">results</span> of subjective opinion of mood <span class="hlt">showed</span>, that decrease the frequency tics disorders had in all children the direct shift on improvement their mood, and also satisfaction in their parents. The use of <span class="hlt">variable</span> magnetic fields influenced on decrease the occurrence frequency tics disorders, and also on improvement quality of life the treated patients.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28478413','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28478413"><span>[<span class="hlt">Variable</span> magnetic fields in the treatment of tics disorders - preliminary <span class="hlt">results</span>].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pasek, Jarosław; Jędrzejewska, Anna; Jagodziński, Leszek; Obuchowicz, Anna; Flak, Maria; Sieroń, Aleksander</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Tics disorders is frequent pathological syndrome, particularly typical for children's age. The symptoms of this disease are differential, and their intensification individualized, which makes difficult unique recognition. Tics disorders concern the most often the muscles of face, head, upper limbs and trunk. The study group consisted of 16 patients (11 boys and 5 girls) with tics complex disorders about unknown etiology particularly relating of face and upper limbs muscles. In the treatment were the interventions with use a magnetotherapy and magnetostimulation applied. The procedures were ones daily by 3 weeks in two series executed. It author's pool was the frequency of occurrence tics disorders as well as the proportional opinion of effectiveness conducted treatment estimated. After 10 weeks in 14 patients was the decrease of occurrence frequency involuntary movements observed, in proportional scale about 75%. The <span class="hlt">results</span> of subjective opinion of mood <span class="hlt">showed</span>, that decrease the frequency tics disorders had in all children the direct shift on improvement their mood, and also satisfaction in their parents. The use of <span class="hlt">variable</span> magnetic fields influenced on decrease the occurrence frequency tics disorders, and also on improvement quality of life the treated patients.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018TCry...12..741B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018TCry...12..741B"><span>Effects of short-term <span class="hlt">variability</span> of meteorological <span class="hlt">variables</span> on soil temperature in permafrost regions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Beer, Christian; Porada, Philipp; Ekici, Altug; Brakebusch, Matthias</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Effects of the short-term temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of meteorological <span class="hlt">variables</span> on soil temperature in northern high-latitude regions have been investigated. For this, a process-oriented land surface model has been driven using an artificially manipulated climate dataset. Short-term climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> mainly impacts snow depth, and the thermal diffusivity of lichens and bryophytes. These impacts of climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> on insulating surface layers together substantially alter the heat exchange between atmosphere and soil. As a <span class="hlt">result</span>, soil temperature is 0.1 to 0.8 °C higher when climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> is reduced. Earth system models project warming of the Arctic region but also increasing <span class="hlt">variability</span> of meteorological <span class="hlt">variables</span> and more often extreme meteorological events. Therefore, our <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that projected future increases in permafrost temperature and active-layer thickness in response to climate change will be lower (i) when taking into account future changes in short-term <span class="hlt">variability</span> of meteorological <span class="hlt">variables</span> and (ii) when representing dynamic snow and lichen and bryophyte functions in land surface models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18348261','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18348261"><span>Highly <span class="hlt">variable</span> cutis laxa <span class="hlt">resulting</span> from a dominant splicing mutation of the elastin gene.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Graul-Neumann, Luitgard M; Hausser, Ingrid; Essayie, Maximilian; Rauch, Anita; Kraus, Cornelia</p> <p>2008-04-15</p> <p>Autosomal dominant congenital cutis laxa (ADCL) is genetically heterogeneous and <span class="hlt">shows</span> clinical <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Only seven ADCL families with mutations in the elastin gene (ELN) have been described previously. We present morphological and molecular genetic studies in a cutis laxa kindred with a previously undescribed highly <span class="hlt">variable</span> phenotype caused by a novel ELN mutation c.1621 C > T. The proband presented with severe cutis laxa, severe congenital lung disease previously undescribed in ADCL and pulmonary artery disease, which is often seen in ARCL but rare in ADCL. He also developed infantile spasms (OMIM 308350; West syndrome), which we consider a coincidental association although recessive cutis laxa or even digenic inheritance cannot be excluded. Electron microscopy of the proband's dermis revealed only mild rarefication of elastic fibers (in contrast to most recessive cutis laxa types). Apart from mild elastic fiber fragmentation, dermal morphology of the proband's father was within normal range. Molecular analysis of the ELN gene using genomic DNA from blood and RNA from cultured skin fibroblasts indicated a novel splice site mutation in the proband and his clinically healthy father. Analysis of ELN expression in fibroblasts provided evidence for a dominant-negative effect in the child, while due to an unknown mechanism, the father <span class="hlt">showed</span> haploinsufficiency which might explain the significant clinical <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Copyright 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7493E..2IY','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7493E..2IY"><span><span class="hlt">Variable</span> camber wing based on pneumatic artificial muscles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yin, Weilong; Liu, Libo; Chen, Yijin; Leng, Jinsong</p> <p>2009-07-01</p> <p>As a novel bionic actuator, pneumatic artificial muscle has high power to weight ratio. In this paper, a <span class="hlt">variable</span> camber wing with the pneumatic artificial muscle is developed. Firstly, the experimental setup to measure the static output force of pneumatic artificial muscle is designed. The relationship between the static output force and the air pressure is investigated. Experimental <span class="hlt">result</span> <span class="hlt">shows</span> the static output force of pneumatic artificial muscle decreases nonlinearly with increasing contraction ratio. Secondly, the finite element model of the <span class="hlt">variable</span> camber wing is developed. Numerical <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the tip displacement of the trailing-edge increases linearly with increasing external load and limited with the maximum static output force of pneumatic artificial muscles. Finally, the <span class="hlt">variable</span> camber wing model is manufactured to validate the <span class="hlt">variable</span> camber concept. Experimental <span class="hlt">result</span> <span class="hlt">shows</span> that the wing camber increases with increasing air pressure and that it compare very well with the FEM <span class="hlt">result</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985nasa.reptQQ...B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985nasa.reptQQ...B"><span>Description and test <span class="hlt">results</span> of a <span class="hlt">variable</span> speed, constant frequency generating system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brady, F. J.</p> <p>1985-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">variable</span>-speed, constant frequency generating system developed for the Mod-0 wind turbine is presented. This report describes the system as it existed at the conclusion of the project. The cycloconverter control circuit is described including the addition of field-oriented control. The laboratory test and actual wind turbine test <span class="hlt">results</span> are included.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li class="active"><span>2</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_2 --> <div id="page_3" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="41"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28861224','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28861224"><span>Genomic patterns in Acropora cervicornis <span class="hlt">show</span> extensive population structure and <span class="hlt">variable</span> genetic diversity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Drury, Crawford; Schopmeyer, Stephanie; Goergen, Elizabeth; Bartels, Erich; Nedimyer, Ken; Johnson, Meaghan; Maxwell, Kerry; Galvan, Victor; Manfrino, Carrie; Lirman, Diego</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Threatened Caribbean coral communities can benefit from high-resolution genetic data used to inform management and conservation action. We use Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) to investigate genetic patterns in the threatened coral, Acropora cervicornis , across the Florida Reef Tract (FRT) and the western Caribbean. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> extensive population structure at regional scales and resolve previously unknown structure within the FRT. Different regions also exhibit up to threefold differences in genetic diversity (He), suggesting targeted management based on the goals and resources of each population is needed. Patterns of genetic diversity have a strong spatial component, and our <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> Broward and the Lower Keys are among the most diverse populations in Florida. The genetic diversity of Caribbean staghorn coral is concentrated within populations and within individual reefs (AMOVA), highlighting the complex mosaic of population structure. This variance structure is similar over regional and local scales, which suggests that in situ nurseries are adequately capturing natural patterns of diversity, representing a resource that can replicate the average diversity of wild assemblages, serving to increase intraspecific diversity and potentially leading to improved biodiversity and ecosystem function. <span class="hlt">Results</span> presented here can be translated into specific goals for the recovery of A. cervicornis , including active focus on low diversity areas, protection of high diversity and connectivity, and practical thresholds for responsible restoration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930057620&hterms=weinberg&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dweinberg','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930057620&hterms=weinberg&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dweinberg"><span>IRAS <span class="hlt">variables</span> as galactic structure tracers - Classification of the bright <span class="hlt">variables</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Allen, L. E.; Kleinmann, S. G.; Weinberg, M. D.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>The characteristics of the 'bright infrared <span class="hlt">variables</span>' (BIRVs), a sample consisting of the 300 brightest stars in the IRAS Point Source Catalog with IRAS <span class="hlt">variability</span> index VAR of 98 or greater, are investigated with the purpose of establishing which of IRAS <span class="hlt">variables</span> are AGB stars (e.g., oxygen-rich Miras and carbon stars, as was assumed by Weinberg (1992)). <span class="hlt">Results</span> of the analysis of optical, infrared, and microwave spectroscopy of these stars indicate that, out of 88 stars in the BIRV sample identified with cataloged <span class="hlt">variables</span>, 86 can be classified as Miras. <span class="hlt">Results</span> of a similar analysis performed for a color-selected sample of stars, using the color limits employed by Habing (1988) to select AGB stars, <span class="hlt">showed</span> that, out of 52 percent of classified stars, 38 percent are non-AGB stars, including H II regions, planetary nebulae, supergiants, and young stellar objects, indicating that studies using color-selected samples are subject to misinterpretation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1814396W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1814396W"><span>Validation of spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> in downscaling <span class="hlt">results</span> from the VALUE perfect predictor experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Widmann, Martin; Bedia, Joaquin; Gutiérrez, Jose Manuel; Maraun, Douglas; Huth, Radan; Fischer, Andreas; Keller, Denise; Hertig, Elke; Vrac, Mathieu; Wibig, Joanna; Pagé, Christian; Cardoso, Rita M.; Soares, Pedro MM; Bosshard, Thomas; Casado, Maria Jesus; Ramos, Petra</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>VALUE is an open European network to validate and compare downscaling methods for climate change research. Within VALUE a systematic validation framework to enable the assessment and comparison of both dynamical and statistical downscaling methods has been developed. In the first validation experiment the downscaling methods are validated in a setup with perfect predictors taken from the ERA-interim reanalysis for the period 1997 - 2008. This allows to investigate the isolated skill of downscaling methods without further error contributions from the large-scale predictors. One aspect of the validation is the representation of spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span>. As part of the VALUE validation we have compared various properties of the spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> of downscaled daily temperature and precipitation with the corresponding properties in observations. We have used two test validation datasets, one European-wide set of 86 stations, and one higher-density network of 50 stations in Germany. Here we present <span class="hlt">results</span> based on three approaches, namely the analysis of i.) correlation matrices, ii.) pairwise joint threshold exceedances, and iii.) regions of similar <span class="hlt">variability</span>. We summarise the information contained in correlation matrices by calculating the dependence of the correlations on distance and deriving decorrelation lengths, as well as by determining the independent degrees of freedom. Probabilities for joint threshold exceedances and (where appropriate) non-exceedances are calculated for various user-relevant thresholds related for instance to extreme precipitation or frost and heat days. The dependence of these probabilities on distance is again characterised by calculating typical length scales that separate dependent from independent exceedances. Regionalisation is based on rotated Principal Component Analysis. The <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate which downscaling methods are preferable if the dependency of <span class="hlt">variability</span> at different locations is relevant for the user.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20389058','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20389058"><span><span class="hlt">Variability</span> of creatinine measurements in clinical laboratories: <span class="hlt">results</span> from the CRIC study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Joffe, Marshall; Hsu, Chi-yuan; Feldman, Harold I; Weir, Matthew; Landis, J R; Hamm, L Lee</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Estimating equations using serum creatinine (SCr) are often used to assess glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Such creatinine (Cr)-based formulae may produce biased estimates of GFR when using Cr measurements that have not been calibrated to reference laboratories. In this paper, we sought to examine the degree of this variation in Cr assays in several laboratories associated with academic medical centers affiliated with the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study; to consider how best to correct for this variation, and to quantify the impact of such corrections on eligibility for participation in CRIC. <span class="hlt">Variability</span> of Cr is of particular concern in the conduct of CRIC, a large multicenter study of subjects with chronic renal disease, because eligibility for the study depends on Cr-based assessment of GFR. A library of 5 large volume plasma specimens from apheresis patients was assembled, representing levels of plasma Cr from 0.8 to 2.4 mg/dl. Samples from this library were used for measurement of Cr at each of the 14 CRIC laboratories repetitively over time. We used graphical displays and linear regression methods to examine the <span class="hlt">variability</span> in Cr, and used linear regression to develop calibration equations. We also examined the impact of the various calibration equations on the proportion of subjects screened as potential participants who were actually eligible for the study. There was substantial <span class="hlt">variability</span> in Cr assays across laboratories and over time. We developed calibration equations for each laboratory; these equations varied substantially among laboratories and somewhat over time in some laboratories. The laboratory site contributed the most to <span class="hlt">variability</span> (51% of the variance unexplained by the specimen) and variation with time accounted for another 15%. In some laboratories, calibration equations <span class="hlt">resulted</span> in differences in eligibility for CRIC of as much as 20%. The substantial <span class="hlt">variability</span> in SCr assays across laboratories necessitates calibration</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22282159','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22282159"><span>Metacognitive judgments of repetition and <span class="hlt">variability</span> effects in natural concept learning: evidence for <span class="hlt">variability</span> neglect.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wahlheim, Christopher N; Finn, Bridgid; Jacoby, Larry L</p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>In four experiments, we examined the effects of repetitions and <span class="hlt">variability</span> on the learning of bird families and metacognitive awareness of such effects. Of particular interest was the accuracy of, and bases for, predictions regarding classification of novel bird species, referred to as category learning judgments (CLJs). Participants studied birds in high repetitions and high <span class="hlt">variability</span> conditions. These conditions differed in the number of presentations of each bird (repetitions) and the number of unique species from each family (<span class="hlt">variability</span>). After study, participants made CLJs for each family and were then tested. <span class="hlt">Results</span> from a classification test revealed repetition benefits for studied species and <span class="hlt">variability</span> benefits for novel species. In contrast with performance, CLJs did not reflect the benefits of <span class="hlt">variability</span>. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that CLJs were susceptible to accessibility-based metacognitive illusions produced by additional repetitions of studied items.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3924404','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3924404"><span>Theory of planned behaviour <span class="hlt">variables</span> and objective walking behaviour do not <span class="hlt">show</span> seasonal variation in a randomised controlled trial</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Background Longitudinal studies have shown that objectively measured walking behaviour is subject to seasonal variation, with people walking more in summer compared to winter. Seasonality therefore may have the potential to bias the <span class="hlt">results</span> of randomised controlled trials if there are not adequate statistical or design controls. Despite this there are no studies that assess the impact of seasonality on walking behaviour in a randomised controlled trial, to quantify the extent of such bias. Further there have been no studies assessing how season impacts on the psychological predictors of walking behaviour to date. The aim of the present study was to assess seasonal differences in a) objective walking behaviour and b) Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) <span class="hlt">variables</span> during a randomised controlled trial of an intervention to promote walking. Methods 315 patients were recruited to a two-arm cluster randomised controlled trial of an intervention to promote walking in primary care. A series of repeated measures ANCOVAs were conducted to examine the effect of season on pedometer measures of walking behaviour and TPB measures, assessed immediately post-intervention and six months later. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to assess whether season moderated the prediction of intention and behaviour by TPB measures. <span class="hlt">Results</span> There were no significant differences in time spent walking in spring/summer compared to autumn/winter. There was no significant seasonal variation in most TPB <span class="hlt">variables</span>, although the belief that there will be good weather was significantly higher in spring/summer (F = 19.46, p < .001). Season did not significantly predict intention or objective walking behaviour, or moderate the effects of TPB <span class="hlt">variables</span> on intention or behaviour. Conclusion Seasonality does not influence objectively measured walking behaviour or psychological <span class="hlt">variables</span> during a randomised controlled trial. Consequently physical activity behaviour outcomes in trials will</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1374298','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1374298"><span>Initial CGE Model <span class="hlt">Results</span> Summary Exogenous and Endogenous <span class="hlt">Variables</span> Tests</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Edwards, Brian Keith; Boero, Riccardo; Rivera, Michael Kelly</p> <p></p> <p>The following discussion presents initial <span class="hlt">results</span> of tests of the most recent version of the National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The intent of this is to test and assess the model’s behavioral properties. The test evaluated whether the predicted impacts are reasonable from a qualitative perspective. This issue is whether the predicted change, be it an increase or decrease in other model <span class="hlt">variables</span>, is consistent with prior economic intuition and expectations about the predicted change. One of the purposes of this effort is to determine whethermore » model changes are needed in order to improve its behavior qualitatively and quantitatively.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016usc..confE.123W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016usc..confE.123W"><span>Overview of Key <span class="hlt">Results</span> from SDO Extreme ultraviolet <span class="hlt">Variability</span> Experiment (EVE)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Woods, Tom; Eparvier, Frank; Jones, Andrew; Mason, James; Didkovsky, Leonid; Chamberlin, Phil</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>The SDO Extreme ultraviolet <span class="hlt">Variability</span> Experiment (EVE) includes several channels to observe the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral irradiance from 1 to 106 nm. These channels include the Multiple EUV Grating Spectrograph (MEGS) A, B, and P channels from the University of Colorado (CU) and the EUV SpectroPhometer (ESP) channels from the University of Southern California (USC). The solar EUV spectrum is rich in many different emission lines from the corona, transition region, and chromosphere. The EVE full-disk irradiance spectra are important for studying the solar impacts in Earth's ionosphere and thermosphere and are useful for space weather operations. In addition, the EVE observations, with its high spectral resolution of 0.1 nm and in collaboration with AIA solar EUV images, have proven valuable for studying active region evolution and explosive energy release during flares and coronal eruptions. These SDO measurements have revealed interesting <span class="hlt">results</span> such as understanding the flare <span class="hlt">variability</span> over all wavelengths, discovering and classifying different flare phases, using coronal dimming measurements to predict CME properties of mass and velocity, and exploring the role of nano-flares in continual heating of active regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19730032676&hterms=principal+agent&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dprincipal%2Bagent','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19730032676&hterms=principal+agent&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dprincipal%2Bagent"><span><span class="hlt">Variable</span> features on Mars - Preliminary Mariner 9 television <span class="hlt">results</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sagan, C.; Veverka, J.; Fox, P.; Dubisch, R.; Lederberg, J.; Levinthal, E.; Quam, L.; Tucker, R.; Pollack, J. B.; Smith, B. A.</p> <p>1972-01-01</p> <p>Systematic Mariner 9 photography of a range of Martian surface features, observed with all three photometric angles approximately invariant, reveals three general categories of albedo variations: (1) an essentially uniform contrast enhancement due to the dissipation of the dust storm; (2) the appearance of splotches, irregular dark markings at least partially related to topography; and (3) the development of both bright and dark linear streaks, generally emanating from craters. Some splotches and streaks vary on characteristic timescales of about two weeks; they have characteristic dimensions of kilometers to tens of kilometers. The morphology and <span class="hlt">variability</span> of streaks and splotches, and the resolution of at least one splotch into an extensive dune system, implicate windblown dust as the principal agent of Martian albedo differences and <span class="hlt">variability</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2253496','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2253496"><span>Quantifying <span class="hlt">Variability</span> of Avian Colours: Are Signalling Traits More <span class="hlt">Variable</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Delhey, Kaspar; Peters, Anne</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Background Increased <span class="hlt">variability</span> in sexually selected ornaments, a key assumption of evolutionary theory, is thought to be maintained through condition-dependence. Condition-dependent handicap models of sexual selection predict that (a) sexually selected traits <span class="hlt">show</span> amplified <span class="hlt">variability</span> compared to equivalent non-sexually selected traits, and since males are usually the sexually selected sex, that (b) males are more <span class="hlt">variable</span> than females, and (c) sexually dimorphic traits more <span class="hlt">variable</span> than monomorphic ones. So far these predictions have only been tested for metric traits. Surprisingly, they have not been examined for bright coloration, one of the most prominent sexual traits. This omission stems from computational difficulties: different types of colours are quantified on different scales precluding the use of coefficients of variation. Methodology/Principal Findings Based on physiological models of avian colour vision we develop an index to quantify the degree of discriminable colour variation as it can be perceived by conspecifics. A comparison of <span class="hlt">variability</span> in ornamental and non-ornamental colours in six bird species confirmed (a) that those coloured patches that are sexually selected or act as indicators of quality <span class="hlt">show</span> increased chromatic <span class="hlt">variability</span>. However, we found no support for (b) that males generally <span class="hlt">show</span> higher levels of <span class="hlt">variability</span> than females, or (c) that sexual dichromatism per se is associated with increased <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Conclusions/Significance We <span class="hlt">show</span> that it is currently possible to realistically estimate <span class="hlt">variability</span> of animal colours as perceived by them, something difficult to achieve with other traits. Increased <span class="hlt">variability</span> of known sexually-selected/quality-indicating colours in the studied species, provides support to the predictions borne from sexual selection theory but the lack of increased overall <span class="hlt">variability</span> in males or dimorphic colours in general indicates that sexual differences might not always be shaped by similar selective</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/748491','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/748491"><span>The no-<span class="hlt">show</span> patient in the model family practice unit.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dervin, J V; Stone, D L; Beck, C H</p> <p>1978-12-01</p> <p>Appointment breaking by patients causes problems for the physician's office. Patients who neither keep nor cancel their appointments are often referred to as "no <span class="hlt">shows</span>." Twenty <span class="hlt">variables</span> were identified as potential predictors of no-<span class="hlt">show</span> behavior. These predictors were applied to 291 Family Practice Center patients during a one-month study in April 1977. A discriminant function and multiple regression procedure were utilized ascertain the predictability of the selected <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Predictive accuracy of the <span class="hlt">variables</span> was 67.4 percent compared to the presently utilized constant predictor technique, which is 73 percent accurate. Modification of appointment schedules based upon utilization of the <span class="hlt">variables</span> studies as predictors of <span class="hlt">show/no-show</span> behavior does not appear to be an effective strategy in the Family Practice Center of the Community Hospital of Sonoma County, Santa Rosa, due to the high proportion of patients who do, in fact, <span class="hlt">show</span>. In clinics with lower <span class="hlt">show</span> rates, the technique may prove to be an effective strategy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AIPC.1170..164T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AIPC.1170..164T"><span>Long-Term <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in o Ceti and Other Mira <span class="hlt">Variables</span>: Signs of Supergranular Convection?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Templeton, Matthew R.; Karovska, Margarita</p> <p>2009-09-01</p> <p>We describe our study of long-term <span class="hlt">variability</span> of o Ceti (Mira A), the prototype of the Mira-type pulsating stars. Our study was originally undertaken to search for coherent long-period <span class="hlt">variability</span>, but the <span class="hlt">results</span> of our analysis didn't uncover this. However, we detected a low-frequency ``red noise'' in the Fourier spectrum of the o Ceti century-long light curve. We have since found similar behavior in other Miras and pulsating giant stars and have begun a study of a large sample of Mira <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Similar red noise has been previously detected in red supergiants and attributed to supergranular convection. Its presence in Miras suggests the phenomenon may be ubiquitous in cool giant pulsators. These <span class="hlt">results</span> support high-angular resolution observations of Miras and supergiants <span class="hlt">showing</span> asymmetries in their surface brightness distributions, which may be due to large supergranular convection cells. Theoretical modeling, and numerical simulations of pulsation processes in late-type giants and supergiants should therefore take into account the effects of deep convection and large supergranular structures, which in turn may provide important insights into the behavior of Miras and other giant and supergiant pulsators. In this work, we summarize our <span class="hlt">results</span> for o Ceti, present preliminary <span class="hlt">results</span> of our broader study of Mira <span class="hlt">variables</span>, and discuss how the <span class="hlt">results</span> of this study may be used by future studies of AGB <span class="hlt">variables</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110013373','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110013373"><span>Tidal Marsh Outwelling of Dissolved Organic Matter and <span class="hlt">Resulting</span> Temporal <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in Coastal Water Optical and Biogeochemical Properties</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Tzortziou, Maria; Neale, Patrick J.; Megonigal, J. Patrick; Butterworth, Megan; Jaffe, Rudolf; Yamashita, Youhei</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Coastal wetlands are highly dynamic environments at the land-ocean interface where human activities, short-term physical forcings and intense episodic events <span class="hlt">result</span> in high biological and chemical <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Long being recognized as among the most productive ecosystems in the world, tidally-influenced coastal marshes are hot spots of biogeochemical transformation and exchange. High temporal resolution observations that we performed in several marsh-estuarine systems of the Chesapeake Bay revealed significant <span class="hlt">variability</span> in water optical and biogeochemical characteristics at hourly time scales, associated with tidally-driven hydrology. Water in the tidal creek draining each marsh was sampled every hour during several semi-diurnal tidal cycles using ISCO automated samplers. Measurements <span class="hlt">showed</span> that water leaving the marsh during ebbing tide was consistently enriched in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), frequently by more than a factor of two, compared to water entering the marsh during flooding tide. Estimates of DOC fluxes <span class="hlt">showed</span> a net DOC export from the marsh to the estuary during seasons of both low and high biomass of marsh vegetation. Chlorophyll amounts were typically lower in the water draining the marsh, compared to that entering the marsh during flooding tide, suggesting that marshes act as transformers of particulate to dissolved organic matter. Moreover, detailed optical and compositional analyses demonstrated that marshes are important sources of optically and chemically distinctive, relatively complex, high molecular weight, aromatic-rich and highly colored dissolved organic compounds. Compared to adjacent estuarine waters, marsh-exported colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was characterized by considerably stronger absorption (more than a factor of three in some cases), larger DOC-specific absorption, lower exponential spectral slope, larger fluorescence signal, lower fluorescence per unit absorbance, and higher fluorescence at visible wavelengths</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=identification+AND+lineups&pg=2&id=EJ556577','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=identification+AND+lineups&pg=2&id=EJ556577"><span>Testing Delays <span class="hlt">Resulting</span> in Increased Identification Accuracy in Line-Ups and <span class="hlt">Show</span>-Ups.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Dekle, Dawn J.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Investigated time delays (immediate, two-three days, one week) between viewing a staged theft and attempting an eyewitness identification. Compared lineups to one-person showups in a laboratory analogue involving 412 subjects. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that across all time delays, participants maintained a higher identification accuracy with the showup…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUSM.A23C..03M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUSM.A23C..03M"><span>Impact of Subsurface Temperature <span class="hlt">Variability</span> on Meteorological <span class="hlt">Variability</span>: An AGCM Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mahanama, S. P.; Koster, R. D.; Liu, P.</p> <p>2006-05-01</p> <p>Anomalous atmospheric conditions can lead to surface temperature anomalies, which in turn can lead to temperature anomalies deep in the soil. The deep soil temperature (and the associated ground heat content) has significant memory -- the dissipation of a temperature anomaly may take weeks to months -- and thus deep soil temperature may contribute to the low frequency <span class="hlt">variability</span> of energy and water <span class="hlt">variables</span> elsewhere in the system. The memory may even provide some skill to subseasonal and seasonal forecasts. This study uses two long-term AGCM experiments to isolate the contribution of deep soil temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span> to <span class="hlt">variability</span> elsewhere in the climate system. The first experiment consists of a standard ensemble of AMIP-type simulations, simulations in which the deep soil temperature <span class="hlt">variable</span> is allowed to interact with the rest of the system. In the second experiment, the coupling of the deep soil temperature to the rest of the climate system is disabled -- at each grid cell, the local climatological seasonal cycle of deep soil temperature (as determined from the first experiment) is prescribed. By comparing the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of various atmospheric quantities as generated in the two experiments, we isolate the contribution of interactive deep soil temperature to that <span class="hlt">variability</span>. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that interactive deep soil temperature contributes significantly to surface temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Interactive deep soil temperature, however, reduces the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the hydrological cycle (evaporation and precipitation), largely because it allows for a negative feedback between evaporation and temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27815988','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27815988"><span>Physical attraction to reliable, low <span class="hlt">variability</span> nervous systems: Reaction time <span class="hlt">variability</span> predicts attractiveness.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Butler, Emily E; Saville, Christopher W N; Ward, Robert; Ramsey, Richard</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The human face cues a range of important fitness information, which guides mate selection towards desirable others. Given humans' high investment in the central nervous system (CNS), cues to CNS function should be especially important in social selection. We tested if facial attractiveness preferences are sensitive to the reliability of human nervous system function. Several decades of research suggest an operational measure for CNS reliability is reaction time <span class="hlt">variability</span>, which is measured by standard deviation of reaction times across trials. Across two experiments, we <span class="hlt">show</span> that low reaction time <span class="hlt">variability</span> is associated with facial attractiveness. Moreover, <span class="hlt">variability</span> in performance made a unique contribution to attractiveness judgements above and beyond both physical health and sex-typicality judgements, which have previously been associated with perceptions of attractiveness. In a third experiment, we empirically estimated the distribution of attractiveness preferences expected by chance and <span class="hlt">show</span> that the size and direction of our <span class="hlt">results</span> in Experiments 1 and 2 are statistically unlikely without reference to reaction time <span class="hlt">variability</span>. We conclude that an operating characteristic of the human nervous system, reliability of information processing, is signalled to others through facial appearance. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959659','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959659"><span>Psychosocial <span class="hlt">variables</span> of sexual satisfaction in Chile.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Barrientos, Jaime E; Páez, Dario</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>This study analyzed psychosocial <span class="hlt">variables</span> of sexual satisfaction in Chile using data from the COSECON survey. Participants were 5,407 subjects (2,244 min and 3,163 women, aged 18-69 years). We used a cross-sectional questionnaire with a national probability sample. Data were collected using a thorough sexual behavior questionnaire consisting of 190 face-to-face questions and 24 self-reported questions. A single item included in the COSECON questionnaire assessed sexual satisfaction. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that high education level, marital status, and high socioeconomic levels were associated with sexual satisfaction in women but not in men. The <span class="hlt">results</span> also <span class="hlt">showed</span> important gender differences and sustain the idea that sexuality changes may be more present in middle and high social classes. The proximal <span class="hlt">variables</span> typically used for measuring sexual satisfaction, such as the frequency of sexual intercourse and orgasm, <span class="hlt">showed</span> a positive but smaller association with sexual satisfaction. Other important <span class="hlt">variables</span> related to sexual satisfaction were being in love with the partner and having a steady partner. The <span class="hlt">results</span> confirmed previous findings and are discussed in the frame of approaches like the exchange, equity, and sexual scripts theories.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24499405','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24499405"><span>Theory of planned behaviour <span class="hlt">variables</span> and objective walking behaviour do not <span class="hlt">show</span> seasonal variation in a randomised controlled trial.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Williams, Stefanie L; French, David P</p> <p>2014-02-05</p> <p>Longitudinal studies have shown that objectively measured walking behaviour is subject to seasonal variation, with people walking more in summer compared to winter. Seasonality therefore may have the potential to bias the <span class="hlt">results</span> of randomised controlled trials if there are not adequate statistical or design controls. Despite this there are no studies that assess the impact of seasonality on walking behaviour in a randomised controlled trial, to quantify the extent of such bias. Further there have been no studies assessing how season impacts on the psychological predictors of walking behaviour to date. The aim of the present study was to assess seasonal differences in a) objective walking behaviour and b) Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) <span class="hlt">variables</span> during a randomised controlled trial of an intervention to promote walking. 315 patients were recruited to a two-arm cluster randomised controlled trial of an intervention to promote walking in primary care. A series of repeated measures ANCOVAs were conducted to examine the effect of season on pedometer measures of walking behaviour and TPB measures, assessed immediately post-intervention and six months later. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to assess whether season moderated the prediction of intention and behaviour by TPB measures. There were no significant differences in time spent walking in spring/summer compared to autumn/winter. There was no significant seasonal variation in most TPB <span class="hlt">variables</span>, although the belief that there will be good weather was significantly higher in spring/summer (F = 19.46, p < .001). Season did not significantly predict intention or objective walking behaviour, or moderate the effects of TPB <span class="hlt">variables</span> on intention or behaviour. Seasonality does not influence objectively measured walking behaviour or psychological <span class="hlt">variables</span> during a randomised controlled trial. Consequently physical activity behaviour outcomes in trials will not be biased by the season in which</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27053205','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27053205"><span>Brain Signal <span class="hlt">Variability</span> Differentially Affects Cognitive Flexibility and Cognitive Stability.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Armbruster-Genç, Diana J N; Ueltzhöffer, Kai; Fiebach, Christian J</p> <p>2016-04-06</p> <p>Recent research yielded the intriguing conclusion that, in healthy adults, higher levels of <span class="hlt">variability</span> in neuronal processes are beneficial for cognitive functioning. Beneficial effects of <span class="hlt">variability</span> in neuronal processing can also be inferred from neurocomputational theories of working memory, albeit this holds only for tasks requiring cognitive flexibility. However, cognitive stability, i.e., the ability to maintain a task goal in the face of irrelevant distractors, should suffer under high levels of brain signal <span class="hlt">variability</span>. To directly test this prediction, we studied both behavioral and brain signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> during cognitive flexibility (i.e., task switching) and cognitive stability (i.e., distractor inhibition) in a sample of healthy human subjects and developed an efficient and easy-to-implement analysis approach to assess BOLD-signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> in event-related fMRI task paradigms. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> a general positive effect of neural <span class="hlt">variability</span> on task performance as assessed by accuracy measures. However, higher levels of BOLD-signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the left inferior frontal junction area <span class="hlt">result</span> in reduced error rate costs during task switching and thus facilitate cognitive flexibility. In contrast, <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the same area has a detrimental effect on cognitive stability, as shown in a negative effect of <span class="hlt">variability</span> on response time costs during distractor inhibition. This pattern was mirrored at the behavioral level, with higher behavioral <span class="hlt">variability</span> predicting better task switching but worse distractor inhibition performance. Our data extend previous <span class="hlt">results</span> on brain signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> by <span class="hlt">showing</span> a differential effect of brain signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> that depends on task context, in line with predictions from computational theories. Recent neuroscientific research <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the human brain signal is intrinsically <span class="hlt">variable</span> and suggested that this <span class="hlt">variability</span> improves performance. Computational models of prefrontal neural networks predict differential</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9620376','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9620376"><span><span class="hlt">Variables</span> affecting <span class="hlt">results</span> of sodium chloride tolerance test for identification of rapidly growing mycobacteria.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Conville, P S; Witebsky, F G</p> <p>1998-06-01</p> <p>The sodium chloride tolerance test is often used in the identification of rapidly growing mycobacteria, particularly for distinguishing between Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium chelonae. This test, however, is frequently unreliable for the identification of some species. In this study we examined the following <span class="hlt">variables</span>: medium manufacturer, inoculum concentration, and atmosphere and temperature of incubation. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that reliability is improved if the test and control slants are inoculated with an organism suspension spectrophotometrically equal to a 1 McFarland standard. Slants should be incubated at 35 degrees C in ambient air and checked weekly for 4 weeks. Growth on control slants should be critically evaluated to determine the adequacy of the inoculum; colonies should number greater than 50. Salt-containing media should be examined carefully to detect pinpoint or tiny colonies, and colonies should number greater than 50 for a positive reaction. Concurrent use of a citrate slant may be helpful for distinguishing between M. abscessus and M. chelonae. Molecular methodologies are probably the most reliable means for the identification of rapidly growing mycobacteria and should be used, if possible, when unequivocal species identification is of particular importance.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_3 --> <div id="page_4" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="61"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104876','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104876"><span><span class="hlt">Variables</span> Affecting <span class="hlt">Results</span> of Sodium Chloride Tolerance Test for Identification of Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Conville, Patricia S.; Witebsky, Frank G.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>The sodium chloride tolerance test is often used in the identification of rapidly growing mycobacteria, particularly for distinguishing between Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium chelonae. This test, however, is frequently unreliable for the identification of some species. In this study we examined the following <span class="hlt">variables</span>: medium manufacturer, inoculum concentration, and atmosphere and temperature of incubation. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that reliability is improved if the test and control slants are inoculated with an organism suspension spectrophotometrically equal to a 1 McFarland standard. Slants should be incubated at 35°C in ambient air and checked weekly for 4 weeks. Growth on control slants should be critically evaluated to determine the adequacy of the inoculum; colonies should number greater than 50. Salt-containing media should be examined carefully to detect pinpoint or tiny colonies, and colonies should number greater than 50 for a positive reaction. Concurrent use of a citrate slant may be helpful for distinguishing between M. abscessus and M. chelonae. Molecular methodologies are probably the most reliable means for the identification of rapidly growing mycobacteria and should be used, if possible, when unequivocal species identification is of particular importance. PMID:9620376</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4193462','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4193462"><span>Brain Signal <span class="hlt">Variability</span> is Parametrically Modifiable</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Garrett, Douglas D.; McIntosh, Anthony R.; Grady, Cheryl L.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Moment-to-moment brain signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> is a ubiquitous neural characteristic, yet remains poorly understood. Evidence indicates that heightened signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> can index and aid efficient neural function, but it is not known whether signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> responds to precise levels of environmental demand, or instead whether <span class="hlt">variability</span> is relatively static. Using multivariate modeling of functional magnetic resonance imaging-based parametric face processing data, we <span class="hlt">show</span> here that within-person signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> level responds to incremental adjustments in task difficulty, in a manner entirely distinct from <span class="hlt">results</span> produced by examining mean brain signals. Using mixed modeling, we also linked parametric modulations in signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> with modulations in task performance. We found that difficulty-related reductions in signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> predicted reduced accuracy and longer reaction times within-person; mean signal changes were not predictive. We further probed the various differences between signal variance and signal means by examining all voxels, subjects, and conditions; this analysis of over 2 million data points failed to reveal any notable relations between voxel variances and means. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that brain signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> provides a systematic task-driven signal of interest from which we can understand the dynamic function of the human brain, and in a way that mean signals cannot capture. PMID:23749875</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22004201-color-variability-quasars','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22004201-color-variability-quasars"><span>THE COLOR <span class="hlt">VARIABILITY</span> OF QUASARS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Schmidt, Kasper B.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Knecht, Matthias</p> <p>2012-01-10</p> <p>We quantify quasar color <span class="hlt">variability</span> using an unprecedented <span class="hlt">variability</span> database-ugriz photometry of 9093 quasars from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Stripe 82, observed over 8 years at {approx}60 epochs each. We confirm previous reports that quasars become bluer when brightening. We find a redshift dependence of this blueing in a given set of bands (e.g., g and r), but <span class="hlt">show</span> that it is the <span class="hlt">result</span> of the flux contribution from less-<span class="hlt">variable</span> or delayed emission lines in the different SDSS bands at different redshifts. After correcting for this effect, quasar color <span class="hlt">variability</span> is remarkably uniform, and independent not only of redshift,more » but also of quasar luminosity and black hole mass. The color variations of individual quasars, as they vary in brightness on year timescales, are much more pronounced than the ranges in color seen in samples of quasars across many orders of magnitude in luminosity. This indicates distinct physical mechanisms behind quasar <span class="hlt">variability</span> and the observed range of quasar luminosities at a given black hole mass-quasar variations cannot be explained by changes in the mean accretion rate. We do find some dependence of the color <span class="hlt">variability</span> on the characteristics of the flux variations themselves, with fast, low-amplitude, brightness variations producing more color <span class="hlt">variability</span>. The observed behavior could arise if quasar <span class="hlt">variability</span> <span class="hlt">results</span> from flares or ephemeral hot spots in an accretion disk.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008TJSAI..23..151K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008TJSAI..23..151K"><span>Adaptive <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in Skilled Human Movements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kudo, Kazutoshi; Ohtsuki, Tatsuyuki</p> <p></p> <p>Human movements are produced in <span class="hlt">variable</span> external/internal environments. Because of this <span class="hlt">variability</span>, the same motor command can <span class="hlt">result</span> in quite different movement patterns. Therefore, to produce skilled movements humans must coordinate the <span class="hlt">variability</span>, not try to exclude it. In addition, because human movements are produced in redundant and complex systems, a combination of <span class="hlt">variability</span> should be observed in different anatomical/physiological levels. In this paper, we introduce our research about human movement <span class="hlt">variability</span> that <span class="hlt">shows</span> remarkable coordination among components, and between organism and environment. We also introduce nonlinear dynamical models that can describe a variety of movements as a self-organization of a dynamical system, because the dynamical systems approach is a major candidate to understand the principle underlying organization of varying systems with huge degrees-of-freedom.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AIPC.1126..137P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AIPC.1126..137P"><span>Study of the <span class="hlt">Variability</span> of the Reflection Component in Seyfert 1 Galaxies: Connecting the Fe K <span class="hlt">Variability</span> with the Compton Hump</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ponti, G.; Miniutti, G.; Malaguti, G.; Gallo, L.; Goldwurm, A.</p> <p>2009-05-01</p> <p>We present preliminary <span class="hlt">results</span> of an ongoing project devoted to the study of the continuum and Fe K band <span class="hlt">variability</span> in a sample of bright AGNs. These kind of studies may break the spectral degeneracy between the different absorption/emission models, allowing ``safe'' measurements of the disc and black hole properties from the broad line shapes. In fact, the Fe K band, alone, allows a first separation between the different components. Here we <span class="hlt">show</span> the case of NGC 3783 which <span class="hlt">shows</span> both a constant and a <span class="hlt">variable</span> reflection component as well as strong ionized absorption. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that a fundamental contribution will be given by Simbol-X that will allow to simultaneously measure not only the Fe K <span class="hlt">variability</span>, but also the connected reflection hump variations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3364278','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3364278"><span>Gaussian Mixture Model of Heart Rate <span class="hlt">Variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Costa, Tommaso; Boccignone, Giuseppe; Ferraro, Mario</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> (HRV) is an important measure of sympathetic and parasympathetic functions of the autonomic nervous system and a key indicator of cardiovascular condition. This paper proposes a novel method to investigate HRV, namely by modelling it as a linear combination of Gaussians. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that three Gaussians are enough to describe the stationary statistics of heart <span class="hlt">variability</span> and to provide a straightforward interpretation of the HRV power spectrum. Comparisons have been made also with synthetic data generated from different physiologically based models <span class="hlt">showing</span> the plausibility of the Gaussian mixture parameters. PMID:22666386</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28292078','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28292078"><span>[Inter-and intra-operator <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the analysis of semen parameters: <span class="hlt">results</span> from a quality control program].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Daoud, Salima; Chakroun-Feki, Nozha; Sellami, Afifa; Ammar-Keskes, Leila; Rebai, Tarek</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Semen analysis is a key part of male infertility investigation. The necessity of quality management implementation in the andrology laboratory has been recognized in order to ensure the reliability of its <span class="hlt">results</span>. The aim of this study was to evaluate intra- and inter-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the assessment of semen parameters in our laboratory through a quality control programme. Four participants from the laboratory with different experience levels have participated in this study. Semen samples of varying quality were assessed for sperm motility, concentration and morphology and the <span class="hlt">results</span> were used to evaluate inter-participant <span class="hlt">variability</span>. In addition, replicates of each semen sample were analyzed to determine intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> for semen parameters analysis. The average values of inter-participant coefficients of variation for sperm motility, concentration and morphology were 12.8%, 19.8% and 48.9% respectively. The mean intra-participant coefficients of variation were, respectively, 6.9%, 12.3% and 42.7% for sperm motility, concentration and morphology. Despite some random errors of under- or overestimation, the overall <span class="hlt">results</span> remained within the limits of acceptability for all participants. Sperm morphology assessment was particularly influenced by the participant's level of experience. The present data emphasize the need for appropriate training of the laboratory staff and for regular participation in internal quality control programmes in order to improve the reliability of laboratory <span class="hlt">results</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/14263','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/14263"><span>Impact of Definitions of FIA <span class="hlt">Variables</span> and Compilation Procedures on Inventory Compilation <span class="hlt">Results</span> in Georgia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Brock Stewart; Chris J. Cieszewski; Michal Zasada</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>This paper presents a sensitivity analysis of the impact of various definitions and inclusions of different <span class="hlt">variables</span> in the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) inventory on data compilation <span class="hlt">results</span>. FIA manuals have been changing recently to make the inventory consistent between all the States. Our analysis demonstrates the importance (or insignificance) of different...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23749875','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23749875"><span>Brain signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> is parametrically modifiable.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Garrett, Douglas D; McIntosh, Anthony R; Grady, Cheryl L</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>Moment-to-moment brain signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> is a ubiquitous neural characteristic, yet remains poorly understood. Evidence indicates that heightened signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> can index and aid efficient neural function, but it is not known whether signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> responds to precise levels of environmental demand, or instead whether <span class="hlt">variability</span> is relatively static. Using multivariate modeling of functional magnetic resonance imaging-based parametric face processing data, we <span class="hlt">show</span> here that within-person signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> level responds to incremental adjustments in task difficulty, in a manner entirely distinct from <span class="hlt">results</span> produced by examining mean brain signals. Using mixed modeling, we also linked parametric modulations in signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> with modulations in task performance. We found that difficulty-related reductions in signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> predicted reduced accuracy and longer reaction times within-person; mean signal changes were not predictive. We further probed the various differences between signal variance and signal means by examining all voxels, subjects, and conditions; this analysis of over 2 million data points failed to reveal any notable relations between voxel variances and means. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that brain signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> provides a systematic task-driven signal of interest from which we can understand the dynamic function of the human brain, and in a way that mean signals cannot capture. © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhDT.......268S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhDT.......268S"><span>A study of <span class="hlt">variable</span> thrust, <span class="hlt">variable</span> specific impulse trajectories for solar system exploration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sakai, Tadashi</p> <p></p> <p>A study has been performed to determine the advantages and disadvantages of <span class="hlt">variable</span> thrust and <span class="hlt">variable</span> Isp (specific impulse) trajectories for solar system exploration. There have been several numerical research efforts for <span class="hlt">variable</span> thrust, <span class="hlt">variable</span> Isp, power-limited trajectory optimization problems. All of these <span class="hlt">results</span> conclude that <span class="hlt">variable</span> thrust, <span class="hlt">variable</span> Isp (<span class="hlt">variable</span> specific impulse, or VSI) engines are superior to constant thrust, constant Isp (constant specific impulse; or CSI) engines. However, most of these research efforts assume a mission from Earth to Mars, and some of them further assume that these planets are circular and coplanar. Hence they still lack the generality. This research has been conducted to answer the following questions: (1) Is a VSI engine always better than a CSI engine or a high thrust engine for any mission to any planet with any time of flight considering lower propellant mass as the sole criterion? (2) If a planetary swing-by is used for a VSI trajectory, is the fuel savings of a VSI swing-by trajectory better than that of a CSI swing-by or high thrust swing-by trajectory? To support this research, an unique, new computer-based interplanetary trajectory calculation program has been created. This program utilizes a calculus of variations algorithm to perform overall optimization of thrust, Isp, and thrust vector direction along a trajectory that minimizes fuel consumption for interplanetary travel. It is assumed that the propulsion system is power-limited, and thus the compromise between thrust and Isp is a <span class="hlt">variable</span> to be optimized along the flight path. This program is capable of optimizing not only <span class="hlt">variable</span> thrust trajectories but also constant thrust trajectories in 3-D space using a planetary ephemeris database. It is also capable of conducting planetary swing-bys. Using this program, various Earth-originating trajectories have been investigated and the optimized <span class="hlt">results</span> have been compared to traditional CSI and high</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=distribution+AND+time&pg=4&id=EJ985025','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=distribution+AND+time&pg=4&id=EJ985025"><span>Interresponse Time Structures in <span class="hlt">Variable</span>-Ratio and <span class="hlt">Variable</span>-Interval Schedules</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Bowers, Matthew T.; Hill, Jade; Palya, William L.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>The interresponse-time structures of pigeon key pecking were examined under <span class="hlt">variable</span>-ratio, <span class="hlt">variable</span>-interval, and <span class="hlt">variable</span>-interval plus linear feedback schedules. Whereas the <span class="hlt">variable</span>-ratio and <span class="hlt">variable</span>-interval plus linear feedback schedules generally <span class="hlt">resulted</span> in a distinct group of short interresponse times and a broad distribution of longer…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014GPC...121...19E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014GPC...121...19E"><span>Surfing wave climate <span class="hlt">variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Espejo, Antonio; Losada, Iñigo J.; Méndez, Fernando J.</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>International surfing destinations are highly dependent on specific combinations of wind-wave formation, thermal conditions and local bathymetry. Surf quality depends on a vast number of geophysical <span class="hlt">variables</span>, and analyses of surf quality require the consideration of the seasonal, interannual and long-term <span class="hlt">variability</span> of surf conditions on a global scale. A multivariable standardized index based on expert judgment is proposed for this purpose. This index makes it possible to analyze surf conditions objectively over a global domain. A summary of global surf resources based on a new index integrating existing wave, wind, tides and sea surface temperature databases is presented. According to general atmospheric circulation and swell propagation patterns, <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that west-facing low to middle-latitude coasts are more suitable for surfing, especially those in the Southern Hemisphere. Month-to-month analysis reveals strong seasonal variations in the occurrence of surfable events, enhancing the frequency of such events in the North Atlantic and the North Pacific. Interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> was investigated by comparing occurrence values with global and regional modes of low-frequency climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> such as El Niño and the North Atlantic Oscillation, revealing their strong influence at both the global and the regional scale. <span class="hlt">Results</span> of the long-term trends demonstrate an increase in the probability of surfable events on west-facing coasts around the world in recent years. The <span class="hlt">resulting</span> maps provide useful information for surfers, the surf tourism industry and surf-related coastal planners and stakeholders.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2095.photos.182218p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2095.photos.182218p/"><span>21. VAL, DETAIL OF MUZZLE END OF LAUNCHER BRIDGE <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>21. VAL, DETAIL OF MUZZLE END OF LAUNCHER BRIDGE <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> BOTH LAUNCHER TUBES TAKEN FROM RESERVOIR LOOKING NORTH. - <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Angle Launcher Complex, <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Angle Launcher, CA State Highway 39 at Morris Reservior, Azusa, Los Angeles County, CA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2095.photos.182229p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2095.photos.182229p/"><span>32. VAL, DETAIL <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> LOADING PLATFORM, PROJECTILE LOADING CAR, LAUNCHER ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>32. VAL, DETAIL <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> LOADING PLATFORM, PROJECTILE LOADING CAR, LAUNCHER SLAB AND UNDERSIDE OF LAUNCHER BRIDGE LOOKING SOUTHWEST. - <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Angle Launcher Complex, <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Angle Launcher, CA State Highway 39 at Morris Reservior, Azusa, Los Angeles County, CA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940019684','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940019684"><span>A transport equation for the scalar dissipation in reacting flows with <span class="hlt">variable</span> density: First <span class="hlt">results</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mantel, T.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Although the different regimes of premixed combustion are not well defined, most of the recent developments in turbulent combustion modeling are led in the so-called flamelet regime. The goal of these models is to give a realistic expression to the mean reaction rate (w). Several methods can be used to estimate (w). Bray and coworkers (Libby & Bray 1980, Bray 1985, Bray & Libby 1986) express the instantaneous reaction rate by means of a flamelet library and a frequency which describes the local interaction between the laminar flamelets and the turbulent flowfield. In another way, the mean reaction rate can be directly connected to the flame surface density (Sigma). This quantity can be given by the transport equation of the coherent flame model initially proposed by Marble & Broadwell 1977 and developed elsewhere. The mean reaction rate, (w), can also be estimated thanks to the evolution of an arbitrary scalar field G(x, t) = G(sub O) which represents the flame sheet. G(x, t) is obtained from the G-equation proposed by Williams 1985, Kerstein et al. 1988 and Peters 1993. Another possibility proposed in a recent study by Mantel & Borghi 1991, where a transport equation for the mean dissipation rate (epsilon(sub c)) of the progress <span class="hlt">variable</span> c is used to determine (w). In their model, Mantel & Borghi 1991 considered a medium with constant density and constant diffusivity in the determination of the transport equation for (epsilon(sub c)). A comparison of different flamelet models made by Duclos et al. 1993 <span class="hlt">shows</span> the realistic behavior of this model even in the case of constant density. Our objective in this present report is to present preliminary <span class="hlt">results</span> on the study of this equation in the case of <span class="hlt">variable</span> density and <span class="hlt">variable</span> diffusivity. Assumptions of constant pressure and a Lewis number equal to unity allow us to significantly simplify the equation. A systematic order of magnitude analysis based on adequate scale relations is performed on each term of the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850011585','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850011585"><span>Initial testing of a <span class="hlt">variable</span>-stroke Stirling engine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Thieme, L. G.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>In support of the U.S. Department of Energy's Stirling Engine Highway Vehicle Systems Program, NASA Lewis Research Center is evaluating <span class="hlt">variable</span>-stroke control for Stirling engines. The engine being tested is the Advenco Stirling engine; this engine was manufactured by Philips Research Laboratories of the Netherlands and uses a <span class="hlt">variable</span>-angle swash-plate drive to achieve <span class="hlt">variable</span> stroke operation. The engine is described, initial steady-state test data taken at Lewis are presented, a major drive system failure and subsequent modifications are described. Computer simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> are presented to <span class="hlt">show</span> potential part-load efficiency gains with <span class="hlt">variable</span>-stroke control.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2095.photos.182201p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2095.photos.182201p/"><span>4. VAL PARTIAL ELEVATION <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> LAUNCHER BRIDGE ON SUPPORTS, LAUNCHER ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>4. VAL PARTIAL ELEVATION <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> LAUNCHER BRIDGE ON SUPPORTS, LAUNCHER SLAB, SUPPORT CARRIAGE, CONCRETE 'A' FRAME STRUCTURE AND CAMERA TOWER LOOKING SOUTHEAST. - <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Angle Launcher Complex, <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Angle Launcher, CA State Highway 39 at Morris Reservior, Azusa, Los Angeles County, CA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4354335','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4354335"><span>Complexity analyses <span class="hlt">show</span> two distinct types of nonlinear dynamics in short heart period <span class="hlt">variability</span> recordings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Porta, Alberto; Bari, Vlasta; Marchi, Andrea; De Maria, Beatrice; Cysarz, Dirk; Van Leeuwen, Peter; Takahashi, Anielle C. M.; Catai, Aparecida M.; Gnecchi-Ruscone, Tomaso</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Two diverse complexity metrics quantifying time irreversibility and local prediction, in connection with a surrogate data approach, were utilized to detect nonlinear dynamics in short heart period (HP) <span class="hlt">variability</span> series recorded in fetuses, as a function of the gestational period, and in healthy humans, as a function of the magnitude of the orthostatic challenge. The metrics indicated the presence of two distinct types of nonlinear HP dynamics characterized by diverse ranges of time scales. These findings stress the need to render more specific the analysis of nonlinear components of HP dynamics by accounting for different temporal scales. PMID:25806002</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2095.photos.182276p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2095.photos.182276p/"><span>79. VIEW OF VAL FIRING RANGE LOOKING SOUTHWEST <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> LAUNCHER ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>79. VIEW OF VAL FIRING RANGE LOOKING SOUTHWEST <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> LAUNCHER BRIDGE, BARGES, SONAR BUOY RANGE AND MORRIS DAM IN BACKGROUND, June 10, 1948. - <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Angle Launcher Complex, <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Angle Launcher, CA State Highway 39 at Morris Reservior, Azusa, Los Angeles County, CA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4865372','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4865372"><span>Regression mixture models: Does modeling the covariance between independent <span class="hlt">variables</span> and latent classes improve the <span class="hlt">results</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lamont, Andrea E.; Vermunt, Jeroen K.; Van Horn, M. Lee</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Regression mixture models are increasingly used as an exploratory approach to identify heterogeneity in the effects of a predictor on an outcome. In this simulation study, we test the effects of violating an implicit assumption often made in these models – i.e., independent <span class="hlt">variables</span> in the model are not directly related to latent classes. <span class="hlt">Results</span> indicated that the major risk of failing to model the relationship between predictor and latent class was an increase in the probability of selecting additional latent classes and biased class proportions. Additionally, this study tests whether regression mixture models can detect a piecewise relationship between a predictor and outcome. <span class="hlt">Results</span> suggest that these models are able to detect piecewise relations, but only when the relationship between the latent class and the predictor is included in model estimation. We illustrate the implications of making this assumption through a re-analysis of applied data examining heterogeneity in the effects of family resources on academic achievement. We compare previous <span class="hlt">results</span> (which assumed no relation between independent <span class="hlt">variables</span> and latent class) to the model where this assumption is lifted. Implications and analytic suggestions for conducting regression mixture based on these findings are noted. PMID:26881956</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_4 --> <div id="page_5" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="81"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5603281','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5603281"><span><span class="hlt">Variable</span> screening via quantile partial correlation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ma, Shujie; Tsai, Chih-Ling</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>In quantile linear regression with ultra-high dimensional data, we propose an algorithm for screening all candidate <span class="hlt">variables</span> and subsequently selecting relevant predictors. Specifically, we first employ quantile partial correlation for screening, and then we apply the extended Bayesian information criterion (EBIC) for best subset selection. Our proposed method can successfully select predictors when the <span class="hlt">variables</span> are highly correlated, and it can also identify <span class="hlt">variables</span> that make a contribution to the conditional quantiles but are marginally uncorrelated or weakly correlated with the response. Theoretical <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the proposed algorithm can yield the sure screening set. By controlling the false selection rate, model selection consistency can be achieved theoretically. In practice, we proposed using EBIC for best subset selection so that the <span class="hlt">resulting</span> model is screening consistent. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed algorithm performs well, and an empirical example is presented. PMID:28943683</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2095.photos.182251p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2095.photos.182251p/"><span>54. VAL COUNTERWEIGHT CAR DURING CONSTRUCTION <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> CAR FRAME, WHEEL ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>54. VAL COUNTERWEIGHT CAR DURING CONSTRUCTION <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> CAR FRAME, WHEEL ASSEMBLIES AND METAL REINFORCING, December 19, 1947. (Original photograph in possession of Dave Willis, San Diego, California.) - <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Angle Launcher Complex, <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Angle Launcher, CA State Highway 39 at Morris Reservior, Azusa, Los Angeles County, CA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11867658','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11867658"><span><span class="hlt">Variability</span> in reaction time performance of younger and older adults.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hultsch, David F; MacDonald, Stuart W S; Dixon, Roger A</p> <p>2002-03-01</p> <p>Age differences in three basic types of <span class="hlt">variability</span> were examined: <span class="hlt">variability</span> between persons (diversity), <span class="hlt">variability</span> within persons across tasks (dispersion), and <span class="hlt">variability</span> within persons across time (inconsistency). Measures of <span class="hlt">variability</span> were based on latency performance from four measures of reaction time (RT) performed by a total of 99 younger adults (ages 17--36 years) and 763 older adults (ages 54--94 years). <span class="hlt">Results</span> indicated that all three types of <span class="hlt">variability</span> were greater in older compared with younger participants even when group differences in speed were statistically controlled. Quantile-quantile plots <span class="hlt">showed</span> age and task differences in the shape of the inconsistency distributions. Measures of within-person <span class="hlt">variability</span> (dispersion and inconsistency) were positively correlated. Individual differences in RT inconsistency correlated negatively with level of performance on measures of perceptual speed, working memory, episodic memory, and crystallized abilities. Partial set correlation analyses indicated that inconsistency predicted cognitive performance independent of level of performance. The <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that <span class="hlt">variability</span> of performance is an important indicator of cognitive functioning and aging.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2094.photos.182193p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2094.photos.182193p/"><span>7. VARIABLEANGLE LAUNCHER DEDICATION PLAQUE <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> JAMES H. JENNISON (LEFT), ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>7. <span class="hlt">VARIABLE</span>-ANGLE LAUNCHER DEDICATION PLAQUE <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> JAMES H. JENNISON (LEFT), AND W.H. SAYLOR (RIGHT), AT THE DEDICATION CEREMONY, May 7, 1948. (Original photograph in possession of Dave Willis, San Diego, California.) - <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Angle Launcher Complex, CA State Highway 39 at Morris Reservior, Azusa, Los Angeles County, CA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/372123-comparison-between-variable-constant-rotor-speed-operation-windmel-ii','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/372123-comparison-between-variable-constant-rotor-speed-operation-windmel-ii"><span>Comparison between <span class="hlt">variable</span> and constant rotor speed operation on WINDMEL-II</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sasamoto, Akira; Matsumiya, Hikaru; Kawamura, Shunji</p> <p>1996-10-01</p> <p>On a wind turbine control system for rotor revolution speed, it is believed that <span class="hlt">variable</span> speed operation has the advantages over constant speed from a view point of both aerodynamics and mechanics. However, there is no experimental study which <span class="hlt">shows</span> the differences. In this report, the authors intend to clarify the differences about shaft torque by using experimental data, from a new wind turbine system which has both <span class="hlt">variable</span> and constant operation. The <span class="hlt">result</span> in observation of the experimental data <span class="hlt">shows</span> that <span class="hlt">variable</span> speed operational shaft torque is lower than constant speed operational one.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663369-intra-night-optical-variability-monitoring-fermi-blazars-first-results-from-bhattacharya-telescope','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663369-intra-night-optical-variability-monitoring-fermi-blazars-first-results-from-bhattacharya-telescope"><span>Intra-night Optical <span class="hlt">Variability</span> Monitoring of Fermi Blazars: First <span class="hlt">Results</span> from 1.3 m J. C. Bhattacharya Telescope</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Ajello, M.; Kaur, A.</p> <p></p> <p>We report the first <span class="hlt">results</span> obtained from our campaign to characterize the intra-night-optical <span class="hlt">variability</span> (INOV) properties of Fermi detected blazars, using the observations from the recently commissioned 1.3 m J. C. Bhattacharya telescope (JCBT). During the first run, we were able to observe 17 blazars in the Bessel R filter for ∼137 hr. Using C- and scaled F -statistics, we quantify the extent of INOV and derive the duty cycle (DC), which is the fraction of time during which a source exhibits a substantial flux <span class="hlt">variability</span>. We find a high DC of 40% for BL Lac objects and the flatmore » spectrum radio quasars are relatively less <span class="hlt">variable</span> (DC ∼ 15%). However, when estimated for blazars sub-classes, a high DC of ∼59% is found in low synchrotron peaked (LSP) blazars, whereas, intermediate and high synchrotron peaked objects have a low DC of ∼11% and 13%, respectively. We find evidence of the association of the high amplitude INOV with the γ -ray flaring state. We also notice a high polarization during the elevated INOV states (for the sources that have polarimetric data available), thus supporting the jet based origin of the observed <span class="hlt">variability</span>. We plan to enlarge the sample and utilize the time availability from the small telescopes, such as 1.3 m JCBT, to strengthen/verify the <span class="hlt">results</span> obtained in this work and those existing in the literature.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2095.photos.182260p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2095.photos.182260p/"><span>63. VIEW LOOKING DOWN VAL LAUNCHING SLAB <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> DRIVE GEARS, ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>63. VIEW LOOKING DOWN VAL LAUNCHING SLAB <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> DRIVE GEARS, CABLES, LAUNCHER RAILS, PROJECTILE CAR AND SUPPORT CARRIAGE, April 8, 1948. (Original photograph in possession of Dave Willis, San Diego, California.) - <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Angle Launcher Complex, <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Angle Launcher, CA State Highway 39 at Morris Reservior, Azusa, Los Angeles County, CA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.4319Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.4319Y"><span>Underestimated AMOC <span class="hlt">Variability</span> and Implications for AMV and Predictability in CMIP Models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yan, Xiaoqin; Zhang, Rong; Knutson, Thomas R.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) has profound impacts on various climate phenomena. Using both observations and simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 and 5, here we <span class="hlt">show</span> that most models underestimate the amplitude of low-frequency AMOC <span class="hlt">variability</span>. We further <span class="hlt">show</span> that stronger low-frequency AMOC <span class="hlt">variability</span> leads to stronger linkages between the AMOC and key <span class="hlt">variables</span> associated with the Atlantic multidecadal <span class="hlt">variability</span> (AMV), and between the subpolar AMV signal and northern hemisphere surface air temperature. Low-frequency extratropical northern hemisphere surface air temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span> might increase with the amplitude of low-frequency AMOC <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Atlantic decadal predictability is much higher in models with stronger low-frequency AMOC <span class="hlt">variability</span> and much lower in models with weaker or without AMOC <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that simulating realistic low-frequency AMOC <span class="hlt">variability</span> is very important, both for simulating realistic linkages between AMOC and AMV-related <span class="hlt">variables</span> and for achieving substantially higher Atlantic decadal predictability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3577676','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3577676"><span>Cognitive Performance and Heart Rate <span class="hlt">Variability</span>: The Influence of Fitness Level</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Luque-Casado, Antonio; Zabala, Mikel; Morales, Esther; Mateo-March, Manuel; Sanabria, Daniel</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>In the present study, we investigated the relation between cognitive performance and heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> as a function of fitness level. We measured the effect of three cognitive tasks (the psychomotor vigilance task, a temporal orienting task, and a duration discrimination task) on the heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> of two groups of participants: a high-fit group and a low-fit group. Two major novel findings emerged from this study. First, the lowest values of heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> were found during performance of the duration discrimination task, compared to the other two tasks. Second, the <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> a decrement in heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> as a function of the time on task, although only in the low-fit group. Moreover, the high-fit group <span class="hlt">showed</span> overall faster reaction times than the low-fit group in the psychomotor vigilance task, while there were not significant differences in performance between the two groups of participants in the other two cognitive tasks. In sum, our <span class="hlt">results</span> highlighted the influence of cognitive processing on heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Importantly, both behavioral and physiological <span class="hlt">results</span> suggested that the main benefit obtained as a <span class="hlt">result</span> of fitness level appeared to be associated with processes involving sustained attention. PMID:23437276</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007TJSAI..22..148O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007TJSAI..22..148O"><span>Efficient <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Selection Method for Exposure <span class="hlt">Variables</span> on Binary Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ohno, Manabu; Tarumi, Tomoyuki</p> <p></p> <p>In this paper, we propose a new <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection method for "robust" exposure <span class="hlt">variables</span>. We define "robust" as property that the same <span class="hlt">variable</span> can select among original data and perturbed data. There are few studies of effective for the selection method. The problem that selects exposure <span class="hlt">variables</span> is almost the same as a problem that extracts correlation rules without robustness. [Brin 97] is suggested that correlation rules are possible to extract efficiently using chi-squared statistic of contingency table having monotone property on binary data. But the chi-squared value does not have monotone property, so it's is easy to judge the method to be not independent with an increase in the dimension though the <span class="hlt">variable</span> set is completely independent, and the method is not usable in <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection for robust exposure <span class="hlt">variables</span>. We assume anti-monotone property for independent <span class="hlt">variables</span> to select robust independent <span class="hlt">variables</span> and use the apriori algorithm for it. The apriori algorithm is one of the algorithms which find association rules from the market basket data. The algorithm use anti-monotone property on the support which is defined by association rules. But independent property does not completely have anti-monotone property on the AIC of independent probability model, but the tendency to have anti-monotone property is strong. Therefore, selected <span class="hlt">variables</span> with anti-monotone property on the AIC have robustness. Our method judges whether a certain <span class="hlt">variable</span> is exposure <span class="hlt">variable</span> for the independent <span class="hlt">variable</span> using previous comparison of the AIC. Our numerical experiments <span class="hlt">show</span> that our method can select robust exposure <span class="hlt">variables</span> efficiently and precisely.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28917630','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28917630"><span>Decision making about healthcare-related tests and diagnostic test strategies. Paper 4: International guidelines <span class="hlt">show</span> <span class="hlt">variability</span> in their approaches.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mustafa, Reem A; Wiercioch, Wojtek; Arevalo-Rodriguez, Ingrid; Cheung, Adrienne; Prediger, Barbara; Ivanova, Liudmila; Ventresca, Matthew; Brozek, Jan; Santesso, Nancy; Bossuyt, Patrick; Garg, Amit X; Lloyd, Nancy; Lelgemann, Monika; Bühler, Diedrich; Schünemann, Holger J</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The objective of the study was to describe and compare current practices in developing guidelines about the use of healthcare-related tests and diagnostic strategies (HCTDS). We sampled 37 public health and clinical practice guidelines about HCTDS from various sources without language restrictions. Detailed descriptions of the systems used to assess the quality of evidence and develop recommendations were challenging to find within guidelines. We observed much <span class="hlt">variability</span> among and within organizations with respect to how they develop recommendations about HCTDS. Twenty-four percent of the guidelines did not consider health benefits and harms but based decisions solely on test accuracy. We did not identify guidelines that described the main potential care pathways involving tests for a healthcare problem. In addition, we did not identify guidelines that systematically assessed, described, and referenced the evidence that linked test accuracy and patient-important outcomes. There is considerable <span class="hlt">variability</span> among the processes used and factors considered in developing recommendations about the use of tests. This <span class="hlt">variability</span> may be the cause for the disagreement we observed in recommendations about testing for the same condition. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=x&id=EJ1010646','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=x&id=EJ1010646"><span>The Danger of Dichotomizing Continuous <span class="hlt">Variables</span>: A Visualization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kuss, Oliver</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Four rather different scatterplots of two <span class="hlt">variables</span> X and Y are given, which, after dichotomizing X and Y, <span class="hlt">result</span> in identical fourfold-tables misleadingly <span class="hlt">showing</span> no association. (Contains 1 table and 1 figure.)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=color+AND+food&pg=5&id=EJ521662','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=color+AND+food&pg=5&id=EJ521662"><span>Collocations: A Neglected <span class="hlt">Variable</span> in EFL.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Farghal, Mohammed; Obiedat, Hussein</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Addresses the issue of collocations as an important and neglected <span class="hlt">variable</span> in English-as-a-Foreign-Language classes. Two questionnaires, in English and Arabic, involving common collocations relating to food, color, and weather were administered to English majors and English language teachers. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> both groups deficient in collocations. (36…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.P33F..07W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.P33F..07W"><span>Mars Methane at Gale Crater <span class="hlt">Shows</span> Strong Seasonal Cycle: Updated <span class="hlt">Results</span> from TLS-SAM on Curiosity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Webster, C. R.; Mahaffy, P. R.; Atreya, S. K.; Flesch, G.; Malespin, C.; McKay, C.; Martinez, G.; Moores, J.; Smith, C. L.; Martin-Torres, F. J.; Gomez-Elvira, J.; Zorzano, M. P.; Wong, M. H.; Trainer, M. G.; Eigenbrode, J. L.; Glavin, D. P.; Steele, A.; Archer, D., Jr.; Sutter, B.; Coll, P. J.; Freissinet, C.; Meslin, P. Y.; Pavlov, A.; Keymeulen, D.; Christensen, L. E.; Gough, R. V.; Schwenzer, S. P.; Navarro-Gonzalez, R.; Pla-García, J.; Rafkin, S. C.; Vicente-Retortillo, Á.; Kahanpää, H.; Viudez-Moreiras, D.; Smith, M. D.; Harri, A. M.; Genzer, M.; Hassler, D.; Lemmon, M. T.; Crisp, J. A.; Zurek, R. W.; Vasavada, A. R.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>In situ measurements of atmospheric methane have been made over a 5-year period at Gale Crater on Mars using the Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS) instrument in the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) suite on the Curiosity rover. We report two important observations: (i) a background level of mean value of 0.41 ±0.11 (2sem) that is about 5 times lower than some model predictions based on generation from UV degradation of micro-meteorites or interplanetary dust delivered to the martian surface; (ii) "spikes" of elevated levels of 7 ppbv attributed to episodic releases from small local sources, probably to the north of Gale crater1. Reports of plumes, patches or episodic releases of methane in the Martian atmosphere have to date eluded explanation in part because of their lack of repeatability in time or location. Our in situ measurements of the background methane levels exhibit a strong, repeatable seasonal <span class="hlt">variability</span>. The amplitude of the observed seasonal cycle is 3 times greater than both that expected from the annual sublimation and freezing of polar carbon dioxide and that expected from methane production from ultraviolet (UV) degradation of exogenously-delivered surface material. The observed large seasonal variation in the background, and sporadic observations of higher pulses of 7 ppbv appear consistent with localized small sources of methane release from Martian surface reservoirs that may be occurring throughout the planet. We will present our updated data set, correlations of Mars methane with various other measurements from SAM, REMS, RAD and ChemCam instruments on Curiosity, as well as empirical models of UV surface insolation, and provide preliminary interpretation of <span class="hlt">results</span>. 1 "Mars Methane Detection and <span class="hlt">Variability</span> at Gale Crater", C. R. Webster et al., Science, 347, 415-417 (2015) and references therein. The research described here was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70187023','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70187023"><span>Measuring phenological <span class="hlt">variability</span> from satellite imagery</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Reed, Bradley C.; Brown, Jesslyn F.; Vanderzee, D.; Loveland, Thomas R.; Merchant, James W.; Ohlen, Donald O.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Vegetation phenological phenomena are closely related to seasonal dynamics of the lower atmosphere and are therefore important elements in global models and vegetation monitoring. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data derived from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite sensor offer a means of efficiently and objectively evaluating phenological characteristics over large areas. Twelve metrics linked to key phenological events were computed based on time-series NDVI data collected from 1989 to 1992 over the conterminous United States. These measures include the onset of greenness, time of peak NDVI, maximum NDVI, rate of greenup, rate of senescence, and integrated NDVI. Measures of central tendency and <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the measures were computed and analyzed for various land cover types. <span class="hlt">Results</span> from the analysis <span class="hlt">showed</span> strong coincidence between the satellite-derived metrics and predicted phenological characteristics. In particular, the metrics identified interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> of spring wheat in North Dakota, characterized the phenology of four types of grasslands, and established the phenological consistency of deciduous and coniferous forests. These <span class="hlt">results</span> have implications for large- area land cover mapping and monitoring. The utility of re- motely sensed data as input to vegetation mapping is demonstrated by <span class="hlt">showing</span> the distinct phenology of several land cover types. More stable information contained in ancillary data should be incorporated into the mapping process, particularly in areas with high phenological <span class="hlt">variability</span>. In a regional or global monitoring system, an increase in <span class="hlt">variability</span> in a region may serve as a signal to perform more detailed land cover analysis with higher resolution imagery.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFMSM51B0537R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFMSM51B0537R"><span>First <span class="hlt">Results</span> on the <span class="hlt">Variability</span> of Mid- and High-Latitude Ionospheric Electric Fields at 1- Second Time Scales</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ruohoniemi, J. M.; Greenwald, R. A.; Oksavik, K.; Baker, J. B.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>The electric fields at high latitudes are often modeled as a static pattern in the absence of variation in solar wind parameters or geomagnetic disturbance. However, temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the local electric fields on time scales of minutes for stable conditions has been reported and characterized statistically as an intrinsic property amounting to turbulence. We describe the <span class="hlt">results</span> of applying a new technique to SuperDARN HF radar observations of ionospheric plasma convection at middle and high latitudes that gives views of the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the electric fields at sub-second time scales. We address the question of whether there is a limit to the temporal scale of the electric field <span class="hlt">variability</span> and consider whether the turbulence on minute time scales is due to organized but unresolved behavior. The basis of the measurements is the ability to record raw samples from the individual multipulse sequences that are transmitted during the standard 3 or 6-second SuperDARN integration period; a backscattering volume is then effectively sampled at a cadence of 200 ms. The returns from the individual sequences are often sufficiently well-ordered to permit a sequence-by-sequence characterization of the electric field and backscattered power. We attempt a statistical characterization of the <span class="hlt">variability</span> at these heretofore inaccessible time scales and consider how <span class="hlt">variability</span> is influenced by solar wind and magentospheric factors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8438702','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8438702"><span>Heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> and aerobic fitness.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>De Meersman, R E</p> <p>1993-03-01</p> <p>Heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span>, a noninvasive marker of parasympathetic activity, diminishes with aging and is augmented after exercise training. Whether habitual exercise over time can attenuate this loss is unknown. This cross-sectional investigation compared 72 male runners, aged 15 to 83 to 72 age- and weight-matched sedentary control subjects for the amplitude of their heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> was assessed during rest while subjects were breathing at a rate of 6 breaths per minute and at an augmented tidal volume (tidal volume = 30% of vital capacity). Fitness levels were assessed with on-line, open-circuit spirometry while subjects were performing an incremental stress test. Overall <span class="hlt">results</span> between the two groups <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the physically active group had significantly higher fitness levels (p < 0.001), which were associated with significantly higher levels of heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span>, when compared with their sedentary counterparts (p < 0.001). These findings provide suggestive evidence for habitual aerobic exercise as a beneficial modulator of heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> in an aging population.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED407420.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED407420.pdf"><span>How <span class="hlt">Variables</span> Uncorrelated with the Dependent <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Can Actually Make Excellent Predictors: The Important Suppressor <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Case.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Woolley, Kristin K.</p> <p></p> <p>Many researchers are unfamiliar with suppressor <span class="hlt">variables</span> and how they operate in multiple regression analyses. This paper describes the role suppressor <span class="hlt">variables</span> play in a multiple regression model and provides practical examples that explain how they can change research <span class="hlt">results</span>. A <span class="hlt">variable</span> that when added as another predictor increases the total…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2095.photos.182254p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2095.photos.182254p/"><span>57. INTERIOR VIEW OF VAL BRIDGE STRUCTURE <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> LAUNCHING TUBE, ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>57. INTERIOR VIEW OF VAL BRIDGE STRUCTURE <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> LAUNCHING TUBE, STAIRS AND PORTION OF LAUNCHING DECK. NOTE SUPPORT CARRIAGE ASSEMBLY IN DISTANCE. Date unknown, circa March 1948. (Original photograph in possession of Dave Willis, San Diego, California.) - <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Angle Launcher Complex, <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Angle Launcher, CA State Highway 39 at Morris Reservior, Azusa, Los Angeles County, CA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23636053','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23636053"><span>Igs expressed by chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells <span class="hlt">show</span> limited binding-site structure <span class="hlt">variability</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Marcatili, Paolo; Ghiotto, Fabio; Tenca, Claudya; Chailyan, Anna; Mazzarello, Andrea N; Yan, Xiao-Jie; Colombo, Monica; Albesiano, Emilia; Bagnara, Davide; Cutrona, Giovanna; Morabito, Fortunato; Bruno, Silvia; Ferrarini, Manlio; Chiorazzi, Nicholas; Tramontano, Anna; Fais, Franco</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>Ag selection has been suggested to play a role in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) pathogenesis, but no large-scale analysis has been performed so far on the structure of the Ag-binding sites (ABSs) of leukemic cell Igs. We sequenced both H and L chain V(D)J rearrangements from 366 CLL patients and modeled their three-dimensional structures. The <span class="hlt">resulting</span> ABS structures were clustered into a small number of discrete sets, each containing ABSs with similar shapes and physicochemical properties. This structural classification correlates well with other known prognostic factors such as Ig mutation status and recurrent (stereotyped) receptors, but it <span class="hlt">shows</span> a better prognostic value, at least in the case of one structural cluster for which clinical data were available. These findings suggest, for the first time, to our knowledge, on the basis of a structural analysis of the Ab-binding sites, that selection by a finite quota of antigenic structures operates on most CLL cases, whether mutated or unmutated.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.471.3788P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.471.3788P"><span>On the use of <span class="hlt">variability</span> time-scales as an early classifier of radio transients and <span class="hlt">variables</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pietka, M.; Staley, T. D.; Pretorius, M. L.; Fender, R. P.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>We have shown previously that a broad correlation between the peak radio luminosity and the <span class="hlt">variability</span> time-scales, approximately L ∝ τ5, exists for <span class="hlt">variable</span> synchrotron emitting sources and that different classes of astrophysical sources occupy different regions of luminosity and time-scale space. Based on those <span class="hlt">results</span>, we investigate whether the most basic information available for a newly discovered radio <span class="hlt">variable</span> or transient - their rise and/or decline rate - can be used to set initial constraints on the class of events from which they originate. We have analysed a sample of ≈800 synchrotron flares, selected from light curves of ≈90 sources observed at 5-8 GHz, representing a wide range of astrophysical phenomena, from flare stars to supermassive black holes. Selection of outbursts from the noisy radio light curves has been done automatically in order to ensure reproducibility of <span class="hlt">results</span>. The distribution of rise/decline rates for the selected flares is modelled as a Gaussian probability distribution for each class of object, and further convolved with estimated areal density of that class in order to correct for the strong bias in our sample. We <span class="hlt">show</span> in this way that comparing the measured <span class="hlt">variability</span> time-scale of a radio transient/<span class="hlt">variable</span> of unknown origin can provide an early, albeit approximate, classification of the object, and could form part of a suite of measurements used to provide early categorization of such events. Finally, we also discuss the effect scintillating sources will have on our ability to classify events based on their <span class="hlt">variability</span> time-scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830011469','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830011469"><span><span class="hlt">Variable</span> camber rotor study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Dadone, L.; Cowan, J.; Mchugh, F. J.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Deployment of <span class="hlt">variable</span> camber concepts on helicopter rotors was analytically assessed. It was determined that <span class="hlt">variable</span> camber extended the operating range of helicopters provided that the correct compromise can be obtained between performance/loads gains and mechanical complexity. A number of <span class="hlt">variable</span> camber concepts were reviewed on a two dimensional basis to determine the usefulness of leading edge, trailing edge and overall camber variation schemes. The most powerful method to vary camber was through the trailing edge flaps undergoing relatively small motions (-5 deg to +15 deg). The aerodynamic characteristics of the NASA/Ames A-1 airfoil with 35% and 50% plain trailing edge flaps were determined by means of current subcritical and transonic airfoil design methods and used by rotor performance and loads analysis codes. The most promising <span class="hlt">variable</span> camber schedule reviewed was a configuration with a 35% plain flap deployment in an on/off mode near the tip of a blade. Preliminary <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> approximately 11% reduction in power is possible at 192 knots and a rotor thrust coefficient of 0.09. The potential demonstrated indicates a significant potential for expanding the operating envelope of the helicopter. Further investigation into improving the power saving and defining the improvement in the operational envelope of the helicopter is recommended.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5174099','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5174099"><span>Major Crop Species <span class="hlt">Show</span> Differential Balance between Root Morphological and Physiological Responses to <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Phosphorus Supply</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lyu, Yang; Tang, Hongliang; Li, Haigang; Zhang, Fusuo; Rengel, Zed; Whalley, William R.; Shen, Jianbo</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The relationship between root morphological and physiological responses to <span class="hlt">variable</span> P supply in different plant species is poorly understood. We compared root morphological and physiological responses to P supply in seven crop species (Zea mays, Triticum aestivum, Brassica napus, Lupinus albus, Glycine max, Vicia faba, Cicer arietinum) treated with or without 100 mg P kg-1 in two soils (acidic and calcareous). Phosphorus deficiency decreased root length more in fibrous root species (Zea mays, Triticum aestivum, Brassica napus) than legumes. Zea mays and Triticum aestivum had higher root/shoot biomass ratio and Brassica napus had higher specific root length compared to legumes, whereas legumes (except soybean) had higher carboxylate exudation than fibrous root species. Lupinus albus exhibited the highest P-acquisition efficiency due to high exudation of carboxylates and acid phosphatases. Lupinus albus and Cicer arietinum depended mostly on root exudation (i.e., physiological response) to enhance P acquisition, whereas Zea mays, Triticum aestivum and Brassica napus had higher root morphology dependence, with Glycine max and Vicia faba in between. Principal component analysis using six morphological and six physiological responses identified root size and diameter as the most important morphological traits, whereas important physiological responses included carboxylate exudation, and P-acquisition and P-utilization efficiency followed by rhizosphere soil pH and acid phosphatase activity. In conclusion, plant species can be grouped on the basis of their response to soil P being primarily via root architectural or exudation plasticity, suggesting a potential benefit of crop-specific root-trait-based management to cope with <span class="hlt">variable</span> soil P supply in sustainable grain production. PMID:28066491</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...94a2047R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...94a2047R"><span>Control of <span class="hlt">variable</span> speed <span class="hlt">variable</span> pitch wind turbine based on a disturbance observer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ren, Haijun; Lei, Xin</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>In this paper, a novel sliding mode controller based on disturbance observer (DOB) to optimize the efficiency of <span class="hlt">variable</span> speed <span class="hlt">variable</span> pitch (VSVP) wind turbine is developed and analyzed. Due to the highly nonlinearity of the VSVP system, the model is linearly processed to obtain the state space model of the system. Then, a conventional sliding mode controller is designed and a DOB is added to estimate wind speed. The proposed control strategy can successfully deal with the random nature of wind speed, the nonlinearity of VSVP system, the uncertainty of parameters and external disturbance. Via adding the observer to the sliding mode controller, it can greatly reduce the chattering produced by the sliding mode switching gain. The simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the proposed control system has the effectiveness and robustness.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28732232','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28732232"><span>Periodicity and stability for <span class="hlt">variable</span>-time impulsive neural networks.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Hongfei; Li, Chuandong; Huang, Tingwen</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The paper considers a general neural networks model with <span class="hlt">variable</span>-time impulses. It is shown that each solution of the system intersects with every discontinuous surface exactly once via several new well-proposed assumptions. Moreover, based on the comparison principle, this paper <span class="hlt">shows</span> that neural networks with <span class="hlt">variable</span>-time impulse can be reduced to the corresponding neural network with fixed-time impulses under well-selected conditions. Meanwhile, the fixed-time impulsive systems can be regarded as the comparison system of the <span class="hlt">variable</span>-time impulsive neural networks. Furthermore, a series of sufficient criteria are derived to ensure the existence and global exponential stability of periodic solution of <span class="hlt">variable</span>-time impulsive neural networks, and to illustrate the same stability properties between <span class="hlt">variable</span>-time impulsive neural networks and the fixed-time ones. The new criteria are established by applying Schaefer's fixed point theorem combined with the use of inequality technique. Finally, a numerical example is presented to <span class="hlt">show</span> the effectiveness of the proposed <span class="hlt">results</span>. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017WRR....53.8105F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017WRR....53.8105F"><span>Input-<span class="hlt">variable</span> sensitivity assessment for sediment transport relations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fernández, Roberto; Garcia, Marcelo H.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>A methodology to assess input-<span class="hlt">variable</span> sensitivity for sediment transport relations is presented. The Mean Value First Order Second Moment Method (MVFOSM) is applied to two bed load transport equations <span class="hlt">showing</span> that it may be used to rank all input <span class="hlt">variables</span> in terms of how their specific variance affects the overall variance of the sediment transport estimation. In sites where data are scarce or nonexistent, the <span class="hlt">results</span> obtained may be used to (i) determine what <span class="hlt">variables</span> would have the largest impact when estimating sediment loads in the absence of field observations and (ii) design field campaigns to specifically measure those <span class="hlt">variables</span> for which a given transport equation is most sensitive; in sites where data are readily available, the <span class="hlt">results</span> would allow quantifying the effect that the variance associated with each input <span class="hlt">variable</span> has on the variance of the sediment transport estimates. An application of the method to two transport relations using data from a tropical mountain river in Costa Rica is implemented to exemplify the potential of the method in places where input data are limited. <span class="hlt">Results</span> are compared against Monte Carlo simulations to assess the reliability of the method and validate its <span class="hlt">results</span>. For both of the sediment transport relations used in the sensitivity analysis, accurate knowledge of sediment size was found to have more impact on sediment transport predictions than precise knowledge of other input <span class="hlt">variables</span> such as channel slope and flow discharge.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9699E..08F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9699E..08F"><span>Mechanical and optical behavior of a tunable liquid lens using a <span class="hlt">variable</span> cross section membrane: modeling <span class="hlt">results</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Flores-Bustamante, Mario C.; Rosete-Aguilar, Martha; Calixto, Sergio</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>A lens containing a liquid medium and having at least one elastic membrane as one of its components is known as an elastic membrane lens (EML). The elastic membrane may have a constant or <span class="hlt">variable</span> thickness. The optical properties of the EML change by modifying the profile of its elastic membrane(s). The EML formed of elastic constant thickness membrane(s) have been studied extensively. However, EML information using elastic membrane of <span class="hlt">variable</span> thickness is limited. In this work, we present simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> of the mechanical and optical behavior of two EML with <span class="hlt">variable</span> thickness membranes (convex-plane membranes). The profile of its surfaces were modified by liquid medium volume increases. The model of the convex-plane membranes, as well as the simulation of its mechanical behavior, were performed using Solidworks® software; and surface's points of the deformed elastic lens were obtained. Experimental stress-strain data, obtained from a silicone rubber simple tensile test, according to ASTM D638 norm, were used in the simulation. Algebraic expressions, (Schwarzschild formula, up to four deformation coefficients, in a cylindrical coordinate system (r, z)), of the meridional profiles of the first and second surfaces of the deformed convex-plane membranes, were obtained using the <span class="hlt">results</span> from Solidworks® and a program in the software Mathematica®. The optical performance of the EML was obtained by simulation using the software OSLO® and the algebraic expressions obtained in Mathematica®.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFM.A22A..04M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFM.A22A..04M"><span>NOx Emissions from Large Point Sources: <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in Ozone Production, <span class="hlt">Resulting</span> Health Damages and Economic Costs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mauzerall, D. L.; Sultan, B.; Kim, N.; Bradford, D.</p> <p>2004-12-01</p> <p>We present a proof-of-concept analysis of the measurement of the health damage of ozone (O3) produced from nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) emitted by individual large point sources in the eastern United States. We use a regional atmospheric model of the eastern United States, the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx), to quantify the <span class="hlt">variable</span> impact that a fixed quantity of NOx emitted from individual sources can have on the downwind concentration of surface O3, depending on temperature and local biogenic hydrocarbon emissions. We also examine the dependence of <span class="hlt">resulting</span> ozone-related health damages on the size of the exposed population. The investigation is relevant to the increasingly widely used "cap and trade" approach to NOx regulation, which presumes that shifts of emissions over time and space, holding the total fixed over the course of the summer O3 season, will have minimal effect on the environmental outcome. By contrast, we <span class="hlt">show</span> that a shift of a unit of NOx emissions from one place or time to another could <span class="hlt">result</span> in large changes in the health effects due to ozone formation and exposure. We indicate how the type of modeling carried out here might be used to attach externality-correcting prices to emissions. Charging emitters fees that are commensurate with the damage caused by their NOx emissions would create an incentive for emitters to reduce emissions at times and in locations where they cause the largest damage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018FrEaS...6....2O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018FrEaS...6....2O"><span>Cirque glacier on South Georgia <span class="hlt">shows</span> centennial <span class="hlt">variability</span> over the last 7000 years</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Oppedal, Lea T.; Bakke, Jostein; Paasche, Øyvind; Werner, Johannes P.; van der Bilt, Willem G. M.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>A 7000 year-long cirque glacier reconstruction from South Georgia, based on detailed analysis of fine-grained sediments deposited downstream in a bog and a lake, suggests continued presence during most of the Holocene. Glacier activity is inferred from various sedimentary properties including magnetic susceptibility (MS), dry bulk density (DBD), loss-on-ignition (LOI) and geochemical elements (XRF), and tallied to a set of terminal moraines. The two independently dated sediment records document concurring events of enhanced glacigenic sediment influx to the bog and lake, whereas the upstream moraines afford the opportunity to calculate past Equilibrium Line Altitudes (ELA) which has varied in the order of 70 m altitude. Combined, the records provide new evidence of cirque glacier fluctuations on South Georgia. Based on the onset of peat formation, the study site was deglaciated prior to 9900±250 years ago when Neumayer tidewater glacier retreated up-fjord. Changes in the lake and bog sediment properties indicate that the cirque glacier was close to its maximum Holocene extent between 7200±400 and 4800±200 cal BP, 2700±150 and 2000±200 cal BP, 500±150-300±100 cal BP, and in the 20th century (likely 1930s). The glacier fluctuations are largely in-phase with reconstructed Patagonian glaciers, implying that they respond to centennial climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> possibly connected to corresponding modulations of the Southern Westerly Winds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ECSS...75..175P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ECSS...75..175P"><span>Detecting changes <span class="hlt">resulting</span> from human pressure in a naturally quick-changing and heterogeneous environment: Spatial and temporal scales of <span class="hlt">variability</span> in coastal lagoons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pérez-Ruzafa, A.; Marcos, C.; Pérez-Ruzafa, I. M.; Barcala, E.; Hegazi, M. I.; Quispe, J.</p> <p>2007-10-01</p> <p>To detect changes in ecosystems due to human impact, experimental designs must include replicates at the appropriate scale to avoid pseudoreplication. Although coastal lagoons, with their highly <span class="hlt">variable</span> environmental factors and biological assemblages, are relatively well-studied systems, very little is known about their natural scales of variation. In this study, we investigate the spatio-temporal scales of <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the Mar Menor coastal lagoon (SE Spain) using structured hierarchical sampling designs, mixed and permutational multi-variate analyses of variance, and ordination multi-variate analyses applied to hydrographical parameters, nutrients, chlorophyll a and ichthyoplankton in the water column, and to macrophyte and fish benthic assemblages. Lagoon processes in the Mar Menor <span class="hlt">show</span> heterogeneous patterns at different temporal and spatial scales. The water column characteristics (including nutrient concentration) <span class="hlt">showed</span> small-scale spatio-temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span>, from 10 0 to 10 1 km and from fortnightly to seasonally. Biological features (chlorophyll a concentration and ichthyoplankton assemblage descriptors) <span class="hlt">showed</span> monthly changes and spatial patterns at the scale of 10 0 (chlorophyll a) - 10 1 km (ichthyoplankton). Benthic assemblages (macrophytes and fishes) <span class="hlt">showed</span> significant differences between types of substrates in the same locality and between localities, according to horizontal gradients related with confinement in the lagoon, at the scale of 10 0-10 1 km. The vertical zonation of macrophyte assemblages (at scales of 10 1-10 2 cm) overlaps changes in substrata and horizontal gradients. Seasonal patterns in vegetation biomass were not significant, but the significant interaction between Locality and Season indicated that the seasons of maximum and minimum biomass depend on local environmental conditions. Benthic fish assemblages <span class="hlt">showed</span> no significant patterns at the monthly scale but did <span class="hlt">show</span> seasonal patterns.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1511832M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1511832M"><span>Enhanced future <span class="hlt">variability</span> during India's rainy season</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Menon, Arathy; Levermann, Anders; Schewe, Jacob</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>The Indian summer monsoon shapes the livelihood of a large share of the world's population. About 80% of annual precipitation over India occurs during the monsoon season from June through September. Next to its seasonal mean rainfall the day-to-day <span class="hlt">variability</span> is crucial for the risk of flooding, national water supply and agricultural productivity. Here we <span class="hlt">show</span> that the latest ensemble of climate model simulations, prepared for the IPCC's AR-5, consistently projects significant increases in day-to-day rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span> under unmitigated climate change. While all models <span class="hlt">show</span> an increase in day-to-day <span class="hlt">variability</span>, some models are more realistic in capturing the observed seasonal mean rainfall over India than others. While no model's monsoon rainfall exceeds the observed value by more than two standard deviations, half of the models simulate a significantly weaker monsoon than observed. The relative increase in day-to-day <span class="hlt">variability</span> by the year 2100 ranges from 15% to 48% under the strongest scenario (RCP-8.5), in the ten models which capture seasonal mean rainfall closest to observations. The <span class="hlt">variability</span> increase per degree of global warming is independent of the scenario in most models, and is 8% +/- 4% per K on average. This consistent projection across 20 comprehensive climate models provides confidence in the <span class="hlt">results</span> and suggests the necessity of profound adaptation measures in the case of unmitigated climate change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19861094','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19861094"><span>Heart-rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> and precompetitive anxiety in swimmers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cervantes Blásquez, Julio César; Rodas Font, Gil; Capdevila Ortís, Lluís</p> <p>2009-11-01</p> <p>The aim of this study was to test the utility of heart-rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> (HRV) analyses as a noninvasive means of quantifying cardiac autonomic regulation during precompetitive anxiety situations in swimmers. Psychophysiological state evaluation of 10 volunteer <master> swimmers (6 women and 4 men) was obtained by comparing baseline training condition (TC) with competition condition (CC). Self-evaluation of precompetitive somatic anxiety measured by CSAI-2 <span class="hlt">showed</span> significant increase from the TC to CC. Analysis <span class="hlt">showed</span> that during higher precompetitive anxiety level, a significant reduction in the timing (RMSSD), frequency (HFms2 and HFnu) and Poincaré plot (SD1) of heart-rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> was observed, and a significant increase in the low frequency to high frequency ratio (LF/HF %). The <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate a shift towards sympathetic predominance as a <span class="hlt">result</span> of parasympathetic withdrawal. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> provide an HRV analysis in a valid, useful and non-invasive way to evaluate the change of sympathovagal balance in presence of precompetitive stress.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/425338','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/425338"><span>Some preliminary <span class="hlt">results</span> from the NWTC direct-drive, <span class="hlt">variable</span>-speed test bed</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Carlin, P.W.; Fingersh, L.J.</p> <p>1996-10-01</p> <p>With the remarkable rise in interest in <span class="hlt">variable</span>-speed operation of larger wind turbines, it has become important for the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) to have access to a <span class="hlt">variable</span>-speed test bed that can be specially instrumented for research. Accordingly, a three-bladed, 10-meter, downwind, Grumman Windstream machine has been equipped with a set of composite blades and a direct-coupled, permanent-magnet, 20 kilowatt generator. This machine and its associated control system and data collection system are discussed. Several variations of a maximum power control algorithm have been installed on the control computer. To provide a baseline for comparison, several constant speedmore » algorithms have also been installed. The present major effort is devoted to daytime, semi-autonomous data collection.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4611653','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4611653"><span>Enhanced precipitation <span class="hlt">variability</span> decreases grass- and increases shrub-productivity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gherardi, Laureano A.; Sala, Osvaldo E.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Although projections of precipitation change indicate increases in <span class="hlt">variability</span>, most studies of impacts of climate change on ecosystems focused on effects of changes in amount of precipitation, overlooking precipitation <span class="hlt">variability</span> effects, especially at the interannual scale. Here, we present <span class="hlt">results</span> from a 6-y field experiment, where we applied sequences of wet and dry years, increasing interannual precipitation coefficient of variation while maintaining a precipitation amount constant. Increased precipitation <span class="hlt">variability</span> significantly reduced ecosystem primary production. Dominant plant-functional types <span class="hlt">showed</span> opposite responses: perennial-grass productivity decreased by 81%, whereas shrub productivity increased by 67%. This pattern was explained by different nonlinear responses to precipitation. Grass productivity presented a saturating response to precipitation where dry years had a larger negative effect than the positive effects of wet years. In contrast, shrubs <span class="hlt">showed</span> an increasing response to precipitation that <span class="hlt">resulted</span> in an increase in average productivity with increasing precipitation <span class="hlt">variability</span>. In addition, the effects of precipitation variation increased through time. We argue that the differential responses of grasses and shrubs to precipitation <span class="hlt">variability</span> and the amplification of this phenomenon through time <span class="hlt">result</span> from contrasting root distributions of grasses and shrubs and competitive interactions among plant types, confirmed by structural equation analysis. Under drought conditions, grasses reduce their abundance and their ability to absorb water that then is transferred to deep soil layers that are exclusively explored by shrubs. Our work addresses an understudied dimension of climate change that might lead to widespread shrub encroachment reducing the provisioning of ecosystem services to society. PMID:26417095</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A42F..03J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A42F..03J"><span>Small-scale <span class="hlt">variability</span> in tropical tropopause layer humidity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jensen, E. J.; Ueyama, R.; Pfister, L.; Karcher, B.; Podglajen, A.; Diskin, G. S.; DiGangi, J. P.; Thornberry, T. D.; Rollins, A. W.; Bui, T. V.; Woods, S.; Lawson, P.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Recent advances in statistical parameterizations of cirrus cloud processes for use in global models are highlighting the need for information about small-scale fluctuations in upper tropospheric humidity and the physical processes that control the humidity <span class="hlt">variability</span>. To address these issues, we have analyzed high-resolution airborne water vapor measurements obtained in the Airborne Tropical TRopopause EXperiment over the tropical Pacific between 14 and 20 km. Using accurate and precise 1-Hz water vapor measurements along approximately-level aircraft flight legs, we calculate structure functions spanning horizontal scales ranging from about 0.2 to 50 km, and we compare the water vapor <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the lower (about 14 km) and upper (16-19 km) Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL). We also compare the magnitudes and scales of <span class="hlt">variability</span> inside TTL cirrus versus in clear-sky regions. The measurements <span class="hlt">show</span> that in the upper TTL, water vapor concentration variance is stronger inside cirrus than in clear-sky regions. Using simulations of TTL cirrus formation, we <span class="hlt">show</span> that small <span class="hlt">variability</span> in clear-sky humidity is amplified by the strong sensitivity of ice nucleation rate to supersaturation, which <span class="hlt">results</span> in highly-structured clouds that subsequently drive <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the water vapor field. In the lower TTL, humidity <span class="hlt">variability</span> is correlated with recent detrainment from deep convection. The structure functions indicate approximately power-law scaling with spectral slopes ranging from about -5/3 to -2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663416-understanding-solar-cycle-variability','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663416-understanding-solar-cycle-variability"><span>Understanding Solar Cycle <span class="hlt">Variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Cameron, R. H.; Schüssler, M., E-mail: cameron@mps.mpg.de</p> <p></p> <p>The level of solar magnetic activity, as exemplified by the number of sunspots and by energetic events in the corona, varies on a wide range of timescales. Most prominent is the 11-year solar cycle, which is significantly modulated on longer timescales. Drawing from dynamo theory, together with the empirical <span class="hlt">results</span> of past solar activity and similar phenomena for solar-like stars, we <span class="hlt">show</span> that the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the solar cycle can be essentially understood in terms of a weakly nonlinear limit cycle affected by random noise. In contrast to ad hoc “toy models” for the solar cycle, this leads to amore » generic normal-form model, whose parameters are all constrained by observations. The model reproduces the characteristics of the <span class="hlt">variable</span> solar activity on timescales between decades and millennia, including the occurrence and statistics of extended periods of very low activity (grand minima). Comparison with <span class="hlt">results</span> obtained with a Babcock–Leighton-type dynamo model confirm the validity of the normal-mode approach.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=desensitization+AND+psychology&pg=6&id=EJ142672','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=desensitization+AND+psychology&pg=6&id=EJ142672"><span>Counselor-Subject Sex <span class="hlt">Variables</span> in Systematic Desensitization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Geer, Carol A.; Hurst, James C.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>A Sex of Subject x Sex of Counselor interaction in the desensitization of test anxiety among 44 college students suggested consideration of the sex <span class="hlt">variable</span>. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> significant treatment effects by both male and female counselors and a significant interaction effect by the male counselor with female subjects. (Author)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990063840&hterms=convection+currents&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dconvection%2Bcurrents','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990063840&hterms=convection+currents&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dconvection%2Bcurrents"><span>The Influence of Convection on Magnetotail <span class="hlt">Variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Peroomian, Vahe; Ashour-Abdalla, Maha; Zelenyi, Lev M.; Petrukovich, Anatoli</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>This study investigates the evolution of the magnetotail's magnetic field with the aid of a self-consistent two-dimensional model. In this model the plasma mantle continuously supplies particles to the magnetotail, the ion current periodically updates the magnetic field using the Biot-Savart law. The simulated magnetotail evolves into a quasi-steady state, characterized by the periodic motion of the model's near-Earth X-line. This <span class="hlt">variability</span> <span class="hlt">results</span> from the nonadiabatic acceleration of ions in the current sheet and their rapid loss from the tail. The characteristic time scale of <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the magnetotail is on the order of 4 - 5 minutes. We also investigate how the magnetotail's topology responds to increased convection electric fields, and <span class="hlt">show</span> examples of observations of <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the magnetotail.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850022457','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850022457"><span>Measured acoustic properties of <span class="hlt">variable</span> and low density bulk absorbers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Dahl, M. D.; Rice, E. J.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Experimental data were taken to determine the acoustic absorbing properties of uniform low density and layered <span class="hlt">variable</span> density samples using a bulk absober with a perforated plate facing to hold the material in place. In the layered <span class="hlt">variable</span> density case, the bulk absorber was packed such that the lowest density layer began at the surface of the sample and progressed to higher density layers deeper inside. The samples were placed in a rectangular duct and measurements were taken using the two microphone method. The data were used to calculate specific acoustic impedances and normal incidence absorption coefficients. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that for uniform density samples the absorption coefficient at low frequencies decreased with increasing density and resonances occurred in the absorption coefficient curve at lower densities. These <span class="hlt">results</span> were confirmed by a model for uniform density bulk absorbers. <span class="hlt">Results</span> from layered <span class="hlt">variable</span> density samples <span class="hlt">showed</span> that low frequency absorption was the highest when the lowest density possible was packed in the first layer near the exposed surface. The layers of increasing density within the sample had the effect of damping the resonances.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29544481','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29544481"><span>Using overbooking to manage no-<span class="hlt">shows</span> in an Italian healthcare center.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Parente, Chiara Anna; Salvatore, Domenico; Gallo, Giampiero Maria; Cipollini, Fabrizio</p> <p>2018-03-15</p> <p>In almost all healthcare systems, no-<span class="hlt">shows</span> (scheduled appointments missed without any notice from patients) have a negative impact on waiting lists, costs and resource utilization, impairing the quality and quantity of cares that could be provided, as well as the revenues from the corresponding activity. Overbooking is a tool healthcare providers can resort to reduce the impact of no-<span class="hlt">shows</span>. We develop an overbooking algorithm, and we assess its effectiveness using two methods: an analysis of the data coming from a practical implementation in an healthcare center; a simulation experiment to check the robustness and the potential of the strategy under different conditions. The data of the study, which includes personal and administrative information of patients, together with their scheduled and attended examinations, was taken from the electronic database of a big outpatient center. The attention was focused on the Magnetic Resonance (MR) ward because it uses expensive equipment, its services need long execution times, and the center has actually used it to implement an overbooking strategy aimed at reducing the impact of no-<span class="hlt">shows</span>. We propose a statistical model for the patient's <span class="hlt">show/no-show</span> behavior and we evaluate the ensuing overbooking procedure implemented in the MR ward. Finally, a simulation study investigates the effects of the overbooking strategy under different scenarios. The first contribution is a list of <span class="hlt">variables</span> to identify the factors performing the best to predict no-<span class="hlt">shows</span>. We classified the <span class="hlt">variables</span> in three groups: "Patient's intrinsic factors", "Exogenous factors" and "Factors associated with the examination". The second contribution is a predictive model of no-<span class="hlt">shows</span>, which is estimated on context-specific data using the <span class="hlt">variables</span> just discussed. Such a model represents a fundamental ingredient of the overbooking strategy we propose to reduce the negative effects of no-<span class="hlt">shows</span>. The third contribution is the assessment of that strategy by means</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018LMaPh.tmp...47C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018LMaPh.tmp...47C"><span>Normal forms of dispersive scalar Poisson brackets with two independent <span class="hlt">variables</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Carlet, Guido; Casati, Matteo; Shadrin, Sergey</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>We classify the dispersive Poisson brackets with one dependent <span class="hlt">variable</span> and two independent <span class="hlt">variables</span>, with leading order of hydrodynamic type, up to Miura transformations. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that, in contrast to the case of a single independent <span class="hlt">variable</span> for which a well-known triviality <span class="hlt">result</span> exists, the Miura equivalence classes are parametrised by an infinite number of constants, which we call numerical invariants of the brackets. We obtain explicit formulas for the first few numerical invariants.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5366892','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5366892"><span>Community temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> increases with fluctuating resource availability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Li, Wei; Stevens, M. Henry H.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>An increase in the quantity of available resources is known to affect temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of aggregate community properties. However, it is unclear how might fluctuations in resource availability alter community-level temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Here we conduct a microcosm experiment with laboratory protist community subjected to manipulated resource pulses that vary in intensity, duration and time of supply, and examine the impact of fluctuating resource availability on temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the recipient community. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the temporal variation of total protist abundance increased with the magnitude of resource pulses, as protist community receiving infrequent resource pulses (i.e., high-magnitude nutrients per pulse) was relatively more unstable than community receiving multiple resource pulses (i.e., low-magnitude nutrients per pulse), although the same total amounts of nutrients were added to each community. Meanwhile, the timing effect of fluctuating resources did not significantly alter community temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Further analysis <span class="hlt">showed</span> that fluctuating resource availability increased community temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> by increasing the degree of community-wide species synchrony and decreasing the stabilizing effects of dominant species. Hence, the importance of fluctuating resource availability in influencing community stability and the regulatory mechanisms merit more attention, especially when global ecosystems are experiencing high rates of anthropogenic nutrient inputs. PMID:28345592</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...745280L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...745280L"><span>Community temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> increases with fluctuating resource availability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Wei; Stevens, M. Henry H.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>An increase in the quantity of available resources is known to affect temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of aggregate community properties. However, it is unclear how might fluctuations in resource availability alter community-level temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Here we conduct a microcosm experiment with laboratory protist community subjected to manipulated resource pulses that vary in intensity, duration and time of supply, and examine the impact of fluctuating resource availability on temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the recipient community. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the temporal variation of total protist abundance increased with the magnitude of resource pulses, as protist community receiving infrequent resource pulses (i.e., high-magnitude nutrients per pulse) was relatively more unstable than community receiving multiple resource pulses (i.e., low-magnitude nutrients per pulse), although the same total amounts of nutrients were added to each community. Meanwhile, the timing effect of fluctuating resources did not significantly alter community temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Further analysis <span class="hlt">showed</span> that fluctuating resource availability increased community temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> by increasing the degree of community-wide species synchrony and decreasing the stabilizing effects of dominant species. Hence, the importance of fluctuating resource availability in influencing community stability and the regulatory mechanisms merit more attention, especially when global ecosystems are experiencing high rates of anthropogenic nutrient inputs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A51L..06W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A51L..06W"><span>The Oceanic Contribution to Atlantic Multi-Decadal <span class="hlt">Variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wills, R. C.; Armour, K.; Battisti, D. S.; Hartmann, D. L.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Atlantic multi-decadal <span class="hlt">variability</span> (AMV) is typically associated with <span class="hlt">variability</span> in ocean heat transport (OHT) by the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). However, recent work has cast doubt on this connection by <span class="hlt">showing</span> that slab-ocean climate models, in which OHT cannot vary, exhibit similar <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Here, we apply low-frequency component analysis to isolate the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of Atlantic sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) that occurs on decadal and longer time scales. In observations and in pre-industrial control simulations of comprehensive climate models, we find that AMV is confined to the extratropics, with the strongest temperature anomalies in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that warm subpolar temperatures are associated with a strengthened AMOC, increased poleward OHT, and local heat fluxes from the ocean into the atmosphere. In contrast, the traditional index of AMV based on the basin-averaged SST anomaly <span class="hlt">shows</span> warm temperatures preceded by heat fluxes from the atmosphere into the ocean, consistent with the atmosphere driving this <span class="hlt">variability</span>, and <span class="hlt">shows</span> a weak relationship with AMOC. The autocorrelation time of the basin-averaged SST index is 1 year compared to an autocorrelation time of 5 years for the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of subpolar temperatures. This <span class="hlt">shows</span> that multi-decadal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of Atlantic SSTs is sustained by OHT <span class="hlt">variability</span> associated with AMOC, while atmosphere-driven SST <span class="hlt">variability</span>, such as exists in slab-ocean models, contributes primarily on interannual time scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4610293','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4610293"><span>Input <span class="hlt">Variability</span> Facilitates Unguided Subcategory Learning in Adults</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Eidsvåg, Sunniva Sørhus; Austad, Margit; Asbjørnsen, Arve E.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Purpose This experiment investigated whether input <span class="hlt">variability</span> would affect initial learning of noun gender subcategories in an unfamiliar, natural language (Russian), as it is known to assist learning of other grammatical forms. Method Forty adults (20 men, 20 women) were familiarized with examples of masculine and feminine Russian words. Half of the participants were familiarized with 32 different root words in a high-<span class="hlt">variability</span> condition. The other half were familiarized with 16 different root words, each repeated twice for a total of 32 presentations in a high-repetition condition. Participants were tested on untrained members of the category to assess generalization. Familiarization and testing was completed 2 additional times. <span class="hlt">Results</span> Only participants in the high-<span class="hlt">variability</span> group <span class="hlt">showed</span> evidence of learning after an initial period of familiarization. Participants in the high-repetition group were able to learn after additional input. Both groups benefited when words included 2 cues to gender compared to a single cue. Conclusions The <span class="hlt">results</span> demonstrate that the degree of input <span class="hlt">variability</span> can influence learners' ability to generalize a grammatical subcategory (noun gender) from a natural language. In addition, the presence of multiple cues to linguistic subcategory facilitated learning independent of <span class="hlt">variability</span> condition. PMID:25680081</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25610775','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25610775"><span>Capturing the dynamics of response <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the brain in ADHD.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>van Belle, Janna; van Raalten, Tamar; Bos, Dienke J; Zandbelt, Bram B; Oranje, Bob; Durston, Sarah</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>ADHD is characterized by increased intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> in response times during the performance of cognitive tasks. However, little is known about developmental changes in intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span>, and how these changes relate to cognitive performance. Twenty subjects with ADHD aged 7-24 years and 20 age-matched, typically developing controls participated in an fMRI-scan while they performed a go-no-go task. We fit an ex-Gaussian distribution on the response distribution to objectively separate extremely slow responses, related to lapses of attention, from <span class="hlt">variability</span> on fast responses. We assessed developmental changes in these intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> measures, and investigated their relation to no-go performance. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the ex-Gaussian measures were better predictors of no-go performance than traditional measures of reaction time. Furthermore, we found between-group differences in the change in ex-Gaussian parameters with age, and their relation to task performance: subjects with ADHD <span class="hlt">showed</span> age-related decreases in their <span class="hlt">variability</span> on fast responses (sigma), but not in lapses of attention (tau), whereas control subjects <span class="hlt">showed</span> a decrease in both measures of <span class="hlt">variability</span>. For control subjects, but not subjects with ADHD, this age-related reduction in <span class="hlt">variability</span> was predictive of task performance. This group difference was reflected in neural activation: for typically developing subjects, the age-related decrease in intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> on fast responses (sigma) predicted activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus (dACG), whereas for subjects with ADHD, activity in this region was related to improved no-go performance with age, but not to intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span>. These data <span class="hlt">show</span> that using more sophisticated measures of intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> allows the capturing of the dynamics of task performance and associated neural changes not permitted by more traditional measures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4299975','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4299975"><span>Capturing the dynamics of response <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the brain in ADHD</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>van Belle, Janna; van Raalten, Tamar; Bos, Dienke J.; Zandbelt, Bram B.; Oranje, Bob; Durston, Sarah</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>ADHD is characterized by increased intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> in response times during the performance of cognitive tasks. However, little is known about developmental changes in intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span>, and how these changes relate to cognitive performance. Twenty subjects with ADHD aged 7–24 years and 20 age-matched, typically developing controls participated in an fMRI-scan while they performed a go-no-go task. We fit an ex-Gaussian distribution on the response distribution to objectively separate extremely slow responses, related to lapses of attention, from <span class="hlt">variability</span> on fast responses. We assessed developmental changes in these intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> measures, and investigated their relation to no-go performance. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the ex-Gaussian measures were better predictors of no-go performance than traditional measures of reaction time. Furthermore, we found between-group differences in the change in ex-Gaussian parameters with age, and their relation to task performance: subjects with ADHD <span class="hlt">showed</span> age-related decreases in their <span class="hlt">variability</span> on fast responses (sigma), but not in lapses of attention (tau), whereas control subjects <span class="hlt">showed</span> a decrease in both measures of <span class="hlt">variability</span>. For control subjects, but not subjects with ADHD, this age-related reduction in <span class="hlt">variability</span> was predictive of task performance. This group difference was reflected in neural activation: for typically developing subjects, the age-related decrease in intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> on fast responses (sigma) predicted activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus (dACG), whereas for subjects with ADHD, activity in this region was related to improved no-go performance with age, but not to intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span>. These data <span class="hlt">show</span> that using more sophisticated measures of intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> allows the capturing of the dynamics of task performance and associated neural changes not permitted by more traditional measures. PMID:25610775</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.477.2917P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.477.2917P"><span>Patterns of <span class="hlt">variability</span> in supercritical hadronic systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Petropoulou, M.; Mastichiadis, A.</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p>A unique and often overlooked property of a source loaded with relativistic protons is that it can become supercritical, i.e. it can undergo an abrupt transition from a radiatively inefficient to a radiatively efficient state once its proton energy density exceeds a certain threshold. In this paper, we investigate the temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of hadronic systems in this hardly explored regime. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that there exists a range of proton densities that prevent the system from reaching a steady state, but drive it instead in a quasi-periodic mode. The escaping radiation then exhibits limit cycles, even if all physical parameters are held constant in time. We extend our analysis to cases where the proton injection rate varies with time and explore the <span class="hlt">variability</span> patterns of escaping radiation as the system moves in and out from the supercritical regime. We examine the relevance of our <span class="hlt">results</span> to the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the prompt gamma-ray burst emission and <span class="hlt">show</span> that, at least on a phenomenological level, some interesting analogies exist.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC43F1128B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC43F1128B"><span>Future hotspots of increasing temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span> in tropical countries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bathiany, S.; Dakos, V.; Scheffer, M.; Lenton, T. M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Resolving how climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> will change in future is crucial to determining how challenging it will be for societies and ecosystems to adapt to climate change. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that the largest increases in temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span> - that are robust between state-of-the art climate models - are concentrated in tropical countries. On average, temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span> increases by 15% per degree of global warming in Amazonia and Southern Africa during austral summer, and by up to 10% °C-1 in the Sahel, India and South East Asia. Southern hemisphere changes can be explained by drying soils, whereas shifts in atmospheric structure play a more important role in the Northern hemisphere. These robust regional changes in <span class="hlt">variability</span> are associated with monthly timescale events, whereas uncertain changes in inter-annual modes of <span class="hlt">variability</span> make the response of global temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span> uncertain. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that regional changes in temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span> will create new inequalities in climate change impacts between rich and poor nations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10326E..02S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10326E..02S"><span>Polishing tool and the <span class="hlt">resulting</span> TIF for three <span class="hlt">variable</span> machine parameters as input for the removal simulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schneider, Robert; Haberl, Alexander; Rascher, Rolf</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>The trend in the optic industry <span class="hlt">shows</span>, that it is increasingly important to be able to manufacture complex lens geometries on a high level of precision. From a certain limit on the required shape accuracy of optical workpieces, the processing is changed from the two-dimensional to point-shaped processing. It is very important that the process is as stable as possible during the in point-shaped processing. To ensure stability, usually only one process parameter is varied during processing. It is common that this parameter is the feed rate, which corresponds to the dwell time. In the research project ArenA-FOi (Application-oriented analysis of resource-saving and energy-efficient design of industrial facilities for the optical industry), a touching procedure is used in the point-attack, and in this case a close look is made as to whether a change of several process parameters is meaningful during a processing. The ADAPT tool in size R20 from Satisloh AG is used, which is also available for purchase. The behavior of the tool is tested under constant conditions in the MCP 250 CNC by OptoTech GmbH. A series of experiments should enable the TIF (tool influence function) to be determined using three <span class="hlt">variable</span> parameters. Furthermore, the maximum error frequency that can be processed is calculated as an example for one parameter set and serves as an outlook for further investigations. The test <span class="hlt">results</span> serve as the basic for the later removal simulation, which must be able to deal with a <span class="hlt">variable</span> TIF. This topic has already been successfully implemented in another research project of the Institute for Precision Manufacturing and High-Frequency Technology (IPH) and thus this algorithm can be used. The next step is the useful implementation of the collected knowledge. The TIF must be selected on the basis of the measured data. It is important to know the error frequencies to select the optimal TIF. Thus, it is possible to compare the simulated <span class="hlt">results</span> with real measurement</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AtmEn..39.2851M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AtmEn..39.2851M"><span>NO x emissions from large point sources: <span class="hlt">variability</span> in ozone production, <span class="hlt">resulting</span> health damages and economic costs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mauzerall, Denise L.; Sultan, Babar; Kim, Namsoug; Bradford, David F.</p> <p></p> <p>We present a proof-of-concept analysis of the measurement of the health damage of ozone (O 3) produced from nitrogen oxides (NO=NO+NO) emitted by individual large point sources in the eastern United States. We use a regional atmospheric model of the eastern United States, the Comprehensive Air quality Model with Extensions (CAMx), to quantify the <span class="hlt">variable</span> impact that a fixed quantity of NO x emitted from individual sources can have on the downwind concentration of surface O 3, depending on temperature and local biogenic hydrocarbon emissions. We also examine the dependence of <span class="hlt">resulting</span> O 3-related health damages on the size of the exposed population. The investigation is relevant to the increasingly widely used "cap and trade" approach to NO x regulation, which presumes that shifts of emissions over time and space, holding the total fixed over the course of the summer O 3 season, will have minimal effect on the environmental outcome. By contrast, we <span class="hlt">show</span> that a shift of a unit of NO x emissions from one place or time to another could <span class="hlt">result</span> in large changes in <span class="hlt">resulting</span> health effects due to O 3 formation and exposure. We indicate how the type of modeling carried out here might be used to attach externality-correcting prices to emissions. Charging emitters fees that are commensurate with the damage caused by their NO x emissions would create an incentive for emitters to reduce emissions at times and in locations where they cause the largest damage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009OcSci...5..313A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009OcSci...5..313A"><span>Regional impacts of ocean color on tropical Pacific <span class="hlt">variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Anderson, W.; Gnanadesikan, A.; Wittenberg, A.</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>The role of the penetration length scale of shortwave radiation into the surface ocean and its impact on tropical Pacific <span class="hlt">variability</span> is investigated with a fully coupled ocean, atmosphere, land and ice model. Previous work has shown that removal of all ocean color <span class="hlt">results</span> in a system that tends strongly towards an El Niño state. <span class="hlt">Results</span> from a suite of surface chlorophyll perturbation experiments <span class="hlt">show</span> that the mean state and <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the tropical Pacific is highly sensitive to the concentration and distribution of ocean chlorophyll. Setting the near-oligotrophic regions to contain optically pure water warms the mean state and suppresses <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the western tropical Pacific. Doing the same above the shadow zones of the tropical Pacific also warms the mean state but enhances the <span class="hlt">variability</span>. It is shown that increasing penetration can both deepen the pycnocline (which tends to damp El Niño) while shifting the mean circulation so that the wind response to temperature changes is altered. Depending on what region is involved this change in the wind stress can either strengthen or weaken ENSO <span class="hlt">variability</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009OcScD...6..243A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009OcScD...6..243A"><span>Regional impacts of ocean color on tropical Pacific <span class="hlt">variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Anderson, W.; Gnanadesikan, A.; Wittenberg, A.</p> <p>2009-02-01</p> <p>The role of the penetration length scale of shortwave radiation into the surface ocean and its impact on tropical Pacific <span class="hlt">variability</span> is investigated with a fully coupled ocean, atmosphere, land and ice model. Previous work has shown that removal of all ocean color <span class="hlt">results</span> in a system that tends strongly towards an El Niño state. <span class="hlt">Results</span> from a suite of surface chlorophyll perturbation experiments <span class="hlt">show</span> that the mean state and <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the tropical Pacific is highly sensitive to the concentration and distribution of ocean chlorophyll. Setting the near-oligotrophic regions to contain optically pure water warms the mean state and suppresses <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the western tropical Pacific. Doing the same above the shadow zones of the tropical Pacific also warms the mean state but enhances the <span class="hlt">variability</span>. It is shown that increasing penetration can both deepen the pycnocline (which tends to damp El Niño) while shifting the mean circulation so that the wind response to temperature changes is altered. Depending on what region is involved this change in the wind stress can either strengthen or weaken ENSO <span class="hlt">variability</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23307477','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23307477"><span>High <span class="hlt">variability</span> in <span class="hlt">results</span> of semen analysis in andrology laboratories in Tuscany (Italy): the experience of an external quality control (EQC) programme.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Filimberti, E; Degl'Innocenti, S; Borsotti, M; Quercioli, M; Piomboni, P; Natali, I; Fino, M G; Caglieresi, C; Criscuoli, L; Gandini, L; Biggeri, A; Maggi, M; Baldi, E</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>We report the <span class="hlt">results</span> of the first three trials of an external quality control (EQC) programme performed in 71 laboratories executing semen analysis in Tuscany Region (Italy). At the end of the second trial, participants were invited to attend a teaching course illustrating and inviting to adhere to procedures recommended by WHO (V edition). <span class="hlt">Results</span> of the first three trials of the EQC documented a huge <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the procedures and the <span class="hlt">results</span>. The highest <span class="hlt">variability</span> was found for morphology (CV above 80% for all the trials), followed by count (CV of about 60% for all the trials) and motility (CV below 30% for all the trials). When <span class="hlt">results</span> of sperm count and morphology were divided according to the used method, mean CV values did not <span class="hlt">show</span> significant differences. CV for morphology dropped significantly at the third trial for most methods, indicating the usefulness of the teaching course for morphology assessment. Conversely, no differences were observed after the course for motility and for most methods to evaluate count, although CV values were lower at the second and third trial for the laboratories using the Burker cytometer. When <span class="hlt">results</span> were divided according to tertiles of activity, the lowest mean bias values (difference between each laboratory <span class="hlt">result</span> and the median value of the <span class="hlt">results</span>) for count and morphology were observed for laboratories in the third tertile (performing over 200 semen analysis/year). Of interest, mean bias values for concentration dropped significantly at the third trial for low activity laboratories. In conclusion, lack of agreement of <span class="hlt">results</span> of semen analysis in Tuscany is mainly because of the activity and the experience of the laboratory. Our study points out the importance of participating in EQC programmes and periodical teaching courses as well as the use of WHO recommended standardized procedures to increase precision and to allow the use of WHO reference values. © 2013 American Society of Andrology and European Academy</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4685828','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4685828"><span>Phenotypic <span class="hlt">variability</span> in unicellular organisms: from calcium signalling to social behaviour</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Vogel, David; Nicolis, Stamatios C.; Perez-Escudero, Alfonso; Nanjundiah, Vidyanand; Sumpter, David J. T.; Dussutour, Audrey</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Historically, research has focused on the mean and often neglected the variance. However, <span class="hlt">variability</span> in nature is observable at all scales: among cells within an individual, among individuals within a population and among populations within a species. A fundamental quest in biology now is to find the mechanisms that underlie <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Here, we investigated behavioural <span class="hlt">variability</span> in a unique unicellular organism, Physarum polycephalum. We combined experiments and models to <span class="hlt">show</span> that <span class="hlt">variability</span> in cell signalling contributes to major differences in behaviour underpinning some aspects of social interactions. First, following thousands of cells under various contexts, we identified distinct behavioural phenotypes: ‘slow–regular–social’, ‘fast–regular–social’ and ‘fast–irregular–asocial’. Second, coupling chemical analysis and behavioural assays we found that calcium signalling is responsible for these behavioural phenotypes. Finally, we <span class="hlt">show</span> that differences in signalling and behaviour led to alternative social strategies. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> have considerable implications for our understanding of the emergence of <span class="hlt">variability</span> in living organisms. PMID:26609088</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26609088','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26609088"><span>Phenotypic <span class="hlt">variability</span> in unicellular organisms: from calcium signalling to social behaviour.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vogel, David; Nicolis, Stamatios C; Perez-Escudero, Alfonso; Nanjundiah, Vidyanand; Sumpter, David J T; Dussutour, Audrey</p> <p>2015-11-22</p> <p>Historically, research has focused on the mean and often neglected the variance. However, <span class="hlt">variability</span> in nature is observable at all scales: among cells within an individual, among individuals within a population and among populations within a species. A fundamental quest in biology now is to find the mechanisms that underlie <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Here, we investigated behavioural <span class="hlt">variability</span> in a unique unicellular organism, Physarum polycephalum. We combined experiments and models to <span class="hlt">show</span> that <span class="hlt">variability</span> in cell signalling contributes to major differences in behaviour underpinning some aspects of social interactions. First, following thousands of cells under various contexts, we identified distinct behavioural phenotypes: 'slow-regular-social', 'fast-regular-social' and 'fast-irregular-asocial'. Second, coupling chemical analysis and behavioural assays we found that calcium signalling is responsible for these behavioural phenotypes. Finally, we <span class="hlt">show</span> that differences in signalling and behaviour led to alternative social strategies. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> have considerable implications for our understanding of the emergence of <span class="hlt">variability</span> in living organisms. © 2015 The Author(s).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMPP53A1978W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMPP53A1978W"><span>Spatio-temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of modern sedimentation rates in Lake Nam Co, central Tibetan Plateau, China -- the first <span class="hlt">results</span> from sediment traps</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, J.; Ju, J.; Daut, G.; Wang, Y.; Maeusbacher, R.; Zhu, L.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>As a big and deep lake in high altitude environment, Nam Co has played an important role in the past decade concerning paleoenvironmental change study. However, the modern process monitoring research is still insufficient in this lake to understand the variations in the modern sedimentation patterns. Sediment traps are widely used in lakes monitoring and research, providing the modern sedimentation rates (SR) and flux information as well as the materials for multidisciplinary studies. Here we present the first and preliminary <span class="hlt">result</span> of spatio-temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of SR in Nam Co based on one-year sediment traps data. Three integrated self-made traps mooring were deployed in different areas in Nam Co, which were eastern area (T1, ~57m depth), middle area (T2, ~93m depth) and western area (T3, ~62m depth). There were three layers traps in T1 and T3 station while four layers in T2 station. Additionally, a time-series automatic samples changing trap (Technicap PPS 3/3, France) was set up in the bottom (~90m depth) of T2 station with a sampling interval of two weeks. All traps were established in late May, 2012 and collected in Mid-September, 2012 for the first time. Then after winter time, samples were again collected in late May, 2013. Therefore, we got <span class="hlt">results</span> for two periods, namely summer half year (May-September) and winter half year (September-next May). The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> remarkable variation of SR vertically in all three stations, the bottom layers received much more materials than the up and middle layers. This fact could be attributed to the distinct influence of high density flows occurring at the lake bottom. This is also supported by multiprobe measurements <span class="hlt">showing</span> high turbidity in the water body close to the bottom. In shallow areas (T1 and T3) the SR were higher than that of deep area (T2), which could probably reflect the different distance from the terrestrial source to the sites where the traps were deployed. In T1 and T2 stations, SR of winter half</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..148a2023P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..148a2023P"><span>Rainfall pattern <span class="hlt">variability</span> as climate change impact in The Wallacea Region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pujiastuti, I.; Nurjani, E.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The objective of the study is to observe the characteristic <span class="hlt">variability</span> of rainfall pattern in the city located in every rainfall type, local (Kendari), monsoon (Manado), and equatorial (Palu). The <span class="hlt">result</span> will be compared to determine which has the most significantly precipitation changing due to climate change impact. Rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span> in Indonesia illustrates precipitation variation thus the important <span class="hlt">variability</span> is the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of monthly rainfall. Monthly precipitation data for the period of 1961-2010 are collected from Indonesian Agency for Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency. This data is calculated with the normal test statistical method to analyze rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span>. The <span class="hlt">result</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> the pattern of trend and <span class="hlt">variability</span> of rainfall in every city with the own characteristic which determines the rainfall type. Moreover, there is comparison of rainfall pattern changing between every rainfall type. This information is useful for climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies especially in water resource management form precipitation as well as the occurrence of meteorological disasters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663838-variable-stars-observed-galactic-disk-ast3-from-dome-antarctica','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663838-variable-stars-observed-galactic-disk-ast3-from-dome-antarctica"><span><span class="hlt">Variable</span> Stars Observed in the Galactic Disk by AST3-1 from Dome A, Antarctica</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wang, Lingzhi; Ma, Bin; Hu, Yi</p> <p></p> <p>AST3-1 is the second-generation wide-field optical photometric telescope dedicated to time-domain astronomy at Dome A, Antarctica. Here, we present the <span class="hlt">results</span> of an i -band images survey from AST3-1 toward one Galactic disk field. Based on time-series photometry of 92,583 stars, 560 <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars were detected with i magnitude ≤16.5 mag during eight days of observations; 339 of these are previously unknown <span class="hlt">variables</span>. We tentatively classify the 560 <span class="hlt">variables</span> as 285 eclipsing binaries (EW, EB, and EA), 27 pulsating <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars ( δ Scuti, γ Doradus, δ Cephei <span class="hlt">variable</span>, and RR Lyrae stars), and 248 other types of <span class="hlt">variables</span> (unclassifiedmore » periodic, multiperiodic, and aperiodic <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars). Of the eclipsing binaries, 34 <span class="hlt">show</span> O’Connell effects. One of the aperiodic <span class="hlt">variables</span> <span class="hlt">shows</span> a plateau light curve and another <span class="hlt">variable</span> <span class="hlt">shows</span> a secondary maximum after peak brightness. We also detected a complex binary system with an RS CVn-like light-curve morphology; this object is being followed-up spectroscopically using the Gemini South telescope.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050232762','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050232762"><span><span class="hlt">Variable</span> Structure Control of a Hand-Launched Glider</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Anderson, Mark R.; Waszak, Martin R.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Variable</span> structure control system design methods are applied to the problem of aircraft spin recovery. A <span class="hlt">variable</span> structure control law typically has two phases of operation. The reaching mode phase uses a nonlinear relay control strategy to drive the system trajectory to a pre-defined switching surface within the motion state space. The sliding mode phase involves motion along the surface as the system moves toward an equilibrium or critical point. Analysis <span class="hlt">results</span> presented in this paper reveal that the conventional method for spin recovery can be interpreted as a <span class="hlt">variable</span> structure controller with a switching surface defined at zero yaw rate. Application of Lyapunov stability methods <span class="hlt">show</span> that deflecting the ailerons in the direction of the spin helps to insure that this switching surface is stable. Flight test <span class="hlt">results</span>, obtained using an instrumented hand-launched glider, are used to verify stability of the reaching mode dynamics.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AcA....67..131O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AcA....67..131O"><span><span class="hlt">Variable</span> Stars in M13. II.The Red <span class="hlt">Variables</span> and the Globular Cluster Period-Luminosity Relation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Osborn, W.; Layden, A.; Kopacki, G.; Smith, H.; Anderson, M.; Kelly, A.; McBride, K.; Pritzl, B.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>New CCD observations have been combined with archival data to investigate the nature of the red <span class="hlt">variables</span> in the globular cluster M13. Mean magnitudes, colors and variation ranges on the UBVIC system have been determined for the 17 cataloged red <span class="hlt">variables</span>. 15 of the stars are irregular or semi-regular <span class="hlt">variables</span> that lie at the top of the red giant branch in the color-magnitude diagram. Two stars are not, including one with a well-defined period and a light curve shape indicating it is an ellipsoidal or eclipsing <span class="hlt">variable</span>. All stars redder than (V-IC)0=1.38 mag vary, with the amplitudes being larger with increased stellar luminosity and with bluer filter passband. Searches of the data for periodicities yielded typical <span class="hlt">variability</span> cycle times ranging from 30 d up to 92 d for the most luminous star. Several stars have evidence of multiple periods. The stars' period-luminosity diagram compared to those from microlensing survey data <span class="hlt">shows</span> that most M13 red <span class="hlt">variables</span> are overtone pulsators. Comparison with the diagrams for other globular clusters <span class="hlt">shows</span> a correlation between red <span class="hlt">variable</span> luminosity and cluster metallicity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1330303-long-term-variability-sugarcane-bagasse-feedstock-compositional-methods-sources-magnitude-analytical-variability','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1330303-long-term-variability-sugarcane-bagasse-feedstock-compositional-methods-sources-magnitude-analytical-variability"><span>Long-term <span class="hlt">variability</span> in sugarcane bagasse feedstock compositional methods: Sources and magnitude of analytical <span class="hlt">variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Templeton, David W.; Sluiter, Justin B.; Sluiter, Amie; ...</p> <p>2016-10-18</p> <p>In an effort to find economical, carbon-neutral transportation fuels, biomass feedstock compositional analysis methods are used to monitor, compare, and improve biofuel conversion processes. These methods are empirical, and the analytical <span class="hlt">variability</span> seen in the feedstock compositional data propagates into <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the conversion yields, component balances, mass balances, and ultimately the minimum ethanol selling price (MESP). We report the average composition and standard deviations of 119 individually extracted National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) bagasse [Reference Material (RM) 8491] run by seven analysts over 7 years. Two additional datasets, using bulk-extracted bagasse (containing 58 and 291 replicates each),more » were examined to separate out the effects of batch, analyst, sugar recovery standard calculation method, and extractions from the total analytical <span class="hlt">variability</span> seen in the individually extracted dataset. We believe this is the world's largest NIST bagasse compositional analysis dataset and it provides unique insight into the long-term analytical <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Understanding the long-term <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the feedstock analysis will help determine the minimum difference that can be detected in yield, mass balance, and efficiency calculations. The long-term data <span class="hlt">show</span> consistent bagasse component values through time and by different analysts. This suggests that the standard compositional analysis methods were performed consistently and that the bagasse RM itself remained unchanged during this time period. The long-term <span class="hlt">variability</span> seen here is generally higher than short-term <span class="hlt">variabilities</span>. It is worth noting that the effect of short-term or long-term feedstock compositional <span class="hlt">variability</span> on MESP is small, about $0.03 per gallon. The long-term analysis <span class="hlt">variabilities</span> reported here are plausible minimum values for these methods, though not necessarily average or expected <span class="hlt">variabilities</span>. We must emphasize the importance of training and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1330303','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1330303"><span>Long-term <span class="hlt">variability</span> in sugarcane bagasse feedstock compositional methods: Sources and magnitude of analytical <span class="hlt">variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Templeton, David W.; Sluiter, Justin B.; Sluiter, Amie</p> <p></p> <p>In an effort to find economical, carbon-neutral transportation fuels, biomass feedstock compositional analysis methods are used to monitor, compare, and improve biofuel conversion processes. These methods are empirical, and the analytical <span class="hlt">variability</span> seen in the feedstock compositional data propagates into <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the conversion yields, component balances, mass balances, and ultimately the minimum ethanol selling price (MESP). We report the average composition and standard deviations of 119 individually extracted National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) bagasse [Reference Material (RM) 8491] run by seven analysts over 7 years. Two additional datasets, using bulk-extracted bagasse (containing 58 and 291 replicates each),more » were examined to separate out the effects of batch, analyst, sugar recovery standard calculation method, and extractions from the total analytical <span class="hlt">variability</span> seen in the individually extracted dataset. We believe this is the world's largest NIST bagasse compositional analysis dataset and it provides unique insight into the long-term analytical <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Understanding the long-term <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the feedstock analysis will help determine the minimum difference that can be detected in yield, mass balance, and efficiency calculations. The long-term data <span class="hlt">show</span> consistent bagasse component values through time and by different analysts. This suggests that the standard compositional analysis methods were performed consistently and that the bagasse RM itself remained unchanged during this time period. The long-term <span class="hlt">variability</span> seen here is generally higher than short-term <span class="hlt">variabilities</span>. It is worth noting that the effect of short-term or long-term feedstock compositional <span class="hlt">variability</span> on MESP is small, about $0.03 per gallon. The long-term analysis <span class="hlt">variabilities</span> reported here are plausible minimum values for these methods, though not necessarily average or expected <span class="hlt">variabilities</span>. We must emphasize the importance of training and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23363531','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23363531"><span>Sport participation and subjective well-being: instrumental <span class="hlt">variable</span> <span class="hlt">results</span> from German survey data.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ruseski, Jane E; Humphreys, Brad R; Hallman, Kirstin; Wicker, Pamela; Breuer, Christoph</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>A major policy goal of many ministries of sport and health is increased participation in sport to promote health. A growing literature is emerging about the benefits of sport participation on happiness. A challenge in establishing a link between sport participation and happiness is controlling for endogeneity of sport participation in the happiness equation. This study seeks to establish causal evidence of a relationship between sport participation and self reported happiness using instrumental <span class="hlt">variables</span> (IV). IV estimates based on data from a 2009 population survey living in Rheinberg, Germany indicate that individuals who participate in sport have higher life happiness. The <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest a U-shaped relationship between age and self-reported happiness. Higher income is associated with greater self-reported happiness, males are less happy than females, and single individuals are less happy than nonsingles. Since the <span class="hlt">results</span> are IV, this finding is interpreted as a causal relationship between sport participation and subjective well-being (SWB). This broader impact of sport participation on general happiness lends support to the policy priority of many governments to increase sport participation at all levels of the general population.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1812813V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1812813V"><span>City scale pollen concentration <span class="hlt">variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>van der Molen, Michiel; van Vliet, Arnold; Krol, Maarten</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Pollen are emitted in the atmosphere both in the country-side and in cities. Yet the majority of the population is exposed to pollen in cities. Allergic reactions may be induced by short-term exposure to pollen. This raises the question how <span class="hlt">variable</span> pollen concentration in cities are in temporally and spatially, and how much of the pollen in cities are actually produced in the urban region itself. We built a high resolution (1 × 1 km) pollen dispersion model based on WRF-Chem to study a city's pollen budget and the spatial and temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> in concentration. It <span class="hlt">shows</span> that the concentrations are highly <span class="hlt">variable</span>, as a <span class="hlt">result</span> of source distribution, wind direction and boundary layer mixing, as well as the release rate as a function of temperature, turbulence intensity and humidity. Hay Fever Forecasts based on such high resolution emission and physical dispersion modelling surpass traditional hay fever warning methods based on temperature sum methods. The model gives new insights in concentration <span class="hlt">variability</span>, personal and community level exposure and prevention. The model will be developped into a new forecast tool to serve allergic people to minimize their exposure and reduce nuisance, coast of medication and sick leave. This is an innovative approach in hay fever warning systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.1219R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.1219R"><span>A global perspective on Glacial- to Interglacial <span class="hlt">variability</span> change</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rehfeld, Kira; Münch, Thomas; Ho, Sze Ling; Laepple, Thomas</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Changes in climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> are more important for society than changes in the mean state alone. While we will be facing a large-scale shift of the mean climate in the future, its implications for climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> are not well constrained. Here we quantify changes in temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span> as climate shifted from the Last Glacial cold to the Holocene warm period. Greenland ice core oxygen isotope records provide evidence of this climatic shift, and are used as reference datasets in many palaeoclimate studies worldwide. A striking feature in these records is pronounced millennial <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the Glacial, and a distinct reduction in variance in the Holocene. We present quantitative estimates of the change in <span class="hlt">variability</span> on 500- to 1500-year timescales based on a global compilation of high-resolution proxy records for temperature which span both the Glacial and the Holocene. The estimates are derived based on power spectral analysis, and corrected using estimates of the proxy signal-to-noise ratios. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that, on a global scale, <span class="hlt">variability</span> at the Glacial maximum is five times higher than during the Holocene, with a possible range of 3-10 times. The spatial pattern of the <span class="hlt">variability</span> change is latitude-dependent. While the tropics <span class="hlt">show</span> no changes in <span class="hlt">variability</span>, mid-latitude changes are higher. A slight overall reduction in <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the centennial to millennial range is found in Antarctica. The <span class="hlt">variability</span> decrease in the Greenland ice core oxygen isotope records is larger than in any other proxy dataset. These <span class="hlt">results</span> therefore contradict the view of a globally quiescent Holocene following the instable Glacial, and imply that, in terms of centennial to millennial temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span>, the two states may be more similar than previously thought.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28474794','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28474794"><span><span class="hlt">Variable</span> sensory perception in autism.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Haigh, Sarah M</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Autism is associated with sensory and cognitive abnormalities. Individuals with autism generally <span class="hlt">show</span> normal or superior early sensory processing abilities compared to healthy controls, but deficits in complex sensory processing. In the current opinion paper, it will be argued that sensory abnormalities impact cognition by limiting the amount of signal that can be used to interpret and interact with environment. There is a growing body of literature <span class="hlt">showing</span> that individuals with autism exhibit greater trial-to-trial <span class="hlt">variability</span> in behavioural and cortical sensory responses. If multiple sensory signals that are highly <span class="hlt">variable</span> are added together to process more complex sensory stimuli, then this might destabilise later perception and impair cognition. Methods to improve sensory processing have shown improvements in more general cognition. Studies that specifically investigate differences in sensory trial-to-trial <span class="hlt">variability</span> in autism, and the potential changes in <span class="hlt">variability</span> before and after treatment, could ascertain if trial-to-trial <span class="hlt">variability</span> is a good mechanism to target for treatment in autism. © 2017 Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..126a2066M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..126a2066M"><span><span class="hlt">Variables</span> influencing allocation of capital expenditure in Indonesia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Muda, Iskandar; Naibaho, Revmianson</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study is to examine the factors affecting capital expenditure in Indonesia. The independent <span class="hlt">variables</span> used are The Effects of Financing Surplus, Total Population and Regional Sizes and the dependent <span class="hlt">variable</span> used is The Effects of Financing Surplus. This type of research is a causal associative research. The type of data used is secondary data in severals provinces in Indonesia with multiple regression analysis. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> significantly the determinants of capital expenditure allocation in Indonesia are affected by Financing Surplus, Total Population and Regional Sizes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996rftu.proc...73W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996rftu.proc...73W"><span>Searching for X-ray <span class="hlt">variability</span>/periodicity in HD 4004.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wessolowski, U.; Niedzielski, A.</p> <p>1996-02-01</p> <p>The authors present preliminary <span class="hlt">results</span> of a combined X-ray and optical search for <span class="hlt">variability</span>/periodicity in HD 4004 (WR 1, WN5-s), an apparently single Wolf-Rayet star known to <span class="hlt">show</span> radial velocity variations (Lamontagne 1983) and some <span class="hlt">variability</span> both in photometry (Moffat and Shara 1986) and in optical line profiles (Niedzielski 1995). The two ROSAT PSPC pointed observations of HD 4004 (total effective exposure time of 35 ks) do not provide significant evidence for <span class="hlt">variability</span> in X-rays. Line profile variations present in newly obtained optical spectra are similar to those of EZ CMa (WR 6, WN5-s+c?), the banner WR+compact companion candidate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=cognitive+AND+learning+AND+children&id=EJ1139215','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=cognitive+AND+learning+AND+children&id=EJ1139215"><span>Does <span class="hlt">Variability</span> across Events Affect Verb Learning in English, Mandarin, and Korean?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Childers, Jane B.; Paik, Jae H.; Flores, Melissa; Lai, Gabrielle; Dolan, Megan</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Extending new verbs is important in becoming a productive speaker of a language. Prior <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> children have difficulty extending verbs when they have seen events with varied agents. This study further examines the impact of <span class="hlt">variability</span> on verb learning and asks whether <span class="hlt">variability</span> interacts with event complexity or differs by language.…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhDT........19T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhDT........19T"><span>What controls the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of oxygen in the subpolar North Pacific?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Takano, Yohei</p> <p></p> <p>Dissolved oxygen is a widely observed chemical quantity in the oceans along with temperature and salinity. Changes in the dissolved oxygen have been observed over the world oceans. Observed oxygen in the Ocean Station Papa (OSP, 50°N, 145°W) in the Gulf of Alaska exhibits strong <span class="hlt">variability</span> over interannual and decadal timescales, however, the mechanisms driving the observed <span class="hlt">variability</span> are not yet fully understood. Furthermore, irregular sampling frequency and relatively short record length make it difficult to detect a low-frequency <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Motivated by these observations, we investigate the mechanisms driving the low-frequency <span class="hlt">variability</span> of oxygen in the subpolar North Pacific. The specific purposes of this study are (1) to evaluate the robustness of the observed low-frequency <span class="hlt">variability</span> of dissolved oxygen and (2) to determine the mechanisms driving the observed <span class="hlt">variability</span> using statistical data analysis and numerical simulations. To evaluate the robustness of the low-frequency <span class="hlt">variability</span>, we conducted spectral analyses on the observed oxygen at OSP. To address the irregular sampling frequency we randomly sub-sampled the raw data to form 500 ensemble members with a regular time interval, and then performed spectral analyses. The <span class="hlt">resulting</span> power spectrum of oxygen exhibits a robust low-frequency <span class="hlt">variability</span> and a statistically significant spectral peak is identified at a timescale of 15--20 years. The wintertime oceanic barotropic streamfunction is significantly correlated with the observed oxygen anomaly at OSP with a north-south dipole structure over the North Pacific. We hypothesize that the observed low-frequency <span class="hlt">variability</span> is primarily driven by the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of large-scale ocean circulation in the North Pacific. To test this hypothesis, we simulate the three-dimensional distribution of oxygen anomaly between 1952 to 2001 using data-constrained circulation fields. The simulated oxygen anomaly <span class="hlt">shows</span> an outstanding <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the Gulf of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25871802','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25871802"><span>Developmental differences in intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> in children with ADHD and ASD.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>van Belle, Janna; van Hulst, Branko M; Durston, Sarah</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> reflects temporal variation within an individual's performance on a cognitive task. Children with developmental disorders, such as ADHD and ASD <span class="hlt">show</span> increased levels of intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span>. In typical development, intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> decreases sharply between the ages 6 and 20. The tight link between intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> and age has led to the suggestion that it may be marker of neural development. As there is accumulating evidence that ADHD and ASD are characterised by atypical neurodevelopmental trajectories, we set out to explore developmental changes in intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> in subjects with ADHD and ASD. We used propensity score matching to match a cross-sectional sample of children with ADHD, ASD and control subjects (N = 405, aged 6-19 years old) for age, IQ and gender. We used ex-Gaussian distribution parameters to characterise intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> on fast responses (sigma) and slow responses (tau). <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that there was a similar decrease in mean response times with age across groups, and an interaction between age and group for measures of <span class="hlt">variability</span>, where there was a much lower rate of change in the <span class="hlt">variability</span> parameters (sigma and tau) for subjects with ASD compared with the other two groups. Subjects with ADHD had higher intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span>, reflected by both sigma and tau, but the rate of decrease in <span class="hlt">variability</span> with age was similar to that of the controls. These <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that subjects with ADHD, ASD and controls differ in the rate at which intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> decreases during development, and support the idea that intra-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> may be a marker of neural development, mimicking the neurodevelopmental changes in these disorders. © 2015 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28954891','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28954891"><span>High <span class="hlt">variability</span> impairs motor learning regardless of whether it affects task performance.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cardis, Marco; Casadio, Maura; Ranganathan, Rajiv</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Motor <span class="hlt">variability</span> plays an important role in motor learning, although the exact mechanisms of how <span class="hlt">variability</span> affects learning are not well understood. Recent evidence suggests that motor <span class="hlt">variability</span> may have different effects on learning in redundant tasks, depending on whether it is present in the task space (where it affects task performance) or in the null space (where it has no effect on task performance). We examined the effect of directly introducing null and task space <span class="hlt">variability</span> using a manipulandum during the learning of a motor task. Participants learned a bimanual shuffleboard task for 2 days, where their goal was to slide a virtual puck as close as possible toward a target. Critically, the distance traveled by the puck was determined by the sum of the left- and right-hand velocities, which meant that there was redundancy in the task. Participants were divided into five groups, based on both the dimension in which the <span class="hlt">variability</span> was introduced and the amount of <span class="hlt">variability</span> that was introduced during training. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that although all groups were able to reduce error with practice, learning was affected more by the amount of <span class="hlt">variability</span> introduced rather than the dimension in which <span class="hlt">variability</span> was introduced. Specifically, groups with higher movement <span class="hlt">variability</span> during practice <span class="hlt">showed</span> larger errors at the end of practice compared with groups that had low <span class="hlt">variability</span> during learning. These <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that although introducing <span class="hlt">variability</span> can increase exploration of new solutions, this may adversely affect the ability to retain the learned solution. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined the role of introducing <span class="hlt">variability</span> during motor learning in a redundant task. The presence of redundancy allows <span class="hlt">variability</span> to be introduced in different dimensions: the task space (where it affects task performance) or the null space (where it does not affect task performance). We found that introducing <span class="hlt">variability</span> affected learning adversely, but the amount of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC41B1015W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC41B1015W"><span>Interannual to Decadal SST <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in the Tropical Indian Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, G.; Newman, M.; Han, W.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Indian Ocean has received increasing attention in recent years for its large impacts on regional and global climate. However, due mainly to the close interdependence of the climate variation within the Tropical Pacific and the Indian Ocean, the internal sea surface temperature (SST) <span class="hlt">variability</span> within the Indian Ocean has not been studied extensively on longer time scales. In this presentation we will <span class="hlt">show</span> analysis of the interannual to decadal SST <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the Tropical Indian Ocean in observations and Linear Inverse Model (LIM) <span class="hlt">results</span>. We also compare the decoupled Indian Ocean SST <span class="hlt">variability</span> from the Pacific against fully coupled one based on LIM integrations, to test the factors influence the features of the leading SST modes in the Indian Ocean. The <span class="hlt">result</span> <span class="hlt">shows</span> the Indian Ocean Basin (IOB) mode, which is strongly related to global averaged SST <span class="hlt">variability</span>, passively responses to the Pacific variation. Without tropical Indo-Pacific coupling interaction, the intensity of IOB significantly decreases by 80%. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mode demonstrates its independence from the Pacific SST <span class="hlt">variability</span> since the IOD does not change its long-term characteristics at all without inter-basin interactions. The overall SSTA variance decreases significantly in the Tropical Indian Ocean in the coupling restricted LIM runs, especially when the one-way impact from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean is turned off, suggesting that most of the <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the Indian Ocean comes from the Pacific influence. On the other hand, the Indian Ocean could also transport anomalies to the Pacific, making the interaction a complete two-way process.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.744a2114W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.744a2114W"><span>Research on damping properties optimization of <span class="hlt">variable</span>-stiffness plate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wen-kai, QI; Xian-tao, YIN; Cheng, SHEN</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>This paper investigates damping optimization design of <span class="hlt">variable</span>-stiffness composite laminated plate, which means fibre paths can be continuously curved and fibre angles are distinct for different regions. First, damping prediction model is developed based on modal dissipative energy principle and verified by comparing with modal testing <span class="hlt">results</span>. Then, instead of fibre angles, the element stiffness and damping matrixes are translated to be design <span class="hlt">variables</span> on the basis of novel Discrete Material Optimization (DMO) formulation, thus reducing the computation time greatly. Finally, the modal damping capacity of arbitrary order is optimized using MMA (Method of Moving Asymptotes) method. Meanwhile, mode tracking technique is employed to investigate the variation of modal shape. The convergent performance of interpolation function, first order specific damping capacity (SDC) optimization <span class="hlt">results</span> and variation of modal shape in different penalty factor are discussed. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the damping properties of the <span class="hlt">variable</span>-stiffness plate can be increased by 50%-70% after optimization.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ASPC..510..149A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ASPC..510..149A"><span>Long-Term Spectral <span class="hlt">Variability</span> of the Spotted Star IN Com</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Alekseev, I. Yu.; Kozlova, O. V.; Gorda, S. Yu.; Avvakumova, E. A.; Kozhevnikova, A. V.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>We present long-term (2004-2016) spectral observations (R = 20000) of IN Com in the regions of Hα, Hβ and He I 5876 Å lines. The unique feature of the stellar spectrum is the presence of the extended two-component emission with limits up to ± 400 km s-1 in the Hα line. Emission parameters <span class="hlt">show</span> the rotation modulation with the stellar rotation period and a significant <span class="hlt">variability</span> on the long-term scale. Similar emission is also observed in Hβ and He I 5876 Å lines. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> allow us to conclude that observational emission profiles are formed in optically thin hot gas. It is a <span class="hlt">result</span> of presence of a circumstellar gas disk around IN Com. Its size is not exceed several stellar radii. The matter for the disk is supported by stellar wind. Detected <span class="hlt">variability</span> of Hα emission parameters <span class="hlt">shows</span> evident relation with UBVRI photometric activity of the star. This fact allowed us to link the long-term spectral <span class="hlt">variability</span> with cycles of stellar activity of IN Com.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AAS...21811401K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AAS...21811401K"><span>Imaging <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Stars with HST</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Karovska, Margarita</p> <p>2011-05-01</p> <p>The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of astronomical sources, ranging from objects in our solar system to objects in the early Universe, have revolutionized our knowledge of the Universe its origins and contents.I will highlight <span class="hlt">results</span> from HST observations of <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars obtained during the past twenty or so years. Multiwavelength observations of numerous <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars and stellar systems were obtained using the superb HST imaging capabilities and its unprecedented angular resolution, especially in the UV and optical. The HST provided the first detailed images probing the structure of <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars including their atmospheres and circumstellar environments. AAVSO observations and light curves have been critical for scheduling of many of these observations and provided important information and context for understanding of the imaging <span class="hlt">results</span> of many <span class="hlt">variable</span> sources. I will describe the scientific <span class="hlt">results</span> from the imaging observations of <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars including AGBs, Miras, Cepheids, semi-regular <span class="hlt">variables</span> (including supergiants and giants), YSOs and interacting stellar systems with a <span class="hlt">variable</span> stellar components. These <span class="hlt">results</span> have led to an unprecedented understanding of the spatial and temporal characteristics of these objects and their place in the stellar evolutionary chains, and in the larger context of the dynamic evolving Universe.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JAVSO..40..265K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JAVSO..40..265K"><span>Imaging <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Stars with HST</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Karovska, M.</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>(Abstract only) The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of astronomical sources, ranging from objects in our solar system to objects in the early Universe, have revolutionized our knowledge of the Universe its origins and contents. I highlight <span class="hlt">results</span> from HST observations of <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars obtained during the past twenty or so years. Multiwavelength observations of numerous <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars and stellar systems were obtained using the superb HST imaging capabilities and its unprecedented angular resolution, especially in the UV and optical. The HST provided the first detailed images probing the structure of <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars including their atmospheres and circumstellar environments. AAVSO observations and light curves have been critical for scheduling of many of these observations and provided important information and context for understanding of the imaging <span class="hlt">results</span> of many <span class="hlt">variable</span> sources. I describe the scientific <span class="hlt">results</span> from the imaging observations of <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars including AGBs, Miras, Cepheids, semiregular <span class="hlt">variables</span> (including supergiants and giants), YSOs and interacting stellar systems with a <span class="hlt">variable</span> stellar components. These <span class="hlt">results</span> have led to an unprecedented understanding of the spatial and temporal characteristics of these objects and their place in the stellar evolutionary chains, and in the larger context of the dynamic evolving Universe.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT.......319C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT.......319C"><span>Extreme <span class="hlt">Variables</span> in Star Forming Regions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Contreras Peña, Carlos Eduardo</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p> in two multi-epoch infrared surveys: the UKIDSS Galactic Plane Survey (GPS) and the Vista <span class="hlt">Variables</span> in the Via Lactea (VVV). In order to further investigate the nature of the selected <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars, we use photometric information arising from public surveys at near- to far-infrared wavelengths. In addition we have performed spectroscopic and photometric follow-up for a large subset of the samples arising from GPS and VVV. We analyse the widely separated two-epoch K-band photometry in the 5th, 7th and 8th data releases of the UKIDSS Galactic Plane Survey. We find 71 stars with ΔK > 1 mag, including 2 previously known OH/IR stars and a Nova. Even though the mid-plane is mostly excluded from the dataset, we find the majority (66%) of our sample to be within known star forming regions (SFRs), with two large concentrations in the Serpens OB2 association (11 stars) and the Cygnus-X complex (27 stars). The analysis of the multi-epoch K-band photometry of 2010-2012 data from VVV covering the Galactic disc at |b| < 1° yields 816 high amplitude <span class="hlt">variables</span>, which include known <span class="hlt">variables</span> of different classes such as high mass X-ray binaries, Novae and eclipsing binaries among others. Remarkably, 65% of the sample are found concentrated towards areas of star formation, similar to the <span class="hlt">results</span> from GPS. In both surveys, sources in SFRs <span class="hlt">show</span> spectral energy distributions (SEDs) that support classification as YSOs. This indicates that YSOs dominate the Galactic population of high amplitude infrared <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars at low luminosities and therefore likely dominate the total high amplitude population. Spectroscopic follow-up allows us to confirm the pre-main sequence nature of several GPS and VVV Objects. Most objects in both samples <span class="hlt">show</span> spectroscopic signatures that can be attributed to YSOs undergoing high states of accretion, such as veiling of photospheric features and CO emission, or <span class="hlt">show</span> FUor-like spectra. We also find a large fraction of objects with 2.12 μm H2 emission that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2096.photos.182301p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2096.photos.182301p/"><span>3. VAL CONTROL STATION, VIEW OF CONTROL PANELS <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> MAIN ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>3. VAL CONTROL STATION, VIEW OF CONTROL PANELS <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> MAIN PRESSURE GAUGES, LOOKING NORTH. - <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Angle Launcher Complex, Control Station, CA State Highway 39 at Morris Reservior, Azusa, Los Angeles County, CA</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1290783-variability-large-scale-wind-power-generation-variability-large-scale-wind-power-generation','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1290783-variability-large-scale-wind-power-generation-variability-large-scale-wind-power-generation"><span><span class="hlt">Variability</span> in large-scale wind power generation: <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in large-scale wind power generation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kiviluoma, Juha; Holttinen, Hannele; Weir, David</p> <p>2015-10-25</p> <p>The paper demonstrates the characteristics of wind power <span class="hlt">variability</span> and net load <span class="hlt">variability</span> in multiple power systems based on real data from multiple years. Demonstrated characteristics include probability distribution for different ramp durations, seasonal and diurnal <span class="hlt">variability</span> and low net load events. The comparison <span class="hlt">shows</span> regions with low <span class="hlt">variability</span> (Sweden, Spain and Germany), medium <span class="hlt">variability</span> (Portugal, Ireland, Finland and Denmark) and regions with higher <span class="hlt">variability</span> (Quebec, Bonneville Power Administration and Electric Reliability Council of Texas in North America; Gansu, Jilin and Liaoning in China; and Norway and offshore wind power in Denmark). For regions with low <span class="hlt">variability</span>, the maximum 1more » h wind ramps are below 10% of nominal capacity, and for regions with high <span class="hlt">variability</span>, they may be close to 30%. Wind power <span class="hlt">variability</span> is mainly explained by the extent of geographical spread, but also higher capacity factor causes higher <span class="hlt">variability</span>. It was also shown how wind power ramps are autocorrelated and dependent on the operating output level. When wind power was concentrated in smaller area, there were outliers with high changes in wind output, which were not present in large areas with well-dispersed wind power.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930036687&hterms=temperature+variability&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dtemperature%2Bvariability','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930036687&hterms=temperature+variability&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dtemperature%2Bvariability"><span>Temperature and size <span class="hlt">variabilities</span> of the Western Pacific Warm Pool</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Yan, Xiao-Hai; Ho, Chung-Ru; Zheng, Quanan; Klemas, Vic</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Variabilities</span> in sea-surface temperature and size of the Western Pacific Warm Pool were tracked with 10 years of satellite multichannel sea-surface temperature observations from 1982 to 1991. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that both annual mean sea-surface temperature and the size of the warm pool increased from 1983 to 1987 and fluctuated after 1987. Possible causes of these variations include solar irradiance <span class="hlt">variabilities</span>, El Nino-Southern Oscillaton events, volcanic activities, and global warming.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AJ....150..132R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AJ....150..132R"><span>Near-infrared <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in the Orion Nebula Cluster</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rice, Thomas S.; Reipurth, Bo; Wolk, Scott J.; Vaz, Luiz Paulo; Cross, N. J. G.</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>Using UKIRT on Mauna Kea, we have carried out a new near-infrared J, H, K monitoring survey of almost a square degree of the star-forming Orion Nebula Cluster with observations on 120 nights over three observing seasons, spanning a total of 894 days. We monitored ˜15,000 stars down to J≈ 20 using the WFCAM instrument, and have extracted 1203 significantly <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars from our data. By studying <span class="hlt">variability</span> in young stellar objects (YSOs) in the H - K, K color-magnitude diagram, we are able to distinguish between physical mechanisms of <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Many <span class="hlt">variables</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> color behavior indicating either dust-extinction or disk/accretion activity, but we find that when monitored for longer periods of time, a number of stars shift between these two <span class="hlt">variability</span> mechanisms. Further, we <span class="hlt">show</span> that the intrinsic timescale of disk/accretion <span class="hlt">variability</span> in young stars is longer than that of dust-extinction <span class="hlt">variability</span>. We confirm that <span class="hlt">variability</span> amplitude is statistically correlated with evolutionary class in all bands and colors. Our investigations of these 1203 <span class="hlt">variables</span> have revealed 73 periodic AA Tau type <span class="hlt">variables</span>, many large-amplitude and long-period (P\\gt 15 days) YSOs, including three stars <span class="hlt">showing</span> widely spaced periodic brightening events consistent with circumbinary disk activity, and four new eclipsing binaries. These phenomena and others indicate the activity of long-term disk/accretion <span class="hlt">variability</span> processes taking place in young stars. We have made the light curves and associated data for these 1203 <span class="hlt">variables</span> available online.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5385989','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5385989"><span><span class="hlt">Variable</span> mechanical ventilation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Fontela, Paula Caitano; Prestes, Renata Bernardy; Forgiarini Jr., Luiz Alberto; Friedman, Gilberto</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Objective To review the literature on the use of <span class="hlt">variable</span> mechanical ventilation and the main outcomes of this technique. Methods Search, selection, and analysis of all original articles on <span class="hlt">variable</span> ventilation, without restriction on the period of publication and language, available in the electronic databases LILACS, MEDLINE®, and PubMed, by searching the terms "<span class="hlt">variable</span> ventilation" OR "noisy ventilation" OR "biologically <span class="hlt">variable</span> ventilation". <span class="hlt">Results</span> A total of 36 studies were selected. Of these, 24 were original studies, including 21 experimental studies and three clinical studies. Conclusion Several experimental studies reported the beneficial effects of distinct <span class="hlt">variable</span> ventilation strategies on lung function using different models of lung injury and healthy lungs. <span class="hlt">Variable</span> ventilation seems to be a viable strategy for improving gas exchange and respiratory mechanics and preventing lung injury associated with mechanical ventilation. However, further clinical studies are necessary to assess the potential of <span class="hlt">variable</span> ventilation strategies for the clinical improvement of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. PMID:28444076</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11528543','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11528543"><span>Intraindividual <span class="hlt">variability</span> in cognitive performance in persons with chronic fatigue syndrome.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fuentes, K; Hunter, M A; Strauss, E; Hultsch, D F</p> <p>2001-05-01</p> <p>Studies of cognitive performance among persons with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have yielded inconsistent <span class="hlt">results</span>. We sought to contribute to findings in this area by examining intraindividual <span class="hlt">variability</span> as well as level of performance in cognitive functioning. A battery of cognitive measures was administered to 14 CFS patients and 16 healthy individuals on 10 weekly occasions. Analyses comparing the two groups in terms of level of performance defined by latency and accuracy scores revealed that the CFS patients were slower but not less accurate than healthy persons. The CFS group <span class="hlt">showed</span> greater intraindividual <span class="hlt">variability</span> (as measured by intraindividual standard deviations and coefficients of variation) than the healthy group, although the <span class="hlt">results</span> varied by task and time frame. Intraindividual <span class="hlt">variability</span> was found to be stable across time and correlated across tasks at each testing occasion. Intraindividual <span class="hlt">variability</span> also uniquely differentiated the groups. The present findings support the proposition that intraindividual <span class="hlt">variability</span> is a meaningful indicator of cognitive functioning in CFS patients.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...511171C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...511171C"><span>Estimating <span class="hlt">variability</span> in grain legume yields across Europe and the Americas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cernay, Charles; Ben-Ari, Tamara; Pelzer, Elise; Meynard, Jean-Marc; Makowski, David</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>Grain legume production in Europe has recently come under scrutiny. Although legume crops are often promoted to provide environmental services, European farmers tend to turn to non-legume crops. It is assumed that high <span class="hlt">variability</span> in legume yields explains this aversion, but so far this hypothesis has not been tested. Here, we estimate the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of major grain legume and non-legume yields in Europe and the Americas from yield time series over 1961-2013. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that grain legume yields are significantly more <span class="hlt">variable</span> than non-legume yields in Europe. These differences are smaller in the Americas. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> are robust at the level of the statistical methods. In all regions, crops with high yield <span class="hlt">variability</span> are allocated to less than 1% of cultivated areas. Although the expansion of grain legumes in Europe may be hindered by high yield <span class="hlt">variability</span>, some species display risk levels compatible with the development of specialized supply chains.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16493234','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16493234"><span>Gait <span class="hlt">variability</span> in community dwelling adults with Alzheimer disease.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Webster, Kate E; Merory, John R; Wittwer, Joanne E</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Studies have shown that measures of gait <span class="hlt">variability</span> are associated with falling in older adults. However, few studies have measured gait <span class="hlt">variability</span> in people with Alzheimer disease, despite the high incidence of falls in Alzheimer disease. The purpose of this study was to compare gait <span class="hlt">variability</span> of community-dwelling older adults with Alzheimer disease and control subjects at various walking speeds. Ten subjects with mild-moderate Alzheimer disease and ten matched control subjects underwent gait analysis using an electronic walkway. Participants were required to walk at self-selected slow, preferred, and fast speeds. Stride length and step width <span class="hlt">variability</span> were determined using the coefficient of variation. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that stride length <span class="hlt">variability</span> was significantly greater in the Alzheimer disease group compared with the control group at all speeds. In both groups, increases in walking speed were significantly correlated with decreases in stride length <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Step width <span class="hlt">variability</span> was significantly reduced in the Alzheimer disease group compared with the control group at slow speed only. In conclusion, there is an increase in stride length <span class="hlt">variability</span> in Alzheimer disease at all walking speeds that may contribute to the increased incidence of falls in Alzheimer disease.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017QuIP...16..246L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017QuIP...16..246L"><span>Continuous-<span class="hlt">variable</span> quantum homomorphic signature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Ke; Shang, Tao; Liu, Jian-wei</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Quantum cryptography is believed to be unconditionally secure because its security is ensured by physical laws rather than computational complexity. According to spectrum characteristic, quantum information can be classified into two categories, namely discrete <span class="hlt">variables</span> and continuous <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Continuous-<span class="hlt">variable</span> quantum protocols have gained much attention for their ability to transmit more information with lower cost. To verify the identities of different data sources in a quantum network, we propose a continuous-<span class="hlt">variable</span> quantum homomorphic signature scheme. It is based on continuous-<span class="hlt">variable</span> entanglement swapping and provides additive and subtractive homomorphism. Security analysis <span class="hlt">shows</span> the proposed scheme is secure against replay, forgery and repudiation. Even under nonideal conditions, it supports effective verification within a certain verification threshold.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22508015','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22508015"><span>[Drug abuse in adolescent offenders: analysis of the psychosocial <span class="hlt">variables</span> involved].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Contreras Martínez, Lourdes; Molina Banqueri, Virginia; Cano Lozano, Ma Carmen</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Research <span class="hlt">shows</span> that drugs and delinquency are frequently linked, the abuse of various types of substance being a widespread practice among young offenders. At the same time, some psychosocial characteristics are associated with both drug abuse and criminal/antisocial behavior. To help us explore the relationship between young offenders' drug abuse and certain psychosocial <span class="hlt">variables</span>, we examined closed judicial files on young offenders from the Juvenile Justice Service in Jaen (Spain) corresponding to the period 2001 to 2010. From the contents of these judicial files we analyzed demographic <span class="hlt">variables</span> such as gender and age, as well as psychosocial <span class="hlt">variables</span> such as drug abuse, peer group, violent behavior, self-control, tolerance to frustration and attributional style. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that most of the young offenders use some type of drug, as well as revealing differential patterns of use according to gender. Also observed is a link between drug abuse and deviant peer group, violent behavior and the above-mentioned psychological <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Finally, we found some differences in these psychological <span class="hlt">variables</span> depending on the type of drug used.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22859557','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22859557"><span>Environmental <span class="hlt">variability</span> and acoustic signals: a multi-level approach in songbirds.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Medina, Iliana; Francis, Clinton D</p> <p>2012-12-23</p> <p>Among songbirds, growing evidence suggests that acoustic adaptation of song traits occurs in response to habitat features. Despite extensive study, most research supporting acoustic adaptation has only considered acoustic traits averaged for species or populations, overlooking intraindividual variation of song traits, which may facilitate effective communication in heterogeneous and <span class="hlt">variable</span> environments. Fewer studies have explicitly incorporated sexual selection, which, if strong, may favour variation across environments. Here, we evaluate the prevalence of acoustic adaptation among 44 species of songbirds by determining how environmental <span class="hlt">variability</span> and sexual selection intensity are associated with song <span class="hlt">variability</span> (intraindividual and intraspecific) and short-term song complexity. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that <span class="hlt">variability</span> in precipitation can explain short-term song complexity among taxonomically diverse songbirds, and that precipitation seasonality and the intensity of sexual selection are related to intraindividual song variation. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> link song complexity to environmental <span class="hlt">variability</span>, something previously found for mockingbirds (Family Mimidae). Perhaps more importantly, our <span class="hlt">results</span> illustrate that individual variation in song traits may be shaped by both environmental <span class="hlt">variability</span> and strength of sexual selection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2096.photos.182300p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ca2096.photos.182300p/"><span>2. VAL CONTROL STATION, VIEW OF INTERIOR <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> EXTERIOR DOOR, ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>2. VAL CONTROL STATION, VIEW OF INTERIOR <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> EXTERIOR DOOR, WINDOWS AND CONTROL PANELS, LOOKING SOUTHEAST. - <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Angle Launcher Complex, Control Station, CA State Highway 39 at Morris Reservior, Azusa, Los Angeles County, CA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17287009','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17287009"><span>Impact of climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> on tropospheric ozone.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Grewe, Volker</p> <p>2007-03-01</p> <p>A simulation with the climate-chemistry model (CCM) E39/C is presented, which covers both the troposphere and stratosphere dynamics and chemistry during the period 1960 to 1999. Although the CCM, by its nature, is not exactly representing observed day-by-day meteorology, there is an overall model's tendency to correctly reproduce the <span class="hlt">variability</span> pattern due to an inclusion of realistic external forcings, like observed sea surface temperatures (e.g. El Niño), major volcanic eruption, solar cycle, concentrations of greenhouse gases, and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. Additionally, climate-chemistry interactions are included, like the impact of ozone, methane, and other species on radiation and dynamics, and the impact of dynamics on emissions (lightning). However, a number of important feedbacks are not yet included (e.g. feedbacks related to biogenic emissions and emissions due to biomass burning). The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> a good representation of the evolution of the stratospheric ozone layer, including the ozone hole, which plays an important role for the simulation of natural <span class="hlt">variability</span> of tropospheric ozone. Anthropogenic NO(x) emissions are included with a step-wise linear trend for each sector, but no interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> is included. The application of a number of diagnostics (e.g. marked ozone tracers) allows the separation of the impact of various processes/emissions on tropospheric ozone and <span class="hlt">shows</span> that the simulated Northern Hemisphere tropospheric ozone budget is not only dominated by nitrogen oxide emissions and other ozone pre-cursors, but also by changes of the stratospheric ozone budget and its flux into the troposphere, which tends to reduce the simulated positive trend in tropospheric ozone due to emissions from industry and traffic during the late 80s and early 90s. For tropical regions the <span class="hlt">variability</span> in ozone is dominated by <span class="hlt">variability</span> in lightning (related to ENSO) and stratosphere-troposphere exchange (related to Northern Hemisphere Stratospheric</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080006498','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080006498"><span><span class="hlt">Variability</span> in Global Top-of-Atmosphere Shortwave Radiation Between 2000 and 2005</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Loebe, Norman G.; Wielicki, Bruce A.; Rose, Fred G.; Doelling, David R.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Measurements from various instruments and analysis techniques are used to directly compare changes in Earth-atmosphere shortwave (SW) top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiation between 2000 and 2005. Included in the comparison are estimates of TOA reflectance <span class="hlt">variability</span> from published ground-based Earthshine observations and from new satellite-based CERES, MODIS and ISCCP <span class="hlt">results</span>. The ground-based Earthshine data <span class="hlt">show</span> an order-of-magnitude more <span class="hlt">variability</span> in annual mean SW TOA flux than either CERES or ISCCP, while ISCCP and CERES SW TOA flux <span class="hlt">variability</span> is consistent to 40%. Most of the <span class="hlt">variability</span> in CERES TOA flux is shown to be dominated by variations global cloud fraction, as observed using coincident CERES and MODIS data. Idealized Earthshine simulations of TOA SW radiation <span class="hlt">variability</span> for a lunar-based observer <span class="hlt">show</span> far less <span class="hlt">variability</span> than the ground-based Earthshine observations, but are still a factor of 4-5 times more <span class="hlt">variable</span> than global CERES SW TOA flux <span class="hlt">results</span>. Furthermore, while CERES global albedos exhibit a well-defined seasonal cycle each year, the seasonal cycle in the lunar Earthshine reflectance simulations is highly <span class="hlt">variable</span> and out-of-phase from one year to the next. Radiative transfer model (RTM) approaches that use imager cloud and aerosol retrievals reproduce most of the change in SW TOA radiation observed in broadband CERES data. However, assumptions used to represent the spectral properties of the atmosphere, clouds, aerosols and surface in the RTM calculations can introduce significant uncertainties in annual mean changes in regional and global SW TOA flux.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GeoRL..34.3704L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GeoRL..34.3704L"><span><span class="hlt">Variability</span> in global top-of-atmosphere shortwave radiation between 2000 and 2005</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Loeb, Norman G.; Wielicki, Bruce A.; Rose, Fred G.; Doelling, David R.</p> <p>2007-02-01</p> <p>Measurements from various instruments and analysis techniques are used to directly compare changes in Earth-atmosphere shortwave (SW) top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiation between 2000 and 2005. Included in the comparison are estimates of TOA reflectance <span class="hlt">variability</span> from published ground-based Earthshine observations and from new satellite-based CERES, MODIS and ISCCP <span class="hlt">results</span>. The ground-based Earthshine data <span class="hlt">show</span> an order-of-magnitude more <span class="hlt">variability</span> in annual mean SW TOA flux than either CERES or ISCCP, while ISCCP and CERES SW TOA flux <span class="hlt">variability</span> is consistent to 40%. Most of the <span class="hlt">variability</span> in CERES TOA flux is shown to be dominated by variations global cloud fraction, as observed using coincident CERES and MODIS data. Idealized Earthshine simulations of TOA SW radiation <span class="hlt">variability</span> for a lunar-based observer <span class="hlt">show</span> far less <span class="hlt">variability</span> than the ground-based Earthshine observations, but are still a factor of 4-5 times more <span class="hlt">variable</span> than global CERES SW TOA flux <span class="hlt">results</span>. Furthermore, while CERES global albedos exhibit a well-defined seasonal cycle each year, the seasonal cycle in the lunar Earthshine reflectance simulations is highly <span class="hlt">variable</span> and out-of-phase from one year to the next. Radiative transfer model (RTM) approaches that use imager cloud and aerosol retrievals reproduce most of the change in SW TOA radiation observed in broadband CERES data. However, assumptions used to represent the spectral properties of the atmosphere, clouds, aerosols and surface in the RTM calculations can introduce significant uncertainties in annual mean changes in regional and global SW TOA flux.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5193160','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5193160"><span>Emotional <span class="hlt">Variability</span> and Clarity in Depression and Social Anxiety</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Thompson, Renee J.; Boden, Matthew Tyler; Gotlib, Ian H.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Recent research has underscored the importance of elucidating specific patterns of emotion that characterize mental disorders. We examined two emotion traits, emotional <span class="hlt">variability</span> and emotional clarity, in relation to both categorical (diagnostic interview) and dimensional (self-report) measures of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) in women diagnosed with MDD only (n=35), SAD only (n=31), MDD and SAD (n=26), or no psychiatric disorder (n=38). <span class="hlt">Results</span> of the categorical analyses suggest that elevated emotional <span class="hlt">variability</span> and diminished emotional clarity are transdiagnostic of MDD and SAD. More specifically, emotional <span class="hlt">variability</span> was elevated for MDD and SAD diagnoses compared to no diagnosis, <span class="hlt">showing</span> an additive effect for co-occurring MDD and SAD. Similarly diminished levels of emotional clarity characterized all three clinical groups compared to the healthy control group. Dimensional findings suggest that whereas emotional <span class="hlt">variability</span> is associated more consistently with depression than with social anxiety, emotional clarity is associated more consistently with social anxiety than with depression. <span class="hlt">Results</span> are interpreted using a threshold- and dose-response framework. PMID:26371579</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27348427','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27348427"><span>Phenotypic <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in the Coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Blanco-Ameijeiras, Sonia; Lebrato, Mario; Stoll, Heather M; Iglesias-Rodriguez, Debora; Müller, Marius N; Méndez-Vicente, Ana; Oschlies, Andreas</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Coccolithophores are a vital part of oceanic phytoplankton assemblages that produce organic matter and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) containing traces of other elements (i.e. Sr and Mg). Their associated carbon export from the euphotic zone to the oceans' interior plays a crucial role in CO2 feedback mechanisms and biogeochemical cycles. The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi has been widely studied as a model organism to understand physiological, biogeochemical, and ecological processes in marine sciences. Here, we <span class="hlt">show</span> the inter-strain <span class="hlt">variability</span> in physiological and biogeochemical traits in 13 strains of E. huxleyi from various biogeographical provinces obtained from culture collections commonly used in the literature. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> demonstrate that inter-strain genetic <span class="hlt">variability</span> has greater potential to induce larger phenotypic differences than the phenotypic plasticity of single strains cultured under a broad range of <span class="hlt">variable</span> environmental conditions. The range of variation found in physiological parameters and calcite Sr:Ca highlights the need to reconsider phenotypic <span class="hlt">variability</span> in paleoproxy calibrations and model parameterizations to adequately translate findings from single strain laboratory experiments to the real ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4922559','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4922559"><span>Phenotypic <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in the Coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lebrato, Mario; Stoll, Heather M.; Iglesias-Rodriguez, Debora; Müller, Marius N.; Méndez-Vicente, Ana; Oschlies, Andreas</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Coccolithophores are a vital part of oceanic phytoplankton assemblages that produce organic matter and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) containing traces of other elements (i.e. Sr and Mg). Their associated carbon export from the euphotic zone to the oceans' interior plays a crucial role in CO2 feedback mechanisms and biogeochemical cycles. The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi has been widely studied as a model organism to understand physiological, biogeochemical, and ecological processes in marine sciences. Here, we <span class="hlt">show</span> the inter-strain <span class="hlt">variability</span> in physiological and biogeochemical traits in 13 strains of E. huxleyi from various biogeographical provinces obtained from culture collections commonly used in the literature. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> demonstrate that inter-strain genetic <span class="hlt">variability</span> has greater potential to induce larger phenotypic differences than the phenotypic plasticity of single strains cultured under a broad range of <span class="hlt">variable</span> environmental conditions. The range of variation found in physiological parameters and calcite Sr:Ca highlights the need to reconsider phenotypic <span class="hlt">variability</span> in paleoproxy calibrations and model parameterizations to adequately translate findings from single strain laboratory experiments to the real ocean. PMID:27348427</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22185079','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22185079"><span>Effects of age, task, and frequency on <span class="hlt">variability</span> of finger tapping.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sommervoll, Yngve; Ettema, Gertjan; Vereijken, Beatrix</p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>The goal was to assess whether prior studies might have overestimated performance <span class="hlt">variability</span> in older adults in dual task conditions by relying on primary motor tasks that are not constant with aging. 30 younger and 31 older adults performed a bimanual tapping task at four different frequencies in isolation or concurrently with a secondary task. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that performance of younger and older adults was not significantly different in performing the tapping task at all frequencies and with either secondary task, as indicated by mean tapping performance and low number of errors in the secondary tasks. Both groups <span class="hlt">showed</span> increased <span class="hlt">variability</span> as tapping frequency increased and with the presence of a secondary task. Tapping concurrently while reading words increased tapping <span class="hlt">variability</span> more than tapping concurrently while naming colours. Although older participants' performances were overall more <span class="hlt">variable</span>, no interaction effects with age were found and at the highest frequencies of tapping, younger and older participants did not differ in performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.3994L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.3994L"><span>Correlation Between Fracture Network Properties and Stress <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in Geological Media</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lei, Qinghua; Gao, Ke</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>We quantitatively investigate the stress <span class="hlt">variability</span> in fractured geological media under tectonic stresses. The fracture systems studied include synthetic fracture networks following power law length scaling and natural fracture patterns based on outcrop mapping. The stress field is derived from a finite-discrete element model, and its <span class="hlt">variability</span> is analyzed using a set of mathematical formulations that honor the tensorial nature of stress data. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that local stress perturbation, quantified by the Euclidean distance of a local stress tensor to the mean stress tensor, has a positive, linear correlation with local fracture intensity, defined as the total fracture length per unit area within a local sampling window. We also evaluate the stress dispersion of the entire stress field using the effective variance, that is, a scalar-valued measure of the overall stress <span class="hlt">variability</span>. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that a well-connected fracture system under a critically stressed state exhibits strong local and global stress <span class="hlt">variabilities</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28005261','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28005261"><span><span class="hlt">Results</span> of a multicenter survey <span class="hlt">showing</span> interindividual <span class="hlt">variability</span> among neurosurgeons when deciding on the radicality of surgical resection in glioblastoma highlight the need for more objective guidelines.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Capellades, J; Teixidor, P; Villalba, G; Hostalot, C; Plans, G; Armengol, R; Medrano, S; Estival, A; Luque, R; Gonzalez, S; Gil-Gil, M; Villa, S; Sepulveda, J; García-Mosquera, J J; Balana, C</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>We assessed agreement among neurosurgeons on surgical approaches to individual glioblastoma patients and between their approach and those recommended by the topographical staging system described by Shinoda. Five neurosurgeons were provided with pre-surgical MRIs of 76 patients. They selected the surgical approach [biopsy, partial resection, or gross total resection (GTR)] that they would recommend for each patient. They were blinded to each other's response and they were told that patients were younger than 50 years old and without symptoms. Three neuroradiologists classified each case according to the Shinoda staging system. Biopsy was recommended in 35.5-82.9%, partial resection in 6.6-32.9%, and GTR in 3.9-31.6% of cases. Agreement among their responses was fair (global kappa = 0.28). Nineteen patients were classified as stage I, 14 as stage II, and 43 as stage III. Agreement between the neurosurgeons and the recommendations of the staging system was poor for stage I (kappa = 0.14) and stage II (kappa = 0.02) and fair for stage III patients (kappa = 0.29). An individual analysis revealed that in contrast to the Shinoda system, neurosurgeons took into account T2/FLAIR sequences and gave greater weight to the involvement of eloquent areas. The surgical approach to glioblastoma is highly <span class="hlt">variable</span>. A staging system could be used to examine the impact of extent of resection, monitor post-operative complications, and stratify patients in clinical trials. Our findings suggest that the Shinoda staging system could be improved by including T2/FLAIR sequences and a more adequate weighting of eloquent areas.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoRL..42.5508T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoRL..42.5508T"><span>Southern Hemisphere extratropical circulation: Recent trends and natural <span class="hlt">variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Thomas, Jordan L.; Waugh, Darryn W.; Gnanadesikan, Anand</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Changes in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), Southern Hemisphere (SH) westerly jet location, and magnitude are linked with changes in ocean circulation along with ocean heat and carbon uptake. Recent trends have been observed in these fields but not much is known about the natural <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Here we aim to quantify the natural <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the SH extratropical circulation by using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) preindustrial control model runs and compare with the observed trends in SAM, jet magnitude, and jet location. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that trends in SAM are due partly to external forcing but are not outside the natural <span class="hlt">variability</span> as described by these models. Trends in jet location and magnitude, however, lie outside the unforced natural <span class="hlt">variability</span> but can be explained by a combination of natural <span class="hlt">variability</span> and the ensemble mean forced trend. These <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that trends in these three diagnostics cannot be used interchangeably.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001cvs..book.....H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001cvs..book.....H"><span>Cataclysmic <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Stars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hellier, Coel</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Cataclysmic <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars are the most <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars in the night sky, fluctuating in brightness continually on timescales from seconds to hours to weeks to years. The changes can be recorded using amateur telescopes, yet are also the subject of intensive study by professional astronomers. That study has led to an understanding of cataclysmic <span class="hlt">variables</span> as binary stars, orbiting so closely that material transfers from one star to the other. The <span class="hlt">resulting</span> process of accretion is one of the most important in astrophysics. This book presents the first account of cataclysmic <span class="hlt">variables</span> at an introductory level. Assuming no previous knowledge of the field, it explains the basic principles underlying the <span class="hlt">variability</span>, while providing an extensive compilation of cataclysmic <span class="hlt">variable</span> light curves. Aimed at amateur astronomers, undergraduates, and researchers, the main text is accessible to those with no mathematical background, while supplementary boxes present technical details and equations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4718985','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4718985"><span>Hanseniaspora uvarum from Winemaking Environments <span class="hlt">Show</span> Spatial and Temporal Genetic Clustering</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Albertin, Warren; Setati, Mathabatha E.; Miot-Sertier, Cécile; Mostert, Talitha T.; Colonna-Ceccaldi, Benoit; Coulon, Joana; Girard, Patrick; Moine, Virginie; Pillet, Myriam; Salin, Franck; Bely, Marina; Divol, Benoit; Masneuf-Pomarede, Isabelle</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Hanseniaspora uvarum is one of the most abundant yeast species found on grapes and in grape must, at least before the onset of alcoholic fermentation (AF) which is usually performed by Saccharomyces species. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic and phenotypic <span class="hlt">variability</span> within the H. uvarum species. One hundred and fifteen strains isolated from winemaking environments in different geographical origins were analyzed using 11 microsatellite markers and a subset of 47 strains were analyzed by AFLP. H. uvarum isolates clustered mainly on the basis of their geographical localization as revealed by microsatellites. In addition, a strong clustering based on year of isolation was evidenced, indicating that the genetic diversity of H. uvarum isolates was related to both spatial and temporal variations. Conversely, clustering analysis based on AFLP data provided a different picture with groups <span class="hlt">showing</span> no particular characteristics, but provided higher strain discrimination. This <span class="hlt">result</span> indicated that AFLP approaches are inadequate to establish the genetic relationship between individuals, but allowed good strain discrimination. At the phenotypic level, several extracellular enzymatic activities of enological relevance (pectinase, chitinase, protease, β-glucosidase) were measured but <span class="hlt">showed</span> low diversity. The impact of environmental factors of enological interest (temperature, anaerobia, and copper addition) on growth was also assessed and <span class="hlt">showed</span> poor variation. Altogether, this work provided both new analytical tool (microsatellites) and new insights into the genetic and phenotypic diversity of H. uvarum, a yeast species that has previously been identified as a potential candidate for co-inoculation in grape must, but whose intraspecific <span class="hlt">variability</span> had never been fully assessed. PMID:26834719</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23857166','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23857166"><span><span class="hlt">Variability</span> of microchip capillary electrophoresis with conductivity detection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tantra, Ratna; Robinson, Kenneth; Sikora, Aneta</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>Microfluidic CE with conductivity detection platforms could have an impact on the future development of smaller, faster and portable devices. However, for the purpose of reliable identification and quantification, there is a need to understand the degree of irreproducibility associated with the analytical technique. In this study, a protocol was developed to remove baseline drift problems sometimes observed in such devices. The protocol, which consisted of pre-conditioning steps prior to analysis, was used to further assess measurement <span class="hlt">variability</span> from 24 individual microchips fabricated from six separate batches of glass substrate. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> acceptable RSD percentage for retention time measurements but large <span class="hlt">variability</span> in their corresponding peak areas (with some microchips having <span class="hlt">variability</span> of ∼50%). Sources of <span class="hlt">variability</span> were not related to substrate batch but possibly to a number of factors such as applied voltage fluctuations or variations in microchannel quality, for example surface roughness that will subsequently affect microchannel dimensions. © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27987241','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27987241"><span>Major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder <span class="hlt">show</span> different autonomic dysregulations revealed by heart-rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> analysis in first-onset drug-naïve patients without comorbidity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shinba, Toshikazu</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>The aim of the present study was to examine whether depression and anxiety disorder manifest different autonomic dysregulations using heart-rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> (HRV) and heart rate (HR) measurements. HRV and HR were recorded both at rest and during task execution (random-number generation) in first-onset drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorder (MDD, n = 14) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD, n = 11) as well as in healthy controls (n = 41). The patients <span class="hlt">showed</span> no comorbidity of depression and anxiety disorder. GAD patients did not exhibit panic or phobic symptoms at the time of measurement. Following power spectrum analysis of HR trend, the high- (HF) and low-frequency (LF) components, the sum (LF + HF), and the LF/HF ratio were compared among the groups. In the MDD patients, as previously reported, HF was low and the LF/HF ratio was high during the initial-rest condition, and HF was less reactive to the task. In contrast, GAD patients <span class="hlt">showed</span> significantly high HF, although autonomic reactivity was not impaired. The <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that baseline autonomic activity and its reactivity to behavioral changes are different between MDD and GAD in the early stage of illness. High parasympathetic tone in GAD may reflect responses of the parasympathetic system to anxiety. MDD is accompanied by an autonomic shift toward sympathetic activation and a reduced reactivity to task. © 2016 The Authors. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences © 2016 Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22391678-variable-length-adjacent-partitioning-pts-based-papr-reduction-ofdm-signal','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22391678-variable-length-adjacent-partitioning-pts-based-papr-reduction-ofdm-signal"><span><span class="hlt">Variable</span> length adjacent partitioning for PTS based PAPR reduction of OFDM signal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ibraheem, Zeyid T.; Rahman, Md. Mijanur; Yaakob, S. N.</p> <p>2015-05-15</p> <p>Peak-to-Average power ratio (PAPR) is a major drawback in OFDM communication. It leads the power amplifier into nonlinear region operation <span class="hlt">resulting</span> into loss of data integrity. As such, there is a strong motivation to find techniques to reduce PAPR. Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) is an attractive scheme for this purpose. Judicious partitioning the OFDM data frame into disjoint subsets is a pivotal component of any PTS scheme. Out of the existing partitioning techniques, adjacent partitioning is characterized by an attractive trade-off between cost and performance. With an aim of determining effects of length <span class="hlt">variability</span> of adjacent partitions, we performed anmore » investigation into the performances of a <span class="hlt">variable</span> length adjacent partitioning (VL-AP) and fixed length adjacent partitioning in comparison with other partitioning schemes such as pseudorandom partitioning. Simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> with different modulation and partitioning scenarios <span class="hlt">showed</span> that fixed length adjacent partition had better performance compared to <span class="hlt">variable</span> length adjacent partitioning. As expected, simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> a slightly better performance of pseudorandom partitioning technique compared to fixed and <span class="hlt">variable</span> adjacent partitioning schemes. However, as the pseudorandom technique incurs high computational complexities, adjacent partitioning schemes were still seen as favorable candidates for PAPR reduction.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4466746','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4466746"><span>Classification images reveal decision <span class="hlt">variables</span> and strategies in forced choice tasks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Pritchett, Lisa M.; Murray, Richard F.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Despite decades of research, there is still uncertainty about how people make simple decisions about perceptual stimuli. Most theories assume that perceptual decisions are based on decision <span class="hlt">variables</span>, which are internal <span class="hlt">variables</span> that encode task-relevant information. However, decision <span class="hlt">variables</span> are usually considered to be theoretical constructs that cannot be measured directly, and this often makes it difficult to test theories of perceptual decision making. Here we <span class="hlt">show</span> how to measure decision <span class="hlt">variables</span> on individual trials, and we use these measurements to test theories of perceptual decision making more directly than has previously been possible. We measure classification images, which are estimates of templates that observers use to extract information from stimuli. We then calculate the dot product of these classification images with the stimuli to estimate observers' decision <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Finally, we reconstruct each observer's “decision space,” a map that <span class="hlt">shows</span> the probability of the observer’s responses for all values of the decision <span class="hlt">variables</span>. We use this method to examine decision strategies in two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) tasks, for which there are several competing models. In one experiment, the <span class="hlt">resulting</span> decision spaces support the difference model, a classic theory of 2AFC decisions. In a second experiment, we find unexpected decision spaces that are not predicted by standard models of 2AFC decisions, and that suggest intrinsic uncertainty or soft thresholding. These experiments give new evidence regarding observers’ strategies in 2AFC tasks, and they <span class="hlt">show</span> how measuring decision <span class="hlt">variables</span> can answer long-standing questions about perceptual decision making. PMID:26015584</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23742372','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23742372"><span>Development of speech motor control: lip movement <span class="hlt">variability</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schötz, Susanne; Frid, Johan; Löfqvist, Anders</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>This study examined <span class="hlt">variability</span> of lip movements across repetitions of the same utterance as a function of age in Swedish speakers. The specific purpose was to extend earlier findings by examining <span class="hlt">variability</span> in both phase and amplitude. Subjects were 50 typically developed native Swedish children and adults (28 females, 22 males, aged 5 to 31 yr). Lip movements were recorded during 15 to 20 repetitions of a short Swedish phrase using three-dimensional articulography. After correction for head movements, the kinematic records were expressed in a maxilla-based coordinate system. Movement onset and offset of the utterance were identified using kinematic landmarks. The Euclidean distance between receivers on the upper and lower lips was calculated and subjected to functional data analysis to assess both phase and amplitude <span class="hlt">variability</span>. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> a decrease in both indices as a function of age, with a greater reduction of amplitude <span class="hlt">variability</span>. There was no difference between males and females for either index. The two indices were moderately correlated with each other, suggesting that they capture different aspects of speech production. Utterance duration also decreased with age, but <span class="hlt">variability</span> was unrelated to duration. The standard deviation of utterance duration also decreased with age. The present <span class="hlt">results</span> thus suggest that age related changes in speech motor control continue up until 30 years of age.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3870156','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3870156"><span>Examining the causes of memory strength <span class="hlt">variability</span>: Recollection, attention failure, or encoding <span class="hlt">variability</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Koen, Joshua D.; Aly, Mariam; Wang, Wei-Chun; Yonelinas, Andrew P.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>A prominent finding in recognition memory is that studied items are associated with more <span class="hlt">variability</span> in memory strength than new items. Here, we test three competing theories for why this occurs - the encoding <span class="hlt">variability</span>, attention failure, and recollection accounts. Distinguishing amongst these theories is critical because each provides a fundamentally different account of the processes underlying recognition memory. The encoding <span class="hlt">variability</span> and attention failure accounts propose that old item variance will be unaffected by retrieval manipulations because the processes producing this effect are ascribed to encoding. The recollection account predicts that both encoding and retrieval manipulations that preferentially affect recollection will affect memory <span class="hlt">variability</span>. These contrasting predictions were tested by examining the effect of response speeding (Experiment 1), dividing attention at retrieval (Experiment 2), context reinstatement (Experiment 3), and increased test delay (Experiment 4) on recognition performance. The <span class="hlt">results</span> of all four experiments confirmed the predictions of the recollection account, and were inconsistent with the encoding <span class="hlt">variability</span> account. The evidence supporting the attention failure account was mixed, with two of the four experiments confirming the account and two disconfirming the account. These <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that encoding <span class="hlt">variability</span> and attention failure are insufficient accounts of memory variance, and provide support for the recollection account. Several alternative theoretical accounts of the <span class="hlt">results</span> are also considered. PMID:23834057</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870003488','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870003488"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">variables</span> upon pyrotechnically induced shock response spectra</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Smith, J. L.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Throughout the aerospace industry, large variations of 50 percent (6 dB) or more are continually noted for linear shaped charge (LSC) generated shock response spectra (SRS) from flight data (from the exact same location on different flights) and from plate tests (side by side measurements on the same test). A research program was developed to investigate causes of these large SRS variations. A series of ball drop calibration tests to verify calibration of accelerometers and a series of plate tests to investigate charge and assembly <span class="hlt">variables</span> were performed. The <span class="hlt">resulting</span> data were analyzed to determine if and to what degree manufacturing and assembly <span class="hlt">variables</span>, distance from the shock source, data acquisition instrumentation, and shock energy propagation affect the SRS. LSC <span class="hlt">variables</span> consisted of coreload, standoff, and apex angle. The assembly <span class="hlt">variable</span> was the torque on the LSC holder. Other <span class="hlt">variables</span> were distance from source of accelerometers, accelerometer mounting methods, and joint effects. <span class="hlt">Results</span> indicated that LSC <span class="hlt">variables</span> did not affect SRS as long as the plate was severed. Accelerometers mounted on mounting blocks <span class="hlt">showed</span> significantly lower levels above 5000 Hz. Lap joints did not affect SRS levels. The test plate was mounted in an almost free-free state; therefore, distance from the source did not affect the SRS. Several varieties and brands of accelerometers were used, and all but one demonstrated very large variations in SRS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A43D2477B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A43D2477B"><span>European Wintertime Windstorms and its Links to Large-Scale <span class="hlt">Variability</span> Modes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Befort, D. J.; Wild, S.; Walz, M. A.; Knight, J. R.; Lockwood, J. F.; Thornton, H. E.; Hermanson, L.; Bett, P.; Weisheimer, A.; Leckebusch, G. C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Winter storms associated with extreme wind speeds and heavy precipitation are the most costly natural hazard in several European countries. Improved understanding and seasonal forecast skill of winter storms will thus help society, policy-makers and (re-) insurance industry to be better prepared for such events. We firstly assess the ability to represent extra-tropical windstorms over the Northern Hemisphere of three seasonal forecast ensemble suites: ECMWF System3, ECMWF System4 and GloSea5. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> significant skill for inter-annual <span class="hlt">variability</span> of windstorm frequency over parts of Europe in two of these forecast suites (ECMWF-S4 and GloSea5) indicating the potential use of current seasonal forecast systems. In a regression model we further derive windstorm <span class="hlt">variability</span> using the forecasted NAO from the seasonal model suites thus estimating the suitability of the NAO as the only predictor. We find that the NAO as the main large-scale mode over Europe can explain some of the achieved skill and is therefore an important source of <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the seasonal models. However, our <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the regression model fails to reproduce the skill level of the directly forecast windstorm frequency over large areas of central Europe. This suggests that the seasonal models also capture other sources of <span class="hlt">variability</span>/predictability of windstorms than the NAO. In order to investigate which other large-scale <span class="hlt">variability</span> modes steer the interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> of windstorms we develop a statistical model using a Poisson GLM. We find that the Scandinavian Pattern (SCA) in fact explains a larger amount of <span class="hlt">variability</span> for Central Europe during the 20th century than the NAO. This statistical model is able to skilfully reproduce the interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> of windstorm frequency especially for the British Isles and Central Europe with correlations up to 0.8.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25083512','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25083512"><span>A novel <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection approach that iteratively optimizes <span class="hlt">variable</span> space using weighted binary matrix sampling.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Deng, Bai-chuan; Yun, Yong-huan; Liang, Yi-zeng; Yi, Lun-zhao</p> <p>2014-10-07</p> <p>In this study, a new optimization algorithm called the <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Iterative Space Shrinkage Approach (VISSA) that is based on the idea of model population analysis (MPA) is proposed for <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection. Unlike most of the existing optimization methods for <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection, VISSA statistically evaluates the performance of <span class="hlt">variable</span> space in each step of optimization. Weighted binary matrix sampling (WBMS) is proposed to generate sub-models that span the <span class="hlt">variable</span> subspace. Two rules are highlighted during the optimization procedure. First, the <span class="hlt">variable</span> space shrinks in each step. Second, the new <span class="hlt">variable</span> space outperforms the previous one. The second rule, which is rarely satisfied in most of the existing methods, is the core of the VISSA strategy. Compared with some promising <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection methods such as competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), Monte Carlo uninformative <span class="hlt">variable</span> elimination (MCUVE) and iteratively retaining informative <span class="hlt">variables</span> (IRIV), VISSA <span class="hlt">showed</span> better prediction ability for the calibration of NIR data. In addition, VISSA is user-friendly; only a few insensitive parameters are needed, and the program terminates automatically without any additional conditions. The Matlab codes for implementing VISSA are freely available on the website: https://sourceforge.net/projects/multivariateanalysis/files/VISSA/.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080017418','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080017418"><span>Initial <span class="hlt">Results</span> from the <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Intensity Sonic Boom Propagation Database</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Haering, Edward A., Jr.; Cliatt, Larry J., II; Bunce, Thomas J.; Gabrielson, Thomas B.; Sparrow, Victor W.; Locey, Lance L.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>An extensive sonic boom propagation database with low- to normal-intensity booms (overpressures of 0.08 lbf/sq ft to 2.20 lbf/sq ft) was collected for propagation code validation, and initial <span class="hlt">results</span> and flight research techniques are presented. Several arrays of microphones were used, including a 10 m tall tower to measure shock wave directionality and the effect of height above ground on acoustic level. A sailplane was employed to measure sonic booms above and within the atmospheric turbulent boundary layer, and the sailplane was positioned to intercept the shock waves between the supersonic airplane and the ground sensors. Sailplane and ground-level sonic boom recordings were used to generate atmospheric turbulence filter functions <span class="hlt">showing</span> excellent agreement with ground measurements. The sonic boom prediction software PCBoom4 was employed as a preflight planning tool using preflight weather data. The measured data of shock wave directionality, arrival time, and overpressure gave excellent agreement with the PCBoom4-calculated <span class="hlt">results</span> using the measured aircraft and atmospheric data as inputs. C-weighted acoustic levels generally decreased with increasing height above the ground. A-weighted and perceived levels usually were at a minimum for a height where the elevated microphone pressure rise time history was the straightest, which is a <span class="hlt">result</span> of incident and ground-reflected shock waves interacting.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..11.4351G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..11.4351G"><span>Seasonal <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in European Radon Measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Groves-Kirkby, C. J.; Denman, A. R.; Phillips, P. S.; Crockett, R. G. M.; Sinclair, J. M.</p> <p>2009-04-01</p> <p> correlations between published datasets and local geographic/geological conditions. Available data included regional SCF figures from the United Kingdom and from France, together with nationally-consolidated <span class="hlt">results</span> from a number of other European countries. Analysis of this data <span class="hlt">shows</span> significant <span class="hlt">variability</span> between different countries and from region to region within those countries where regional data is available. Overall, radon-rich sedimentary geologies, particularly high porosity limestones etc., exhibit high seasonal variation, while radon-rich igneous geologies demonstrate relatively constant, albeit somewhat higher, radon concentration levels. Examples of the former can be found in the Pennines and South Downs in England, Languedoc and Brittany in France. Greatest <span class="hlt">variability</span> is found in Switzerland, still subject to the ongoing Alpine orogeny, where the inhabited part of the country is largely overlain with recently-deposited light, porous sediments. Low-<span class="hlt">variability</span> high-radon regions include the granite-rich Cornwall/Devon peninsular in England, and Auvergne and the Ardennes in France, all components of the Devonian-Carboniferous Hercynian belt, which extends from the Iberian peninsular through South-West Ireland and South-West England to France and Germany.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22273275-photometry-variable-stars-from-dome-antarctica-results-from-observing-season','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22273275-photometry-variable-stars-from-dome-antarctica-results-from-observing-season"><span>PHOTOMETRY OF <span class="hlt">VARIABLE</span> STARS FROM DOME A, ANTARCTICA: <span class="hlt">RESULTS</span> FROM THE 2010 OBSERVING SEASON</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wang, Lingzhi; Zhu, Zonghong; Macri, Lucas M.</p> <p></p> <p>We present <span class="hlt">results</span> from a season of observations with the Chinese Small Telescope ARray, obtained over 183 days of the 2010 Antarctic winter. We carried out high-cadence time-series aperture photometry of 9125 stars with i ∼< 15.3 mag located in a 23 deg{sup 2} region centered on the south celestial pole. We identified 188 <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars, including 67 new objects relative to our 2008 observations, thanks to broader synoptic coverage, a deeper magnitude limit, and a larger field of view. We used the photometric data set to derive site statistics from Dome A. Based on two years of observations, wemore » find that extinction due to clouds at this site is less than 0.1 and 0.4 mag during 45% and 75% of the dark time, respectively.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PASJ...68...48H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PASJ...68...48H"><span>Optical <span class="hlt">variability</span> properties of mini-BAL and NAL quasars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Horiuchi, Takashi; Misawa, Toru; Morokuma, Tomoki; Koyamada, Suzuka; Takahashi, Kazuma; Wada, Hisashi</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>While narrow absorption lines (NALs) are relatively stable, broad absorption lines (BALs) and mini-BAL systems usually <span class="hlt">show</span> violent time <span class="hlt">variability</span> within a few years via a mechanism that is not yet understood. In this study, we examine the <span class="hlt">variable</span> ionization state (VIS) scenario as a plausible mechanism, as previously suspected. Over three years, we performed photometric monitoring observations of four mini-BAL and five NAL quasars at zem ˜ 2.0-3.1 using the 105 cm Kiso Schmidt Telescope in u, g, and i bands. We also performed spectroscopic monitoring observation of one of our mini-BAL quasars (HS 1603+3820) using the 188 cm Okayama Telescope over the same period as the photometric observations. Our main <span class="hlt">results</span> are as follows: (1) Structure function (SF) analysis revealed that the quasar UV flux <span class="hlt">variability</span> over three years was not large enough to support the VIS scenario, unless the ionization condition of outflow gas is very low. (2) There was no crucial difference between the SFs of mini-BAL and NAL quasars. (3) The <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the mini-BAL and quasar light curves was weakly synchronized with a small time delay for HS 1603+3820. These <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that the VIS scenario may need additional mechanisms such as <span class="hlt">variable</span> shielding by X-ray warm absorbers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SMaS...26h5033L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SMaS...26h5033L"><span>A novel <span class="hlt">variable</span> stiffness mechanism for dielectric elastomer actuators</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Wen-Bo; Zhang, Wen-Ming; Zou, Hong-Xiang; Peng, Zhi-Ke; Meng, Guang</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>In this paper, a novel <span class="hlt">variable</span> stiffness mechanism is proposed for the design of a <span class="hlt">variable</span> stiffness dielectric elastomer actuator (VSDEA) which combines a flexible strip with a DEA in a dielectric elastomer minimum energy structure. The DEA induces an analog tuning of the transverse curvature of the strip, thus conveniently providing a voltage-controllable flexural rigidity. The VSDEA tends to be a fully flexible and compact structure with the advantages of simplicity and fast response. Both experimental and theoretical investigations are carried out to reveal the <span class="hlt">variable</span> stiffness performances of the VSDEA. The effect of the clamped location on the bending stiffness of the VSDEA is analyzed, and then effects of the lengths, the loading points and the applied voltages on the bending stiffness are experimentally investigated. An analytical model is developed to verify the availability of this <span class="hlt">variable</span> stiffness mechanism, and the theoretical <span class="hlt">results</span> demonstrate that the bending stiffness of the VSDEA decreases as the applied voltage increases, which agree well with the experimental data. Moreover, the experimental <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the maximum change of the relative stiffness can reach about 88.80%. It can be useful for the design and optimization of active <span class="hlt">variable</span> stiffness structures and DEAs for soft robots, vibration control, and morphing applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11842399','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11842399"><span><span class="hlt">Variability</span> of metapodials in primates with rudimentary digits: Ateles geoffroyi, Colobus guereza, and Perodicticus potto.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tague, Robert G</p> <p>2002-03-01</p> <p>A tenet of evolutionary theory is that, within a species, phenotypic <span class="hlt">variability</span> is inversely related to the intensity of stabilizing selection. A corollary is that a rudimentary or vestigial structure should be highly <span class="hlt">variable</span>. This relationship between rudimentation and <span class="hlt">variability</span>, however, may simply be part of a continuum, as several studies have shown that <span class="hlt">variability</span> and size of a structure are inversely related. This study tests whether the first metacarpal (MC1) in Ateles geoffroyi and Colobus guereza and the second metacarpal (MC2) in Perodicticus potto are highly <span class="hlt">variable</span> in their lengths relative to their other metapodials. The former two species have rudimentary thumbs, and the latter species has a rudimentary index finger. Fourteen other species of primates are included in the comparison. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that MC1 in A. geoffroyi and C. guereza and MC2 in P. potto are the relatively shortest first and second metapodials, respectively, in this sample of primates. However, an intraspecific analysis <span class="hlt">shows</span> that neither MC1 in A. geoffroyi and C. guereza nor MC2 in P. potto is significantly more <span class="hlt">variable</span> than the other metapodials. Nevertheless, an interspecific analysis <span class="hlt">shows</span> that MC1 in A. geoffroyi and C. guereza is relatively the most <span class="hlt">variable</span> among the first metapodials (i.e., MC1 and first metatarsal) in this study. MC2 in P. potto, however, is of relatively low <span class="hlt">variability</span> compared with the other primates. These contrasting <span class="hlt">results</span> are interpreted in terms of the developmental and evolutionary biology of digits. Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1115053.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1115053.pdf"><span>Analysis of Student and School Level <span class="hlt">Variables</span> Related to Mathematics Self-Efficacy Level Based on PISA 2012 <span class="hlt">Results</span> for China-Shanghai, Turkey, and Greece</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Usta, H. Gonca</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>This study aims to analyze the student and school level <span class="hlt">variables</span> that affect students' self-efficacy levels in mathematics in China-Shanghai, Turkey, and Greece based on PISA 2012 <span class="hlt">results</span>. In line with this purpose, the hierarchical linear regression model (HLM) was employed. The interschool <span class="hlt">variability</span> is estimated at approximately 17% in…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=measurement+AND+variables+AND+environmental&pg=7&id=EJ152703','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=measurement+AND+variables+AND+environmental&pg=7&id=EJ152703"><span>The Relationship between Mental Ability and Eight Background <span class="hlt">Variables</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Gill, Peter Edward</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>Multiple regression is used to discover interconnections between IQ and vocabulary test scores as one <span class="hlt">variable</span>, and socioeconomic factors as the other. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> total variance as explained by predictors is never more than eight per cent, indicating differences in IQ scores are not attributable to environmental factors. (RW)</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27180514','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27180514"><span>[Effects of situational and individual <span class="hlt">variables</span> on critical thinking expression].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tanaka, Yuko; Kusumi, Takashi</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The present study examined when people decide to choose an expression that is based on critical thinking, and how situational and individual <span class="hlt">variables</span> affect such a decision process. Given a conversation scenario including overgeneralization with two friends, participants decided whether to follow the conversation by a critical-thinking expression or not. The authors controlled purpose and topic as situational <span class="hlt">variables</span>, and measured critical-thinking ability, critical-thinking disposition, and self-monitoring as individual <span class="hlt">variables</span>. We conducted an experiment in which the situational <span class="hlt">variables</span> were counterbalanced in a within-subject design with 60 university students. The <span class="hlt">results</span> of logistic regression analysis <span class="hlt">showed</span> differences within individuals in the decision process whether to choose a critical-thinking expression, and that some situational factors and some subscales of the individual measurements were related to the differences.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AAS...21442203S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AAS...21442203S"><span><span class="hlt">Variable</span> X-ray Emission from FU Orionis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Skinner, Steve L.; Guedel, M.; Briggs, K. R.; Lamzin, S. A.; Sokal, K. R.</p> <p>2009-05-01</p> <p>FU Orionis is the prototype of a small but remarkable class of pre-main sequence stars ('FUors') that have undergone large optical outbursts thought to be linked to episodic accretion. FU Ori increased in optical brightness by about 6 mag in 1936-37 and is still in slow decline. Because of their high accretion rates, FUors are good candidates for exploring potential effects of accretion on X-ray emission. A recently completed survey of FUors with XMM-Newton detected X-rays from FU Ori and V1735 Cyg. We present new <span class="hlt">results</span> from a sensitive 99 ksec (1.15 day) follow-up X-ray observation of FU Ori with Chandra. The Chandra ACIS-S CCD spectrum confirms the presence of a cool plasma component (kT < 1 keV) viewed under moderate absorption and a much hotter component (kT > 3 keV), viewed under high absorption, in accord with previous XMM <span class="hlt">results</span>. The uninterrupted Chandra light curve <span class="hlt">shows</span> that the hot component is slowly <span class="hlt">variable</span> on a timescale of one day, but no <span class="hlt">variability</span> is detected in the cool component. The slow <span class="hlt">variability</span> and high plasma temperature point to a magnetic origin for the hot component, but other mechanisms (including accretion) may be responsible for the cool non-<span class="hlt">variable</span> component. We will discuss these new <span class="hlt">results</span> in the context of what is known about FU Ori from previous observations, including XMM (Skinner et al. 2006, ApJ, 643, 995) and HST (Kravtsova et al. 2007, Ast. Ltrs., 33, 755).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23031187','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23031187"><span>Sustainable management for rangelands in a <span class="hlt">variable</span> climate: evidence and insights from northern Australia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>O'Reagain, P J; Scanlan, J C</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>Inter-annual rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span> is a major challenge to sustainable and productive grazing management on rangelands. In Australia, rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span> is particularly pronounced and failure to manage appropriately leads to major economic loss and environmental degradation. Recommended strategies to manage sustainably include stocking at long-term carrying capacity (LTCC) or varying stock numbers with forage availability. These strategies are conceptually simple but difficult to implement, given the scale and spatial heterogeneity of grazing properties and the uncertainty of the climate. This paper presents learnings and insights from northern Australia gained from research and modelling on managing for rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span>. A method to objectively estimate LTCC in large, heterogeneous paddocks is discussed, and guidelines and tools to tactically adjust stocking rates are presented. The possible use of seasonal climate forecasts (SCF) in management is also considered. <span class="hlt">Results</span> from a 13-year grazing trial in Queensland <span class="hlt">show</span> that constant stocking at LTCC was far more profitable and largely maintained land condition compared with heavy stocking (HSR). <span class="hlt">Variable</span> stocking (VAR) with or without the use of SCF was marginally more profitable, but income <span class="hlt">variability</span> was greater and land condition poorer than constant stocking at LTCC. Two commercial scale trials in the Northern Territory with breeder cows highlighted the practical difficulties of <span class="hlt">variable</span> stocking and provided evidence that heavier pasture utilisation rates depress reproductive performance. Simulation modelling across a range of regions in northern Australia also <span class="hlt">showed</span> a decline in resource condition and profitability under heavy stocking rates. Modelling further suggested that the relative value of <span class="hlt">variable</span> v. constant stocking depends on stocking rate and land condition. Importantly, <span class="hlt">variable</span> stocking may possibly allow slightly higher stocking rates without pasture degradation. Enterprise</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29588510','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29588510"><span>Modelling the co-evolution of indirect genetic effects and inherited <span class="hlt">variability</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Marjanovic, Jovana; Mulder, Han A; Rönnegård, Lars; Bijma, Piter</p> <p>2018-03-28</p> <p>When individuals interact, their phenotypes may be affected not only by their own genes but also by genes in their social partners. This phenomenon is known as Indirect Genetic Effects (IGEs). In aquaculture species and some plants, however, competition not only affects trait levels of individuals, but also inflates <span class="hlt">variability</span> of trait values among individuals. In the field of quantitative genetics, the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of trait values has been studied as a quantitative trait in itself, and is often referred to as inherited <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Such studies, however, consider only the genetic effect of the focal individual on trait <span class="hlt">variability</span> and do not make a connection to competition. Although the observed phenotypic relationship between competition and <span class="hlt">variability</span> suggests an underlying genetic relationship, the current quantitative genetic models of IGE and inherited <span class="hlt">variability</span> do not allow for such a relationship. The lack of quantitative genetic models that connect IGEs to inherited <span class="hlt">variability</span> limits our understanding of the potential of <span class="hlt">variability</span> to respond to selection, both in nature and agriculture. Models of trait levels, for example, <span class="hlt">show</span> that IGEs may considerably change heritable variation in trait values. Currently, we lack the tools to investigate whether this <span class="hlt">result</span> extends to <span class="hlt">variability</span> of trait values. Here we present a model that integrates IGEs and inherited <span class="hlt">variability</span>. In this model, the target phenotype, say growth rate, is a function of the genetic and environmental effects of the focal individual and of the difference in trait value between the social partner and the focal individual, multiplied by a regression coefficient. The regression coefficient is a genetic trait, which is a measure of cooperation; a negative value indicates competition, a positive value cooperation, and an increasing value due to selection indicates the evolution of cooperation. In contrast to the existing quantitative genetic models, our model allows for co-evolution of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ClDy...30..727G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ClDy...30..727G"><span>Intraseasonal <span class="hlt">variability</span> in subtropical South America as depicted by precipitation data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>González, P. L. M.; Vera, C. S.; Liebmann, B.; Kiladis, G.</p> <p>2008-06-01</p> <p>Daily precipitation data from three stations in subtropical Argentina are used to describe intraseasonal <span class="hlt">variability</span> (20 90 days) during the austral summer. This <span class="hlt">variability</span> is compared locally and regionally with that present in outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data, in order to evaluate the performance of this <span class="hlt">variable</span> as a proxy for convection in the region. The influence of the intraseasonal activity of the South American Seesaw (SASS) leading convection pattern on precipitation is also explored. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that intraseasonal <span class="hlt">variability</span> explains a significant portion of summer precipitation variance, with a clear maximum in the vicinity of the SASS subtropical center. Correlation analysis reveals that OLR can explain only a small portion of daily precipitation <span class="hlt">variability</span>, implying that it does not constitute a proper proxy for precipitation on daily timescales. On intraseasonal timescales, though, OLR is able to reproduce the main features of precipitation <span class="hlt">variability</span>. The dynamical conditions that promote the development of intraseasonal <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the region are further analyzed for selected summers. Seasons associated with a strong intraseasonal signal in precipitation <span class="hlt">variability</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> distinctive wet/dry intraseasonal periods in daily raw data, and are associated with a well defined SASS-like spatial pattern of convection. During these summers, strong large-scale forcing (such as warm El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and/or tropical intraseasonal convective activity), and Rossby-wave-like circulation anomalies extending across the Pacific Ocean, are also observed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26315115','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26315115"><span>Preliminary <span class="hlt">results</span> of a prospective study of inter- and intra-user <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the Royal Veterinary College corneal clarity score (RVC-CCS) for use in veterinary practice.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sanchez, Rick F; Dawson, Charlotte; Matas Riera, Màrian; Escanilla, Natàlia</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>To introduce a new corneal clarity score for use in small animals and describe its inter- and intra-user <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Twelve dogs and two cats with corneal abnormalities and five dogs with healthy corneas. Four examiners scored every patient twice and never consecutively, focusing on the central cornea. The peripheral cornea was scored separately. The following scoring system was used to describe corneal clarity: G0: no fundus reflection is visible on retroillumination (RI) using a head-mounted indirect ophthalmoscope. G1: a fundus reflection is visible with RI. G2: a 0.1-mm diameter light beam is visible on the anterior surface of the iris and/or lens. G3: gross fundic features are visible when viewed with indirect ophthalmoscopy (IO) using a head-mounted indirect ophthalmoscope and a hand-held 30D lens, although fine details are not clear. G4: fine details of the fundic features are clearly visible with IO. The minimum grades given were analyzed for inter- and intra-user <span class="hlt">variability</span> with kappa analysis. Intra- and interuser <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the central corneal clarity ranged from 0.78 to 0.96, <span class="hlt">showing</span> substantial to almost perfect reproducibility, and from 0.66 to 0.91, <span class="hlt">showing</span> substantial to almost perfect reliability, respectively. Intra- and interuser <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the peripheral cornea ranged from 0.83 to 0.95, <span class="hlt">showing</span> almost perfect agreement, and from 0.53 to 0.91, <span class="hlt">showing</span> moderate to almost perfect agreement. The RVC-CCS is well suited to assess and monitor central corneal clarity in small animals and to compare outcomes between studies and different surgeons. © 2015 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23834057','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23834057"><span>Examining the causes of memory strength <span class="hlt">variability</span>: recollection, attention failure, or encoding <span class="hlt">variability</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Koen, Joshua D; Aly, Mariam; Wang, Wei-Chun; Yonelinas, Andrew P</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>A prominent finding in recognition memory is that studied items are associated with more <span class="hlt">variability</span> in memory strength than new items. Here, we test 3 competing theories for why this occurs-the encoding <span class="hlt">variability</span>, attention failure, and recollection accounts. Distinguishing among these theories is critical because each provides a fundamentally different account of the processes underlying recognition memory. The encoding <span class="hlt">variability</span> and attention failure accounts propose that old item variance will be unaffected by retrieval manipulations because the processes producing this effect are ascribed to encoding. The recollection account predicts that both encoding and retrieval manipulations that preferentially affect recollection will affect memory <span class="hlt">variability</span>. These contrasting predictions were tested by examining the effect of response speeding (Experiment 1), dividing attention at retrieval (Experiment 2), context reinstatement (Experiment 3), and increased test delay (Experiment 4) on recognition performance. The <span class="hlt">results</span> of all 4 experiments confirm the predictions of the recollection account and are inconsistent with the encoding <span class="hlt">variability</span> account. The evidence supporting the attention failure account is mixed, with 2 of the 4 experiments confirming the account and 2 disconfirming the account. These <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that encoding <span class="hlt">variability</span> and attention failure are insufficient accounts of memory variance and provide support for the recollection account. Several alternative theoretical accounts of the <span class="hlt">results</span> are also considered. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26629643','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26629643"><span>Roadside soils <span class="hlt">show</span> low plant available zinc and copper concentrations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Morse, Natalie; Walter, M Todd; Osmond, Deanna; Hunt, William</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Vehicle combustion and component wear are a major source of metal contamination in the environment, which could be especially concerning where road ditches are actively farmed. The objective of this study was to assess how site <span class="hlt">variables</span>, namely age, traffic (vehicles day(-1)), and percent carbon (%C) affect metal accumulation in roadside soils. A soil chronosequence was established with sites ranging from 3 to 37 years old and bioavailable, or mobile, concentrations of Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu) were measured along major highways in North Carolina using a Mehlich III extraction. Mobile Zn and Cu concentrations were low overall, and when <span class="hlt">results</span> were scaled via literature values to "total metal", the <span class="hlt">results</span> were still generally lower than previous roadside studies. This could indicate farming on lands near roads would pose a low plant toxicity risk. Zinc and Cu were not correlated with annual average traffic count, but were positively correlated with lifetime traffic load (the product of site age and traffic count). This study <span class="hlt">shows</span> an often overlooked <span class="hlt">variable</span>, site age, should be included when considering roadside pollution accumulation. Zinc and Cu were more strongly associated with %C, than traffic load. Because vehicle combustion is also a carbon source, it is not obvious whether the metals and carbon are simply co-accumulating or whether the soil carbon in roadside soils may facilitate previously overlooked roles in sequestering metals on-site. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=107314&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=finite+AND+element&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=107314&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=finite+AND+element&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>2D <span class="hlt">VARIABLY</span> SATURATED FLOWS: PHYSICAL SCALING AND BAYESIAN ESTIMATION</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>A novel dimensionless formulation for water flow in two-dimensional <span class="hlt">variably</span> saturated media is presented. It <span class="hlt">shows</span> that scaling physical systems requires conservation of the ratio between capillary forces and gravity forces. A direct <span class="hlt">result</span> of this finding is that for two phys...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=extinction&pg=4&id=EJ987335','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=extinction&pg=4&id=EJ987335"><span>Systematic Evaluation of <span class="hlt">Variables</span> that Contribute to Noncompliance: A Replication and Extension</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>McKerchar, Paige M.; Abby, Layla</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The effects of time-out and escape extinction were examined with 2 preschoolers after we identified <span class="hlt">variables</span> that may have <span class="hlt">resulted</span> in noncompliance. <span class="hlt">Results</span> of a functional analysis <span class="hlt">showed</span> that noncompliance was highest in the escape condition for both participants. During the treatment evaluation, escape extinction <span class="hlt">resulted</span> in greater…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26973837','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26973837"><span>Major urinary protein (MUP) profiles <span class="hlt">show</span> dynamic changes rather than individual 'barcode' signatures.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Thoß, M; Luzynski, K C; Ante, M; Miller, I; Penn, D J</p> <p>2015-06-30</p> <p>House mice ( Mus musculus) produce a <span class="hlt">variable</span> number of major urinary proteins (MUPs), and studies suggest that each individual produces a unique MUP profile that provides a distinctive odor signature controlling individual and kin recognition. This 'barcode hypothesis' requires that MUP urinary profiles <span class="hlt">show</span> high individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> within populations and also high individual consistency over time, but tests of these assumptions are lacking. We analyzed urinary MUP profiles of 66 wild-caught house mice from eight populations using isoelectric focusing. We found that MUP profiles of wild male house mice are not individually unique, and though they were highly <span class="hlt">variable</span>, closer inspection revealed that the variation strongly depended on MUP band type. The prominent ('major) bands were surprisingly homogenous (and hence most MUPs are not polymorphic), but we also found inconspicuous ('minor') bands that were highly <span class="hlt">variable</span> and therefore potential candidates for individual fingerprints. We also examined changes in urinary MUP profiles of 58 males over time (from 6 to 24 weeks of age), and found that individual MUP profiles and MUP concentration were surprisingly dynamic, and <span class="hlt">showed</span> significant changes after puberty and during adulthood. Contrary to what we expected, however, the minor bands were the most <span class="hlt">variable</span> over time, thus no good candidates for individual fingerprints. Although MUP profiles do not provide individual fingerprints, we found that MUP profiles were more similar among siblings than non-kin despite considerable fluctuation. Our findings <span class="hlt">show</span> that MUP profiles are not highly stable over time, they do not <span class="hlt">show</span> strong individual clustering, and thus challenge the barcode hypothesis. Within-individual dynamics of MUP profiles indicate a different function of MUPs in individual recognition than previously assumed and advocate an alternative hypothesis ('dynamic changes' hypothesis).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25680081','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25680081"><span>Input <span class="hlt">Variability</span> Facilitates Unguided Subcategory Learning in Adults.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Eidsvåg, Sunniva Sørhus; Austad, Margit; Plante, Elena; Asbjørnsen, Arve E</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>This experiment investigated whether input <span class="hlt">variability</span> would affect initial learning of noun gender subcategories in an unfamiliar, natural language (Russian), as it is known to assist learning of other grammatical forms. Forty adults (20 men, 20 women) were familiarized with examples of masculine and feminine Russian words. Half of the participants were familiarized with 32 different root words in a high-<span class="hlt">variability</span> condition. The other half were familiarized with 16 different root words, each repeated twice for a total of 32 presentations in a high-repetition condition. Participants were tested on untrained members of the category to assess generalization. Familiarization and testing was completed 2 additional times. Only participants in the high-<span class="hlt">variability</span> group <span class="hlt">showed</span> evidence of learning after an initial period of familiarization. Participants in the high-repetition group were able to learn after additional input. Both groups benefited when words included 2 cues to gender compared to a single cue. The <span class="hlt">results</span> demonstrate that the degree of input <span class="hlt">variability</span> can influence learners' ability to generalize a grammatical subcategory (noun gender) from a natural language. In addition, the presence of multiple cues to linguistic subcategory facilitated learning independent of <span class="hlt">variability</span> condition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28584698','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28584698"><span>High or low? Comparing high and low-<span class="hlt">variability</span> phonetic training in adult and child second language learners.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Giannakopoulou, Anastasia; Brown, Helen; Clayards, Meghan; Wonnacott, Elizabeth</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>High talker <span class="hlt">variability</span> (i.e., multiple voices in the input) has been found effective in training nonnative phonetic contrasts in adults. A small number of studies suggest that children also benefit from high-<span class="hlt">variability</span> phonetic training with some evidence that they <span class="hlt">show</span> greater learning (more plasticity) than adults given matched input, although <span class="hlt">results</span> are mixed. However, no study has directly compared the effectiveness of high versus low talker <span class="hlt">variability</span> in children. Native Greek-speaking eight-year-olds ( N = 52), and adults ( N = 41) were exposed to the English /i/-/ɪ/ contrast in 10 training sessions through a computerized word-learning game. Pre- and post-training tests examined discrimination of the contrast as well as lexical learning. Participants were randomly assigned to high (four talkers) or low (one talker) <span class="hlt">variability</span> training conditions. Both age groups improved during training, and both improved more while trained with a single talker. <span class="hlt">Results</span> of a three-interval oddity discrimination test did not <span class="hlt">show</span> the predicted benefit of high-<span class="hlt">variability</span> training in either age group. Instead, children <span class="hlt">showed</span> an effect in the reverse direction-i.e., reliably greater improvements in discrimination following single talker training, even for untrained generalization items, although the <span class="hlt">result</span> is qualified by (accidental) differences between participant groups at pre-test. Adults <span class="hlt">showed</span> a numeric advantage for high-<span class="hlt">variability</span> but were inconsistent with respect to voice and word novelty. In addition, no effect of <span class="hlt">variability</span> was found for lexical learning. There was no evidence of greater plasticity for phonetic learning in child learners. This paper adds to the handful of studies demonstrating that, like adults, child learners can improve their discrimination of a phonetic contrast via computerized training. There was no evidence of a benefit of training with multiple talkers, either for discrimination or word learning. The <span class="hlt">results</span> also do not support the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeoRL..4312634J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeoRL..4312634J"><span>ENSO modulation of tropical Indian Ocean subseasonal <span class="hlt">variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jung, Eunsil; Kirtman, Ben P.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>In this study, we use 30 years of retrospective climate model forecasts and observational estimates to <span class="hlt">show</span> that El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects the amplitude of subseasonal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of sea surface temperature (SST) in the southwest Indian Ocean, an important Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation (TISO) onset region. The analysis <span class="hlt">shows</span> that deeper background mixed-layer depths and warmer upper ocean conditions during El Niño reduce the amplitude of the subseasonal SST <span class="hlt">variability</span> over Seychelles-Chagos Thermocline Ridge (SCTR), which may reduce SST-wind coupling and the amplitude of TISO <span class="hlt">variability</span>. The opposite holds for La Niña where the shallower mixed-layer depth enhances SST <span class="hlt">variability</span> over SCTR, which may increase SST-wind coupling and the amplitude of TISO <span class="hlt">variability</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120012555','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120012555"><span>Extreme Ultraviolet <span class="hlt">Variability</span> Experiment (EVE) Multiple EUV Grating Spectrographs (MEGS): Radiometric Calibrations and <span class="hlt">Results</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hock, R. A.; Woods, T. N.; Crotser, D.; Eparvier, F. G.; Woodraska, D. L.; Chamberlin, P. C.; Woods, E. C.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), scheduled for launch in early 2010, incorporates a suite of instruments including the Extreme Ultraviolet <span class="hlt">Variability</span> Experiment (EVE). EVE has multiple instruments including the Multiple Extreme ultraviolet Grating Spectrographs (MEGS) A, B, and P instruments, the Solar Aspect Monitor (SAM), and the Extreme ultraviolet SpectroPhotometer (ESP). The radiometric calibration of EVE, necessary to convert the instrument counts to physical units, was performed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF III) located in Gaithersburg, Maryland. This paper presents the <span class="hlt">results</span> and derived accuracy of this radiometric calibration for the MEGS A, B, P, and SAM instruments, while the calibration of the ESP instrument is addressed by Didkovsky et al. . In addition, solar measurements that were taken on 14 April 2008, during the NASA 36.240 sounding-rocket flight, are shown for the prototype EVE instruments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT........31N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT........31N"><span>Manufacturing challenge: An employee perception of the impact of BEM <span class="hlt">variables</span> on motivation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nyaude, Alaster</p> <p></p> <p>The study examines the impact of Thomas F. Gilbert's Behavior Engineering Model (BEM) <span class="hlt">variables</span> on employee perception of motivation at an aerospace equipment manufacturing plant in Georgia. The research process involved literature review, and determination of an appropriate survey instrument for the study. The Hersey-Chevalier modified PROBE instrument (Appendix C) was used with Dr Roger Chevalier's validation. The participants' responses were further examined to determine the influence of demographic control <span class="hlt">variables</span> of age, gender, length of service with the company and education on employee perception of motivation. The <span class="hlt">results</span> indicated that the top three highly motivating <span class="hlt">variables</span> were knowledge and skills, capacity and resources. Knowledge and skills was perceived to be highly motivating, capacity as second highly motivating and resources as the third highly motivating <span class="hlt">variable</span>. Interestingly, the fourth highly motivating <span class="hlt">variable</span> was information, the fifth was motives and the sixth was incentives. The <span class="hlt">results</span> also <span class="hlt">showed</span> that demographic control <span class="hlt">variables</span> had no influence on employee perception of motivation. Further research may be required to understand to what extend these BEM <span class="hlt">variables</span> impact employee perceptions of motivation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015IJBm...59..339F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015IJBm...59..339F"><span>Airborne fungal spores of Alternaria, meteorological parameters and predicting <span class="hlt">variables</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Filali Ben Sidel, Farah; Bouziane, Hassan; del Mar Trigo, Maria; El Haskouri, Fatima; Bardei, Fadoua; Redouane, Abdelbari; Kadiri, Mohamed; Riadi, Hassane; Kazzaz, Mohamed</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>Alternaria is frequently found as airborne fungal spores and is recognized as an important cause of respiratory allergies. The aerobiological monitoring of fungal spores was performed using a Burkard volumetric spore traps. To establish predicting <span class="hlt">variables</span> for daily and weakly spore counts, a stepwise multiple regression between spore concentrations and independent <span class="hlt">variables</span> (meteorological parameters and lagged values from the series of spore concentrations: previous day or week concentration (Alt t - 1) and mean concentration of the same day or week in other years ( C mean)) was made with data obtained during 2009-2011. Alternaria conidia are present throughout the year in the atmosphere of Tetouan, although they <span class="hlt">show</span> important seasonal fluctuations. The highest levels of Alternaria spores were recorded during the spring and summer or autumn. Alternaria <span class="hlt">showed</span> maximum daily values in April, May or October depending on year. When the spore <span class="hlt">variables</span> of Alternaria, namely C mean and Alt t - 1, and meteorological parameters were included in the equation, the <span class="hlt">resulting</span> R 2 satisfactorily predict future concentrations for 55.5 to 81.6 % during the main spore season and the pre-peak 2. In the predictive model using weekly values, the adjusted R 2 varied from 0.655 to 0.676. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare the <span class="hlt">results</span> from the expected values and the pre-peak spore data or weekly values for 2012, indicating that there were no significant differences between series compared. This test <span class="hlt">showed</span> the C mean, Alt t - 1, frequency of the wind third quadrant, maximum wind speed and minimum relative humidity as the most efficient independent <span class="hlt">variables</span> to forecast the overall trend of this spore in the air.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFMGC23A1303S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFMGC23A1303S"><span>Vegetation <span class="hlt">Variability</span> And Its Effect On Monsoon Rainfall Over South East Asia: Observational and Modeling <span class="hlt">Results</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sarkar, S.; Peters-Lidard, C.; Chiu, L.; Kafatos, M.</p> <p>2005-12-01</p> <p>Increasing population and urbanization have created stress on developing nations. The quickly shifting patterns of vegetation change in different parts of the world have given rise to the pertinent question of feedback on the climate prevailing on local to regional scales. It is now known with some certainty, that vegetation changes can affect the climate by influencing the heat and water balance. The hydrological cycle particularly is susceptible to changes in vegetation. The Monsoon rainfall forms a vital link in the hydrological cycle prevailing over South East Asia This work examines the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of vegetation over South East Asia and assesses its impact on the monsoon rainfall. We explain the role of changing vegetation and <span class="hlt">show</span> how this change has affected the heat and energy balance. We demonstrate the role of vegetation one season earlier in influencing rainfall intensity over specific areas in South East Asia and <span class="hlt">show</span> the ramification of vegetation change on the summer rainfall behavior. The vegetation <span class="hlt">variability</span> study specifically focuses on India and China, two of the largest and most populous nations. We have done an assessment to find out the key meteorological and human induced parameters affecting vegetation over the study area through a spatial analysis of monthly NDVI values. This study highlights the role of monsoon rainfall, regional climate dynamics and large scale human induced pollution to be the crucial factors governing the vegetation and vegetation distribution. The vegetation is seen to follow distinct spatial patterns that have been found to be crucial in its eventual impact on monsoon rainfall. We have carried out a series of sensitivity experiments using a land surface hydrologic modeling scheme. The vital energy and water balance parameters are identified and the daily climatological cycles are examined for possible change in behavior for different boundary conditions. It is found that the change from native deciduous forest</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ThApC.119..689Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ThApC.119..689Y"><span>Validation of China-wide interpolated daily climate <span class="hlt">variables</span> from 1960 to 2011</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yuan, Wenping; Xu, Bing; Chen, Zhuoqi; Xia, Jiangzhou; Xu, Wenfang; Chen, Yang; Wu, Xiaoxu; Fu, Yang</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>Temporally and spatially continuous meteorological <span class="hlt">variables</span> are increasingly in demand to support many different types of applications related to climate studies. Using measurements from 600 climate stations, a thin-plate spline method was applied to generate daily gridded climate datasets for mean air temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, relative humidity, sunshine duration, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, and precipitation over China for the period 1961-2011. A comprehensive evaluation of interpolated climate was conducted at 150 independent validation sites. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> superior performance for most of the estimated <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Except for wind speed, determination coefficients ( R 2) varied from 0.65 to 0.90, and interpolations <span class="hlt">showed</span> high consistency with observations. Most of the estimated climate <span class="hlt">variables</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> relatively consistent accuracy among all seasons according to the root mean square error, R 2, and relative predictive error. The interpolated data correctly predicted the occurrence of daily precipitation at validation sites with an accuracy of 83 %. Moreover, the interpolation data successfully explained the interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> trend for the eight meteorological <span class="hlt">variables</span> at most validation sites. Consistent interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> trends were observed at 66-95 % of the sites for the eight meteorological <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Accuracy in distinguishing extreme weather events differed substantially among the meteorological <span class="hlt">variables</span>. The interpolated data identified extreme events for the three temperature <span class="hlt">variables</span>, relative humidity, and sunshine duration with an accuracy ranging from 63 to 77 %. However, for wind speed, air pressure, and precipitation, the interpolation model correctly identified only 41, 48, and 58 % of extreme events, respectively. The validation indicates that the interpolations can be applied with high confidence for the three temperatures <span class="hlt">variables</span>, as well as relative humidity and sunshine duration based</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790003565&hterms=human+body+size&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dhuman%2Bbody%2Bsize','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790003565&hterms=human+body+size&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dhuman%2Bbody%2Bsize"><span><span class="hlt">Variability</span> in human body size</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Annis, J. F.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>The range of <span class="hlt">variability</span> found among homogeneous groups is described and illustrated. Those trends that <span class="hlt">show</span> significantly marked differences between sexes and among a number of racial/ethnic groups are also presented. Causes of human-body size <span class="hlt">variability</span> discussed include genetic endowment, aging, nutrition, protective garments, and occupation. The information is presented to aid design engineers of space flight hardware and equipment.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28673208','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28673208"><span>The <span class="hlt">variable</span> and chaotic nature of professional golf performance.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Stöckl, Michael; Lamb, Peter F</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>In golf, unlike most other sports, individual performance is not the <span class="hlt">result</span> of direct interactions between players. Instead decision-making and performance is influenced by numerous constraining factors affecting each shot. This study looked at the performance of PGA TOUR golfers in 2011 in terms of stability and <span class="hlt">variability</span> on a shot-by-shot basis. Stability and <span class="hlt">variability</span> were assessed using Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) and standard deviation, respectively. About 10% of all shots comprised short stable phases of performance (3.7 ± 1.1 shots per stable phase). Stable phases tended to consist of shots of typical performance, rather than poor or exceptional shots; this finding was consistent for all shot categories. Overall, stability measures were not correlated with tournament performance. <span class="hlt">Variability</span> across all shots was not related to tournament performance; however, <span class="hlt">variability</span> in tee shots and short approach shots was higher than for other shot categories. Furthermore, tee shot <span class="hlt">variability</span> was related to tournament standing: decreased <span class="hlt">variability</span> was associated with better tournament ranking. The findings in this study <span class="hlt">showed</span> that PGA TOUR golf performance is chaotic. Further research on amateur golf performance is required to determine whether the structure of amateur golf performance is universal.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27305916','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27305916"><span>Genetic <span class="hlt">variability</span> in captive populations of the stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Santiago, Leandro R; Francisco, Flávio O; Jaffé, Rodolfo; Arias, Maria C</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>Low genetic <span class="hlt">variability</span> has normally been considered a consequence of animal husbandry and a major contributing factor to declining bee populations. Here, we performed a molecular analysis of captive and wild populations of the stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula, one of the most commonly kept species across South America. Microsatellite analyses <span class="hlt">showed</span> similar genetic <span class="hlt">variability</span> between wild and captive populations However, captive populations <span class="hlt">showed</span> lower mitochondrial genetic <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Male-mediated gene flow, transport and division of nests are suggested as the most probable explanations for the observed patterns of genetic structure. We conclude that increasing the number of colonies kept through nest divisions does not negatively affect nuclear genetic <span class="hlt">variability</span>, which seems to be maintained by small-scale male dispersal and human-mediated nest transport. However, the transport of nests from distant localities should be practiced with caution given the high genetic differentiation observed between samples from western and eastern areas. The high genetic structure verified is the <span class="hlt">result</span> of a long-term evolutionary process, and bees from distant localities may represent unique evolutionary lineages.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29043046','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29043046"><span>Among-tree <span class="hlt">variability</span> and feedback effects <span class="hlt">result</span> in different growth responses to climate change at the upper treeline in the Swiss Alps.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jochner, Matthias; Bugmann, Harald; Nötzli, Magdalena; Bigler, Christof</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Upper treeline ecotones are important life form boundaries and particularly sensitive to a warming climate. Changes in growth conditions at these ecotones have wide-ranging implications for the provision of ecosystem services in densely populated mountain regions like the European Alps. We quantify climate effects on short- and long-term tree growth responses, focusing on among-tree <span class="hlt">variability</span> and potential feedback effects. Although among-tree <span class="hlt">variability</span> is thought to be substantial, it has not been considered systematically yet in studies on growth-climate relationships. We compiled tree-ring data including almost 600 trees of major treeline species ( Larix decidua , Picea abies , Pinus cembra , and Pinus mugo ) from three climate regions of the Swiss Alps. We further acquired tree size distribution data using unmanned aerial vehicles. To account for among-tree <span class="hlt">variability</span>, we employed information-theoretic model selections based on linear mixed-effects models (LMMs) with flexible choice of monthly temperature effects on growth. We isolated long-term trends in ring-width indices (RWI) in interaction with elevation. The LMMs revealed substantial amounts of previously unquantified among-tree <span class="hlt">variability</span>, indicating different strategies of single trees regarding when and to what extent to invest assimilates into growth. Furthermore, the LMMs indicated strongly positive temperature effects on growth during short summer periods across all species, and significant contributions of fall ( L. decidua ) and current year's spring ( L. decidua , P. abies ). In the longer term, all species <span class="hlt">showed</span> consistently positive RWI trends at highest elevations, but different patterns with decreasing elevation. L. decidua exhibited even negative RWI trends compared to the highest treeline sites, whereas P. abies , P. cembra , and P. mugo <span class="hlt">showed</span> steeper or flatter trends with decreasing elevation. This does not only reflect effects of ameliorated climate conditions on tree</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ASAJ..111.2478K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ASAJ..111.2478K"><span>The use of functional data analysis to study <span class="hlt">variability</span> in childrens speech: Further data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Koenig, Laura L.; Lucero, Jorge C.</p> <p>2002-05-01</p> <p>Much previous research has reported increased token-to-token <span class="hlt">variability</span> in children relative to adults, but the sources and implications of this <span class="hlt">variability</span> remain matters of debate. Recently, functional data analysis has been used as a tool to gain greater insight into the nature of <span class="hlt">variability</span> in children's and adults' speech data. In FDA, signals are time-normalized using a smooth function of time. The magnitude of the time-warping function provides an index of phasing (temporal) <span class="hlt">variability</span>, and a separate index of amplitude <span class="hlt">variability</span> is calculated from the time-normalized signal. Here, oral airflow data are analyzed from 5-year-olds, 10-year-olds, and adult women producing laryngeal and oral fricatives (/h, s, z/). The preliminary FDA <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that children generally have higher temporal and amplitude indices than adults, suggesting greater <span class="hlt">variability</span> both in gestural timing and magnitude. However, individual patterns are evident in the relative magnitude of the two indices, and in which consonants <span class="hlt">show</span> the highest values. The time-varying patterns of flow <span class="hlt">variability</span> over time in /s/ are also explored as a method of inferring relative <span class="hlt">variability</span> among laryngeal and oral gestures. [Work supported by NIH and CNPq, Brazil.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18448179','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18448179"><span>Negative aging stereotypes and their relation with psychosocial <span class="hlt">variables</span> in the elderly population.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sánchez Palacios, C; Trianes Torres, M V; Blanca Mena, M J</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>This study explores whether there is a relationship between the level of belief in negative aging stereotypes in 65-year-old people and their <span class="hlt">results</span> concerning some psychosocial <span class="hlt">variables</span>. These were selected for their relevance for health and well being in elderly people. These were: living situation, responsibilities toward others, subjective health, frequency of medical appointments, subjective age, participation in community social activities and regular physical activity. The sample consisted of 757 people of low educational level, ranged from 65 to 96 years. Age and gender were homogeneously distributed. Participants were non-institutionalized people. Firstly, the psychosocial <span class="hlt">variables</span> under focus were assessed by means of seven questions. Secondly, a questionnaire about negative aging stereotypes (CENVE) was administered. It was composed of three factors: health, motivational-social and character-personality. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that a high score in negative stereotypes is significantly associated to the studied <span class="hlt">variables</span>, except for living situation, <span class="hlt">showing</span> a worse quality of life (QoL) profile. <span class="hlt">Results</span> are discussed in terms of their utility for assessment and psychosocial intervention, which is meant to improve health in the elderly.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27903330','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27903330"><span>Intraindividual Cognitive <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in Middle Age Predicts Cognitive Impairment 8-10 Years Later: <span class="hlt">Results</span> from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Koscik, Rebecca L; Berman, Sara E; Clark, Lindsay R; Mueller, Kimberly D; Okonkwo, Ozioma C; Gleason, Carey E; Hermann, Bruce P; Sager, Mark A; Johnson, Sterling C</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Intraindividual cognitive <span class="hlt">variability</span> (IICV) has been shown to differentiate between groups with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. This study examined whether baseline IICV predicted subsequent mild to moderate cognitive impairment in a cognitively normal baseline sample. Participants with 4 waves of cognitive assessment were drawn from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention (WRAP; n=684; 53.6(6.6) baseline age; 9.1(1.0) years follow-up; 70% female; 74.6% parental history of Alzheimer's disease). The primary outcome was Wave 4 cognitive status ("cognitively normal" vs. "impaired") determined by consensus conference; "impaired" included early MCI (n=109), clinical MCI (n=11), or dementia (n=1). Primary predictors included two IICV <span class="hlt">variables</span>, each based on the standard deviation of a set of scores: "6 Factor IICV" and "4 Test IICV". Each IICV <span class="hlt">variable</span> was tested in a series of logistic regression models to determine whether IICV predicted cognitive status. In exploratory analyses, distribution-based cutoffs incorporating memory, executive function, and IICV patterns were used to create and test an MCI risk <span class="hlt">variable</span>. <span class="hlt">Results</span> were similar for the IICV <span class="hlt">variables</span>: higher IICV was associated with greater risk of subsequent impairment after covariate adjustment. After adjusting for memory and executive functioning scores contributing to IICV, IICV was not significant. The MCI risk <span class="hlt">variable</span> also predicted risk of impairment. While IICV in middle-age predicts subsequent impairment, it is a weaker risk indicator than the memory and executive function scores contributing to its calculation. Exploratory analyses suggest potential to incorporate IICV patterns into risk assessment in clinical settings. (JINS, 2016, 22, 1016-1025).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24339758','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24339758"><span>Determinants of cell-to-cell <span class="hlt">variability</span> in protein kinase signaling.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jeschke, Matthias; Baumgärtner, Stephan; Legewie, Stefan</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Cells reliably sense environmental changes despite internal and external fluctuations, but the mechanisms underlying robustness remain unclear. We analyzed how fluctuations in signaling protein concentrations give rise to cell-to-cell <span class="hlt">variability</span> in protein kinase signaling using analytical theory and numerical simulations. We characterized the dose-response behavior of signaling cascades by calculating the stimulus level at which a pathway responds ('pathway sensitivity') and the maximal activation level upon strong stimulation. Minimal kinase cascades with gradual dose-response behavior <span class="hlt">show</span> strong <span class="hlt">variability</span>, because the pathway sensitivity and the maximal activation level cannot be simultaneously invariant. Negative feedback regulation resolves this trade-off and coordinately reduces fluctuations in the pathway sensitivity and maximal activation. Feedbacks acting at different levels in the cascade control different aspects of the dose-response curve, thereby synergistically reducing the <span class="hlt">variability</span>. We also investigated more complex, ultrasensitive signaling cascades capable of switch-like decision making, and found that these can be inherently robust to protein concentration fluctuations. We describe how the cell-to-cell <span class="hlt">variability</span> of ultrasensitive signaling systems can be actively regulated, e.g., by altering the expression of phosphatase(s) or by feedback/feedforward loops. Our calculations reveal that slow transcriptional negative feedback loops allow for <span class="hlt">variability</span> suppression while maintaining switch-like decision making. Taken together, we describe design principles of signaling cascades that promote robustness. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> may explain why certain signaling cascades like the yeast pheromone pathway <span class="hlt">show</span> switch-like decision making with little cell-to-cell <span class="hlt">variability</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1358526-interannual-decadal-climate-variability-sea-salt-aerosols-coupled-climate-model-cesm1-climate-variability-sea-salt-aerosols','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1358526-interannual-decadal-climate-variability-sea-salt-aerosols-coupled-climate-model-cesm1-climate-variability-sea-salt-aerosols"><span>Interannual to decadal climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> of sea salt aerosols in the coupled climate model CESM1.0: Climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> of sea salt aerosols</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Xu, Li; Pierce, David W.; Russell, Lynn M.</p> <p></p> <p>This study examines multi-year climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> associated with sea salt aerosols and their contribution to the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of shortwave cloud forcing (SWCF) using a 150-year simulation for pre-industrial conditions of the Community Earth System Model version 1.0 (CESM1). The <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that changes in sea salt and related cloud and radiative properties on interannual timescales are dominated by the ENSO cycle. Sea salt <span class="hlt">variability</span> on longer (interdecadal) timescales is associated with low-frequency Pacific ocean <span class="hlt">variability</span> similar to the interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), but does not <span class="hlt">show</span> a statistically significant spectral peak. A multivariate regression suggests that sea salt aerosol variabilitymore » may contribute to SWCF <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the tropical Pacific, explaining up to 25-35% of the variance in that region. Elsewhere, there is only a small aerosol influence on SWCF through modifying cloud droplet number and liquid water path that contributes to the change of cloud effective radius and cloud optical depth (and hence cloud albedo), producing a multi-year aerosol-cloud-wind interaction.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AnPhy.388..350B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AnPhy.388..350B"><span>Benford's law and continuous dependent random <span class="hlt">variables</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Becker, Thealexa; Burt, David; Corcoran, Taylor C.; Greaves-Tunnell, Alec; Iafrate, Joseph R.; Jing, Joy; Miller, Steven J.; Porfilio, Jaclyn D.; Ronan, Ryan; Samranvedhya, Jirapat; Strauch, Frederick W.; Talbut, Blaine</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Many mathematical, man-made and natural systems exhibit a leading-digit bias, where a first digit (base 10) of 1 occurs not 11% of the time, as one would expect if all digits were equally likely, but rather 30%. This phenomenon is known as Benford's Law. Analyzing which datasets adhere to Benford's Law and how quickly Benford behavior sets in are the two most important problems in the field. Most previous work studied systems of independent random <span class="hlt">variables</span>, and relied on the independence in their analyses. Inspired by natural processes such as particle decay, we study the dependent random <span class="hlt">variables</span> that emerge from models of decomposition of conserved quantities. We prove that in many instances the distribution of lengths of the <span class="hlt">resulting</span> pieces converges to Benford behavior as the number of divisions grow, and give several conjectures for other fragmentation processes. The main difficulty is that the <span class="hlt">resulting</span> random <span class="hlt">variables</span> are dependent. We handle this by using tools from Fourier analysis and irrationality exponents to obtain quantified convergence rates as well as introducing and developing techniques to measure and control the dependencies. The construction of these tools is one of the major motivations of this work, as our approach can be applied to many other dependent systems. As an example, we <span class="hlt">show</span> that the n ! entries in the determinant expansions of n × n matrices with entries independently drawn from nice random <span class="hlt">variables</span> converges to Benford's Law.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Pretest+AND+design&pg=3&id=EJ1060470','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Pretest+AND+design&pg=3&id=EJ1060470"><span>Validity of a Residualized Dependent <span class="hlt">Variable</span> after Pretest Covariance Adjustments: Still the Same <span class="hlt">Variable</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Nimon, Kim; Henson, Robin K.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The authors empirically examined whether the validity of a residualized dependent <span class="hlt">variable</span> after covariance adjustment is comparable to that of the original <span class="hlt">variable</span> of interest. When variance of a dependent <span class="hlt">variable</span> is removed as a <span class="hlt">result</span> of one or more covariates, the residual variance may not reflect the same meaning. Using the pretest-posttest…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1205440','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1205440"><span>Maintenance of Genetic <span class="hlt">Variability</span> under Strong Stabilizing Selection: A Two-Locus Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gavrilets, S.; Hastings, A.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>We study a two locus model with additive contributions to the phenotype to explore the relationship between stabilizing selection and recombination. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that if the double heterozygote has the optimum phenotype and the contributions of the loci to the trait are different, then any symmetric stabilizing selection fitness function can maintain genetic <span class="hlt">variability</span> provided selection is sufficiently strong relative to linkage. We present <span class="hlt">results</span> of a detailed analysis of the quadratic fitness function which <span class="hlt">show</span> that selection need not be extremely strong relative to recombination for the polymorphic equilibria to be stable. At these polymorphic equilibria the mean value of the trait, in general, is not equal to the optimum phenotype, there exists a large level of negative linkage disequilibrium which ``hides'' additive genetic variance, and different equilibria can be stable simultaneously. We analyze dependence of different characteristics of these equilibria on the location of optimum phenotype, on the difference in allelic effect, and on the strength of selection relative to recombination. Our overall <span class="hlt">result</span> that stabilizing selection does not necessarily eliminate genetic <span class="hlt">variability</span> is compatible with some experimental <span class="hlt">results</span> where the lines subject to strong stabilizing selection did not have significant reductions in genetic <span class="hlt">variability</span>. PMID:8514145</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21378414-bona-fide-strong-variable-galactic-luminous-blue-variable-stars-fast-rotators-detection-high-rotational-velocity-hr-carinae','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21378414-bona-fide-strong-variable-galactic-luminous-blue-variable-stars-fast-rotators-detection-high-rotational-velocity-hr-carinae"><span>BONA FIDE, STRONG-<span class="hlt">VARIABLE</span> GALACTIC LUMINOUS BLUE <span class="hlt">VARIABLE</span> STARS ARE FAST ROTATORS: DETECTION OF A HIGH ROTATIONAL VELOCITY IN HR CARINAE</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Groh, J. H.; Damineli, A.; Moises, A. P.</p> <p>2009-11-01</p> <p>We report optical observations of the luminous blue <span class="hlt">variable</span> (LBV) HR Carinae which <span class="hlt">show</span> that the star has reached a visual minimum phase in 2009. More importantly, we detected absorptions due to Si IV lambdalambda4088-4116. To match their observed line profiles from 2009 May, a high rotational velocity of v{sub rot} approx = 150 +- 20 km s{sup -1} is needed (assuming an inclination angle of 30 deg.), implying that HR Car rotates at approx =0.88 +- 0.2 of its critical velocity for breakup (v{sub crit}). Our <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that fast rotation is typical in all strong-<span class="hlt">variable</span>, bona fide galacticmore » LBVs, which present S-Dor-type <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Strong-<span class="hlt">variable</span> LBVs are located in a well-defined region of the HR diagram during visual minimum (the 'LBV minimum instability strip'). We suggest this region corresponds to where v{sub crit} is reached. To the left of this strip, a forbidden zone with v{sub rot}/v{sub crit}>1 is present, explaining why no LBVs are detected in this zone. Since dormant/ex LBVs like P Cygni and HD 168625 have low v{sub rot}, we propose that LBVs can be separated into two groups: fast-rotating, strong-<span class="hlt">variable</span> stars <span class="hlt">showing</span> S-Dor cycles (such as AG Car and HR Car) and slow-rotating stars with much less <span class="hlt">variability</span> (such as P Cygni and HD 168625). We speculate that supernova (SN) progenitors which had S-Dor cycles before exploding (such as in SN 2001ig, SN 2003bg, and SN 2005gj) could have been fast rotators. We suggest that the potential difficulty of fast-rotating Galactic LBVs to lose angular momentum is additional evidence that such stars could explode during the LBV phase.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AMT....11.3131L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AMT....11.3131L"><span>Effects of temporal averaging on short-term irradiance <span class="hlt">variability</span> under mixed sky conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lohmann, Gerald M.; Monahan, Adam H.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Characterizations of short-term <span class="hlt">variability</span> in solar radiation are required to successfully integrate large numbers of photovoltaic power systems into the electrical grid. Previous studies have used ground-based irradiance observations with a range of different temporal resolutions and a systematic analysis of the effects of temporal averaging on the representation of <span class="hlt">variability</span> is lacking. Using high-resolution surface irradiance data with original temporal resolutions between 0.01 and 1 s from six different locations in the Northern Hemisphere, we characterize the changes in representation of temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> <span class="hlt">resulting</span> from time averaging. In this analysis, we condition all data to states of mixed skies, which are the most potentially problematic in terms of local PV power volatility. Statistics of clear-sky index k* and its increments Δk*τ (i.e., normalized surface irradiance and changes therein over specified intervals of time) are considered separately. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that a temporal averaging time scale of around 1 s marks a transition in representing single-point irradiance <span class="hlt">variability</span>, such that longer averages <span class="hlt">result</span> in substantial underestimates of <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Higher-resolution data increase the complexity of data management and quality control without appreciably improving the representation of <span class="hlt">variability</span>. The <span class="hlt">results</span> do not <span class="hlt">show</span> any substantial discrepancies between locations or seasons.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT.........4P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT.........4P"><span>Diagnosing Mechanisms of Oceanic Influence on Sahel Precipitation <span class="hlt">Variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pomposi, Catherine A.</p> <p></p> <p>The West African Monsoon (WAM) is a significant component of the global monsoon system and plays a key role in the annual cycle of precipitation in the Sahel region of Africa (10°N to 20°N) during the summer months (July to September). Rainfall in the Sahel varies on timescales ranging from seasons to millennia as a <span class="hlt">result</span> of changes in the WAM. In the last century, the Sahel experienced a relatively wet period (prior to the 1960s) followed by a period of severe drought (1970s-1980s) with higher-frequency <span class="hlt">variability</span> superimposed on this low-frequency background signal. Understanding precipitation <span class="hlt">variability</span> like that which occurred over the 20th Century and its impact on Sahel precipitation is critically important for skillful hydroclimate predictions and disaster preparedness in the region. Previous work has shown that the WAM responds to both internal atmospheric <span class="hlt">variability</span> and external oceanic forcing. A large fraction of 20th Century Sahel rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span> has been linked to nearby and remote oceanic forcing from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, suggesting that the ocean is the primary driver of <span class="hlt">variability</span>. However, the mechanisms underlying the influence of sea surface temperature (SST) forcing to land based precipitation and the relative importance of the roles of different basins are not as well understood. To this end, the work completed in this thesis examines the physical mechanisms linking oceanic forcing to recent precipitation <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the Sahel and identifies them alongside large-scale environmental conditions. A series of moisture budget decomposition studies are performed for the Sahel in order to understand the processes that govern regional hydroclimate <span class="hlt">variability</span> on decadal and interannual time scales. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the oceanic forcing of atmospheric mass convergence and divergence explains the moisture balance patterns in the region to first order on the timescales considered. On decadal timescales, forcing by</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1910863A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1910863A"><span>Assessing surface water availability considering human water use and projected climate <span class="hlt">variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ashraf, Batool; AghaKouchak, Amir; Mousavi-Baygi, Mohammd; Moftakhari, Hamed; Anjileli, Hassan</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> along with anthropogenic activities alter the hydrological cycle and local water availability. The overarching goal of this presentation is to demonstrate the compounding interactions between human water use/withdrawals and climate change and <span class="hlt">variability</span>. We focus on Karkheh River basin and Urmia basin, in western Iran, that have high level of human activity and water use, and suffer from low water productivity. The future of these basins and their growth relies on sustainable water resources and hence, requires a holistic, basin-wide management to cope with water scarcity challenges. In this study, we investigate changes in the hydrology of the basin including human-induced alterations of the system, during the past three decades. Then, we investigate the individual and combined effects of climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> and human water withdrawals on surface water storage in the 21st century. We use bias-corrected historical simulations and future projections from ensemble mean of eleven General Circulation Models (GCMs) under two climate change scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that, hydrology of the studied basins are significantly dominated by human activities over the baseline period (1976 - 2005). <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the increased anthropogenic water demand <span class="hlt">resulting</span> from substantial socio-economic growth in the past three decades have put significant stress on water resources. We evaluate a number of future water demand scenarios and their interactions with future climate projections. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that by the end of the 21st century, the compounding effects of increased irrigation water demand and precipitation <span class="hlt">variability</span> may lead to severe local water scarcity in these basins. Our study highlights the necessity for understanding and considering the compounding effects of human water use and future climate projections. Such studies would be useful for improving water management and developing adaption plans in water scarce regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017A%26A...600A.101S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017A%26A...600A.101S"><span>Quasar spectral <span class="hlt">variability</span> from the XMM-Newton serendipitous source catalogue</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Serafinelli, R.; Vagnetti, F.; Middei, R.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Context. X-ray spectral <span class="hlt">variability</span> analyses of active galactic nuclei (AGN) with moderate luminosities and redshifts typically <span class="hlt">show</span> a "softer when brighter" behaviour. Such a trend has rarely been investigated for high-luminosity AGNs (Lbol ≳ 1044 erg/s), nor for a wider redshift range (e.g. 0 ≲ z ≲ 5). Aims: We present an analysis of spectral <span class="hlt">variability</span> based on a large sample of 2700 quasars, measured at several different epochs, extracted from the fifth release of the XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalogue. Methods: We quantified the spectral <span class="hlt">variability</span> through the parameter β defined as the ratio between the change in the photon index Γ and the corresponding logarithmic flux variation, β = -ΔΓ/Δlog FX. <span class="hlt">Results</span>: Our analysis confirms a softer when brighter behaviour for our sample, extending the previously found general trend to high luminosity and redshift. We estimate an ensemble value of the spectral <span class="hlt">variability</span> parameter β = -0.69 ± 0.03. We do not find dependence of β on redshift, X-ray luminosity, black hole mass or Eddington ratio. A subsample of radio-loud sources <span class="hlt">shows</span> a smaller spectral <span class="hlt">variability</span> parameter. There is also some change with the X-ray flux, with smaller β (in absolute value) for brighter sources. We also find significant correlations for a small number of individual sources, indicating more negative values for some sources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5452958','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5452958"><span>High or low? Comparing high and low-<span class="hlt">variability</span> phonetic training in adult and child second language learners</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Brown, Helen; Clayards, Meghan</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Background High talker <span class="hlt">variability</span> (i.e., multiple voices in the input) has been found effective in training nonnative phonetic contrasts in adults. A small number of studies suggest that children also benefit from high-<span class="hlt">variability</span> phonetic training with some evidence that they <span class="hlt">show</span> greater learning (more plasticity) than adults given matched input, although <span class="hlt">results</span> are mixed. However, no study has directly compared the effectiveness of high versus low talker <span class="hlt">variability</span> in children. Methods Native Greek-speaking eight-year-olds (N = 52), and adults (N = 41) were exposed to the English /i/-/ɪ/ contrast in 10 training sessions through a computerized word-learning game. Pre- and post-training tests examined discrimination of the contrast as well as lexical learning. Participants were randomly assigned to high (four talkers) or low (one talker) <span class="hlt">variability</span> training conditions. <span class="hlt">Results</span> Both age groups improved during training, and both improved more while trained with a single talker. <span class="hlt">Results</span> of a three-interval oddity discrimination test did not <span class="hlt">show</span> the predicted benefit of high-<span class="hlt">variability</span> training in either age group. Instead, children <span class="hlt">showed</span> an effect in the reverse direction—i.e., reliably greater improvements in discrimination following single talker training, even for untrained generalization items, although the <span class="hlt">result</span> is qualified by (accidental) differences between participant groups at pre-test. Adults <span class="hlt">showed</span> a numeric advantage for high-<span class="hlt">variability</span> but were inconsistent with respect to voice and word novelty. In addition, no effect of <span class="hlt">variability</span> was found for lexical learning. There was no evidence of greater plasticity for phonetic learning in child learners. Discussion This paper adds to the handful of studies demonstrating that, like adults, child learners can improve their discrimination of a phonetic contrast via computerized training. There was no evidence of a benefit of training with multiple talkers, either for discrimination or word learning</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1910131C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1910131C"><span>River-discharge <span class="hlt">variability</span> and trends in southeastern Central Andes since 1940</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Castino, Fabiana; Bookhagen, Bodo; Strecker, Manfred R.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The southern Central Andes in NW Argentina comprise small to medium drainage basins (102-104 km2) particularly sensitive to climate <span class="hlt">variability</span>. In this area and in contrast to larger drainage basins such as the Amazon or La Plata rivers, floodplains or groundwater reservoirs either do not exist or are small. This reduces their dampening effect on discharge <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Previous studies highlighted a rapid discharge increase up to 40% in seven years in the southern Central Andes during the 1970s, inferred to have been associated with the global 1976-77 climate shift. To better understand the processes that drive variations in river discharge in this region, we analyze discharge <span class="hlt">variability</span> on different timescales, relying on four time series of monthly discharge between 1940 and 2015. Since river discharge in this complex mountain environment <span class="hlt">results</span> in a pronounced non-stationary and non-linear character, we apply the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) to evaluate non-stationary oscillatory modes of <span class="hlt">variability</span> and trends. An Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) analysis revealed that discharge <span class="hlt">variability</span> in this region can be decomposed in four quasi-periodic, statistically significant oscillatory modes, associated with timescales varying from 1 to ˜20y. In addition, statistically significant long-term trends <span class="hlt">show</span> increasing discharge during the period between 1940 and 2015, documenting an intensification of the hydrological cycle during this period. Furthermore, time-dependent intrinsic correlation (TDIC) analysis <span class="hlt">shows</span> that discharge <span class="hlt">variability</span> is most likely linked to the phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) at multi-decadal timescales (˜20y) and, to a lesser degree, to the Tropical South Atlantic SST anomaly (TSA) <span class="hlt">variability</span> at shorter timescales (˜2-5y). Finally, our <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that the rapid discharge increased occurred during the 1970s coincides with the periodic enhancement of discharge mainly linked to the rise of the PDO</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5277511','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5277511"><span>Progress in Quantitative Viral Load Testing: <span class="hlt">Variability</span> and Impact of the WHO Quantitative International Standards</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Sun, Y.; Tang, L.; Procop, G. W.; Hillyard, D. R.; Young, S. A.; Caliendo, A. M.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>ABSTRACT It has been hoped that the recent availability of WHO quantitative standards would improve interlaboratory agreement for viral load testing; however, insufficient data are available to evaluate whether this has been the case. <span class="hlt">Results</span> from 554 laboratories participating in proficiency testing surveys for quantitative PCR assays of cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), BK virus (BKV), adenovirus (ADV), and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) were evaluated to determine overall <span class="hlt">result</span> <span class="hlt">variability</span> and then were stratified by assay manufacturer. The impact of calibration to international units/ml (CMV and EBV) on <span class="hlt">variability</span> was also determined. Viral loads <span class="hlt">showed</span> a high degree of interlaboratory <span class="hlt">variability</span> for all tested viruses, with interquartile ranges as high as 1.46 log10 copies/ml and the overall range for a given sample up to 5.66 log10 copies/ml. Some improvement in <span class="hlt">result</span> <span class="hlt">variability</span> was seen when international units were adopted. This was particularly the case for EBV viral load <span class="hlt">results</span>. <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in viral load <span class="hlt">results</span> remains a challenge across all viruses tested here; introduction of international quantitative standards may help reduce <span class="hlt">variability</span> and does so more or less markedly for certain viruses. PMID:27852673</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Ap.....61...50P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Ap.....61...50P"><span>New <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Stars in the KP2001 Catalog from the Data Base of the Northern Sky <span class="hlt">Variability</span> Survey</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Petrosyan, G. V.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The optical <span class="hlt">variability</span> of stars in the KP2001 catalog is studied. Monitor data from the automatic Northern Sky <span class="hlt">Variability</span> Survey (NSVS) are used for this purpose. Of the 257 objects that were studied, 5 are Mira Ceti <span class="hlt">variables</span> (mirids), 33 are semiregular (SR), and 108 are irregular <span class="hlt">variables</span> (Ir). The light curves of the other objects <span class="hlt">show</span> no noticeable signs of <span class="hlt">variability</span>. For the first time, 11 stars are assigned to the semiregular and 105 stars to the irregular <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Of the irregular <span class="hlt">variables</span>, the light curves of two, No. 8 and No. 194, are distinct and are similar to the curves for eclipsing <span class="hlt">variables</span>. The periods and amplitudes of the mirids and semiregular <span class="hlt">variables</span> are determined using the "VStar" program package from AAVSO. The absolute stellar magnitudes M K and distances are also estimated, along with the mass loss for the mirids. The behavior of stars from KP2001 in 2MASS and WISE color diagrams is examined.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4262411','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4262411"><span>A GPU-Based Implementation of the Firefly Algorithm for <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Selection in Multivariate Calibration Problems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>de Paula, Lauro C. M.; Soares, Anderson S.; de Lima, Telma W.; Delbem, Alexandre C. B.; Coelho, Clarimar J.; Filho, Arlindo R. G.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Several <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection algorithms in multivariate calibration can be accelerated using Graphics Processing Units (GPU). Among these algorithms, the Firefly Algorithm (FA) is a recent proposed metaheuristic that may be used for <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection. This paper presents a GPU-based FA (FA-MLR) with multiobjective formulation for <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection in multivariate calibration problems and compares it with some traditional sequential algorithms in the literature. The advantage of the proposed implementation is demonstrated in an example involving a relatively large number of <span class="hlt">variables</span>. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the FA-MLR, in comparison with the traditional algorithms is a more suitable choice and a relevant contribution for the <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection problem. Additionally, the <span class="hlt">results</span> also demonstrated that the FA-MLR performed in a GPU can be five times faster than its sequential implementation. PMID:25493625</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25493625','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25493625"><span>A GPU-Based Implementation of the Firefly Algorithm for <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Selection in Multivariate Calibration Problems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>de Paula, Lauro C M; Soares, Anderson S; de Lima, Telma W; Delbem, Alexandre C B; Coelho, Clarimar J; Filho, Arlindo R G</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Several <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection algorithms in multivariate calibration can be accelerated using Graphics Processing Units (GPU). Among these algorithms, the Firefly Algorithm (FA) is a recent proposed metaheuristic that may be used for <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection. This paper presents a GPU-based FA (FA-MLR) with multiobjective formulation for <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection in multivariate calibration problems and compares it with some traditional sequential algorithms in the literature. The advantage of the proposed implementation is demonstrated in an example involving a relatively large number of <span class="hlt">variables</span>. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the FA-MLR, in comparison with the traditional algorithms is a more suitable choice and a relevant contribution for the <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection problem. Additionally, the <span class="hlt">results</span> also demonstrated that the FA-MLR performed in a GPU can be five times faster than its sequential implementation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27798791','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27798791"><span>Anterolateral Ligament of the Knee <span class="hlt">Shows</span> <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Anatomy in Pediatric Specimens.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shea, Kevin G; Milewski, Matthew D; Cannamela, Peter C; Ganley, Theodore J; Fabricant, Peter D; Terhune, Elizabeth B; Styhl, Alexandra C; Anderson, Allen F; Polousky, John D</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction failure rates are highest in youth athletes. The role of the anterolateral ligament in rotational knee stability is of increasing interest, and several centers are exploring combined ACL and anterolateral ligament reconstruction for these young patients. Literature on the anterolateral ligament of the knee is sparse in regard to the pediatric population. A single study on specimens younger than age 5 years demonstrated the presence of the anterolateral ligament in only one of eight specimens; therefore, much about the prevalence and anatomy of the anterolateral ligament in pediatric specimens remains unknown. We sought to (1) investigate the presence or absence of the anterolateral ligament in prepubescent anatomic specimens; (2) describe the anatomic relationship of the anterolateral ligament to the lateral collateral ligament; and (3) describe the anatomic relationship between the anterolateral ligament and the physis. Fourteen skeletally immature knee specimens (median age, 8 years; range, 7-11 years) were dissected (12 male, two female specimens). The posterolateral structures were identified in all specimens, including the lateral collateral ligament and popliteus tendon. The presence or absence of the anterolateral ligament was documented in each specimen, along with origin, insertion, and dimensions, when applicable. The relationship of the anterolateral ligament origin to the lateral collateral ligament origin was recorded. The anterolateral ligament was identified in nine of 14 specimens. The tibial attachment point was consistently located in the same region on the proximal tibia, between the fibular head and Gerdy's tubercle; however, the femoral origin of the anterolateral ligament <span class="hlt">showed</span> considerable variation with respect to the lateral collateral ligament origin. The median femoral origin of the anterolateral ligament was 10 mm (first interquartile 6 mm, third interquartile 13) distal to the distal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24422180','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24422180"><span>VO2 and VCO2 <span class="hlt">variabilities</span> through indirect calorimetry instrumentation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cadena-Méndez, Miguel; Escalante-Ramírez, Boris; Azpiroz-Leehan, Joaquín; Infante-Vázquez, Oscar</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The aim of this paper is to understand how to measure the VO2 and VCO2 <span class="hlt">variabilities</span> in indirect calorimetry (IC) since we believe they can explain the high variation in the resting energy expenditure (REE) estimation. We propose that <span class="hlt">variabilities</span> should be separately measured from the VO2 and VCO2 averages to understand technological differences among metabolic monitors when they estimate the REE. To prove this hypothesis the mixing chamber (MC) and the breath-by-breath (BbB) techniques measured the VO2 and VCO2 averages and their <span class="hlt">variabilities</span>. Variances and power spectrum energies in the 0-0.5 Hertz band were measured to establish technique differences in steady and non-steady state. A hybrid calorimeter with both IC techniques studied a population of 15 volunteers that underwent the clino-orthostatic maneuver in order to produce the two physiological stages. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that inter-individual VO2 and VCO2 <span class="hlt">variabilities</span> measured as variances were negligible using the MC while <span class="hlt">variabilities</span> measured as spectral energies using the BbB underwent 71 and 56% (p < 0.05), increase respectively. Additionally, the energy analysis <span class="hlt">showed</span> an unexpected cyclic rhythm at 0.025 Hertz only during the orthostatic stage, which is new physiological information, not reported previusly. The VO2 and VCO2 inter-individual averages increased to 63 and 39% by the MC (p < 0.05) and 32 and 40% using the BbB (p < 0.1), respectively, without noticeable statistical differences among techniques. The conclusions are: (a) metabolic monitors should simultaneously include the MC and the BbB techniques to correctly interpret the steady or non-steady state <span class="hlt">variabilities</span> effect in the REE estimation, (b) the MC is the appropriate technique to compute averages since it behaves as a low-pass filter that minimizes variances, (c) the BbB is the ideal technique to measure the <span class="hlt">variabilities</span> since it can work as a high-pass filter to generate discrete time series able to accomplish</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013InAgr..27..211R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013InAgr..27..211R"><span>Electrical resistivity tomography to delineate greenhouse soil <span class="hlt">variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rossi, R.; Amato, M.; Bitella, G.; Bochicchio, R.</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>Appropriate management of soil spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> is an important tool for optimizing farming inputs, with the <span class="hlt">result</span> of yield increase and reduction of the environmental impact in field crops. Under greenhouses, several factors such as non-uniform irrigation and localized soil compaction can severely affect yield and quality. Additionally, if soil spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> is not taken into account, yield deficiencies are often compensated by extra-volumes of crop inputs; as a <span class="hlt">result</span>, over-irrigation and overfertilization in some parts of the field may occur. Technology for spatially sound management of greenhouse crops is therefore needed to increase yield and quality and to address sustainability. In this experiment, 2D-electrical resistivity tomography was used as an exploratory tool to characterize greenhouse soil <span class="hlt">variability</span> and its relations to wild rocket yield. Soil resistivity well matched biomass variation (R2=0.70), and was linked to differences in soil bulk density (R2=0.90), and clay content (R2=0.77). Electrical resistivity tomography <span class="hlt">shows</span> a great potential in horticulture where there is a growing demand of sustainability coupled with the necessity of stabilizing yield and product quality.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19076423','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19076423"><span>Impacts of climate change and <span class="hlt">variability</span> on European agriculture: <span class="hlt">results</span> of inventory analysis in COST 734 countries.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Orlandini, Simone; Nejedlik, Pavol; Eitzinger, Josef; Alexandrov, Vesselin; Toulios, Leonidas; Calanca, Pierluigi; Trnka, Miroslav; Olesen, Jørgen E</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>Climate plays a fundamental role in agriculture because of to its influence on production. All processes are regulated by specific climatic requirements. Furthermore, European agriculture, based on highly developed farming techniques, is mainly oriented to high quality food production that is more susceptible to meteorological hazards. These hazards can modify environment-genotype interactions, which can affect the quality of production. The COST 734 Action (Impacts of Climate Change and <span class="hlt">Variability</span> on European Agriculture), launched in 2006, is composed of 28 signature countries and is funded by the European Commission. The main objective of the Action is the evaluation of possible impacts arising from climate change and <span class="hlt">variability</span> on agriculture and the assessment of critical thresholds for various European areas. The Action will concentrate on four different tasks: agroclimatic indices and simulation models, including review and assessment of tools used to relate climate and agricultural processes; evaluation of the current trends of agroclimatic indices and model outputs, including remote sensing; developing and assessing future regional and local scenarios of agroclimatic conditions; and risk assessment and foreseen impacts on agriculture. The work will be carried out by respective Working Groups. This paper presents the <span class="hlt">results</span> of the analysis of the first phase of inventory activity. Specific questionnaires were disseminated among COST 734 countries to collect information on climate change analysis, studies, and impact at the European level. The <span class="hlt">results</span> were discussed with respect to their spatial distribution in Europe and to identify possible common long- and short-term strategies for adaptation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70016697','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70016697"><span>One perspective on spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> in geologic mapping</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Markewich, H.W.; Cooper, S.C.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>This paper discusses some of the differences between geologic mapping and soil mapping, and how the <span class="hlt">resultant</span> maps are interpreted. The role of spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> in geologic mapping is addressed only indirectly because in geologic mapping there have been few attempts at quantification of spatial differences. This is largely because geologic maps deal with temporal as well as spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> and consider time, age, and origin, as well as composition and geometry. Both soil scientists and geologists use spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> to delineate mappable units; however, the classification systems from which these mappable units are defined differ greatly. Mappable soil units are derived from systematic, well-defined, highly structured sets of taxonomic criteria; whereas mappable geologic units are based on a more arbitrary heirarchy of categories that integrate many features without strict values or definitions. Soil taxonomy is a sorting tool used to reduce heterogeneity between soil units. Thus at the series level, soils in any one series are relatively homogeneous because their range of properties is small and well-defined. Soil maps <span class="hlt">show</span> the distribution of soils on the land surface. Within a map area, soils, which are often less than 2 m thick, <span class="hlt">show</span> a direct correlation to topography and to active surface processes as well as to parent material.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22317361','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22317361"><span>Does team lifting increase the <span class="hlt">variability</span> in peak lumbar compression in ironworkers?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Faber, Gert; Visser, Steven; van der Molen, Henk F; Kuijer, P Paul F M; Hoozemans, Marco J M; Van Dieën, Jaap H; Frings-Dresen, Monique H W</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Ironworkers frequently perform heavy lifting tasks in teams of two or four workers. Team lifting could potentially lead to a higher variation in peak lumbar compression forces than lifts performed by one worker, <span class="hlt">resulting</span> in higher maximal peak lumbar compression forces. This study compared single-worker lifts (25-kg, iron bar) to two-worker lifts (50-kg, two iron bars) and to four-worker lifts (100-kg, iron lattice). Inverse dynamics was used to calculate peak lumbar compression forces. To assess the <span class="hlt">variability</span> in peak lumbar loading, all three lifting tasks were performed six times. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the <span class="hlt">variability</span> in peak lumbar loading was somewhat higher in the team lifts compared to the single-worker lifts. However, despite this increased <span class="hlt">variability</span>, team lifts did not <span class="hlt">result</span> in larger maximum peak lumbar compression forces. Therefore, it was concluded that, from a biomechanical point of view, team lifting does not <span class="hlt">result</span> in an additional risk for low back complaints in ironworkers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BCrAO.110...80B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BCrAO.110...80B"><span>On the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of Vega</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Butkovskaya, V. V.</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>For 60 years Vega has been accepted as a standard star in the near infrared, optical, and ultraviolet ranges. However, a 21-year spectral and spectrophotometric <span class="hlt">variability</span> of Vega has been revealed. Vega also demonstrates short-term unexplained <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Recent spectropolarimetric studies have revealed a weak magnetic field on Vega. We analyze the <span class="hlt">results</span> of 15-year observations performed at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory and we hypothesize that the magnetic field variation is caused by stellar rotation. In the present work we summarize the <span class="hlt">results</span> of investigations on the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of Vega.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001bmya.meet..127G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001bmya.meet..127G"><span>Observing <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars at the University of Athens Observatory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gazeas, K.; Manimanis, V. N.; Niarchos, P. G.</p> <p></p> <p>In 1999 the University of Athens installed a 0.4-m Cassegrain telescope (CCT-16, by DFM Engineering) on the roof of the Department of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, equipped with a ST-8 CCD camera and Bessel UBVRI filters. Although the telescope was built for educational purposes, we found it can be a perfect research instrument, as we can obtain fine quality light curves of bright <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars, even from a place close to the city center. Light curves of the δ Scuti star V1162 Ori and of the sdB star PG 1336-018 are presented, <span class="hlt">showing</span> the ability of a 40-cm telescope to detect negligible luminosity fluctuations of relatively bright <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars. To date, we succeed in making photometry of stars down to 15th magnitude with satisfactory <span class="hlt">results</span>. We expect to achieve even better <span class="hlt">results</span> in the future, as our methods still improve, and as the large number of relatively bright stars gives us the chance to study various fields of CCD photometry of <span class="hlt">variables</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990115883&hterms=temperature+variability&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dtemperature%2Bvariability','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990115883&hterms=temperature+variability&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dtemperature%2Bvariability"><span>Temperature <span class="hlt">Variability</span> Associated with the Middle Atmosphere Electrodynamics (MAE-1) Campaign</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Schmidlin, F. J.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Meteorological rockets launched during the Middle Atmosphere Electrodynamics (MAE-1) Campaign in October 1980 from Andoya Rocket Range (ARR), Norway, exhibited large and unexpected temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Temperatures were found to vary as much as 20 C within a few hours and demonstrated a similar type of <span class="hlt">variability</span> from one day to the next. Following examination of the reduced rocketsonde profiles the question was raised whether the observed <span class="hlt">variability</span> was due to natural atmospheric <span class="hlt">variability</span> or instrument malfunction. Small-scale <span class="hlt">variability</span>, as observed, may <span class="hlt">result</span> from one or multiple sources, e.g., intense storms upstream from the observing site, orography such as mountain waves off of the Greenland Plateau, convective activity, gravity waves, etc. Arranging the observations spaced over time <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the perturbations moved downward. Prior to MAE-1 very few small rocketsonde measurements had been launched from ARR, thus the quality of the initial measurements in early October caused concern when the large <span class="hlt">variability</span> was noted. We discuss the errors of the rocketsonde measurements, graphically review the nature of the <span class="hlt">variability</span> observed, compare the data with other measurements, and postulate a possible cause for the <span class="hlt">variability</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JMSA...12..200Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JMSA...12..200Z"><span>Sensitivity study on durability <span class="hlt">variables</span> of marine concrete structures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhou, Xin'gang; Li, Kefei</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>In order to study the influence of parameters on durability of marine concrete structures, the parameter's sensitivity analysis was studied in this paper. With the Fick's 2nd law of diffusion and the deterministic sensitivity analysis method (DSA), the sensitivity factors of apparent surface chloride content, apparent chloride diffusion coefficient and its time dependent attenuation factor were analyzed. The <span class="hlt">results</span> of the analysis <span class="hlt">show</span> that the impact of design <span class="hlt">variables</span> on concrete durability was different. The values of sensitivity factor of chloride diffusion coefficient and its time dependent attenuation factor were higher than others. Relative less error in chloride diffusion coefficient and its time dependent attenuation coefficient induces a bigger error in concrete durability design and life prediction. According to probability sensitivity analysis (PSA), the influence of mean value and variance of concrete durability design <span class="hlt">variables</span> on the durability failure probability was studied. The <span class="hlt">results</span> of the study provide quantitative measures of the importance of concrete durability design and life prediction <span class="hlt">variables</span>. It was concluded that the chloride diffusion coefficient and its time dependent attenuation factor have more influence on the reliability of marine concrete structural durability. In durability design and life prediction of marine concrete structures, it was very important to reduce the measure and statistic error of durability design <span class="hlt">variables</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940028569','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940028569"><span>On the minimum of independent geometrically distributed random <span class="hlt">variables</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ciardo, Gianfranco; Leemis, Lawrence M.; Nicol, David</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>The expectations E(X(sub 1)), E(Z(sub 1)), and E(Y(sub 1)) of the minimum of n independent geometric, modifies geometric, or exponential random <span class="hlt">variables</span> with matching expectations differ. We <span class="hlt">show</span> how this is accounted for by stochastic <span class="hlt">variability</span> and how E(X(sub 1))/E(Y(sub 1)) equals the expected number of ties at the minimum for the geometric random <span class="hlt">variables</span>. We then introduce the 'shifted geometric distribution' and <span class="hlt">show</span> that there is a unique value of the shift for which the individual shifted geometric and exponential random <span class="hlt">variables</span> match expectations both individually and in the minimums.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24413700','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24413700"><span>Temporal structure of motor <span class="hlt">variability</span> is dynamically regulated and predicts motor learning ability.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wu, Howard G; Miyamoto, Yohsuke R; Gonzalez Castro, Luis Nicolas; Ölveczky, Bence P; Smith, Maurice A</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>Individual differences in motor learning ability are widely acknowledged, yet little is known about the factors that underlie them. Here we explore whether movement-to-movement <span class="hlt">variability</span> in motor output, a ubiquitous if often unwanted characteristic of motor performance, predicts motor learning ability. Surprisingly, we found that higher levels of task-relevant motor <span class="hlt">variability</span> predicted faster learning both across individuals and across tasks in two different paradigms, one relying on reward-based learning to shape specific arm movement trajectories and the other relying on error-based learning to adapt movements in novel physical environments. We proceeded to <span class="hlt">show</span> that training can reshape the temporal structure of motor <span class="hlt">variability</span>, aligning it with the trained task to improve learning. These <span class="hlt">results</span> provide experimental support for the importance of action exploration, a key idea from reinforcement learning theory, <span class="hlt">showing</span> that motor <span class="hlt">variability</span> facilitates motor learning in humans and that our nervous systems actively regulate it to improve learning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4442489','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4442489"><span>Temporal structure of motor <span class="hlt">variability</span> is dynamically regulated and predicts motor learning ability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wu, Howard G; Miyamoto, Yohsuke R; Castro, Luis Nicolas Gonzalez; Ölveczky, Bence P; Smith, Maurice A</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Individual differences in motor learning ability are widely acknowledged, yet little is known about the factors that underlie them. Here we explore whether movement-to-movement <span class="hlt">variability</span> in motor output, a ubiquitous if often unwanted characteristic of motor performance, predicts motor learning ability. Surprisingly, we found that higher levels of task-relevant motor <span class="hlt">variability</span> predicted faster learning both across individuals and across tasks in two different paradigms, one relying on reward-based learning to shape specific arm movement trajectories and the other relying on error-based learning to adapt movements in novel physical environments. We proceeded to <span class="hlt">show</span> that training can reshape the temporal structure of motor <span class="hlt">variability</span>, aligning it with the trained task to improve learning. These <span class="hlt">results</span> provide experimental support for the importance of action exploration, a key idea from reinforcement learning theory, <span class="hlt">showing</span> that motor <span class="hlt">variability</span> facilitates motor learning in humans and that our nervous systems actively regulate it to improve learning. PMID:24413700</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/research/screening-psa-dre','NCI'); return false;" href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/research/screening-psa-dre"><span>Long-Term Trial <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">Show</span> No Mortality Benefit from Annual Prostate Cancer Screening</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.cancer.gov">Cancer.gov</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Thirteen year follow-up data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial <span class="hlt">show</span> higher incidence but similar mortality among men screened annually with the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test and digital rectal examination</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900013629','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900013629"><span>Adapting to <span class="hlt">variable</span> prismatic displacement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Welch, Robert B.; Cohen, Malcolm M.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>In each of two studies, subjects were exposed to a continuously changing prismatic displacement with a mean value of 19 prism diopters (<span class="hlt">variable</span> displacement) and to a fixed 19-diopter displacement (fixed displacement). In Experiment 1, significant adaptation (post-pre shifts in hand-eye coordination) was found for fixed, but not for <span class="hlt">variable</span>, displacement. Experiment 2 demonstrated that adaptation was obtained for <span class="hlt">variable</span> displacement, but it was very fragile and is lost if the measures of adaptation are preceded by even a very brief exposure of the hand to normal or near-normal vision. Contrary to the <span class="hlt">results</span> of some previous studies, an increase in within-S dispersion was not found of target pointing responses as a <span class="hlt">result</span> of exposure to <span class="hlt">variable</span> displacement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4783862','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4783862"><span>Major urinary protein (MUP) profiles <span class="hlt">show</span> dynamic changes rather than individual ‘barcode’ signatures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Thoß, M.; Luzynski, K.C.; Ante, M.; Miller, I.; Penn, D.J.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>House mice (Mus musculus) produce a <span class="hlt">variable</span> number of major urinary proteins (MUPs), and studies suggest that each individual produces a unique MUP profile that provides a distinctive odor signature controlling individual and kin recognition. This ‘barcode hypothesis’ requires that MUP urinary profiles <span class="hlt">show</span> high individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> within populations and also high individual consistency over time, but tests of these assumptions are lacking. We analyzed urinary MUP profiles of 66 wild-caught house mice from eight populations using isoelectric focusing. We found that MUP profiles of wild male house mice are not individually unique, and though they were highly <span class="hlt">variable</span>, closer inspection revealed that the variation strongly depended on MUP band type. The prominent (‘major) bands were surprisingly homogenous (and hence most MUPs are not polymorphic), but we also found inconspicuous (‘minor’) bands that were highly <span class="hlt">variable</span> and therefore potential candidates for individual fingerprints. We also examined changes in urinary MUP profiles of 58 males over time (from 6 to 24 weeks of age), and found that individual MUP profiles and MUP concentration were surprisingly dynamic, and <span class="hlt">showed</span> significant changes after puberty and during adulthood. Contrary to what we expected, however, the minor bands were the most <span class="hlt">variable</span> over time, thus no good candidates for individual fingerprints. Although MUP profiles do not provide individual fingerprints, we found that MUP profiles were more similar among siblings than non-kin despite considerable fluctuation. Our findings <span class="hlt">show</span> that MUP profiles are not highly stable over time, they do not <span class="hlt">show</span> strong individual clustering, and thus challenge the barcode hypothesis. Within-individual dynamics of MUP profiles indicate a different function of MUPs in individual recognition than previously assumed and advocate an alternative hypothesis (‘dynamic changes’ hypothesis). PMID:26973837</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMGC21A0939M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMGC21A0939M"><span>Inter-annual <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in Tundra Phenology Captured with Digital Photography</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Melendez, M.; Vargas, S. A.; Tweedie, C. E.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The need to improve multi-scale phenological monitoring of arctic terrestrial ecosystems has been a persistent research challenge. Although there has been a range of advances in remote sensing capacities over the past decade, these present costly, and sometimes logistically challenging and technically demanding solutions for arctic terrestrial ecosystems. In this poster and undergraduate research project, we demonstrate how seasonal and inter-annual <span class="hlt">variability</span> in landscape phenology can be derived for multiple tundra ecosystems using a low-cost and low-tech kite aerial photography (KAP) system that has been developed as a contribution to the US Arctic Observing Network. Seasonal landscape phenology was observed over the Networked Info-Mechanical Systems (NIMS) grids (2 x 50 meters) located in Barrow and Atqasuk, Alaska using imagery acquired with KAP and analyzed for a range of greenness indices. Preliminary <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the 2G-RB greenness index correlated the best with NDVI values calculated from ground based hyperspectral reflectance measurements. 2012 had the highest 2G-RB greenness index values for both Barrow and Atqasuk sites, which correlated well with NDVI values acquired from ground-based hyperspectral reflectance measurements. Wet vegetation types <span class="hlt">showed</span> the most interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> at the Atqasuk site based on the 2G-RB greenness index while in Barrow the moist vegetation types <span class="hlt">showed</span> the most interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span>. These <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that vegetation indices similar to those acquired from hyperspectral remote sensing platforms can be derived using low-cost and low-tech techniques. Further analysis using these same techniques is required in order to link relatively small scale vegetation dynamics measured with KAP with those documented at large scales using satellite imagery.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28618144','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28618144"><span>Thermal barriers constrain microbial elevational range size via climate <span class="hlt">variability</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Jianjun; Soininen, Janne</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Range size is invariably limited and understanding range size variation is an important objective in ecology. However, microbial range size across geographical gradients remains understudied, especially on mountainsides. Here, the patterns of range size of stream microbes (i.e., bacteria and diatoms) and macroorganisms (i.e., macroinvertebrates) along elevational gradients in Asia and Europe were examined. In bacteria, elevational range size <span class="hlt">showed</span> non-significant phylogenetic signals. In all taxa, there was a positive relationship between niche breadth and species elevational range size, driven by local environmental and climatic <span class="hlt">variables</span>. No taxa followed the elevational Rapoport's rule. Climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> explained the most variation in microbial mean elevational range size, whereas local environmental <span class="hlt">variables</span> were more important for macroinvertebrates. Seasonal and annual climate variation <span class="hlt">showed</span> negative effects, while daily climate variation had positive effects on community mean elevational range size for all taxa. The negative correlation between range size and species richness suggests that understanding the drivers of range is key for revealing the processes underlying diversity. The <span class="hlt">results</span> advance the understanding of microbial species thermal barriers by revealing the importance of seasonal and diurnal climate variation, and highlight that aquatic and terrestrial biota may differ in their response to short- and long-term climate <span class="hlt">variability</span>. © 2017 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=trading&pg=5&id=EJ907519','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=trading&pg=5&id=EJ907519"><span>When Can Information from Ordinal Scale <span class="hlt">Variables</span> Be Integrated?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kemp, Simon; Grace, Randolph C.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Many theoretical constructs of interest to psychologists are multidimensional and derive from the integration of several input <span class="hlt">variables</span>. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that input <span class="hlt">variables</span> that are measured on ordinal scales cannot be combined to produce a stable weakly ordered output <span class="hlt">variable</span> that allows trading off the input <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Instead a partial order is…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10561391','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10561391"><span>Cerebellar subjects <span class="hlt">show</span> impaired adaptation of anticipatory EMG during catching.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lang, C E; Bastian, A J</p> <p>1999-11-01</p> <p>We evaluated the role of the cerebellum in adapting anticipatory muscle activity during a multijointed catching task. Individuals with and without cerebellar damage caught a series of balls of different weights dropped from above. In Experiment 1 (light-heavy-light), each subject was required to catch light balls (baseline phase), heavy balls (adaptation phase), and then light balls again (postadaptation phase). Subjects were not told when the balls would be switched, and they were required to keep their hand within a vertical spatial "window" during the catch. During the series of trials, we measured three-dimensional (3-D) position and electromyogram (EMG) from the catching arm. We modeled the adaptation process using an exponential decay function; this model allowed us to dissociate adaptation from performance <span class="hlt">variability</span>. <span class="hlt">Results</span> from the position data <span class="hlt">show</span> that cerebellar subjects did not adapt or adapted very slowly to the changed ball weight when compared with the control subjects. The cerebellar group required an average of 30.9 +/- 8.7 trials (mean +/- SE) to progress approximately two-thirds of the way through the adaptation compared with 1.7 +/- 0.2 trials for the control group. Only control subjects <span class="hlt">showed</span> a negative aftereffect indicating storage of the adaptation. No difference in performance <span class="hlt">variability</span> existed between the two groups. EMG data <span class="hlt">show</span> that control subjects increased their anticipatory muscle activity in the flexor muscles of the arm to control the momentum of the ball at impact. Cerebellar subjects were unable to differentially increase the anticipatory muscle activity across three joints to perform the task successfully. In Experiment 2 (heavy-light-heavy), we tested to see whether the rate of adaptation changed when adapting to a light ball versus a heavy ball. Subjects caught the heavy balls (baseline phase), the light balls (adaptation phase), and then heavy balls again (postadaptation phase). Comparison of rates of adaptation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..166a2004S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..166a2004S"><span>Causal relationship model between <span class="hlt">variables</span> using linear regression to improve professional commitment of lecturer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Setyaningsih, S.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The main element to build a leading university requires lecturer commitment in a professional manner. Commitment is measured through willpower, loyalty, pride, loyalty, and integrity as a professional lecturer. A total of 135 from 337 university lecturers were sampled to collect data. Data were analyzed using validity and reliability test and multiple linear regression. Many studies have found a link on the commitment of lecturers, but the basic cause of the causal relationship is generally neglected. These <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that the professional commitment of lecturers affected by <span class="hlt">variables</span> empowerment, academic culture, and trust. The relationship model between <span class="hlt">variables</span> is composed of three substructures. The first substructure consists of endogenous <span class="hlt">variables</span> professional commitment and exogenous three <span class="hlt">variables</span>, namely the academic culture, empowerment and trust, as well as residue <span class="hlt">variable</span> ɛ y . The second substructure consists of one endogenous <span class="hlt">variable</span> that is trust and two exogenous <span class="hlt">variables</span>, namely empowerment and academic culture and the residue <span class="hlt">variable</span> ɛ 3. The third substructure consists of one endogenous <span class="hlt">variable</span>, namely the academic culture and exogenous <span class="hlt">variables</span>, namely empowerment as well as residue <span class="hlt">variable</span> ɛ 2. Multiple linear regression was used in the path model for each substructure. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the hypothesis has been proved and these findings provide empirical evidence that increasing the <span class="hlt">variables</span> will have an impact on increasing the professional commitment of the lecturers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27157849','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27157849"><span>Adaptive robust control of a class of non-affine <span class="hlt">variable</span>-speed <span class="hlt">variable</span>-pitch wind turbines with unmodeled dynamics.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bagheri, Pedram; Sun, Qiao</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>In this paper, a novel synthesis of Nussbaum-type functions, and an adaptive radial-basis function neural network is proposed to design controllers for <span class="hlt">variable</span>-speed, <span class="hlt">variable</span>-pitch wind turbines. Dynamic equations of the wind turbine are highly nonlinear, uncertain, and affected by unknown disturbance sources. Furthermore, the dynamic equations are non-affine with respect to the pitch angle, which is a control input. To address these problems, a Nussbaum-type function, along with a dynamic control law are adopted to resolve the non-affine nature of the equations. Moreover, an adaptive radial-basis function neural network is designed to approximate non-parametric uncertainties. Further, the closed-loop system is made robust to unknown disturbance sources, where no prior knowledge of disturbance bound is assumed in advance. Finally, the Lyapunov stability analysis is conducted to <span class="hlt">show</span> the stability of the entire closed-loop system. In order to verify analytical <span class="hlt">results</span>, a simulation is presented and the <span class="hlt">results</span> are compared to both a PI and an existing adaptive controllers. Copyright © 2016 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726212','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726212"><span>[Hydrologic <span class="hlt">variability</span> and sensitivity based on Hurst coefficient and Bartels statistic].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lei, Xu; Xie, Ping; Wu, Zi Yi; Sang, Yan Fang; Zhao, Jiang Yan; Li, Bin Bin</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Due to the global climate change and frequent human activities in recent years, the pure stochastic components of hydrological sequence is mixed with one or several of the variation ingredients, including jump, trend, period and dependency. It is urgently needed to clarify which indices should be used to quantify the degree of their <span class="hlt">variability</span>. In this study, we defined the hydrological <span class="hlt">variability</span> based on Hurst coefficient and Bartels statistic, and used Monte Carlo statistical tests to test and analyze their sensitivity to different variants. When the hydrological sequence had jump or trend variation, both Hurst coefficient and Bartels statistic could reflect the variation, with the Hurst coefficient being more sensitive to weak jump or trend variation. When the sequence had period, only the Bartels statistic could detect the mutation of the sequence. When the sequence had a dependency, both the Hurst coefficient and the Bartels statistics could reflect the variation, with the latter could detect weaker dependent variations. For the four variations, both the Hurst <span class="hlt">variability</span> and Bartels <span class="hlt">variability</span> increased with the increases of variation range. Thus, they could be used to measure the variation intensity of the hydrological sequence. We analyzed the temperature series of different weather stations in the Lancang River basin. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the temperature of all stations <span class="hlt">showed</span> the upward trend or jump, indicating that the entire basin had experienced warming in recent years and the temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the upper and lower reaches was much higher. This case study <span class="hlt">showed</span> the practicability of the proposed method.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28355323','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28355323"><span>Conventional physical therapy and physical therapy based on reflex stimulation <span class="hlt">showed</span> similar <span class="hlt">results</span> in children with myelomeningocele.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Aizawa, Carolina Y P; Morales, Mariana P; Lundberg, Carolina; Moura, Maria Clara D Soares de; Pinto, Fernando C G; Voos, Mariana C; Hasue, Renata H</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>We aimed to investigate whether infants with myelomeningocele would improve their motor ability and functional independence after ten sessions of physical therapy and compare the outcomes of conventional physical therapy (CPT) to a physical therapy program based on reflex stimulation (RPT). Twelve children were allocated to CPT (n = 6, age 18.3 months) or RPT (n = 6, age 18.2 months). The RPT involved proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. Children were assessed with the Gross Motor Function Measure and the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory before and after treatment. Mann-Whitney tests compared the improvement on the two scales of CPT versus RPT and the Wilcoxon test compared CPT to RPT (before vs. after treatment). Possible correlations between the two scales were tested with Spearman correlation coefficients. Both groups <span class="hlt">showed</span> improvement on self-care and mobility domains of both scales. There were no differences between the groups, before, or after intervention. The CPT and RPT <span class="hlt">showed</span> similar <span class="hlt">results</span> after ten weeks of treatment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=team+AND+cooperation&pg=7&id=ED557514','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=team+AND+cooperation&pg=7&id=ED557514"><span>A Longitudinal Study of Academic Progress Rate as a <span class="hlt">Result</span> of Team and Institutional <span class="hlt">Variables</span> at NCAA Division I Schools</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hale, Jimmie Edwin</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>This study explained Academic Progress Rate (APR) levels and differences in APR (DAPR) with team and institutional <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Team <span class="hlt">variables</span> included team gender, sport profile, and squad size. Institutional <span class="hlt">variables</span> included individual <span class="hlt">variables</span> aggregated to the institutional level. The data analyzed in this study was derived from the National…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17552828','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17552828"><span>Compact <span class="hlt">variable</span>-temperature scanning force microscope.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chuang, Tien-Ming; de Lozanne, Alex</p> <p>2007-05-01</p> <p>A compact design for a cryogenic <span class="hlt">variable</span>-temperature scanning force microscope using a fiber-optic interferometer to measure cantilever deflection is presented. The tip-sample coarse approach and the lateral tip positioning are performed by piezoelectric positioners in situ. The microscope has been operated at temperatures between 6 and 300 K. It is designed to fit into an 8 T superconducting magnet with the field applied in the out-of-plane direction. The <span class="hlt">results</span> of scanning in various modes are demonstrated, <span class="hlt">showing</span> contrast based on magnetic field gradients or surface potentials.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnMan..57..976K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnMan..57..976K"><span>Farmers' Perceptions of Climate <span class="hlt">Variability</span> and Factors Influencing Adaptation: Evidence from Anhui and Jiangsu, China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kibue, Grace Wanjiru; Liu, Xiaoyu; Zheng, Jufeng; zhang, Xuhui; Pan, Genxing; Li, Lianqing; Han, Xiaojun</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Impacts of climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> and climate change are on the rise in China posing great threat to agriculture and rural livelihoods. Consequently, China is undertaking research to find solutions of confronting climate change and <span class="hlt">variability</span>. However, most studies of climate change and <span class="hlt">variability</span> in China largely fail to address farmers' perceptions of climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> and adaptation. Yet, without an understanding of farmers' perceptions, strategies are unlikely to be effective. We conducted questionnaire surveys of farmers in two farming regions, Yifeng, Jiangsu and Qinxi, Anhui achieving 280 and 293 responses, respectively. Additionally, we used climatological data to corroborate the farmers' perceptions of climate <span class="hlt">variability</span>. We found that farmers' were aware of climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> such that were consistent with climate records. However, perceived impacts of climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> differed between the two regions and were influenced by farmers' characteristics. In addition, the vast majorities of farmers were yet to make adjustments in their farming practices as a <span class="hlt">result</span> of numerous challenges. These challenges included socioeconomic and socio-cultural barriers. <span class="hlt">Results</span> of logit modeling <span class="hlt">showed</span> that farmers are more likely to adapt to climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> if contact with extension services, frequency of seeking information, household heads' education, and climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> perceptions are improved. These <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest the need for policy makers to understand farmers' perceptions of climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> and change in order to formulate policies that foster adaptation, and ultimately protect China's agricultural assets.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26796698','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26796698"><span>Farmers' Perceptions of Climate <span class="hlt">Variability</span> and Factors Influencing Adaptation: Evidence from Anhui and Jiangsu, China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kibue, Grace Wanjiru; Liu, Xiaoyu; Zheng, Jufeng; Zhang, Xuhui; Pan, Genxing; Li, Lianqing; Han, Xiaojun</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Impacts of climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> and climate change are on the rise in China posing great threat to agriculture and rural livelihoods. Consequently, China is undertaking research to find solutions of confronting climate change and <span class="hlt">variability</span>. However, most studies of climate change and <span class="hlt">variability</span> in China largely fail to address farmers' perceptions of climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> and adaptation. Yet, without an understanding of farmers' perceptions, strategies are unlikely to be effective. We conducted questionnaire surveys of farmers in two farming regions, Yifeng, Jiangsu and Qinxi, Anhui achieving 280 and 293 responses, respectively. Additionally, we used climatological data to corroborate the farmers' perceptions of climate <span class="hlt">variability</span>. We found that farmers' were aware of climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> such that were consistent with climate records. However, perceived impacts of climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> differed between the two regions and were influenced by farmers' characteristics. In addition, the vast majorities of farmers were yet to make adjustments in their farming practices as a <span class="hlt">result</span> of numerous challenges. These challenges included socioeconomic and socio-cultural barriers. <span class="hlt">Results</span> of logit modeling <span class="hlt">showed</span> that farmers are more likely to adapt to climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> if contact with extension services, frequency of seeking information, household heads' education, and climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> perceptions are improved. These <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest the need for policy makers to understand farmers' perceptions of climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> and change in order to formulate policies that foster adaptation, and ultimately protect China's agricultural assets.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014A%26A...566A..43K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014A%26A...566A..43K"><span>The EPOCH Project. I. Periodic <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars in the EROS-2 LMC database</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Dae-Won; Protopapas, Pavlos; Bailer-Jones, Coryn A. L.; Byun, Yong-Ik; Chang, Seo-Won; Marquette, Jean-Baptiste; Shin, Min-Su</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>The EPOCH (EROS-2 periodic <span class="hlt">variable</span> star classification using machine learning) project aims to detect periodic <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars in the EROS-2 light curve database. In this paper, we present the first <span class="hlt">result</span> of the classification of periodic <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars in the EROS-2 LMC database. To classify these <span class="hlt">variables</span>, we first built a training set by compiling known <span class="hlt">variables</span> in the Large Magellanic Cloud area from the OGLE and MACHO surveys. We crossmatched these <span class="hlt">variables</span> with the EROS-2 sources and extracted 22 <span class="hlt">variability</span> features from 28 392 light curves of the corresponding EROS-2 sources. We then used the random forest method to classify the EROS-2 sources in the training set. We designed the model to separate not only δ Scuti stars, RR Lyraes, Cepheids, eclipsing binaries, and long-period <span class="hlt">variables</span>, the superclasses, but also their subclasses, such as RRab, RRc, RRd, and RRe for RR Lyraes, and similarly for the other <span class="hlt">variable</span> types. The model trained using only the superclasses <span class="hlt">shows</span> 99% recall and precision, while the model trained on all subclasses <span class="hlt">shows</span> 87% recall and precision. We applied the trained model to the entire EROS-2 LMC database, which contains about 29 million sources, and found 117 234 periodic <span class="hlt">variable</span> candidates. Out of these 117 234 periodic <span class="hlt">variables</span>, 55 285 have not been discovered by either OGLE or MACHO <span class="hlt">variability</span> studies. This set comprises 1906 δ Scuti stars, 6607 RR Lyraes, 638 Cepheids, 178 Type II Cepheids, 34 562 eclipsing binaries, and 11 394 long-period <span class="hlt">variables</span>. catalog of these EROS-2 LMC periodic <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars is available at http://stardb.yonsei.ac.kr and at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (ftp://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/566/A43</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhRvE..81c7201A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhRvE..81c7201A"><span>Redundant <span class="hlt">variables</span> and Granger causality</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Angelini, L.; de Tommaso, M.; Marinazzo, D.; Nitti, L.; Pellicoro, M.; Stramaglia, S.</p> <p>2010-03-01</p> <p>We discuss the use of multivariate Granger causality in presence of redundant <span class="hlt">variables</span>: the application of the standard analysis, in this case, leads to under estimation of causalities. Using the un-normalized version of the causality index, we quantitatively develop the notions of redundancy and synergy in the frame of causality and propose two approaches to group redundant <span class="hlt">variables</span>: (i) for a given target, the remaining <span class="hlt">variables</span> are grouped so as to maximize the total causality and (ii) the whole set of <span class="hlt">variables</span> is partitioned to maximize the sum of the causalities between subsets. We <span class="hlt">show</span> the application to a real neurological experiment, aiming to a deeper understanding of the physiological basis of abnormal neuronal oscillations in the migraine brain. The outcome by our approach reveals the change in the informational pattern due to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29070971','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29070971"><span><span class="hlt">Variability</span> extraction and modeling for product variants.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Linsbauer, Lukas; Lopez-Herrejon, Roberto Erick; Egyed, Alexander</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Fast-changing hardware and software technologies in addition to larger and more specialized customer bases demand software tailored to meet very diverse requirements. Software development approaches that aim at capturing this diversity on a single consolidated platform often require large upfront investments, e.g., time or budget. Alternatively, companies resort to developing one variant of a software product at a time by reusing as much as possible from already-existing product variants. However, identifying and extracting the parts to reuse is an error-prone and inefficient task compounded by the typically large number of product variants. Hence, more disciplined and systematic approaches are needed to cope with the complexity of developing and maintaining sets of product variants. Such approaches require detailed information about the product variants, the features they provide and their relations. In this paper, we present an approach to extract such <span class="hlt">variability</span> information from product variants. It identifies traces from features and feature interactions to their implementation artifacts, and computes their dependencies. This work can be useful in many scenarios ranging from ad hoc development approaches such as clone-and-own to systematic reuse approaches such as software product lines. We applied our <span class="hlt">variability</span> extraction approach to six case studies and provide a detailed evaluation. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the extracted <span class="hlt">variability</span> information is consistent with the <span class="hlt">variability</span> in our six case study systems given by their <span class="hlt">variability</span> models and available product variants.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150011964&hterms=martins+marco&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dmartins%252C%2Bmarco','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150011964&hterms=martins+marco&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dmartins%252C%2Bmarco"><span>Structural and Trajectory Control of <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Geometry Planetary Entry Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Quadrelli, Marco; Kwok, Kawai; Pellegrino, Sergio</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">results</span> presented in this paper apply to a generic vehicle entering a planetary atmosphere which makes use of a <span class="hlt">variable</span> geometry change to modulate the heat, drag, and acceleration loads. Two structural concepts for implementing the cone angle variation, namely a segmented shell and a corrugated shell, are presented. A structural analysis of these proposed structural configuration <span class="hlt">shows</span> that the stress levels are tolerable during entry. The analytic expressions of the longitudinal aerodynamic coefficients are also derived, and guidance laws that track reference heat flux, drag, and aerodynamic acceleration loads are also proposed. These guidance laws have been tested in an integrated simulation environment, and the <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that use of <span class="hlt">variable</span> geometry is feasible to track specific profiles of dynamic load conditions during reentry.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AstL...37..845Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AstL...37..845Y"><span>Investigation of the new cataclysmic <span class="hlt">variable</span> 1RXS J180834.7+101041</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yakin, D. G.; Suleimanov, V. F.; Borisov, N. V.; Shimanskii, V. V.; Bikmaev, I. F.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>We present the <span class="hlt">results</span> of our photometric and spectroscopic studies of the new eclipsing cataclysmic <span class="hlt">variable</span> star 1RXS J180834.7+101041. Its spectrum exhibits double-peaked hydrogen and helium emission lines. The Doppler maps constructed from hydrogen lines <span class="hlt">show</span> a nonuniform distribution of emission in the disk similar to that observed in IP Peg. This suggests that the object can be a cataclysmic <span class="hlt">variable</span> with tidal density waves in the disk. We have determined the component masses ( M WD = 0.8 ± 0.22 M ⊙ and M RD = 0.14 ± 0.02 M ⊙) and the binary inclination ( i = 78° ± 1.5°) based on well-known relations between parameters for cataclysmic <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars. We have modeled the binary light curves and <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the model of a disk with two spots is capable of explaining the main observed features of the light curves.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70000159','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70000159"><span>Associations of multi-decadal sea-surface temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span> with US drought</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>McCabe, G.J.; Betancourt, J.L.; Gray, S.T.; Palecki, M.A.; Hidalgo, H.G.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Recent research suggests a link between drought occurrence in the conterminous United States (US) and sea surface temperature (SST) <span class="hlt">variability</span> in both the tropical Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans on decadal to multidecadal (D2M) time scales. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) is the most consistent indicator of D2M drought <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the conterminous US during the 20th century, but during the 19th century the tropical Pacific is a more consistent indicator of D2 M drought. The interaction between El Nin??o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the AMO explain a large part of the D2M drought <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the conterminous US. More modeling studies are needed to reveal possible mechanisms linking low-frequency ENSO <span class="hlt">variability</span> and the AMO with drought in the conterminous US. ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/pa3173.photos.358474p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/pa3173.photos.358474p/"><span>INTERIOR VIEW <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> FURNACE KEEPER OBSERVING FURNACE THROUGH BLUE GLASS ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>INTERIOR VIEW <span class="hlt">SHOWING</span> FURNACE KEEPER OBSERVING FURNACE THROUGH BLUE GLASS EVERY TWENTY MINUTES TO DETERMINE SIZE AND TEXTURE OF BATCH AND OTHER <span class="hlt">VARIABLES</span>. FAN IN FRONT COOLS WORKERS AS THEY CONDUCT REPAIRS. FURNACE TEMPERATURE AT 1572 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT. - Chambers-McKee Window Glass Company, Furnace No. 2, Clay Avenue Extension, Jeannette, Westmoreland County, PA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1212818D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1212818D"><span>Run-up <span class="hlt">Variability</span> due to Source Effects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Del Giudice, Tania; Zolezzi, Francesca; Traverso, Chiara; Valfrè, Giulio; Poggi, Pamela; Parker, Eric J.</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>This paper investigates the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of tsunami run-up at a specific location due to uncertainty in earthquake source parameters. It is important to quantify this 'inter-event' <span class="hlt">variability</span> for probabilistic assessments of tsunami hazard. In principal, this aspect of <span class="hlt">variability</span> could be studied by comparing field observations at a single location from a number of tsunamigenic events caused by the same source. As such an extensive dataset does not exist, we decided to study the inter-event <span class="hlt">variability</span> through numerical modelling. We attempt to answer the question 'What is the potential <span class="hlt">variability</span> of tsunami wave run-up at a specific site, for a given magnitude earthquake occurring at a known location'. The uncertainty is expected to arise from the lack of knowledge regarding the specific details of the fault rupture 'source' parameters. The following steps were followed: the statistical distributions of the main earthquake source parameters affecting the tsunami height were established by studying fault plane solutions of known earthquakes; a case study based on a possible tsunami impact on Egypt coast has been set up and simulated, varying the geometrical parameters of the source; simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> have been analyzed deriving relationships between run-up height and source parameters; using the derived relationships a Monte Carlo simulation has been performed in order to create the necessary dataset to investigate the inter-event <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the run-up height along the coast; the inter-event <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the run-up height along the coast has been investigated. Given the distribution of source parameters and their <span class="hlt">variability</span>, we studied how this <span class="hlt">variability</span> propagates to the run-up height, using the Cornell 'Multi-grid coupled Tsunami Model' (COMCOT). The case study was based on the large thrust faulting offshore the south-western Greek coast, thought to have been responsible for the infamous 1303 tsunami. Numerical modelling of the event was used to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110013132','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110013132"><span>New Insights in Tropospheric Ozone and its <span class="hlt">Variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Oman, Luke D.; Douglass, Anne R.; Ziemke, Jerry R.; Rodriquez, Jose M.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>We have produced time-slice simulations using the Goddard Earth Observing System Version 5 (GEOS-5) coupled to a comprehensive stratospheric and tropospheric chemical mechanism. These simulations are forced with observed sea surface temperatures over the past 25 years and use constant specified surface emissions, thereby providing a measure of the dynamically controlled ozone response. We examine the model performance in simulating tropospheric ozone and its <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Here we <span class="hlt">show</span> targeted comparisons <span class="hlt">results</span> from our simulations with a multi-decadal tropical tropospheric column ozone dataset obtained from satellite observations of total column ozone. We use SHADOZ ozonesondes to gain insight into the observed vertical response and compare with the simulated vertical structure. This work includes but is not limited to ENSO related <span class="hlt">variability</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1379577-short-term-favorable-weather-conditions-important-control-interannual-variability-carbon-water-fluxes','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1379577-short-term-favorable-weather-conditions-important-control-interannual-variability-carbon-water-fluxes"><span>Short-term favorable weather conditions are an important control of interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> in carbon and water fluxes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Zscheischler, Jakob; Fatichi, Simone; Wolf, Sebastian; ...</p> <p>2016-08-08</p> <p>Ecosystem models often perform poorly in reproducing interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> in carbon and water fluxes, <span class="hlt">resulting</span> in considerable uncertainty when estimating the land-carbon sink. While many aggregated <span class="hlt">variables</span> (growing season length, seasonal precipitation, or temperature) have been suggested as predictors for interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> in carbon fluxes, their explanatory power is limited and uncertainties remain as to their relative contributions. Recent <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the annual count of hours where evapotranspiration (ET) is larger than its 95th percentile is strongly correlated with the annual <span class="hlt">variability</span> of ET and gross primary production (GPP) in an ecosystem model. This suggests that the occurrence ofmore » favorable conditions has a strong influence on the annual carbon budget. Here we analyzed data from eight forest sites of the AmeriFlux network with at least 7 years of continuous measurements. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that for ET and the carbon fluxes GPP, ecosystem respiration (RE), and net ecosystem production, counting the “most active hours/days” (i.e., hours/days when the flux exceeds a high percentile) correlates well with the respective annual sums, with correlation coefficients generally larger than 0.8. Phenological transitions have much weaker explanatory power. By exploiting the relationship between most active hours and interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span>, we classify hours as most active or less active and largely explain interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> in ecosystem fluxes, particularly for GPP and RE. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that a better understanding and modeling of the occurrence of large values in high-frequency ecosystem fluxes will <span class="hlt">result</span> in a better understanding of interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> of these fluxes.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16242169','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16242169"><span><span class="hlt">Variability</span> estimation of urban wastewater biodegradable fractions by respirometry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lagarde, Fabienne; Tusseau-Vuillemin, Marie-Hélène; Lessard, Paul; Héduit, Alain; Dutrop, François; Mouchel, Jean-Marie</p> <p>2005-11-01</p> <p>This paper presents a methodology for assessing the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of biodegradable chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractions in urban wastewaters. Thirteen raw wastewater samples from combined and separate sewers feeding the same plant were characterised, and two optimisation procedures were applied in order to evaluate the <span class="hlt">variability</span> in biodegradable fractions and related kinetic parameters. Through an overall optimisation on all the samples, a unique kinetic parameter set was obtained with a three-substrate model including an adsorption stage. This method required powerful numerical treatment, but improved the identifiability problem compared to the usual sample-to-sample optimisation. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the fractionation of samples collected in the combined sewer was much more <span class="hlt">variable</span> (standard deviation of 70% of the mean values) than the fractionation of the separate sewer samples, and the slowly biodegradable COD fraction was the most significant fraction (45% of the total COD on average). Because these samples were collected under various rain conditions, the standard deviations obtained here on the combined sewer biodegradable fractions could be used as a first estimation of the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of this type of sewer system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050156637','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050156637"><span>Mechanisms for Diurnal <span class="hlt">Variability</span> of Global Tropical Rainfall Observed from TRMM</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Song; Smith, Eric A.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>The behavior and various controls of diurnal <span class="hlt">variability</span> in tropical-subtropical rainfall are investigated using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation measurements retrieved from: (1) TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI), (2) Precipitation Radar (PR), and (3) TMI/PR Combined, standard level 2 algorithms for the 1998 annual cycle. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the diurnal <span class="hlt">variability</span> characteristics of precipitation are consistent for all three algorithms, providing assurance that TRMM retrievals are providing consistent estimates of rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span>. As anticipated, most ocean areas exhibit more rainfall at night, while over most land areas rainfall peaks during daytime ,however, various important exceptions are found. The dominant feature of the oceanic diurnal cycle is a rainfall maximum in late-evening/early-morning (LE-EM) hours, while over land the dominant maximum occurs in the mid- to late-afternoon (MLA). In conjunction with these maxima are pronounced seasonal variations of the diurnal amplitudes. Amplitude analysis <span class="hlt">shows</span> that the diurnal pattern and its seasonal evolution are closely related to the rainfall accumulation pattern and its seasonal evolution. In addition, the horizontal distribution of diurnal <span class="hlt">variability</span> indicates that for oceanic rainfall there is a secondary MLA maximum, co-existing with the LE-EM maximum, at latitudes dominated by large scale convergence and deep convection. Analogously, there is a preponderance for an LE-EM maximum over land, co-existing with the stronger MLA maximum, although it is not evident that this secondary continental feature is closely associated with the large scale circulation. The ocean <span class="hlt">results</span> clearly indicate that rainfall diurnal <span class="hlt">variability</span> associated with large scale convection is an integral part of the atmospheric general circulation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AIPC..936..734D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AIPC..936..734D"><span>Dirac Operator in Several <span class="hlt">Variables</span> and Combinatorial Identities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Damiano, Alberto; Souček, Vladimír</p> <p>2007-09-01</p> <p>The Dolbeault sequence is a fundamental tool for many problems in the function theory of several complex <span class="hlt">variables</span>. A lot of attention was paid in the last decades to its analogue in the function theory of several Clifford <span class="hlt">variables</span>. The first operator in this resolution is the Dirac operator in several <span class="hlt">variables</span>. The complete description is known in dimension 4 (i.e., in the case of quaternionic <span class="hlt">variables</span>, see [1, 6, 4]). Much less is known in higher dimensions. The case of three <span class="hlt">variables</span> was described completely (see [18]). The full description of the complex for all dimensions is not known at present. Even the case of the stable range (i.e., when the number of <span class="hlt">variables</span> is less or equal to the half of dimension) is still not fully understood. There are two different approaches to the stable range case, one based on classical algebraic geometry (the Hilbert syzygy theory, see [8]), the other one on representation theory (differential invariants in certain parabolic geometries, see [14, 20]). Differential operators in these resolutions are acting on vector-valued functions. Such spaces of functions are quite complicated in general and the first problem in the description of the resolution is to understand their dimensions. Both the approaches mentioned above suggest an answer to this question, although such answers look quite different. The aim of the paper is to compare these two <span class="hlt">results</span> and to <span class="hlt">show</span> that they lead to complicated combinatorial identities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28406565','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28406565"><span>Sacral <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in Tailless Species: Homo sapiens and Ochotona princeps.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tague, Robert G</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Homo sapiens is <span class="hlt">variable</span> in number of sacral vertebrae, and this <span class="hlt">variability</span> can lead to obstetrical complication. This study uses the comparative method to test the hypothesis that sacral <span class="hlt">variability</span> in H. sapiens is associated with absence of a tail. Three species of lagomorphs are studied: Ochotona princeps (N = 271), which is tailless, and Lepus californicus (N = 212) and Sylvilagus audubonii (N = 206), which have tails. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that O. princeps has (1) higher diversity index for number of sacral vertebrae (0.49) compared to L. californicus (0.25) and S. audubonii (0.26) and (2) significantly higher percentage of individuals with the species-specific nonmodal number of sacral vertebrae (43.9%) compared to L. californicus (14.2%) and S. audubonii (15.5%). Comparison of H. sapiens (N = 1,030; individuals of age 20-39 years) with O. princeps <span class="hlt">shows</span> similarities between the species in diversity index (also 0.49 in H. sapiens) and percentage of individuals with nonmodal number of sacral vertebrae (37.3% in H. sapiens). Homeotic transformation best explains the <span class="hlt">results</span>. H. sapiens and O. princeps <span class="hlt">show</span> propensity for caudal shift at the sacral-caudal border (i.e., homeotic transformation of the first caudal vertebra to a sacral vertebra). Caudal and cranial shift among presacral vertebrae increases or decreases this propensity, respectively. Increase in number of sacral vertebrae in H. sapiens by homeotic transformation reduces pelvic outlet capacity and can be obstetrically hazardous. Anat Rec, 300:798-809, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5426077','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5426077"><span>Performance of Sorghum Varieties under <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Rainfall in Central Tanzania</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Tumbo, S. D.; Kihupi, N. I.; Rwehumbiza, Filbert B.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span> has a significant impact on crop production with manifestations in frequent crop failure in semiarid areas. This study used the parameterized APSIM crop model to investigate how rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span> may affect yields of improved sorghum varieties based on long-term historical rainfall and projected climate. Analyses of historical rainfall indicate a mix of nonsignificant and significant trends on the onset, cessation, and length of the growing season. The study confirmed that rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span> indeed affects yields of improved sorghum varieties. Further analyses of simulated sorghum yields based on seasonal rainfall distribution indicate the concurrence of lower grain yields with the 10-day dry spells during the cropping season. Simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> for future sorghum response, however, <span class="hlt">show</span> that impacts of rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span> on sorghum will be overridden by temperature increase. We conclude that, in the event where harms imposed by moisture stress in the study area are not abated, even improved sorghum varieties are likely to perform poorly. PMID:28536708</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28536708','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28536708"><span>Performance of Sorghum Varieties under <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Rainfall in Central Tanzania.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Msongaleli, Barnabas M; Tumbo, S D; Kihupi, N I; Rwehumbiza, Filbert B</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span> has a significant impact on crop production with manifestations in frequent crop failure in semiarid areas. This study used the parameterized APSIM crop model to investigate how rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span> may affect yields of improved sorghum varieties based on long-term historical rainfall and projected climate. Analyses of historical rainfall indicate a mix of nonsignificant and significant trends on the onset, cessation, and length of the growing season. The study confirmed that rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span> indeed affects yields of improved sorghum varieties. Further analyses of simulated sorghum yields based on seasonal rainfall distribution indicate the concurrence of lower grain yields with the 10-day dry spells during the cropping season. Simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> for future sorghum response, however, <span class="hlt">show</span> that impacts of rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span> on sorghum will be overridden by temperature increase. We conclude that, in the event where harms imposed by moisture stress in the study area are not abated, even improved sorghum varieties are likely to perform poorly.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29164512','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29164512"><span>Individuals with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Trade Increased Hyperglycemia for Decreased Hypoglycemia When Glycemic <span class="hlt">Variability</span> is not Improved.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jangam, Sujit R; Hayter, Gary; Dunn, Timothy C</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Glycemic <span class="hlt">variability</span> refers to oscillations in blood glucose within a day and differences in blood glucose at the same time on different days. Glycemic <span class="hlt">variability</span> is linked to hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. The relationship among these three important metrics is examined here, specifically to <span class="hlt">show</span> how reduction in both hypo- and hyperglycemia risk is dependent on changes in <span class="hlt">variability</span>. To understand the importance of glycemic <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the simultaneous reduction of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia risk, we introduce the glycemic risk plot-estimated HbA1c % (eA1c) vs. minutes below 70 mg/dl (MB70) with constant <span class="hlt">variability</span> contours for predicting post-intervention risks in the absence of a change in glycemic <span class="hlt">variability</span>. The glycemic risk plot illustrates that individuals who do not reduce glycemic <span class="hlt">variability</span> improve one of the two metrics (hypoglycemia risk or hyperglycemia risk) at the cost of the other. It is important to reduce <span class="hlt">variability</span> to improve both risks. These <span class="hlt">results</span> were confirmed by data collected in a randomized controlled trial consisting of individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes on insulin therapy. For type 1, a total of 28 individuals out of 35 (80%) <span class="hlt">showed</span> improvement in at least one of the risks (hypo and/or hyper) during the 100-day course of the study. Seven individuals (20%) <span class="hlt">showed</span> improvement in both. Similar data were observed for type 2 where a total of 36 individuals out of 43 (84%) <span class="hlt">showed</span> improvement in at least one risk and 8 individuals (19%) <span class="hlt">showed</span> improvement in both. All individuals in the study who <span class="hlt">showed</span> improvement in both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia risk also <span class="hlt">showed</span> a reduction in <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Therapy changes intended to improve an individual's hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia risk often <span class="hlt">result</span> in the reduction of one risk at the expense of another. It is important to improve glucose <span class="hlt">variability</span> to reduce both risks or at least maintain one risk while reducing the other. Abbott Diabetes Care.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880011707','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880011707"><span><span class="hlt">Variable</span> spectra of active galaxies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Halpern, Jules P.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>The analysis of EXOSAT spectra of active galaxies are presented. The objects examined for X-ray spectral <span class="hlt">variability</span> were MR 2251-178 and 3C 120. The <span class="hlt">results</span> of these investigations are described, as well as additional <span class="hlt">results</span> on X-ray spectral <span class="hlt">variability</span> related to EXOSAT observations of active galaxies. Additionally, the dipping X-ray source 4U1624-49 was also investigated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760039339&hterms=economic+cycle&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Deconomic%2Bcycle','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760039339&hterms=economic+cycle&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Deconomic%2Bcycle"><span><span class="hlt">Variable</span> cycle engines for advanced supersonic transports</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Howlett, R. A.; Kozlowski, H.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Variable</span> Cycle Engines being studied for advanced commercial supersonic transports <span class="hlt">show</span> potential for significant environmental and economic improvements relative to 1st generation SST engines. The two most promising concepts are: a <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Stream Control Engine and a <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Cycle Engine with a rear flow-control valve. Each concept utilizes <span class="hlt">variable</span> components and separate burners to provide independent temperature and velocity control for two coannular flow streams. Unique fuel control techniques are combined with cycle characteristics that provide low fuel consumption, similar to a turbojet engine, for supersonic operation. This is accomplished while retaining the good subsonic performance features of a turbofan engine. A two-stream coannular nozzle <span class="hlt">shows</span> potential to reduce jet noise to below FAR Part 36 without suppressors. Advanced burner concepts have the potential for significant reductions in exhaust emissions. In total, these unique engine concepts have the potential for significant overall improvements to the environmental and economic characteristics of advanced supersonic transports.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4348194','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4348194"><span>Reward-Dependent Modulation of Movement <span class="hlt">Variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Izawa, Jun; Shadmehr, Reza</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Movement <span class="hlt">variability</span> is often considered an unwanted byproduct of a noisy nervous system. However, <span class="hlt">variability</span> can signal a form of implicit exploration, indicating that the nervous system is intentionally varying the motor commands in search of actions that yield the greatest success. Here, we investigated the role of the human basal ganglia in controlling reward-dependent motor <span class="hlt">variability</span> as measured by trial-to-trial changes in performance during a reaching task. We designed an experiment in which the only performance feedback was success or failure and quantified how reach <span class="hlt">variability</span> was modulated as a function of the probability of reward. In healthy controls, reach <span class="hlt">variability</span> increased as the probability of reward decreased. Control of <span class="hlt">variability</span> depended on the history of past rewards, with the largest trial-to-trial changes occurring immediately after an unrewarded trial. In contrast, in participants with Parkinson's disease, a known example of basal ganglia dysfunction, reward was a poor modulator of <span class="hlt">variability</span>; that is, the patients <span class="hlt">showed</span> an impaired ability to increase <span class="hlt">variability</span> in response to decreases in the probability of reward. This was despite the fact that, after rewarded trials, reach <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the patients was comparable to healthy controls. In summary, we found that movement <span class="hlt">variability</span> is partially a form of exploration driven by the recent history of rewards. When the function of the human basal ganglia is compromised, the reward-dependent control of movement <span class="hlt">variability</span> is impaired, particularly affecting the ability to increase <span class="hlt">variability</span> after unsuccessful outcomes. PMID:25740529</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4187098','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4187098"><span>Patient No-<span class="hlt">Show</span> Predictive Model Development using Multiple Data Sources for an Effective Overbooking Approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hanauer, D.A.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Summary Background Patient no-<span class="hlt">shows</span> in outpatient delivery systems remain problematic. The negative impacts include underutilized medical resources, increased healthcare costs, decreased access to care, and reduced clinic efficiency and provider productivity. Objective To develop an evidence-based predictive model for patient no-<span class="hlt">shows</span>, and thus improve overbooking approaches in outpatient settings to reduce the negative impact of no-<span class="hlt">shows</span>. Methods Ten years of retrospective data were extracted from a scheduling system and an electronic health record system from a single general pediatrics clinic, consisting of 7,988 distinct patients and 104,799 visits along with <span class="hlt">variables</span> regarding appointment characteristics, patient demographics, and insurance information. Descriptive statistics were used to explore the impact of <span class="hlt">variables</span> on <span class="hlt">show</span> or no-<span class="hlt">show</span> status. Logistic regression was used to develop a no-<span class="hlt">show</span> predictive model, which was then used to construct an algorithm to determine the no-<span class="hlt">show</span> threshold that calculates a predicted <span class="hlt">show/no-show</span> status. This approach aims to overbook an appointment where a scheduled patient is predicted to be a no-<span class="hlt">show</span>. The approach was compared with two commonly-used overbooking approaches to demonstrate the effectiveness in terms of patient wait time, physician idle time, overtime and total cost. <span class="hlt">Results</span> From the training dataset, the optimal error rate is 10.6% with a no-<span class="hlt">show</span> threshold being 0.74. This threshold successfully predicts the validation dataset with an error rate of 13.9%. The proposed overbooking approach demonstrated a significant reduction of at least 6% on patient waiting, 27% on overtime, and 3% on total costs compared to other common flat-overbooking methods. Conclusions This paper demonstrates an alternative way to accommodate overbooking, accounting for the prediction of an individual patient’s <span class="hlt">show/no-show</span> status. The predictive no-<span class="hlt">show</span> model leads to a dynamic overbooking policy that could improve patient</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27671865','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27671865"><span>Inter-laboratory consistency and <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the buccal micronucleus cytome assay depends on biomarker scored and laboratory experience: <span class="hlt">results</span> from the HUMNxl international inter-laboratory scoring exercise.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bolognesi, Claudia; Knasmueller, Siegfried; Nersesyan, Armen; Roggieri, Paola; Ceppi, Marcello; Bruzzone, Marco; Blaszczyk, Ewa; Mielzynska-Svach, Danuta; Milic, Mirta; Bonassi, Stefano; Benedetti, Danieli; Da Silva, Juliana; Toledo, Raphael; Salvadori, Daisy Maria Fávero; Groot de Restrepo, Helena; Filipic, Metka; Hercog, Klara; Aktas, Ayça; Burgaz, Sema; Kundi, Michael; Grummt, Tamara; Thomas, Philip; Hor, Maryam; Escudero-Fung, Maria; Holland, Nina; Fenech, Michael</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>The buccal micronucleus cytome (BMNcyt) assay in uncultured exfoliated epithelial cells from oral mucosa is widely applied in biomonitoring human exposures to genotoxic agents and is also proposed as a suitable test for prescreening and follow-up of precancerous oral lesions. The main limitation of the assay is the large <span class="hlt">variability</span> observed in the baseline values of micronuclei (MNi) and other nuclear anomalies mainly related to different scoring criteria. The aim of this international collaborative study, involving laboratories with different level of experience, was to evaluate the inter- and intra-laboratory variations in the BMNcyt parameters, using recently implemented guidelines, in scoring cells from the same pooled samples obtained from healthy subjects (control group) and from cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy (treated group). The <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that all laboratories correctly discriminated samples from the two groups by a significant increase of micronucleus (MN) and nuclear bud (NBUD) frequencies and differentiated binucleated (BN) cells, associated with the exposure to ionizing radiation. The experience of the laboratories was shown to play an important role in the identification of the different cell types and nuclear anomalies. MN frequency in differentiated mononucleated (MONO) and BN cells <span class="hlt">showed</span> the greatest consistency among the laboratories and low <span class="hlt">variability</span> was also detected in the frequencies of MONO and BN cells. A larger <span class="hlt">variability</span> was observed in classifying the different cell types, indicating the subjectivity in the interpretation of some of the scoring criteria while reproducibility of the <span class="hlt">results</span> between scoring sessions was very good. An inter-laboratory calibration exercise is strongly recommended before starting studies with BMNcyt assay involving multiple research centers. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the UK Environmental Mutagen Society. All rights reserved. For permissions</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A%26A...579A..90H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A%26A...579A..90H"><span>X-ray spectral <span class="hlt">variability</span> of Seyfert 2 galaxies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hernández-García, L.; Masegosa, J.; González-Martín, O.; Márquez, I.</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Context. <span class="hlt">Variability</span> across the electromagnetic spectrum is a property of active galactic nuclei (AGN) that can help constrain the physical properties of these galaxies. Nonetheless, the way in which the changes happen and whether they occur in the same way in every AGN are still open questions. Aims: This is the third in a series of papers with the aim of studying the X-ray <span class="hlt">variability</span> of different families of AGN. The main purpose of this work is to investigate the <span class="hlt">variability</span> pattern(s) in a sample of optically selected Seyfert 2 galaxies. Methods: We use the 26 Seyfert 2s in the Véron-Cetty and Véron catalog with data available from Chandra and/or XMM-Newton public archives at different epochs, with timescales ranging from a few hours to years. All the spectra of the same source were simultaneously fitted, and we let different parameters vary in the model. Whenever possible, short-term variations from the analysis of the light curves and/or long-term UV flux variations were studied. We divided the sample into Compton-thick and Compton-thin candidates to account for the degree of obscuration. When transitions between Compton-thick and thin were obtained for different observations of the same source, we classified it as a changing-look candidate. <span class="hlt">Results</span>: Short-term <span class="hlt">variability</span> at X-rays was studied in ten cases, but variations are not found. From the 25 analyzed sources, 11 <span class="hlt">show</span> long-term variations. Eight (out of 11) are Compton-thin, one (out of 12) is Compton-thick, and the two changing-look candidates are also <span class="hlt">variable</span>. The main driver for the X-ray changes is related to the nuclear power (nine cases), while variations at soft energies or related to absorbers at hard X-rays are less common, and in many cases these variations are accompanied by variations in the nuclear continuum. At UV frequencies, only NGC 5194 (out of six sources) is <span class="hlt">variable</span>, but the changes are not related to the nucleus. We report two changing-look candidates, MARK 273 and NGC 7319</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017WRR....53.8383L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017WRR....53.8383L"><span>Interaction Between Ecohydrologic Dynamics and Microtopographic <span class="hlt">Variability</span> Under Climate Change</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Le, Phong V. V.; Kumar, Praveen</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Vegetation acclimation <span class="hlt">resulting</span> from elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration, along with response to increased temperature and altered rainfall pattern, is expected to <span class="hlt">result</span> in emergent behavior in ecologic and hydrologic functions. We hypothesize that microtopographic <span class="hlt">variability</span>, which are landscape features typically of the length scale of the order of meters, such as topographic depressions, will play an important role in determining this dynamics by altering the persistence and <span class="hlt">variability</span> of moisture. To investigate these emergent ecohydrologic dynamics, we develop a modeling framework, Dhara, which explicitly incorporates the control of microtopographic <span class="hlt">variability</span> on vegetation, moisture, and energy dynamics. The intensive computational demand from such a modeling framework that allows coupling of multilayer modeling of the soil-vegetation continuum with 3-D surface-subsurface flow processes is addressed using hybrid CPU-GPU parallel computing framework. The study is performed for different climate change scenarios for an intensively managed agricultural landscape in central Illinois, USA, which is dominated by row-crop agriculture, primarily soybean (Glycine max) and maize (Zea mays). We <span class="hlt">show</span> that rising CO2 concentration will decrease evapotranspiration, thus increasing soil moisture and surface water ponding in topographic depressions. However, increased atmospheric demand from higher air temperature overcomes this conservative behavior <span class="hlt">resulting</span> in a net increase of evapotranspiration, leading to reduction in both soil moisture storage and persistence of ponding. These <span class="hlt">results</span> shed light on the linkage between vegetation acclimation under climate change and microtopography <span class="hlt">variability</span> controls on ecohydrologic processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO44A3119H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO44A3119H"><span>Forced Atlantic Multidecadal <span class="hlt">Variability</span> Over the Past Millennium</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Halloran, P. R.; Reynolds, D.; Scourse, J. D.; Hall, I. R.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Paul R. Halloran, David J. Reynolds, Ian R. Hall and James D. Scourse Multidecadal <span class="hlt">variability</span> in Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SSTs) plays a first order role in determining regional atmospheric circulation and moisture transport, with major climatic consequences. These regional climate impacts range from drought in the Sahel and South America, though increased hurricane activity and temperature extremes, to modified monsoonal rainfall. Multidecadal Atlantic SST <span class="hlt">variability</span> could arise through internal <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) (e.g., Knight et al., 2006), or through externally forced change (e.g. Booth et al., 2012). It is critical that we know whether internal or external forcing dominates if we are to provide useful near-term climate projections in the Atlantic region. A persuasive argument that internal <span class="hlt">variability</span> plays an important role in Atlantic Multidecadal <span class="hlt">Variability</span> is that periodic SST <span class="hlt">variability</span> has been observed throughout much of the last millennium (Mann et al., 2009), and the hypothesized external forcing of historical Atlantic Multidecadal <span class="hlt">Variability</span> (Booth et al., 2012) is largely anthropogenic in origin. Here we combine the first annually-resolved millennial marine reconstruction with multi-model analysis, to <span class="hlt">show</span> that the Atlantic SST <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the last millennium can be explained by a combination of direct volcanic forcing, and indirect, forced, AMOC <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that whilst climate models capture the timing of both the directly forced SST and forced AMOC-mediated SST <span class="hlt">variability</span>, the models fail to capture the magnitude of the forced AMOC change. Does this mean that models underestimate the 21st century reduction in AMOC strength? J. Knight, C. Folland and A. Scaife., Climate impacts of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, GRL, 2006 B.B.B Booth, N. Dunstone, P.R. Halloran et al., Aerosols implicated as a prime driver of twentieth-century North Atlantic climate</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017xru..conf..172P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017xru..conf..172P"><span>Rapidly <span class="hlt">variable</span> relatvistic absorption</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Parker, M.; Pinto, C.; Fabian, A.; Lohfink, A.; Buisson, D.; Alston, W.; Jiang, J.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>I will present <span class="hlt">results</span> from the 1.5Ms XMM-Newton observing campaign on the most X-ray <span class="hlt">variable</span> AGN, IRAS 13224-3809. We find a series of nine absorption lines with a velocity of 0.24c from an ultra-fast outflow. For the first time, we are able to see extremely rapid <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the UFO features, and can link this to the X-ray <span class="hlt">variability</span> from the inner accretion disk. We find a clear flux dependence of the outflow features, suggesting that the wind is ionized by increasing X-ray emission.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100042199','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100042199"><span>Highly <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Cycle Exhaust Model Test (HVC10)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Henderson, Brenda; Wernet, Mark; Podboy, Gary; Bozak, Rick</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Results</span> from acoustic and flow-field studies using the Highly <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Cycle Exhaust (HVC) model were presented. The model consisted of a lobed mixer on the core stream, an elliptic nozzle on the fan stream, and an ejector. For baseline comparisons, the fan nozzle was replaced with a round nozzle and the ejector doors were removed from the model. Acoustic studies <span class="hlt">showed</span> far-field noise levels were higher for the HVC model with the ejector than for the baseline configuration. <span class="hlt">Results</span> from Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) studies indicated that large flow separation regions occurred along the ejector doors, thus restricting flow through the ejector. Phased array measurements <span class="hlt">showed</span> noise sources located near the ejector doors for operating conditions where tones were present in the acoustic spectra.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMOS23A1821E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMOS23A1821E"><span>Global assessment of surfing conditions: seasonal, interannual and long-term <span class="hlt">variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Espejo, A.; Losada, I.; Mendez, F.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>International surfing destinations owe a great debt to specific combinations of wind-wave, thermal conditions and local bathymetry. As surf quality depends on a vast number of geophysical <span class="hlt">variables</span>, a multivariable standardized index on the basis of expert judgment is proposed to analyze surf resource in a worldwide domain. Data needed is obtained by combining several datasets (reanalyses): 60-year satellite-calibrated spectral wave hindcast (GOW, WaveWatchIII), wind fields from NCEP/NCAR, global sea surface temperature from ERSST.v3b, and global tides from TPXO7.1. A summary of the global surf resource is presented, which highlights the high degree of <span class="hlt">variability</span> in surfable events. According to general atmospheric circulation, <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that west facing low to middle latitude coasts are more suitable for surfing, especially those in Southern Hemisphere. Month to month analysis reveals strong seasonal changes in the occurrence of surfable events, enhancing those in North Atlantic or North Pacific. Interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> is investigated by comparing occurrence values with global and regional climate patterns <span class="hlt">showing</span> a great influence at both, global and regional scales. Analysis of long term trends <span class="hlt">shows</span> an increase in the probability of surfable events over the west facing coasts on the planet (i.e. + 30 hours/year in California). The <span class="hlt">resulting</span> maps provide useful information for surfers and surf related stakeholders, coastal planning, education, and basic research.; Figure 1. Global distribution of medium quality (a) and high quality surf conditions probability (b).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPA....5f7164Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPA....5f7164Z"><span>Multiscale power analysis for heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zeng, Peng; Liu, Hongxing; Ni, Huangjing; Zhou, Jing; Xia, Lan; Ning, Xinbao</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>We first introduce multiscale power (MSP) method to assess the power distribution of physiological signals on multiple time scales. Simulation on synthetic data and experiments on heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> (HRV) are tested to support the approach. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that both physical and psychological changes influence power distribution significantly. A quantitative parameter, termed power difference (PD), is introduced to evaluate the degree of power distribution alteration. We find that dynamical correlation of HRV will be destroyed completely when PD>0.7.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985iece....1....1V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985iece....1....1V"><span>Performance of 12Ah aerospace nickel-cadmium cells of design <span class="hlt">variable</span> groups</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vasanth, K. L.</p> <p>1985-12-01</p> <p>The design <span class="hlt">variable</span> program of NASA is a systematic approach to evaluate the performance of 12Ah aerospace nickel-cadmium cells of 9 important cell designs. These cells were life cycled in a Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) regime for 3 to 4 years. Representative cells taken from the design <span class="hlt">variable</span> groups after different cycling periods have been examined. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that: (1) positive swelling and carbonate content in the electrolyte increases as a function of the number of cycles, (2) electrolyte distribution follows the order NEG greater than POS greater than SEP, 3) control and no PQ groups outperformed the rest of the groups and (4) the polypropylene group <span class="hlt">shows</span> very heavy cadmium migration and poor performance.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860040053&hterms=control+group+design&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dcontrol%2Bgroup%2Bdesign','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860040053&hterms=control+group+design&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dcontrol%2Bgroup%2Bdesign"><span>Performance of 12Ah aerospace nickel-cadmium cells of design <span class="hlt">variable</span> groups</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Vasanth, K. L.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>The design <span class="hlt">variable</span> program of NASA is a systematic approach to evaluate the performance of 12Ah aerospace nickel-cadmium cells of 9 important cell designs. These cells were life cycled in a Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) regime for 3 to 4 years. Representative cells taken from the design <span class="hlt">variable</span> groups after different cycling periods have been examined. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that: (1) positive swelling and carbonate content in the electrolyte increases as a function of the number of cycles, (2) electrolyte distribution follows the order NEG greater than POS greater than SEP, 3) control and no PQ groups outperformed the rest of the groups and (4) the polypropylene group <span class="hlt">shows</span> very heavy cadmium migration and poor performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...843...81O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...843...81O"><span>Blazar <span class="hlt">Variability</span> from Turbulence in Jets Launched by Magnetically Arrested Accretion Flows</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>O' Riordan, Michael; Pe'er, Asaf; McKinney, Jonathan C.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Blazars <span class="hlt">show</span> <span class="hlt">variability</span> on timescales ranging from minutes to years, the former being comparable to and in some cases even shorter than the light-crossing time of the central black hole. The observed γ-ray light curves can be described by a power-law power density spectrum (PDS), with a similar index for both BL Lacs and flat-spectrum radio quasars. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that this <span class="hlt">variability</span> can be produced by turbulence in relativistic jets launched by magnetically arrested accretion flows (MADs). We perform radiative transport calculations on the turbulent, highly magnetized jet launching region of a MAD with a rapidly rotating supermassive black hole. The <span class="hlt">resulting</span> synchrotron and synchrotron self-Compton emission, originating from close to the black hole horizon, is highly <span class="hlt">variable</span>. This <span class="hlt">variability</span> is characterized by PDS, which is remarkably similar to the observed power-law spectrum at frequencies less than a few per day. Furthermore, turbulence in the jet launching region naturally produces fluctuations in the plasma on scales much smaller than the horizon radius. We speculate that similar turbulent processes, operating in the jet at large radii (and therefore a high bulk Lorentz factor), are responsible for blazar <span class="hlt">variability</span> over many decades in frequency, including on minute timescales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663423-blazar-variability-from-turbulence-jets-launched-magnetically-arrested-accretion-flows','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663423-blazar-variability-from-turbulence-jets-launched-magnetically-arrested-accretion-flows"><span>Blazar <span class="hlt">Variability</span> from Turbulence in Jets Launched by Magnetically Arrested Accretion Flows</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Riordan, Michael O’; Pe’er, Asaf; McKinney, Jonathan C., E-mail: michael_oriordan@umail.ucc.ie</p> <p>2017-07-10</p> <p>Blazars <span class="hlt">show</span> <span class="hlt">variability</span> on timescales ranging from minutes to years, the former being comparable to and in some cases even shorter than the light-crossing time of the central black hole. The observed γ -ray light curves can be described by a power-law power density spectrum (PDS), with a similar index for both BL Lacs and flat-spectrum radio quasars. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that this <span class="hlt">variability</span> can be produced by turbulence in relativistic jets launched by magnetically arrested accretion flows (MADs). We perform radiative transport calculations on the turbulent, highly magnetized jet launching region of a MAD with a rapidly rotating supermassive blackmore » hole. The <span class="hlt">resulting</span> synchrotron and synchrotron self-Compton emission, originating from close to the black hole horizon, is highly <span class="hlt">variable</span>. This <span class="hlt">variability</span> is characterized by PDS, which is remarkably similar to the observed power-law spectrum at frequencies less than a few per day. Furthermore, turbulence in the jet launching region naturally produces fluctuations in the plasma on scales much smaller than the horizon radius. We speculate that similar turbulent processes, operating in the jet at large radii (and therefore a high bulk Lorentz factor), are responsible for blazar <span class="hlt">variability</span> over many decades in frequency, including on minute timescales.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1912015W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1912015W"><span>Spatio-temporal atmospheric circulation <span class="hlt">variability</span> around the Antarctic Peninsula based on hemispheric circulation modes and weather types</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wachter, Paul; Beck, Christoph; Philipp, Andreas; Jacobeit, Jucundus; Höppner, Kathrin</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Large parts of the Polar Regions are affected by a warming trend associated with substantial changes in the cryosphere. In Antarctica this positive trend pattern is most dominant in the western part of the continent and on the Antarctic Peninsula (AP). An important driving mechanism of temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span> and trends in this region is the atmospheric circulation. Changes in atmospheric circulation modes and frequencies of circulation types have major impacts on temperature characteristics at a certain station or region. We present <span class="hlt">results</span> of a statistical downscaling study focused on AP temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span> <span class="hlt">showing</span> both <span class="hlt">results</span> of large-scale atmospheric circulation modes and regional weather type classifications derived from monthly and daily gridded reanalysis data sets. In order to investigate spatial trends and <span class="hlt">variabilities</span> of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), we analyze spatio-temporally resolved SAM-pattern maps from 1979 to 2015. First <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> dominant multi-annual to decadal pattern <span class="hlt">variabilities</span> which can be directly linked to temperature <span class="hlt">variabilities</span> at the Antarctic Peninsula. A sub-continental to regional view on the influence of atmospheric circulation on AP temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span> is given by the analysis of weather type classifications (WTC). With this analysis we identify significant changes in the frequency of occurrence of highly temperature-relevant circulation patterns. The investigated characteristics of weather type frequencies can also be related to the identified changes of the SAM.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1396183-deconstructed-transverse-mass-variables','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1396183-deconstructed-transverse-mass-variables"><span>Deconstructed transverse mass <span class="hlt">variables</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Ismail, Ahmed; Schwienhorst, Reinhard; Virzi, Joseph S.; ...</p> <p>2015-04-02</p> <p>Traditional searches for R-parity conserving natural supersymmetry (SUSY) require large transverse mass and missing energy cuts to separate the signal from large backgrounds. SUSY models with compressed spectra inherently produce signal events with small amounts of missing energy that are hard to explore. We use this difficulty to motivate the construction of "deconstructed" transverse mass <span class="hlt">variables</span> which are designed preserve information on both the norm and direction of the missing momentum. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness of these <span class="hlt">variables</span> in searches for the pair production of supersymmetric top-quark partners which subsequently decay into a final state with an isolated lepton,more » jets and missing energy. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that the use of deconstructed transverse mass <span class="hlt">variables</span> extends the accessible compressed spectra parameter space beyond the region probed by traditional methods. The parameter space can further be expanded to neutralino masses that are larger than the difference between the stop and top masses. In addition, we also discuss how these <span class="hlt">variables</span> allow for novel searches of single stop production, in order to directly probe unconstrained stealth stops in the small stop-and neutralino-mass regime. We also demonstrate the utility of these <span class="hlt">variables</span> for generic gluino and stop searches in all-hadronic final states. Overall, we demonstrate that deconstructed transverse <span class="hlt">variables</span> are essential to any search wanting to maximize signal separation from the background when the signal has undetected particles in the final state.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25096580','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25096580"><span>A residue-specific shift in stability and amyloidogenicity of antibody <span class="hlt">variable</span> domains.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nokwe, Cardine N; Zacharias, Martin; Yagi, Hisashi; Hora, Manuel; Reif, Bernd; Goto, Yuji; Buchner, Johannes</p> <p>2014-09-26</p> <p><span class="hlt">Variable</span> (V) domains of antibodies are essential for antigen recognition by our adaptive immune system. However, some variants of the light chain V domains (VL) form pathogenic amyloid fibrils in patients. It is so far unclear which residues play a key role in governing these processes. Here, we <span class="hlt">show</span> that the conserved residue 2 of VL domains is crucial for controlling its thermodynamic stability and fibril formation. Hydrophobic side chains at position 2 stabilize the domain, whereas charged residues destabilize and lead to amyloid fibril formation. NMR experiments identified several segments within the core of the VL domain to be affected by changes in residue 2. Furthermore, molecular dynamic simulations <span class="hlt">showed</span> that hydrophobic side chains at position 2 remain buried in a hydrophobic pocket, and charged side chains <span class="hlt">show</span> a high flexibility. This <span class="hlt">results</span> in a predicted difference in the dissociation free energy of ∼10 kJ mol(-1), which is in excellent agreement with our experimental values. Interestingly, this switch point is found only in VL domains of the κ family and not in VLλ or in VH domains, despite a highly similar domain architecture. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> reveal novel insight into the architecture of <span class="hlt">variable</span> domains and the prerequisites for formation of amyloid fibrils. This might also contribute to the rational design of stable <span class="hlt">variable</span> antibody domains. © 2014 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28376345','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28376345"><span>The effect of modeled absolute timing <span class="hlt">variability</span> and relative timing <span class="hlt">variability</span> on observational learning.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Grierson, Lawrence E M; Roberts, James W; Welsher, Arthur M</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>There is much evidence to suggest that skill learning is enhanced by skill observation. Recent research on this phenomenon indicates a benefit of observing <span class="hlt">variable/erred</span> demonstrations. In this study, we explore whether it is <span class="hlt">variability</span> within the relative organization or absolute parameterization of a movement that facilitates skill learning through observation. To do so, participants were randomly allocated into groups that observed a model with no <span class="hlt">variability</span>, absolute timing <span class="hlt">variability</span>, relative timing <span class="hlt">variability</span>, or <span class="hlt">variability</span> in both absolute and relative timing. All participants performed a four-segment movement pattern with specific absolute and relative timing goals prior to and following the observational intervention, as well as in a 24h retention test and transfers tests that featured new relative and absolute timing goals. Absolute timing error indicated that all groups initially acquired the absolute timing, maintained their performance at 24h retention, and exhibited performance deterioration in both transfer tests. Relative timing error revealed that the observation of no <span class="hlt">variability</span> and relative timing <span class="hlt">variability</span> produced greater performance at the post-test, 24h retention and relative timing transfer tests, but for the no <span class="hlt">variability</span> group, deteriorated at absolute timing transfer test. The <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that the learning of absolute timing following observation unfolds irrespective of model <span class="hlt">variability</span>. However, the learning of relative timing benefits from holding the absolute features constant, while the observation of no <span class="hlt">variability</span> partially fails in transfer. We suggest learning by observing no <span class="hlt">variability</span> and <span class="hlt">variable/erred</span> models unfolds via similar neural mechanisms, although the latter benefits from the additional coding of information pertaining to movements that require a correction. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990102609&hterms=heiser&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dheiser','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990102609&hterms=heiser&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dheiser"><span>Seasonal-to-Interannual Precipitation <span class="hlt">Variability</span> and Predictability in a Coupled Land-Atmosphere System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Koster, Randal D.; Suarez, M. J.; Heiser, M.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>In an earlier GCM study, we <span class="hlt">showed</span> that interactive land surface processes generally contribute more to continental precipitation variance than do <span class="hlt">variable</span> sea surface temperatures (SSTs). A new study extends this <span class="hlt">result</span> through an analysis of 16-member ensembles of multi-decade GCM simulations. We can now <span class="hlt">show</span> that in many regions, although land processes determine the amplitude of the interannual precipitation anomalies, <span class="hlt">variable</span> SSTs nevertheless control their timing. The GCM data can be processed into indices that describe geographical variations in (1) the potential for seasonal-to-interannual prediction, and (2) the extent to which the predictability relies on the proper representation of land-atmosphere feedback.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000021311&hterms=gravity+earth&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dgravity%2Bearth','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000021311&hterms=gravity+earth&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dgravity%2Bearth"><span>Determining the Ocean's Role on the <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Gravity Field on Earth Rotation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ponte, Rui M.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>A number of ocean models of different complexity have been used to study changes in the oceanic mass field and angular momentum and their relation to the <span class="hlt">variable</span> Earth rotation and gravity field. Time scales examined range from seasonal to a few days. <span class="hlt">Results</span> point to the importance of oceanic signals in driving polar motion, in particular the Chandler and annual wobbles. <span class="hlt">Results</span> also <span class="hlt">show</span> that oceanic signals have a measurable impact on length-of-day variations. Various circulation features and associated mass signals, including the North Pacific subtropical gyre, the equatorial currents, and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current play a significant role in oceanic angular momentum <span class="hlt">variability</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23846514','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23846514"><span>An efficient <span class="hlt">variable</span> projection formulation for separable nonlinear least squares problems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gan, Min; Li, Han-Xiong</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>We consider in this paper a class of nonlinear least squares problems in which the model can be represented as a linear combination of nonlinear functions. The <span class="hlt">variable</span> projection algorithm projects the linear parameters out of the problem, leaving the nonlinear least squares problems involving only the nonlinear parameters. To implement the <span class="hlt">variable</span> projection algorithm more efficiently, we propose a new <span class="hlt">variable</span> projection functional based on matrix decomposition. The advantage of the proposed formulation is that the size of the decomposed matrix may be much smaller than those of previous ones. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm using finite difference method is then applied to minimize the new criterion. Numerical <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the proposed approach achieves significant reduction in computing time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4971236','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4971236"><span>Nonlinear stratospheric <span class="hlt">variability</span>: multifractal de-trended fluctuation analysis and singularity spectra</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Domeisen, Daniela I. V.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Characterizing the stratosphere as a turbulent system, temporal fluctuations often <span class="hlt">show</span> different correlations for different time scales as well as intermittent behaviour that cannot be captured by a single scaling exponent. In this study, the different scaling laws in the long-term stratospheric <span class="hlt">variability</span> are studied using multifractal de-trended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA). The analysis is performed comparing four re-analysis products and different realizations of an idealized numerical model, isolating the role of topographic forcing and seasonal <span class="hlt">variability</span>, as well as the absence of climate teleconnections and small-scale forcing. The Northern Hemisphere (NH) <span class="hlt">shows</span> a transition of scaling exponents for time scales shorter than about 1 year, for which the <span class="hlt">variability</span> is multifractal and scales in time with a power law corresponding to a red spectrum, to longer time scales, for which the <span class="hlt">variability</span> is monofractal and scales in time with a power law corresponding to white noise. Southern Hemisphere (SH) <span class="hlt">variability</span> also <span class="hlt">shows</span> a transition at annual scales. The SH also <span class="hlt">shows</span> a narrower dynamical range in multifractality than the NH, as seen in the generalized Hurst exponent and in the singularity spectra. The numerical integrations <span class="hlt">show</span> that the models are able to reproduce the low-frequency <span class="hlt">variability</span> but are not able to fully capture the shorter term <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the stratosphere. PMID:27493560</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110015377','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110015377"><span><span class="hlt">Variability</span> of African Farming Systems from Phenological Analysis of NDVI Time Series</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Vrieling, Anton; deBeurs, K. M.; Brown, Molly E.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Food security exists when people have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food at all times to meet their dietary needs. The natural resource base is one of the many factors affecting food security. Its <span class="hlt">variability</span> and decline creates problems for local food production. In this study we characterize for sub-Saharan Africa vegetation phenology and assess <span class="hlt">variability</span> and trends of phenological indicators based on NDVI time series from 1982 to 2006. We focus on cumulated NDVI over the season (cumNDVI) which is a proxy for net primary productivity. <span class="hlt">Results</span> are aggregated at the level of major farming systems, while determining also spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> within farming systems. High temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of cumNDVI occurs in semiarid and subhumid regions. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> a large area of positive cumNDVI trends between Senegal and South Sudan. These correspond to positive CRU rainfall trends found and relate to recovery after the 1980's droughts. We find significant negative cumNDVI trends near the south-coast of West Africa (Guinea coast) and in Tanzania. For each farming system, causes of change and <span class="hlt">variability</span> are discussed based on available literature (Appendix A). Although food security comprises more than the local natural resource base, our <span class="hlt">results</span> can perform an input for food security analysis by identifying zones of high <span class="hlt">variability</span> or downward trends. Farming systems are found to be a useful level of analysis. Diversity and trends found within farming system boundaries underline that farming systems are dynamic.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SMaS...26c5052G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SMaS...26c5052G"><span><span class="hlt">Variable</span> stiffness corrugated composite structure with shape memory polymer for morphing skin applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gong, Xiaobo; Liu, Liwu; Scarpa, Fabrizio; Leng, Jinsong; Liu, Yanju</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>This work presents a <span class="hlt">variable</span> stiffness corrugated structure based on a shape memory polymer (SMP) composite with corrugated laminates as reinforcement that <span class="hlt">shows</span> smooth aerodynamic surface, extreme mechanical anisotropy and <span class="hlt">variable</span> stiffness for potential morphing skin applications. The smart composite corrugated structure <span class="hlt">shows</span> a low in-plane stiffness to minimize the actuation energy, but also possess high out-of-plane stiffness to transfer the aerodynamic pressure load. The skin provides an external smooth aerodynamic surface because of the one-sided filling with the SMP. Due to <span class="hlt">variable</span> stiffness of the shape memory polymer the morphing skin exhibits a <span class="hlt">variable</span> stiffness with a change of temperature, which can help the skin adjust its stiffness according different service environments and also lock the temporary shape without external force. Analytical models related to the transverse and bending stiffness are derived and validated using finite element techniques. The stiffness of the morphing skin is further investigated by performing a parametric analysis against the geometry of the corrugation and various sets of SMP fillers. The theoretical and numerical models <span class="hlt">show</span> a good agreement and demonstrate the potential of this morphing skin concept for morphing aircraft applications. We also perform a feasibility study of the use of this morphing skin in a <span class="hlt">variable</span> camber morphing wing baseline. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the morphing skin concept exhibits sufficient bending stiffness to withstand the aerodynamic load at low speed (less than 0.3 Ma), while demonstrating a large transverse stiffness variation (up to 191 times) that helps to create a maximum mechanical efficiency of the structure under varying external conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4211980','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4211980"><span><span class="hlt">Variables</span> Associated With Tic Exacerbation in Children With Chronic Tic Disorders</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Himle, Michael B.; Capriotti, Matthew R.; Hayes, Loran P.; Ramanujam, Krishnapriya; Scahill, Lawrence; Sukhodolsky, Denis G.; Wilhelm, Sabine; Deckersbach, Thilo; Peterson, Alan L.; Specht, Matt W.; Walkup, John T.; Chang, Susanna; Piacentini, John</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Research has shown that motor and vocal tics fluctuate in frequency, intensity, and form in response to environmental and contextual cues. Behavioral models have proposed that some of the variation in tics may reflect context-dependent interactive learning processes such that once tics are performed, they are influenced by environmental contingencies. The current study describes the <span class="hlt">results</span> of a function-based assessment of tics (FBAT) from a recently completed study comparing Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT) with supportive psychotherapy. The current study describes the frequency with which antecedent and consequence <span class="hlt">variables</span> were reported to exacerbate tics and the relationships between these functional <span class="hlt">variables</span> and sample baseline characteristics, comorbidities, and measures of tic severity. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that tic-exacerbating antecedents and consequences were nearly ubiquitous in a sample of children with chronic tic disorder. In addition, functional <span class="hlt">variables</span> were related to baseline measures of comorbid internalizing symptoms and specific measures of tic severity. PMID:24778433</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24778433','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24778433"><span><span class="hlt">Variables</span> Associated With Tic Exacerbation in Children With Chronic Tic Disorders.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Himle, Michael B; Capriotti, Matthew R; Hayes, Loran P; Ramanujam, Krishnapriya; Scahill, Lawrence; Sukhodolsky, Denis G; Wilhelm, Sabine; Deckersbach, Thilo; Peterson, Alan L; Specht, Matt W; Walkup, John T; Chang, Susanna; Piacentini, John</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>Research has shown that motor and vocal tics fluctuate in frequency, intensity, and form in response to environmental and contextual cues. Behavioral models have proposed that some of the variation in tics may reflect context-dependent interactive learning processes such that once tics are performed, they are influenced by environmental contingencies. The current study describes the <span class="hlt">results</span> of a function-based assessment of tics (FBAT) from a recently completed study comparing Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT) with supportive psychotherapy. The current study describes the frequency with which antecedent and consequence <span class="hlt">variables</span> were reported to exacerbate tics and the relationships between these functional <span class="hlt">variables</span> and sample baseline characteristics, comorbidities, and measures of tic severity. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that tic-exacerbating antecedents and consequences were nearly ubiquitous in a sample of children with chronic tic disorder. In addition, functional <span class="hlt">variables</span> were related to baseline measures of comorbid internalizing symptoms and specific measures of tic severity. © The Author(s) 2014.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15041253','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15041253"><span>Temporal and spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the estrogenicity of a municipal wastewater effluent.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hemming, Jon M; Allen, H Joel; Thuesen, Kevin A; Turner, Philip K; Waller, William T; Lazorchak, James M; Lattier, David; Chow, Marjorie; Denslow, Nancy; Venables, Barney</p> <p>2004-03-01</p> <p>The estrogenicity of a municipal wastewater effluent was monitored using the vitellogenin biomarker in adult male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). The <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the expression of vitellogenin was evident among the monitoring periods. Significant (alpha< or =0.05) increases in plasma vitellogenin concentrations were detected in March and December, but not in August or June. Additionally, the magnitude of expression was <span class="hlt">variable</span>. <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in the spatial scale was also evident during the March and June exposure months. Concurrent exposures in both the creek receiving the effluent from a wastewater treatment plant and an experimental wetland <span class="hlt">showed</span> estrogenicity to be different with distance from the respective effluent inflow sites. March exposures <span class="hlt">showed</span> estrogenicity to be somewhat persistent in the receiving creek (>600 m), but to decrease rapidly within the experimental wetland (<40 m). <span class="hlt">Results</span> are discussed relative to the monitoring season, to the spatial distribution of the response in both receiving systems, and to possible causative factors contributing to the effluent estrogenicity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvD..92l3536W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvD..92l3536W"><span>Loop quantum cosmology with self-dual <span class="hlt">variables</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wilson-Ewing, Edward</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Using the complex-valued self-dual connection <span class="hlt">variables</span>, the loop quantum cosmology of a closed Friedmann space-time coupled to a massless scalar field is studied. It is shown how the reality conditions can be imposed in the quantum theory by choosing a particular inner product for the kinematical Hilbert space. While holonomies of the self-dual Ashtekar connection are not well defined in the kinematical Hilbert space, it is possible to introduce a family of generalized holonomylike operators of which some are well defined; these operators in turn are used in the definition of the Hamiltonian constraint operator where the scalar field can be used as a relational clock. The <span class="hlt">resulting</span> quantum theory is closely related, although not identical, to standard loop quantum cosmology constructed from the Ashtekar-Barbero <span class="hlt">variables</span> with a real Immirzi parameter. Effective Friedmann equations are derived which provide a good approximation to the full quantum dynamics for sharply peaked states whose volume remains much larger than the Planck volume, and they <span class="hlt">show</span> that for these states quantum gravity effects resolve the big-bang and big-crunch singularities and replace them by a nonsingular bounce. Finally, the loop quantization in self-dual <span class="hlt">variables</span> of a flat Friedmann space-time is recovered in the limit of zero spatial curvature and is identical to the standard loop quantization in terms of the real-valued Ashtekar-Barbero <span class="hlt">variables</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22906786','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22906786"><span>Relating brain signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> to knowledge representation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Heisz, Jennifer J; Shedden, Judith M; McIntosh, Anthony R</p> <p>2012-11-15</p> <p>We assessed the hypothesis that brain signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> is a reflection of functional network reconfiguration during memory processing. In the present experiments, we use multiscale entropy to capture the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of human electroencephalogram (EEG) while manipulating the knowledge representation associated with faces stored in memory. Across two experiments, we observed increased <span class="hlt">variability</span> as a function of greater knowledge representation. In Experiment 1, individuals with greater familiarity for a group of famous faces displayed more brain signal <span class="hlt">variability</span>. In Experiment 2, brain signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> increased with learning after multiple experimental exposures to previously unfamiliar faces. The <span class="hlt">results</span> demonstrate that <span class="hlt">variability</span> increases with face familiarity; cognitive processes during the perception of familiar stimuli may engage a broader network of regions, which manifests as higher complexity/<span class="hlt">variability</span> in spatial and temporal domains. In addition, effects of repetition suppression on brain signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> were observed, and the pattern of <span class="hlt">results</span> is consistent with a selectivity model of neural adaptation. Crown Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18950427','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18950427"><span>Perianth organization and intra-specific floral <span class="hlt">variability</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Herrera, J; Arista, M; Ortiz, P L</p> <p>2008-11-01</p> <p>Floral symmetry and fusion of perianth parts are factors that contribute to fine-tune the match between flowers and their animal pollination vectors. In the present study, we investigated whether the possession of a sympetalous (fused) corolla and bilateral symmetry of flowers translate into decreased intra-specific <span class="hlt">variability</span> as a <span class="hlt">result</span> of natural stabilizing selection exerted by pollinators. Average size of the corolla and intra-specific <span class="hlt">variability</span> were determined in two sets of southern Spanish entomophilous plant species. In the first set, taxa were paired by family to control for the effect of phylogeny (phylogenetically independent contrasts), whereas in the second set species were selected at random. Flower size data from a previous study (with different species) were also used to test the hypothesis that petal fusion contributes to decrease intra-specific <span class="hlt">variability</span>. In the phylogenetically independent contrasts, floral symmetry was a significant correlate of intra-specific variation, with bilaterally symmetrical flowers <span class="hlt">showing</span> more constancy than radially symmetrical flowers (i.e. unsophisticated from a functional perspective). As regards petal fusion, species with fused petals were on average more constant than choripetalous species, but the difference was not statistically significant. The reanalysis of data from a previous study yielded largely similar <span class="hlt">results</span>, with a distinct effect of symmetry on <span class="hlt">variability</span>, but no effect of petal fusion. The randomly-chosen species sample, on the other hand, failed to reveal any significant effect of either symmetry or petal fusion on intra-specific variation. The problem of low-statistical power in this kind of analysis, and the difficulty of testing an evolutionary hypothesis that involves phenotypic traits with a high degree of morphological correlation is discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1337159-exploring-spatial-variability-soil-properties-alfisol-catena','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1337159-exploring-spatial-variability-soil-properties-alfisol-catena"><span>Exploring the spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> of soil properties in an Alfisol Catena</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Rosemary, F.; Vitharana, U. W. A.; Indraratne, S. P.</p> <p></p> <p> significant effect of land use on the spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> of EC. Our study revealed a structured <span class="hlt">variability</span> of topsoil properties in the selected tropical Alfisol catena. Except for EC, observed <span class="hlt">variability</span> was not modified by the land uses. Investigated soil properties <span class="hlt">showed</span> distinct spatial structures at different scales and magnitudes of strength. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> will be useful for digital soil mapping, site specific management of soil properties, developing appropriate land use plans and quantifying anthropogenic impacts on the soil system.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA32A..03G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA32A..03G"><span>Longitudinal Variations in the <span class="hlt">Variability</span> of Spread F Occurrence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Groves, K. M.; Bridgwood, C.; Carrano, C. S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The complex dynamics of the equatorial ionosphere have attracted the interest and attention of researchers for many decades. The relatively local processes that give rise to large meridional gradients have been well documented and the associated terminology has entered the common lexicon of ionospheric research (e.g., fountain effect, equatorial anomaly, bubbles, Spread F). Zonal variations have also been noted, principally at the level of determining longitudinal differences in seasonal activity patterns. Due to a historical lack of high resolution ground-based observations at low latitudes, the primary source of data for such analyses has been space-based observations from satellites such as ROCSAT, DMSP, C/NOFS that measure in situ electron density variations. An important longitudinal variation in electron density structure associated with non-migrating diurnal tides was discovered by Immel et al. in 2006 using data from the FUV sensor aboard the NASA IMAGE satellite. These satellite observations have been very helpful in identifying the structural characteristics of the equatorial ionosphere and the occurrence of Spread F, but they provide little insight into variations in scintillation features and potential differences in bubble development characteristics. Moreover space-based studies tend towards the statistics of occurrence frequency over periods of weeks to months. A recent analysis of daily spread F occurrence as determined by low latitude VHF scintillation activity <span class="hlt">shows</span> that statistical <span class="hlt">results</span> that are consistent with previous space-based observations, but the level of <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the occurrence data <span class="hlt">show</span> marked variations with longitude. For example, the American sector <span class="hlt">shows</span> very low in-season <span class="hlt">variability</span> while the African and Asian sectors exhibit true day-to-day <span class="hlt">variability</span> regardless of seasonal variations. The <span class="hlt">results</span> have significant implications for space weather as they suggest that long-term forecasts of equatorial scintillation may be</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.475.2326P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.475.2326P"><span>Machine learning search for <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pashchenko, Ilya N.; Sokolovsky, Kirill V.; Gavras, Panagiotis</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Photometric <span class="hlt">variability</span> detection is often considered as a hypothesis testing problem: an object is <span class="hlt">variable</span> if the null hypothesis that its brightness is constant can be ruled out given the measurements and their uncertainties. The practical applicability of this approach is limited by uncorrected systematic errors. We propose a new <span class="hlt">variability</span> detection technique sensitive to a wide range of <span class="hlt">variability</span> types while being robust to outliers and underestimated measurement uncertainties. We consider <span class="hlt">variability</span> detection as a classification problem that can be approached with machine learning. Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machines (SVM), k Nearest Neighbours (kNN), Neural Nets (NN), Random Forests (RF), and Stochastic Gradient Boosting classifier (SGB) are applied to 18 features (<span class="hlt">variability</span> indices) quantifying scatter and/or correlation between points in a light curve. We use a subset of Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment phase two (OGLE-II) Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) photometry (30 265 light curves) that was searched for <span class="hlt">variability</span> using traditional methods (168 known <span class="hlt">variable</span> objects) as the training set and then apply the NN to a new test set of 31 798 OGLE-II LMC light curves. Among 205 candidates selected in the test set, 178 are real <span class="hlt">variables</span>, while 13 low-amplitude <span class="hlt">variables</span> are new discoveries. The machine learning classifiers considered are found to be more efficient (select more <span class="hlt">variables</span> and fewer false candidates) compared to traditional techniques using individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> indices or their linear combination. The NN, SGB, SVM, and RF <span class="hlt">show</span> a higher efficiency compared to LR and kNN.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSME13A..04L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSME13A..04L"><span>Potential Impact of North Atlantic Climate <span class="hlt">Variability</span> on Ocean Biogeochemical Processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Y.; Muhling, B.; Lee, S. K.; Muller-Karger, F. E.; Enfield, D. B.; Lamkin, J. T.; Roffer, M. A.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Previous studies have shown that upper ocean circulations largely determine primary production in the euphotic layers, here the global ocean model with biogeochemistry (GFDL's Modular Ocean Model with TOPAZ biogeochemistry) forced with the ERA-Interim is used to simulate the natural <span class="hlt">variability</span> of biogeochemical processes in global ocean during 1979-present. Preliminary <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the surface chlorophyll is overall underestimated in MOM-TOPAZ, but its spatial pattern is fairly realistic. Relatively high chlorophyll <span class="hlt">variability</span> is shown in the subpolar North Atlantic, northeastern tropical Atlantic, and equatorial Atlantic. Further analysis suggests that the chlorophyll <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the North Atlantic Ocean is affected by long-term climate <span class="hlt">variability</span>. For the subpolar North Atlantic region, the chlorophyll <span class="hlt">variability</span> is light-limited and is significantly correlated with North Atlantic Oscillation. A dipole pattern of chlorophyll <span class="hlt">variability</span> is found between the northeastern tropical Atlantic and equatorial Atlantic. For the northeastern North Atlantic, the chlorophyll <span class="hlt">variability</span> is significantly correlated with Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM) and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). During the negative phase of AMM and AMO, the increased trade wind in the northeast North Atlantic can lead to increased upwelling of nutrients. In the equatorial Atlantic region, the chlorophyll <span class="hlt">variability</span> is largely link to Atlantic-Niño and associated equatorial upwelling of nutrients. The potential impact of climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> on the distribution of pelagic fishes (i.e. yellowfin tuna) are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.9963S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.9963S"><span>How resilient are ecosystems in adapting to climate <span class="hlt">variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Savenije, Hubert H. G.</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The conclusion often drawn in the media is that ecosystems may perish as a <span class="hlt">result</span> of climate change. Although climatic trends may indeed lead to shifts in ecosystem composition, the challenge to adjust to climatic <span class="hlt">variability</span> - even if there is no trend - is larger, particularly in semi-arid or topical climates where climatic <span class="hlt">variability</span> is large compared to temperate climates. How do ecosystems buffer for climatic <span class="hlt">variability</span>? The most powerful mechanism is to invest in root zone storage capacity, so as to guarantee access to water and nutrients during period of drought. This investment comes at a cost of having less energy available to invest in growth or formation of fruits. Ecosystems are expected to create sufficient buffer to overcome critical periods of drought, but not more than is necessary to survive or reproduce. Based on this concept, a methodology has been developed to estimate ecosystem root zone storage capacity at local, regional and global scale. These estimates correspond well with estimates made by combining soil and ecosystem information, but are more accurate and more detailed. The methodology <span class="hlt">shows</span> that ecosystems have intrinsic capacity to adjust to climatic <span class="hlt">variability</span> and hence have a high resilience to both climatic <span class="hlt">variability</span> and climatic trends.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.5908K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.5908K"><span>North Atlantic Origin of Interdecadal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of Siberian High</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Seon-Hwa; Sung, Mi-Kyung; Kim, Baek-Min</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>We suggest that the changes in the mean atmospheric circulation structure in the North Atlantic Ocean upstream region of Eurasian continent play an important role in the interdecadal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of Siberian High (SH) through the modulation of Ural blocking frequency. Previous studies suggested that the interdecadal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of SH is partly explained by the Arctic Oscillation. However, in this study, we emphasize the role of 'Warm Arctic and Cold Eurasia (WACE)', which is the second mode of winter surface air temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span> over Eurasia. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that the correlation between SH and WACE is high in general compared to that between SH and AO. However, the correlation between SH and WACE does not always exhibit high constant value. It <span class="hlt">shows</span> a distinctive interdecadal fluctuation in the correlation. We found that this fluctuation in the correlation is due to the interdecadal fluctuation of the continental trough over the North Atlantic and the <span class="hlt">resultant</span> strengthening of in-situ atmospheric baroclinicity. This accompanies changes in the transient vorticity flux divergence which leads to the downstream wave development and anomalous anticyclonic flow near Ural region. Obviously, the existence of anticyclonic flow over Ural region helps more frequent occurrence of Ural blocking and it is shown that this condition favors positive WACE event, which links to an intensified SH.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26703793','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26703793"><span>Emotional <span class="hlt">variables</span>, dropout and academic performance in Spanish nursing students.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Roso-Bas, Fátima; Pades Jiménez, Antonia; García-Buades, Esther</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>The dropout of university studies is a main concern in many countries, also for Health Sciences degrees. The reviews on dropout in all university degrees as well as nursing generally <span class="hlt">show</span> multidimensional causes with factors related both to institutional and students' characteristics. Regarding the personal <span class="hlt">variables</span> of students, researchers have focused on financial, family and personality features. Far less attention has been devoted to emotional <span class="hlt">variables</span>. This study aims to explore whether individual <span class="hlt">variables</span> of the emotional domain such as perceived emotional intelligence, dispositional optimism/pessimism and depressive rumination are related and/or can predict students' intention to dropout and academic performance. Using a cross-correlational approach, data were obtained from a sample of 144 nursing students. Students with a pessimistic disposition revealed a greater tendency to drop out. The remaining <span class="hlt">variables</span> correlated significantly with pessimism but had no predictive value on dropout. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that students with low levels of emotional clarity and repair and high depressive rumination have pessimistic expectations, so they are more likely to leave studies. No significant <span class="hlt">results</span> were found in relation to academic performance. We conclude with an identification of strategies to increase retention and academic success. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3094312','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3094312"><span>Expression <span class="hlt">variability</span> of co-regulated genes differentiates Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Background Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast) is found in diverse ecological niches and is characterized by high adaptive potential under challenging environments. In spite of recent advances on the study of yeast genome diversity, little is known about the underlying gene expression plasticity. In order to shed new light onto this biological question, we have compared transcriptome profiles of five environmental isolates, clinical and laboratorial strains at different time points of fermentation in synthetic must medium, during exponential and stationary growth phases. <span class="hlt">Results</span> Our data unveiled diversity in both intensity and timing of gene expression. Genes involved in glucose metabolism and in the stress response elicited during fermentation were among the most <span class="hlt">variable</span>. This gene expression diversity increased at the onset of stationary phase (diauxic shift). Environmental isolates <span class="hlt">showed</span> lower average transcript abundance of genes involved in the stress response, assimilation of nitrogen and vitamins, and sulphur metabolism, than other strains. Nitrogen metabolism genes <span class="hlt">showed</span> significant variation in expression among the environmental isolates. Conclusions Wild type yeast strains respond differentially to the stress imposed by nutrient depletion, ethanol accumulation and cell density increase, during fermentation of glucose in synthetic must medium. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> support previous data <span class="hlt">showing</span> that gene expression <span class="hlt">variability</span> is a source of phenotypic diversity among closely related organisms. PMID:21507216</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26011920','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26011920"><span>Examining Impulse-<span class="hlt">Variability</span> in Kicking.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chappell, Andrew; Molina, Sergio L; McKibben, Jonathon; Stodden, David F</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>This study examined <span class="hlt">variability</span> in kicking speed and spatial accuracy to test the impulse-<span class="hlt">variability</span> theory prediction of an inverted-U function and the speed-accuracy trade-off. Twenty-eight 18- to 25-year-old adults kicked a playground ball at various percentages (50-100%) of their maximum speed at a wall target. Speed <span class="hlt">variability</span> and spatial error were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA with built-in polynomial contrasts. <span class="hlt">Results</span> indicated a significant inverse linear trajectory for speed <span class="hlt">variability</span> (p < .001, η2= .345) where 50% and 60% maximum speed had significantly higher <span class="hlt">variability</span> than the 100% condition. A significant quadratic fit was found for spatial error scores of mean radial error (p < .0001, η2 = .474) and subject-centroid radial error (p < .0001, η2 = .453). Findings suggest <span class="hlt">variability</span> and accuracy of multijoint, ballistic skill performance may not follow the general principles of impulse-<span class="hlt">variability</span> theory or the speed-accuracy trade-off.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4152607','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4152607"><span>Motor <span class="hlt">Variability</span> Arises from a Slow Random Walk in Neural State</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chaisanguanthum, Kris S.; Shen, Helen H.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Even well practiced movements cannot be repeated without <span class="hlt">variability</span>. This <span class="hlt">variability</span> is thought to reflect “noise” in movement preparation or execution. However, we <span class="hlt">show</span> that, for both professional baseball pitchers and macaque monkeys making reaching movements, motor <span class="hlt">variability</span> can be decomposed into two statistical components, a slowly drifting mean and fast trial-by-trial fluctuations about the mean. The preparatory activity of dorsal premotor cortex/primary motor cortex neurons in monkey exhibits similar statistics. Although the neural and behavioral drifts appear to be correlated, neural activity does not account for trial-by-trial fluctuations in movement, which must arise elsewhere, likely downstream. The statistics of this drift are well modeled by a double-exponential autocorrelation function, with time constants similar across the neural and behavioral drifts in two monkeys, as well as the drifts observed in baseball pitching. These time constants can be explained by an error-corrective learning processes and agree with learning rates measured directly in previous experiments. Together, these <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that the central contributions to movement <span class="hlt">variability</span> are not simply trial-by-trial fluctuations but are rather the <span class="hlt">result</span> of longer-timescale processes that may arise from motor learning. PMID:25186752</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2736337','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2736337"><span>The effects of 72 hours of sleep loss on psychological <span class="hlt">variables</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mikulincer, M; Babkoff, H; Caspy, T; Sing, H</p> <p>1989-05-01</p> <p>A study was conducted on the effects of 72 hours of sleep loss and modified continuous operations on performance and psychological <span class="hlt">variables</span>. This paper presents the <span class="hlt">results</span> of self-report data of 12 subjects for the following psychological <span class="hlt">variables</span>: sleepiness, affect, motivation, cognitive difficulties, and waking dreams. The relationship between the self-report measures and performance in a visual search and memory task is also examined. Most of the psychological <span class="hlt">variables</span> are significantly affected by the number of days of sleep deprivation, all are significantly affected by hour of day; but only sleepiness, affect and motivation are also significantly affected by the interaction between these <span class="hlt">variables</span>. The peak hours for self-reported psychological complaints are generally between 0400 and 0800, while the lowest number of complaints are usually reported in the afternoon/early evening, between 1600 and 2000. In addition, the <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that (a) the amplitude of the circadian component of the psychological data increased over the period of sleep loss, and (b) psychological data were more highly correlated with a measure of general performance than with accuracy. The mechanisms of sleep deprivation underlying its effects on psychological and performance measures are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4245206','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4245206"><span>Movement Pattern <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in Stone Knapping: Implications for the Development of Percussive Traditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Rein, Robert; Nonaka, Tetsushi; Bril, Blandine</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The earliest direct evidence for tool-use by our ancestors are 2.6 million year old stone tools from Africa. These earliest artifacts <span class="hlt">show</span> that, already, early hominins had developed the required advanced movement skills and cognitive capacities to manufacture stone tools. Currently, it is not well understood, however, which specific movement skills are required for successful stone knapping and accordingly it is unknown how these skills emerged during early hominin evolution. In particular, it is not clear which striking movements are indicative of skilled performance, how striking movement patterns vary with task and environmental constraints, and how movement patterns are passed on within social groups. The present study addresses these questions by investigating striking movement patterns and striking <span class="hlt">variability</span> in 18 modern stone knappers (nine experienced and nine novices). The <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that no single movement pattern characterizes successful stone knapping. Participants <span class="hlt">showed</span> large inter-individual movement <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the elementary knapping action irrespective of knapping experience and knapping performance. Changes in task- and environmental constraints led knappers to adapt their elementary striking actions using a combination of individual and common strategies. Investigation of striking pattern similarities within social groups <span class="hlt">showed</span> only partial overlap of striking patterns across related individuals. The <span class="hlt">results</span> therefore suggest that striking movement patterns in modern stone knappers are largely specific to the individual and movement <span class="hlt">variability</span> is not indicative of knapping performance. The implications of these <span class="hlt">results</span> for the development of percussive traditions are discussed. PMID:25426630</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26737621','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26737621"><span>Monitoring the fetal heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> during labor.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Moslem, B; Mohydeen, A; Bazzi, O</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>In respect to the main goal of our ongoing work for estimating the heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> (HRV) from fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) signals for monitoring the health of the fetus, we investigate in this paper the possibility of extracting the fetal heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> (HRV) directly from the abdominal composite recordings. Our proposed approach is based on a combination of two techniques: Periodic Component Analysis (PiCA) and recursive least square (RLS) adaptive filtering. The Fetal HRV of the estimated FECG signal is compared to a reference value extracted from an FECG signal recorded by using a spiral electrode attached directly to the fetal scalp. The <span class="hlt">results</span> obtained <span class="hlt">show</span> that the fetal HRV can be directly evaluated from the abdominal composite recordings without the need of recording an external reference signal.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1342283-changes-temporal-variability-precipitation-over-land-due-anthropogenic-forcings','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1342283-changes-temporal-variability-precipitation-over-land-due-anthropogenic-forcings"><span>Changes in temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of precipitation over land due to anthropogenic forcings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Konapala, Goutam; Mishra, Ashok; Leung, L. Ruby</p> <p>2017-02-02</p> <p>This study investigated the anthropogenic influence on the temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of annual precipitation for the period 1950-2005 as simulated by the CMIP5 models. The temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of both annual precipitation amount (PRCPTOT) and intensity (SDII) was first measured using a metric of statistical dispersion called the Gini coefficient. Comparing simulations driven by both anthropogenic and natural forcings (ALL) with simulations of natural forcings only (NAT), we quantified the anthropogenic contributions to the changes in temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> at global, continental and sub-continental scales as a relative difference of the respective Gini coefficients of ALL and NAT. Over the period of 1950-2005,more » our <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that anthropogenic forcings have <span class="hlt">resulted</span> in decreased uniformity (i.e., increase in unevenness or disparity) in annual precipitation amount and intensity at global as well as continental scales. In addition, out of the 21 sub-continental regions considered, 14 (PRCPTOT) and 17 (SDII) regions <span class="hlt">showed</span> significant anthropogenic influences. The human impacts are generally larger for SDII compared to PRCTOT, indicating that the temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of precipitation intensity is generally more susceptible to anthropogenic influence than precipitation amount. Lastly, the <span class="hlt">results</span> highlight that anthropogenic activities have changed not only the trends but also the temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of annual precipitation, which underscores the need to develop effective adaptation management practices to address the increased disparity.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29774571','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29774571"><span>Clustering and <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection in the presence of mixed <span class="hlt">variable</span> types and missing data.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Storlie, C B; Myers, S M; Katusic, S K; Weaver, A L; Voigt, R G; Croarkin, P E; Stoeckel, R E; Port, J D</p> <p>2018-05-17</p> <p>We consider the problem of model-based clustering in the presence of many correlated, mixed continuous, and discrete <span class="hlt">variables</span>, some of which may have missing values. Discrete <span class="hlt">variables</span> are treated with a latent continuous <span class="hlt">variable</span> approach, and the Dirichlet process is used to construct a mixture model with an unknown number of components. <span class="hlt">Variable</span> selection is also performed to identify the <span class="hlt">variables</span> that are most influential for determining cluster membership. The work is motivated by the need to cluster patients thought to potentially have autism spectrum disorder on the basis of many cognitive and/or behavioral test scores. There are a modest number of patients (486) in the data set along with many (55) test score <span class="hlt">variables</span> (many of which are discrete valued and/or missing). The goal of the work is to (1) cluster these patients into similar groups to help identify those with similar clinical presentation and (2) identify a sparse subset of tests that inform the clusters in order to eliminate unnecessary testing. The proposed approach compares very favorably with other methods via simulation of problems of this type. The <span class="hlt">results</span> of the autism spectrum disorder analysis suggested 3 clusters to be most likely, while only 4 test scores had high (>0.5) posterior probability of being informative. This will <span class="hlt">result</span> in much more efficient and informative testing. The need to cluster observations on the basis of many correlated, continuous/discrete <span class="hlt">variables</span> with missing values is a common problem in the health sciences as well as in many other disciplines. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9416E..0PE','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9416E..0PE"><span>The effect of signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> on the histograms of anthropomorphic channel outputs: factors <span class="hlt">resulting</span> in non-normally distributed data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Elshahaby, Fatma E. A.; Ghaly, Michael; Jha, Abhinav K.; Frey, Eric C.</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>Model Observers are widely used in medical imaging for the optimization and evaluation of instrumentation, acquisition parameters and image reconstruction and processing methods. The channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) is a commonly used model observer in nuclear medicine and has seen increasing use in other modalities. An anthropmorphic CHO consists of a set of channels that model some aspects of the human visual system and the Hotelling Observer, which is the optimal linear discriminant. The optimality of the CHO is based on the assumption that the channel outputs for data with and without the signal present have a multivariate normal distribution with equal class covariance matrices. The channel outputs <span class="hlt">result</span> from the dot product of channel templates with input images and are thus the sum of a large number of random <span class="hlt">variables</span>. The central limit theorem is thus often used to justify the assumption that the channel outputs are normally distributed. In this work, we aim to examine this assumption for realistically simulated nuclear medicine images when various types of signal <span class="hlt">variability</span> are present.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930002675','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930002675"><span>Flight test <span class="hlt">results</span> from a supercritical mission adaptive wing with smooth <span class="hlt">variable</span> camber</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Powers, Sheryll Goecke; Webb, Lannie D.; Friend, Edward L.; Lokos, William A.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>The mission adaptive wing (MAW) consisted of leading- and trailing-edge <span class="hlt">variable</span>-camber surfaces that could be deflected in flight to provide a near-ideal wing camber shape for any flight condition. These surfaces featured smooth, flexible upper surfaces and fully enclosed lower surfaces, distinguishing them from conventional flaps that have discontinuous surfaces and exposed or semiexposed mechanisms. Camber shape was controlled by either a manual or automatic flight control system. The wing and aircraft were extensively instrumented to evaluate the local flow characteristics and the total aircraft performance. This paper discusses the interrelationships between the wing pressure, buffet, boundary-layer and flight deflection measurement system analyses and describes the flight maneuvers used to obtain the data. The <span class="hlt">results</span> are for a wing sweep of 26 deg, a Mach number of 0.85, leading and trailing-edge cambers (delta(sub LE/TE)) of 0/2 and 5/10, and angles of attack from 3.0 deg to 14.0 deg. For the well-behaved flow of the delta(sub LE/TE) = 0/2 camber, a typical cruise camber shape, the local and global data are in good agreement with respect to the flow properties of the wing. For the delta(sub LE/TE) = 5/10 camber, a maneuvering camber shape, the local and global data have similar trends and conclusions, but not the clear-cut agreement observed for cruise camber.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28361655','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28361655"><span>The Effect of <span class="hlt">Variability</span> of Practice at Execution Redundancy Level in Skilled and Novice Basketball Players.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Taheri, Hamidreza; Fazeli, Davoud; Poureghbali, Sogand</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>We investigated the effect of practice <span class="hlt">variability</span> through execution redundancy in skilled and novice basketball players on free throw skills. Twelve skilled basketball players and 12 novices (mean age = 25.4 years, SD = 4.3) were divided into four groups (skilled constant, skilled <span class="hlt">variable</span>, novice constant, and novice <span class="hlt">variable</span>). After a pretest, participants practiced free throw action. The <span class="hlt">variable</span> groups threw the ball over an obstacle of varying heights on each trial in random order, whereas the obstacle's height was fixed for the constant groups. After 7 and 14 consecutive days of practice, participants performed two posttests with constant and <span class="hlt">variable</span> distances from the basket. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that practicing different solutions of a task did not affect the performance of skilled players but had an immediate negative effect on the performance of novice players. Learning a complex task is the <span class="hlt">result</span> of learning task-related parameters, and practice <span class="hlt">variability</span> can create a mismatch between task difficulty and new learner skill levels.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5075267','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5075267"><span>Genetic influences on heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Golosheykin, Simon; Grant, Julia D.; Novak, Olga V.; Heath, Andrew C.; Anokhin, Andrey P.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> (HRV) is the variation of cardiac inter-beat intervals over time <span class="hlt">resulting</span> largely from the interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. Individual differences in HRV are associated with emotion regulation, personality, psychopathology, cardiovascular health, and mortality. Previous studies have shown significant heritability of HRV measures. Here we extend genetic research on HRV by investigating sex differences in genetic underpinnings of HRV, the degree of genetic overlap among different measurement domains of HRV, and phenotypic and genetic relationships between HRV and the resting heart rate (HR). We performed electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings in a large population-representative sample of young adult twins (n = 1060 individuals) and computed HRV measures from three domains: time, frequency, and nonlinear dynamics. Genetic and environmental influences on HRV measures were estimated using linear structural equation modeling of twin data. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that <span class="hlt">variability</span> of HRV and HR measures can be accounted for by additive genetic and non-shared environmental influences (AE model), with no evidence for significant shared environmental effects. Heritability estimates ranged from 47 to 64%, with little difference across HRV measurement domains. Genetic influences did not differ between genders for most <span class="hlt">variables</span> except the square root of the mean squared differences between successive R-R intervals (RMSSD, higher heritability in males) and the ratio of low to high frequency power (LF/HF, distinct genetic factors operating in males and females). The <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate high phenotypic and especially genetic correlations between HRV measures from different domains, suggesting that >90% of genetic influences are shared across measures. Finally, about 40% of genetic variance in HRV was shared with HR. In conclusion, both HR and HRV measures are highly heritable traits in the general</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC43A1174R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC43A1174R"><span>Observed Decrease of North American Winter Temperature <span class="hlt">Variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rhines, A. N.; Tingley, M.; McKinnon, K. A.; Huybers, P. J.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>There is considerable interest in determining whether temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span> has changed in recent decades. Model ensembles project that extratropical land temperature variance will detectably decrease by 2070. We use quantile regression of station observations to <span class="hlt">show</span> that decreasing <span class="hlt">variability</span> is already robustly detectable for North American winter during 1979--2014. Pointwise trends from GHCND stations are mapped into a continuous spatial field using thin-plate spline regression, resolving small-scales while providing uncertainties accounting for spatial covariance and varying station density. We find that <span class="hlt">variability</span> of daily temperatures, as measured by the difference between the 95th and 5th percentiles, has decreased markedly in winter for both daily minima and maxima. Composites indicate that the reduced spread of winter temperatures primarily <span class="hlt">results</span> from Arctic amplification decreasing the meridional temperature gradient. Greater observed warming in the 5th relative to the 95th percentile stems from asymmetric effects of advection during cold versus warm days; cold air advection is generally from northerly regions that have experienced greater warming than western or southwestern regions that are generally sourced during warm days.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvA..95f2312L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvA..95f2312L"><span>Robustness of quantum key distribution with discrete and continuous <span class="hlt">variables</span> to channel noise</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lasota, Mikołaj; Filip, Radim; Usenko, Vladyslav C.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>We study the robustness of quantum key distribution protocols using discrete or continuous <span class="hlt">variables</span> to the channel noise. We introduce the model of such noise based on coupling of the signal to a thermal reservoir, typical for continuous-<span class="hlt">variable</span> quantum key distribution, to the discrete-<span class="hlt">variable</span> case. Then we perform a comparison of the bounds on the tolerable channel noise between these two kinds of protocols using the same noise parametrization, in the case of implementation which is perfect otherwise. Obtained <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that continuous-<span class="hlt">variable</span> protocols can exhibit similar robustness to the channel noise when the transmittance of the channel is relatively high. However, for strong loss discrete-<span class="hlt">variable</span> protocols are superior and can overcome even the infinite-squeezing continuous-<span class="hlt">variable</span> protocol while using limited nonclassical resources. The requirement on the probability of a single-photon production which would have to be fulfilled by a practical source of photons in order to demonstrate such superiority is feasible thanks to the recent rapid development in this field.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020014368&hterms=selective+attention&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dselective%2Battention','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020014368&hterms=selective+attention&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dselective%2Battention"><span>Selective Use of Optical <span class="hlt">Variables</span> to Control Forward Speed</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Johnson, Walter W.; Awe, Cynthia A.; Hart, Sandra G. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Previous work on the perception and control of simulated vehicle speed has examined the contributions of optical flow rate (angular visual speed) and texture, or edge rate (frequency of passing terrain objects or markings) on the perception and control of forward speed. However, these studies have not examined the ability to selectively use edge rate or flow rate. The two studies reported here <span class="hlt">show</span> that subjects found it very difficult to arbitrarily direct attention to one or the other of these <span class="hlt">variables</span>; but that the ability to selectively use these <span class="hlt">variables</span> is linked to the visual contextual information about the relative validity (linkage with speed) of the two <span class="hlt">variables</span>. The selectivity also <span class="hlt">resulted</span> in different velocity adaptation levels for events in which flow rate and edge rate specified forward speed. Finally, the role of visual context in directing attention was further buttressed by the finding that the incorrect perception of changes in ground texture density tended to be coupled with incorrect perceptions of changes in forward speed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5494632','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5494632"><span>Soil Bacterial and Fungal Communities <span class="hlt">Show</span> Distinct Recovery Patterns during Forest Ecosystem Restoration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Li, Song; Avera, Bethany N.; Strahm, Brian D.; Badgley, Brian D.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>ABSTRACT Bacteria and fungi are important mediators of biogeochemical processes and play essential roles in the establishment of plant communities, which makes knowledge about their recovery after extreme disturbances valuable for understanding ecosystem development. However, broad ecological differences between bacterial and fungal organisms, such as growth rates, stress tolerance, and substrate utilization, suggest they could follow distinct trajectories and <span class="hlt">show</span> contrasting dynamics during recovery. In this study, we analyzed both the intra-annual <span class="hlt">variability</span> and decade-scale recovery of bacterial and fungal communities in a chronosequence of reclaimed mined soils using next-generation sequencing to quantify their abundance, richness, β-diversity, taxonomic composition, and cooccurrence network properties. Bacterial communities shifted gradually, with overlapping β-diversity patterns across chronosequence ages, while shifts in fungal communities were more distinct among different ages. In addition, the magnitude of intra-annual <span class="hlt">variability</span> in bacterial β-diversity was comparable to the changes across decades of chronosequence age, while fungal communities changed minimally across months. Finally, the complexity of bacterial cooccurrence networks increased with chronosequence age, while fungal networks did not <span class="hlt">show</span> clear age-related trends. We hypothesize that these contrasting dynamics of bacteria and fungi in the chronosequence <span class="hlt">result</span> from (i) higher growth rates for bacteria, leading to higher intra-annual <span class="hlt">variability</span>; (ii) higher tolerance to environmental changes for fungi; and (iii) stronger influence of vegetation on fungal communities. IMPORTANCE Both bacteria and fungi play essential roles in ecosystem functions, and information about their recovery after extreme disturbances is important for understanding whole-ecosystem development. Given their many differences in phenotype, phylogeny, and life history, a comparison of different bacterial and fungal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28476769','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28476769"><span>Soil Bacterial and Fungal Communities <span class="hlt">Show</span> Distinct Recovery Patterns during Forest Ecosystem Restoration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sun, Shan; Li, Song; Avera, Bethany N; Strahm, Brian D; Badgley, Brian D</p> <p>2017-07-15</p> <p>Bacteria and fungi are important mediators of biogeochemical processes and play essential roles in the establishment of plant communities, which makes knowledge about their recovery after extreme disturbances valuable for understanding ecosystem development. However, broad ecological differences between bacterial and fungal organisms, such as growth rates, stress tolerance, and substrate utilization, suggest they could follow distinct trajectories and <span class="hlt">show</span> contrasting dynamics during recovery. In this study, we analyzed both the intra-annual <span class="hlt">variability</span> and decade-scale recovery of bacterial and fungal communities in a chronosequence of reclaimed mined soils using next-generation sequencing to quantify their abundance, richness, β-diversity, taxonomic composition, and cooccurrence network properties. Bacterial communities shifted gradually, with overlapping β-diversity patterns across chronosequence ages, while shifts in fungal communities were more distinct among different ages. In addition, the magnitude of intra-annual <span class="hlt">variability</span> in bacterial β-diversity was comparable to the changes across decades of chronosequence age, while fungal communities changed minimally across months. Finally, the complexity of bacterial cooccurrence networks increased with chronosequence age, while fungal networks did not <span class="hlt">show</span> clear age-related trends. We hypothesize that these contrasting dynamics of bacteria and fungi in the chronosequence <span class="hlt">result</span> from (i) higher growth rates for bacteria, leading to higher intra-annual <span class="hlt">variability</span>; (ii) higher tolerance to environmental changes for fungi; and (iii) stronger influence of vegetation on fungal communities. IMPORTANCE Both bacteria and fungi play essential roles in ecosystem functions, and information about their recovery after extreme disturbances is important for understanding whole-ecosystem development. Given their many differences in phenotype, phylogeny, and life history, a comparison of different bacterial and fungal recovery</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4690939','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4690939"><span>Adult Lifespan Cognitive <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in the Cross-Sectional Cam-CAN Cohort</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Green, Emma; Shafto, Meredith A.; Matthews, Fiona E.; White, Simon R.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>This study examines <span class="hlt">variability</span> across the age span in cognitive performance in a cross-sectional, population-based, adult lifespan cohort from the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN) study (n = 2680). A key question we highlight is whether using measures that are designed to detect age-related cognitive pathology may not be sensitive to, or reflective of, individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> among younger adults. We present three issues that contribute to the debate for and against age-related increases in <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Firstly, the need to formally define measures of central tendency and measures of <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Secondly, in addition to the commonly addressed location-confounding (adjusting for covariates) there may exist changes in measures of <span class="hlt">variability</span> due to confounder sub-groups. Finally, that increases in spread may be a <span class="hlt">result</span> of floor or ceiling effects; where the measure is not sensitive enough at all ages. From the Cam-CAN study, a large population-based dataset, we demonstrate the existence of <span class="hlt">variability</span>-confounding for the immediate episodic memory task; and <span class="hlt">show</span> that increasing variance with age in our general cognitive measures is driven by a ceiling effect in younger age groups. PMID:26690191</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26690191','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26690191"><span>Adult Lifespan Cognitive <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in the Cross-Sectional Cam-CAN Cohort.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Green, Emma; Shafto, Meredith A; Matthews, Fiona E; White, Simon R</p> <p>2015-12-07</p> <p>This study examines <span class="hlt">variability</span> across the age span in cognitive performance in a cross-sectional, population-based, adult lifespan cohort from the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN) study (n = 2680). A key question we highlight is whether using measures that are designed to detect age-related cognitive pathology may not be sensitive to, or reflective of, individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> among younger adults. We present three issues that contribute to the debate for and against age-related increases in <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Firstly, the need to formally define measures of central tendency and measures of <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Secondly, in addition to the commonly addressed location-confounding (adjusting for covariates) there may exist changes in measures of <span class="hlt">variability</span> due to confounder sub-groups. Finally, that increases in spread may be a <span class="hlt">result</span> of floor or ceiling effects; where the measure is not sensitive enough at all ages. From the Cam-CAN study, a large population-based dataset, we demonstrate the existence of <span class="hlt">variability</span>-confounding for the immediate episodic memory task; and <span class="hlt">show</span> that increasing variance with age in our general cognitive measures is driven by a ceiling effect in younger age groups.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29410357','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29410357"><span>The macro-structural <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the human neocortex.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kruggel, Frithjof</p> <p>2018-05-15</p> <p>The human neocortex <span class="hlt">shows</span> a considerable individual structural <span class="hlt">variability</span>. While primary gyri and sulci are found in all normally developed brains and bear clear-cut gross structural descriptions, secondary structures are highly <span class="hlt">variable</span> and not present in all brains. The blend of common and individual structures poses challenges when comparing structural and functional <span class="hlt">results</span> from quantitative neuroimaging studies across individuals, and sets limits on the precision of location information much above the spatial resolution of current neuroimaging methods. This work aimed at quantifying structural <span class="hlt">variability</span> on the neocortex, and at assessing the spatial relationship between regions common to all brains and their individual structural variants. Based on structural MRI data provided as the "900 Subjects Release" of the Human Connectome Project, a data-driven analytic approach was employed here from which the definition of seven cortical "communities" emerged. Apparently, these communities comprise common regions of structural features, while the individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> is confined within a community. Similarities between the community structure and the state of the brain development at gestation week 32 lead suggest that communities are segregated early. Subdividing the neocortex into communities is suggested as anatomically more meaningful than the traditional lobar structure. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3588677','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3588677"><span>Relationship Between Motor <span class="hlt">Variability</span>, Accuracy, and Ball Speed in the Tennis Serve</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Antúnez, Ruperto Menayo; Hernández, Francisco Javier Moreno; García, Juan Pedro Fuentes; Vaíllo, Raúl Reina; Arroyo, Jesús Sebastián Damas</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The main objective of this study was to analyze the motor <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the performance of the tennis serve and its relationship to performance outcome. Seventeen male tennis players took part in the research, and they performed 20 serves. Linear and non-linear <span class="hlt">variability</span> during the hand movement was measured by 3D Motion Tracking. Ball speed was recorded with a sports radar gun and the ball bounces were video recorded to calculate accuracy. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> a relationship between the amount of <span class="hlt">variability</span> and its non-linear structure found in performance of movement and the outcome of the serve. The study also found that movement predictability correlates with performance. An increase in the amount of movement <span class="hlt">variability</span> could affect the tennis serve performance in a negative way by reducing speed and accuracy of the ball. PMID:23486998</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3218336','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3218336"><span>A Conformational Transition in the Myosin VI Converter Contributes to the <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Step Size</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ovchinnikov, V.; Cecchini, M.; Vanden-Eijnden, E.; Karplus, M.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Myosin VI (MVI) is a dimeric molecular motor that translocates backwards on actin filaments with a surprisingly large and <span class="hlt">variable</span> step size, given its short lever arm. A recent x-ray structure of MVI indicates that the large step size can be explained in part by a novel conformation of the converter subdomain in the prepowerstroke state, in which a 53-residue insert, unique to MVI, reorients the lever arm nearly parallel to the actin filament. To determine whether the existence of the novel converter conformation could contribute to the step-size <span class="hlt">variability</span>, we used a path-based free-energy simulation tool, the string method, to <span class="hlt">show</span> that there is a small free-energy difference between the novel converter conformation and the conventional conformation found in other myosins. This <span class="hlt">result</span> suggests that MVI can bind to actin with the converter in either conformation. Models of MVI/MV chimeric dimers <span class="hlt">show</span> that the <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the tilting angle of the lever arm that <span class="hlt">results</span> from the two converter conformations can lead to step-size variations of ∼12 nm. These variations, in combination with other proposed mechanisms, could explain the experimentally determined step-size <span class="hlt">variability</span> of ∼25 nm for wild-type MVI. Mutations to test the findings by experiment are suggested. PMID:22098742</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050179383','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050179383"><span><span class="hlt">Results</span> From Mars <span class="hlt">Show</span> Electrostatic Charging of the Mars Pathfinder Sojourner Rover</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kolecki, Joseph C.; Siebert, Mark W.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Indirect evidence (dust accumulation) has been obtained indicating that the Mars Pathfinder rover, Sojourner, experienced electrostatic charging on Mars. Lander camera images of the Sojourner rover provide distinctive evidence of dust accumulation on rover wheels during traverses, turns, and crabbing maneuvers. The sol 22 (22nd Martian "day" after Pathfinder landed) end-of-day image clearly <span class="hlt">shows</span> fine red dust concentrated around the wheel edges with additional accumulation in the wheel hubs. A sol 41 image of the rover near the rock "Wedge" (see the next image) <span class="hlt">shows</span> a more uniform coating of dust on the wheel drive surfaces with accumulation in the hubs similar to that in the previous image. In the sol 41 image, note particularly the loss of black-white contrast on the Wheel Abrasion Experiment strips (center wheel). This loss of contrast was also seen when dust accumulated on test wheels in the laboratory. We believe that this accumulation occurred because the Martian surface dust consists of clay-sized particles, similar to those detected by Viking, which have become electrically charged. By adhering to the wheels, the charged dust carries a net nonzero charge to the rover, raising its electrical potential relative to its surroundings. Similar charging behavior was routinely observed in an experimental facility at the NASA Lewis Research Center, where a Sojourner wheel was driven in a simulated Martian surface environment. There, as the wheel moved and accumulated dust (see the following image), electrical potentials in excess of 100 V (relative to the chamber ground) were detected by a capacitively coupled electrostatic probe located 4 mm from the wheel surface. The measured wheel capacitance was approximately 80 picofarads (pF), and the calculated charge, 8 x 10(exp -9) coulombs (C). Voltage differences of 100 V and greater are believed sufficient to produce Paschen electrical discharge in the Martian atmosphere. With an accumulated net charge of 8 x 10(exp</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JCoPh.330..114W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JCoPh.330..114W"><span>A fast collocation method for a <span class="hlt">variable</span>-coefficient nonlocal diffusion model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Che; Wang, Hong</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>We develop a fast collocation scheme for a <span class="hlt">variable</span>-coefficient nonlocal diffusion model, for which a numerical discretization would yield a dense stiffness matrix. The development of the fast method is achieved by carefully handling the <span class="hlt">variable</span> coefficients appearing inside the singular integral operator and exploiting the structure of the dense stiffness matrix. The <span class="hlt">resulting</span> fast method reduces the computational work from O (N3) required by a commonly used direct solver to O (Nlog N) per iteration and the memory requirement from O (N2) to O (N). Furthermore, the fast method reduces the computational work of assembling the stiffness matrix from O (N2) to O (N). Numerical <span class="hlt">results</span> are presented to <span class="hlt">show</span> the utility of the fast method.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18226754','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18226754"><span>Pisces did not have increased heart failure: data-driven comparisons of binary proportions between levels of a categorical <span class="hlt">variable</span> can <span class="hlt">result</span> in incorrect statistical significance levels.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Austin, Peter C; Goldwasser, Meredith A</p> <p>2008-03-01</p> <p>We examined the impact on statistical inference when a chi(2) test is used to compare the proportion of successes in the level of a categorical <span class="hlt">variable</span> that has the highest observed proportion of successes with the proportion of successes in all other levels of the categorical <span class="hlt">variable</span> combined. Monte Carlo simulations and a case study examining the association between astrological sign and hospitalization for heart failure. A standard chi(2) test <span class="hlt">results</span> in an inflation of the type I error rate, with the type I error rate increasing as the number of levels of the categorical <span class="hlt">variable</span> increases. Using a standard chi(2) test, the hospitalization rate for Pisces was statistically significantly different from that of the other 11 astrological signs combined (P=0.026). After accounting for the fact that the selection of Pisces was based on it having the highest observed proportion of heart failure hospitalizations, subjects born under the sign of Pisces no longer had a significantly higher rate of heart failure hospitalization compared to the other residents of Ontario (P=0.152). Post hoc comparisons of the proportions of successes across different levels of a categorical <span class="hlt">variable</span> can <span class="hlt">result</span> in incorrect inferences.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21388827-broadband-continuous-variable-entanglement-source-using-chirped-poling-nonlinear-crystal','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21388827-broadband-continuous-variable-entanglement-source-using-chirped-poling-nonlinear-crystal"><span>Broadband continuous-<span class="hlt">variable</span> entanglement source using a chirped poling nonlinear crystal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zhao, J. S.; Sun, L.; Yu, X. Q.</p> <p>2010-01-15</p> <p>Aperiodically poled nonlinear crystal can be used as a broadband continuous-<span class="hlt">variable</span> entanglement source and has strong stability under perturbations. We study the conversion dynamics of the sum-frequency generation and the quantum correlation of the two pump fields in a chirped-structure nonlinear crystal using the quantum stochastic method. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that there exists a frequency window for the pumps where two optical fields can perform efficient upconversion. The two pump fields are demonstrated to be entangled in the window and the chirped-structure crystal can be used as a continuous-<span class="hlt">variable</span> entanglement source with a broad response bandwidth.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29874290','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29874290"><span>Climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> differentially impacts thermal fitness traits in three coprophagic beetle species.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nyamukondiwa, Casper; Chidawanyika, Frank; Machekano, Honest; Mutamiswa, Reyard; Sands, Bryony; Mgidiswa, Neludo; Wall, Richard</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>While the impacts of extreme and rising mean temperatures are well documented, increased thermal <span class="hlt">variability</span> associated with climate change may also threaten ectotherm fitness and survival, but remains poorly explored. Using three wild collected coprophagic species Copris elphenor, Metacatharsius opacus and Scarabaeus zambezianus, we explored the effects of thermal amplitude around the mean on thermal tolerance. Using standardized protocols, we measured traits of high- (critical thermal maxima [CTmax] and heat knockdown time [HKDT]) and -low temperature tolerance (critical thermal minima [CTmin], chill coma recovery time [CCRT] and supercooling points [SCPs]) following <span class="hlt">variable</span> temperature pulses (δ0, δ3, δ6 and δ9°C) around the mean (27°C). Our <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that increased temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span> may offset basal and plastic responses to temperature and differs across species and metrics tested. Furthermore, we also <span class="hlt">show</span> differential effects of body mass, body water content (BWC) and body lipid content (BLC) on traits of thermal tolerance. For example, body mass significantly influenced C. elphenor and S. zambezianus CTmax and S. zambezianus HKDT but not CTmin and CCRT. BWC significantly affected M. opacus and C. elphenor CTmax and in only M. opacus HKDT, CTmin and CCRT. Similarly, BLC only had a significant effect for M opacus CTmin. These <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest differential and species dependent effects of climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> of thermal fitness traits. It is therefore likely that the ecological services provided by these species may be constrained in the face of climate change. This implies that, to develop more realistic predictions for the effects of climate change on insect biodiversity and ecosystem function, thermal <span class="hlt">variability</span> is a significant determinant.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28298305','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28298305"><span>Population activity statistics dissect subthreshold and spiking <span class="hlt">variability</span> in V1.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bányai, Mihály; Koman, Zsombor; Orbán, Gergő</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Response <span class="hlt">variability</span>, as measured by fluctuating responses upon repeated performance of trials, is a major component of neural responses, and its characterization is key to interpret high dimensional population recordings. Response <span class="hlt">variability</span> and covariability display predictable changes upon changes in stimulus and cognitive or behavioral state, providing an opportunity to test the predictive power of models of neural <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Still, there is little agreement on which model to use as a building block for population-level analyses, and models of <span class="hlt">variability</span> are often treated as a subject of choice. We investigate two competing models, the doubly stochastic Poisson (DSP) model assuming stochasticity at spike generation, and the rectified Gaussian (RG) model tracing <span class="hlt">variability</span> back to membrane potential variance, to analyze stimulus-dependent modulation of both single-neuron and pairwise response statistics. Using a pair of model neurons, we demonstrate that the two models predict similar single-cell statistics. However, DSP and RG models have contradicting predictions on the joint statistics of spiking responses. To test the models against data, we build a population model to simulate stimulus change-related modulations in pairwise response statistics. We use single-unit data from the primary visual cortex (V1) of monkeys to <span class="hlt">show</span> that while model predictions for variance are qualitatively similar to experimental data, only the RG model's predictions are compatible with joint statistics. These <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that models using Poisson-like <span class="hlt">variability</span> might fail to capture important properties of response statistics. We argue that membrane potential-level modeling of stochasticity provides an efficient strategy to model correlations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neural <span class="hlt">variability</span> and covariability are puzzling aspects of cortical computations. For efficient decoding and prediction, models of information encoding in neural populations hinge on an appropriate model of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPB.370...79W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPB.370...79W"><span><span class="hlt">Variable</span>-spot ion beam figuring</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Lixiang; Qiu, Keqiang; Fu, Shaojun</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>This paper introduces a new scheme of ion beam figuring (IBF), or rather <span class="hlt">variable</span>-spot IBF, which is conducted at a constant scanning velocity with <span class="hlt">variable</span>-spot ion beam collimated by a <span class="hlt">variable</span> diaphragm. It aims at improving the reachability and adaptation of the figuring process within the limits of machine dynamics by varying the ion beam spot size instead of the scanning velocity. In contrast to the dwell time algorithm in the conventional IBF, the <span class="hlt">variable</span>-spot IBF adopts a new algorithm, which consists of the scan path programming and the trajectory optimization using pattern search. In this algorithm, instead of the dwell time, a new concept, integral etching time, is proposed to interpret the process of <span class="hlt">variable</span>-spot IBF. We conducted simulations to verify its feasibility and practicality. The simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate the <span class="hlt">variable</span>-spot IBF is a promising alternative to the conventional approach.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3389302','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3389302"><span>A Monte Carlo Simulation Study of the Reliability of Intraindividual <span class="hlt">Variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Estabrook, Ryne; Grimm, Kevin J.; Bowles, Ryan P.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Recent research has seen intraindividual <span class="hlt">variability</span> (IIV) become a useful technique to incorporate trial-to-trial <span class="hlt">variability</span> into many types of psychological studies. IIV as measured by individual standard deviations (ISDs) has shown unique prediction to several types of positive and negative outcomes (Ram, Rabbit, Stollery, & Nesselroade, 2005). One unanswered question regarding measuring intraindividual <span class="hlt">variability</span> is its reliability and the conditions under which optimal reliability is achieved. Monte Carlo simulation studies were conducted to determine the reliability of the ISD compared to the intraindividual mean. The <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that ISDs generally have poor reliability and are sensitive to insufficient measurement occasions, poor test reliability, and unfavorable amounts and distributions of <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the population. Secondary analysis of psychological data <span class="hlt">shows</span> that use of individual standard deviations in unfavorable conditions leads to a marked reduction in statistical power, although careful adherence to underlying statistical assumptions allows their use as a basic research tool. PMID:22268793</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSME21B..06B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSME21B..06B"><span>The Influence of Individual <span class="hlt">Variability</span> on Zooplankton Population Dynamics under Different Environmental Conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bi, R.; Liu, H.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Understanding how biological components respond to environmental changes could be insightful to predict ecosystem trajectories under different climate scenarios. Zooplankton are key components of marine ecosystems and changes in their dynamics could have major impact on ecosystem structure. We developed an individual-based model of a common coastal calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa to examine how environmental factors affect zooplankton population dynamics and explore the role of individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> in sustaining population under various environmental conditions consisting of temperature, food concentration and salinity. Total abundance, egg production and proportion of survival were used to measure population success. <span class="hlt">Results</span> suggested population benefits from high level of individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> under extreme environmental conditions including unfavorable temperature, salinity, as well as low food concentration, and selection on fast-growers becomes stronger with increasing individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> and increasing environmental stress. Multiple regression analysis <span class="hlt">showed</span> that temperature, food concentration, salinity and individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> have significant effects on survival of A. tonsa population. These <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that environmental factors have great influence on zooplankton population, and individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> has important implications for population survivability under unfavorable conditions. Given that marine ecosystems are at risk from drastic environmental changes, understanding how individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> sustains populations could increase our capability to predict population dynamics in a changing environment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068930','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068930"><span>A Short Guide to the Climatic <span class="hlt">Variables</span> of the Last Glacial Maximum for Biogeographers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Varela, Sara; Lima-Ribeiro, Matheus S; Terribile, Levi Carina</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Ecological niche models are widely used for mapping the distribution of species during the last glacial maximum (LGM). Although the selection of the <span class="hlt">variables</span> and General Circulation Models (GCMs) used for constructing those maps determine the model predictions, we still lack a discussion about which <span class="hlt">variables</span> and which GCM should be included in the analysis and why. Here, we analyzed the climatic predictions for the LGM of 9 different GCMs in order to help biogeographers to select their GCMs and climatic layers for mapping the species ranges in the LGM. We 1) map the discrepancies between the climatic predictions of the nine GCMs available for the LGM, 2) analyze the similarities and differences between the GCMs and group them to help researchers choose the appropriate GCMs for calibrating and projecting their ecological niche models (ENM) during the LGM, and 3) quantify the agreement of the predictions for each bioclimatic <span class="hlt">variable</span> to help researchers avoid the environmental <span class="hlt">variables</span> with a poor consensus between models. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that, in absolute values, GCMs have a strong disagreement in their temperature predictions for temperate areas, while the uncertainties for the precipitation <span class="hlt">variables</span> are in the tropics. In spite of the discrepancies between model predictions, temperature <span class="hlt">variables</span> (BIO1-BIO11) are highly correlated between models. Precipitation <span class="hlt">variables</span> (BIO12-BIO19) <span class="hlt">show</span> no correlation between models, and specifically, BIO14 (precipitation of the driest month) and BIO15 (Precipitation Seasonality (Coefficient of Variation)) <span class="hlt">show</span> the highest level of discrepancy between GCMs. Following our <span class="hlt">results</span>, we strongly recommend the use of different GCMs for constructing or projecting ENMs, particularly when predicting the distribution of species that inhabit the tropics and the temperate areas of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, because climatic predictions for those areas vary greatly among GCMs. We also recommend the exclusion of BIO14</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4466021','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4466021"><span>A Short Guide to the Climatic <span class="hlt">Variables</span> of the Last Glacial Maximum for Biogeographers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Varela, Sara; Lima-Ribeiro, Matheus S.; Terribile, Levi Carina</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Ecological niche models are widely used for mapping the distribution of species during the last glacial maximum (LGM). Although the selection of the <span class="hlt">variables</span> and General Circulation Models (GCMs) used for constructing those maps determine the model predictions, we still lack a discussion about which <span class="hlt">variables</span> and which GCM should be included in the analysis and why. Here, we analyzed the climatic predictions for the LGM of 9 different GCMs in order to help biogeographers to select their GCMs and climatic layers for mapping the species ranges in the LGM. We 1) map the discrepancies between the climatic predictions of the nine GCMs available for the LGM, 2) analyze the similarities and differences between the GCMs and group them to help researchers choose the appropriate GCMs for calibrating and projecting their ecological niche models (ENM) during the LGM, and 3) quantify the agreement of the predictions for each bioclimatic <span class="hlt">variable</span> to help researchers avoid the environmental <span class="hlt">variables</span> with a poor consensus between models. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that, in absolute values, GCMs have a strong disagreement in their temperature predictions for temperate areas, while the uncertainties for the precipitation <span class="hlt">variables</span> are in the tropics. In spite of the discrepancies between model predictions, temperature <span class="hlt">variables</span> (BIO1-BIO11) are highly correlated between models. Precipitation <span class="hlt">variables</span> (BIO12- BIO19) <span class="hlt">show</span> no correlation between models, and specifically, BIO14 (precipitation of the driest month) and BIO15 (Precipitation Seasonality (Coefficient of Variation)) <span class="hlt">show</span> the highest level of discrepancy between GCMs. Following our <span class="hlt">results</span>, we strongly recommend the use of different GCMs for constructing or projecting ENMs, particularly when predicting the distribution of species that inhabit the tropics and the temperate areas of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, because climatic predictions for those areas vary greatly among GCMs. We also recommend the exclusion of BIO14</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE10157E..0WL','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE10157E..0WL"><span><span class="hlt">Variable</span> selection based cotton bollworm odor spectroscopic detection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lü, Chengxu; Gai, Shasha; Luo, Min; Zhao, Bo</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Aiming at rapid automatic pest detection based efficient and targeting pesticide application and shooting the trouble of reflectance spectral signal covered and attenuated by the solid plant, the possibility of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) detection on cotton bollworm odor is studied. Three cotton bollworm odor samples and 3 blank air gas samples were prepared. Different concentrations of cotton bollworm odor were prepared by mixing the above gas samples, <span class="hlt">resulting</span> a calibration group of 62 samples and a validation group of 31 samples. Spectral collection system includes light source, optical fiber, sample chamber, spectrometer. Spectra were pretreated by baseline correction, modeled with partial least squares (PLS), and optimized by genetic algorithm (GA) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS). Minor counts differences are found among spectra of different cotton bollworm odor concentrations. PLS model of all the <span class="hlt">variables</span> was built presenting RMSEV of 14 and RV2 of 0.89, its theory basis is insect volatilizes specific odor, including pheromone and allelochemics, which are used for intra-specific and inter-specific communication and could be detected by NIR spectroscopy. 28 sensitive <span class="hlt">variables</span> are selected by GA, presenting the model performance of RMSEV of 14 and RV2 of 0.90. Comparably, 8 sensitive <span class="hlt">variables</span> are selected by CARS, presenting the model performance of RMSEV of 13 and RV2 of 0.92. CARS model employs only 1.5% <span class="hlt">variables</span> presenting smaller error than that of all <span class="hlt">variable</span>. Odor gas based NIR technique <span class="hlt">shows</span> the potential for cotton bollworm detection.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27690493','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27690493"><span>Children's and adults' interpretation of covariation data: Does symmetry of <span class="hlt">variables</span> matter?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Saffran, Andrea; Barchfeld, Petra; Sodian, Beate; Alibali, Martha W</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>In a series of 3 experiments, the authors investigated the influence of symmetry of <span class="hlt">variables</span> on children's and adults' data interpretation. They hypothesized that symmetrical (i.e., present/present) <span class="hlt">variables</span> would support correct interpretations more than asymmetrical (i.e., present/absent) <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Participants were asked to judge covariation in a series of data sets presented in contingency tables and to justify their judgments. Participants in Experiments 1 and 2 were elementary school children (Experiment 1: n = 52 second graders, n = 44 fourth graders; Experiment 2: n = 50 second graders). Participants in Experiment 3 were adults (n = 62). In Experiment 1, children in the symmetrical <span class="hlt">variables</span> condition performed better than those in the asymmetrical <span class="hlt">variables</span> condition. Children in the symmetrical <span class="hlt">variables</span> condition judged more data patterns correctly and they more frequently justified their choices by referring to the complete table. Experiment 2 ruled out the possibility that this effect was caused by differences in question format. Even when question format was held constant, second graders performed better with symmetrical <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Experiment 3 <span class="hlt">showed</span> that adults' data interpretation is also affected by symmetry of <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Collectively, these <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that symmetry of <span class="hlt">variables</span> affects interpretation of covariation data. The authors argue that symmetrical <span class="hlt">variables</span> provide a context for meaningful comparison. With asymmetrical <span class="hlt">variables</span>, the importance of the comparison is less salient. Thus, the symmetry of <span class="hlt">variables</span> should be considered by researchers as well as educators. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983solw.cong...14P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983solw.cong...14P"><span><span class="hlt">Variable</span> geometry Darrieus wind machine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pytlinski, J. T.; Serrano, D.</p> <p>1983-08-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">variable</span> geometry Darrieus wind machine is proposed. The lower attachment of the blades to the rotor can move freely up and down the axle allowing the blades of change shape during rotation. Experimental data for a 17 m. diameter Darrieus rotor and a theoretical model for multiple streamtube performance prediction were used to develop a computer simulation program for studying parameters that affect the machine's performance. This new <span class="hlt">variable</span> geometry concept is described and interrelated with multiple streamtube theory through aerodynamic parameters. The computer simulation study <span class="hlt">shows</span> that governor behavior of a Darrieus turbine can not be attained by a standard turbine operating within normally occurring rotational velocity limits. A second generation <span class="hlt">variable</span> geometry Darrieus wind turbine which uses a telescopic blade is proposed as a potential improvement on the studied concept.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..319a2012A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..319a2012A"><span>Optimization of PID Parameters Utilizing <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Weight Grey-Taguchi Method and Particle Swarm Optimization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Azmi, Nur Iffah Mohamed; Arifin Mat Piah, Kamal; Yusoff, Wan Azhar Wan; Romlay, Fadhlur Rahman Mohd</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Controller that uses PID parameters requires a good tuning method in order to improve the control system performance. Tuning PID control method is divided into two namely the classical methods and the methods of artificial intelligence. Particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) is one of the artificial intelligence methods. Previously, researchers had integrated PSO algorithms in the PID parameter tuning process. This research aims to improve the PSO-PID tuning algorithms by integrating the tuning process with the <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Weight Grey- Taguchi Design of Experiment (DOE) method. This is done by conducting the DOE on the two PSO optimizing parameters: the particle velocity limit and the weight distribution factor. Computer simulations and physical experiments were conducted by using the proposed PSO- PID with the <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Weight Grey-Taguchi DOE and the classical Ziegler-Nichols methods. They are implemented on the hydraulic positioning system. Simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the proposed PSO-PID with the <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Weight Grey-Taguchi DOE has reduced the rise time by 48.13% and settling time by 48.57% compared to the Ziegler-Nichols method. Furthermore, the physical experiment <span class="hlt">results</span> also <span class="hlt">show</span> that the proposed PSO-PID with the <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Weight Grey-Taguchi DOE tuning method responds better than Ziegler-Nichols tuning. In conclusion, this research has improved the PSO-PID parameter by applying the PSO-PID algorithm together with the <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Weight Grey-Taguchi DOE method as a tuning method in the hydraulic positioning system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AcSpe.143...12D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AcSpe.143...12D"><span>Automatic <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection method and a comparison for quantitative analysis in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Duan, Fajie; Fu, Xiao; Jiang, Jiajia; Huang, Tingting; Ma, Ling; Zhang, Cong</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>In this work, an automatic <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection method for quantitative analysis of soil samples using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is proposed, which is based on full spectrum correction (FSC) and modified iterative predictor weighting-partial least squares (mIPW-PLS). The method features automatic selection without artificial processes. To illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the method, a comparison with genetic algorithm (GA) and successive projections algorithm (SPA) for different elements (copper, barium and chromium) detection in soil was implemented. The experimental <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that all the three methods could accomplish <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection effectively, among which FSC-mIPW-PLS required significantly shorter computation time (12 s approximately for 40,000 initial <span class="hlt">variables</span>) than the others. Moreover, improved quantification models were got with <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection approaches. The root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) of models utilizing the new method were 27.47 (copper), 37.15 (barium) and 39.70 (chromium) mg/kg, which <span class="hlt">showed</span> comparable prediction effect with GA and SPA.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26436848','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26436848"><span>Can statistical linkage of missing <span class="hlt">variables</span> reduce bias in treatment effect estimates in comparative effectiveness research studies?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Crown, William; Chang, Jessica; Olson, Melvin; Kahler, Kristijan; Swindle, Jason; Buzinec, Paul; Shah, Nilay; Borah, Bijan</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>Missing data, particularly missing <span class="hlt">variables</span>, can create serious analytic challenges in observational comparative effectiveness research studies. Statistical linkage of datasets is a potential method for incorporating missing <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Prior studies have focused upon the bias introduced by imperfect linkage. This analysis uses a case study of hepatitis C patients to estimate the net effect of statistical linkage on bias, also accounting for the potential reduction in missing <span class="hlt">variable</span> bias. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that statistical linkage can reduce bias while also enabling parameter estimates to be obtained for the formerly missing <span class="hlt">variables</span>. The usefulness of statistical linkage will vary depending upon the strength of the correlations of the missing <span class="hlt">variables</span> with the treatment <span class="hlt">variable</span>, as well as the outcome <span class="hlt">variable</span> of interest.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1464054','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1464054"><span>Autosomal Dominant Cataract: Intrafamilial Phenotypic <span class="hlt">Variability</span>, Interocular Asymmetry, and <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Progression in Four Chilean Families</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Shafie, Suraiya M.; Barria von-Bischhoffshausen, Fernando R.; Bateman, J. Bronwyn</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>PURPOSE To document intrafamilial and interocular phenotypic <span class="hlt">variability</span> of autosomal dominant cataract (ADC). DESIGN Prospective observational case series. METHODS We performed ophthalmologic examination in four Chilean ADC families. <span class="hlt">RESULTS</span> The families exhibited <span class="hlt">variability</span> with respect to morphology, location with the lens, color and density of cataracts among affected members. We documented asymmetry between eyes in the morphology, location within the lens, color and density of cataracts, and a <span class="hlt">variable</span> rate of progression. CONCLUSIONS The cataracts in these families exhibit wide intrafamilial and interocular phenotypic <span class="hlt">variability</span>, supporting the premise that the mutated genes are expressed differentially in individuals and between eyes; other genes or environmental factors may be the bases for this <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Marked progression among some family members underscores the <span class="hlt">variable</span> clinical course of a common mutation within a family. Like retinitis pigmentosa, classification of ADC will be most useful if based on the gene and specific mutation. PMID:16564818</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70037289','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70037289"><span>Statistical assessment of DNA extraction reagent lot <span class="hlt">variability</span> in real-time quantitative PCR</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Bushon, R.N.; Kephart, C.M.; Koltun, G.F.; Francy, D.S.; Schaefer, F. W.; Lindquist, H.D. Alan</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the <span class="hlt">variability</span> in lots of a DNA extraction kit using real-time PCR assays for Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis and Vibrio cholerae. Methods and <span class="hlt">Results</span>: Replicate aliquots of three bacteria were processed in duplicate with three different lots of a commercial DNA extraction kit. This experiment was repeated in triplicate. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that cycle threshold values were statistically different among the different lots. Conclusions: Differences in DNA extraction reagent lots were found to be a significant source of <span class="hlt">variability</span> for qPCR <span class="hlt">results</span>. Steps should be taken to ensure the quality and consistency of reagents. Minimally, we propose that standard curves should be constructed for each new lot of extraction reagents, so that lot-to-lot variation is accounted for in data interpretation. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study highlights the importance of evaluating <span class="hlt">variability</span> in DNA extraction procedures, especially when different reagent lots are used. Consideration of this <span class="hlt">variability</span> in data interpretation should be an integral part of studies investigating environmental samples with unknown concentrations of organisms. ?? 2010 The Society for Applied Microbiology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70140570','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70140570"><span>Relative spatial soil geochemical <span class="hlt">variability</span> along two transects across the United States and Canada</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Garrett, Robert G.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The patterns of relative <span class="hlt">variability</span> differ by transect and horizon. The N–S transect A-horizon soils <span class="hlt">show</span> significant between-40-km scale <span class="hlt">variability</span> for 29 elements, with only 4 elements (Ca, Mg, Pb and Sr) <span class="hlt">showing</span> in excess of 50% of their <span class="hlt">variability</span> at the within-40-km and ‘at-site’ scales. In contrast, the C-horizon data demonstrate significant between-40-km scale <span class="hlt">variability</span> for 26 elements, with 21 having in excess of 50% of their <span class="hlt">variability</span> at the within-40-km and ‘at-site’ scales. In 36 instances, the ‘at-site’ <span class="hlt">variability</span> is statistically significant in terms of the sample preparation and analysis <span class="hlt">variability</span>. It is postulated that this contrast between the A- and C- horizons along the N–S transect, that is dominated by agricultural land uses, is due to the local homogenization of Ap-horizon soils by tillage reducing the ‘at-site’ <span class="hlt">variability</span>. The spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> is distributed similarly between scales for the A- and C-horizon soils of the E–W transect. For all elements, there is significant <span class="hlt">variability</span> at the within-40-km scale. Notwithstanding this, there is significant between-40-km <span class="hlt">variability</span> for 28 and 20 of the elements in the A- and C-horizon data, respectively. The differences between the two transects are attributed to (1) geology, the N–S transect runs generally parallel to regional strikes, whereas the E–W transect runs across regional structures and lithologies; and (2) land use, with agricultural tillage dominating along the N–S transect. The spatial analysis of the transect data indicates that continental-scale maps demonstrating statistically significant patterns of geochemical <span class="hlt">variability</span> may be prepared for many elements from data on soil samples collected on a 40 x 40 km grid or similar sampling designs <span class="hlt">resulting</span> in a sample density of 1 site per 1600 km2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1550767','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1550767"><span>Climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> has a stabilizing effect on the coexistence of prairie grasses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Adler, Peter B.; HilleRisLambers, Janneke; Kyriakidis, Phaedon C.; Guan, Qingfeng; Levine, Jonathan M.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>How expected increases in climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> will affect species diversity depends on the role of such <span class="hlt">variability</span> in regulating the coexistence of competing species. Despite theory linking temporal environmental fluctuations with the maintenance of diversity, the importance of climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> for stabilizing coexistence remains unknown because of a lack of appropriate long-term observations. Here, we analyze three decades of demographic data from a Kansas prairie to demonstrate that interannual climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> promotes the coexistence of three common grass species. Specifically, we <span class="hlt">show</span> that (i) the dynamics of the three species satisfy all requirements of “storage effect” theory based on recruitment <span class="hlt">variability</span> with overlapping generations, (ii) climate <span class="hlt">variables</span> are correlated with interannual variation in species performance, and (iii) temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> increases low-density growth rates, buffering these species against competitive exclusion. Given that environmental fluctuations are ubiquitous in natural systems, our <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that coexistence based on the storage effect may be underappreciated and could provide an important alternative to recent neutral theories of diversity. Field evidence for positive effects of <span class="hlt">variability</span> on coexistence also emphasizes the need to consider changes in both climate means and variances when forecasting the effects of global change on species diversity. PMID:16908862</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28965961','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28965961"><span>Benchmarking heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> toolboxes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vest, Adriana N; Li, Qiao; Liu, Chengyu; Nemati, Shamim; Shah, Amit; Clifford, Gari D</p> <p></p> <p>Heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> (HRV) metrics hold promise as potential indicators for autonomic function, prediction of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, psychophysiological status, and general wellness. Although the investigation of HRV has been prevalent for several decades, the methods used for preprocessing, windowing, and choosing appropriate parameters lack consensus among academic and clinical investigators. A comprehensive and open-source modular program is presented for calculating HRV implemented in Matlab with evidence-based algorithms and output formats. We compare our software with another widely used HRV toolbox written in C and available through PhysioNet.org. Our findings <span class="hlt">show</span> substantially similar <span class="hlt">results</span> when using high quality electrocardiograms (ECG) free from arrhythmias. Our software <span class="hlt">shows</span> equivalent performance alongside an established predecessor and includes validated tools for performing preprocessing, signal quality, and arrhythmia detection to help provide standardization and repeatability in the field, leading to fewer errors in the presence of noise or arrhythmias. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24356018','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24356018"><span>Short-term <span class="hlt">variability</span> in biomarkers of bone metabolism in sheep.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sousa, Cristina P; de Azevedo, Jorge T; Reis, Rui L; Gomes, Manuela E; Dias, Isabel R</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Changes in bone remodeling during pathological states and during their treatment can be assessed noninvasively by measuring biomarkers of bone metabolism. Their application is limited, however, by the potential biological <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the levels of these biomarkers over time. To determine the short-term <span class="hlt">variability</span> in biomarkers of bone metabolism in adult sheep, the authors measured serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), osteocalcin (OC), N-terminal propeptide of type-III procollagen (PIIINP), deoxypyridinoline (DPD), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), calcium and phosphorus intermittently over a 12-week period. There were significant differences in mean ALP activity and in phosphorus concentrations over time, but all other biomarkers <span class="hlt">showed</span> no significant short-term <span class="hlt">variability</span>. The <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that biomarkers of bone metabolism in sheep, especially the bone resorption marker DPD and the bone formation marker BALP, can be used reliably to detect changes in bone cellular activity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/910814','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/910814"><span>The Impact of Soil Sampling Errors on <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Rate Fertilization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>R. L. Hoskinson; R C. Rope; L G. Blackwood</p> <p>2004-07-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Variable</span> rate fertilization of an agricultural field is done taking into account spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the soil’s characteristics. Most often, spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the soil’s fertility is the primary characteristic used to determine the differences in fertilizers applied from one point to the next. For several years the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) has been developing a Decision Support System for Agriculture (DSS4Ag) to determine the economically optimum recipe of various fertilizers to apply at each site in a field, based on existing soil fertility at the site, predicted yield of the crop that would <span class="hlt">result</span> (and amore » predicted harvest-time market price), and the current costs and compositions of the fertilizers to be applied. Typically, soil is sampled at selected points within a field, the soil samples are analyzed in a lab, and the lab-measured soil fertility of the point samples is used for spatial interpolation, in some statistical manner, to determine the soil fertility at all other points in the field. Then a decision tool determines the fertilizers to apply at each point. Our research was conducted to measure the impact on the <span class="hlt">variable</span> rate fertilization recipe caused by <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the measurement of the soil’s fertility at the sampling points. The <span class="hlt">variability</span> could be laboratory analytical errors or errors from variation in the sample collection method. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that for many of the fertility parameters, laboratory measurement error variance exceeds the estimated <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the fertility measure across grid locations. These errors <span class="hlt">resulted</span> in DSS4Ag fertilizer recipe recommended application rates that differed by up to 138 pounds of urea per acre, with half the field differing by more than 57 pounds of urea per acre. For potash the difference in application rate was up to 895 pounds per acre and over half the field differed by more than 242 pounds of potash per acre. Urea and potash</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4187112','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4187112"><span><span class="hlt">Variability</span> in Nose-to-Lung Aerosol Delivery</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Walenga, Ross L; Tian, Geng; Hindle, Michael; Yelverton, Joshua; Dodson, Kelley; Longest, P. Worth</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Nasal delivery of lung targeted pharmaceutical aerosols is ideal for drugs that need to be administered during high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) gas delivery, but based on previous studies losses and <span class="hlt">variability</span> through both the delivery system and nasal cavity are expected to be high. The objective of this study was to assess the <span class="hlt">variability</span> in aerosol delivery through the nose to the lungs with a nasal cannula interface for conventional and excipient enhanced growth (EEG) delivery techniques. A database of nasal cavity computed tomography (CT) scans was collected and analyzed, from which four models were selected to represent a wide range of adult anatomies, quantified based on the nasal surface area-to-volume ratio (SA/V). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods were validated with existing in vitro data and used to predict aerosol delivery through a streamlined nasal cannula and the four nasal models at a steady state flow rate of 30 L/min. Aerosols considered were solid particles for EEG delivery (initial 0.9 μm and 1.5 μm aerodynamic diameters) and conventional droplets (5 μm) for a control case. Use of the EEG approach was found to reduce depositional losses in the nasal cavity by an order of magnitude and substantially reduce <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Specifically, for aerosol deposition efficiency in the four geometries, the 95% confidence intervals (CI) for 0.9 and 5 μm aerosols were 2.3-3.1 and 15.5-66.3%, respectively. Simulations <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the use of EEG as opposed to conventional methods improved delivered dose of aerosols through the nasopharynx, expressed as penetration fraction (PF), by approximately a factor of four. <span class="hlt">Variability</span> of PF, expressed by the coefficient of variation (CV), was reduced by a factor of four with EEG delivery compared with the control case. Penetration fraction correlated well with SA/V for larger aerosols, but smaller aerosols <span class="hlt">showed</span> some dependence on nasopharyngeal exit hydraulic diameter. In conclusion, <span class="hlt">results</span> indicated that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5465264','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5465264"><span>Cognitive <span class="hlt">Variability</span> during Middle-Age: Possible Association with Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Reserve</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ferreira, Daniel; Machado, Alejandra; Molina, Yaiza; Nieto, Antonieta; Correia, Rut; Westman, Eric; Barroso, José</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Objective: Increased <span class="hlt">variability</span> in cognition with age has been argued as an indication of pathological processes. Focusing on early detection of neurodegenerative disorders, we investigated <span class="hlt">variability</span> in cognition in healthy middle-aged adults. In order to understand possible determinants of this <span class="hlt">variability</span>, we also investigated associations with cognitive reserve, neuroimaging markers, subjective memory complaints, depressive symptomatology, and gender. Method: Thirty-one 50 ± 2 years old individuals were investigated as target group and deviation was studied in comparison to a reference younger group of 30 individuals 40 ± 2 years old. Comprehensive neuropsychological and structural imaging protocols were collected. Brain regional volumes and cortical thickness were calculated with FreeSurfer, white matter hyperintensities with CASCADE, and mean diffusivity with FSL. <span class="hlt">Results</span>: Across-individuals <span class="hlt">variability</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> greater dispersion in lexical access, processing speed, executive functions, and memory. <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in global cognition correlated with, reduced cortical thickness in the right parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex, and increased mean diffusivity in the cingulum bundle and right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus. A trend was also observed for the correlation between global cognition and hippocampal volume and female gender. All these associations were influenced by cognitive reserve. No correlations were found with subjective memory complaints, white matter hyperintensities and depressive symptomatology. Across-domains and across-tasks <span class="hlt">variability</span> was greater in several executive components and cognitive processing speed. Conclusion: <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in cognition during middle-age is associated with neurodegeneration in the parietal–temporal–occipital association cortex and white matter tracts connecting this to the prefrontal dorsolateral cortex and the hippocampus. Moreover, this effect is influenced by cognitive reserve. Studying</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28242194','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28242194"><span>Dosimetric impact of contouring and image registration <span class="hlt">variability</span> on dynamic 125I prostate brachytherapy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Westendorp, Hendrik; Surmann, Kathrin; van de Pol, Sandrine M G; Hoekstra, Carel J; Kattevilder, Robert A J; Nuver, Tonnis T; Moerland, Marinus A; Slump, Cornelis H; Minken, André W</p> <p></p> <p>The quality of permanent prostate brachytherapy can be increased by addition of imaging modalities in the intraoperative procedure. This addition involves image registration, which inherently has inter- and intraobserver <span class="hlt">variabilities</span>. We sought to quantify the inter- and intraobserver <span class="hlt">variabilities</span> in geometry and dosimetry for contouring and image registration and analyze the <span class="hlt">results</span> for our dynamic 125 I brachytherapy procedure. Five observers contoured 11 transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) data sets three times and 11 CT data sets one time. The observers registered 11 TRUS and MRI data sets to cone beam CT (CBCT) using fiducial gold markers. Geometrical and dosimetrical inter- and intraobserver <span class="hlt">variabilities</span> were assessed. For the contouring study, structures were subdivided into three parts along the craniocaudal axis. We analyzed 165 observations. Interobserver geometrical <span class="hlt">variability</span> for prostate was 1.1 mm, <span class="hlt">resulting</span> in a dosimetric <span class="hlt">variability</span> of 1.6% for V 100 and 9.3% for D 90 . The geometric intraobserver <span class="hlt">variability</span> was 0.6 mm with a V 100 of 0.7% and D 90 of 1.1%. TRUS-CBCT registration <span class="hlt">showed</span> an interobserver <span class="hlt">variability</span> in V 100 of 2.0% and D 90 of 3.1%. Intraobserver <span class="hlt">variabilities</span> were 0.9% and 1.6%, respectively. For MRI-CBCT registration, V 100 and D 90 were 1.3% and 2.1%. Intraobserver <span class="hlt">variabilities</span> were 0.7% and 1.1% for the same. Prostate dosimetry is affected by interobserver contouring and registration <span class="hlt">variability</span>. The observed <span class="hlt">variability</span> is smaller than underdosages that are adapted during our dynamic brachytherapy procedure. Copyright © 2017 American Brachytherapy Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.1923G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.1923G"><span>Evidence for the Maintenance of Slowly Varying Equatorial Currents by Intraseasonal <span class="hlt">Variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Greatbatch, Richard J.; Claus, Martin; Brandt, Peter; Matthießen, Jan-Dirk; Tuchen, Franz Philip; Ascani, François; Dengler, Marcus; Toole, John; Roth, Christina; Farrar, J. Thomas</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Recent evidence from mooring data in the equatorial Atlantic reveals that semiannual and longer time scale ocean current <span class="hlt">variability</span> is close to being resonant with equatorial basin modes. Here we <span class="hlt">show</span> that intraseasonal <span class="hlt">variability</span>, with time scales of tens of days, provides the energy to maintain these resonant basin modes against dissipation. The mechanism is analogous to that by which storm systems in the atmosphere act to maintain the atmospheric jet stream. We demonstrate the mechanism using an idealized model setup that exhibits equatorial deep jets. The <span class="hlt">results</span> are supported by direct analysis of available mooring data from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean covering a depth range of several thousand meters. The analysis of the mooring data suggests that the same mechanism also helps maintain the seasonal <span class="hlt">variability</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Cryo...43...59H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Cryo...43...59H"><span>A pulse-tube refrigerator using <span class="hlt">variable</span>-resistance orifice</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huang, B. J.; Sun, B. W.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>In the present study, we propose a new design of orifice pulse-tube refrigerator (VROPT) using a <span class="hlt">variable</span>-resistance valve to replace the conventional orifice. The <span class="hlt">variable</span>-resistance orifice (VRO) is basically a high-speed solenoidal valve similar to the fuel jet device widely used in automobile engines. By changing the frequency and periods of ON and OFF of the valve through an electronic device, we can change the flow resistance of the VRO. This thus provides a possibility for an OPT to be controlled on-line during operation. From the <span class="hlt">results</span> obtained in the present study, we have shown that VROPT is able to achieve on-line control by regulating the duty cycle d or frequency fv of the VRO. We also <span class="hlt">show</span> that VROPT will not loss its thermal performance as compared to conventional OPT.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JHyd..523..320G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JHyd..523..320G"><span>Analysis of the influence of rainfall <span class="hlt">variables</span> on urban effluents concentrations and fluxes in wet weather</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gooré Bi, Eustache; Monette, Frédéric; Gasperi, Johnny</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Urban rainfall runoff has been a topic of increasing importance over the past years, a <span class="hlt">result</span> of both the increase in impervious land area arising from constant urban growth and the effects of climate change on urban drainage. The main goal of the present study is to assess and analyze the correlations between rainfall <span class="hlt">variables</span> and common indicators of urban water quality, namely event mean concentrations (EMCs) and event fluxes (EFs), in order to identify and explain the impacts of each of the main rainfall <span class="hlt">variables</span> on the generation process of urban pollutants during wet periods. To perform this analysis, runoff from eight summer rainfall events that <span class="hlt">resulted</span> in combined sewer overflow (CSO) was sampled simultaneously from two distinct catchment areas in order to quantify discharges at the respective outfalls. Pearson statistical analysis of total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand at 5 days (CBOD5), total phosphorus (Ptot) and total kedjal nitrogen (N-TKN) <span class="hlt">showed</span> significant correlations (ρ = 0.05) between dry antecedent time (DAT) and EMCs on one hand, and between total rainfall (TR) and the volume discharged (VD) during EFs, on the other. These <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that individual rainfall <span class="hlt">variables</span> strongly affect either EMCs or EFs and are good predictors to consider when selecting <span class="hlt">variables</span> for statistical modeling of urban runoff quality. The <span class="hlt">results</span> also <span class="hlt">show</span> that in a combined sewer network, there is a linear relationship between TSS event fluxes and COD, CBOD5, Ptot, and N-TKN event fluxes; this explains 97% of the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of these pollutants which adsorb onto TSS during wet weather, which therefore act as tracers. Consequently, the technological solution selected for TSS removal will also lead to a reduction of these pollutants. Given the huge volumes involved, urban runoffs contribute substantially to pollutant levels in receiving water bodies, a situation which, in a climate change context, may</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SPIE.8000E..03X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SPIE.8000E..03X"><span>Using <span class="hlt">variable</span> homography to measure emergent fibers on textile fabrics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xu, Jun; Cudel, Christophe; Kohler, Sophie; Fontaine, Stéphane; Haeberlé, Olivier; Klotz, Marie-Louise</p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>A fabric's smoothness is a key factor to determine the quality of textile finished products and has great influence on the functionality of industrial textiles and high-end textile products. With popularization of the 'zero defect' industrial concept, identifying and measuring defective material in the early stage of production is of great interest for the industry. In the current market, many systems are able to achieve automatic monitoring and control of fabric, paper, and nonwoven material during the entire production process, however online measurement of hairiness is still an open topic and highly desirable for industrial applications. In this paper we propose a computer vision approach, based on <span class="hlt">variable</span> homography, which can be used to measure the emergent fiber's length on textile fabrics. The main challenges addressed in this paper are the application of <span class="hlt">variable</span> homography to textile monitoring and measurement, as well as the accuracy of the estimated calculation. We propose that a fibrous structure can be considered as a two-layer structure and then <span class="hlt">show</span> how <span class="hlt">variable</span> homography can estimate the length of the fiber defects. Simulations are carried out to <span class="hlt">show</span> the effectiveness of this method to measure the emergent fiber's length. The true lengths of selected fibers are measured precisely using a digital optical microscope, and then the same fibers are tested by our method. Our experimental <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that smoothness monitored by <span class="hlt">variable</span> homography is an accurate and robust method for quality control of important industrially fabrics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4361045','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4361045"><span>Comb-Push Ultrasound Shear Elastography of Breast Masses: Initial <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">Show</span> Promise</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Song, Pengfei; Fazzio, Robert T.; Pruthi, Sandhya; Whaley, Dana H.; Chen, Shigao; Fatemi, Mostafa</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Purpose or Objective To evaluate the performance of Comb-push Ultrasound Shear Elastography (CUSE) for classification of breast masses. Materials and Methods CUSE is an ultrasound-based quantitative two-dimensional shear wave elasticity imaging technique, which utilizes multiple laterally distributed acoustic radiation force (ARF) beams to simultaneously excite the tissue and induce shear waves. Female patients who were categorized as having suspicious breast masses underwent CUSE evaluations prior to biopsy. An elasticity estimate within the breast mass was obtained from the CUSE shear wave speed map. Elasticity estimates of various types of benign and malignant masses were compared with biopsy <span class="hlt">results</span>. <span class="hlt">Results</span> Fifty-four female patients with suspicious breast masses from our ongoing study are presented. Our cohort included 31 malignant and 23 benign breast masses. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that the mean shear wave speed was significantly higher in malignant masses (6 ± 1.58 m/s) in comparison to benign masses (3.65 ± 1.36 m/s). Therefore, the stiffness of the mass quantified by the Young’s modulus is significantly higher in malignant masses. According to the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), the optimal cut-off value of 83 kPa yields 87.10% sensitivity, 82.61% specificity, and 0.88 for the area under the curve (AUC). Conclusion CUSE has the potential for clinical utility as a quantitative diagnostic imaging tool adjunct to B-mode ultrasound for differentiation of malignant and benign breast masses. PMID:25774978</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A%26A...288..731R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A%26A...288..731R"><span>Strong intraday <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the southern blazar PKS 0537-441 at 1.42 GHz</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Romero, G. E.; Combi, J. A.; Colomb, F. R.</p> <p>1994-08-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Results</span> of intraday <span class="hlt">variability</span> observations with a sampling of ~20 minutes of the southern blazars PKS 0521-365 and PKS 0537-441 at 1.42 GHz are presented. PKS 0521-365 did not display flux density <span class="hlt">variability</span> whilst PKS 0537-441 <span class="hlt">showed</span> strong fluctuations with a major outburst towards J.D. 2449011 caracterized by a fluctuation index of ~15%, <span class="hlt">variability</span> amplitudes of ~45% and time scales of ~10^4^s. After a discussion of possible scenarios for such kind of <span class="hlt">variability</span>, this extremely violent behaviour is interpreted in terms of strong scattering by compact ionized structures in the interstellar medium. The physical properties of the refractors are estimated from the observed light curves, and a brief discussion about the possible origin of these objects is presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PhDT.......241M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PhDT.......241M"><span>Long time scale hard X-ray <span class="hlt">variability</span> in Seyfert 1 galaxies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Markowitz, Alex Gary</p> <p></p> <p>This dissertation examines the relationship between long-term X-ray <span class="hlt">variability</span> characteristics, black hole mass, and luminosity of Seyfert 1 Active Galactic Nuclei. High dynamic range power spectral density functions (PSDs) have been constructed for six Seyfert 1 galaxies. These PSDs <span class="hlt">show</span> "breaks" or characteristic time scales, typically on the order of a few days. There is resemblance to PSDs of lower-mass Galactic X-ray binaries (XRBs), with the ratios of putative black hole masses and <span class="hlt">variability</span> time scales approximately the same (106--7) between the two classes of objects. The data are consistent with a linear correlation between Seyfert PSD break time scale and black hole mass estimate; the relation extrapolates reasonably well over 6--7 orders of magnitude to XRBs. All of this strengthens the case for a physical similarity between Seyfert galaxies and XRBs. The first six years of RXTE monitoring of Seyfert 1s have been systematically analyzed to probe hard X-ray <span class="hlt">variability</span> on multiple time scales in a total of 19 Seyfert is in an expansion of the survey of Markowitz & Edelson (2001). Correlations between <span class="hlt">variability</span> amplitude, luminosity, and black hole mass are explored, the data support the model of PSD movement with black hole mass suggested by the PSD survey. All of the continuum <span class="hlt">variability</span> <span class="hlt">results</span> are consistent with relatively more massive black holes hosting larger X-ray emission regions, <span class="hlt">resulting</span> in 'slower' observed <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Nearly all sources in the sample exhibit stronger <span class="hlt">variability</span> towards softer energies, consistent with softening as they brighten. Direct time-resolved spectral fitting has been performed on continuous RXTE monitoring of seven Seyfert is to study long-term spectral <span class="hlt">variability</span> and Fe Kalpha <span class="hlt">variability</span> characteristics. The Fe Kalpha line displays a wide range of behavior but varies less strongly than the broadband continuum. Overall, however, there is no strong evidence for correlated <span class="hlt">variability</span> between the line and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950016981','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950016981"><span>Long term <span class="hlt">variability</span> of B supergiant winds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Massa, Derck L.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>The object of this observing proposal was to sample wind <span class="hlt">variability</span> in B supergiants on a daily basis over a period of several days in order to determine the time scale with which density <span class="hlt">variability</span> occurs in their winds. Three stars were selected for this project: 69 Cyg (B0 Ib), HD 164402 (B0 Ib), and HD 47240 (B1 Ib). Three grey scale representations of the Si IV lambda lambda 1400 doublet in each star are attached. In these figures, time (in days) increases upward, and the wavelength (in terms of velocity relative to the rest wavelength of the violet component of the doublet) is the abscissa. The spectra are normalized by a minimum absorption (maximum flux) template, so that all changes appear as absorptions. As a <span class="hlt">result</span> of these observations, we can now state with some certainty that typical B supergiants develop significant wind inhomogeneities with recurrence times of a few days, and that some of these events <span class="hlt">show</span> signs of strong temporal coherence.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.9980B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.9980B"><span>Wind Forced <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in Eddy Formation, Eddy Shedding, and the Separation of the East Australian Current</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bull, Christopher Y. S.; Kiss, Andrew E.; Jourdain, Nicolas C.; England, Matthew H.; van Sebille, Erik</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The East Australian Current (EAC), like many other subtropical western boundary currents, is believed to be penetrating further poleward in recent decades. Previous observational and model studies have used steady state dynamics to relate changes in the westerly winds to changes in the separation behavior of the EAC. As yet, little work has been undertaken on the impact of forcing <span class="hlt">variability</span> on the EAC and Tasman Sea circulation. Here using an eddy-permitting regional ocean model, we present a suite of simulations forced by the same time-mean fields, but with different atmospheric and remote ocean <span class="hlt">variability</span>. These eddy-permitting <span class="hlt">results</span> demonstrate the nonlinear response of the EAC to <span class="hlt">variable</span>, nonstationary inhomogeneous forcing. These simulations <span class="hlt">show</span> an EAC with high intrinsic <span class="hlt">variability</span> and stochastic eddy shedding. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that wind stress <span class="hlt">variability</span> on time scales shorter than 56 days leads to increases in eddy shedding rates and southward eddy propagation, producing an increased transport and southward reach of the mean EAC extension. We adopt an energetics framework that <span class="hlt">shows</span> the EAC extension changes to be coincident with an increase in offshore, upstream eddy variance (via increased barotropic instability) and increase in subsurface mean kinetic energy along the length of the EAC. The response of EAC separation to regional <span class="hlt">variable</span> wind stress has important implications for both past and future climate change studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H33B1539C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H33B1539C"><span>Identify the dominant <span class="hlt">variables</span> to predict stream water temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chien, H.; Flagler, J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Stream water temperature is a critical <span class="hlt">variable</span> controlling water quality and the health of aquatic ecosystems. Accurate prediction of water temperature and the assessment of the impacts of environmental <span class="hlt">variables</span> on water temperature variation are critical for water resources management, particularly in the context of water quality and aquatic ecosystem sustainability. The objective of this study is to measure stream water temperature and air temperature and to examine the importance of streamflow on stream water temperature prediction. The measured stream water temperature and air temperature will be used to test two hypotheses: 1) streamflow is a relatively more important factor than air temperature in regulating water temperature, and 2) by combining air temperature and streamflow data stream water temperature can be more accurately estimated. Water and air temperature data loggers are placed at two USGS stream gauge stations #01362357and #01362370, located in the upper Esopus Creek watershed in Phonecia, NY. The ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) time series model is used to analyze the measured water temperature data, identify the dominant environmental <span class="hlt">variables</span>, and predict the water temperature with identified dominant <span class="hlt">variable</span>. The preliminary <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that streamflow is not a significant <span class="hlt">variable</span> in predicting stream water temperature at both USGS gauge stations. Daily mean air temperature is sufficient to predict stream water temperature at this site scale.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840014451','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840014451"><span>X-ray spectra and time <span class="hlt">variability</span> of active galactic nuclei</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mushotzky, R. F.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>The X-ray spectra of broad line active galactic nuclei (AGN) of all types (Seyfert I's, NELG's, broadline radio galaxies) are well fit by a power law in the .5 to 100 keV band of man energy slope alpha = .68 + or - .15. There is, as yet, no strong evidence for time <span class="hlt">variability</span> of this slope in a given object. The constraints that this places on simple models of the central energy source are discussed. BL Lac objects have quite different X-ray spectral properties and <span class="hlt">show</span> pronounced X-ray spectral <span class="hlt">variability</span>. On time scales longer than 12 hours most radio quiet AGN do not <span class="hlt">show</span> strong, delta I/I .5, <span class="hlt">variability</span>. The probability of <span class="hlt">variability</span> of these AGN seems to be inversely related to their luminosity. However characteristics timescales for <span class="hlt">variability</span> have not been measured for many objects. This general lack of <span class="hlt">variability</span> may imply that most AGN are well below the Eddington limit. Radio bright AGN tend to be more <span class="hlt">variable</span> than radio quiet AGN on long, tau approx 6 month, timescales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5965642','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5965642"><span>Collinear Latent <span class="hlt">Variables</span> in Multilevel Confirmatory Factor Analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>van de Schoot, Rens; Hox, Joop</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Because <span class="hlt">variables</span> may be correlated in the social and behavioral sciences, multicollinearity might be problematic. This study investigates the effect of collinearity manipulated in within and between levels of a two-level confirmatory factor analysis by Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, the influence of the size of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and estimation method; maximum likelihood estimation with robust chi-squares and standard errors and Bayesian estimation, on the convergence rate are investigated. The other <span class="hlt">variables</span> of interest were rate of inadmissible solutions and the relative parameter and standard error bias on the between level. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that inadmissible solutions were obtained when there was between level collinearity and the estimation method was maximum likelihood. In the within level multicollinearity condition, all of the solutions were admissible but the bias values were higher compared with the between level collinearity condition. Bayesian estimation appeared to be robust in obtaining admissible parameters but the relative bias was higher than for maximum likelihood estimation. Finally, as expected, high ICC produced less biased <span class="hlt">results</span> compared to medium ICC conditions. PMID:29795827</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010072239','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010072239"><span>Enhancing the Remote <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Operations in NPSS/CCDK</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sang, Janche; Follen, Gregory; Kim, Chan; Lopez, Isaac; Townsend, Scott</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Many scientific applications in aerodynamics and solid mechanics are written in Fortran. Refitting these legacy Fortran codes with distributed objects can increase the code reusability. The remote <span class="hlt">variable</span> scheme provided in NPSS/CCDK helps programmers easily migrate the Fortran codes towards a client-server platform. This scheme gives the client the capability of accessing the <span class="hlt">variables</span> at the server site. In this paper, we review and enhance the remote <span class="hlt">variable</span> scheme by using the operator overloading features in C++. The enhancement enables NPSS programmers to use remote <span class="hlt">variables</span> in much the same way as traditional <span class="hlt">variables</span>. The remote <span class="hlt">variable</span> scheme adopts the lazy update approach and the prefetch method. The design strategies and implementation techniques are described in details. Preliminary performance evaluation <span class="hlt">shows</span> that communication overhead can be greatly reduced.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24698276','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24698276"><span>Emergence of context-dependent <span class="hlt">variability</span> across a basal ganglia network.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Woolley, Sarah C; Rajan, Raghav; Joshua, Mati; Doupe, Allison J</p> <p>2014-04-02</p> <p>Context dependence is a key feature of cortical-basal ganglia circuit activity, and in songbirds the cortical outflow of a basal ganglia circuit specialized for song, LMAN, <span class="hlt">shows</span> striking increases in trial-by-trial <span class="hlt">variability</span> and bursting when birds sing alone rather than to females. To reveal where this <span class="hlt">variability</span> and its social regulation emerge, we recorded stepwise from corticostriatal (HVC) neurons and their target spiny and pallidal neurons in Area X. We find that corticostriatal and spiny neurons both <span class="hlt">show</span> precise singing-related firing across both social settings. Pallidal neurons, in contrast, exhibit markedly increased trial-by-trial variation when birds sing alone, created by highly <span class="hlt">variable</span> pauses in firing. This <span class="hlt">variability</span> persists even when recurrent inputs from LMAN are ablated. These data indicate that <span class="hlt">variability</span> and its context sensitivity emerge within the basal ganglia network, suggest a network mechanism for this emergence, and highlight <span class="hlt">variability</span> generation and regulation as basal ganglia functions. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4132189','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4132189"><span>Emergence of context-dependent <span class="hlt">variability</span> across a basal ganglia network</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Woolley, Sarah C.; Rajan, Raghav; Joshua, Mati; Doupe, Allison J.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Summary Context-dependence is a key feature of cortical-basal ganglia circuit activity, and in songbirds, the cortical outflow of a basal ganglia circuit specialized for song, LMAN, <span class="hlt">shows</span> striking increases in trial-by-trial <span class="hlt">variability</span> and bursting when birds sing alone rather than to females. To reveal where this <span class="hlt">variability</span> and its social regulation emerge, we recorded stepwise from cortico-striatal (HVC) neurons and their target spiny and pallidal neurons in Area X. We find that cortico-striatal and spiny neurons both <span class="hlt">show</span> precise singing-related firing across both social settings. Pallidal neurons, in contrast, exhibit markedly increased trial-by-trial variation when birds sing alone, created by highly <span class="hlt">variable</span> pauses in firing. This <span class="hlt">variability</span> persists even when recurrent inputs from LMAN are ablated. These data indicate that <span class="hlt">variability</span> and its context-sensitivity emerge within the basal ganglia network, suggest a network mechanism for this emergence, and highlight <span class="hlt">variability</span> generation and regulation as basal ganglia functions. PMID:24698276</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70170271','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70170271"><span>Late Holocene sea level <span class="hlt">variability</span> and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Cronin, Thomas M.; Farmer, Jesse R.; Marzen, R. E.; Thomas, E.; Varekamp, J.C.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Pre-twentieth century sea level (SL) <span class="hlt">variability</span> remains poorly understood due to limits of tide gauge records, low temporal resolution of tidal marsh records, and regional anomalies caused by dynamic ocean processes, notably multidecadal changes in Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). We examined SL and AMOC <span class="hlt">variability</span> along the eastern United States over the last 2000 years, using a SL curve constructed from proxy sea surface temperature (SST) records from Chesapeake Bay, and twentieth century SL-sea surface temperature (SST) relations derived from tide gauges and instrumental SST. The SL curve <span class="hlt">shows</span> multidecadal-scale <span class="hlt">variability</span> (20–30 years) during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and Little Ice Age (LIA), as well as the twentieth century. During these SL oscillations, short-term rates ranged from 2 to 4 mm yr−1, roughly similar to those of the last few decades. These oscillations likely represent internal modes of climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> related to AMOC <span class="hlt">variability</span> and originating at high latitudes, although the exact mechanisms remain unclear. <span class="hlt">Results</span> imply that dynamic ocean changes, in addition to thermosteric, glacio-eustatic, or glacio-isostatic processes are an inherent part of SL <span class="hlt">variability</span> in coastal regions, even during millennial-scale climate oscillations such as the MCA and LIA and should be factored into efforts that use tide gauges and tidal marsh sediments to understand global sea level rise.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..118a2052Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..118a2052Y"><span>Coral based-ENSO/IOD related climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> in Indonesia: a review</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yudawati Cahyarini, Sri; Henrizan, Marfasran</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Indonesia is located in the prominent site to study climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> as it lies between Pacific and Indian Ocean. It has consequences to the regional climate in Indonesia that its climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> is influenced by the climate events in the Pacific oceans (e.g. ENSO) and in the Indian ocean (e.g. IOD), and monsoon as well as Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). Northwestern monsoon causes rainfall in the region of Indonesia, while reversely Southwestern monsoon causes dry season around Indonesia. The ENSO warm phase called El Nino causes several droughts in Indonesian region, reversely the La Nina causes flooding in some regions in Indonesia. However, the impact of ENSO in Indonesia is different from one place to the others. Having better understanding on the climate phenomenon and its impact to the region requires long time series climate data. Paleoclimate study which provides climate data back into hundreds to thousands even to million years overcome this requirement. Coral Sr/Ca can provide information on past sea surface temperature (SST) and paired Sr/Ca and δ18O may be used to reconstruct variations in the precipitation balance (salinity) at monthly to annual interannual resolution. Several climate studies based on coral geochemical records in Indonesia <span class="hlt">show</span> that coral Sr/Ca and δ18O from Indonesian records SST and salinity respectively. Coral Sr/Ca from inshore Seribu islands complex <span class="hlt">shows</span> more air temperature rather than SST. Modern coral from Timor <span class="hlt">shows</span> the impact of ENSO and IOD to the saliniy and SST is different at Timor sea. This <span class="hlt">result</span> should be taken into account when interpreting Paleoclimate records over Indonesia. Timor coral also <span class="hlt">shows</span> more pronounced low frequency SST <span class="hlt">variability</span> compared to the SST reanalysis (model). The longer data of low frequency <span class="hlt">variability</span> will improve the understanding of warming trend in this climatically important region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16300969','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16300969"><span>Identification of degenerate neuronal systems based on intersubject <span class="hlt">variability</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Noppeney, Uta; Penny, Will D; Price, Cathy J; Flandin, Guillaume; Friston, Karl J</p> <p>2006-04-15</p> <p>Group studies implicitly assume that all subjects activate one common system to sustain a particular cognitive task. Intersubject <span class="hlt">variability</span> is generally treated as well-behaved and uninteresting noise. However, intersubject <span class="hlt">variability</span> might <span class="hlt">result</span> from subjects engaging different degenerate neuronal systems that are each sufficient for task performance. This would produce a multimodal distribution of intersubject <span class="hlt">variability</span>. We have explored this idea with the help of Gaussian Mixture Modeling and Bayesian model comparison procedures. We illustrate our approach using a crossmodal priming paradigm, in which subjects perform a semantic decision on environmental sounds or their spoken names that were preceded by a semantically congruent or incongruent picture or written name. All subjects consistently activated the superior temporal gyri bilaterally, the left fusiform gyrus and the inferior frontal sulcus. Comparing a One and Two Gaussian Mixture Model of the unexplained residuals provided very strong evidence for two groups with distinct activation patterns: 6 subjects exhibited additional activations in the superior temporal sulci bilaterally, the right superior frontal and central sulcus. 11 subjects <span class="hlt">showed</span> increased activation in the striate and the right inferior parietal cortex. These <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that semantic decisions on auditory-visual compound stimuli might be accomplished by two overlapping degenerate neuronal systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.983a2119N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.983a2119N"><span>Supporting second grade lower secondary school students’ understanding of linear equation system in two <span class="hlt">variables</span> using ethnomathematics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nursyahidah, F.; Saputro, B. A.; Rubowo, M. R.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The aim of this research is to know the students’ understanding of linear equation system in two <span class="hlt">variables</span> using Ethnomathematics and to acquire learning trajectory of linear equation system in two <span class="hlt">variables</span> for the second grade of lower secondary school students. This research used methodology of design research that consists of three phases, there are preliminary design, teaching experiment, and retrospective analysis. Subject of this study is 28 second grade students of Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) 37 Semarang. The <span class="hlt">result</span> of this research <span class="hlt">shows</span> that the students’ understanding in linear equation system in two <span class="hlt">variables</span> can be stimulated by using Ethnomathematics in selling buying tradition in Peterongan traditional market in Central Java as a context. All of strategies and model that was applied by students and also their <span class="hlt">result</span> discussion <span class="hlt">shows</span> how construction and contribution of students can help them to understand concept of linear equation system in two <span class="hlt">variables</span>. All the activities that were done by students produce learning trajectory to gain the goal of learning. Each steps of learning trajectory of students have an important role in understanding the concept from informal to the formal level. Learning trajectory using Ethnomathematics that is produced consist of watching video of selling buying activity in Peterongan traditional market to construct linear equation in two <span class="hlt">variables</span>, determine the solution of linear equation in two <span class="hlt">variables</span>, construct model of linear equation system in two <span class="hlt">variables</span> from contextual problem, and solving a contextual problem related to linear equation system in two <span class="hlt">variables</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018gdr2.reptE...7E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018gdr2.reptE...7E"><span>Gaia DR2 documentation Chapter 7: <span class="hlt">Variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eyer, L.; Guy, L.; Distefano, E.; Clementini, G.; Mowlavi, N.; Rimoldini, L.; Roelens, M.; Audard, M.; Holl, B.; Lanzafame, A.; Lebzelter, T.; Lecoeur-Taïbi, I.; Molnár, L.; Ripepi, V.; Sarro, L.; Jevardat de Fombelle, G.; Nienartowicz, K.; De Ridder, J.; Juhász, Á.; Molinaro, R.; Plachy, E.; Regibo, S.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>This chapter of the Gaia DR2 documentation describes the models and methods used on the 22 months of data to produce the Gaia <span class="hlt">variable</span> star <span class="hlt">results</span> for Gaia DR2. The <span class="hlt">variability</span> processing and analysis was based mostly on the calibrated G and integrated BP and RP photometry. The <span class="hlt">variability</span> analysis approach to the Gaia data has been described in Eyer et al. (2017), and the Gaia DR2 <span class="hlt">results</span> are presented in Holl et al. (2018). Detailed methods on specific topics will be published in a number of separate articles. <span class="hlt">Variability</span> behaviour in the colour magnitude diagram is presented in Gaia Collaboration et al. (2018c).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.6829E..1GC','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.6829E..1GC"><span>Design of quantum efficiency measurement system for <span class="hlt">variable</span> doping GaAs photocathode</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Liang; Yang, Kai; Liu, HongLin; Chang, Benkang</p> <p>2008-03-01</p> <p>To achieve high quantum efficiency and good stability has been a main direction to develop GaAs photocathode recently. Through early research, we proved that <span class="hlt">variable</span> doping structure is executable and practical, and has great potential. In order to optimize <span class="hlt">variable</span> doping GaAs photocathode preparation techniques and study the <span class="hlt">variable</span> doping theory deeply, a real-time quantum efficiency measurement system for GaAs Photocathode has been designed. The system uses FPGA (Field-programmable gate array) device, and high speed A/D converter to design a high signal noise ratio and high speed data acquisition card. ARM (Advanced RISC Machines) core processor s3c2410 and real-time embedded system are used to obtain and <span class="hlt">show</span> measurement <span class="hlt">results</span>. The measurement precision of photocurrent could reach 1nA, and measurement range of spectral response curve is within 400~1000nm. GaAs photocathode preparation process can be real-time monitored by using this system. This system could easily be added other functions to <span class="hlt">show</span> the physic variation of photocathode during the preparation process more roundly in the future.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4116009','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4116009"><span>Affected States Soft Independent Modeling by Class Analogy from the Relation Between Independent <span class="hlt">Variables</span>, Number of Independent <span class="hlt">Variables</span> and Sample Size</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kanık, Emine Arzu; Temel, Gülhan Orekici; Erdoğan, Semra; Kaya, İrem Ersöz</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Objective: The aim of study is to introduce method of Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA), and to express whether the method is affected from the number of independent <span class="hlt">variables</span>, the relationship between <span class="hlt">variables</span> and sample size. Study Design: Simulation study. Material and Methods: SIMCA model is performed in two stages. In order to determine whether the method is influenced by the number of independent <span class="hlt">variables</span>, the relationship between <span class="hlt">variables</span> and sample size, simulations were done. Conditions in which sample sizes in both groups are equal, and where there are 30, 100 and 1000 samples; where the number of <span class="hlt">variables</span> is 2, 3, 5, 10, 50 and 100; moreover where the relationship between <span class="hlt">variables</span> are quite high, in medium level and quite low were mentioned. <span class="hlt">Results</span>: Average classification accuracy of simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> which were carried out 1000 times for each possible condition of trial plan were given as tables. Conclusion: It is seen that diagnostic accuracy <span class="hlt">results</span> increase as the number of independent <span class="hlt">variables</span> increase. SIMCA method is a method in which the relationship between <span class="hlt">variables</span> are quite high, the number of independent <span class="hlt">variables</span> are many in number and where there are outlier values in the data that can be used in conditions having outlier values. PMID:25207065</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvA..89f2101O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvA..89f2101O"><span>Detecting faked continuous-<span class="hlt">variable</span> entanglement using one-sided device-independent entanglement witnesses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Opanchuk, B.; Arnaud, L.; Reid, M. D.</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>We demonstrate the principle of one-sided device-independent continuous-<span class="hlt">variable</span> (CV) quantum information. In situations of no trust, we <span class="hlt">show</span> by enactment how the use of standard CV entanglement criteria can mislead Charlie into thinking that Alice and Bob share entanglement, when the data are actually generated classically using a local-hidden-<span class="hlt">variable</span> theory based on the Wigner function. We distinguish between criteria that demonstrate CV entanglement, and criteria that demonstrate the CV Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering paradox. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that the latter, but not the former, are necessarily one-sided device-independent entanglement witnesses, and can be used by Charlie to signify genuine EPR entanglement, if he trusts only Alice. A monogamy <span class="hlt">result</span> for the EPR steering paradox confirms the security of the shared amplitude values in that case.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AdSpR..59.2969Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AdSpR..59.2969Z"><span><span class="hlt">Variable</span> pixel size ionospheric tomography</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zheng, Dunyong; Zheng, Hongwei; Wang, Yanjun; Nie, Wenfeng; Li, Chaokui; Ao, Minsi; Hu, Wusheng; Zhou, Wei</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>A novel ionospheric tomography technique based on <span class="hlt">variable</span> pixel size was developed for the tomographic reconstruction of the ionospheric electron density (IED) distribution. In <span class="hlt">variable</span> pixel size computerized ionospheric tomography (VPSCIT) model, the IED distribution is parameterized by a decomposition of the lower and upper ionosphere with different pixel sizes. Thus, the lower and upper IED distribution may be very differently determined by the available data. The <span class="hlt">variable</span> pixel size ionospheric tomography and constant pixel size tomography are similar in most other aspects. There are some differences between two kinds of models with constant and <span class="hlt">variable</span> pixel size respectively, one is that the segments of GPS signal pay should be assigned to the different kinds of pixel in inversion; the other is smoothness constraint factor need to make the appropriate modified where the pixel change in size. For a real dataset, the <span class="hlt">variable</span> pixel size method distinguishes different electron density distribution zones better than the constant pixel size method. Furthermore, it can be non-chided that when the effort is spent to identify the regions in a model with best data coverage. The <span class="hlt">variable</span> pixel size method can not only greatly improve the efficiency of inversion, but also produce IED images with high fidelity which are the same as a used uniform pixel size method. In addition, <span class="hlt">variable</span> pixel size tomography can reduce the underdetermined problem in an ill-posed inverse problem when the data coverage is irregular or less by adjusting quantitative proportion of pixels with different sizes. In comparison with constant pixel size tomography models, the <span class="hlt">variable</span> pixel size ionospheric tomography technique achieved relatively good <span class="hlt">results</span> in a numerical simulation. A careful validation of the reliability and superiority of <span class="hlt">variable</span> pixel size ionospheric tomography was performed. Finally, according to the <span class="hlt">results</span> of the statistical analysis and quantitative comparison, the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.3242M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.3242M"><span>Enhanced future <span class="hlt">variability</span> during India's rainy season</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Menon, Arathy; Levermann, Anders; Schewe, Jacob</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>The Indian summer monsoon shapes the livelihood of a large share of the world's population. About 80% of annual precipitation over India occurs during the monsoon season from June through September. Next to its seasonal mean rainfall, the day-to-day <span class="hlt">variability</span> is crucial for the risk of flooding, national water supply, and agricultural productivity. Here we <span class="hlt">show</span> that the latest ensemble of climate model simulations, prepared for the AR-5 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, consistently projects significant increases in day-to-day rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span> under unmitigated climate change. The relative increase by the period 2071-2100 with respect to the control period 1871-1900 ranges from 13% to 50% under the strongest scenario (Representative Concentration Pathways, RCP-8.5), in the 10 models with the most realistic monsoon climatology; and 13% to 85% when all the 20 models are considered. The spread across models reduces when <span class="hlt">variability</span> increase per degree of global warming is considered, which is independent of the scenario in most models, and is 8% ± 4%/K on average. This consistent projection across 20 comprehensive climate models provides confidence in the <span class="hlt">results</span> and suggests the necessity of profound adaptation measures in the case of unmitigated climate change.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=187287','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=187287"><span>Characterizing Uncertainty and <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in PBPK Models ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Mode-of-action based risk and safety assessments can rely upon tissue dosimetry estimates in animals and humans obtained from physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. However, risk assessment also increasingly requires characterization of uncertainty and <span class="hlt">variability</span>; such characterization for PBPK model predictions represents a continuing challenge to both modelers and users. Current practices <span class="hlt">show</span> significant progress in specifying deterministic biological models and the non-deterministic (often statistical) models, estimating their parameters using diverse data sets from multiple sources, and using them to make predictions and characterize uncertainty and <span class="hlt">variability</span>. The International Workshop on Uncertainty and <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in PBPK Models, held Oct 31-Nov 2, 2006, sought to identify the state-of-the-science in this area and recommend priorities for research and changes in practice and implementation. For the short term, these include: (1) multidisciplinary teams to integrate deterministic and non-deterministic/statistical models; (2) broader use of sensitivity analyses, including for structural and global (rather than local) parameter changes; and (3) enhanced transparency and reproducibility through more complete documentation of the model structure(s) and parameter values, the <span class="hlt">results</span> of sensitivity and other analyses, and supporting, discrepant, or excluded data. Longer-term needs include: (1) theoretic and practical methodological impro</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..327d2106S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..327d2106S"><span>Application of <span class="hlt">variable</span> teeth pitch face mill as chatter suppression method for non-rigid technological system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Svinin, V. M.; Savilov, A. V.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The article describes the <span class="hlt">results</span> of experimental studies on the effects of variation type for <span class="hlt">variable</span> teeth pitches on low-rigidity workpiece chatter suppression efficiency in a feed direction and in a direction of the normal to the machined surface. Mill operation performance was identified by comparing the amplitudes of dominant chatter harmonics using constant and <span class="hlt">variable</span> teeth pitches. The following <span class="hlt">variable</span> pitch formation variants were studied: alternative, linear rising, and linear rising falling. The angle difference of adjacent teeth pitches ranged from 0 to 10°, from 5 to 8° and from 5 to 10° with interval of 1°. The experiments <span class="hlt">showed</span> that for all variants, machining dynamics performance <span class="hlt">resulted</span> from the difference of adjacent pitches corresponding to a half the chatter wavelength along the cutting surface. The alternative nature of a <span class="hlt">variable</span> teeth pitch is most efficient as it almost completely suppresses the chatters. Theoretical explanations of the <span class="hlt">results</span> are presented</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26005790','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26005790"><span>Accuracy of latent-<span class="hlt">variable</span> estimation in Bayesian semi-supervised learning.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yamazaki, Keisuke</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>Hierarchical probabilistic models, such as Gaussian mixture models, are widely used for unsupervised learning tasks. These models consist of observable and latent <span class="hlt">variables</span>, which represent the observable data and the underlying data-generation process, respectively. Unsupervised learning tasks, such as cluster analysis, are regarded as estimations of latent <span class="hlt">variables</span> based on the observable ones. The estimation of latent <span class="hlt">variables</span> in semi-supervised learning, where some labels are observed, will be more precise than that in unsupervised, and one of the concerns is to clarify the effect of the labeled data. However, there has not been sufficient theoretical analysis of the accuracy of the estimation of latent <span class="hlt">variables</span>. In a previous study, a distribution-based error function was formulated, and its asymptotic form was calculated for unsupervised learning with generative models. It has been shown that, for the estimation of latent <span class="hlt">variables</span>, the Bayes method is more accurate than the maximum-likelihood method. The present paper reveals the asymptotic forms of the error function in Bayesian semi-supervised learning for both discriminative and generative models. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the generative model, which uses all of the given data, performs better when the model is well specified. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10394E..19S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10394E..19S"><span>On the distribution of a product of N Gaussian random <span class="hlt">variables</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stojanac, Željka; Suess, Daniel; Kliesch, Martin</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The product of Gaussian random <span class="hlt">variables</span> appears naturally in many applications in probability theory and statistics. It has been known that the distribution of a product of N such <span class="hlt">variables</span> can be expressed in terms of a Meijer G-function. Here, we compute a similar representation for the corresponding cumulative distribution function (CDF) and provide a power-log series expansion of the CDF based on the theory of the more general Fox H-functions. Numerical computations <span class="hlt">show</span> that for small values of the argument the CDF of products of Gaussians is well approximated by the lowest orders of this expansion. Analogous <span class="hlt">results</span> are also shown for the absolute value as well as the square of such products of N Gaussian random <span class="hlt">variables</span>. For the latter two settings, we also compute the moment generating functions in terms of Meijer G-functions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28547011','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28547011"><span>The Effect of Visual <span class="hlt">Variability</span> on the Learning of Academic Concepts.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bourgoyne, Ashley; Alt, Mary</p> <p>2017-06-10</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to identify effects of <span class="hlt">variability</span> of visual input on development of conceptual representations of academic concepts for college-age students with normal language (NL) and those with language-learning disabilities (LLD). Students with NL (n = 11) and LLD (n = 11) participated in a computer-based training for introductory biology course concepts. Participants were trained on half the concepts under a low-<span class="hlt">variability</span> condition and half under a high-<span class="hlt">variability</span> condition. Participants completed a posttest in which they were asked to identify and rate the accuracy of novel and trained visual representations of the concepts. We performed separate repeated measures analyses of variance to examine the accuracy of identification and ratings. Participants were equally accurate on trained and novel items in the high-<span class="hlt">variability</span> condition, but were less accurate on novel items only in the low-<span class="hlt">variability</span> condition. The LLD group <span class="hlt">showed</span> the same pattern as the NL group; they were just less accurate. <span class="hlt">Results</span> indicated that high-<span class="hlt">variability</span> visual input may facilitate the acquisition of academic concepts in college students with NL and LLD. High-<span class="hlt">variability</span> visual input may be especially beneficial for generalization to novel representations of concepts. Implicit learning methods may be harnessed by college courses to provide students with basic conceptual knowledge when they are entering courses or beginning new units.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ASPC..360....3L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ASPC..360....3L"><span>Optical and UV <span class="hlt">Variability</span> of AGNs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lyuty, V. M.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>The optical <span class="hlt">variability</span> of active galactic nuclei which was discovered in 1960s and has been investigated for 40 years is discussed. There are historical data since 1900 for some objects, for example, NGC 4151. The light curves for different type objects are illustrated. The main common feature in all AGN light curves is the presence of two components of <span class="hlt">variability</span>: slow brightness variation with time-scale of thousands of days and the fast flares (tens of days). Analysis of ubv data obtained in 1984-2001 for NGC 4151 (2nd activity cycle after a long 5-year minimum) <span class="hlt">shows</span> the very different nature of slow and fast variations. This conclusion has been drawn from the analysis of color indices ub and bv of <span class="hlt">variable</span> source in the nucleus of NGC 4151. The ascending branch of the light curve from the minimum in 1984-1989 to maximum in 1995 <span class="hlt">shows</span> the increasing of temperature from 6000-7000 K up to 40,000-50,000 K with the brightness of the <span class="hlt">variable</span> source increasing from 3-5 to 35-40 mJy. After the maximum (1995-1997), the strong UV excess appeared, while the range of bv changes was the same, i.e., the temperature changes were the same as in the ascending branch. The slow component can be connected with transport of matter into accretion disk and its heating. The flare component has two main properties: 1) the majority of points are located on two-color diagram near the locus of the hot stars or black body with temperature of ˜ 50,000 K, and 2) the duration of brightness increase does not depend on the flare amplitude and is equal to 23-25 days. On the other hand, it is known that the dimensions of active region effectively emitting in the optical are of the order of 1-3 light days. So, the main cause of flares must be a shock wave with the velocity of 10000-15000 km/s. These <span class="hlt">results</span> together with some other facts strongly support the model of disk accretion onto the supermassive black hole.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016hst..prop14736K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016hst..prop14736K"><span>Connecting <span class="hlt">Variability</span> and Metals in White Dwarfs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kilic, Mukremin</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>The Kepler and K2 missions have revealed that about half of the observed white dwarfs with sufficient signal-to-noise ratio light curves have low-level photometric variations at hour to day timescales. Potential explanations for the observed <span class="hlt">variability</span> include the relativistic beaming effect, ellipsodial variations, eclipses, and reflection off of giant planets in close orbits. However, these are all rare events. Roughly 10% of white dwarfs are magnetic, and magnetic fields can explain part of this puzzle. However, the high incidence (50%) of <span class="hlt">variability</span> is currently unexplained. HST COS spectroscopy of nearby white dwarfs <span class="hlt">show</span> that about half of them have metals on their surface. Hence, we propose that the observed <span class="hlt">variability</span> is due to the rotation of the star coupled with an inhomogeneous surface distribution of accreted metals. We have recently discovered an ideal system to test this hypothesis. J1529 is an apparently non-magnetic white dwarf that <span class="hlt">shows</span> 5.9% photometric dips in the optical every 38 min. We propose to obtain COS TIME-TAG spectroscopy of J1529 over 4 orbits to search for surface abundance differences throughout the orbit and look for the flux redistribution effect in the optical. These observations will confirm or rule out the idea that inhomogeneous metal accretion on white dwarfs can explain the high incidence of <span class="hlt">variability</span>. We predict that the LSST will identify 100,000 <span class="hlt">variable</span> white dwarfs. Hence, understanding the source of <span class="hlt">variability</span> in white dwarfs has implications for the current and future transient surveys.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RAA....16...27S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RAA....16...27S"><span>Long-term optical flux and colour <span class="hlt">variability</span> in quasars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sukanya, N.; Stalin, C. S.; Jeyakumar, S.; Praveen, D.; Dhani, Arnab; Damle, R.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>We have used optical V and R band observations from the Massive Compact Halo Object (MACHO) project on a sample of 59 quasars behind the Magellanic clouds to study their long term optical flux and colour variations. These quasars, lying in the redshift range of 0.2 < z < 2.8 and having apparent V band magnitudes between 16.6 and 20.1 mag, have observations ranging from 49 to 1353 epochs spanning over 7.5 yr with frequency of sampling between 2 to 10 days. All the quasars <span class="hlt">show</span> <span class="hlt">variability</span> during the observing period. The normalised excess variance (Fvar) in V and R bands are in the range 0.2% < FVvar < 1.6% and 0.1% < FRvar < 1.5% respectively. In a large fraction of the sources, Fvar is larger in the V band compared to the R band. From the z-transformed discrete cross-correlation function analysis, we find that there is no lag between the V and R band variations. Adopting the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach, and properly taking into account the correlation between the errors in colours and magnitudes, it is found that the majority of sources <span class="hlt">show</span> a bluer when brighter trend, while a minor fraction of quasars <span class="hlt">show</span> the opposite behaviour. This is similar to the <span class="hlt">results</span> obtained from another two independent algorithms, namely the weighted linear least squares fit (FITEXY) and the bivariate correlated errors and intrinsic scatter regression (BCES). However, the ordinary least squares (OLS) fit, normally used in the colour <span class="hlt">variability</span> studies of quasars, indicates that all the quasars studied here <span class="hlt">show</span> a bluer when brighter trend. It is therefore very clear that the OLS algorithm cannot be used for the study of colour <span class="hlt">variability</span> in quasars.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810016532','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810016532"><span>Research related to <span class="hlt">variable</span> sweep aircraft development</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Polhamus, E. C.; Toll, T. A.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>Development in high speed, <span class="hlt">variable</span> sweep aircraft research is reviewed. The 1946 Langley wind tunnel studies related to <span class="hlt">variable</span> oblique and <span class="hlt">variable</span> sweep wings and <span class="hlt">results</span> from the X-5 and the XF1OF <span class="hlt">variable</span> sweep aircraft are discussed. A joint program with the British, evaluation of the British "Swallow", development of the outboard pivot wing/aft tail configuration concept by Langley, and the applied research program that followed and which provided the technology for the current, <span class="hlt">variable</span> sweep military aircraft is outlined. The relative state of <span class="hlt">variable</span> sweep as a design option is also covered.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS51A2016W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS51A2016W"><span>Climatology and <span class="hlt">variability</span> of SST frontal activity in Eastern Pacific Ocean over the past decade</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Y.; Yuan, Y.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Distribution of sea surface temperature (SST) fronts are derived from high-resolution MODIS dataset in Eastern Pacific Ocean from 2003 to 2015. Daily distribution of frontal activities <span class="hlt">shows</span> detailed feature and movement of front and the discontinuity of the track of front cause by cloud coverage. Monthly frontal probability is calculated to investigate corresponding climatology and <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Frontal probability is generally higher along the coast and decreasing offshore. The frontal activity could extend few hundreds of kilometers near the major capes and central Pacific Ocean. SST gradient associated with front is changing over different latitude with stronger gradient near the mid-latitude and under major topographic effects near tropics. Corresponding <span class="hlt">results</span> from empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) <span class="hlt">shows</span> major <span class="hlt">variability</span> of SST front is found in mid-latitude and central Pacific Ocean. The temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> captures a strong interannual and annual <span class="hlt">variability</span> in those regions, while Intraannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> are found more important at small scale near major capes and topographic features. The frontal <span class="hlt">variability</span> is highly impacted by wind stress, upwelling, air-sea interaction, current, topography, eddy activity, El Nino along with other factors. And front plays an importance role in influencing the distribution of nutrients, the activity of fisheries and the development of ecosystems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/20765','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/20765"><span>On measuring bird habitat: influence of observer <span class="hlt">variability</span> and sample size</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>William M. Block; Kimberly A. With; Michael L. Morrison</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>We studied the effects of observer <span class="hlt">variability</span> when estimating vegetation characteristics at 75 0.04-ha bird plots. Observer estimates were significantly different for 31 of 49 <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Multivariate analyses <span class="hlt">showed</span> significant interobserver differences for five of the seven classes of <span class="hlt">variables</span> studied. <span class="hlt">Variable</span> classes included the height, number, and diameter of...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMOS43A1587B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMOS43A1587B"><span>Hydrographic <span class="hlt">Variability</span> off the Coast of Oman</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Belabbassi, L.; Dimarco, S. F.; Jochens, A. E.; Al Gheilani, H.; Wang, Z.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Data from hydrographic transects made in 2001 and 2002 and between 2007 and 2009 were obtained from the Oman Ministry of Fisheries Wealth. Property-depth plots of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen were produced for all transects and in all months for which data were available. These were analyzed for temporal and spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span>. For all transects, there exist large <span class="hlt">variability</span> on various timescales, with strong spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Two common features that are seen in the hydrographic data sets are the Persian Gulf Water (PGW) and a layer of continuous low oxygen concentrations in the lower part of the water column. Plots of salinity produced for transects located in the northern part of the Gulf of Oman <span class="hlt">show</span> a one-unit increase in salinity of the water at the bottom of deepest station during the months of August and September as compared to the other months. Similarly, cross-shelf contour plots of temperature <span class="hlt">shows</span> an increase in water temperature near the bottom station during the months of August and September. These indicate the presence of the PGW outflow in the northern part of the Gulf of Oman. For dissolved oxygen distributions, hydrographic transects that did not extend far offshore <span class="hlt">show</span> monthly differences in the presence of water with low oxygen concentrations. For transects that do extend far offshore and also <span class="hlt">show</span> a layer of low oxygen water throughout the year, there is generally a monthly difference on whether this water is found close to the surface or deeper in the water column. The <span class="hlt">variability</span> seen in the data could only be explained by comparing these data to data collected from the real time cable ocean observing system installed by Lighthouse R &D Enterprise in the Oman Sea and the Arabian Sea in 2005. The analysis of these data reveal that the <span class="hlt">variability</span> observed is related to processes such as ocean conditions, monsoonal cycle, and extreme weather events.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19720013187','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19720013187"><span>Dynamic characteristics of a <span class="hlt">variable</span>-mass flexible missile: Dynamics of a two-stage <span class="hlt">variable</span>-mass flexible rocket</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Meirovitch, L.; Bankovskis, J.</p> <p>1969-01-01</p> <p>The dynamic characteristics of two-stage slender elastic body were investigated. The first stage, containing a solid-fuel rocket, possesses <span class="hlt">variable</span> mass while the second stage, envisioned as a flexible case, contains packaged instruments of constant mass. The mathematical formulation was in terms of vector equations of motion transformed by a variational principle into sets of scalar differential equations in terms of generalized coordinates. Solutions to the complete equations were obtained numerically by means of finite difference techniques. The problem has been programmed in the FORTRAN 4 language and solved on an IBM 360/50 computer. <span class="hlt">Results</span> for limited cases are presented <span class="hlt">showing</span> the nature of the solutions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A43J..06J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A43J..06J"><span>Tying <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in Summertime North American Extreme Weather Regimes to the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jenney, A. M.; Randall, D. A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Tropical intraseasonal oscillations are known to be a source of extratropical <span class="hlt">variability</span>. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that subseasonal <span class="hlt">variability</span> in observed North American epidemiologically significant regional extreme weather regimes is teleconnected to the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO)—a complex tropical weather system that is active during the northern summer and has a 30-50 day timescale. The dynamics of the teleconnection are examined. We also find that interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the tropical mean-state can modulate the teleconnection. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that the BSISO may enable subseasonal to seasonal predictions of North American summertime weather extremes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26511754','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26511754"><span>Ambient temperature effect on pulse rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> as an alternative to heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> in young adult.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shin, Hangsik</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Pulse rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> (PRV) is a promising physiological and analytic technique used as a substitute for heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> (HRV). PRV is measured by pulse wave from various devices including mobile and wearable devices but HRV is only measured by an electrocardiogram (ECG). The purpose of this study was to evaluate PRV and HRV at various ambient temperatures and elaborate on the interchangeability of PRV and HRV. Twenty-eight healthy young subjects were enrolled in the experiment. We prepared temperature-controlled rooms and recorded the ECG and photoplethysmography (PPG) under temperature-controlled, constant humidity conditions. The rooms were kept at 17, 25, and 38 °C as low, moderate, and high ambient temperature environments, respectively. HRV and PRV were derived from the synchronized ECG and PPG measures and they were studied in time and frequency domain analysis for PRV/HRV ratio and pulse transit time (PTT). Similarity and differences between HRV and PRV were determined by a statistical analysis. PRV/HRV ratio analysis revealed that there was a significant difference between HRV and PRV for a given ambient temperature; this was with short-term <span class="hlt">variability</span> measures such as SDNN SDSD or RMSSD, and HF-based <span class="hlt">variables</span> including HF, LF/HF and normalized HF. In our analysis the absolute value of PTT was not significantly influenced by temperature. Standard deviation of PTT, however, <span class="hlt">showed</span> significant difference not only between low and moderate temperatures but also between low and high temperatures. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that ambient temperature induces a significant difference in PRV compared to HRV and that the difference becomes greater at a higher ambient temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhDT.......112H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhDT.......112H"><span>Tree-ring reconstructions of hydroclimatic <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the Upper Colorado River Basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hidalgo-Leon, Hugo</p> <p></p> <p>Three major sources of improvements in tree-ring analysis and reconstruction of hydroclimatic <span class="hlt">variables</span> are presented for the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) in the southwestern U.S.: (1) Cross validation statistics are used for identifying optimal reconstruction models based on different alternatives of PCA-based regression. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that a physically-consistent parsimonious model with low mean square error can be obtained by using strict rules for principal component selection and cross validation statistics. The improved methods were used to produce a ˜500 year high-resolution reconstruction of the UCRB's streamflow and compared with <span class="hlt">results</span> of a previous reconstruction based on traditional procedures. (2) Tree-species' type was found to be a factor for determining chronology selection from dendrohydroclimatic models. The relative sensitivity of six tree species (Pinus edulis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus flexilis, Pinus aristata, and Picea engelmanni) to hydroclimatic extreme variations was determined using contingency table scores of tree-ring growth (at different lags) against hydroclimatic observations. Pinus edulis and Pseudotsuga menziesii were found to be the species most sensitive to low water. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that tree-rings are biased towards greater sensitivity to hot-dry conditions and less responsive to cool-moist conditions. <span class="hlt">Resulted</span> also <span class="hlt">showed</span> higher streamflow response scores compared to precipitation implying a good integration and persistence representation of the basin through normal hydrological processes. (3) Previous reconstructions on the basin used data extending only up to 1963. This is an important limitation since hydroclimatic records from 1963 to the present <span class="hlt">show</span> significantly different variation than prior to 1963. The changes are caused by variations in the strength of forcing mechanisms from the Pacific Ocean. A comparative analysis of the influence of North Pacific variation and El Nino</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150023592','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150023592"><span>Spatial <span class="hlt">Variability</span> of Trace Gases During DISCOVER-AQ: Planning for Geostationary Observations of Atmospheric Composition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Follette-Cook, Melanie B.; Pickering, K.; Crawford, J.; Appel, W.; Diskin, G.; Fried, A.; Loughner, C.; Pfister, G.; Weinheimer, A.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Results</span> from an in-depth analysis of trace gas <span class="hlt">variability</span> in MD indicated that the <span class="hlt">variability</span> in this region was large enough to be observable by a TEMPO-like instrument. The <span class="hlt">variability</span> observed in MD is relatively similar to the other three campaigns with a few exceptions: CO <span class="hlt">variability</span> in CA was much higher than in the other regions; HCHO <span class="hlt">variability</span> in CA and CO was much lower; MD <span class="hlt">showed</span> the lowest <span class="hlt">variability</span> in NO2All model simulations do a reasonable job simulating O3 <span class="hlt">variability</span>. For CO, the CACO simulations largely under over estimate the <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the observations. The <span class="hlt">variability</span> in HCHO is underestimated for every campaign. NO2 <span class="hlt">variability</span> is slightly overestimated in MD, more so in CO. The TX simulation underestimates the <span class="hlt">variability</span> in each trace gas. This is most likely due to missing emissions sources (C. Loughner, manuscript in preparation).Future Work: Where reasonable, we will use these model outputs to further explore the resolvability from space of these key trace gases using analyses of tropospheric column amounts relative to satellite precision requirements, similar to Follette-Cook et al. (2015).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4364920','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4364920"><span>Predictive Inference Using Latent <span class="hlt">Variables</span> with Covariates*</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Schofield, Lynne Steuerle; Junker, Brian; Taylor, Lowell J.; Black, Dan A.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Plausible Values (PVs) are a standard multiple imputation tool for analysis of large education survey data that measures latent proficiency <span class="hlt">variables</span>. When latent proficiency is the dependent <span class="hlt">variable</span>, we reconsider the standard institutionally-generated PV methodology and find it applies with greater generality than shown previously. When latent proficiency is an independent <span class="hlt">variable</span>, we <span class="hlt">show</span> that the standard institutional PV methodology produces biased inference because the institutional conditioning model places restrictions on the form of the secondary analysts’ model. We offer an alternative approach that avoids these biases based on the mixed effects structural equations (MESE) model of Schofield (2008). PMID:25231627</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25919407','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25919407"><span>Identification of solid state fermentation degree with FT-NIR spectroscopy: Comparison of wavelength <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection methods of CARS and SCARS.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jiang, Hui; Zhang, Hang; Chen, Quansheng; Mei, Congli; Liu, Guohai</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The use of wavelength <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection before partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) for qualitative identification of solid state fermentation degree by FT-NIR spectroscopy technique was investigated in this study. Two wavelength <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection methods including competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and stability competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (SCARS) were employed to select the important wavelengths. PLS-DA was applied to calibrate identified model using selected wavelength <span class="hlt">variables</span> by CARS and SCARS for identification of solid state fermentation degree. Experimental <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the number of selected wavelength <span class="hlt">variables</span> by CARS and SCARS were 58 and 47, respectively, from the 1557 original wavelength <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Compared with the <span class="hlt">results</span> of full-spectrum PLS-DA, the two wavelength <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection methods both could enhance the performance of identified models. Meanwhile, compared with CARS-PLS-DA model, the SCARS-PLS-DA model achieved better <span class="hlt">results</span> with the identification rate of 91.43% in the validation process. The overall <span class="hlt">results</span> sufficiently demonstrate the PLS-DA model constructed using selected wavelength <span class="hlt">variables</span> by a proper wavelength <span class="hlt">variable</span> method can be more accurate identification of solid state fermentation degree. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AcSpA.149....1J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AcSpA.149....1J"><span>Identification of solid state fermentation degree with FT-NIR spectroscopy: Comparison of wavelength <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection methods of CARS and SCARS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jiang, Hui; Zhang, Hang; Chen, Quansheng; Mei, Congli; Liu, Guohai</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>The use of wavelength <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection before partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) for qualitative identification of solid state fermentation degree by FT-NIR spectroscopy technique was investigated in this study. Two wavelength <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection methods including competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and stability competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (SCARS) were employed to select the important wavelengths. PLS-DA was applied to calibrate identified model using selected wavelength <span class="hlt">variables</span> by CARS and SCARS for identification of solid state fermentation degree. Experimental <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the number of selected wavelength <span class="hlt">variables</span> by CARS and SCARS were 58 and 47, respectively, from the 1557 original wavelength <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Compared with the <span class="hlt">results</span> of full-spectrum PLS-DA, the two wavelength <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection methods both could enhance the performance of identified models. Meanwhile, compared with CARS-PLS-DA model, the SCARS-PLS-DA model achieved better <span class="hlt">results</span> with the identification rate of 91.43% in the validation process. The overall <span class="hlt">results</span> sufficiently demonstrate the PLS-DA model constructed using selected wavelength <span class="hlt">variables</span> by a proper wavelength <span class="hlt">variable</span> method can be more accurate identification of solid state fermentation degree.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=MRA&pg=2&id=EJ339706','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=MRA&pg=2&id=EJ339706"><span>Regression Analysis with Dummy <span class="hlt">Variables</span>: Use and Interpretation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hinkle, Dennis E.; Oliver, J. Dale</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Multiple regression analysis (MRA) may be used when both continuous and categorical <span class="hlt">variables</span> are included as independent research <span class="hlt">variables</span>. The use of MRA with categorical <span class="hlt">variables</span> involves dummy coding, that is, assigning zeros and ones to levels of categorical <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Caution is urged in <span class="hlt">results</span> interpretation. (Author/CH)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20645863-extremal-entanglement-mixedness-continuous-variable-systems','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20645863-extremal-entanglement-mixedness-continuous-variable-systems"><span>Extremal entanglement and mixedness in continuous <span class="hlt">variable</span> systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Adesso, Gerardo; Serafini, Alessio; Illuminati, Fabrizio</p> <p>2004-08-01</p> <p>We investigate the relationship between mixedness and entanglement for Gaussian states of continuous <span class="hlt">variable</span> systems. We introduce generalized entropies based on Schatten p norms to quantify the mixedness of a state and derive their explicit expressions in terms of symplectic spectra. We compare the hierarchies of mixedness provided by such measures with the one provided by the purity (defined as tr {rho}{sup 2} for the state {rho}) for generic n-mode states. We then review the analysis proving the existence of both maximally and minimally entangled states at given global and marginal purities, with the entanglement quantified by the logarithmic negativity.more » Based on these <span class="hlt">results</span>, we extend such an analysis to generalized entropies, introducing and fully characterizing maximally and minimally entangled states for given global and local generalized entropies. We compare the different roles played by the purity and by the generalized p entropies in quantifying the entanglement and the mixedness of continuous <span class="hlt">variable</span> systems. We introduce the concept of average logarithmic negativity, <span class="hlt">showing</span> that it allows a reliable quantitative estimate of continuous <span class="hlt">variable</span> entanglement by direct measurements of global and marginal generalized p entropies.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27651537','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27651537"><span>Altered trait <span class="hlt">variability</span> in response to size-selective mortality.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Uusi-Heikkilä, Silva; Lindström, Kai; Parre, Noora; Arlinghaus, Robert; Alós, Josep; Kuparinen, Anna</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>Changes in trait <span class="hlt">variability</span> owing to size-selective harvesting have received little attention in comparison with changes in mean trait values, perhaps because of the expectation that phenotypic <span class="hlt">variability</span> should generally be eroded by directional selection typical for fishing and hunting. We <span class="hlt">show</span>, however, that directional selection, in particular for large body size, leads to increased body-size variation in experimentally harvested zebrafish (Danio rerio) populations exposed to two alternative feeding environments: ad libitum and temporarily restricted food availability. Trait variation may influence population adaptivity, stability and resilience. Therefore, rather than exerting selection pressures that favour small individuals, our <span class="hlt">results</span> stress the importance of protecting large ones, as they can harbour a great amount of variation within a population, to manage fish stocks sustainably. © 2016 The Author(s).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45..983L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45..983L"><span>Meridional Modes and Increasing Pacific Decadal <span class="hlt">Variability</span> Under Anthropogenic Forcing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liguori, Giovanni; Di Lorenzo, Emanuele</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Pacific decadal <span class="hlt">variability</span> has strong impacts on the statistics of weather, atmosphere extremes, droughts, hurricanes, marine heatwaves, and marine ecosystems. Sea surface temperature (SST) observations <span class="hlt">show</span> that the variance of the El Niño-like decadal <span class="hlt">variability</span> has increased by 30% (1920-2015) with a stronger coupling between the major Pacific climate modes. Although we cannot attribute these trends to global climate change, the examination of 30 members of the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (LENS) forced with the RCP8.5 radiative forcing scenario (1920-2100) suggests that significant anthropogenic trends in Pacific decadal variance will emerge by 2020 in response to a more energetic North Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM)—a well-known El Niño precursor. The PMM is a key mechanism for energizing and coupling tropical and extratropical decadal <span class="hlt">variability</span>. In the LENS, the increase in PMM variance is consistent with an intensification of the winds-evaporation-SST thermodynamic feedback that <span class="hlt">results</span> from a warmer mean climate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4452798','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4452798"><span>First-born siblings <span class="hlt">show</span> better second language skills than later born siblings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Keller, Karin; Troesch, Larissa M.; Grob, Alexander</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>We examined the extent to which three sibling structure <span class="hlt">variables</span> number of siblings, birth order, and presence of an older sibling at school age are linked to the second language skills of bilingual children. The research questions were tested using an ethnically heterogeneous sample of 1209 bilingual children with German as a second language. Controlling for children’s age, sex, nationality, number of children’s books at home, family language and parental German language skills, hierarchical regression analyses <span class="hlt">showed</span> an inverse relationship between the number of siblings and second language skills: the more siblings a child had, the lower was his/her second language proficiency. This relationship was mediated by attendance in early education institutions. Moreover, first-born siblings <span class="hlt">showed</span> better second language skills than later born siblings. The current study revealed that the resource dilution model, i.e., the decrease in resources for every additional sibling, holds for second language acquisition. Moreover, the <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that bilingual children from families with several children benefit from access to early education institutions. PMID:26089806</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28821678','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28821678"><span>Individual Movement <span class="hlt">Variability</span> Magnitudes Are Explained by Cortical Neural <span class="hlt">Variability</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Haar, Shlomi; Donchin, Opher; Dinstein, Ilan</p> <p>2017-09-13</p> <p>Humans exhibit considerable motor <span class="hlt">variability</span> even across trivial reaching movements. This <span class="hlt">variability</span> can be separated into specific kinematic components such as extent and direction that are thought to be governed by distinct neural processes. Here, we report that individual subjects (males and females) exhibit different magnitudes of kinematic <span class="hlt">variability</span>, which are consistent (within individual) across movements to different targets and regardless of which arm (right or left) was used to perform the movements. Simultaneous fMRI recordings revealed that the same subjects also exhibited different magnitudes of fMRI <span class="hlt">variability</span> across movements in a variety of motor system areas. These fMRI <span class="hlt">variability</span> magnitudes were also consistent across movements to different targets when performed with either arm. Cortical fMRI <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the posterior-parietal cortex of individual subjects explained their movement-extent <span class="hlt">variability</span>. This relationship was apparent only in posterior-parietal cortex and not in other motor system areas, thereby suggesting that individuals with more <span class="hlt">variable</span> movement preparation exhibit larger kinematic <span class="hlt">variability</span>. We therefore propose that neural and kinematic <span class="hlt">variability</span> are reliable and interrelated individual characteristics that may predispose individual subjects to exhibit distinct motor capabilities. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neural activity and movement kinematics are remarkably <span class="hlt">variable</span>. Although intertrial <span class="hlt">variability</span> is rarely studied, here, we demonstrate that individual human subjects exhibit distinct magnitudes of neural and kinematic <span class="hlt">variability</span> that are reproducible across movements to different targets and when performing these movements with either arm. Furthermore, when examining the relationship between cortical <span class="hlt">variability</span> and movement <span class="hlt">variability</span>, we find that cortical fMRI <span class="hlt">variability</span> in parietal cortex of individual subjects explained their movement extent <span class="hlt">variability</span>. This enabled us to explain why some subjects</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1376433','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1376433"><span>Evaluation of energy savings potential of <span class="hlt">variable</span> refrigerant flow (VRF) from <span class="hlt">variable</span> air volume (VAV) in the U.S. climate locations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kim, Dongsu; Cox, Sam J.; Cho, Heejin</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Variable</span> refrigerant flow (VRF) systems are known for their high energy performance and thus can improve energy efficiency both in residential and commercial buildings. The energy savings potential of this system has been demonstrated in several studies by comparing the system performance with conventional HVAC systems such as rooftop <span class="hlt">variable</span> air volume systems (RTU-VAV) and central chiller and boiler systems. This paper evaluates the performance of VRF and RTU-VAV systems in a simulation environment using widely-accepted whole building energy modeling software, EnergyPlus. A medium office prototype building model, developed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), is used to assessmore » the performance of VRF and RTU-VAV systems. Each system is placed in 16 different locations, representing all U.S. climate zones, to evaluate the performance variations. Both models are compliant with the minimum energy code requirements prescribed in ASHRAE standard 90.1-2010 — energy standard for buildings except low-rise residential buildings. Finally, a comparison study between the simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> of VRF and RTU-VAV models is made to demonstrate energy savings potential of VRF systems. The simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the VRF systems would save around 15–42% and 18–33% for HVAC site and source energy uses compared to the RTU-VAV systems. In addition, calculated <span class="hlt">results</span> for annual HVAC cost savings point out that hot and mild climates <span class="hlt">show</span> higher percentage cost savings for the VRF systems than cold climates mainly due to the differences in electricity and gas use for heating sources.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1376433-evaluation-energy-savings-potential-variable-refrigerant-flow-vrf-from-variable-air-volume-vav-climate-locations','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1376433-evaluation-energy-savings-potential-variable-refrigerant-flow-vrf-from-variable-air-volume-vav-climate-locations"><span>Evaluation of energy savings potential of <span class="hlt">variable</span> refrigerant flow (VRF) from <span class="hlt">variable</span> air volume (VAV) in the U.S. climate locations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Kim, Dongsu; Cox, Sam J.; Cho, Heejin; ...</p> <p>2017-05-22</p> <p><span class="hlt">Variable</span> refrigerant flow (VRF) systems are known for their high energy performance and thus can improve energy efficiency both in residential and commercial buildings. The energy savings potential of this system has been demonstrated in several studies by comparing the system performance with conventional HVAC systems such as rooftop <span class="hlt">variable</span> air volume systems (RTU-VAV) and central chiller and boiler systems. This paper evaluates the performance of VRF and RTU-VAV systems in a simulation environment using widely-accepted whole building energy modeling software, EnergyPlus. A medium office prototype building model, developed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), is used to assessmore » the performance of VRF and RTU-VAV systems. Each system is placed in 16 different locations, representing all U.S. climate zones, to evaluate the performance variations. Both models are compliant with the minimum energy code requirements prescribed in ASHRAE standard 90.1-2010 — energy standard for buildings except low-rise residential buildings. Finally, a comparison study between the simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> of VRF and RTU-VAV models is made to demonstrate energy savings potential of VRF systems. The simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the VRF systems would save around 15–42% and 18–33% for HVAC site and source energy uses compared to the RTU-VAV systems. In addition, calculated <span class="hlt">results</span> for annual HVAC cost savings point out that hot and mild climates <span class="hlt">show</span> higher percentage cost savings for the VRF systems than cold climates mainly due to the differences in electricity and gas use for heating sources.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.1572O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.1572O"><span>Analyzing and leveraging self-similarity for <span class="hlt">variable</span> resolution atmospheric models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>O'Brien, Travis; Collins, William</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Variable</span> resolution modeling techniques are rapidly becoming a popular strategy for achieving high resolution in a global atmospheric models without the computational cost of global high resolution. However, recent studies have demonstrated a variety of resolution-dependent, and seemingly artificial, features. We argue that the scaling properties of the atmosphere are key to understanding how the statistics of an atmospheric model should change with resolution. We provide two such examples. In the first example we <span class="hlt">show</span> that the scaling properties of the cloud number distribution define how the ratio of resolved to unresolved clouds should increase with resolution. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that the loss of resolved clouds, in the high resolution region of <span class="hlt">variable</span> resolution simulations, with the Community Atmosphere Model version 4 (CAM4) is an artifact of the model's treatment of condensed water (this artifact is significantly reduced in CAM5). In the second example we <span class="hlt">show</span> that the scaling properties of the horizontal velocity field, combined with the incompressibility assumption, necessarily <span class="hlt">result</span> in an intensification of vertical mass flux as resolution increases. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that such an increase is present in a wide variety of models, including CAM and the regional climate models of the ENSEMBLES intercomparision. We present theoretical arguments linking this increase to the intensification of precipitation with increasing resolution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy..tmp..923Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy..tmp..923Z"><span>Enhancement of the spring East China precipitation response to tropical sea surface temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Mengqi; Sun, Jianqi</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The boreal spring relationship between <span class="hlt">variabilities</span> of East China precipitation (ECP) and tropical Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) during the period 1951-2014 is investigated in this study. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the leading mode of the ECP <span class="hlt">variability</span> exhibits an enhanced response to the anomalous El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-like SST after the late 1970s, when the SST underwent a decadal change, with two positive centers over the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) and tropical Indian Ocean (TIO). To further understand the relative roles of the ETP and TIO SST anomalies (SSTAs) in the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of ECP after the late 1970s, partial regression and correlation methods are used. It is found that, without the contribution of the TIO, ETP SSTA plays a limited role in the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of ECP after the late 1970s; comparatively, a significant correlation between TIO SST and ECP is identified during the same period, when the ETP signal is linearly removed. Physical analyses <span class="hlt">show</span> that, after the late 1970s, the TIO SSTA affects East Asian atmospheric circulation in two ways: by exciting a zonal wave-train pattern over the mid-latitude Eurasian Continent and by inducing anomalous convection over the Maritime Continent. Via these two mechanisms, the TIO SST <span class="hlt">variability</span> <span class="hlt">results</span> in an anomalous East Asian trough and vertical motion over East China and consequently leads to anomalous precipitation over the region. The physical processes linking the ECP and TIO SST are confirmed by an atmospheric general circulation model experiment forced with idealized TIO warming.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PMB....57.4335H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PMB....57.4335H"><span>Study of time reversibility/irreversibility of cardiovascular data: theoretical <span class="hlt">results</span> and application to laser Doppler flowmetry and heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> signals</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Humeau-Heurtier, Anne; Mahé, Guillaume; Chapeau-Blondeau, François; Rousseau, David; Abraham, Pierre</p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>Time irreversibility can be qualitatively defined as the degree of a signal for temporal asymmetry. Recently, a time irreversibility characterization method based on entropies of positive and negative increments has been proposed for experimental signals and applied to heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> (HRV) data (central cardiovascular system (CVS)). The <span class="hlt">results</span> led to interesting information as a time asymmetry index was found different for young subjects and elderly people or heart disease patients. Nevertheless, similar analyses have not yet been conducted on laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) signals (peripheral CVS). We first propose to further investigate the above-mentioned characterization method. Then, LDF signals, LDF signals reduced to samples acquired during ECG R peaks (LDF_RECG signals) and HRV recorded simultaneously in healthy subjects are processed. Entropies of positive and negative increments for LDF signals <span class="hlt">show</span> a nonmonotonic pattern: oscillations—more or less pronounced, depending on subjects—are found with a period matching the one of cardiac activity. However, such oscillations are not found with LDF_RECG nor with HRV. Moreover, the asymmetry index for LDF is markedly different from the ones of LDF_RECG and HRV. The cardiac activity may therefore play a dominant role in the time irreversibility properties of LDF signals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1112618','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1112618"><span>Stereophysicochemical <span class="hlt">variability</span> plots highlight conserved antigenic areas in Flaviviruses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Schein, Catherine H; Zhou, Bin; Braun, Werner</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Background Flaviviruses, which include Dengue (DV) and West Nile (WN), mutate in response to immune system pressure. Identifying escape mutants, variant progeny that replicate in the presence of neutralizing antibodies, is a common way to identify functionally important residues of viral proteins. However, the mutations typically occur at <span class="hlt">variable</span> positions on the viral surface that are not essential for viral replication. Methods are needed to determine the true targets of the neutralizing antibodies. <span class="hlt">Results</span> Stereophysicochemical <span class="hlt">variability</span> plots (SVPs), 3-D images of protein structures colored according to <span class="hlt">variability</span>, as determined by our PCPMer program, were used to visualize residues conserved in their physical chemical properties (PCPs) near escape mutant positions. The analysis <span class="hlt">showed</span> 1) that escape mutations in the flavivirus envelope protein are <span class="hlt">variable</span> residues by our criteria and 2) two escape mutants found at the same position in many flaviviruses sit above clusters of conserved residues from different regions of the linear sequence. Conservation patterns in T-cell epitopes in the NS3- protease suggest a similar mechanism of immune system evasion. Conclusion The SVPs add another dimension to structurally defining the binding sites of neutralizing antibodies. They provide a useful aid for determining antigenically important regions and designing vaccines. PMID:15845145</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24967106','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24967106"><span>Reduced <span class="hlt">variability</span> of auditory alpha activity in chronic tinnitus.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schlee, Winfried; Schecklmann, Martin; Lehner, Astrid; Kreuzer, Peter M; Vielsmeier, Veronika; Poeppl, Timm B; Langguth, Berthold</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Subjective tinnitus is characterized by the conscious perception of a phantom sound which is usually more prominent under silence. Resting state recordings without any auditory stimulation demonstrated a decrease of cortical alpha activity in temporal areas of subjects with an ongoing tinnitus perception. This is often interpreted as an indicator for enhanced excitability of the auditory cortex in tinnitus. In this study we want to further investigate this effect by analysing the moment-to-moment <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the alpha activity in temporal areas. Magnetoencephalographic resting state recordings of 21 tinnitus subjects and 21 healthy controls were analysed with respect to the mean and the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of spectral power in the alpha frequency band over temporal areas. A significant decrease of auditory alpha activity was detected for the low alpha frequency band (8-10 Hz) but not for the upper alpha band (10-12 Hz). Furthermore, we found a significant decrease of alpha <span class="hlt">variability</span> for the tinnitus group. This <span class="hlt">result</span> was significant for the lower alpha frequency range and not significant for the upper alpha frequencies. Tinnitus subjects with a longer history of tinnitus <span class="hlt">showed</span> less <span class="hlt">variability</span> of their auditory alpha activity which might be an indicator for reduced adaptability of the auditory cortex in chronic tinnitus.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70188401','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70188401"><span>Characterizing local <span class="hlt">variability</span> in long‐period horizontal tilt noise</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Rohde, M.D.; Ringler, Adam; Hutt, Charles R.; Wilson, David; Holland, Austin; Sandoval, L.D; Storm, Tyler</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Horizontal seismic data are dominated by atmospherically induced tilt noise at long periods (i.e., 30 s and greater). Tilt noise limits our ability to use horizontal data for sensitive seismological studies such as observing free earth modes. To better understand the local spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> of long‐period horizontal noise, we observe horizontal noise during quiet time periods in the Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory (ASL) underground vault using four small‐aperture array configurations. Each array comprises eight Streckeisen STS‐2 broadband seismometers. We analyze the spectral content of the data using power spectral density and magnitude‐squared coherence (γ2‐coherence). Our <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> a high degree of spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> and frequency dependence in the long‐period horizontal wavefield. The <span class="hlt">variable</span> nature of long‐period horizontal noise in the ASL vault suggests that it might be highly local in nature and not easily characterized by simple physical models when overall noise levels are low, making it difficult to identify locations in the vault with lower horizontal noise. This <span class="hlt">variability</span> could be limiting our ability to apply coherence analysis for estimating horizontal sensor self‐noise and could also complicate various indirect methods for removing long‐period horizontal noise (e.g., collocated rotational sensor or microbarograph).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29350018','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29350018"><span>Allergy and high trait anxiety are related to increases in heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span>: <span class="hlt">results</span> of naturalistic long-term design study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rajcani, J; Solarikova, P; Brezina, I</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>A number of studies report heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> (HRV) changes in allergic as well as high trait anxious people, and associations between allergic inflammation and trait anxiety. This study investigated HRV of 20 low anxious allergic, 19 healthy high trait anxious and 18 healthy low anxious, in naturalistic setting. On arranged research days, subjects performed measurements using portable ECG device and subjective self-assessment of perceived stress. Five repeated measurements data from each subject have shown increases in overall HRV, as well as HRV on respiratory frequencies in both allergy and high trait anxiety. Subject's sex was an important factor, because HRV increases in allergy were only apparent in women. Data from self-assessment <span class="hlt">show</span> no differences in experienced stress attributable to allergy, only to trait anxiety.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27210477','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27210477"><span>Emotional and Cognitive <span class="hlt">Variables</span> Associated with Contamination-Related Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>García-Soriano, Gemma; Rosell-Clari, Vicent; Serrano, Miguel Ángel</p> <p>2016-05-23</p> <p>Different <span class="hlt">variables</span> have been associated with the development/ maintenance of contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), although the relevance of these factors has not been clearly established. The present study aimed to analyze the relevance and specificity of these <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Forty-five women with high scores on obsessive-compulsive contamination symptoms (n = 16) or checking symptoms (n = 15), or non-clinical scores (n = 14) participated in a behavioral approach/avoidance task (BAT) with a contamination-OCD stimulus. Vulnerability <span class="hlt">variables</span> and participants' emotional, cognitive, physiological and behavioral responses to the BAT were appraised. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that fear of illness was a relevant vulnerability <span class="hlt">variable</span> specific to contamination participants (p = .001; η2 p = .291). Contamination participants responded with significantly higher subjective disgust (p =.001; η2 p = .269), anxiety (p = .001; η2 p = .297), urge to wash (p < .001; η2 p = 370), threat from emotion (p < .001; η2 p = .338) and contamination severity (p = .002; η2 p = .260) appraisals, and with lower behavioral approach (p = .008; η2 p = .208) than the other two groups. Moreover, contamination participants <span class="hlt">showed</span> lower heart rate acceleration (p = .046; η2 p = .170) and higher contamination likelihood appraisals (p < .001; η2 p = .342) than the non-clinical group. Urge to wash was predicted by state disgust (R 2 change = .346) and threat from emotion (R 2 change = .088). These responses were predicted by general anxiety sensitivity (R 2 change = .161), disgust propensity (R 2 change = .255) and fear of illness (R 2 change = .116), but not by other vulnerability <span class="hlt">variables</span> such as dysfunctional beliefs about thoughts (Responsibility and Overestimation of threat) or disgust sensitivity. State disgust, threat from disgust, anxiety sensitivity and fear of illness were found to be the most relevant <span class="hlt">variables</span> in contamination symptoms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29943096','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29943096"><span>Climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> decreases species richness and community stability in a temperate grassland.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Yunhai; Loreau, Michel; He, Nianpeng; Wang, Junbang; Pan, Qingmin; Bai, Yongfei; Han, Xingguo</p> <p>2018-06-26</p> <p>Climate change involves modifications in both the mean and the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of temperature and precipitation. According to global warming projections, both the magnitude and the frequency of extreme weather events are increasing, thereby increasing climate <span class="hlt">variability</span>. The previous studies have reported that climate warming tends to decrease biodiversity and the temporal stability of community primary productivity (i.e., community stability), but the effects of the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of temperature and precipitation on biodiversity, community stability, and their relationship have not been clearly explored. We used a long-term (from 1982 to 2014) field data set from a temperate grassland in northern China to explore the effects of the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of mean temperature and total precipitation on species richness, community stability, and their relationship. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that species richness promoted community stability through increases in asynchronous dynamics across species (i.e., species asynchrony). Both species richness and species asynchrony were positively associated with the residuals of community stability after controlling for its dependence on the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of mean temperature and total precipitation. Furthermore, the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of mean temperature reduced species richness, while the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of total precipitation decreased species asynchrony and community stability. Overall, the present study revealed that species richness and species asynchrony promoted community stability, but increased climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> may erode these positive effects and thereby threaten community stability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3407811','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3407811"><span>Are Anxiety and Depression Just as Stable as Personality During Late Adolescence? <span class="hlt">Results</span> From a Three-Year Longitudinal Latent <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Prenoveau, Jason M.; Craske, Michelle G.; Zinbarg, Richard E.; Mineka, Susan; Rose, Raphael D.; Griffith, James W.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Although considerable evidence <span class="hlt">shows</span> that affective symptoms and personality traits demonstrate moderate to high relative stabilities during adolescence and early adulthood, there has been little work done to examine differential stability among these constructs or to study the manner in which the stability of these constructs is expressed. The present study used a three-year longitudinal design in an adolescent/young adult sample to examine the stability of depression symptoms, social phobia symptoms, specific phobia symptoms, neuroticism, and extraversion. When considering one-, two-, and three-year durations, anxiety and personality stabilities were generally similar and typically greater than the stability of depression. Comparison of various representations of a latent <span class="hlt">variable</span> trait-state-occasion (TSO) model revealed that whereas the full TSO model was the best representation for depression, a trait stability model was the most parsimonious of the best-fitting models for the anxiety and personality constructs. Over three years, the percentages of variance explained by the trait component for the anxiety and personality constructs (73– 84%) were significantly greater than that explained by the trait component for depression (46%). These findings indicate that symptoms of depression are more episodic in nature, whereas symptoms of anxiety are more similar to personality <span class="hlt">variables</span> in their expression of stability. PMID:21604827</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.C41B0670T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.C41B0670T"><span>Estimating the impact of internal climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> on ice sheet model simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tsai, C. Y.; Forest, C. E.; Pollard, D.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Rising sea level threatens human societies and coastal habitats and melting ice sheets are a major contributor to sea level rise (SLR). Thus, understanding uncertainty of both forcing and <span class="hlt">variability</span> within the climate system is essential for assessing long-term risk of SLR given their impact on ice sheet evolution. The predictability of polar climate is limited by uncertainties from the given forcing, the climate model response to this forcing, and the internal <span class="hlt">variability</span> from feedbacks within the fully coupled climate system. Among those sources of uncertainty, the impact of internal climate <span class="hlt">variability</span> on ice sheet changes has not yet been robustly assessed. Here we investigate how internal <span class="hlt">variability</span> affects ice sheet projections using climate fields from two Community Earth System Model (CESM) large-ensemble (LE) experiments to force a three-dimensional ice sheet model. Each ensemble member in an LE experiment undergoes the same external forcings but with unique initial conditions. We find that for both LEs, 2m air temperature <span class="hlt">variability</span> over Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) can lead to significantly different ice sheet responses. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that the internal <span class="hlt">variability</span> from two fully coupled CESM LEs can cause about 25 35 mm differences of GrIS's contribution to SLR in 2100 compared to present day (about 20% of the total change), and 100m differences of SLR in 2300. Moreover, only using ensemble-mean climate fields as the forcing in ice sheet model can significantly underestimate the melt of GrIS. As the Arctic region becomes warmer, the role of internal <span class="hlt">variability</span> is critical given the complex nonlinear interactions between surface temperature and ice sheet. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> demonstrate that internal <span class="hlt">variability</span> from coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model can affect ice sheet simulations and the <span class="hlt">resulting</span> sea-level projections. This study highlights an urgent need to reassess associated uncertainties of projecting ice sheet loss over the next few</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvE..91e2113B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvE..91e2113B"><span>Extended q -Gaussian and q -exponential distributions from gamma random <span class="hlt">variables</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Budini, Adrián A.</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>The family of q -Gaussian and q -exponential probability densities fit the statistical behavior of diverse complex self-similar nonequilibrium systems. These distributions, independently of the underlying dynamics, can rigorously be obtained by maximizing Tsallis "nonextensive" entropy under appropriate constraints, as well as from superstatistical models. In this paper we provide an alternative and complementary scheme for deriving these objects. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that q -Gaussian and q -exponential random <span class="hlt">variables</span> can always be expressed as a function of two statistically independent gamma random <span class="hlt">variables</span> with the same scale parameter. Their shape index determines the complexity q parameter. This <span class="hlt">result</span> also allows us to define an extended family of asymmetric q -Gaussian and modified q -exponential densities, which reduce to the standard ones when the shape parameters are the same. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a simple change of <span class="hlt">variables</span> always allows relating any of these distributions with a beta stochastic <span class="hlt">variable</span>. The extended distributions are applied in the statistical description of different complex dynamics such as log-return signals in financial markets and motion of point defects in a fluid flow.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMOS51A0952S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMOS51A0952S"><span>Investigating the Interannual <span class="hlt">Variability</span> of the Circulation and Water Mass Formation in the Red Sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sofianos, S. S.; Papadopoulos, V. P.; Denaxa, D.; Abualnaja, Y.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the circulation and water mass formation in the Red Sea is investigated with the use of a numerical model and the combination of satellite and in-situ observations. The response of Red Sea to the large-scale <span class="hlt">variability</span> of atmospheric forcing is studied through a 30-years simulation experiment, using MICOM model. The modeling <span class="hlt">results</span> demonstrate significant trends and <span class="hlt">variability</span> that are mainly located in the central and northern parts of the basin. On the other hand, the exchange pattern between the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean at the strait of Bab el Mandeb presents very weak interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span>. The <span class="hlt">results</span> verify the regularity of the water mass formation processes in the northern Red Sea but also <span class="hlt">show</span> significant <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the circulation and thermohaline conditions in the areas of formation. Enhanced water mass formation conditions are observed during specific years of the simulation (approximately five years apart). Analysis of recent warm and cold events in the northernmost part of the basin, based on a combination of atmospheric reanalysis <span class="hlt">results</span> and oceanic satellite and in-situ observations, <span class="hlt">shows</span> the importance of the cyclonic gyre that is prevailing in this part of the basin. This gyre can effectively influence the sea surface temperature (SST) and intensify or mitigate the winter effect of the atmospheric forcing. Upwelling induced by persistent periods of the gyre functioning drops the SST over the northernmost part of the Red Sea and can produce colder than normal winter SST even without extreme atmospheric forcing. These mechanisms are crucial for the formation of intermediate and deep water masses in the Red Sea and the strength of the subsequent thermohaline cells.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170007358&hterms=Wrf&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DWrf','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170007358&hterms=Wrf&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DWrf"><span>The Role of Low-Level, Terrain-Induced Jets in Rainfall <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in Tigris Euphrates Headwaters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Dezfuli, Amin K.; Zaitchik, Benjamin F.; Badr, Hamada S.; Evans, Jason; Peters-Lidard, Christa D.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the Tigris Euphrates headwaters is a <span class="hlt">result</span> of interaction between topography and meteorological features at a range of spatial scales. Here, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, driven by the NCEP-DOE AMIP-II reanalysis (R-2), has been implemented to better understand these interactions. Simulations were performed over a domain covering most of the Middle East. The extended simulation period (1983 - 2013) enables us to study seasonality, interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span>, spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span>, and extreme events of rainfall. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the annual cycle of precipitation produced by WRF agrees much more closely with observations than does R-2. This was particularly evident during the transition months of April and October, which were further examined to study the underlying physical mechanisms. In both months, WRF improves representation of interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> relative to R-2, with a substantially larger benefit in April. This improvement <span class="hlt">results</span> primarily from WRFs ability to resolve two low-level, terrain-induced flows in the region that are either absent or weak in R-2: one parallel to the western edge of the Zagros Mountains, and one along the east Turkish highlands. The first <span class="hlt">shows</span> a complete reversal in its direction during wet and dry days, when flowing southeasterly it transports moisture from the Persian Gulf to the region, and when flowing northwesterly it blocks moisture and transports it away from the region. The second is more directly related to synoptic-scale systems and carries moist, warm air from the Mediterranean and Red Seas toward the region. The combined contribution of these flows explains about 50 of interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> in both WRF and observations for April and October precipitation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5928527','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5928527"><span>The role of low-level terrain-induced jets in rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span> in Tigris-Euphrates Headwaters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zaitchik, Benjamin F.; Badr, Hamada S.; Evans, Jason; Peters-Lidard, Christa D.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the Tigris-Euphrates Headwaters is a <span class="hlt">result</span> of interaction between topography and meteorological features at a range of spatial scales. Here, we have implemented the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, driven by NCEP/DOE R2, to better understand these interactions. Simulations were performed over a domain covering most of the Middle-East. The extended simulation period (1983–2013) enables us to study seasonality, interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span>, spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> and extreme events of rainfall. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the annual cycle of precipitation produced by WRF agrees much more closely with observations than does R2. This was particularly evident during the transition months of April and October, which were further examined to study the underlying physical mechanisms. In both months, WRF improves representation of interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> relative to R2, with a substantially larger benefit in April. This improvement <span class="hlt">results</span> primarily from WRF’s ability to resolve two low-level terrain-induced flows in the region that are either absent or weak in NCEP/DOE: one parallel to western edge of the Zagros Mountains, and one along the East Turkish Highlands. The first <span class="hlt">shows</span> a complete reversal in its direction during wet and dry days: when flowing southeasterly it transports moisture from the Persian Gulf to the region, and when flowing northwesterly it blocks moisture and transports it away from the region. The second is more directly related to synoptic-scale systems and carries moist, warm air from the Mediterranean and Red Seas toward the region. The combined contribution of these flows explains about 50% of interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> in both WRF and observations for April and October precipitation. PMID:29726552</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170003348','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170003348"><span>The Role of Low-Level Terrain-Induced Jets in Rainfall <span class="hlt">Variability</span> in Tigris-Euphrates Headwaters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Dezfuli, Amin K.; Zaitchik, Benjamin F.; Badr, Hamada S.; Evans, Jason; Peters-Lidard, Christa D.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Rainfall <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the Tigris-Euphrates headwaters is a <span class="hlt">result</span> of interaction between topography and meteorological features at a range of spatial scales. Here, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, driven by the NCEPDOE AMIP-II reanalysis (R-2), has been implemented to better understand these interactions. Simulations were performed over a domain covering most of the Middle East. The extended simulation period (19832013) enables us to study seasonality, interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span>, spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span>, and extreme events of rainfall. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the annual cycle of precipitation produced by WRF agrees much more closely with observations than does R-2. This was particularly evident during the transition months of April and October, which were further examined to study the underlying physical mechanisms. In both months, WRF improves representation of interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> relative to R-2, with a substantially larger benefit in April. This improvement <span class="hlt">results</span> primarily from WRFs ability to resolve two low-level, terrain-induced flows in the region that are either absent or weak in R-2: one parallel to the western edge of the Zagros Mountains, and one along the east Turkish highlands. The first <span class="hlt">shows</span> a complete reversal in its direction during wet and dry days: when flowing southeasterly it transports moisture from the Persian Gulf to the region, and when flowing northwesterly it blocks moisture and transports it away from the region. The second is more directly related to synoptic-scale systems and carries moist, warm air from the Mediterranean and Red Seas toward the region. The combined contribution of these flows explains about 50 of interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> in both WRF and observations for April and October precipitation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CoTPh..68..366D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CoTPh..68..366D"><span>Adaptive Synchronization of Fractional Order Complex-<span class="hlt">Variable</span> Dynamical Networks via Pinning Control</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ding, Da-Wei; Yan, Jie; Wang, Nian; Liang, Dong</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>In this paper, the synchronization of fractional order complex-<span class="hlt">variable</span> dynamical networks is studied using an adaptive pinning control strategy based on close center degree. Some effective criteria for global synchronization of fractional order complex-<span class="hlt">variable</span> dynamical networks are derived based on the Lyapunov stability theory. From the theoretical analysis, one concludes that under appropriate conditions, the complex-<span class="hlt">variable</span> dynamical networks can realize the global synchronization by using the proper adaptive pinning control method. Meanwhile, we succeed in solving the problem about how much coupling strength should be applied to ensure the synchronization of the fractional order complex networks. Therefore, compared with the existing <span class="hlt">results</span>, the synchronization method in this paper is more general and convenient. This <span class="hlt">result</span> extends the synchronization condition of the real-<span class="hlt">variable</span> dynamical networks to the complex-valued field, which makes our research more practical. Finally, two simulation examples <span class="hlt">show</span> that the derived theoretical <span class="hlt">results</span> are valid and the proposed adaptive pinning method is effective. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61201227, National Natural Science Foundation of China Guangdong Joint Fund under Grant No. U1201255, the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province under Grant No. 1208085MF93, 211 Innovation Team of Anhui University under Grant Nos. KJTD007A and KJTD001B, and also supported by Chinese Scholarship Council</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820026847&hterms=infrasound&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dinfrasound','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820026847&hterms=infrasound&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dinfrasound"><span>Stratospheric <span class="hlt">variability</span> in summer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rind, D.; Donn, W. L.; Robinson, W.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>Rocketsonde observations and infrasound <span class="hlt">results</span> are used to investigate the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the summer stratopause region during one month in summer. Fluctuations of 2-3 days and about 16-day periods are evident, and they appear to be propagating vertically. In this month the 2-3 day oscillations have an amplitude envelope equal in period to the longer period oscillations, implying a connection between the two phenomena. Observations of the diurnal tide and shorter period <span class="hlt">variability</span> during the month are also presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC43C1170T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC43C1170T"><span>Interannual <span class="hlt">variability</span> of crop water footprint</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tuninetti, M.; Tamea, S.; Laio, F.; Ridolfi, L.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The crop water footprint, CWF, is a useful tool to investigate the water-food nexus, since it measures the water requirement for crop production. Heterogeneous spatial patterns of climatic conditions and agricultural practices have inspired a flourishing literature on the geographic assessment of CWF, mostly referred to a fixed (time-averaged) period. However, given that both climatic conditions and crop yield may vary substantially over time, also the CWF temporal dynamics need to be addressed. As other studies have done, we base the CWF <span class="hlt">variability</span> on yield, while keeping the crop evapotranspiration constant over time. As a new contribution, we prove the feasibility of this approach by comparing these CWF estimates with the <span class="hlt">results</span> obtained with a full model considering variations of crop evapotranspiration: overall, the estimates compare well <span class="hlt">showing</span> high coefficients of determination that read 0.98 for wheat, 0.97 for rice, 0.97 for maize, and 0.91 for soybean. From this comparison, we derive also the precision of the method, which is around ±10% that is higher than the precision of the model used to evaluate the crop evapotranspiration (i.e., ±30%). Over the period between 1961 and 2013, the CWF of the most cultivated grains has sharply decreased on a global basis (i.e., -68% for wheat, -62% for rice, -66% for maize, and -52% for soybean), mainly driven by enhanced yield values. The higher water use efficiency in crop production implies a reduced virtual displacement of embedded water per ton of traded crop and as a <span class="hlt">result</span>, the temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of virtual water trade is different if considering constant or time-varying CWF. The proposed yield-based approach to estimate the CWF <span class="hlt">variability</span> implies low computational costs and requires limited input data, thus, it represents a promising tool for time-dependent water footprint assessments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCo...815415D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCo...815415D"><span>A canonical neural mechanism for behavioral <span class="hlt">variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Darshan, Ran; Wood, William E.; Peters, Susan; Leblois, Arthur; Hansel, David</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>The ability to generate <span class="hlt">variable</span> movements is essential for learning and adjusting complex behaviours. This <span class="hlt">variability</span> has been linked to the temporal irregularity of neuronal activity in the central nervous system. However, how neuronal irregularity actually translates into behavioural <span class="hlt">variability</span> is unclear. Here we combine modelling, electrophysiological and behavioural studies to address this issue. We demonstrate that a model circuit comprising topographically organized and strongly recurrent neural networks can autonomously generate irregular motor behaviours. Simultaneous recordings of neurons in singing finches reveal that neural correlations increase across the circuit driving song <span class="hlt">variability</span>, in agreement with the model predictions. Analysing behavioural data, we find remarkable similarities in the babbling statistics of 5-6-month-old human infants and juveniles from three songbird species and <span class="hlt">show</span> that our model naturally accounts for these `universal' statistics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3858527','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3858527"><span><span class="hlt">VARIABILITY</span> OF PEAK SHOULDER FORCE DURING WHEELCHAIR PROPULSION IN MANUAL WHEELCHAIR USERS WITH AND WITHOUT SHOULDER PAIN</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Moon, Y.; Chandrasekaran, J.; Hsu, I.M.K.; Rice, I.M.; Hsiao-Wecksler, E.T.; Sosnoff, J.J.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background Manual wheelchair users report a high prevalence of shoulder pain. Growing evidence <span class="hlt">shows</span> that <span class="hlt">variability</span> in forces applied to biological tissue is related to musculoskeletal pain. The purpose of this study was to examine the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of forces acting on the shoulder during wheelchair propulsion as a function of shoulder pain. Methods Twenty-four manual wheelchair users (13 with pain, 11 without pain) participated in the investigation. Kinetic and kinematic data of wheelchair propulsion were recorded for three minutes maintaining a constant speed at three distinct propulsion speeds (fast speed of 1.1 m/s, a self-selected speed, and a slow speed of 0.7 m/s). Peak <span class="hlt">resultant</span> shoulder forces in the push phase were calculated using inverse dynamics. Within individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> was quantified as the coefficient of variation of cycle to cycle peak <span class="hlt">resultant</span> forces. Findings There was no difference in mean peak shoulder <span class="hlt">resultant</span> force between groups. The pain group had significantly smaller <span class="hlt">variability</span> of peak <span class="hlt">resultant</span> force than the no pain group (p < 0.01, η2 = 0.18). Interpretation The observations raise the possibility that propulsion <span class="hlt">variability</span> could be a novel marker of upper limb pain in manual wheelchair users. PMID:24210512</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-LRC-1960-B701_P-03416.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-LRC-1960-B701_P-03416.html"><span>TAC <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Sweep Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>1960-05-14</p> <p>Project: Wing Sweep Range Series TAC <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Sweep Model configure 8 A. Taken at 8 foot tunnels building 641. L60-3412 through 3416 Model of proposed military supersonic attack airplane <span class="hlt">shows</span> wing sweep range. TAC Models taken at the 8 Foot Tunnel. Photograph published in Sixty Years of Aeronautical Research 1917-1977 By David A. Anderton. A NASA publication. Page 53.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21437870-finite-size-analysis-continuous-variable-quantum-key-distribution','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21437870-finite-size-analysis-continuous-variable-quantum-key-distribution"><span>Finite-size analysis of a continuous-<span class="hlt">variable</span> quantum key distribution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Leverrier, Anthony; Grosshans, Frederic; Grangier, Philippe</p> <p>2010-06-15</p> <p>The goal of this paper is to extend the framework of finite-size analysis recently developed for quantum key distribution to continuous-<span class="hlt">variable</span> protocols. We do not solve this problem completely here, and we mainly consider the finite-size effects on the parameter estimation procedure. Despite the fact that some questions are left open, we are able to give an estimation of the secret key rate for protocols which do not contain a postselection procedure. As expected, these <span class="hlt">results</span> are significantly more pessimistic than those obtained in the asymptotic regime. However, we <span class="hlt">show</span> that recent continuous-<span class="hlt">variable</span> protocols are able to provide fully securemore » secret keys in the finite-size scenario, over distances larger than 50 km.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013HMR....67..191V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013HMR....67..191V"><span>Spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> in intertidal macroalgal assemblages on the North Portuguese coast: consistence between species and functional group approaches</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Veiga, P.; Rubal, M.; Vieira, R.; Arenas, F.; Sousa-Pinto, I.</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>Natural assemblages are <span class="hlt">variable</span> in space and time; therefore, quantification of their <span class="hlt">variability</span> is imperative to identify relevant scales for investigating natural or anthropogenic processes shaping these assemblages. We studied the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of intertidal macroalgal assemblages on the North Portuguese coast, considering three spatial scales (from metres to 10 s of kilometres) following a hierarchical design. We tested the hypotheses that (1) spatial pattern will be invariant at all the studied scales and (2) spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> of macroalgal assemblages obtained by using species will be consistent with that obtained using functional groups. This was done considering as univariate <span class="hlt">variables</span>: total biomass and number of taxa as well as biomass of the most important species and functional groups and as multivariate <span class="hlt">variables</span> the structure of macroalgal assemblages, both considering species and functional groups. Most of the univariate <span class="hlt">results</span> confirmed the first hypothesis except for the total number of taxa and foliose macroalgae that <span class="hlt">showed</span> significant <span class="hlt">variability</span> at the scale of site and area, respectively. In contrast, when multivariate patterns were examined, the first hypothesis was rejected except at the scale of 10 s of kilometres. Both uni- and multivariate <span class="hlt">results</span> indicated that variation was larger at the smallest scale, and thus, small-scale processes seem to have more effect on spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> patterns. Macroalgal assemblages, both considering species and functional groups as surrogate, <span class="hlt">showed</span> consistent spatial patterns, and therefore, the second hypothesis was confirmed. Consequently, functional groups may be considered a reliable biological surrogate to study changes on macroalgal assemblages at least along the investigated Portuguese coastline.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ESASP.722E..73D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ESASP.722E..73D"><span>Biophysical <span class="hlt">Variables</span> Retrieval Over Russian Winter Wheat Fields Using Medium Resolution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>d'Andrimont, Raphael; Waldner, Francois; Bartalev, Sergey; Plotnikov, Dmitry; Kleschenko, Alexander; Virchenko, Oleg; de Wit, Allard; Roerink, Gerbert; Defourny, Pierre</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Winter wheat production in the Russian Federation represents one of the sources of uncertainty for the international commodity market. In particular, adverse weather conditions may induce winter kill <span class="hlt">resulting</span> in large yields' losses. Improving the monitoring of winter- wheat in Russia with a focus on winter-kill damage and its impacts on yield is thus a key challenge.This paper presents the methods and the <span class="hlt">results</span> of the biophysical <span class="hlt">variables</span> retrieval on a daily basis as an input for crop growth modeling at parcel level over a 10-years period (2003-2012) in the Russian context. The field campaigns carried out on 2 sites in the Tula region from 2010 to 2012 <span class="hlt">shows</span> that it is possible to characterize the spatial and temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> at pixel, field and regional scale using medium resolution sensors (MODIS) over Russian fields.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29046560','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29046560"><span>Ecosystem functioning is enveloped by hydrometeorological <span class="hlt">variability</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pappas, Christoforos; Mahecha, Miguel D; Frank, David C; Babst, Flurin; Koutsoyiannis, Demetris</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Terrestrial ecosystem processes, and the associated vegetation carbon dynamics, respond differently to hydrometeorological <span class="hlt">variability</span> across timescales, and so does our scientific understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Long-term <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the terrestrial carbon cycle is not yet well constrained and the <span class="hlt">resulting</span> climate-biosphere feedbacks are highly uncertain. Here we present a comprehensive overview of hydrometeorological and ecosystem <span class="hlt">variability</span> from hourly to decadal timescales integrating multiple in situ and remote-sensing datasets characterizing extra-tropical forest sites. We find that ecosystem <span class="hlt">variability</span> at all sites is confined within a hydrometeorological envelope across sites and timescales. Furthermore, ecosystem <span class="hlt">variability</span> demonstrates long-term persistence, highlighting ecological memory and slow ecosystem recovery rates after disturbances. However, simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> with state-of-the-art process-based models do not reflect this long-term persistent behaviour in ecosystem functioning. Accordingly, we develop a cross-time-scale stochastic framework that captures hydrometeorological and ecosystem <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Our analysis offers a perspective for terrestrial ecosystem modelling and paves the way for new model-data integration opportunities in Earth system sciences.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27309794','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27309794"><span>Gait characteristics and spatio-temporal <span class="hlt">variables</span> of climbing in bonobos (Pan paniscus).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schoonaert, Kirsten; D'Août, Kristiaan; Samuel, Diana; Talloen, Willem; Nauwelaerts, Sandra; Kivell, Tracy L; Aerts, Peter</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Although much is known about the terrestrial locomotion of great apes, their arboreal locomotion has been studied less extensively. This study investigates arboreal locomotion in bonobos (Pan paniscus), focusing on the gait characteristics and spatio-temporal <span class="hlt">variables</span> associated with locomotion on a pole. These features are compared across different substrate inclinations (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°), and horizontal quadrupedal walking is compared between an arboreal and a terrestrial substrate. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> greater variation in footfall patterns with increasing incline, <span class="hlt">resulting</span> in more lateral gait sequences. During climbing on arboreal inclines, smaller steps and strides but higher stride frequencies and duty factors are found compared to horizontal arboreal walking. This may facilitate better balance control and dynamic stability on the arboreal substrate. We found no gradual change in spatio-temporal <span class="hlt">variables</span> with increasing incline; instead, the <span class="hlt">results</span> for all inclines were clustered together. Bonobos take larger strides at lower stride frequencies and lower duty factors on a horizontal arboreal substrate than on a flat terrestrial substrate. We suggest that these changes are the <span class="hlt">result</span> of the better grip of the grasping feet on an arboreal substrate. Speed modulation of the spatio-temporal <span class="hlt">variables</span> is similar across substrate inclinations and between substrate types, suggesting a comparable underlying motor control. Finally, we contrast these <span class="hlt">variables</span> of arboreal inclined climbing with those of terrestrial bipedal locomotion, and briefly discuss the <span class="hlt">results</span> with respect to the origin of habitual bipedalism. Am. J. Primatol. 78:1165-1177, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.465.3889R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.465.3889R"><span>Long-term <span class="hlt">variability</span> of T Tauri stars using WASP</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rigon, Laura; Scholz, Alexander; Anderson, David; West, Richard</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>We present a reference study of the long-term optical <span class="hlt">variability</span> of young stars using data from the WASP project. Our primary sample is a group of well-studied classical T Tauri stars (CTTSs), mostly in Taurus-Auriga. WASP light curves cover time-scales of up to 7 yr and typically contain 10 000-30 000 data points. We quantify the <span class="hlt">variability</span> as a function of time-scale using the time-dependent standard deviation 'pooled sigma'. We find that the overwhelming majority of CTTSs have a low-level <span class="hlt">variability</span> with σ < 0.3 mag dominated by time-scales of a few weeks, consistent with rotational modulation. Thus, for most young stars, monitoring over a month is sufficient to constrain the total amount of <span class="hlt">variability</span> over time-scales of up to a decade. The fraction of stars with a strong optical <span class="hlt">variability</span> (σ > 0.3 mag) is 21 per cent in our sample and 21 per cent in an unbiased control sample. An even smaller fraction (13 per cent in our sample, 6 per cent in the control) <span class="hlt">show</span> evidence for an increase in <span class="hlt">variability</span> amplitude as a function of time-scale from weeks to months or years. The presence of long-term <span class="hlt">variability</span> correlates with the spectral slope at 3-5 μm, which is an indicator of inner disc geometry, and with the U-B band slope, which is an accretion diagnostics. This <span class="hlt">shows</span> that the long-term variations in CTTSs are predominantly driven by processes in the inner disc and in the accretion zone. Four of the stars with long-term variations <span class="hlt">show</span> periods of 20-60 d, significantly longer than the rotation periods and stable over months to years. One possible explanation is cyclic changes in the interaction between the disc and the stellar magnetic field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27292824','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27292824"><span>Exercise systolic blood pressure <span class="hlt">variability</span> is associated with increased risk for new-onset hypertension among normotensive adults.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Berger, Assaf; Grossman, Ehud; Katz, Moshe; Kivity, Shaye; Klempfner, Robert; Segev, Shlomo; Goldenberg, Ilan; Sidi, Yehezkel; Maor, Elad</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Both resting blood pressure (BP) <span class="hlt">variability</span> and exercise BP previously <span class="hlt">showed</span> association with incident hypertension. The aim of the present study was to examine whether visit-to-visit <span class="hlt">variability</span> in exercise systolic blood pressure (SBP) can predict the risk for new-onset hypertension among normotensive adults. We investigated 6546 normotensive men and women who were annually screened in a tertiary medical center and completed treadmill exercise tests at each visit. Based on the initial three baseline annual visits, long-term intervisit <span class="hlt">variability</span> of exercise SBP among the three tests was measured using standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation for each participant. The rate of newly diagnosed hypertension was measured in different <span class="hlt">variability</span> levels during 6 ± 3 years of follow-up. Multivariate analysis adjusted for various clinical factors, including resting BP, <span class="hlt">showed</span> that each 5 mm Hg rise in the SD of exercise SBP <span class="hlt">resulted</span> in a significant 5% increase in the risk for the development of future hypertension (P = .015). Subjects in the upper exercise SBP SD <span class="hlt">variability</span> tertile had a 28% (P = .007) increased risk for hypertension during follow-up, as compared with those in the lowest tertile. Similar <span class="hlt">results</span> were achieved for the assessment of coefficient of variation of exercise SBP. In conclusion, visit-to-visit <span class="hlt">variability</span> in exercise SBP can predict the development of future hypertension among normotensive individuals. Copyright © 2016 American Society of Hypertension. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23515215','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23515215"><span>Estimating the cost of no-<span class="hlt">shows</span> and evaluating the effects of mitigation strategies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Berg, Bjorn P; Murr, Michael; Chermak, David; Woodall, Jonathan; Pignone, Michael; Sandler, Robert S; Denton, Brian T</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>To measure the cost of nonattendance ("no-<span class="hlt">shows</span>") and benefit of overbooking and interventions to reduce no-<span class="hlt">shows</span> for an outpatient endoscopy suite. We used a discrete-event simulation model to determine improved overbooking scheduling policies and examine the effect of no-<span class="hlt">shows</span> on procedure utilization and expected net gain, defined as the difference in expected revenue based on Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services reimbursement rates and <span class="hlt">variable</span> costs based on the sum of patient waiting time and provider and staff overtime. No-<span class="hlt">show</span> rates were estimated from historical attendance (18% on average, with a sensitivity range of 12%-24%). We then evaluated the effectiveness of scheduling additional patients and the effect of no-<span class="hlt">show</span> reduction interventions on the expected net gain. The base schedule booked 24 patients per day. The daily expected net gain with perfect attendance is $4433.32. The daily loss attributed to the base case no-<span class="hlt">show</span> rate of 18% is $725.42 (16.4% of net gain), ranging from $472.14 to $1019.29 (10.7%-23.0% of net gain). Implementing no-<span class="hlt">show</span> interventions reduced net loss by $166.61 to $463.09 (3.8%-10.5% of net gain). The overbooking policy of 9 additional patients per day <span class="hlt">resulted</span> in no loss in expected net gain when compared with the reference scenario. No-<span class="hlt">shows</span> can significantly decrease the expected net gain of outpatient procedure centers. Overbooking can help mitigate the impact of no-<span class="hlt">shows</span> on a suite's expected net gain and has a lower expected cost of implementation to the provider than intervention strategies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940020323','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940020323"><span>Wind tunnel test of a <span class="hlt">variable</span>-diameter tiltrotor (VDTR) model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Matuska, David; Dale, Allen; Lorber, Peter</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>This report documents the <span class="hlt">results</span> from a wind tunnel test of a 1/6th scale <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Diameter Tiltrotor (VDTR). This test was a joint effort of NASA Ames and Sikorsky Aircraft. The objective was to evaluate the aeroelastic and performance characteristics of the VDTR in conversion, hover, and cruise. The rotor diameter and nacelle angle of the model were remotely changed to represent tiltrotor operating conditions. Data is presented <span class="hlt">showing</span> the propulsive force required in conversion, blade loads, angle of attack stability and simulated gust response, and hover and cruise performance. This test represents the first wind tunnel test of a <span class="hlt">variable</span> diameter rotor applied to a tiltrotor concept. The <span class="hlt">results</span> confirm some of the potential advantages of the VDTR and establish the <span class="hlt">variable</span> diameter rotor a viable candidate for an advanced tiltrotor. This wind tunnel test successfully demonstrated the feasibility of the <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Diameter rotor for tilt rotor aircraft. A wide range of test points were taken in hover, conversion, and cruise modes. The concept was shown to have a number of advantages over conventional tiltrotors such as reduced hover downwash with lower disk loading and significantly reduced longitudinal gust response in cruise. In the conversion regime, a high propulsive force was demonstrated for sustained flight with acceptable blade loads. The VDTR demonstrated excellent gust response capabilities. The horizontal gust response correlated well with predictions revealing only half the response to turbulence of the conventional civil tiltrotor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24587019','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24587019"><span>Causality and cointegration analysis between macroeconomic <span class="hlt">variables</span> and the Bovespa.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>da Silva, Fabiano Mello; Coronel, Daniel Arruda; Vieira, Kelmara Mendes</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The aim of this study is to analyze the causality relationship among a set of macroeconomic <span class="hlt">variables</span>, represented by the exchange rate, interest rate, inflation (CPI), industrial production index as a proxy for gross domestic product in relation to the index of the São Paulo Stock Exchange (Bovespa). The period of analysis corresponded to the months from January 1995 to December 2010, making a total of 192 observations for each <span class="hlt">variable</span>. Johansen tests, through the statistics of the trace and of the maximum eigenvalue, indicated the existence of at least one cointegration vector. In the analysis of Granger (1988) causality tests via error correction, it was found that a short-term causality existed between the CPI and the Bovespa. Regarding the Granger (1988) long-term causality, the <span class="hlt">results</span> indicated a long-term behaviour among the macroeconomic <span class="hlt">variables</span> with the BOVESPA. The <span class="hlt">results</span> of the long-term normalized vector for the Bovespa <span class="hlt">variable</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that most signals of the cointegration equation parameters are in accordance with what is suggested by the economic theory. In other words, there was a positive behaviour of the GDP and a negative behaviour of the inflation and of the exchange rate (expected to be a positive relationship) in relation to the Bovespa, with the exception of the Selic rate, which was not significant with that index. The variance of the Bovespa was explained by itself in over 90% at the twelfth month, followed by the country risk, with less than 5%.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14630110','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14630110"><span>Spatial and temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the structure of invertebrate assemblages in control stream mesocosms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wong, Diana C L; Maltby, Lorraine; Whittle, Don; Warren, Philip; Dorn, Philip B</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Outdoor stream mesocosm studies conducted between 1992 and 1996 at two facilities enabled the investigation of structural <span class="hlt">variability</span> in invertebrate assemblages within and between studies. Temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of benthic invertebrate assemblages between eight replicate streams within a study was assessed in a 28-day mesocosm study without chemical treatment. Cluster analysis, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and principal component analysis each <span class="hlt">showed</span> the untreated assemblages as structurally distinct groups on the three sampling days. The assemblages between the eight replicate streams <span class="hlt">showed</span> >88% Bray-Curtis similarity at any one time during the study. In addition, pre-treatment data from a series of four studies conducted at one facility were used to examine structural <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the starting benthic invertebrate assemblages between studies. Invertebrate assemblages were structurally distinct at the start of each mesocosm study conducted in different years at the same facility and the taxa responsible for differences in the assemblages were also different each year. The implications of temporal and spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> in benthic invertebrate assemblages within and between mesocosm studies with regards to species sensitivity and study repeatability should be considered when <span class="hlt">results</span> of such studies are used in risk assessment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21557124','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21557124"><span>The influence of climate <span class="hlt">variables</span> on dengue in Singapore.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pinto, Edna; Coelho, Micheline; Oliver, Leuda; Massad, Eduardo</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>In this work we correlated dengue cases with climatic <span class="hlt">variables</span> for the city of Singapore. This was done through a Poisson Regression Model (PRM) that considers dengue cases as the dependent <span class="hlt">variable</span> and the climatic <span class="hlt">variables</span> (rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity) as independent <span class="hlt">variables</span>. We also used Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to choose the <span class="hlt">variables</span> that influence in the increase of the number of dengue cases in Singapore, where PC₁ (Principal component 1) is represented by temperature and rainfall and PC₂ (Principal component 2) is represented by relative humidity. We calculated the probability of occurrence of new cases of dengue and the relative risk of occurrence of dengue cases influenced by climatic <span class="hlt">variable</span>. The months from July to September <span class="hlt">showed</span> the highest probabilities of the occurrence of new cases of the disease throughout the year. This was based on an analysis of time series of maximum and minimum temperature. An interesting <span class="hlt">result</span> was that for every 2-10°C of variation of the maximum temperature, there was an average increase of 22.2-184.6% in the number of dengue cases. For the minimum temperature, we observed that for the same variation, there was an average increase of 26.1-230.3% in the number of the dengue cases from April to August. The precipitation and the relative humidity, after analysis of correlation, were discarded in the use of Poisson Regression Model because they did not present good correlation with the dengue cases. Additionally, the relative risk of the occurrence of the cases of the disease under the influence of the variation of temperature was from 1.2-2.8 for maximum temperature and increased from 1.3-3.3 for minimum temperature. Therefore, the <span class="hlt">variable</span> temperature (maximum and minimum) was the best predictor for the increased number of dengue cases in Singapore.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25207065','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25207065"><span>Affected States soft independent modeling by class analogy from the relation between independent <span class="hlt">variables</span>, number of independent <span class="hlt">variables</span> and sample size.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kanık, Emine Arzu; Temel, Gülhan Orekici; Erdoğan, Semra; Kaya, Irem Ersöz</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>The aim of study is to introduce method of Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA), and to express whether the method is affected from the number of independent <span class="hlt">variables</span>, the relationship between <span class="hlt">variables</span> and sample size. Simulation study. SIMCA model is performed in two stages. In order to determine whether the method is influenced by the number of independent <span class="hlt">variables</span>, the relationship between <span class="hlt">variables</span> and sample size, simulations were done. Conditions in which sample sizes in both groups are equal, and where there are 30, 100 and 1000 samples; where the number of <span class="hlt">variables</span> is 2, 3, 5, 10, 50 and 100; moreover where the relationship between <span class="hlt">variables</span> are quite high, in medium level and quite low were mentioned. Average classification accuracy of simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> which were carried out 1000 times for each possible condition of trial plan were given as tables. It is seen that diagnostic accuracy <span class="hlt">results</span> increase as the number of independent <span class="hlt">variables</span> increase. SIMCA method is a method in which the relationship between <span class="hlt">variables</span> are quite high, the number of independent <span class="hlt">variables</span> are many in number and where there are outlier values in the data that can be used in conditions having outlier values.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5042257','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5042257"><span>Autonomic functions in acrocyanosis assessed by heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Yılmaz, Sedat; Yokuşoğlu, Mehmet; Çınar, Muhammet; Şimşek, İsmail; Baysan, Oben; Öz, Bilgehan Savaş; Erdem, Hakan; Pay, Salih; Dinç, Ayhan</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Objective To evaluate the autonomic activity of patients with acrocyanosis by using heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> indices. Material and Methods The study group consisted of 24 patients with acrocyanosis and the control group contained 22 sex- and age-matched healthy subjects. All subjects underwent 24-hour Holter monitoring. Among the heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> (HRV) parameters, time-domain and frequency-domain indices were analysed. <span class="hlt">Results</span> The time-domain indices of HRV indicating global autonomic functions were found to be increased, and indices indicating parasympathetic activity <span class="hlt">showed</span> a significant decrease in the patient group. Power-spectral analysis of HRV revealed that the low frequency and high frequency power were higher in the patient group than in controls. However, the ratio of Low Frequency/High Frequency was found to be lower in the patient group than in controls. Conclusion In acrocyanosis, both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems seem to be disrupted. Therefore, we may conclude that acrocyanosis may be <span class="hlt">resulted</span> of systemic autonomic imbalance rather than pure sympathetic over-activation. Also, these <span class="hlt">results</span> suggest that acrocyanosis is not a localised disorder; on the contrary, it is associated with various abnormalities of the systemic autonomic nervous system. PMID:27708866</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=244170','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=244170"><span>Multilocus Phylogenetics <span class="hlt">Show</span> High Levels of Endemic Fusaria Inhabiting Sardinian Soils (Tyrrhenian Islands)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The Mediterranean island of Sardinia is well known for high levels of vascular plant diversity and endemism, but little is known about its microbial diversity. Under the hypothesis that Fusarium species would <span class="hlt">show</span> similar patterns, we estimated <span class="hlt">variability</span> in Fusarium species composition among ten ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5812582','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5812582"><span>Roots of symptom-free leguminous cover crop and living mulch species harbor diverse Fusarium communities that <span class="hlt">show</span> highly <span class="hlt">variable</span> aggressiveness on pea (Pisum sativum)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Baćanović-Šišić, Jelena; Karlovsky, Petr; Wittwer, Raphaël; Walder, Florian; Campiglia, Enio; Radicetti, Emanuele; Friberg, Hanna; Baresel, Jörg Peter; Finckh, Maria R.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Leguminous cover crop and living mulch species <span class="hlt">show</span> not only great potential for providing multiple beneficial services to agro-ecosystems, but may also present pathological risks for other crops in rotations through shared pathogens, especially those of the genus Fusarium. Disease severity on roots of subterranean clover, white clover, winter and summer vetch grown as cover crop and living mulch species across five European sites as well as the frequency, distribution and aggressiveness to pea of Fusarium spp. recovered from the roots were assessed in 2013 and 2014. Disease symptoms were very low at all sites. Nevertheless, out of 1480 asymptomatic roots, 670 isolates of 14 Fusarium spp. were recovered. The most frequently isolated species in both years from all hosts were F. oxysporum and F. avenaceum accounting for 69% of total isolation percentage. They were common at the Swiss, Italian and German sites, whereas at the Swedish site F. oxysporum dominated and F. avenaceum occurred only rarely. The agressiveness and effect on pea biomass were tested in greenhouse assays for 72 isolates of six Fusarium species. Isolates of F. avenaceum caused severe root rot symptoms with mean severity index (DI) of 82 and 74% mean biomass reduction compared to the non-inoculated control. Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani isolates were higly <span class="hlt">variable</span> in agressiveness and their impact on pea biomass. DI varied between 15 and 50 and biomass changes relative to the non-inoculated control -40% to +10%. Isolates of F. tricinctum, F. acuminatum and F. equiseti were non to weakly agressive often enhancing pea biomass. This study <span class="hlt">shows</span> that some of the major pea pathogens are characterized by high ecological plasticity and have the ability to endophytically colonize the hosts studied that thus may serve as inoculum reservoir for susceptible main legume grain crops such as pea. PMID:29444142</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29398507','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29398507"><span>Anti-H antibody of unusually high titer <span class="hlt">showing</span> <span class="hlt">variable</span> reactivities against group A red cells and broad thermal amplitude in a patient with lymphoma.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Choi, Seung Jun; Kim, Hoon Seok; Lee, Jaewoong; Song, Young-Sun; Lim, Jihyang</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>We report a case of a patient with high titer anti-H antibody <span class="hlt">showing</span> broad thermal amplitude and <span class="hlt">variable</span> reactivities against group A red cells. A 62-year-old Korean female was diagnosed with diffuse large B cell lymphoma involving multiple organs. Her ABO/RhD type was A+ and her genotype was ABO*A.01.01/ABO*O.01.02. Antibody screening test (AST) and antibody identification test (IDT) were strongly positive for all reagent cells. Anti-human globulin (AHG) test revealed an antibody titer of 1:256 for 37 °C phase and trace positivity for poly- and mono-specific C3d. Reactivity was stronger for O+ red cells than that for A+ red cells across all temperatures tested (4 °C, room temperature (RT) and 37 °C). This was also found for AHG phase. Anti-IH was ruled out based on agglutination of O+ cord cells (CCs). Antibody was determined as IgM anti-H after DTT treatment. Three batches of 10 A+ red cells from random donors were tested with three consecutive serums for crossmatching using tube method. Interestingly, out of thirty A+ red cells tested, 20 cells at RT, 11 cells at 37 °C and 11 cells in the AHG phase <span class="hlt">showed</span> reactivity of greater than 2+. The patient was transfused with 6 units of packed RBCs subsequently. Chemotherapy (R-CHOP regimen) and Helicobacter pylori eradication were then started. Her antibody titer gradually decreased following such treatment. In conclusion, we identified a case of patient with high titer anti-H with broad thermal amplitude, suggesting that anti-H antibodies might need to be considered for cases with pan-agglutination in AST and IDT. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS1016a2017M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS1016a2017M"><span>Research on the Diesel Engine with Sliding Mode <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Structure Theory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ma, Zhexuan; Mao, Xiaobing; Cai, Le</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>This study constructed the nonlinear mathematical model of the diesel engine high-pressure common rail (HPCR) system through two polynomial fitting which was treated as a kind of affine nonlinear system. Based on sliding-mode <span class="hlt">variable</span> structure control (SMVSC) theory, a sliding-mode controller for affine nonlinear systems was designed for achieving the control of common rail pressure and the diesel engine’s rotational speed. Finally, on the simulation platform of MATLAB, the designed nonlinear HPCR system was simulated. The simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> demonstrated that sliding-mode <span class="hlt">variable</span> structure control algorithm <span class="hlt">shows</span> favourable control performances which are overcoming the shortcomings of traditional PID control in overshoot, parameter adjustment, system precision, adjustment time and ascending time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19720017224','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19720017224"><span>Ultraviolet photometry of the eclipsing <span class="hlt">variable</span> CW Cephei</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sobieski, S.</p> <p>1972-01-01</p> <p>A series of photometric observations was made of the eclipsing <span class="hlt">variable</span> CW Cephei on the OAO 2. Approximate elements were derived from the eclipse depths and shape of the secondary. Persistent asymmetries and anomalous light variations, larger than the expected experimental error, were also found, subsequent ground-based observations <span class="hlt">show</span> H alpha entirely in emission, indicating the presence of an extended gaseous system surrounding one or both components. A detailed comparison was made of the flux distribution of the binary relative to that for the nominally unreddened stars delta Pic, BlIII, and eta Aur, B3V, to investigate the effects of interstellar extinction. The <span class="hlt">resultant</span> extinction curves, normalized at a wavelength of 3330 A, <span class="hlt">show</span> a relatively smooth increase with decreasing wavelength.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28924316','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28924316"><span>Quantitative assessment of prevalence of pre-analytical <span class="hlt">variables</span> and their effect on coagulation assay. Can intervention improve patient safety?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bhushan, Ravi; Sen, Arijit</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Very few Indian studies exist on evaluation of pre-analytical <span class="hlt">variables</span> affecting "Prothrombin Time" the commonest coagulation assay performed. The study was performed in an Indian tertiary care setting with an aim to assess quantitatively the prevalence of pre-analytical <span class="hlt">variables</span> and their effects on the <span class="hlt">results</span> (patient safety), for Prothrombin time test. The study also evaluated their effects on the <span class="hlt">result</span> and whether intervention, did correct the <span class="hlt">results</span>. The firstly evaluated the prevalence for various pre-analytical <span class="hlt">variables</span> detected in samples sent for Prothrombin Time testing. These samples with the detected <span class="hlt">variables</span> wherever possible were tested and <span class="hlt">result</span> noted. The samples from the same patients were repeated and retested ensuring that no pre-analytical <span class="hlt">variable</span> is present. The <span class="hlt">results</span> were again noted to check for difference the intervention produced. The study evaluated 9989 samples received for PT/INR over a period of 18 months. The prevalence of different pre-analytical <span class="hlt">variables</span> was found to be 862 (8.63%). The proportion of various pre-analytical <span class="hlt">variables</span> detected were haemolysed samples 515 (5.16%), over filled vacutainers 62 (0.62%), under filled vacutainers 39 (0.39%), low values 205 (2.05%), clotted samples 11 (0.11%), wrong labeling 4 (0.04%), wrong vacutainer use 2 (0.02%), chylous samples 7 (0.07%) and samples with more than one <span class="hlt">variable</span> 17 (0.17%). The comparison of percentage of samples <span class="hlt">showing</span> errors were noted for the first <span class="hlt">variables</span> since they could be tested with and without the <span class="hlt">variable</span> in place. The reduction in error percentage was 91.5%, 69.2%, 81.5% and 95.4% post intervention for haemolysed, overfilled, under filled and samples collected with excess pressure at phlebotomy respectively. Correcting the <span class="hlt">variables</span> did reduce the error percentage to a great extent in these four <span class="hlt">variables</span> and hence the <span class="hlt">variables</span> are found to affect "Prothrombin Time" testing and can hamper patient safety.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=iris&pg=6&id=EJ789057','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=iris&pg=6&id=EJ789057"><span>A New <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Weighting and Selection Procedure for K-Means Cluster Analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Steinley, Douglas; Brusco, Michael J.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>A variance-to-range ratio <span class="hlt">variable</span> weighting procedure is proposed. We <span class="hlt">show</span> how this weighting method is theoretically grounded in the inherent <span class="hlt">variability</span> found in data exhibiting cluster structure. In addition, a <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection procedure is proposed to operate in conjunction with the <span class="hlt">variable</span> weighting technique. The performances of these…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010096419','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010096419"><span>Forced and Free Intra-Seasonal <span class="hlt">Variability</span> Over the South Asian Monsoon Region Simulated by 10 AGCMs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Man Li C.; Kang, In-Sik; Waliser, Duane; Atlas, Robert (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>This study examines intra-seasonal (20-70 day) <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the South Asian monsoon region during 1997/98 in ensembles of 10 simulations with 10 different atmospheric general circulation models. The 10 ensemble members for each model are forced with the same observed weekly sea surface temperature (SST) but differ from each other in that they are started from different initial atmospheric conditions. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> considerable differences between the models in the simulated 20-70 day <span class="hlt">variability</span>, ranging from much weaker to much stronger than the observed. A key <span class="hlt">result</span> is that the models do produce, to varying degrees, a response to the imposed weekly SST. The forced <span class="hlt">variability</span> tends to be largest in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans where, for some models, it accounts for more than 1/4 of the 20-70 day intra-seasonal <span class="hlt">variability</span> in the upper level velocity potential during these two years. A case study of a strong observed MJO (intraseasonal oscillation) event <span class="hlt">shows</span> that the models produce an ensemble mean eastward propagating signal in the tropical precipitation field over the Indian Ocean and western Pacific, similar to that found in the observations. The associated forced 200 mb velocity potential anomalies are strongly phase locked with the precipitation anomalies, propagating slowly to the east (about 5 m/s) with a local zonal wave number two pattern that is generally consistent with the developing observed MJO. The simulated and observed events are, however, approximately in quadrature, with the simulated response 2 leading by 5-10 days. The phase lag occurs because, in the observations, the positive SST anomalies develop upstream of the main convective center in the subsidence region of the MJO, while in the simulations, the forced component is in phase with the SST. For all the models examined here, the intraseasonal <span class="hlt">variability</span> is dominated by the free (intra-ensemble) component. The <span class="hlt">results</span> of our case study <span class="hlt">show</span> that the free <span class="hlt">variability</span> has a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A%26A...579A..19A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A%26A...579A..19A"><span>K2 <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Catalogue: <span class="hlt">Variable</span> stars and eclipsing binaries in K2 campaigns 1 and 0</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Armstrong, D. J.; Kirk, J.; Lam, K. W. F.; McCormac, J.; Walker, S. R.; Brown, D. J. A.; Osborn, H. P.; Pollacco, D. L.; Spake, J.</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Aims: We have created a catalogue of <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars found from a search of the publicly available K2 mission data from Campaigns 1 and 0. This catalogue provides the identifiers of 8395 <span class="hlt">variable</span> stars, including 199 candidate eclipsing binaries with periods up to 60 d and 3871 periodic or quasi-periodic objects, with periods up to 20 d for Campaign 1 and 15 d for Campaign 0. Methods: Lightcurves are extracted and detrended from the available data. These are searched using a combination of algorithmic and human classification, leading to a classifier for each object as an eclipsing binary, sinusoidal periodic, quasi periodic, or aperiodic <span class="hlt">variable</span>. The source of the <span class="hlt">variability</span> is not identified, but could arise in the non-eclipsing binary cases from pulsation or stellar activity. Each object is cross-matched against <span class="hlt">variable</span> star related guest observer proposals to the K2 mission, which specifies the <span class="hlt">variable</span> type in some cases. The detrended lightcurves are also compared to lightcurves currently publicly available. <span class="hlt">Results</span>: The <span class="hlt">resulting</span> catalogue gives the ID, type, period, semi-amplitude, and range of the variation seen. We also make available the detrended lightcurves for each object. The catalogue is available at http://deneb.astro.warwick.ac.uk/phrlbj/k2varcat/ and at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (ftp://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/579/A19</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25774978','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25774978"><span>Comb-push ultrasound shear elastography of breast masses: initial <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> promise.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Denis, Max; Mehrmohammadi, Mohammad; Song, Pengfei; Meixner, Duane D; Fazzio, Robert T; Pruthi, Sandhya; Whaley, Dana H; Chen, Shigao; Fatemi, Mostafa; Alizad, Azra</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>To evaluate the performance of Comb-push Ultrasound Shear Elastography (CUSE) for classification of breast masses. CUSE is an ultrasound-based quantitative two-dimensional shear wave elasticity imaging technique, which utilizes multiple laterally distributed acoustic radiation force (ARF) beams to simultaneously excite the tissue and induce shear waves. Female patients who were categorized as having suspicious breast masses underwent CUSE evaluations prior to biopsy. An elasticity estimate within the breast mass was obtained from the CUSE shear wave speed map. Elasticity estimates of various types of benign and malignant masses were compared with biopsy <span class="hlt">results</span>. Fifty-four female patients with suspicious breast masses from our ongoing study are presented. Our cohort included 31 malignant and 23 benign breast masses. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that the mean shear wave speed was significantly higher in malignant masses (6 ± 1.58 m/s) in comparison to benign masses (3.65 ± 1.36 m/s). Therefore, the stiffness of the mass quantified by the Young's modulus is significantly higher in malignant masses. According to the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), the optimal cut-off value of 83 kPa yields 87.10% sensitivity, 82.61% specificity, and 0.88 for the area under the curve (AUC). CUSE has the potential for clinical utility as a quantitative diagnostic imaging tool adjunct to B-mode ultrasound for differentiation of malignant and benign breast masses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9531E..2FM','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9531E..2FM"><span>Analysis of the in vivo confocal Raman spectral <span class="hlt">variability</span> in human skin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mogilevych, Borys; dos Santos, Laurita; Rangel, Joao L.; Grancianinov, Karen J. S.; Sousa, Mariane P.; Martin, Airton A.</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>Biochemical composition of the skin changes in each layer and, therefore, the skin spectral profile vary with the depth. In this work, in vivo Confocal Raman spectroscopy studies were performed at different skin regions and depth profile (from the surface down to 10 μm) of the stratum corneum, to verify the <span class="hlt">variability</span> and reproducibility of the intra- and interindividual Raman data. The Raman spectra were collected from seven healthy female study participants using a confocal Raman system from Rivers Diagnostic, with 785 nm excitation line and a CCD detector. Measurements were performed in the volar forearm region, at three different points at different depth, with the step of 2 μm. For each depth point, three spectra were acquired. Data analysis included the descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and residual) and Pearson's correlation coefficient calculation. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that inter-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> is higher than intraindividual <span class="hlt">variability</span>, and <span class="hlt">variability</span> inside the SC is higher than on the skin surface. In all these cases we obtained r values, higher than 0.94, which correspond to high correlation between Raman spectra. It reinforces the possibility of the data reproducibility and direct comparison of in vivo <span class="hlt">results</span> obtained with different study participants of the same age group and phototype.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27710836','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27710836"><span>Biologically-<span class="hlt">variable</span> rhythmic auditory cues are superior to isochronous cues in fostering natural gait <span class="hlt">variability</span> in Parkinson's disease.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dotov, D G; Bayard, S; Cochen de Cock, V; Geny, C; Driss, V; Garrigue, G; Bardy, B; Dalla Bella, S</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Rhythmic auditory cueing improves certain gait symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Cues are typically stimuli or beats with a fixed inter-beat interval. We <span class="hlt">show</span> that isochronous cueing has an unwanted side-effect in that it exacerbates one of the motor symptoms characteristic of advanced PD. Whereas the parameters of the stride cycle of healthy walkers and early patients possess a persistent correlation in time, or long-range correlation (LRC), isochronous cueing renders stride-to-stride <span class="hlt">variability</span> random. Random stride cycle <span class="hlt">variability</span> is also associated with reduced gait stability and lack of flexibility. To investigate how to prevent patients from acquiring a random stride cycle pattern, we tested rhythmic cueing which mimics the properties of <span class="hlt">variability</span> found in healthy gait (biological <span class="hlt">variability</span>). PD patients (n=19) and age-matched healthy participants (n=19) walked with three rhythmic cueing stimuli: isochronous, with random <span class="hlt">variability</span>, and with biological <span class="hlt">variability</span> (LRC). Synchronization was not instructed. The persistent correlation in gait was preserved only with stimuli with biological <span class="hlt">variability</span>, equally for patients and controls (p's<0.05). In contrast, cueing with isochronous or randomly varying inter-stimulus/beat intervals removed the LRC in the stride cycle. Notably, the individual's tendency to synchronize steps with beats determined the amount of negative effects of isochronous and random cues (p's<0.05) but not the positive effect of biological <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Stimulus <span class="hlt">variability</span> and patients' propensity to synchronize play a critical role in fostering healthier gait dynamics during cueing. The beneficial effects of biological <span class="hlt">variability</span> provide useful guidelines for improving existing cueing treatments. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1357524-gamma-ray-light-curves-variability-bright-fermi-detected-blazars','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1357524-gamma-ray-light-curves-variability-bright-fermi-detected-blazars"><span>Gamma-Ray Light Curves And <span class="hlt">Variability</span> Of Bright Fermi -Detected Blazars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Abdo, A. A.</p> <p>2010-09-22</p> <p>This paper presents light curves as well as the first systematic characterization of <span class="hlt">variability</span> of the 106 objects in the high-confidence Fermi Large Area Telescope Bright AGN Sample (LBAS). Weekly light curves of this sample, obtained during the first 11 months of the Fermi survey (2008 August 4-2009 July 4), are tested for <span class="hlt">variability</span> and their properties are quantified through autocorrelation function and structure function analysis. For the brightest sources, 3 or 4 day binned light curves are extracted in order to determine power density spectra (PDSs) and to fit the temporal structure of major flares. More than 50% ofmore » the sources are found to be <span class="hlt">variable</span> with high significance, where high states do not exceed 1/4 of the total observation range. Variation amplitudes are larger for flat spectrum radio quasars and low/intermediate synchrotron frequency peaked BL Lac objects. Autocorrelation timescales derived from weekly light curves vary from four to a dozen of weeks. <span class="hlt">Variable</span> sources of the sample have weekly and 3-4 day bin light curves that can be described by 1/f α PDS, and <span class="hlt">show</span> two kinds of gamma-ray <span class="hlt">variability</span>: (1) rather constant baseline with sporadic flaring activity characterized by flatter PDS slopes resembling flickering and red noise with occasional intermittence and (2)—measured for a few blazars <span class="hlt">showing</span> strong activity—complex and structured temporal profiles characterized by long-term memory and steeper PDS slopes, reflecting a random walk underlying mechanism. The average slope of the PDS of the brightest 22 FSRQs and of the 6 brightest BL Lacs is 1.5 and 1.7, respectively. The study of temporal profiles of well-resolved flares observed in the 10 brightest LBAS sources <span class="hlt">shows</span> that they generally have symmetric profiles and that their total duration vary between 10 and 100 days. <span class="hlt">Results</span> presented here can assist in source class recognition for unidentified sources and can serve as reference for more detailed analysis of the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5712885','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5712885"><span>Wireless Monitoring of Induction Machine Rotor Physical <span class="hlt">Variables</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Doolan Fernandes, Jefferson; Carvalho Souza, Francisco Elvis; de Paiva, José Alvaro</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>With the widespread use of electric machines, there is a growing need to extract information from the machines to improve their control systems and maintenance management. The present work <span class="hlt">shows</span> the development of an embedded system to perform the monitoring of the rotor physical <span class="hlt">variables</span> of a squirrel cage induction motor. The system is comprised of: a circuit to acquire desirable rotor <span class="hlt">variable(s</span>) and value(s) that send it to the computer; a rectifier and power storage circuit that converts an alternating current in a continuous current but also stores energy for a certain amount of time to wait for the motor’s shutdown; and a magnetic generator that harvests energy from the rotating field to power the circuits mentioned above. The embedded system is set on the rotor of a 5 HP squirrel cage induction motor, making it difficult to power the system because it is rotating. This problem can be solved with the construction of a magnetic generator device to avoid the need of using batteries or collector rings and will send data to the computer using a wireless NRF24L01 module. For the proposed system, initial validation tests were made using a temperature sensor (DS18b20), as this <span class="hlt">variable</span> is known as the most important when identifying the need for maintenance and control systems. Few tests have shown promising <span class="hlt">results</span> that, with further improvements, can prove the feasibility of using sensors in the rotor. PMID:29156564</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29156564','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29156564"><span>Wireless Monitoring of Induction Machine Rotor Physical <span class="hlt">Variables</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Doolan Fernandes, Jefferson; Carvalho Souza, Francisco Elvis; Cipriano Maniçoba, Glauco George; Salazar, Andrés Ortiz; de Paiva, José Alvaro</p> <p>2017-11-18</p> <p>With the widespread use of electric machines, there is a growing need to extract information from the machines to improve their control systems and maintenance management. The present work <span class="hlt">shows</span> the development of an embedded system to perform the monitoring of the rotor physical <span class="hlt">variables</span> of a squirrel cage induction motor. The system is comprised of: a circuit to acquire desirable rotor <span class="hlt">variable(s</span>) and value(s) that send it to the computer; a rectifier and power storage circuit that converts an alternating current in a continuous current but also stores energy for a certain amount of time to wait for the motor's shutdown; and a magnetic generator that harvests energy from the rotating field to power the circuits mentioned above. The embedded system is set on the rotor of a 5 HP squirrel cage induction motor, making it difficult to power the system because it is rotating. This problem can be solved with the construction of a magnetic generator device to avoid the need of using batteries or collector rings and will send data to the computer using a wireless NRF24L01 module. For the proposed system, initial validation tests were made using a temperature sensor (DS18b20), as this <span class="hlt">variable</span> is known as the most important when identifying the need for maintenance and control systems. Few tests have shown promising <span class="hlt">results</span> that, with further improvements, can prove the feasibility of using sensors in the rotor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23536071','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23536071"><span><span class="hlt">Variability</span> of human corticospinal excitability tracks the state of action preparation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Klein-Flügge, Miriam C; Nobbs, David; Pitcher, Julia B; Bestmann, Sven</p> <p>2013-03-27</p> <p>Task-evoked trial-by-trial <span class="hlt">variability</span> is a ubiquitous property of neural responses, yet its functional role remains largely unclear. Recent work in nonhuman primates <span class="hlt">shows</span> that the temporal structure of neural <span class="hlt">variability</span> in several brain regions is task-related. For example, trial-by-trial <span class="hlt">variability</span> in premotor cortex tracks motor preparation with increasingly consistent firing rates and thus a decline in <span class="hlt">variability</span> before movement onset. However, whether noninvasive measures of the <span class="hlt">variability</span> of population activity available from humans can similarly track the preparation of actions remains unknown. We tested this by using single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over primary motor cortex (M1) to measure corticospinal excitability (CSE) at different times during action preparation. First, we established the basic properties of intrinsic CSE <span class="hlt">variability</span> at rest. Then, during the task, responses (left or right button presses) were either directly instructed (forced choice) or <span class="hlt">resulted</span> from a value decision (choice). Before movement onset, we observed a temporally specific task-related decline in CSE <span class="hlt">variability</span> contralateral to the responding hand. This decline was stronger in fast-response compared with slow-response trials, consistent with data in nonhuman primates. For the nonresponding hand, CSE <span class="hlt">variability</span> also decreased, but only in choice trials, and earlier compared with the responding hand, possibly reflecting choice-specific suppression of unselected actions. These findings suggest that human CSE <span class="hlt">variability</span> measured by TMS over M1 tracks the state of motor preparation, and may reflect the optimization of preparatory population activity. This provides novel avenues in humans to assess the dynamics of action preparation but also more complex processes, such as choice-to-action transformations.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17847639','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17847639"><span>Automated margin analysis of contemporary adhesive systems in vitro: evaluation of discriminatory <span class="hlt">variables</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Heintze, Siegward D; Forjanic, Monika; Roulet, François-Jean</p> <p>2007-08-01</p> <p>Using an optical sensor, to automatically evaluate the marginal seal of restorations placed with 21 adhesive systems of all four adhesive categories in cylindrical cavities of bovine dentin applying different outcome <span class="hlt">variables</span>, and to evaluate their discriminatory power. Twenty-one adhesive systems were evaluated: three 3-step etch-and-rinse systems, three 2-step etch-and-rinse systems, five 2-step self-etching systems, and ten 1-step self-etching systems. All adhesives were applied in cylindrical cavities in bovine dentin together with Tetric Ceram (n=8). In the control group, no adhesive system was used. After 24 h of storage in water at 37 degrees C, the surface was polished with 4000-grit SiC paper, and epoxy resin replicas were produced. An optical sensor (FRT MicroProf) created 100 profiles of the restoration margin, and an algorithm detected gaps and calculated their depths and widths. The following evaluation criteria were used: percentage of specimens without gaps, the percentage of gap-free profiles in relation to all profiles per specimen, mean gap width, mean gap depth, largest gap, modified marginal integrity index MI. The statistical analysis was carried out on log-transformed data for all <span class="hlt">variables</span> with ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey's test for multiple comparisons. The correlation between the <span class="hlt">variables</span> was tested with regression analysis, and the pooled data accordingto the four adhesive categories were compared by applying the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test (p < 0.05). For all the <span class="hlt">variables</span> that characterized the marginal adaptation, there was a great variation from material to material. In general, the etch-and-rinse adhesive systems demonstrated the best marginal adaptation, followed by the 2-step self-etching and the 1-step self-etching adhesives; the latter <span class="hlt">showed</span> the highest <span class="hlt">variability</span> in test <span class="hlt">results</span> between materials and within the same material. The only exception to this rule was Xeno IV, which <span class="hlt">showed</span> a marginal adaptation that was comparable</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70026389','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70026389"><span>Energy density and <span class="hlt">variability</span> in abundance of pigeon guillemot prey: Support for the quality-<span class="hlt">variability</span> trade-off hypothesis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Litzow, Michael A.; Piatt, John F.; Abookire, Alisa A.; Robards, Martin D.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>1. The quality-<span class="hlt">variability</span> trade-off hypothesis predicts that (i) energy density (kJ g-1) and spatial-temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> in abundance are positively correlated in nearshore marine fishes; and (ii) prey selection by a nearshore piscivore, the pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba Pallas), is negatively affected by <span class="hlt">variability</span> in abundance. 2. We tested these predictions with data from a 4-year study that measured fish abundance with beach seines and pigeon guillemot prey utilization with visual identification of chick meals. 3. The first prediction was supported. Pearson's correlation <span class="hlt">showed</span> that fishes with higher energy density were more <span class="hlt">variable</span> on seasonal (r = 0.71) and annual (r = 0.66) time scales. Higher energy density fishes were also more abundant overall (r = 0.85) and more patchy at a scale of 10s of km (r = 0.77). 4. Prey utilization by pigeon guillemots was strongly non-random. Relative preference, defined as the difference between log-ratio transformed proportions of individual prey taxa in chick diets and beach seine catches, was significantly different from zero for seven of the eight main prey categories. 5. The second prediction was also supported. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to summarize <span class="hlt">variability</span> in correlated prey characteristics (energy density, availability and <span class="hlt">variability</span> in abundance). Two PCA scores explained 32% of observed <span class="hlt">variability</span> in pigeon guillemot prey utilization. Seasonal <span class="hlt">variability</span> in abundance was negatively weighted by these PCA scores, providing evidence of risk-averse selection. Prey availability, energy density and km-scale <span class="hlt">variability</span> in abundance were positively weighted. 6. Trophic interactions are known to create <span class="hlt">variability</span> in resource distribution in other systems. We propose that links between resource quality and the strength of trophic interactions may produce resource quality-<span class="hlt">variability</span> trade-offs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27742060','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27742060"><span>Identification of weather <span class="hlt">variables</span> sensitive to dysentery in disease-affected county of China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Jianing; Wu, Xiaoxu; Li, Chenlu; Xu, Bing; Hu, Luojia; Chen, Jin; Dai, Shuang</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Climate change mainly refers to long-term change in weather <span class="hlt">variables</span>, and it has significant impact on sustainability and spread of infectious diseases. Among three leading infectious diseases in China, dysentery is exclusively sensitive to climate change. Previous researches on weather <span class="hlt">variables</span> and dysentery mainly focus on determining correlation between dysentery incidence and weather <span class="hlt">variables</span>. However, the contribution of each <span class="hlt">variable</span> to dysentery incidence has been rarely clarified. Therefore, we chose a typical county in epidemic of dysentery as the study area. Based on data of dysentery incidence, weather <span class="hlt">variables</span> (monthly mean temperature, precipitation, wind speed, relative humidity, absolute humidity, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature) and lagged analysis, we used principal component analysis (PCA) and classification and regression trees (CART) to examine the relationships between the incidence of dysentery and weather <span class="hlt">variables</span>. Principal component analysis <span class="hlt">showed</span> that temperature, precipitation, and humidity played a key role in determining transmission of dysentery. We further selected weather <span class="hlt">variables</span> including minimum temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity based on <span class="hlt">results</span> of PCA, and used CART to clarify contributions of these three weather <span class="hlt">variables</span> to dysentery incidence. We found when minimum temperature was at a high level, the high incidence of dysentery occurred if relative humidity or precipitation was at a high level. We compared our <span class="hlt">results</span> with other studies on dysentery incidence and meteorological factors in areas both in China and abroad, and good agreement has been achieved. Yet, some differences remain for three reasons: not identifying all key weather <span class="hlt">variables</span>, climate condition difference caused by local factors, and human factors that also affect dysentery incidence. This study hopes to shed light on potential early warnings for dysentery transmission as climate change occurs, and provide a theoretical</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ASAJ..117.2400G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ASAJ..117.2400G"><span>Within- and across-language spectral and temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> of vowels in different phonetic and prosodic contexts: Russian and Japanese</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gilichinskaya, Yana D.; Hisagi, Miwako; Law, Franzo F.; Berkowitz, Shari; Ito, Kikuyo</p> <p>2005-04-01</p> <p>Contextual <span class="hlt">variability</span> of vowels in three languages with large vowel inventories was examined previously. Here, <span class="hlt">variability</span> of vowels in two languages with small inventories (Russian, Japanese) was explored. Vowels were produced by three female speakers of each language in four contexts: (Vba) disyllables and in 3-syllable nonsense words (gaC1VC2a) embedded within carrier sentences; contexts included bilabial stops (bVp) in normal rate sentences and alveolar stops (dVt) in both normal and rapid rate sentences. Dependent <span class="hlt">variables</span> were syllable durations and formant frequencies at syllable midpoint. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> very little variation across consonant and rate conditions in formants for /i/ in both languages. Japanese short /u, o, a/ <span class="hlt">showed</span> fronting (F2 increases) in alveolar context relative to labial context (1.3-2.0 Barks), which was more pronounced in rapid sentences. Fronting of Japanese long vowels was less pronounced (0.3 to 0.9 Barks). Japanese long/short vowel ratios varied with speaking style (syllables versus sentences) and speaking rate. All Russian vowels except /i/ were fronted in alveolar vs labial context (1.1-3.1 Barks) but <span class="hlt">showed</span> little change in either spectrum or duration with speaking rate. Comparisons of these patterns of <span class="hlt">variability</span> with American English, French and German vowel <span class="hlt">results</span> will be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5458148','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5458148"><span>A canonical neural mechanism for behavioral <span class="hlt">variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Darshan, Ran; Wood, William E.; Peters, Susan; Leblois, Arthur; Hansel, David</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The ability to generate <span class="hlt">variable</span> movements is essential for learning and adjusting complex behaviours. This <span class="hlt">variability</span> has been linked to the temporal irregularity of neuronal activity in the central nervous system. However, how neuronal irregularity actually translates into behavioural <span class="hlt">variability</span> is unclear. Here we combine modelling, electrophysiological and behavioural studies to address this issue. We demonstrate that a model circuit comprising topographically organized and strongly recurrent neural networks can autonomously generate irregular motor behaviours. Simultaneous recordings of neurons in singing finches reveal that neural correlations increase across the circuit driving song <span class="hlt">variability</span>, in agreement with the model predictions. Analysing behavioural data, we find remarkable similarities in the babbling statistics of 5–6-month-old human infants and juveniles from three songbird species and <span class="hlt">show</span> that our model naturally accounts for these ‘universal' statistics. PMID:28530225</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4259133','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4259133"><span>Novel Harmonic Regularization Approach for <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Selection in Cox's Proportional Hazards Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chu, Ge-Jin; Liang, Yong; Wang, Jia-Xuan</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Variable</span> selection is an important issue in regression and a number of <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection methods have been proposed involving nonconvex penalty functions. In this paper, we investigate a novel harmonic regularization method, which can approximate nonconvex Lq (1/2 < q < 1) regularizations, to select key risk factors in the Cox's proportional hazards model using microarray gene expression data. The harmonic regularization method can be efficiently solved using our proposed direct path seeking approach, which can produce solutions that closely approximate those for the convex loss function and the nonconvex regularization. Simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> based on the artificial datasets and four real microarray gene expression datasets, such as real diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DCBCL), the lung cancer, and the AML datasets, <span class="hlt">show</span> that the harmonic regularization method can be more accurate for <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection than existing Lasso series methods. PMID:25506389</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25506389','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25506389"><span>Novel harmonic regularization approach for <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection in Cox's proportional hazards model.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chu, Ge-Jin; Liang, Yong; Wang, Jia-Xuan</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Variable</span> selection is an important issue in regression and a number of <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection methods have been proposed involving nonconvex penalty functions. In this paper, we investigate a novel harmonic regularization method, which can approximate nonconvex Lq (1/2 < q < 1) regularizations, to select key risk factors in the Cox's proportional hazards model using microarray gene expression data. The harmonic regularization method can be efficiently solved using our proposed direct path seeking approach, which can produce solutions that closely approximate those for the convex loss function and the nonconvex regularization. Simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> based on the artificial datasets and four real microarray gene expression datasets, such as real diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DCBCL), the lung cancer, and the AML datasets, <span class="hlt">show</span> that the harmonic regularization method can be more accurate for <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection than existing Lasso series methods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMPA11C..07S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMPA11C..07S"><span>Linking the Observation of Essential <span class="hlt">Variables</span> to Societal Benefits</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sylak-Glassman, E.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Different scientific communities have established sets of commonly agreed upon essential <span class="hlt">variables</span> to help coordinate data collection in a variety of Earth observation areas. As an example, the World Meteorological Organization Global Climate Observing System has identified 50 Essential Climate <span class="hlt">Variables</span> (ECVs), such as sea-surface temperature and carbon dioxide, which are required to monitoring the climate and detect and attribute climate change. In addition to supporting climate science, measuring these ECVs deliver many types of societal benefits, ranging from disaster mitigation to agricultural productivity to human health. While communicating the value in maintaining and improving observational records for these <span class="hlt">variables</span> has been a challenge, quantifying how the measurement of these ECVs <span class="hlt">results</span> in the delivery of many different societal benefits may help support their continued measurement. The 2016 National Earth Observation Assessment (EOA 2016) quantified the impact of individual Earth observation systems, sensors, networks, and surveys (or Earth observation systems, for short) on the achievement of 217 Federal objectives in 13 societal benefit areas (SBAs). This study will demonstrate the use of the EOA 2016 dataset to <span class="hlt">show</span> the different Federal objectives and SBAs that are impacted by the Earth observation systems used to measure ECVs. Describing how the measurements from these Earth observation systems are used not only to maintain the climate record but also to meet additional Federal objectives may help articulate the continued measurement of the ECVs. This study will act as a pilot for the use of the EOA 2016 dataset to map between the measurements required to observe additional sets of <span class="hlt">variables</span>, such as the Essential Ocean <span class="hlt">Variables</span> and Essential Biodiversity <span class="hlt">Variables</span>, and the ability to achieve a variety of societal benefits.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JMS...177...28J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JMS...177...28J"><span>Temporal and spatial <span class="hlt">variability</span> of zooplankton on the Faroe shelf in spring 1997-2016</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jacobsen, Sólvá; Gaard, Eilif; Larsen, Karin Margretha Húsgarð; Eliasen, Sólvá Káradóttir; Hátún, Hjálmar</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Zooplankton availability during spring and summer determines the growth and survival of first-feeding fish larvae, and thus impacts the recruitment to both fish prey species and commercial fish stocks. On the Faroe shelf, however, the relative importance of oceanic versus neritic zooplankton species has hitherto not been well understood. In this study, spatio-temporal <span class="hlt">variability</span> in zooplankton community structure and size spectra on the Faroe shelf is investigated using observations from late April during the period 1997-2016. The main objective was to explore which environmental <span class="hlt">variables</span> influence the zooplankton community structure in early spring. The zooplankton community in the permanently well mixed central shelf inside the tidal front consists of a mixture of neritic, cosmopolitan and oceanic species. In this region, redundancy analyses <span class="hlt">showed</span> that chlorophyll concentration had a positive effect on abundance of neritic copepods and meroplankton as well as all zooplankton < 1.2 mm. The abundance <span class="hlt">variability</span> of these species <span class="hlt">shows</span> increased production around 2000 and 2008-2009. The highest zooplankton abundance, mainly consisting of Calanus finmarchicus, is however observed off-shore from the tidal front, especially on the western side of the Faroe Plateau. A shift in C. finmarchicus phenology occurred around 2007, <span class="hlt">resulting</span> in earlier reproduction of this species, and this <span class="hlt">variability</span> could not be explained by the employed regional environmental parameters. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that the Faroe shelf biological production is more dependent on the local primary production and neritic zooplankton species than on the large oceanic C. finmarchicus stock.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22285995','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22285995"><span>Removing technical <span class="hlt">variability</span> in RNA-seq data using conditional quantile normalization.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hansen, Kasper D; Irizarry, Rafael A; Wu, Zhijin</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>The ability to measure gene expression on a genome-wide scale is one of the most promising accomplishments in molecular biology. Microarrays, the technology that first permitted this, were riddled with problems due to unwanted sources of <span class="hlt">variability</span>. Many of these problems are now mitigated, after a decade's worth of statistical methodology development. The recently developed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology has generated much excitement in part due to claims of reduced <span class="hlt">variability</span> in comparison to microarrays. However, we <span class="hlt">show</span> that RNA-seq data demonstrate unwanted and obscuring <span class="hlt">variability</span> similar to what was first observed in microarrays. In particular, we find guanine-cytosine content (GC-content) has a strong sample-specific effect on gene expression measurements that, if left uncorrected, leads to false positives in downstream <span class="hlt">results</span>. We also report on commonly observed data distortions that demonstrate the need for data normalization. Here, we describe a statistical methodology that improves precision by 42% without loss of accuracy. Our <span class="hlt">resulting</span> conditional quantile normalization algorithm combines robust generalized regression to remove systematic bias introduced by deterministic features such as GC-content and quantile normalization to correct for global distortions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ThApC.tmp..161N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ThApC.tmp..161N"><span>Trend analysis of hydro-climatic <span class="hlt">variables</span> in the north of Iran</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nikzad Tehrani, E.; Sahour, H.; Booij, M. J.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Trend analysis of climate <span class="hlt">variables</span> such as streamflow, precipitation, and temperature provides useful information for understanding the hydrological changes associated with climate change. In this study, a nonparametric Mann-Kendall test was employed to evaluate annual, seasonal, and monthly trends of precipitation and streamflow for the Neka basin in the north of Iran over a 44-year period (1972 to 2015). In addition, the Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) method was used for annual seasonal, monthly, and daily precipitation trends in order to investigate the spatial correlation between precipitation and streamflow trends in the study area. <span class="hlt">Results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> a downward trend in annual and winter precipitation (Z < -1.96) and an upward trend in annual maximum daily precipitation. Annual and monthly mean flows for most of the months in the Neka basin decreased by 14% significantly, but the annual maximum daily flow increased by 118%. <span class="hlt">Results</span> for the trend analysis of streamflow and climatic <span class="hlt">variables</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that there are statistically significant relationships between precipitation and streamflow (p value < 0.05). Correlation coefficients for Kendall, Spearman's rank and linear regression are 0.43, 0.61, and 0.67, respectively. The spatial presentation of the detected precipitation and streamflow trends <span class="hlt">showed</span> a downward trend for the mean annual precipitation observed in the upstream part of the study area which is consistent with the streamflow trend. Also, there is a good correlation between monthly and seasonal precipitation and streamflow for all sub-basins (Sefidchah, Gelvard, Abelu). In general, from a hydro-climatic point of view, the <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> that the study area is moving towards a situation with more severe drought events.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CompM..61..299C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CompM..61..299C"><span>Phase-field modeling of fracture in <span class="hlt">variably</span> saturated porous media</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cajuhi, T.; Sanavia, L.; De Lorenzis, L.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>We propose a mechanical and computational model to describe the coupled problem of poromechanics and cracking in <span class="hlt">variably</span> saturated porous media. A classical poromechanical formulation is adopted and coupled with a phase-field formulation for the fracture problem. The latter has the advantage of being able to reproduce arbitrarily complex crack paths without introducing discontinuities on a fixed mesh. The obtained simulation <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> good qualitative agreement with desiccation experiments on soils from the literature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017xru..conf...88G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017xru..conf...88G"><span>Searching for faint AGN in the CDFS: an X-ray (Chandra) vs optical <span class="hlt">variability</span> (HST) comparison.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Georgantopoulos, I.; Pouliasis, E.; Bonanos, A.; Sokolovsky, K.; Yang, M.; Hatzidimitriou, D.; Bellas, I.; Gavras, P.; Spetsieri, Z.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>X-ray surveys are believed to be the most efficient way to detect AGN. Recently though, optical <span class="hlt">variability</span> studies are claimed to probe even fainter AGN. We are presenting <span class="hlt">results</span> from an HST study aimed to identify Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) through optical <span class="hlt">variability</span> selection in the CDFS.. This work is part of the 'Hubble Catalogue of <span class="hlt">Variables</span>'project of ESA that aims to identify <span class="hlt">variable</span> sources in the Hubble Source Catalogue.' In particular, we used Hubble Space Telescope (HST) z-band images taken over 5 epochs and performed aperture photometry to derive the lightcurves of the sources. Two statistical methods (standard deviation & interquartile range) <span class="hlt">resulting</span> in a final sample of 175 <span class="hlt">variable</span> AGN candidates, having removed the artifacts by visual inspection and known stars and supernovae. The fact that the majority of the sources are extended and <span class="hlt">variable</span> indicates AGN activity. We compare the efficiency of the method by comparing with the 7Ms Chandra detections. Our work <span class="hlt">shows</span> that the optical <span class="hlt">variability</span> probes AGN at comparable redshifts but at deeper optical magnitudes. Our candidate AGN (non detected in X-rays) have luminosities of L_x<6×10^{40} erg/sec at z˜0.7 suggesting that these are associated with low luminosity Seyferts and LINERS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NatGe...3..688O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NatGe...3..688O"><span>External forcing as a metronome for Atlantic multidecadal <span class="hlt">variability</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Otterå, Odd Helge; Bentsen, Mats; Drange, Helge; Suo, Lingling</p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>Instrumental records, proxy data and climate modelling <span class="hlt">show</span> that multidecadal <span class="hlt">variability</span> is a dominant feature of North Atlantic sea-surface temperature variations, with potential impacts on regional climate. To understand the observed <span class="hlt">variability</span> and to gauge any potential for climate predictions it is essential to identify the physical mechanisms that lead to this <span class="hlt">variability</span>, and to explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of multidecadal <span class="hlt">variability</span> modes. Here we use a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model to <span class="hlt">show</span> that the phasing of the multidecadal fluctuations in the North Atlantic during the past 600 years is, to a large degree, governed by changes in the external solar and volcanic forcings. We find that volcanoes play a particularly important part in the phasing of the multidecadal <span class="hlt">variability</span> through their direct influence on tropical sea-surface temperatures, on the leading mode of northern-hemisphere atmosphere circulation and on the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. We suggest that the implications of our findings for decadal climate prediction are twofold: because volcanic eruptions cannot be predicted a decade in advance, longer-term climate predictability may prove challenging, whereas the systematic post-eruption changes in ocean and atmosphere may hold promise for shorter-term climate prediction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22399014','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22399014"><span><span class="hlt">Variability</span> of fibrinogen measurements in post-myocardial infarction patients. <span class="hlt">Results</span> from the AIRGENE study center Augsburg.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Baumert, Jens; Karakas, Mahir; Greven, Sonja; Rückerl, Regina; Peters, Annette; Koenig, Wolfgang</p> <p>2012-05-01</p> <p>Elevated fibrinogen levels are strongly and consistently associated with incident coronary heart disease (CHD). A possible causal contribution of fibrinogen in the pathway leading to atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease complications has been suggested. However, for implementation in clinical practice, data on validity and reliability, which are still scarce, are needed that are still scarce, especially in subjects with a history of CHD. For the present study, levels of plasma fibrinogen were measured in 200 post-myocardial infarction (post-MI) patients aged 39-76 years, with approximately six blood samples collected at monthly intervals between May 2003 and March 2004, giving a total of 1,144 samples. Inter-individual <span class="hlt">variability</span> (between-subject variance component, VCb and coefficient of variation, CVb), intra-individual and analytical <span class="hlt">variability</span> (VCw+a and CVw+a), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the number of measurements required for an ICC of 0.75 were estimated to assess the reliability of serial fibrinogen measurements. Mean fibrinogen concentration of all subjects over all samples was 3.34 g/l (standard deviation 0.67). Between-subject variation for fibrinogen was VCb = 0.34 (CVb'=17.5%) whereas within-subject and analytical variation was estimated as VCw+a = 0.14 (CVw+a=11.0%). The variation was mainly explained by between-subject <span class="hlt">variability</span>, shown by the proportion of total variance of 71.3%. Two different measurements were required to reach sufficient reliability, if subjects with extreme values were not excluded. The present study indicates a fairly good reproducibility of serial individual fibrinogen measurements in post-MI subjects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ClDy...39.2993S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ClDy...39.2993S"><span>On the fog <span class="hlt">variability</span> over south Asia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Syed, F. S.; Körnich, H.; Tjernström, M.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>An increasing trend in fog frequencies over south Asia during winter in the last few decades has <span class="hlt">resulted</span> in large economical losses and has caused substantial difficulties in the daily lives of people. In order to better understand the fog phenomenon, we investigated the climatology, inter-annual <span class="hlt">variability</span> and trends in the fog occurrence from 1976 to 2010 using observational data from 82 stations, well distributed over India and Pakistan. Fog blankets large area from Pakistan to Bangladesh across north India from west to east running almost parallel to south of the Himalayas. An EOF analysis revealed that the fog <span class="hlt">variability</span> over the whole region is coupled and therefore must be governed by some large scale phenomenon on the inter-annual time scale. Significant positive trends were found in the fog frequency but this increase is not gradual, as with the humidity, but comprises of two distinct regimes shifts, in 1990 and 1998, with respect to both mean and variance. The fog is also detected in ERA-Interim 3 hourly, surface and model level forecast data when using the concept of "cross-over temperature" combined with boundary layer stability. This fog index is able to reproduce the regime shift around 1998 and <span class="hlt">shows</span> that the method can be applied to analyze fog over south Asia. The inter-annual <span class="hlt">variability</span> seems to be associated with the wave train originating from the North Atlantic in the upper troposphere that when causing higher pressure over the region <span class="hlt">results</span> in an increased boundary layer stability and surface-near relative humidity. The trend and shifts in the fog occurrence seems to be associated with the gradual increasing trend in relative humidity from 1990 onwards.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22784622','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22784622"><span>State Space Model with hidden <span class="hlt">variables</span> for reconstruction of gene regulatory networks.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wu, Xi; Li, Peng; Wang, Nan; Gong, Ping; Perkins, Edward J; Deng, Youping; Zhang, Chaoyang</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>State Space Model (SSM) is a relatively new approach to inferring gene regulatory networks. It requires less computational time than Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBN). There are two types of <span class="hlt">variables</span> in the linear SSM, observed <span class="hlt">variables</span> and hidden <span class="hlt">variables</span>. SSM uses an iterative method, namely Expectation-Maximization, to infer regulatory relationships from microarray datasets. The hidden <span class="hlt">variables</span> cannot be directly observed from experiments. How to determine the number of hidden <span class="hlt">variables</span> has a significant impact on the accuracy of network inference. In this study, we used SSM to infer Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) from synthetic time series datasets, investigated Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and Principle Component Analysis (PCA) approaches to determining the number of hidden <span class="hlt">variables</span> in SSM, and evaluated the performance of SSM in comparison with DBN. True GRNs and synthetic gene expression datasets were generated using GeneNetWeaver. Both DBN and linear SSM were used to infer GRNs from the synthetic datasets. The inferred networks were compared with the true networks. Our <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">show</span> that inference precision varied with the number of hidden <span class="hlt">variables</span>. For some regulatory networks, the inference precision of DBN was higher but SSM performed better in other cases. Although the overall performance of the two approaches is compatible, SSM is much faster and capable of inferring much larger networks than DBN. This study provides useful information in handling the hidden <span class="hlt">variables</span> and improving the inference precision.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9283671','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9283671"><span>Six-minute walk test and heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span>: lack of association in advanced stages of heart failure.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Woo, M A; Moser, D K; Stevenson, L W; Stevenson, W G</p> <p>1997-09-01</p> <p>The 6-minute walk and heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> have been used to assess mortality risk in patients with heart failure, but their relationship to each other and their usefulness for predicting mortality at 1 year are unknown. To assess the relationships between the 6-minute walk test, heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span>, and 1-year mortality. A sample of 113 patients in advanced stages of heart failure (New York Heart Association Functional Class III-IV, left ventricular ejection < 0.25) were studied. All 6-minute walks took place in an enclosed, level, measured corridor and were supervised by the same nurse. Heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> was measured by using (1) a standard-deviation method and (2) Poincaré plots. Data on RR intervals obtained by using 24-hour Holter monitoring were analyzed. Survival was determined at 1 year after the Holter recording. The <span class="hlt">results</span> <span class="hlt">showed</span> no significant associations between the <span class="hlt">results</span> of the 6-minute walk and the two measures of heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span>. The <span class="hlt">results</span> of the walk were related to 1-year mortality but not to the risk of sudden death. Both measures of heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> had significant associations with 1-year mortality and with sudden death. However, only heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> measured by using Poincaré plots was a predictor of total mortality and risk of sudden death, independent of left ventricular ejection fraction, serum levels of sodium, <span class="hlt">results</span> of the 6-minute walk test, and the standard-deviation measure of heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span>. <span class="hlt">Results</span> of the 6-minute walk have poor association with mortality and the two measures of heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> in patients with advanced-stage heart failure and a low ejection fraction. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal clinical usefulness of the 6-minute walk and heart rate <span class="hlt">variability</span> in patients with advanced-stage heart failure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29250110','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29250110"><span>A Time-Series Water Level Forecasting Model Based on Imputation and <span class="hlt">Variable</span> Selection Method.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yang, Jun-He; Cheng, Ching-Hsue; Chan, Chia-Pan</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Reservoirs are important for households and impact the national economy. This paper proposed a time-series forecasting model based on estimating a missing value followed by <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection to forecast the reservoir's water level. This study collected data from the Taiwan Shimen Reservoir as well as daily atmospheric data from 2008 to 2015. The two datasets are concatenated into an integrated dataset based on ordering of the data as a research dataset. The proposed time-series forecasting model summarily has three foci. First, this study uses five imputation methods to directly delete the missing value. Second, we identified the key <span class="hlt">variable</span> via factor analysis and then deleted the unimportant <span class="hlt">variables</span> sequentially via the <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection method. Finally, the proposed model uses a Random Forest to build the forecasting model of the reservoir's water level. This was done to compare with the listing method under the forecasting error. These experimental <span class="hlt">results</span> indicate that the Random Forest forecasting model when applied to <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection with full <span class="hlt">variables</span> has better forecasting performance than the listing model. In addition, this experiment <span class="hlt">shows</span> that the proposed <span class="hlt">variable</span> selection can help determine five forecast methods used here to improve the forecasting capability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29375768','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29375768"><span>Infrastructure features outperform environmental <span class="hlt">variables</span> explaining rabbit abundance around motorways.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Planillo, Aimara; Malo, Juan E</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Human disturbance is widespread across landscapes in the form of roads that alter wildlife populations. Knowing which road features are responsible for the species response and their relevance in comparison with environmental <span class="hlt">variables</span> will provide useful information for effective conservation measures. We sampled relative abundance of European rabbits, a very widespread species, in motorway verges at regional scale, in an area with large <span class="hlt">variability</span> in environmental and infrastructure conditions. Environmental <span class="hlt">variables</span> included vegetation structure, plant productivity, distance to water sources, and altitude. Infrastructure characteristics were the type of vegetation in verges, verge width, traffic volume, and the presence of embankments. We performed a variance partitioning analysis to determine the relative importance of two sets of <span class="hlt">variables</span> on rabbit abundance. Additionally, we identified the most important <span class="hlt">variables</span> and their effects model averaging after model selection by AICc on hypothesis-based models. As a group, infrastructure features explained four times more <span class="hlt">variability</span> in rabbit abundance than environmental <span class="hlt">variables</span>, being the effects of the former critical in motorway stretches located in altered landscapes with no available habitat for rabbits, such as agricultural fields. Model selection and Akaike weights <span class="hlt">showed</span> that verge width and traffic volume are the most important <span class="hlt">variables</span> explaining rabbit abundance index, with positive and negative effects, respectively. In the light of these <span class="hlt">results</span>, the response of species to the infrastructure can be modulated through the modification of motorway features, being some of them manageable in the design phase. The identification of such features leads to suggestions for improvement through low-cost corrective measures and conservation plans. As a general indication, keeping motorway verges less than 10 m wide will prevent high densities of rabbits and avoid the unwanted effects that rabbit populations</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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