Alternative Fuels Data Center: Hydrogenation-Derived Renewable Diesel

Science.gov Websites

rapeseed oil; animal tallow; vegetable oil waste or brown trap grease; and other fats and vegetable oils new pipelines, storage tanks, or retail station pumps), can be produced using existing oil refinery manufacturers-including ConocoPhillips, Neste Oil, Petrobras, REG, and UOP-are developing and testing HDRD

Environmental Baseline Survey for Proposed Land Use Permit Modification for Expansion of the Dynamic Explosive Test Site (DETS) 9940 Main Complex Parking Lot.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Peek, Dennis W.

The approach was to perform a document search, supplemented by a visual site inspection, to identify potential environmental contamination associated with the property. Factors evaluated included hazardous substances; petroleum products and derivatives; environmental restoration sites; areas of concern; storage tanks; oil/water separators; grease traps; wash racks; waste tanks; pesticides; military munitions/ordnance; medical or bio-hazardous waste; radioactive waste; solid/municipal waste; indoor air quality; groundwater; wastewater treatment, collection, and disposal/discharge; drinking water quality; utilities; asbestos; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); radon; lead-based paint; cultural resources; floodplains; and natural/biological resources.

Free fatty acids degradation in grease trap purification using ozone bubbling and sonication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Piotr Kwiatkowski, Michal; Satoh, Saburoh; Fukuda, Shogo; Yamabe, Chobei; Ihara, Satoshi; Nieda, Masanori

2013-02-01

The oil and fat were treated at first by only ozone bubbling and it was confirmed that the collection efficiency of them became 98.4% when the aeration was used. It showed that the aeration method in a grease trap cleared the standard value of 90% and there was no worry on the oil and fat outflow from a grease trap. The characteristics of sonication process were studied for free fatty acids degradation. The free saturated fatty acids are the most hard-degradable compounds of the fats, oils and greases (FOGs) in the grease trap. The influence of various parameters such as immersion level of an ultrasound probe in the liquid and bubbling of various gases (Ar, O2, air, O3) on the sonochemical and energy efficiency of the sonication process was investigated. The most effective degradation treatment method for saturated free fatty acids was the combination of sonication and low flow rate argon bubbling. Contribution to the Topical Issue "13th International Symposium on High Pressure Low Temperature Plasma Chemistry (Hakone XIII)", Edited by Nicolas Gherardi, Henryca Danuta Stryczewska and Yvan Ségui.

Emissions from Simulated Open Burning of Deployed US Military Waste

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-22

pasta …. Wet food waste (slop) 13 1.3 1300 Soup, creams,… Oils and greases 2 0.2 200 oil, grease Unopened MREs 1 0.1 100 MREs Opened MRE Inner... pasta …. Wet food waste (slop) 13.61 1.361 1361.3 Soup, creams,… Oils and greases 2.09 0.209 209.4 oil, grease Unopened MREs 1.05 0.105 104.7 MREs

Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge with grease trap sludge and municipal solid waste as co-substrates.

PubMed

Grosser, A; Neczaj, E; Singh, B R; Almås, Å R; Brattebø, H; Kacprzak, M

2017-05-01

The feasibility of simultaneous treatment of multiple wastes via co-digestion was studied in semi-continuous mode at mesophilic conditions. The obtained results indicated that sewage sludge, organic fraction of municipal waste (OFMSW) and grease trap sludge (GTS) possess complementary properties that can be combined for successful anaerobic digestion. During the co-digestion period, methane yield and VS removal were significantly higher in comparison to digestion of sewage sludge alone. Addition of GTS to digesters treating sewage sludge resulted in increased VS removal and methane yield up to 13% (from 50 to 56.4) and 52% (from 300 to 456,547m 3 /Mg VS add ), respectively. While the use of OFMSW as the next co-substrate in the feedstock, can boost methane yield and VS removal up to 82% (300-547m 3 /Mg VS add ) and approximately 29% (from 50% to 64.7%), respectively. Moreover, the results of the present laboratory study revealed that the addition of co-substrates to the feedstock had a significant influence on biogas composition. During the experiment methane content in biogas ranged from 67% to 69%. While, the concentration of LCFAs was increasing with the gradual increase in the share of co-substrates in the mixtures, wherein only the oleic acid was higher than some inhibition concentrations which have been reported in the literature. However, it did not significantly affect the efficiency of the co-digestion process. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.

DESIGN OF A TRAP GREASE UPGRADER FOR BIOFUEL PROCESSING - PHASE I

EPA Science Inventory

This project provides capstone senior design experience to several teams of engineering undergraduates at Drexel University through the technical and economic evaluation of a trap grease to biodiesel conversion process. The project incorporates two phases: Phase I characteri...

Use of Bio-Amp, a commercial bio-additive for the treatment of grease trap wastewater containing fat, oil, and grease.

PubMed

Tang, Hao L; Xie, Yuefeng F; Chen, Yen-Chih

2012-11-01

This research investigated the application of Bio-Amp, a commercial bio-additive for the treatment of fat, oil, and grease (FOG) in a grease trap, and evaluated potential impacts of treated effluent on downstream collection system and treatment processes. Results show that after Bio-Amp treatment, FOG deposit formation was reduced by 40%, implicating a potential reduction of sewer line blockages. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and total fatty acids were reduced by 39%, 33%, 56%, and 59%, respectively, which represents an overall loading reduction of 9% COD, 5% TN and 40% TP received by the treatment plant from all the dining halls. On the other hand, readily biodegradable COD fractions significantly increased, which implies a potential improvement on Bio-P removal. Overall, the results showed that application of Bio-Amp in grease trap provides potential reduction of sewer line blockages, and can also alleviate downstream treatment burden. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Corrective Action Plan for Corrective Action Unit 562: Waste Systems, Nevada National Security Site, Nevada

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NSTec Environmental Restoration

2011-04-30

This Corrective Action Plan has been prepared for Corrective Action Unit (CAU) 562, Waste Systems, in accordance with the Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order (1996; as amended March 2010). CAU 562 consists of 13 Corrective Action Sites (CASs) located in Areas 2, 23, and 25 of the Nevada National Security Site. Site characterization activities were performed in 2009 and 2010, and the results are presented in Appendix A of the Corrective Action Decision Document for CAU 562. The scope of work required to implement the recommended closure alternatives is summarized. (1) CAS 02-26-11, Lead Shot, will be clean closedmore » by removing shot. (2) CAS 02-44-02, Paint Spills and French Drain, will be clean closed by removing paint and contaminated soil. As a best management practice (BMP), asbestos tile will be removed. (3) CAS 02-59-01, Septic System, will be clean closed by removing septic tank contents. As a BMP, the septic tank will be removed. (4) CAS 02-60-01, Concrete Drain, contains no contaminants of concern (COCs) above action levels. No further action is required; however, as a BMP, the concrete drain will be removed. (5) CAS 02-60-02, French Drain, was clean closed. Corrective actions were completed during corrective action investigation activities. As a BMP, the drain grates and drain pipe will be removed. (6) CAS 02-60-03, Steam Cleaning Drain, will be clean closed by removing contaminated soil. As a BMP, the steam cleaning sump grate and outfall pipe will be removed. (7) CAS 02-60-04, French Drain, was clean closed. Corrective actions were completed during corrective action investigation activities. (8) CAS 02-60-05, French Drain, will be clean closed by removing contaminated soil. (9) CAS 02-60-06, French Drain, contains no COCs above action levels. No further action is required. (10) CAS 02-60-07, French Drain, requires no further action. The french drain identified in historical documentation was not located during corrective action investigation activities. (11) CAS 23-60-01, Mud Trap Drain and Outfall, will be clean closed by removing sediment from the mud trap. As a BMP, the mud trap and outfall pipe will be removed. (12) CAS 23-99-06, Grease Trap, will be clean closed by removing sediment from the grease trap and backfilling the grease trap with grout. (13) CAS 25-60-04, Building 3123 Outfalls, will be clean closed by removing contaminated soil and the sludge-containing outfall pipe.« less

Integrated Biorefinery for Biofuels Production

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miller, Gabriel

This project has focused on very low grade fats, oil and greases found in municipal, commercial and industrial facilities around the country. These wastes are often disposed in landfills, wastewater treatment plants or farm fields or are blended illegally into animal feeds. Using any of these waste fatty materials that are unfit for human or animal nutrition as a clean alternative fuel makes good sense. This project defines the aforementioned wastes in terms of quality and prevalence in the US, then builds on specific promising pathways for utilizing these carbon neutral wastes. These pathways are discussed and researched at bench-scale,more » and in one instance, at pilot-scale. The three primary pathways are as follows: The production of Renewable Diesel Oil (RDO) as a stand-alone fuel or blended with standard distillate or residual hydrocarbons; The production of RDO as a platform for the further manufacture of Biodiesel utilizing acid esterification; The production of RDO as a platform for the manufacture of an ASTM Diesel Fuel using one or more catalysts to effect a decarboxylation of the carboxylics present in RDO This study shows that Biodiesel and ASTM Diesel produced at bench-scale (utilizing RDO made from grease trap waste as an input) could not meet industry specifications utilizing the technologies that were selected by the investigators. Details of these investigations are discussed in this report and will hopefully provide a starting point for other researchers interested in these pathways in future studies. Although results were inconclusive in finding ways to utilize RDO technology, in effect, as a pretreatment for commonly discussed technologies such as Biodiesel and ASTM Diesel, this study does shed light on the properties, performance and cost of utilizing waste greases directly as a retail liquid fuel (RDO). The utilization as a retail RDO as a boiler fuel, or for other such applications, is the most important finding of the study.« less

Whole-cell based solvent-free system for one-pot production of biodiesel from waste grease.

PubMed

Li, Aitao; Ngo, Thao P N; Yan, Jinyong; Tian, Kaiyuan; Li, Zhi

2012-06-01

A whole-cell based solvent-free system was developed for efficient conversion of waste grease to biodiesel via one-pot esterification and transesterification. By isolation and screening of lipase-producing strains from soil, Serratia marcescens YXJ-1002 was discovered for the biotransformation of grease to biodiesel. The lipase (SML) from this strain was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as an intracellular enzyme, showing 6 times higher whole-cell based hydrolysis activity than that of wild type strain. The recombinant cells were used for biodiesel production from waste grease in one-pot reactions containing no solvent with the addition of methanol in several small portions, and 97% yield of biodiesel (FAME) was achieved under optimized conditions. In addition, the whole-cell biocatalysts showed excellent reusability, retaining 74% productivity after 4 cycles. The developed system, biocatalyst, and process enable the efficient, low-cost, and green production of biodiesel from waste grease, providing with a potential industrial application. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Stream Management

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-03-01

from coconut husks bound within a woven mesh rope either made from polyethylene or coir rope. The CGR incorporates wetland plants (usually as rooted...Process 6-1 Nonrestoration Alternative Considerations 6-3 Stormwater ponds 6-4 Infiltration (exfiltration) devices 6-6 Oil and grease trap devices 6-8... Oil and Grease Trap Pollutant Removal 6-9 Table 6.4. Sand Filter Pollutant Removal 6-11 Table 6.5. Selection of Appropriate Structural Solutions

Enhanced methane generation during theromophilic co-digestion of confectionary waste and grease-trap fats and oils with municipal wastewater sludge.

PubMed

Gough, Heidi L; Nelsen, Diane; Muller, Christopher; Ferguson, John

2013-02-01

Recent interest in carbon-neutral biofuels has revived interest in co-digestion for methane generation. At wastewater treatment facilities, organic wastes may be co-digested with sludge using established anaerobic digesters. However, changes to organic loadings may induce digester instability, particularly for thermophilic digesters. To examine this problem, thermophilic (55 degrees C) co-digestion was studied for two food-industry wastes in semi-continuous laboratory digesters; in addition, the wastes' biochemical methane potentials were tested. Wastes with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) content were selected as feedstocks allowing increased input of potential energy to reactors without substantially altering volumetric loadings. Methane generation increased while reactor pH and volatile solids remained stable. Lag periods observed prior to methane stimulation suggested that acclimation of the microbial community may be critical to performance during co-digestion. Chemical oxygen demand mass balances in the experimental and control reactors indicated that all of the food industry waste COD was converted to methane.

Thermophilic and hyper-thermophilic co-digestion of waste activated sludge and fat, oil and grease: Evaluating and modeling methane production.

PubMed

Alqaralleh, Rania Mona; Kennedy, Kevin; Delatolla, Robert; Sartaj, Majid

2016-12-01

Renewable energy and clean environment are two crucial requirements for our modern world. Low cost, energy production and limited environmental impact make anaerobic digestion (AD) a promising technology for stabilizing organic waste and in particular, sewage waste. The anaerobic co-digestion of thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) and sewage treatment plant trapped fat, oil and grease (FOG) using different FOG-TWAS mixtures (20, 40, 60 and 80% of FOG based on total volatile solids (TVS)) were investigated in this study using both thermophilic (55 ± 1 °C) and two stages hyper-thermophilic/thermophilic (70 ± 1 °C and 55 ± 1 °C) anaerobic co-digestion. The hyper-thermophilic co-digestion approach as a part of the co-digestion process has been shown to be very useful in improving the methane production. During hyper-thermophilic biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay testing the sample with 60% FOG (based on TVS) has been shown to significantly increase the maximum methane production to 673.1 ± 14.0 ml of methane as compared to 316.4 ± 14.3 ml of methane for the control sample. This represents a 112.7% increase in methane production compared to the control sample considered in this paper. These results signify the importance of hyper-thermophilic digestion to the co-digestion of TWAS-FOG field. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Identification of sulfur-containing impurities in biodiesel produced from brown grease

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Crude biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME)) has been produced from brown grease lipids (BGLs) and subjected to purification by wiped film evaporation (WFE). FAME from waste grease usually contains higher concentrations of sulfur (S) than allowed to meet specified quality standards for biodies...

Nutrient contributions and biogas potential of co-digestion of feedstocks and dairy manure.

PubMed

Ma, Guiling; Neibergs, J Shannon; Harrison, Joseph H; Whitefield, Elizabeth M

2017-06-01

This study focused on collection of data on nutrient flow and biogas yield at a commercial anaerobic digester managed with dairy manure from a 1000 cow dairy and co-digestion of additional feedstocks. Feedstocks included: blood, fish, paper pulp, out of date beverages and grease trap waste. Mass flow of inputs and outputs, nutrient concentration of inputs and outputs, and biogas yield were obtained. It was determined that manure was the primary source of nutrients to the anaerobic digester when co-digested with feedstocks. The percentage of contribution from manure to the total nutrient inputs for total nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, phosphorus and total solids was 46.3%, 67.7%, 32.8% and 23.4%, respectively. On average, manure contributed the greatest amount of total nitrogen and ammonia-nitrogen. Grease trap waste contributed the greatest amount of phosphorus and total solids at approximately 50%. Results demonstrated that a reliable estimate of nutrient inflow could be obtained from the product of the nutrient analyses of a single daily composite of influent subsamples times the total daily flow estimated with an in-line flow meter. This approach to estimate total daily nutrient inflow would be more cost effective than testing and summing the contribution of individual feedstocks. Data collected after liquid-solid separation confirmed that the majority (>75%) of nutrients remain with the liquid effluent portion of the manure stream. It was demonstrated that the ash concentration in solids before and after composting could be used to estimate the mass balance of total solids during the compost process. This data confirms that biogas or methane yield could be accurately measured from the ratio of % volatile solids to % total solids. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Process Improvements: Aerobic Food Waste Composting at ISF Academy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lau, Y. K.

2015-12-01

ISF Academy, a school with 1500 students in Hong Kong, installed an aerobic food waste composting system in November of 2013. The system has been operational for over seven months; we will be making improvements to the system to ensure the continued operational viability and quality of the compost. As a school we are committed to reducing our carbon footprint and the amount of waste we send to the local landfill. Over an academic year we produce approximately 27 metric tons of food waste. Our system processes the food waste to compost in 14 days and the compost is used by our primary school students in a organic farming project.There are two areas of improvement: a) if the composting system becomes anaerobic, there is an odor problem that is noticed by the school community; we will be testing the use of a bio-filter to eliminate the odor problem and, b) we will be working with an equipment vendor from Australia to install an improved grease trap system. The grease and oil that is collected will be sold to a local company here in Hong Kong that processes used cooking oil for making biofuels. This system will include a two stage filtration system and a heated vessel for separating the oil from the waste water.The third project will be to evaluate biodegradable cutlery for the compositing in the system. Currently, we use a significant quantity of non-biodegradable cutlery that is then thrown away after one use. Several local HK companies are selling biodegradable cutlery, but we need to evaluate the different products to determine which ones will work with our composting system. The food waste composting project at ISF Academy demonstrates the commitment of the school community to a greener environment for HK, the above listed projects will improve the operation of the system.

Immersion frying for the thermal drying of sewage sludge: an economic assessment.

PubMed

Peregrina, Carlos; Rudolph, Victor; Lecomte, Didier; Arlabosse, Patricia

2008-01-01

This paper presents an economic study of a novel thermal fry-drying technology which transforms sewage sludge and recycled cooking oil (RCO) into a solid fuel. The process is shown to have significant potential advantage in terms of capital costs (by factors of several times) and comparable operating costs. Three potential variants of the process have been simulated and costed in terms of both capital and operating requirements for a commercial scale of operation. The differences are in the energy recovery systems, which include a simple condensation of the evaporated water and two different heat pump configurations. Simple condensation provides the simplest process, but the energy efficiency gain of an open heat pump offset this, making it economically somewhat more attractive. In terms of operating costs, current sludge dryers are dominated by maintenance and energy requirements, while for fry-drying these are comparatively small. Fry-drying running costs are dominated by provision of makeup waste oil. Cost reduction could focus on cheaper waste oil, e.g. from grease trap waste.

Removing Fats, Oils and Greases from Grease Trap by Hybrid AOPs (Ozonation and Sonication)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kwiatkowski, Michal Piotr; Satoh, Saburoh; Yamabe, Chobei; Ihara, Satoshi; Nieda, Masanori

The purpose of this study was to investigate the electrical energy for the environmental applications using AOPs (advanced oxidation processes) combined with ozonation and sonication to remove the FOG (fats, oils and greases) from wastewater of the sewage system. This study focused on FOG removal from a grease trap using the hybrid AOPs. Fatty acids (linoleic, oleic, stearic and palmitic acids) were used as representative standards of FOG. The studies were conducted experimentally in a glass reactor under various operational conditions. The oxidation efficiency using the combination of the ozonation and sonication was determined by the KI dosimetry method and the calorimetry method. Fatty acids concentration were measured by GC/MS. The local reaction field of the high temperature and high pressure, so-called hot spot, was generated by the quasi-adiabatic collapse of bubbles produced in the water under sonication, which is called cavitation phenomenon. Mixing the ozone bubbles into the water under acoustic cavitation, the formation of OH radicals increased. The mechanical effect of acoustic cavitation such as microstreaming and shock waves have an influence on the probability of reactions of ozone and radicals with fatty acids.

Community Anaerobic Digester: Powered by Students and Driving Practical Applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Richmond Hall, Joan; O'Leary, Mary

The Vermont Tech Community Anaerobic Digester (VTCAD) was conceived and funded by a partnership of educational, agricultural, waste management and environmental groups to create a living laboratory demonstrating the value of recycling nutrients, renewable energy and agricultural co-products from organic wastes. VTCAD was constructed on the Randolph Center, Vermont campus of Vermont Tech, a public college offering engineering technology, agricultural, renewable energy education and workforce training. With funding from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the Vermont State Colleges and others, construction was completed in early 2014 and the facility has been operational since April 2014. At full power, VTCADmore » uses 16,000 gallons of manure and organic residuals to produce 8,880 kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity per day, ‘waste’ heat that will be used to heat four campus buildings, bedding material for the college dairy herds and recycled nutrients used as crop fertilizer. VTCAD uses a mixture of manure from co-managed farms and organic residuals collected from the community. Feedstock materials include brewery residuals, the glycerol by-product of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil, grease trap waste, and waste paper and, soon, locally collected pre- and post-consumer food residuals.« less

Biogas Upgrading and Waste-to-Energy | Bioenergy | NREL

Science.gov Websites

dots. Waste Feedstocks We inventory WTE feedstocks-waste fat, oil, and greases; municipal solid wastes " and points right to an icon of an Excel spreadsheet labeled "Equipment and Raw Material

Waste-water characterization and hazardous-waste technical assistance survey, Bergstrom AFB tTxas. Final report, 6-15 March 1989

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hedgecock, N.S.

1990-01-01

At the request of 67 Combat Support Group/DEEV the Air Force Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory conducted a waste-water characterization and hazardous-waste technical assistance survey at Bergstrom AFB (BAFB) from 6-15 Mar 89. The scope of the waste-water survey was to characterize the effluent exiting the base and the effluent from 23 industrial facilities and 10 food-serving facilities. The scope of the hazardous-waste survey was to address hazardous-waste-management practices and explore opportunities for hazardous waste minimization. Specific recommendations from the survey include: (1) Accompany City of Austin personnel during waste-water sampling procedures; (2) Sample at the manhole exiting the mainmore » lift station rather than at the lift station wet well; (3) Split waste-water samples with the City of Austin for comparison of results; (4) Ensure that oil/water separators and grease traps are functioning properly and are cleaned out regularly; (5) Limit the quantity of soaps and solvents discharged down the drain to the sanitary sewer; (6) Establish a waste disposal contract for the removal of wastes in the Petroleum Oils and Lubricants underground storage tanks. (7) Remove, analyze, and properly dispose of oil contaminated soil from accumulation sites. (8) Move indoors or secure, cover, and berm the aluminum sign reconditioning tank at 67 Civil Engineering Squadron Protective Coating. (9) Connect 67 Combat Repair Squadron Test Cell floor drains to the sanitary sewer.« less

LEATHER TANNERY WASTE MANAGEMENT THROUGH PROCESS CHANGE, REUSE AND PRETREATMENT

EPA Science Inventory

Reduction of tannery waste, i.e., trivalent chromium, sulfide and oil and grease components has been accomplished by process change. Protein recovery and hydroclonic separation of solids was shown to be possible in tannery processing in reducing waste loading. All waste load redu...

Thermo-chemical extraction of fuel oil from waste lubricating grease.

PubMed

Pilusa, Tsietsi Jefrey; Muzenda, Edison; Shukla, Mukul

2013-06-01

This study investigated the recovery of oil from waste grease through the process of thermal degradation in an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) followed by solvent extraction. Waste high temperature metal bearing grease was dissolved in a 15 w/w% KOH solution at 80°C while being agitated at 2000 rpm using a shear action agitator for a period of 15 min. Two distinct layers were observed after 8 min of settling time. The top layer being of dark brown oil and the bottom layer was a heterogeneous mixture. The two layers were separated by decantation. The bottom layer was cooled down to 45°C followed by slow addition of toluene (C7H8) while agitating at 1200 rpm for 15 min to prevent solids settling and minimise rapid volatilisation of the organic compounds in the mixture. Two distinct layers were also formed, the top homogeneous mixture of light brown oil-toluene mixture and the bottom sludge layer. The solvent was recovered from the oil for re-use by fractional distillation of the homogenous mixture. It was observed that 15 w/w% potassium hydroxide solution can chemically degrade the soap matrix in the grease and extract up to 49 w/w% of the fuel oil when subjected to high shear stress at a temperature of 80°C. The 26 w/w% extraction of oil in the remaining sludge was obtained by solvent extraction process with mass ratios of sludge to solvent of 2:1. Solvent recovery of 88% by mass was obtained via fractional distillation method. The combined extraction processes brought an overall oil yield of 75 w/w% from the waste grease. The fuel oil obtained from this process has similar properties to paraffin oil and can be blended with other oils as an alternative energy source. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of bacterial lipase on anaerobic co-digestion of slaughterhouse wastewater and grease in batch condition and continuous fixed-bed reactor.

PubMed

Affes, Maha; Aloui, Fathi; Hadrich, Fatma; Loukil, Slim; Sayadi, Sami

2017-10-10

This study aimed to investigate the effects of bacterial lipase on biogas production of anaerobic co-digestion of slaughterhouse wastewater (SHWW) and hydrolyzed grease (HG). A neutrophilic Staphylococcus xylosus strain exhibiting lipolytic activity was used to perform microbial hydrolysis pretreatment of poultry slaughterhouse lipid rich waste. Optimum proportion of hydrolyzed grease was evaluated by determining biochemical methane potential. A high biogas production was observed in batch containing a mixture of slaughterhouse composed of 75% SHWW and 25% hydrolyzed grease leading to a biogas yield of 0.6 L/g COD introduced. Fixed bed reactor (FBR) results confirmed that the proportion of 25% of hydrolyzed grease gives the optimum condition for the digester performance. Biogas production was significantly high until an organic loading rate (OLR) of 2 g COD/L. d. This study indicates that the use of biological pre-treatment and FBR for the co-digestion of SHWW and hydrolyzed grease is feasible and effective.

The influence of decreased hydraulic retention time on the performance and stability of co-digestion of sewage sludge with grease trap sludge and organic fraction of municipal waste.

PubMed

Grosser, Anna

2017-12-01

The effect of hydraulic retention time ranging from 12 to 20 d on process performance and stability was investigated in two anaerobic completely stirred tank reactors with a working liquid volume equal to 6 litres. The reactors were fed with mixtures containing (on volatile solids basis): 40% of sewage sludge, 30% of organic fraction of municipal waste and 30% of grease trap sludge. The change of hydraulic retention time did not significantly affect process stability. However, methane yields as well as volatile solids removal decreased from 0.54 to 0.47 l per kg of added volatile solids and 65% to 60% respectively, with the decrease of hydraulic retention time. Despite the fact that the best process performance was achieved for hydraulic retention time of 20 days, the obtained results showed that it is also possible to carry out the co-digestion process at shorter hydraulic retention times with good results. Furthermore, gas production rate as well as biogas production at the shortest hydraulic retention time were approximately 46% higher in comparison to results obtained at the longest hydraulic retention time. In this context, the proposed solution seems to be an interesting option, because it provides an unique opportunity for wastewater treatment plants to improve their profitability by enhancing energy recovery from sludge as well as full utilisation of the existing infrastructure and hence creates a new potential place for alternative treatment of organic industrial waste such as: fat-rich materials or food waste. However, implementation of the solution at wastewater treatment plants is still a big challenge and needs studies including identification of optimal digesting conditions, information about substrate pumping, inhibition thresholds and processing properties. Additionally, due to the characteristics of both co-substrates their introduction to the full-scale digester should be carefully planned due to a potential risk of overloading of the digester. For this reason, a gradual increase of the share of these wastes in the co-digestion mixture is highly recommended, because it will allow for the acclimatization of bacteria as well as prevent overloading. The results of this study show the importance of gradual acclimatization of microorganisms to the changing environmental conditions. It was found that concentration of long chain fatty acids in effluents increased with the reduction of hydraulic retention time, but this phenomenon did not significantly influence the performance and stability of the process probably due to changes hydraulic retention time being gradual. Although for palmitic acid a moderate negative correlation with volatile solids removal was observed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DO-ALL #18

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Technical product bulletin: this surface washing agent is for oil spill cleanups on beaches, rocks, piers, bilges, decks, waterline scum, rigs, platforms, tanks, barges engine rooms, machinery, and grease traps. Pre-treatment/soaking may be needed.

40 CFR 426.111 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... glass furnace or furnaces. (c) The term “oil” shall mean those components of a waste water amenable to... analysis of grease in polluted waters, waste waters, and effluents, such as “Standard Methods,” 13th...

40 CFR 426.121 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... glass furnace or furnaces. (c) The term “oil” shall mean those components of a waste water amenable to... analysis of grease in polluted waters, waste waters, and effluents, such as “Standard Methods,” 13th...

40 CFR 426.81 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... furnace or furnaces. (c) The term “oil” shall mean those components of a waste water amenable to... analysis of grease in polluted waters, waste waters, and effluents, such as “Standard Methods,” 13th...

40 CFR 426.81 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... furnace or furnaces. (c) The term “oil” shall mean those components of a waste water amenable to... analysis of grease in polluted waters, waste waters, and effluents, such as “Standard Methods,” 13th...

40 CFR 426.111 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... glass furnace or furnaces. (c) The term “oil” shall mean those components of a waste water amenable to... analysis of grease in polluted waters, waste waters, and effluents, such as “Standard Methods,” 13th...

40 CFR 426.121 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... glass furnace or furnaces. (c) The term “oil” shall mean those components of a waste water amenable to... analysis of grease in polluted waters, waste waters, and effluents, such as “Standard Methods,” 13th...

Research on a lubricating grease print process for cylindrical cylinder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Liu; Zhang, Xuan; Wang, XianYan; Tan, XiaoYan

2017-09-01

In vehicle braking system and clutch system of transmission, there is always a kind of cylindrical component dose reciprocating motion. The main working method is the reciprocating motion between the rubber sealing parts and cylindrical parts, the main factor affects the service life of the product is the lubricating performance of the moving parts. So the lubricating performance between cylinders and rubber sealing rings is particularly important, same as the quality of the grease applies on the surface of the surface of cylinder. Traditional method of manually applying grease has some defects such as applying unevenly, applying tools like brush and cloth easily falls off and affect the cleanness of products, contact skin easily cause allergy, waste grease due to the uncontrollable of grease quantity using in applying, low efficiency of manual operation. An automatic, quantitative and high pressure applying equipment is introduced in this document to replace the traditional manually applying method, which can guarantee the applying quality of the grease which are painted on the surface of cylinder and bring economic benefits to the company.

Semi-continuous anaerobic co-digestion of thickened waste activated sludge and fat, oil and grease

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wan Caixia; Zhou Quancheng; Fu Guiming

2011-08-15

Highlights: > Co-digestion of thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) with fat, oil and grease (FOG). > Co-digestion of TWAS and FOG at 64% VS increased biogas production by 137%. > FOG addition ratio at 74% of total VS caused inhibition of the anaerobic digestion process. > Micronutrients addition did not significantly improve the biogas production and digestion stabilization. - Abstract: Co-digestion of thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) and fat, oil and grease (FOG) was conducted semi-continuously under mesophilic conditions. The results showed that daily methane yield at the steady state was 598 L/kg VS{sub added} when TWAS and FOG (64%more » of total VS) were co-digested, which was 137% higher than that obtained from digestion of TWAS alone. The biogas composition was stabilized at a CH{sub 4} and CO{sub 2} content of 66.8% and 29.5%, respectively. Micronutrients added to co-digestion did not improve the biogas production and digestion stabilization. With a higher addition of FOG (74% of total VS), the digester initially failed but was slowly self-recovered; however, the methane yield was only about 50% of a healthy reactor with the same organic loading rate.« less

Green diesel production via catalytic hydrogenation/decarboxylation of triglycerides and fatty acids of vegetable oil and brown grease

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sari, Elvan

Increase in the petroleum prices, projected increases in the world's energy demand and environmental awareness have shifted the research interest to the alternative fuel technologies. In particular, green diesel, vegetable oil/animal fat/waste oil and grease derived hydrocarbons in diesel boiling range, has become an attractive alternative to biodiesel---a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters, particularly due to its superior fuel properties that are similar to petroleum diesel. Hence, green diesel can be used as a drop-in fuel in the current diesel engines. The current technology for production of green diesel-hydrodeoxygenation of triglycerides and fatty acids over conventional hydrotreating catalysts suffers from fast catalyst deactivation in the absence of hydrogen combined with high temperatures and high fatty acid content in the feedstock. Additionally, excess hydrogen requirement for hydrodeoxygenation technique leads to high production costs. This thesis proposes a new technology-selective decarboxylation of brown grease, which is a mixture of fats and oils collected from waste water trap and rich in fatty acids, over a supported noble metal catalyst that overcomes the green diesel production challenges. In contrast to other feedstocks used for liquid biofuel production, brown grease is inexpensive and non-food competing feedstock, therefore the process finds solution to waste management issues, reduces the renewable fuel production cost and does not add to the global food shortage problems. Special catalyst formulations were developed to have a high activity and stability in the absence of hydrogen in the fatty acid decarboxylation process. The study shows how catalyst innovations can lead to a new technology that overcomes the process challenges. First, the effect of reaction parameters on the activity and the selectivity of brown grease decarboxylation with minimum hydrogen consumption over an activated carbon supported palladium catalyst were investigated. A 90% conversion of brown grease in a semi-batch mode was obtained in 7 hours. In contrast, in a batch reaction the conversion was roughly 40% in the same reaction time. However, by pre-treating the "as received" brown grease with H 2, the conversion in a batch reactor was increased 1.4--fold; and when the H2 to BG ratio was increased to 3/1 (mol/mol), the conversion was further improved. Therefore, such a two-step processing with selective hydrogenation prior to the decarboxylation of BG improves the product selectivity. The commercial 5% Pd/C catalyst was highly active for the decarboxylation of brown grease to green diesel at 300 °C and 1.5 MPa. Second, a class of Pd catalyst supported on a silica-activated carbon nanocomposite for free fatty acid decarboxylation was developed, and displayed excellent activity and operation stability selectively for the green diesel hydrocarbons formation in the absence of hydrogen under mild reaction conditions. The decarboxylation activities of different amount of silica containing catalysts were investigated in a batch reactor under inert gas. Among them, the formulation with the fewer oxygen surface groups (Pd/Si--C--4) was the most active catalyst for the decarboxylation of an unsaturated fatty acid. The high activity of the Pd/Si--C--4 catalyst is attributed to its accessible and well-distributed metallic Pd nanoparticles inside hybrid mesopores as well as to its low acidity, weak surface interactions and inertness. Thus, Pd supported on carbon modified with silica may be regarded as a prospective decarboxylation catalyst for the removal of oxygen from vegetable oil/animal fat without the need of additional hydrogen. Third, in order to design a suitable catalyst for conversion of brown grease to green diesel, a systematic study of the model compounds--oleic acid was conducted on various catalysts in super-critical water to understand the reaction pathways in the absence of hydrogen. A Si--C support was more effective than activated carbon itself for both decarboxylation of oleic acid and hydrogenation of alkenes. In an additional effort to reduce Pd amount in the catalyst, Pd2Co/C catalysts with various Pd content were prepared and the catalytic activity study showed that 0.5 wt% Pd2Co/C catalyst performs even better than a 5 wt% Pd/C catalyst. Pd and Co alloys were very well dispersed and formed fine clusters, which led to a higher active metal surface area and hence favored the decarboxylation of oleic acid. This study showed that an alloy of Pd on carbon with a significantly low Pd content is much more active and selective to diesel hydrocarbons production from an unsaturated fatty acid in super-critical water and may be regarded as a prospective feasible decarboxylation catalyst for the removal of oxygen from vegetable oil/animal fat without the need of additional hydrogen.

EVALUATION OF WASTE STABILIZED BY THE SOLIDITECH SITE TECHNOLOGY

EPA Science Inventory

The Soliditech technology demonstration was conducted at the Imperial Oil Company/Champion Chemicals Superfund Site in Monmouth County, New Jersey. ontamination at this site includes PCBs, lead (with various other metals) and oil and grease. his process mixes the waste material w...

Method 1664, Revision A: n-hexane extractable material (HEM; oil and grease) and silica gel treated n-hexane extractable material (SGT-HEM; non-polar material) by extraction and gravimetry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

This method is for determination of n-hexane extractable material (HEM; oil and grease) and n-hexane extractable material that is not adsorbed by silica gel (SGT-HEM; non-polar material) in surface and saline waters and industrial and domestic aqueous wastes. Extractable materials that may be determined are relatively non-volatile hydrocarbons, vegetable oils, animal fats, waxes, soaps, greases, and related materials. This method is capable of measuring HEM and SGT-HEM in the range of 5 to 1000 mg/L, and may be extended to higher levels by analysis of a smaller sample volume collected separately.

Municipal Solid Waste Resources

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

2016-06-01

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a source of biomass material that can be utilized for bioenergy production with minimal additional inputs. MSW resources include mixed commercial and residential garbage such as yard trimmings, paper and paperboard, plastics, rubber, leather, textiles, and food wastes. Waste resources such as landfill gas, mill residues, and waste grease are already being utilized for cost-effective renewable energy generation. MSW for bioenergy also represents an opportunity to divert greater volumes of residential and commercial waste from landfills.

Biodegradation of waste greases and biochemical properties of a novel lipase from Pseudomonas synxantha PS1.

PubMed

Cai, Xianghai; Chen, Siqi; Yang, Hong; Wang, Wei; Lin, Lin; Shen, Yaling; Wei, Wei; Wei, Dong-Zhi

2016-07-01

A lipase-producing bacterial strain was isolated from oil-well-produced water in Shengli oilfield (Shandong province, China) and was identified as Pseudomonas synxantha by 16S rDNA sequence analysis (named Pseudomonas synxantha PS1). Strain PS1 showed a maximum lipase activity of 10.8 U/mL after culturing for 48 h at 30 °C, with lactose (4 g/L) as carbon source, tryptone (8 g/L) as nitrogen source, olive oil (0.5%, v/v) as inductor, and the initial pH 8.0. Meanwhile, the lipase gene from P. synxantha PS1 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 with the vector pET28a. The novel gene (lipPS1) has an open reading frame of 1425 bp and encodes a 474 aa lipase (LipPS1) sharing the most identity (87%) with the lipase in Pseudomonas fluorescens. LipPS1 preferably acted on substrates with a long chain (C10-C18) of fatty acids. The optimum pH and temperature of the recombinant enzyme were 8.0 and 40 °C, respectively, towards the optimum substrate p-nitrophenyl palmitate. The LipPS1 showed remarkable stability under alkaline conditions and was stable at pH 7.0-10.0 (retaining more than 60% activity). From the organic solvents tests, the lipase was activated by 15% (v/v) methanol (112%), 15% ethanol (127%), and 15% n-butyl alcohol (116%). LipPS1 presented strong biodegradability of waste grease; 93% of waste grease was hydrolyzed into fatty acid after 12 h at 30 °C. This is the first report of the lipase activity and lipase gene obtained from P. synxantha (including wild strain and recombinant strain) and of the recombinant LipPS1 with the detailed enzymatic properties. Also a preliminary study of the biodegradability of waste greases shows the potential value in industry applications.

40 CFR 408.11 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... STANDARDS CANNED AND PRESERVED SEAFOOD PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Farm-Raised Catfish Processing... apply to this subpart. (b) The term oil and grease shall mean those components of a waste water amenable to measurement by the method described in Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, 1971...

FACILITIES EVALUATION OF HIGH EFFICIENCY BOILER DESTRUCTION PCB WASTE

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of an evaluation of destruction in two different high-efficiency boilers (as an alternative to landfill disposal) of waste (a rendering plant byproduct, yellow grease) found to be contaminated by PCBs from a transformer leak. (The PCB content--under 500 p...

40 CFR 408.141 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... apply to this subpart. (b) The term oil and grease shall mean those components of a waste water amenable to measurement by the method described in Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, 1971, Environmental Protection Agency, Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, page 217. (c) The term seafood shall...

40 CFR 408.11 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... apply to this subpart. (b) The term oil and grease shall mean those components of a waste water amenable to measurement by the method described in Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, 1971, Environmental Protection Agency, Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, page 217. (c) The term seafood shall...

40 CFR 408.51 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... apply to this subpart. (b) The term oil and grease shall mean those components of a waste water amenable to measurement by the method described in Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, 1971, Environmental Protection Agency, Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, page 217. (c) The term seafood shall...

Closure Report for Corrective Action Unit 562: Waste Systems, Nevada National Security Site, Nevada

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NSTec Environmental Restoration

2012-08-15

This Closure Report (CR) presents information supporting closure of Corrective Action Unit (CAU) 562, Waste Systems, and provides documentation supporting the completed corrective actions and confirmation that closure objectives for CAU 562 were met. This CR complies with the requirements of the Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order (FFACO) that was agreed to by the State of Nevada; the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Environmental Management; the U.S. Department of Defense; and DOE, Legacy Management (FFACO, 1996 as amended). CAU 562 consists of the following 13 Corrective Action Sites (CASs), located in Areas 2, 23, and 25 of the Nevadamore » National Security Site: · CAS 02-26-11, Lead Shot · CAS 02-44-02, Paint Spills and French Drain · CAS 02-59-01, Septic System · CAS 02-60-01, Concrete Drain · CAS 02-60-02, French Drain · CAS 02-60-03, Steam Cleaning Drain · CAS 02-60-04, French Drain · CAS 02-60-05, French Drain · CAS 02-60-06, French Drain · CAS 02-60-07, French Drain · CAS 23-60-01, Mud Trap Drain and Outfall · CAS 23-99-06, Grease Trap · CAS 25-60-04, Building 3123 Outfalls Closure activities began in October 2011 and were completed in April 2012. Activities were conducted according to the Corrective Action Plan for CAU 562 (U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Site Office [NNSA/NSO], 2011). The corrective actions included No Further Action and Clean Closure. Closure activities generated sanitary waste and hazardous waste. Some wastes exceeded land disposal limits and required offsite treatment prior to disposal. Other wastes met land disposal restrictions and were disposed in appropriate onsite or offsite landfills. NNSA/NSO requests the following: · A Notice of Completion from the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection to NNSA/NSO for closure of CAU 562 · The transfer of CAU 562 from Appendix III to Appendix IV, Closed Corrective Action Units, of the FFACO« less

Guidance for Low-Level Radioactive Waste (LLRW) and Mixed Waste (MW) Treatment and Handling

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-06-30

7-2 7-1 Excavation of Contaminated Soils . . . . . . . . 7-3 7-1 Excavation of Contaminated Sediments...becomes only as radioactive as natural soil . By comparison, many other potential y hazardous, but nonradioactive, chemical wastes like lead, silver...solutions and cleanup materials, engine oils and grease, epoxies and resins, laser dyes, paint residues, photo- graphic materials, soils , asphalts

40 CFR 408.41 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... shall apply to this subpart. (b) The term oil and grease shall mean those components of a waste water amenable to measurement by the method described in Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, 1971, Environmental Protection Agency, Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, page 217. (c) The term seafood shall...

Co-digestion of municipal sewage sludge and solid waste: modelling of carbohydrate, lipid and protein content influence.

PubMed

Nielfa, A; Cano, R; Pérez, A; Fdez-Polanco, M

2015-03-01

Solid wastes from industrial, commercial and community activities are of growing concern as the total volume of waste produced continues to increase. The knowledge of the specific composition and characteristics of the waste is an important tool in the correct development of the anaerobic digestion process. The problems derived from the anaerobic digestion of sole substrates with high lipid, carbohydrate or protein content lead to the co-digestion of these substrates with another disposed waste, such as sewage sludge. The kinetic of the anaerobic digestion is especially difficult to explain adequately, although some mathematical models are able to represent the main aspects of a biological system, thus improving understanding of the parameters involved in the process. The aim of this work is to evaluate the experimental biochemical methane potential on the co-digestion of sewage sludge with different solid wastes (grease; spent grain and cow manure) through the implementation of four kinetic models. The co-digestion of grease waste and mixed sludge obtained the best improvements from the sole substrates, with additional positive synergistic effects. The Gompertz model fits the experimental biochemical methane potential to an accuracy of 99%, showing a correlation between the percentage of lipid in the substrates and co-digestions and the period of lag phase. © The Author(s) 2015.

Supercritical/Solid Catalyst (SSC)

ScienceCinema

Ginosar, Daniel; Fox, Robert; Bright, Patricia

2018-05-23

INL's patented, continuous-flow Supercritical/Solid Catalyst (SSC) produces the highest ASTM-quality B-100 biodiesel from waste fats, oils, and greases at the site of waste generation. SSC delivers low-cost transportation fuel, avoids significant landfill costs for municipalities, and reduces potent methane and other emissions produced in landfills from these wastes. You can learn more about INL's energy research programs at http://www.facebook.com/idahonationallaboratory.

Supercritical/Solid Catalyst (SSC)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ginosar, Daniel; Fox, Robert; Bright, Patricia

2010-05-28

INL's patented, continuous-flow Supercritical/Solid Catalyst (SSC) produces the highest ASTM-quality B-100 biodiesel from waste fats, oils, and greases at the site of waste generation. SSC delivers low-cost transportation fuel, avoids significant landfill costs for municipalities, and reduces potent methane and other emissions produced in landfills from these wastes. You can learn more about INL's energy research programs at http://www.facebook.com/idahonationallaboratory.

Effect of saponification on the anaerobic digestion of solid fatty residues.

PubMed

Mouneimne, A H; Carrère, H; Bernet, N; Delgenès, J P

2003-10-01

In France, fatty residues considered as "non-ultimate" waste will not be accepted in landfill from 2002, in accordance with French legislation. Anaerobic digestion appears as an alternative process to mobilize and profitably use such fermentable waste. In this work, the effect of an alkaline pretreatment on the degradation of hexane extractible matter (HEM) and the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) was compared in reactors working at pH 6.5 and 8.5. The results obtained showed that 40% (+/- 0.1) of HEM were degraded at pH 8.5 versus 10% (+/- 0.3) at pH 6.5, regardless of the alkali agent used to saponify the greasy wastes. The highest performances of VFA production (8.45% +/- 0.3) were obtained at pH 8.5 with greases saponified by potassium hydroxide, compared to results (4.25% +/- 0.1) with greasy waste saponified by sodium hydroxide. This difference in VFA production might be attributable to biotoxic molecules generated during the saponification of greases by soda, limiting consequently the VFA production process.

PROCESS-INTENSIFIED LOW-COST BIODIESEL PRODUCTION USING MEAT RENDERING WASTE, GREASES, AND FOOD WASTES - PHASE II

EPA Science Inventory

Biodiesel is a fuel that is made by processing vegetable oil or animal fats into a liquid fuel that can be combusted in a standard, unmodified diesel engine. The use of biodiesel reduces CO2 emissions by over 80% compared to petroleum and it reduces our dependence on foreign ...

PROCESS-INTENSIFIED LOW-COST BIODIESEL PRODUCTION USING MEAT RENDERING WASTE, GREASES, AND FOOD WASTES - PHASE I

EPA Science Inventory

Biodesel is a fuel that is made from processing vegetable oil or animal fats into a liquid fuel that can be combusted in a standard diesel engine. Biodiesel is made from a renewable resource such as soybeans or tallow, does not contribute to global warming, and can be made fro...

User's Manual for CoEAT Tool

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The Co-EAT users manual is designed to help the anaerobic digestion system operators evaluate the costs and benefits of accepting and processing wasted food, fats, oils and greases (FOG) or other organic materials.

Symbiotic effects of a lipase-secreting bacterium, Burkholderia arboris SL1B1, and a glycerol-assimilating yeast, Candida cylindracea SL1B2, on triacylglycerol degradation.

PubMed

Matsuoka, Hiroshi; Miura, Atsuto; Hori, Katsutoshi

2009-04-01

Although microbial degradation of oils and fats has been developed for application in wastewater treatment, microbial degraders are not always effective in the field, for example, in grease-traps installed for the treatment of wastewater from restaurants and food industries. Wastewater in grease-traps is usually in a pH range of 5.5 to 6.5 due to hydrolysis of triacylglycerol (TAG). Because many microorganisms commercialized for use in grease-traps cannot grow at pH 6.0, we screened oil-degrading microorganisms from the environment by growing in a medium at pH 6.0 containing canola oil as the sole carbon source. We succeeded in isolating the bacterial strain Burkholderia arboris SL1B1, which secretes lipase and assimilates fatty acids, and the yeast strain Candida cylindracea SL1B2, which assimilates glycerol. The former cannot utilize glycerol as a carbon source while the latter shows only faint lipase activity that cannot support its active growth on TAG. Canola oil was degraded rapidly by a pure culture of SL1B1 at pH 6.0. However, the degradation was markedly enhanced by a mixed culture of SL1B1 and SL1B2, although lipase activity during cultivation was similar between the pure and mixed cultures. This suggests that the reversible reaction proceeds in the direction of hydrolysis of TAG due to consumption of the reaction product, glycerol, by the symbiotic yeast strain. The optimum pH and temperature of lipase secreted by B. arboris SL1B1 were 8.0 and 60 degrees C, respectively. This lipase showed highly thermal stability; the residual activity after incubation at 70 degrees C for 2 h did not decline.

40 CFR 417.156 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... be no discharge of waste water streams in which both the COD/BOD7 ratio exceeds 10.0 and the COD... when a high rate of wet scrubbing is in operation which produces more waste water than can be recycled... No limitations. COD Do. TSS Do. Surfactants Do. Oil and grease Do. pH Do. (3) For fast turnaround...

Renewable energy recovery through selected industrial wastes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Pengchong

Typically, industrial waste treatment costs a large amount of capital, and creates environmental concerns as well. A sound alternative for treating these industrial wastes is anaerobic digestion. This technique reduces environmental pollution, and recovers renewable energy from the organic fraction of those selected industrial wastes, mostly in the form of biogas (methane). By applying anaerobic technique, selected industrial wastes could be converted from cash negative materials into economic energy feed stocks. In this study, three kinds of industrial wastes (paper mill wastes, brown grease, and corn-ethanol thin stillage) were selected, their performance in the anaerobic digestion system was studied and their applicability was investigated as well. A pilot-scale system, including anaerobic section (homogenization, pre-digestion, and anaerobic digestion) and aerobic section (activated sludge) was applied to the selected waste streams. The investigation of selected waste streams was in a gradually progressive order. For paper mill effluents, since those effluents contain a large amount of recalcitrant or toxic compounds, the anaerobic-aerobic system was used to check its treatability, including organic removal efficiency, substrate utilization rate, and methane yield. The results showed the selected effluents were anaerobically treatable. For brown grease, as it is already well known as a treatable substrate, a high rate anaerobic digester were applied to check the economic effect of this substrate, including methane yield and substrate utilization rate. These data from pilot-scale experiment have the potential to be applied to full-scale plant. For thin stillage, anaerobic digestion system has been incorporated to the traditional ethanol making process as a gate-to-gate process. The performance of anaerobic digester was applied to the gate-to-gate life-cycle analysis to estimate the energy saving and industrial cost saving in a typical ethanol plant.

Microbial community adaptation influences long-chain fatty acid conversion during anaerobic codigestion of fats, oils, and grease with municipal sludge.

PubMed

Ziels, Ryan M; Karlsson, Anna; Beck, David A C; Ejlertsson, Jörgen; Yekta, Sepehr Shakeri; Bjorn, Annika; Stensel, H David; Svensson, Bo H

2016-10-15

Codigesting fats, oils, and greases with municipal wastewater sludge can greatly improve biomethane recovery at wastewater treatment facilities. Process loading rates of fats, oils, and greases have been previously tested with little knowledge of the digester microbial community structure, and high transient fat loadings have led to long chain fatty acid (LCFA) accumulation and digester upsets. This study utilized recently-developed quantitative PCR assays for syntrophic LCFA-degrading bacteria along with 16S amplicon sequencing to relate changes in microbial community structure to LCFA accumulation during transient loading increases to an anaerobic codigester receiving waste restaurant oil and municipal wastewater sludge. The 16S rRNA gene concentration of the syntrophic β-oxidizing genus Syntrophomonas increased to ∼15% of the Bacteria community in the codigester, but stayed below 3% in the control digester that was fed only wastewater sludge. Methanosaeta and Methanospirillum were the dominant methanogenic genera enriched in the codigester, and together comprised over 80% of the Archaea community by the end of the experimental period. Constrained ordination showed that changes in the codigester Bacteria and Archaea community structures were related to measures of digester performance. Notably, the effluent LCFA concentration in the codigester was positively correlated to the specific loading rate of waste oil normalized to the Syntrophomonas 16S rRNA concentration. Specific loading rates of 0-1.5 × 10(-12) g VS oil/16S gene copies-day resulted in LCFA concentrations below 30 mg/g TS, whereas LCFA accumulated up to 104 mg/g TS at higher transient loading rates. Based on the community-dependent loading limitations found, enhanced biomethane production from high loadings of fats, oils and greases can be achieved by promoting a higher biomass of slow-growing syntrophic consortia, such as with longer digester solids retention times. This work also demonstrates the potential for controlling the loading rate of fats, oils, and greases based on the analysis of the codigester community structure, such as with quantitative PCR measurements of syntrophic LCFA-degrading bacteria abundance. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluation and Analysis of Cotton Bedding as a Bulking Agent in an Aerobic Food Waste Composting System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chan, A. S. L.

2017-12-01

Food wastage is a prominent issue in Hong Kong that should be addressed. Here at The Independent Schools Foundation Academy, we are continuously looking for ways to improve, including that of food waste. In 2013 the school installed an A900 Rocket Food Composter, in hopes of reducing carbon footprint. Since the installation, the school has tested various elements of the food composter to further improve upon it to make it increasingly more sustainable and effective. These improvements vary from the revamping of the odour control system, increasing the nitrogen content and the installation of an improved grease trap. The school composts the food waste through combining a variety of substances together: coffee, compost, food waste, and a bulking agent - which will be tested in this study. Recently, the school has changed the compost bulking agent from wood shavings and cardboard to cotton bedding - a side product of the production of UK passports. In this study, I will evaluate the effectiveness of cotton bedding as a bulking agent in an aerobic composting system, focusing primarily on three points: a) microbial activity - the identification of cellulose digesting bacteria and the associated kinetics, b) the soil gas composition - the data shall be collected through the use of the Gasmet DX 4015, and c) the chemical analysis of the compost - specifically the amount of aluminum in the compost and whether or not it is significant enough to discredit cotton bedding as an effective bulking agent. The the analysis of cotton bedding using these three specifications will allow ISF Academy to evaluate the overall effectiveness of cotton bedding as a bulking agent.

Fat, oil and grease waste from municipal wastewater: characterization, activation and sustainable conversion into biofuel.

PubMed

Pastore, Carlo; Pagano, Michele; Lopez, Antonio; Mininni, Giuseppe; Mascolo, Giuseppe

2015-01-01

Fat, oil and grease (FOG) recovered by the oil/water separator of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were sampled, characterized, activated and converted into biofuel. Free acids (50-55%) and fatty soaps (26-32%) not only composed the main components, but they were also easily separable from the starting waste. The respective free fatty acid profiles were gas-chromatographically evaluated, interestingly verifying that free acids had a different profile (mainly oleic acid) with respect to the soapy fraction (saturated fatty acids were dominant). The inorganic composition was also determined for soaps, confirming that calcium is the most commonly present metal. The chemical activation of this fatty waste was made possible by converting the starting soaps into the respective free fatty acids by using formic acid as activator, coproducing the relevant formates. The activated fatty matter was then converted into biofuel through direct esterification under very mild conditions (345 K, atmospheric pressure) and obtaining thermodynamic conversion in less than 2 h. The process was easily scaled up, isolating at the end pure biodiesel (purity > 96%) through distillation under vacuum, providing a final product conformed to commercial purposes.

A robust sebum, oil, and particulate pollution model for assessing cleansing efficacy of human skin.

PubMed

Peterson, G; Rapaka, S; Koski, N; Kearney, M; Ortblad, K; Tadlock, L

2017-06-01

With increasing concerns over the rise of atmospheric particulate pollution globally and its impact on systemic health and skin ageing, we have developed a pollution model to mimic particulate matter trapped in sebum and oils creating a robust (difficult to remove) surrogate for dirty, polluted skin. To evaluate the cleansing efficacy/protective effect of a sonic brush vs. manual cleansing against particulate pollution (trapped in grease/oil typical of human sebum). The pollution model (Sebollution; sebum pollution model; SPM) consists of atmospheric particulate matter/pollution combined with grease/oils typical of human sebum. Twenty subjects between the ages of 18-65 were enrolled in a single-centre, cleansing study comparisons between the sonic cleansing brush (normal speed) compared to manual cleansing. Equal amount of SPM was applied to the centre of each cheek (left and right). Method of cleansing (sonic vs. manual) was randomized to the side of the face (left or right) for each subject. Each side was cleansed for five-seconds using the sonic cleansing device with sensitive brush head or manually, using equal amounts of water and a gel cleanser. Photographs (VISIA-CR, Canfield Imaging, NJ, USA) were taken at baseline (before application of the SPM), after application of SPM (pre-cleansing), and following cleansing. Image analysis (ImageJ, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA) was used to quantify colour intensity (amount of particulate pollutants on the skin) using a scale of 0 to 255 (0 = all black pixels; 255 = all white pixels). Differences between the baseline and post-cleansing values (pixels) are reported as the amount of SPM remaining following each method of cleansing. Using a robust cleansing protocol to assess removal of pollutants (SPM; atmospheric particulate matter trapped in grease/oil), the sonic brush removed significantly more SPM than manual cleansing (P < 0.001). While extreme in colour, this pollution method easily allows assessment of efficacy through image analysis. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Cosmetic Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Société Française de Cosmétologie.

Use of enzymatic cleaners on US Navy ships. Research report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Venkatachalam, R.S.

1996-03-01

The Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, conducted a study to determine the feasibility of using enzymatic and bacterial products in cleaning applications aboard U.S. Navy ships. A review of the most recent technical literature and a survey of potential suppliers were conducted. In addition, shipboard systems, subsystems and housekeeping processes were evaluated to identify suitable applications for enzymatic and bacterial cleaners. The study identified numerous commercial products that, based on manufacturers` claims, would be effective and safe for use aboard ship to clean walls, floors, galley work surfaces, engine and machine parts, drains, pipes, grease traps, collection, holding andmore » transfer (CHT) tanks, ballast tanks and bilge areas. However, the study also revealed the absence of standardized test protocols essential for validation of manufacturers` claims, and recommended the cooperative development of such protocols by representatives from the commercial sector, Government and academia. The need to obtain meaningful cost information based on actual use scenarios and to investigate any permitting issues associated with the discharge of related wastes to pierside facilities was also identified.« less

DEVELOPMENT OF A RECYCLABLE HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST FOR BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS UTILIZING WASTE GREASE AS FEEDSTOCK

EPA Science Inventory

As fuel consumption continues depleting nonrenewable energy sources and environmental health concerns heighten due to its use, a movement toward sustainable alternatives is necessary for the stewardship of future generations. Biodiesel (BD) is one renewable resource being deve...

Method of dispersing a hydrocarbon using bacteria

DOEpatents

Tyndall, R.L.

1996-09-24

A new protozoan derived microbial consortia and method for their isolation are provided. The isolated consortia and bacteria are useful for treating wastes such as trichloroethylene and trinitrotoluene. The isolated consortia, bacteria, and dispersants are useful for dispersing hydrocarbons such as oil, creosote, wax, and grease.

Bacteria isolated from amoebae/bacteria consortium

DOEpatents

Tyndall, R.L.

1995-05-30

New protozoan derived microbial consortia and method for their isolation are provided. Consortia and bacteria isolated therefrom are useful for treating wastes such as trichloroethylene and trinitrotoluene. Consortia, bacteria isolated therefrom, and dispersants isolated therefrom are useful for dispersing hydrocarbons such as oil, creosote, wax, and grease.

Bacteria isolated from amoebae/bacteria consortium

DOEpatents

Tyndall, Richard L.

1995-01-01

New protozoan derived microbial consortia and method for their isolation are provided. Consortia and bacteria isolated therefrom are useful for treating wastes such as trichloroethylene and trinitrotoluene. Consortia, bacteria isolated therefrom, and dispersants isolated therefrom are useful for dispersing hydrocarbons such as oil, creosote, wax, and grease.

Reactor performance and microbial community dynamics during anaerobic co-digestion of municipal wastewater sludge with restaurant grease waste at steady state and overloading stages.

PubMed

Razaviarani, Vahid; Buchanan, Ian D

2014-11-01

Linkage between reactor performance and microbial community dynamics was investigated during mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion of restaurant grease waste (GTW) with municipal wastewater sludge (MWS) using 10L completely mixed reactors and a 20day SRT. Test reactors received a mixture of GTW and MWS while control reactors received only MWS. Addition of GTW to the test reactors enhanced the biogas production and methane yield by up to 65% and 120%, respectively. Pyrosequencing revealed that Methanosaeta and Methanomicrobium were the dominant acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogen genera, respectively, during stable reactor operation. The number of Methanosarcina and Methanomicrobium sequences increased and that of Methanosaeta declined when the proportion of GTW in the feed was increased to cause an overload condition. Under this overload condition, the pH, alkalinity and methane production decreased and VFA concentrations increased dramatically. Candidatus cloacamonas, affiliated within phylum Spirochaetes, were the dominant bacterial genus at all reactor loadings. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Efficient production of biodiesel from waste grease: one-pot esterification and transesterification with tandem lipases.

PubMed

Yan, Jinyong; Li, Aitao; Xu, Yi; Ngo, Thao P N; Phua, Szechao; Li, Zhi

2012-11-01

A novel concept and efficient method for producing biodiesel (FAME) from grease (15-40wt% free fatty acid, FFA) were developed by using tandem lipases for one-pot esterification of FFA and transesterification of triglyceride with methanol in a solvent-free system. Combining immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) (Novozyme 435) favoring the esterification and immobilized Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) (Lipozyme TLIM) preferring the transesterification at 2:8 (wt/wt) gave FAME in 80% yield, being better than that with Novozyme 435 or Lipozyme TLIM. Recombinant Escherichia coli (Calb/Tll) co-expressing CALB and TLL was engineered as a more efficient tandem-lipases system. Using wet or dry cells (4wt%) gave FAME in 87% or 95% yield, which is much better than that with E. coli cells expressing either CALB or TLL alone. Cells of E. coli (Calb/Tll) were recycled for five times and retained 75% productivity, thus being practical for producing biodiesel from grease. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Method of separating bacteria from free living amoebae

DOEpatents

Tyndall, Richard L.

1994-01-01

New protozoan derived microbial consortia and method for their isolation are provided. Consortia and bacteria isolated therefrom are useful for treating wastes such as trichloroethylene and trinitrotoluene. Consortia, bacteria isolated therefrom, and dispersants isolated therefrom are useful for dispersing hydrocarbons such as oil, creosote, wax, and grease.

Method of dispersing a hydrocarbon using bacteria

DOEpatents

Tyndall, Richard L.

1996-01-01

New protozoan derived microbial consortia and method for their isolation are provided. Consortia and bacteria isolated therefrom are useful for treating wastes such as trichloroethylene and trinitrotoluene. Consortia, bacteria isolated therefrom, and dispersants isolated therefrom are useful for dispersing hydrocarbons such as oil, creosote, wax, and grease.

Sustainable oil and grease removal from synthetic stormwater runoff using bench-scale bioretention studies.

PubMed

Hong, Eunyoung; Seagren, Eric A; Davis, Allen P

2006-02-01

One of the principal components of the contaminant load in urban stormwater runoff is oil and grease (O&G) pollution, resulting from vehicle emissions. A mulch layer was used as a contaminant trap to remove O&G (dissolved and particulate-associated naphthalene, dissolved toluene, and dissolved motor oil hydrocarbons) from a synthetic runoff during a bench-scale infiltration study. Approximately 80 to 95% removal of all contaminants from synthetic runoff was found via sorption and filtration. Subsequently, approximately 90% of the sorbed naphthalene, toluene, oil, and particulate-associated naphthalene was biodegraded within approximately 3, 4, 8, and 2 days after the event, respectively, based on decreases in contaminant concentrations coupled with increases of microbial populations. These results indicate the effectiveness and sustainability of placing a thin layer of mulch on the surface of a bioretention facility for reducing O&G pollution from urban stormwater runoff.

In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent Source Areas with Enhanced Mass Transfer

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-01

immerse in cold water. Do not apply ointment , grease or Vaseline. Cover burns with thick, dry sterile dressings. Keep burned feet or legs elevated...about six to eight barrels per month of waste TCE and POL may have been disposed. These materials were also used to aid in burning other wastes...These consist of man-made fill in the trench areas and include debris and burned material. These materials typically extend to less than 12 ft bgs

Installation Restoration Program. Phase I. Records Search. Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-07-01

and waste treatment pilot plants . Developed odor control program which suc- cessfully reduced odor emissions and represented Union Carbide at a public...the runway where oil and grease has been detected as well as the discharge from the City of Goldsboro waste- water treatment plant which occurs within...There are no known threatened or en- dangered plant species on base. The only endangered animal species which may potentially inhabit the base is the Red

Installation Restoration Program. Phase II. Problem Confirmation and Quantification Study, Griffiss Air Force Base, Rome, New York.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-12-01

Base 6-26 17 Confirmation Stage Soil PCB Data, Building 112, Griffiss Air Force Base 6-27 18 Analysis of Roof and Oil Samples Building 112, Griffiss...Chlordane Application 46 52 (14) Drywell, Building 219 46 36 (14) PCB Spill at Floyd 46 47 17 Hazardous Waste Storage Area, Lot 69 38 47 18 Waste Oil ...specific anions, oil and grease, pH, and specific conductance. * Prepare a field investigations report delineating the nature and magnitude of

Efficient conversion of brown grease produced by municipal wastewater treatment plant into biofuel using aluminium chloride hexahydrate under very mild conditions.

PubMed

Pastore, Carlo; Lopez, Antonio; Mascolo, Giuseppe

2014-03-01

Wastes produced by oil/water separation at the wastewater treatment plant of Bari West (Southern Italy) were taken, characterized and converted. About 12% of this material was composed of greases, mainly made of free fatty acids (50%) and soaps (34%), and was easily separable by the aqueous phase through a hot centrifugation. After chemical activation of this fatty fraction, a direct esterification was carried out under very mild conditions (320K and atmospheric pressure), converting more than 90% of the original free fatty acids into the respective methyl esters in less than 4h, by using AlCl3·6H2O. The activation energy correlated to the use of this catalyst was also calculated (Eaest=43.9kJmol(-1)). The very low cost of the biodiesel produced (0.45€L(-1)) and the associated relevant specific energy (5.02MJ kgFAMEs(-1)) make such a process a really sustainable and effective example of valorization of a waste. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Screening the Hanford tanks for trapped gas

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Whitney, P.

1995-10-01

The Hanford Site is home to 177 large, underground nuclear waste storage tanks. Hydrogen gas is generated within the waste in these tanks. This document presents the results of a screening of Hanford`s nuclear waste storage tanks for the presence of gas trapped in the waste. The method used for the screening is to look for an inverse correlation between waste level measurements and ambient atmospheric pressure. If the waste level in a tank decreases with an increase in ambient atmospheric pressure, then the compressibility may be attributed to gas trapped within the waste. In this report, this methodology ismore » not used to estimate the volume of gas trapped in the waste. The waste level measurements used in this study were made primarily to monitor the tanks for leaks and intrusions. Four measurement devices are widely used in these tanks. Three of these measure the level of the waste surface. The remaining device measures from within a well embedded in the waste, thereby monitoring the liquid level even if the liquid level is below a dry waste crust. In the past, a steady rise in waste level has been taken as an indicator of trapped gas. This indicator is not part of the screening calculation described in this report; however, a possible explanation for the rise is given by the mathematical relation between atmospheric pressure and waste level used to support the screening calculation. The screening was applied to data from each measurement device in each tank. If any of these data for a single tank indicated trapped gas, that tank was flagged by this screening process. A total of 58 of the 177 Hanford tanks were flagged as containing trapped gas, including 21 of the 25 tanks currently on the flammable gas watch list.« less

Effects of high-melting methyl esters on crystallization properties of fatty acid methyl ester mixtures

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Biodiesel is a renewable alternative diesel fuel made from vegetable oils and animal fats. The most common form of biodiesel in the United States are fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from soybean, canola, and used cooking oils, waste greases, and tallow. Cold flow properties of biodiesel depend on th...

Contaminant trap for gas-insulated apparatus

DOEpatents

Adcock, James L.; Pace, Marshall O.; Christophorou, Loucas G.

1984-01-01

A contaminant trap for a gas-insulated electrical conductor is provided. A resinous dielectric body such as Kel-F wax, grease or other sticky polymeric or oligomeric compound is disposed on the inside wall of the outer housing for the conductor. The resinous body is sufficiently sticky at ambient temperatures to immobilize contaminant particles in the insulating gas on the exposed surfaces thereof. An electric resistance heating element is disposed in the resinous body to selectively raise the temperature of the resinous body to a molten state so that the contaminant particles collected on the surface of the body sink into the body so that the surface of the resinous body is renewed to a particle-less condition and, when cooled, returns to a sticky collecting surface.

The use of waterworks sludge for the treatment of vegetable oil refinery industry wastewater.

PubMed

Basibuyuk, M; Kalat, D G

2004-03-01

Water treatment works using coagulation/flocculation in the process stream will generate a waste sludge. This sludge is termed as ferric, alum, or lime sludge based on which coagulant was primarily used. The works in Adana, Turkey uses ferric chloride. The potential for using this sludge for the treatment of vegetable oil refinery industry wastewater by coagulation has been investigated. The sludge acted as a coagulant and excellent oil and grease, COD and TSS removal efficiencies were obtained. The optimum conditions were a pH of 6 and a sludge dose of 1100 mg SS l(-1). The efficiency of sludge was also compared with alum and ferric chloride for the vegetable oil refinery wastewater. At doses of 1300-1900 mg SS l(-1), the sludge was as effective as ferric chloride and alum at removing oil and grease, COD, and TSS. In addition, various combinations of ferric chloride and waterworks sludge were also examined. Under the condition of 12.5 mg l(-1) fresh ferric chloride and 1000 mg SS l(-1) sludge dose, 99% oil and grease 99% TSS and 83% COD removal efficiencies were obtained.

Application of Fenton process to remove organic matter and PCBs from waste (fuller's earth) contaminated with insulating oil.

PubMed

da Silva, Milady Renata Apolinário; Rodrigues, Eduardo de Oliveira; Espanhol-Soares, Melina; Silva, Flavio Soares; Kondo, Márcia Matiko; Gimenes, Rossano

2018-01-09

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are carcinogenic to humans and can be found in fuller's earth used for the treatment of used transformer oil. This work describes an optimization of the Fenton process for the removal of contaminants from fuller's earth. The effects of pH (2.5 and 4.0), [H 2 O 2 ] (1.47 and 2.07 mol L -1 ), and [Fe 2+ ] (1.7 and 40 mmol L -1 ) were studied. The Fenton process efficiency was monitored using the decreases in the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the concentrations of oil and grease, total carbon (TC), PCBs, and H 2 O 2 . The fuller's earth contaminated with insulating oil presented 35% (w/w) of TC, 34% (w/w) of oil and grease, 297.0 g L -1 COD, and 64 mg of PCBs per kg. The material could therefore be considered a dangerous waste. After Fenton treatment, using a slurry mode, there was a removal of 55% of COD, 20% of oil and grease, and 20% of TC, achieved at pH 2.5 using 2.07 mol L -1 of H 2 O 2 and 40.0 mmol L -1 of Fe 2+ . No PCBs were detected in the samples after the Fenton treatment, even using smaller amounts of Fenton reagents (1.47 mol L -1 of H 2 O 2 , 1.7 mmol L -1 of Fe 2+ , pH 2.5). The results indicated that the treated fuller's earth was free from PCB residues and could be disposed of in a simple landfill, in accordance with Brazilian PCB regulations.

Petrodiesel and Waste Grease Biodiesel (B20) Emission Particles at a Rural Recycling Center: Characterization and Effects on Lung Epithelial Cells and Macrophages

PubMed Central

Traviss, Nora; Li, Muyao; Lombard, Melissa; Thelen, Brett Amy; Palmer, Brian C.; Poynter, Matthew E.; Mossman, Brooke T.; Holmén, Britt A.; Fukagawa, Naomi K.

2016-01-01

Diesel engine emissions are an important source of ultrafine particulate matter (PM) in both ambient air and many occupational settings. Biodiesel is a popular, ‘green’ alternative to petroleum diesel fuel, but little is known about the impact of ‘real world’ biodiesel combustion on workplace PM concentrations and particle characteristics including size, morphology, and composition; or on biological responses. The objectives of the present work were to characterize PM workplace concentrations and tailpipe emissions produced by the combustion of commercially purchased low sulfur petrodiesel and a waste grease B20 blend (20% biodiesel/80% petrodiesel by volume) in heavy duty diesel (HDD) nonroad equipment operating in a ‘real world’ rural recycling center. Furthermore, we assessed the in vitro responses of cell lines representing human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and macrophages (THP-1) after 24 h of exposure to these real-world particles. Compared to petroleum diesel, use of B20 in HDD equipment resulted in lower mass concentrations of PM2.5, PM<0.25 (particle diameter less than 2.5 and 0.25 micrometer, respectively), and elemental carbon. Transmission electron analysis of PM showed that primary particle size and morphology were similar between fuel types. Metals composition analysis revealed differences between fuels, with higher Fe, Al, V, and Se measured during B20 use, and higher As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Pb concentrations measured during petrodiesel use. In vitro responses varied between fuels but data supported that waste grease B20 particles elicited inflammatory responses in human macrophages and lung epithelial cells comparable to petrodiesel particles. However, the effects were more pronounced with B20 than petrodiesel at the same mass concentration. Since the primary particle size and morphology were similar between fuels, it is likely that the differential results seen in the in vitro assays points to differences in the composition of the PM. Future research should focus on the organic carbon and metals speciation and potential impact of real world particles on reactive oxygen species generation and mechanisms for differences in the cellular inflammatory responses. PMID:29430261

Formulation of lubricating grease using Beeswax thickener

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suhaila, N.; Japar, A.; Aizudin, M.; Aziz, A.; Najib Razali, Mohd

2018-04-01

The issues on environmental pollution has brought the industries to seek the alternative green solutions for lubricating grease formulation. The significant challenges in producing modified grease are in which considering the chosen thickener as one of the environmental friendly material. The main purposes of the current research were to formulate lubricant grease using different types of base oils and to study the effect of thickener on the formulated lubricant grease. Used oil and motor oil were used as the base oils for the grease preparation. Beeswax and Damar were used as thickener and additive. The grease is tested based on its consistency, stability and oil bleeding. The prepared greases achieved grease consistency of grade 2 and 3 except for grease with unfiltered used oil. Grease formulated with used oil and synthetic oil tend to harden and loss its lubricating ability under high temperature compared to motor oil’ grease. Grease modification using environmental friendly thickener were successfully formulated but it is considered as a low temperature grease as the beeswax have low melting point of 62°C-65°C.

Impact of urban and industrial effluents on the coastal marine environment in Oran, Algeria.

PubMed

Tayeb, A; Chellali, M R; Hamou, A; Debbah, S

2015-09-15

In Algeria most of the urban waste water is dumped without treatment into the Sea. It is tremendously important to assess the consequences of organic matter rich sewage on marine ecosystem. In this study we investigated the effects of industrial and urban sewage on the dissolved oxygen (O2), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demands (BOD5), pH, salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), Metal element (Hg, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Cd), petroleum hydrocarbons (HC), oil and grease (OG) in Bay of Oran, Algeria. A ten-year follow-up research showed that the concentrations of oil and grease released into the bionetwork are of higher ecological impact and this needs to be given the desired consideration. Information on bathing water quality revealed that the most beaches in Oran are under the national environmental standard limit. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chemical oxidation of carwash industry wastewater as an effort to decrease water pollution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bhatti, Zulfiqar Ahmad; Mahmood, Qaisar; Raja, Iftikhar Ahmad; Malik, Amir Haider; Khan, Muhammad Suleman; Wu, Donglei

Car wash wastewater (CWW) contains petroleum, hydrofluoric acid, ammonium bifluoride products, paint residues, rubber, phosphates, oil, grease and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The present study dealt with various investigations conducted for the treatment of CWW. A treatment system of 5 L capacity was designed in the laboratory. Due to high load of oil and grease, CWW was aerated and scum was removed. Alum was used as coagulant in primary treatment which resulted 93% and 97% reduction in COD and turbidity. During secondary treatment CWW was further treated with waste hydrogen peroxide which resulted in further 71% and 83% reduction in COD and turbidity, respectively. Other desirable changes were also observed in pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity and dissolved oxygen contents. It was concluded that designed system could be effectively used to treat carwash wastewater that could be reused in the same station.

Wastewater Characterization Survey, Little Rock AFB, Arizona

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-05-01

ACCESSION NO •• 1 1 . TITLE (Include Security Clas~sficauton) Wastewater Characterization Survey, Little Rock AFB AR 12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) Scott...Rock AFB. 0.. 5., 1 ",.’ -- ’--: ... ’ Recommendations: ( 1 ) Cleaning of the grease traps at the dining facilities, i.e., the dining hall, NCO Club, and...USAF, BSC. I~ *8M/tt t("’O " ’ I 2(’t_/ ° DO Form 1473, JUN 86 Prr, ous editions -,e obsolete SE 1 4 k: (OfMTION OF T-,S PAGE i Item 19 Cont’d solids

Slaughterhouse fatty waste saponification to increase biogas yield.

PubMed

Battimelli, A; Torrijos, M; Moletta, R; Delgenès, J P

2010-05-01

A thermochemical pretreatment, i.e. saponification, was optimised in order to improve anaerobic biodegradation of slaughterhouse wastes such as aeroflotation grease and flesh fats from cattle carcass. Anaerobic digestion of raw wastes, as well as of wastes saponified at different temperatures (60 degrees C, 120 degrees C and 150 degrees C) was conducted in fed-batch reactors under mesophilic condition and the effect of different saponification temperatures on anaerobic biodegradation and on the long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) relative composition was assessed. Even after increasing loads over a long period of time, raw fatty wastes were biodegraded slowly and the biogas potentials were lower than those of theoretical estimations. In contrast, pretreated wastes exhibited improved batch biodegradation, indicating a better initial bio-availability, particularly obvious for carcass wastes. However, LCFA relative composition was not significantly altered by the pretreatment. Consequently, the enhanced biodegradation should be attributed to an increased initial bio-availability of fatty wastes without any modification of their long chain structure which remained slowly biodegradable. Finally, saponification at 120 degrees C achieved best performances during anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse wastes. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The utilization of leftover as acid catalyst to catalyse the transesterification and esterification reactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leung, K. K.; Yau, Y. H.

2017-08-01

Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester, FAME) is a green and renewable energy. It is carbon neutral and produces less air pollutants in combustion. In my project, the selected feedstock of biodiesel production is grease trap oil (GTO). It is extracted from restaurants, and needs pre-treatment. The triglycerides and free fatty acid (FFA) are the main components of GTO. Both triglycerides and free fatty acid can be converted to biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) by transesterification and esterification, through reaction with alcohol (methanol) and catalyst. In the processes, acidic catalyst is chosen to speed up the reactions. The catalyst used In the study, a heterogeneous solid acid is applied. It is waste cooked rice (WCR) collected from leftover. The WCR powder is pyrolysed in 400°C furnace 15 hours and blown with nitrogen gas (incomplete carbonization). The WCR black powder is then mixed with concentrated sulphuric acid and heat in 160°C furnace 15 hours and continuous blown with nitrogen gas (sulphonation). This heterogeneous solid acid is used in the both transesterification and esterification to produce FAME. Moreover, in the optimal reaction conditions, this catalyst offers a stable catalytic effect. After 20 times usage in optimal reaction condition, the catalytic activity remains unchanged.

Waste-water characterization survey, Luke Air Force Base, Arizona. Final report, 4 December-19 December 1989

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Scott, S.P.; Curtis, D.L.; Dabney, S.A.

1990-08-01

At the request of USAF Hospital Luke/SGPB, personnel from AFOEHL conducted a wastewater characterization survey at Luke AFB. The scope of the survey was to characterize the wastewater, analyze industrial effluent, effluent from oil/water separators, and storm water. The survey showed Luke AFB needed to take some follow-up action to reduce levels of ammonia, cyanide, boron, sulfide, and surfactants. Recommendations include: (1) Examine the soaps and cleaners being used to determine if phenol is present. Substitute non-phenolic soaps to reduce the concentration of phenols being discharged into the sanitary and storm drainage systems. (2) The contamination found was mostly ammonia,more » cyanide, boron, sulfides and surfactants; usually found in detergents and cleaners contain these chemicals and replace them. (3) Clean and maintain the grease traps at the dining facilities. If there are none, then install some. (4) Perform routine maintenance on the oil/water separators and do periodic inspections to determine their effectiveness. (5) Determine the electronic components causing the high barium level at the flight simulator and prevent it being disposed of down the sanitary sewer. (6) Take two additional samples for mercury at Burger King and the Hush House.« less

Effects of Hydrocarbon-Based Grease on Rapid Prototype Material Used for Grease Retention Shrouds

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zakrajsek, Andrew J.; Valco, Daniel J.; Street, Kenneth W., Jr.

2010-01-01

Effects of hydrocarbon-based greases on specific rapid prototype (RP) materials used to fabricate grease retention shrouds (GRS) were explored in this study. Grease retention shrouds are being considered as a way to maintain adequate grease lubrication at the gear mesh in a prototype research transmission system. Due to their design and manufacturing flexibility, rapid prototype materials were chosen for the grease retention shrouds. In order to gain a better understanding of the short and long term effects grease pose on RP materials, research was conducted on the interaction of hydrocarbon-based grease with RP materials. The materials used in this study were durable polyamide (nylon), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and WaterClear 10120. Testing was conducted using Mobilgrease 28 and Syn-Tech 3913G grease (gear coupling grease). These greases were selected due to their regular use with mechanical components. To investigate the effect that grease has on RP materials, the following methods were used to obtain qualitative and quantitative data: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), interference profilometer measurements, digital camera imaging, physical shape measurement, and visual observations. To record the changes in the RP materials due to contact with the grease, data was taken before and after the grease application. Results showed that the WaterClear 10120 RP material provided the best resistance to grease penetration as compared to nylon and ABS RP materials. The manufacturing process, and thus resulting surface conditions of the RP material, played a key role in the grease penetration properties and resilience of these materials.

Optimization of municipal sludge and grease co-digestion using disintegration technologies.

PubMed

Bouchy, L; Pérez, A; Camacho, P; Rubio, P; Silvestre, G; Fernández, B; Cano, R; Polanco, M; Díaz, N

2012-01-01

Many drivers tend to foster the development of renewable energy production in wastewater treatment plants as many expectations rely upon energy recovery from sewage sludge, for example through biogas use. This paper is focused on the assessment of grease waste (GW) as an adequate substrate for co-digestion with municipal sludge, as it has a methane potential of 479-710 LCH(4)/kg VS, as well as the evaluation of disintegration technologies as a method to optimize the co-digestion process. With this objective three different pre-treatments have been selected for evaluation: thermal hydrolysis, ultrasound and enzymatic treatment. Results have shown that co-digestion processes without pre-treatment had a maximum increment of 128% of the volumetric methane productivity when GW addition was 23% inlet (at 20 days of HRT and with an OLR of 3.0 kg COD/m(3)d), compared with conventional digestion of sewage sludge alone. Concerning the application of the selected disintegration technologies, all pre-treatments showed improvements in terms of methane yield (51.8, 89.5 and 57.6% more for thermal hydrolysis, ultrasound and enzymatic treatment, respectively, compared with non-pretreated wastes), thermal hydrolysis of GW and secondary sludge being the best configuration as it improved the solubilization of the organic matter and the hydrodynamic characteristics of digestates.

Anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste: Utility of process residues as a soil amendment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rivard, C.J.; Nagle, N.J.; Kay, B.D.

1995-12-31

Tuna processing wastes (sludges high in fat, oil, and grease [FOG]) and municipal solid waste (MSW) generated on Tutuila Island, American Samoa, represent an ongoing disposal challenge. The biological conversion of the organic fraction of these wastes to useful products, including methane and fertilizer-grade residue, through anaerobic high-solids digestion is currently in scale-up development. The suitability of the anaerobic digestion residues as a soil amendment was evaluated through extensive chemical analysis and greenhouse studies using corn as an indicator crop. Additionally, native Samoan soil was used to evaluate the specific application rates for the compost. Experiments established that anaerobic residuesmore » increase crop yields in direct proportion to increases in the application rate. Additionally, nutrient saturation was not demonstrated within the range of application rates evaluated for the Samoan soil. Beyond nutrient supplementation, organic residue amendment to Samoan soil imparts enhanced water and nutrient-binding capacities.« less

24 CFR 3280.606 - Traps and cleanouts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... with waste outlets not more than 30 inches apart and in the same room and flood level rims at the same... listed plastic, or other approved or listed material. Union joints for a trap shall be beaded to provide... than the waste pipe to which it is connected. (7) Location. Each trap shall be located as close to its...

Preparation of soybean oil-based greases: effect of composition and structure on physical properties.

PubMed

Adhvaryu, Atanu; Erhan, Sevim Z; Perez, Joseph M

2004-10-20

Vegetable oils have significant potential as a base fluid and a substitute for mineral oil in grease formulation. Preparation of soybean oil-based lithium greases using a variety of fatty acids in the soap structure is discussed in this paper. Soy greases with lithium-fatty acid soap having C12-C18 chain lengths and different metal to fatty acid ratios were synthesized. Grease hardness was determined using a standard test method, and their oxidative stabilities were measured using pressurized differential scanning calorimetry. Results indicate that lithium soap composition, fatty acid types, and base oil content significantly affect grease hardness and oxidative stability. Lithium soaps prepared with short-chain fatty acids resulted in softer grease. Oxidative stability and other performance properties will deteriorate if oil is released from the grease matrix due to overloading of soap with base oil. Performance characteristics are largely dependent on the hardness and oxidative stability of grease used as industrial and automotive lubricant. Therefore, this paper discusses the preparation methods, optimization of soap components, and antioxidant additive for making soy-based grease. Copyright 2004 American Chemical Society

Metropolitan Spokane Region Water Resources Study. Appendix A. Surface Water

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-01-01

is adequate. Cnly phenols and detergents are reported in the pollutants category and no bacteriological tests are made. Since none of the other sources...Coliform, MPN Conf No/100ml 31507 Total Coliform, MPN Comp No/lO0ml 31615 Fecal Coliform, MPNECmED No/100ml 32730 Phenols ug/1l 38260 MBAS mg/l 70507...Oil & Grease, Pesticides, I Surfactants, Sulfite Waste Liquor, Phenols WATER RESOURCES STUDY METROPOLITAN SPOKANE REGION GROUPING OF WATER QUALITY

An Additive to Improve the Wear Characteristics of Perfluoropolyether Based Greases

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, David G. V.; Fowzy, Mahmoud A.; Landry, James F.; Jones, William R., Jr.; Shogrin, Bradley A.; Nguyen, QuynhGiao

1999-01-01

The friction and wear characteristics of two formulated perfluoropolyether based greases were compared to their non-additive base greases. One grease was developed for the electronics industry (designated as GXL-296A) while the other is for space applications (designated as GXL-320A). The formulated greases (GXL-296B and GXL-320B) contained a proprietary antiwear additive at an optimized concentration. Tests were conducted using a vacuum four-ball tribometer. AISI 52100 steel specimens were used for all GXL-296 tests. Both AISI 52100 steel and 440C stainless steel were tested with the GXL-320 greases. Test conditions included: a pressure less than 6.7 x 10(exp )-4 Pa, a 200N load, a sliding velocity of 28.8 mm/sec (100 rpm) and room temperature (approximately equal to 23 C). Wear rates for each grease were determined from the slope of the wear volume as a function of sliding distance. Both non-additive base greases yielded relatively high wear rates on the order of 10(exp -8) cu mm using AISI 52100 steel specimens. Formulated grease GXL-296B yielded a reduction in wear rate by a factor of approximately 21, while grease GXL-320B had a reduction of approximately 12 times. Lower wear rates (-50%) were observed with both GXL-320 greases using 440C stainless steel. Mean friction coefficients were slightly higher for both formulated greases compared to their base greases. The GXL-296 series (higher base oil viscosity) yielded much higher friction coefficients compared to their GXL-320 series (lower base oil viscosity) counterparts.

Waste-to-Energy biofuel production potential for selected feedstocks in the conterminous United States

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Skaggs, Richard L.; Coleman, Andre M.; Seiple, Timothy E.

Here, waste-to-Energy (WtE) technologies offer the promise of diverting organic wastes, including wastewater sludge, livestock waste, and food waste, for beneficial energy use while reducing the quantities of waste that are disposed or released to the environment. To ensure economic and environmental viability of WtE feedstocks, it is critical to gain an understanding of the spatial and temporal variability of waste production. Detailed information about waste characteristics, capture/diversion, transport requirements, available conversion technologies, and overall energy conversion efficiency is also required. Building on the development of a comprehensive WtE feedstock database that includes municipal wastewater sludge; animal manure; food processingmore » waste; and fats, oils, and grease for the conterminous United States, we conducted a detailed analysis of the wastes' potential for biofuel production on a site-specific basis. Our analysis indicates that with conversion by hydrothermal liquefaction, these wastes have the potential to produce up to 22.3 GL/y (5.9 Bgal/y) of a biocrude oil intermediate that can be upgraded and refined into a variety of liquid fuels, in particular renewable diesel and aviation kerosene. Conversion to aviation kerosene can potentially meet 23.9% of current U.S. demand.« less

Waste-to-Energy biofuel production potential for selected feedstocks in the conterminous United States

DOE PAGES

Skaggs, Richard L.; Coleman, Andre M.; Seiple, Timothy E.; ...

2017-10-18

Here, waste-to-Energy (WtE) technologies offer the promise of diverting organic wastes, including wastewater sludge, livestock waste, and food waste, for beneficial energy use while reducing the quantities of waste that are disposed or released to the environment. To ensure economic and environmental viability of WtE feedstocks, it is critical to gain an understanding of the spatial and temporal variability of waste production. Detailed information about waste characteristics, capture/diversion, transport requirements, available conversion technologies, and overall energy conversion efficiency is also required. Building on the development of a comprehensive WtE feedstock database that includes municipal wastewater sludge; animal manure; food processingmore » waste; and fats, oils, and grease for the conterminous United States, we conducted a detailed analysis of the wastes' potential for biofuel production on a site-specific basis. Our analysis indicates that with conversion by hydrothermal liquefaction, these wastes have the potential to produce up to 22.3 GL/y (5.9 Bgal/y) of a biocrude oil intermediate that can be upgraded and refined into a variety of liquid fuels, in particular renewable diesel and aviation kerosene. Conversion to aviation kerosene can potentially meet 23.9% of current U.S. demand.« less

Effect of carbonyl iron particles composition on the physical characteristics of MR grease

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mohamad, Norzilawati, E-mail: mnorzilawati@gmail.com; Mazlan, Saiful Amri, E-mail: amri.kl@utm.my; Ubaidillah, E-mail: ubaidillah@uns.ac.id

2016-03-29

Magnetorheological (MR) grease is an extension of the study of magnetorheological materials. The MR grease can help to reduce the particles sedimentation problem occurred in the MR fluids. Within this study, an effort has been taken to investigate the effect of different weight compositions of carbonyl iron particles on the physical and chemical characteristics of the MR grease under off-state condition (no magnetic field). The MR grease is prepared by mixing carbonyl iron particles having a size range of 1 to 10 µm with commercial NPC Highrex HD-3 grease. Characterizations of MR grease are investigated using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Environmentalmore » Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and rheometer. The dependency of carbonyl iron particles weight towards the magnetic properties of MR grease and other characterizations are investigated.« less

Elucidating microbial community adaptation to anaerobic co-digestion of fats, oils, and grease and food waste.

PubMed

Amha, Yamrot M; Sinha, Pooja; Lagman, Jewls; Gregori, Matt; Smith, Adam L

2017-10-15

Despite growing interest in co-digestion and demonstrated process improvements (e.g., enhanced stability and biogas production), few studies have evaluated how co-digestion impacts the anaerobic digestion (AD) microbiome. Three sequential bench-scale respirometry experiments were conducted at thermophilic temperature (50 °C) with various combinations of primary sludge (PS); thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS); fats, oils, and grease (FOG); and food waste (FW). Two additional runs were then performed to evaluate microbial inhibition at higher organic fractions of FOG (30-60% volatile solids loading (VSL; v/v)). Co-digestion of PS, TWAS, FOG, and FW resulted in a 26% increase in methane production relative to digestion of PS and TWAS. A substantial lag time was observed in biogas production for vessels with FOG addition that decreased by more than half in later runs, likely due to adaptation of the microbial community. 30% FOG with 10% FW showed the highest increase in methane production, increasing 53% compared to digestion of PS and TWAS. FOG addition above 50% VSL was found to be inhibitory with and without FW addition and resulted in volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation. Methane production was linked with high relative activity and abundance of syntrophic fatty-acid oxidizers alongside hydrogenotrophic methanogens, signaling the importance of interspecies interactions in AD. Specifically, relative activity of Syntrophomonas was significantly correlated with methane production. Further, methane production increased over subsequent runs along with methyl coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) gene expression, a functional gene in methanogens, suggesting temporal adaptation of the microbial community to co-digestion substrate mixtures. The study demonstrated the benefits of co-digestion in terms of performance enhancement and enrichment of key active microbial populations. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Waste-to-Energy biofuel production potential for selected feedstocks in the conterminous United States

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Skaggs, Richard L.; Coleman, André M.; Seiple, Timothy E.

Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technologies offer the promise of diverting organic wastes, including wastewater sludge, livestock waste, and food waste, for beneficial energy use while reducing the quantities of waste that are disposed or released to the environment. To ensure economic and environmental viability of WtE feedstocks, it is critical to gain an understanding of the spatial and temporal variability of waste production. Detailed information about waste characteristics, capture/diversion, transport requirements, available conversion technologies, and overall energy conversion efficiency is also required. Building on the development of a comprehensive WtE feedstock database that includes municipal wastewater sludge; animal manure; food processing waste;more » and fats, oils, and grease for the conterminous United States, we conducted a detailed analysis of the wastes’ potential for biofuel production on a site-specific basis. Our analysis indicates that with conversion by hydrothermal liquefaction, these wastes have the potential to produce up to 22.3 GL/y (5.9 Bgal/y) of a biocrude oil intermediate that can be upgraded and refined into a variety of liquid fuels, in particular renewable diesel and aviation kerosene. Conversion to aviation kerosene can potentially meet 23.9% of current U.S. demand.« less

Waste-to-Energy biofuel production potential for selected feedstocks in the conterminous United States

DOE PAGES

Skaggs, Richard L.; Coleman, André M.; Seiple, Timothy E.; ...

2017-10-18

Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technologies offer the promise of diverting organic wastes, including wastewater sludge, livestock waste, and food waste, for beneficial energy use while reducing the quantities of waste that are disposed or released to the environment. To ensure economic and environmental viability of WtE feedstocks, it is critical to gain an understanding of the spatial and temporal variability of waste production. Detailed information about waste characteristics, capture/diversion, transport requirements, available conversion technologies, and overall energy conversion efficiency is also required. Building on the development of a comprehensive WtE feedstock database that includes municipal wastewater sludge; animal manure; food processing waste;more » and fats, oils, and grease for the conterminous United States, we conducted a detailed analysis of the wastes’ potential for biofuel production on a site-specific basis. Our analysis indicates that with conversion by hydrothermal liquefaction, these wastes have the potential to produce up to 22.3 GL/y (5.9 Bgal/y) of a biocrude oil intermediate that can be upgraded and refined into a variety of liquid fuels, in particular renewable diesel and aviation kerosene. Conversion to aviation kerosene can potentially meet 23.9% of current U.S. demand.« less

Engineering Tests of Experimental Ammonia Process Printer-Developer

DTIC Science & Technology

1950-07-06

of materials and processes for photo reproduction by the amonia process. c. It was expected that the new machine might also pro- vide an interim...grease, oil, amonia waste can, and attachzmnts. A 6- inch diareter flexible tube is attached at the roar of the rxchine for carrying away the exhaust heat...by field troops. 2 TGIF 58 SUBJECT: Amonia Process Equipment Developed Under Project 8-35-09-005 19 Jan 50 7. An early reply would be required in

Wet Waste-to-Energy Resources in the United States

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Milbrandt, Anelia R; Heimiller, Donna M; Seiple, Timothy

Waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies present an opportunity to recycle organic waste material into renewable energy while offsetting disposal and environmental costs. A key challenge to ensuring economic and environmental viability of WTE is understanding the variability of individual WTE resource characteristics, including their location, amount, and quality. The main objective of this study is to estimate the wet WTE resource potential in the United States and illustrate its geographic distribution. The wet resources considered in this study are wastewater sludge, animal manure, food waste, and FOG (fats, oils, and greases). This study is the first to achieve results below national level,more » at the finest geographic resolution. Our analysis indicates that about 566 teragrams (Tg) of wet WTE resources are generated annually in the United States. This amount corresponds to about 1 exajoule (EJ), which is sufficient to displace about 18% of the 2015 U.S. on-highway diesel consumption on an energy basis. About half of this potential is generated by animal manure.« less

Heavy equipment maintenance wastes and environmental management in the mining industry.

PubMed

Guerin, Turlough F

2002-10-01

Maintenance wastes, if not managed properly, represent significant environmental issues for mining operations. Petroleum hydrocarbon liquid wastes were studied at an Australian site and a review of the literature and technology vendors was carried out to identify oil/water separation technologies. Treatment technologies and practices for managing oily wastewater, used across the broader mining industry in the Asia-Pacific region, were also identified. Key findings from the study were: (1) primary treatment is required to remove grease oil contamination and to protect secondary oily wastewater treatment systems from being overloaded; (2) selection of an effective secondary treatment system is dependent on influent oil droplet size and concentration, suspended solids concentration, flow rates (and their variability), environmental conditions, maintenance schedules and effectiveness, treatment targets and costs; and (3) oily wastewater treatment systems, based on mechanical separation, are favoured over those that are chemically based, as they simplify operational requirements. Source reduction, through housekeeping, equipment and reagent modifications, and segregation and/or consolidation of hydrocarbon waste streams, minimizes treatment costs, safety and environmental impact.

Anaerobic co-digestion of municipal organic wastes and pre-treatment to enhance biogas production from waste.

PubMed

Li, Chenxi; Champagne, Pascale; Anderson, Bruce C

2014-01-01

Co-digestion and pre-treatment have been recognized as effective, low-cost and commercially viable approaches to reduce anaerobic digestion process limitations and improve biogas yields. In our previous batch-scale study, fat, oil, and grease (FOG) was investigated as a suitable potential co-substrate, and thermo-chemical pre-treatment (TCPT) at pH = 10 and 55 °C improved CH4 production from FOG co-digestions. In this project, co-digestions with FOG were studied in bench-scale two-stage thermophilic semi-continuous flow co-digesters with suitable TCPT (pH = 10, 55 °C). Overall, a 25.14 ± 2.14 L/d (70.2 ± 1.4% CH4) biogas production was obtained, which was higher than in the two-stage system without pre-treatment. The results could provide valuable fundamental information to support full-scale investigations of anaerobic co-digestion of municipal organic wastes.

Study of physical and tribology properties of soybean oil-based grease formulated with polysoap

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Soybean oil-based grease formulated with polysoaps, which was synthesized from polymeric epoxdized soybean oil, was investigated. Greases were prepared using a mixture of lithium soap and triethanolammonium polysoap. Grease properties investigated were: hardness, using cone penetration procedure (AS...

Lubricants for High-Vacuum Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-03-15

SEAL LUBRICANT R O RESERVOIR S• BALL RETAINER Figure 3. Schematic of a bearing configuration showing a labyrinth seal. (From m. N. Gardos , ASLE...are known as channeling greases. Such greases are pushed out of the way and form a path ( channel ) when the balls of a bearing pass through the grease...contacting surfaces. If a grease is fluid enough that it tends to fill the spaces between balls, it is a "slumping" (non- channeling ) grease. The consistency

Accelerated Testing of UH-60 Viscous Bearings for Degraded Grease Fault

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dykas, Brian; Hood, Adrian; Krantz, Timothy; Klemmer, Marko

2015-01-01

An accelerated aging investigation of critical aviation bearings lubricated with MIL-PRF- 81322 grease was conducted to derive an understanding of the mechanisms of grease degradation and loss of lubrication over time. The current study focuses on UH-60 Black Hawk viscous damper bearings supporting the tail rotor driveshaft, which were subjected to more than 5800 hours of testing in a heated environment to accelerate the deterioration of the grease. The mechanism of grease degradation is a reduction in the oil/thickener ratio rather than the expected chemical degradation of grease constituents. Over the course of testing, vibration and temperature monitoring of bearings was conducted and trends for failing bearings are presented.

Tribological Performance of Some Pennzane(Registered Trademark) Based Greases for Vacuum Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Marchetti, Mario; Jones, William R., Jr.; Street, Kenneth W.; Wheeler, Donald; Dixon, Duane; Jansen, Mark J.; Kimura, Hiroshi

2002-01-01

Commercial greases for space applications usually fulfill the requirements imposed by the severe conditions of use. The main requirement is their ability to create an EHL film, boundary film, or both under speed, load and temperature conditions that the mechanisms will operate. Three greases, all based on a multiply alkylated cyclopentane (Pennzan(R)) base oil, were studied. The thickeners were an n-octadecylterephthalamate soap, a lithium soap, and a urea derivative. A Four-Ball Tribometer and a Spiral Orbit Tribometer were employed to evaluate the greases under ultrahigh vacuum. Results indicated that all three greases yielded very low wear rates and extended lifetimes. In addition, routine physical property data is reported for each grease.

Performance and Analysis of Perfluoropolyalkyl Ether Grease Used on Space Shuttle Actuators--A Case Study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Morales, Wilfredo; Street, Kenneth W., Jr.; Zaretsky, Erwin V.

2013-01-01

Actuators used on the United States space shuttle fleet are lubricated with unspecified amounts of Braycote 601 (Castrol Braycote) grease consisting of a perfluoropolyalkyl ether (PFPAE) base oil thickened with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filler. Each shuttle has four body flap actuators (BFAs) (two on each wing) on a common segmented shaft and four rudder speed brake (RSB) actuators. The actuators were designed to operate for 10 years and 100 flights without periodic relubrication. Visible inspection of two partially disassembled RSB actuators in continuous use for 19 years raised concerns over possible grease degradation due to discoloration of the grease on several places on the surfaces of the gears. Inspection revealed fretting, micropitting, wear and corrosion of the bearings and gears. A small amount of oil dripped from the disassembled actuators. Whereas new grease is beige in appearance, the discolored grease consisted of both grey and reddish colors. Grease samples taken from the actuators together with representative off-the-shelf new and unused grease samples were analyzed by gravimetry for oil content; by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP) for metals content; Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for base oil decomposition; and by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) for determination of the molecular weight distributions of the grease oil. The Braycote 601 grease was stable after 19 years of continuous use in the sealed RSB actuators and was fit for its intended purpose. There were no significant chemical differences between the used grease samples and new and unused samples. Base oil separation was not significant within the sealed actuators. No corrosive effect in the form of iron fluoride was detected. The grey color of grease samples was due to metallic iron. The red color was due to oxidation of the metallic wear particles from the gears and the bearings comprising the actuators.

Removal of Perfluorinated Grease Components from NTO Oxidizer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

McClure, Mark B.; Greene, Ben; Johnson, Harry T.

2004-01-01

Perfluorinated greases are typically used as a thread lubricant in the assembly of non-welded nitrogen tetroxide (NTO) oxidizer systems. These greases, typically a perfluoroalkylether, with suspended polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) micro-powder, have attractive lubricating properties toward threaded components and are relatively chemically inert toward NTO oxidizers. A major drawback, however, is that perfluoroalkylether greases are soluble or dispersible in NTO oxidizers and can contaminate the propellant. The result is propellant that fails the non-volatile residue (NVR) specification analyses and that may have negative effects on test hardware performance and lifetime. Consequently, removal of the grease contaminants from NTO may be highly desirable. Methods for the removal of perfluorinated grease components from NTO oxidizers including distillation, adsorption, filtration, and adjustment of temperature are investigated and reported in this work. Solubility or dispersibility data for the perfluoroalkylether oil (Krytox(tm)143 AC) component of a perfluorinated grease (Krytox 240 AC) and for Krytox 240 AC in NTO were determined and are reported.

Enhancing anaerobic digestion performance of crude lipid in food waste by enzymatic pretreatment.

PubMed

Meng, Ying; Luan, Fubo; Yuan, Hairong; Chen, Xue; Li, Xiujin

2017-01-01

Three lipases were applied to hydrolyze the floatable grease (FG) in the food waste for eliminating FG inhibition and enhancing digestion performance in anaerobic process. Lipase-I, Lipase-II, and Lipase-III obtained from different sources were used. Animal fat (AF) and vegetable oil (VO) are major crude lipids in Chinese food waste, therefore, applied as substrates for anaerobic digestion tests. The results showed that Lipase-I and Lipase-II were capable of obviously releasing long chain fatty acid in AF, VO, and FG when hydrolyzed in the conditions of 24h, 1000-1500μL and 40-50°C. Compared to the untreated controls, the biomethane production rate were increased by 80.8-157.7%, 26.9-53.8%, and 37.0-40.7% for AF, VO, and FG, respectively, and the digestion time was shortened by 10-40d. The finding suggests that pretreating lipids with appropriate lipase could be one of effective methods for enhancing anaerobic digestion of food waste rich in crude lipid. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

An Evaluation of Liquid, Solid, and Grease Lubricants for Space Mechanisms Using a Spiral Orbit Tribometer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buttery, Michael

2010-01-01

We present the findings of the test program performed by The European Space Tribology Laboratory (ESTL) to evaluate the performance (friction and lifetime) of a number of space lubricants under vacuum using a Spiral Orbit Tribometer (SOT). Focus was given to a comparison of various popular space oils, a comparison study between the old and new MAPLUB grease formulations, and the performance of commonly used solid lubricants under various conditions. Tests demonstrated that the lifetimes of hydrocarbon NYE oils 2001 & 2001A outperformed those of the perfluroropolyalkylether (PFPE) oils Fomblin Z25 & Z60, though these pairs displayed similar behavior. This relationship was also generally seen for greases; with the lifetimes of the multiple alkylated cyclopentane (MAC)-based greases being extended in comparison to the PFPE-based greases. Testing on greases also demonstrated similar performance between the old (-a) and new (-b) formulations when considering PFPE-based MAPLUB greases, and indeed for all tested PFPE-based non-MAPLUB greases, but significantly shorter lifetimes for the new formulations when considering MAC-based MAPLUB greases. MAPLUB MAC greases containing molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) thickener were also found to display reduced lifetimes. For solid lubricants, lead displayed significantly extended lifetimes over MoS2, speculated to be caused by redistribution of lead from the ball onto all contact surfaces during the test. Friction coefficients were seen to be some 2.5x higher for lead than for MoS2 under similar conditions, a result that corresponds well with conventional bearing tests. The work described was performed under contract for the European Space Agency as part of the Tribology Applications Program, with all funding for testing and apparatus provided by European Space Agency (ESA).

Evaluation of Pad 18 Spent Mercury Gold Trap Stainless Steel Container Failure

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Skidmore, E.

Failure of the Pad 18 spent mercury gold trap stainless steel waste container is principally attributed to corrosion induced by degradation of plasticized polyvinyl chloride (pPVC) waste packaging material. Dehydrochlorination of pPVC polymer by thermal and/or radiolytic degradation is well-known to evolve HCl gas, which is highly corrosive to stainless steel and other metals in the presence of moisture. Degradation of the pPVC packaging material was likely caused by radiolysis in the presence of tritium gas within the waste container, though other degradation mechanisms (aging, thermo-oxidation, plasticizer migration) over 30 years storage may have contributed. Corrosion was also likely enhancedmore » by the crevice in the container weld design, and may have been enhanced by the presence of tritiated water. Similar non-failed spent mercury gold trap waste containers did not show radiographic evidence of plastic packaging or trapped free liquid within the container. Therefore, those containers are not expected to exhibit similar failures. Halogenated polymers such as pPVC subject to degradation can evolve halide gases such as HCl, which is corrosive in the presence of moisture and can generate pressure in sealed systems.« less

Wear Debris Analysis of Grease Lubricated Ball Bearings.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-04-12

Ferrography method was performed by the Naval Air Engineering Center (NAVAIRENGCEN), Lakehurst, New Jersey. A total of three sets of two 6309 deep-groove ball... Ferrography technique. The analysis of the grease-retained wear debris necessitated the development of a technique to reduce the grease samples to a...condition where they were compatible with the Ferrography technique. A major achievement was the successful application of dissolving the grease

A comparative work on the magnetic field-dependent properties of plate-like and spherical iron particle-based magnetorheological grease

PubMed Central

Ubaidillah; Imaduddin, F.; Choi, Seung-Bok; Yazid, I. I. M.

2018-01-01

In this study, a new magnetorheological (MR) grease was made featuring plate-like carbonyl iron (CI) particles, and its magnetic field-dependent rheological properties were experimentally characterized. The plate-like CI particles were prepared through high-energy ball milling of spherical CI particles. Then, three different ratios of the CI particles in the MR grease, varying from 30 to 70 wt% were mixed by dispersing the plate-like CI particles into the grease medium with a mechanical stirrer. The magnetic field-dependent rheological properties of the plate-like CI particle-based MR grease were then investigated using a rheometer by changing the magnetic field intensity from 0 to 0.7 T at room temperature. The measurement was undertaken at two different modes, namely, a continuous shear mode and oscillation mode. It was shown that both the apparent viscosity and storage modulus of the MR grease were heavily dependent on the magnetic field intensity as well as the CI particle fraction. In addition, the differences in the yield stress and the MR effect between the proposed MR grease featuring the plate-like CI particles and the existing MR grease with the spherical CI particles were investigated and discussed in detail. PMID:29630595

A comparative work on the magnetic field-dependent properties of plate-like and spherical iron particle-based magnetorheological grease.

PubMed

Mohamad, N; Ubaidillah; Mazlan, S A; Imaduddin, F; Choi, Seung-Bok; Yazid, I I M

2018-01-01

In this study, a new magnetorheological (MR) grease was made featuring plate-like carbonyl iron (CI) particles, and its magnetic field-dependent rheological properties were experimentally characterized. The plate-like CI particles were prepared through high-energy ball milling of spherical CI particles. Then, three different ratios of the CI particles in the MR grease, varying from 30 to 70 wt% were mixed by dispersing the plate-like CI particles into the grease medium with a mechanical stirrer. The magnetic field-dependent rheological properties of the plate-like CI particle-based MR grease were then investigated using a rheometer by changing the magnetic field intensity from 0 to 0.7 T at room temperature. The measurement was undertaken at two different modes, namely, a continuous shear mode and oscillation mode. It was shown that both the apparent viscosity and storage modulus of the MR grease were heavily dependent on the magnetic field intensity as well as the CI particle fraction. In addition, the differences in the yield stress and the MR effect between the proposed MR grease featuring the plate-like CI particles and the existing MR grease with the spherical CI particles were investigated and discussed in detail.

Preliminary Evaluation of Greases for Space Mechanisms Using a Vacuum Spiral Orbit Tribometer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Marchetti, Mario; Jones, William R., Jr.; Street, Kenneth W.; Pepper, Stephen V.; Jansen, Mark J.

2001-01-01

Most currently used greases for space applications are based on perfluoropolyalkylethers (PFPE) and multiply alkylated cyclopentane (MAC) oils. Evaluation of the greases includes outgassing properties, rheological behavior, and particularly the ability to create EHL films under conditions as close as possible to an actual application. A spiral orbit tribometer (SOT) has been developed to conduct accelerated tests under realistic conditions. The SOT was employed to evaluate two greases used in space mechanisms: a PFPE oil with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) thickener, and a multiply alkylated cyclopentane oil with n-octadecylterephthalamate soap. The results from the greases are in agreement with results previously obtained with the base oils.

Lubrication from mixture of boric acid with oils and greases

DOEpatents

Erdemir, Ali

1995-01-01

Lubricating compositions including crystalline boric acid and a base lubricant selected from oils, greases and the like. The lubricity of conventional oils and greases can also be improved by adding concentrates of boric acid.

Food Waste to Energy: How Six Water Resource Recovery ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Water Resource Recovery Facilities (WRRFs) with anaerobic digestion have been harnessing biogas for heat and power since at least the 1920’s. A few are approaching “energy neutrality” and some are becoming “energy positive” through a combination of energy efficiency measures and the addition of outside organic wastes. Enhancing biogas production by adding fats, oil and grease (FOG) to digesters has become a familiar practice. Less widespread is the addition of other types of food waste, ranging from municipally collected food scraps to the byproducts of food processing facilities and agricultural production. Co-digesting with food waste, however, is becoming more common. As energy prices rise and as tighter regulations increase the cost of compliance, WRRFs across the county are tapping excess capacity while tempering rates. This report presents the co-digestion practices, performance, and the experiences of six such WRRFs. The report describes the types of food waste co-digested and the strategies--specifically, the tools, timing, and partnerships--employed to manage the material. Additionally, the report describes how the facilities manage wastewater solids, providing information about power production, biosolids use, and program costs. This product is intended to describe the available infrastructure for energy recovery from co-digestion of food waste and wastewater treatment facilities.

Lubrication from mixture of boric acid with oils and greases

DOEpatents

Erdemir, A.

1995-07-11

Lubricating compositions are disclosed including crystalline boric acid and a base lubricant selected from oils, greases and the like. The lubricity of conventional oils and greases can also be improved by adding concentrates of boric acid.

Use of respirometer in evaluation of process and toxicity of thermophilic anaerobic digestion for treating kitchen waste.

PubMed

Kuo, Wen-Chien; Cheng, Kae-Yiin

2007-07-01

A thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAnD, 55 degrees C) system was adopted to hydrolyze the kitchen waste for 3 days, which was then fermented for a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10 days. The TAnD system performed much better than a similar system without thermal pre-treatment. A bubble respirometer was employed to study the effects of thermal pre-treatment, which showed that pre-treatment at 60 degrees C yielded the highest Total COD (TCOD) removal efficiency (79.2%) after 300h reaction. Respirometer results also indicated that oil and grease (O and G) began to inhibit the TAnD system at a concentration of approximately 1000mg/L and the gas production was inhibited by 50% at a concentration of approximately 7500mg/L of sodium.

Effects of the free fatty acid content in yellow grease on performance, carcass characteristics, and serum lipids in broilers.

PubMed

Wu, H; Gong, L M; Guo, L; Zhang, L Y; Li, J T

2011-09-01

This study was conducted to investigate whether the free fatty acid (FFA) content of yellow grease would influence the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks. A total of 432 one-day-old, male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments, with each treatment being applied to 6 pens of 18 chicks. The dietary treatments were based on corn and soybean meal and were supplemented with either soybean oil (2.86% FFA) or yellow grease with a low (2.74%), medium (12.59%), or high (19.05%) FFA content. The fat sources were supplemented at 1.5% of the diet during the starter phase (0 to 21 d) and at 3.0% of the diet during the grower phase (22 to 42 d). From d 0 to 42, the BW gains of chicks fed diets containing soybean oil and yellow grease with 2.74% FFA were similar. As the FFA level in the yellow grease increased, the BW gain of chicks decreased (P < 0.01). The reduction in BW gain appeared to be mediated by a reduction in feed intake. The dressing percentage and the percentage of breast muscle in the carcass were significantly (P < 0.01) lower for broilers fed any yellow grease diet compared with birds fed soybean oil. In contrast, abdominal fat was significantly increased in diets containing yellow grease. These results demonstrate that the performance of birds fed yellow grease with a low content of FFA was essentially equal to that of birds fed soybean oil. However, because yellow grease samples containing FFA levels greater than 2.74% negatively affected bird performance, producers should exercise caution with regard to feeding broilers yellow grease with an elevated FFA content. In 42-d-old broilers, serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were elevated in birds fed yellow grease, regardless of the dietary level. In contrast, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels were unaffected by dietary treatment. Although dietary FFA may influence triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism in broilers, an explanation for the observed effects remains elusive.

A study of the use of bio-based technologies (lubricant and grease) in rail applications.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-05-01

The objective of the project was to study the efficacy of using bio-based lubricant and grease technologies in railroad applications : (locomotives and maintenance of way equipment). Several commercially available rail curve greases were identified a...

The processing of used cooking oil (yellow grease) using combination of adsorption and ultrafiltration membrane processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rosnelly, C. M.; Sofyana; Amalia, D.; Sarah, S.

2018-03-01

Yellow grease is used cooking oil whose quality has degraded due to the oxidation, polymerization, or hydrolysis process. In previous studies, yellow grease refining had been conducted either by adsorption or by using membrane. In this study, adsorption process using adsorbent from bagasse activated with H3PO4 12.5%, and ultrafiltration using Polyethersulfone (PES) membrane were combined. In adsorption stage, several variation of bagasse mass was fed into 200 ml of yellow grease and stirred for 60 minutes at 60 rpm. Yellow grease produced from adsorption with best condition was then processed using ultrafiltration membran that is PES membran with concentration by 15 wt % with transmembrane pressure variation by 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2; and 2.5 Bar. Analysis of yellow grease characteristics before refined showed its acid number, peroxide number, iodine number, and water content respectively by 2.68 mgKOH/Kg; 5.97 Meq/Kg; 51,48; and 1.29%. Characteristics of yellow grease after adsorption at its best condition on the parameters of acid number, peroxide number, iodine number, and water content are respectively by 2.55 mgKOH/Kg; 4.19 Meq/Kg; 40,02; and 0.27%. Characteristics of yellow grease after ultrafiltration at its best condition on the parameters of acid number, peroxide number, iodine number, and water content are respectively by 1.12 mgKOH/Kg; 1.8 Meq/Kg; 41,36; and 0.02%. Combination of adsorption and ultrafiltration processes for yellow grease processing showed decreasing value on the parameters of acid number, peroxide number, and water content that conforms to the SNI quality standard, but has not been able to increase the iodine number.

Comparison of endotoxin and particle bounce in Marple cascade samplers with and without impaction grease.

PubMed

Kirychuk, Shelley P; Reynolds, Stephen J; Koehncke, Niels; Nakatsu, J; Mehaffy, John

2009-01-01

The health of persons engaged in agricultural activities are often related or associated with environmental exposures in their workplace. Accurately measuring, analyzing, and reporting these exposures is paramount to outcomes interpretation. This paper describes issues related to sampling air in poultry barns with a cascade impactor. Specifically, the authors describe how particle bounce can affect measurement outcomes and how the use of impaction grease can impact particle bounce and laboratory analyses such as endotoxin measurements. This project was designed to (1) study the effect of particle bounce in Marple cascade impactors that use polyvinyl chloride (PVC) filters; (2) to determine the effect of impaction grease on endotoxin assays when sampling poultry barn dust. A pilot study was undertaken utilizing six-stage Marple cascade impactors with PVC filters. Distortion of particulate size distributions and the effects of impaction grease on endotoxin analysis in samples of poultry dust distributed into a wind tunnel were studied. Although there was no significant difference in the overall dust concentration between utilizing impaction grease and not, there was a greater than 50% decrease in the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) values when impaction grease was not utilized. There was no difference in airborne endotoxin concentration or endotoxin MMAD between filters treated with impaction grease and those not treated. The results indicate that particle bounce should be a consideration when sampling poultry barn dust with Marple samplers containing PVC filters with no impaction grease. Careful consideration should be given to the utilization of impaction grease on PVC filters, which will undergo endotoxin analysis, as there is potential for interference, particularly if high or low levels of endotoxin are anticipated.

Biodegradability study of high-erucic-acid-rapeseed-oil-based lubricant additives

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhou, E.; Crawford, R.L.; Shanahan, A.

1995-12-31

A variety of high-erucic-acid-rapeseed (HEAR)-oil-based lubricants, lubricant additives, and greases were examined for biodegradability at the University of Idaho Center for Hazardous Waste Remediation Research. Two standard biodegradability tests were employed, a currently accepted US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) protocol and the Sturm Test. As is normal for tests that employ variable inocula such as sewage as a source of microorganisms, these procedures yielded variable results from one repetition to another. However, a general trend of rapid and complete biodegradability of the HEAR-oil-based materials was observed.

Seismic response reduction of a three-story building by an MR grease damper

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sakurai, Tomoki; Morishita, Shin

2017-06-01

This paper describes an application of magneto- rheological (MR) grease dampers as seismic dampers for a three-story steel structure. MR fluid is widely known as a smart material with rheological properties that can be varied by magnetic field strength. This material has been applied to various types of devices, such as dampers, clutches, and engine mounts. However, the ferromagnetic particles dispersed in MR fluid settle out of the suspension after a certain interval because of the density difference between the particles and their carrier fluid. To overcome this defect, we developed a new type of controllable working fluid using grease as the carrier of magnetic particles. MR grease was introduced into a cylindrical damper, and the seismic performance of the damper was subsequently studied via numerical analysis. The analysis results of the MR grease damper were compared with those of other seismic dampers. We confirmed that the MR grease damper is an effective seismic damper.

A Study of Spur Gears Lubricated With Grease-Observations From Seven Experiments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Krantz, Timothy L.; Handschuh, Robert F.

2005-01-01

To improve understanding of gears operating with a perfluoro type space-qualified grease, seven spur gear experiments were performed. Test conditions were selected to study the influences of torque, lubricant type, and atmosphere. Two testing torques provided nominal pitch-line Hertz stresses greater and lesser than the contact stress limit as recommended by the grease manufacturer. As was expected, all tests resulted in some gear tooth wear. Discoloration of the perfluoro type grease occurred for all tests. Tests in dry nitrogen produced some dark-grey colored perfluoro type grease. Testing in either ambient or dry air produced red debris after short test duration, and for tests of longer duration large amounts of red debris, red grease, and wear were evident. Tests using higher torques produced more debris. The first indications of discoloration occurred more quickly with higher test torques. Total amounts of wear were quite significant, up to four times the profile tolerance for AGMA Class 10 gears.

Removal of oil and grease from automobile garage wastewater using electrocoagulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Manilal, A. M.; Harinarayanan Nampoothiri, M. G.; Soloman, P. A.

2017-06-01

Wastewater from automobile garages and workshops is an important contributor to the water pollution. Oil and grease is one of the major content of wastewater from vehicle garages. Wastewater from a public transport depot at Thrissur district in Kerala, India was collected for the study. A batch reactor has been devised to assess the efficacy of electrocoagulation in removing oil and grease from the wastewater. Aluminium and iron were tested as the anode material with stainless steel as cathode. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of various operating parameters such as current density, pH, time and salt concentration on oil and grease removal. The results shown that aluminium is superior to iron in removing the oil and grease from the wastewater. The reactor with aluminium as anode was able to remove 90.8 % of the oil and grease at a current density of 0.6 A/dm2 in 15 minutes. The calculated specific energy consumption is also less for aluminium in comparison with iron.

Degradation Characterization of Thermal Interface Greases

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

DeVoto, Douglas J; Major, Joshua; Paret, Paul P

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are used in power electronics packaging to minimize thermal resistance between the heat generating component and the heat sink. Thermal greases are one such class. The conformability and thin bond line thickness (BLT) of these TIMs can potentially provide low thermal resistance throughout the operation lifetime of a component. However, their performance degrades over time due to pump-out and dry-out during thermal and power cycling. The reliability performance of greases through operational cycling needs to be quantified to develop new materials with superior properties. NREL, in collaboration with DuPont, has performed thermal and reliability characterization ofmore » several commercially available thermal greases. Initial bulk and contact thermal resistance of grease samples were measured, and then the thermal degradation that occurred due to pump-out and dry-out during temperature cycling was monitored. The thermal resistances of five different grease materials were evaluated using NREL's steady-state thermal resistance tester based on the ASTM test method D5470. Greases were then applied, utilizing a 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm stencil, between invar and aluminum plates to compare the thermomechanical performance of the materials in a representative test fixture. Scanning Acoustic microscopy, thermal, and compositional analyses were performed periodically during thermal cycling from -40 degrees Celcius to 125 degrees Celcius. Completion of this characterization has allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of thermal greases both for their initial bulk and contact thermal performance, as well as their degradation mechanisms under accelerated thermal cycling conditions.« less

Degradation Characterization of Thermal Interface Greases: Preprint

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

DeVoto, Douglas J; Major, Joshua; Paret, Paul P

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are used in power electronics packaging to minimize thermal resistance between the heat generating component and the heat sink. Thermal greases are one such class. The conformability and thin bond line thickness (BLT) of these TIMs can potentially provide low thermal resistance throughout the operation lifetime of a component. However, their performance degrades over time due to pump-out and dry-out during thermal and power cycling. The reliability performance of greases through operational cycling needs to be quantified to develop new materials with superior properties. NREL, in collaboration with DuPont, has performed thermal and reliability characterization ofmore » several commercially available thermal greases. Initial bulk and contact thermal resistance of grease samples were measured, and then the thermal degradation that occurred due to pump-out and dry-out during temperature cycling was monitored. The thermal resistances of five different grease materials were evaluated using NREL's steady-state thermal resistance tester based on the ASTM test method D5470. Greases were then applied, utilizing a 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm stencil, between invar and aluminum plates to compare the thermomechanical performance of the materials in a representative test fixture. Scanning Acoustic microscopy, thermal, and compositional analyses were performed periodically during thermal cycling from -40 degrees Celcius to 125 degrees Celcius. Completion of this characterization has allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of thermal greases both for their initial bulk and contact thermal performance, as well as their degradation mechanisms under accelerated thermal cycling conditions.« less

Degradation Characterization of Thermal Interface Greases

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Major, Joshua; Narumanchi, Sreekant V; Paret, Paul P

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are used in power electronics packaging to minimize thermal resistance between the heat generating component and the heat sink. Thermal greases are one such class. The conformability and thin bond line thickness (BLT) of these TIMs can potentially provide low thermal resistance throughout the operation lifetime of a component. However, their performance degrades over time due to pump-out and dry-out during thermal and power cycling. The reliability performance of greases through operational cycling needs to be quantified to develop new materials with superior properties. NREL, in collaboration with DuPont, has performed thermal and reliability characterization ofmore » several commercially available thermal greases. Initial bulk and contact thermal resistance of grease samples were measured, and then the thermal degradation that occurred due to pump-out and dry-out during temperature cycling was monitored. The thermal resistances of five different grease materials were evaluated using NREL's steady-state thermal resistance tester based on the ASTM test method D5470. Greases were then applied, utilizing a 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm stencil, between invar and aluminum plates to compare the thermomechanical performance of the materials in a representative test fixture. Scanning Acoustic microscopy, thermal, and compositional analyses were performed periodically during thermal cycling from -40 degrees C to 125 degrees C. Completion of this characterization has allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of thermal greases both for their initial bulk and contact thermal performance, as well as their degradation mechanisms under accelerated thermal cycling conditions.« less

40 CFR 468.03 - Monitoring and reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... monitoring procedure for TTO, indirect dischargers may monitor for oil and grease and meet the alternate monitoring standards for oil and grease established for PSES and PSNS. Any indirect discharger meeting the alternate monitoring oil and grease standards shall be considered to meet the TTO standard. ...

40 CFR 468.03 - Monitoring and reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... monitoring procedure for TTO, indirect dischargers may monitor for oil and grease and meet the alternate monitoring standards for oil and grease established for PSES and PSNS. Any indirect discharger meeting the alternate monitoring oil and grease standards shall be considered to meet the TTO standard. ...

40 CFR 468.03 - Monitoring and reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... monitoring procedure for TTO, indirect dischargers may monitor for oil and grease and meet the alternate monitoring standards for oil and grease established for PSES and PSNS. Any indirect discharger meeting the alternate monitoring oil and grease standards shall be considered to meet the TTO standard. ...

40 CFR 468.03 - Monitoring and reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... monitoring procedure for TTO, indirect dischargers may monitor for oil and grease and meet the alternate monitoring standards for oil and grease established for PSES and PSNS. Any indirect discharger meeting the alternate monitoring oil and grease standards shall be considered to meet the TTO standard. ...

7 CFR 2902.31 - Greases.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... using soaps, polymers or other solids, or other thickeners. (2) Greases for which preferred procurement applies are: (i) Food grade greases. Lubricants that are designed for use on food-processing equipment as... parts and equipment in locations in which there is exposure of the lubricated part to food. (ii...

7 CFR 2902.31 - Greases.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... using soaps, polymers or other solids, or other thickeners. (2) Greases for which preferred procurement applies are: (i) Food grade greases. Lubricants that are designed for use on food-processing equipment as... parts and equipment in locations in which there is exposure of the lubricated part to food. (ii...

Method of making nanostructured glass-ceramic waste forms

DOEpatents

Gao, Huizhen; Wang, Yifeng; Rodriguez, Mark A.; Bencoe, Denise N.

2012-12-18

A method of rendering hazardous materials less dangerous comprising trapping the hazardous material in nanopores of a nanoporous composite material, reacting the trapped hazardous material to render it less volatile/soluble, sealing the trapped hazardous material, and vitrifying the nanoporous material containing the less volatile/soluble hazardous material.

40 CFR 467.16 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 20.37 20.37 Subpart A Cleaning or Etching Bath....124 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 1.79 1.79 Subpart A Cleaning or Etching Rinse... Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 13.91 13.91 Subpart A Cleaning or Etching Scrubber...

40 CFR 467.55 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 1.41 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 110 53 Subpart E Cleaning or Etching Bath....124 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 9.3 4.7 Subpart E Cleaning or Etching Rinse... Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 73 36 Subpart E Cleaning or Etching Scrubber Liquor...

40 CFR 467.16 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 20.37 20.37 Subpart A Cleaning or Etching Bath....124 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 1.79 1.79 Subpart A Cleaning or Etching Rinse... Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 13.91 13.91 Subpart A Cleaning or Etching Scrubber...

40 CFR 467.16 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 20.37 20.37 Subpart A Cleaning or Etching Bath....124 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 1.79 1.79 Subpart A Cleaning or Etching Rinse... Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 13.91 13.91 Subpart A Cleaning or Etching Scrubber...

40 CFR 467.55 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 1.41 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 110 53 Subpart E Cleaning or Etching Bath....124 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 9.3 4.7 Subpart E Cleaning or Etching Rinse... Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 73 36 Subpart E Cleaning or Etching Scrubber Liquor...

40 CFR 467.55 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 1.41 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 110 53 Subpart E Cleaning or Etching Bath....124 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 9.3 4.7 Subpart E Cleaning or Etching Rinse... Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 73 36 Subpart E Cleaning or Etching Scrubber Liquor...

Effect of polysoap on physical and tribology properties of soybean oil-based grease

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The overall objective of this work was to evaluate the evolution of soybean oil based grease containing polysoaps made from polymeric epoxdized soybean oil. With this aim, lubricating greases were prepared from a mixed soap comprising lithium soap and triethanol ammonium polysoap synthesized from so...

7 CFR 32.400 - Samples of grease mohair grades; method of obtaining.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... standard deviation of fiber diameter of bulk sample were within the limits corresponding to the grade of... SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing Practices), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COMMODITY STANDARDS AND STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS PURCHASE OF GREASE MOHAIR AND MOHAIR TOP SAMPLES § 32.400 Samples of grease...

13. Greasing Pump and Governor Accumulator Tank Compressors, view to ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

13. Greasing Pump and Governor Accumulator Tank Compressors, view to the west. The greasing pump, visible in left foreground, services all four turbine pits. - Washington Water Power Clark Fork River Cabinet Gorge Hydroelectric Development, Powerhouse, North Bank of Clark Fork River at Cabinet Gorge, Cabinet, Bonner County, ID

Probe and Sensors Development for Level Measurement of Fats, Oils and Grease in Grease Boxes

PubMed Central

Faria, José; Sousa, André; Reis, Arsénio; Filipe, Vitor; Barroso, João

2016-01-01

The wide spread of food outlets has become an environmental and sanitation infrastructure problem, due to Fats, Oils and Grease (FOG). A grease box is used at the industrials facilities to collect the FOG, in a specific time window, while its quality is good for recycling (e.g., biodiesel) and it is economically valuable. After this period, it will be disposed at a cost. For the proper management of the grease boxes, it is necessary to know the quantity of FOG inside the boxes, which is a major problem, as the boxes are sealed and permanently filled with water. The lack of homogeneity of the FOG renders it not detectable by current probes for level detection in liquids. In this article, the design, development and testing of a set of probes for FOG level measurement, based on the principles used in sensors for the detection of liquids inside containers, is described. The most suitable probe, based on the capacitance principle, together with the necessary hardware and software modules for data acquisition and transmission, was developed and tested. After the development phase, the probe was integrated on a metropolitan system for FOG collection and grease box management in partnership with a grease box management company. PMID:27649204

Probe and Sensors Development for Level Measurement of Fats, Oils and Grease in Grease Boxes.

PubMed

Faria, José; Sousa, André; Reis, Arsénio; Filipe, Vitor; Barroso, João

2016-09-16

The wide spread of food outlets has become an environmental and sanitation infrastructure problem, due to Fats, Oils and Grease (FOG). A grease box is used at the industrials facilities to collect the FOG, in a specific time window, while its quality is good for recycling (e.g., biodiesel) and it is economically valuable. After this period, it will be disposed at a cost. For the proper management of the grease boxes, it is necessary to know the quantity of FOG inside the boxes, which is a major problem, as the boxes are sealed and permanently filled with water. The lack of homogeneity of the FOG renders it not detectable by current probes for level detection in liquids. In this article, the design, development and testing of a set of probes for FOG level measurement, based on the principles used in sensors for the detection of liquids inside containers, is described. The most suitable probe, based on the capacitance principle, together with the necessary hardware and software modules for data acquisition and transmission, was developed and tested. After the development phase, the probe was integrated on a metropolitan system for FOG collection and grease box management in partnership with a grease box management company.

Electrical process in the breaking of dilute oil-in-water emulsions. Completion report, 1 July 1973-30 June 1974

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Orr, C. Jr.; Keng, E.Y.H.

1974-06-01

Oils, greases, and waxes frequently occur in industrial waste waters. Simultaneously, soaps and detergents enter most waste waters from domestic and other sources. When the mixtures of waste particles in water, known as emulsions, come in contact with the soaps and detergents, they generally become quite stable. One way to break such emulsions and thereby separate out the wastes is to add chemicals that will cause the oil droplet to agglomerate into larger drops. This study sought to assess the usefulness of electrical measurements, particularly the so-called zeta potential, in guiding the treatment process to chemicals and application rates thatmore » can break measured emulsions. When the zeta potential, which for a highly stable emulsion may be as negative as -0.090 volt, is made to approach -0.015 volt, the stability of the emulsion deteriorates rapidly. Past this poin oil-in-water emulsions often break spontaneously. The larger drops will then rise to the water surface and form a distinct oil layer that can be easily removed. Laboratory applications of various chemicals to emulsion samples and subsequent zeta potential measurement should thus provide a ready guide to those trying to remove oily waste water discharge.« less

40 CFR 467.46 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....021 TTO 0.035 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 0.50 0.50 Subpart D Forging Scrubber... 0.065 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 0.95 0.95 Subpart D Solution Heat Treatment... 0.86 TTO 1.41 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 20.37 20.37 Subpart D Cleaning or...

40 CFR 467.46 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....021 TTO 0.035 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 0.50 0.50 Subpart D Forging Scrubber... 0.065 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 0.95 0.95 Subpart D Solution Heat Treatment... 0.86 TTO 1.41 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 20.37 20.37 Subpart D Cleaning or...

40 CFR 467.46 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....021 TTO 0.035 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 0.50 0.50 Subpart D Forging Scrubber... 0.065 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 0.95 0.95 Subpart D Solution Heat Treatment... 0.86 TTO 1.41 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 20.37 20.37 Subpart D Cleaning or...

Visualization of Epicuticular Grease on the Covering Wings in the Colorado Potato Beetle: A Scanning Probe Approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Voigt, D.; Peisker, H.; Gorb, S.

Insects and spiders are supposed to release a greasy layer on their body surface, which may be involved in chemical and physical interactions between the organisms and their environment. In mating events, males frequently adhere to the female's dorsal body site by means of their feet, whereas grease should play an important role at the feet-attachment substrate interface. The properties and thickness of epicuticular grease have been diversely reported, but no definite visualizations and measurements have been previously carried out. Using the Colorado Potato beetle as a model species, we visualized the epicuticular grease on covering wings and characterized its adhesive properties. In this study, three different AFM modes (contact, tapping, and phase contrast) were applied. Obtained data were compared with the results of the Cryo-SEM. The grease layer thickness is about 8 nm on elevated sites of the epicuticle. A strong adhesion on the beetle epicuticle due to the presence of the grease layer was measured. The influence of a semi-fluid greasy layer on male adhesion to female's wings during copulation is discussed.

Comparison of Environmentally Friendly Space Compatible Grease to its Predecessor in a Space Mechanism Bearing Test Rig

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jett, T. R.; Baker, M. A.; Thom, R. L.

1997-01-01

Perfluoroakylpolyether (PFPE) greases are used extensively in critical flight hardware in a space environment. In the past, these greases have been processed using chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) based solvents. In response to the recent ban of CFC's, new formulations of environmentally friendly PFPE greases that are not processed with CFC based solvents were developed. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of a new environmentally friendly formulation PFPE grease to a previously proven space compatible formulation PFPE grease. A one year test using 20 small electrical motors (two bearings per motor) was conducted in a high vacuum environment(2.0 x 10(exp 4)) Torr at a temperature of 90 C. Twenty bearings were lubricated with a new environmentally friendly formulation, and twenty bearings were lubricated with an old formulation. The mass of each lubricated bearing was measured both pre and post test. Along with mass loss measurements a profilometer trace was taken to measure post test wear of the bearings. In addition the bearings were visually examined and analyzed using an optical microscope.

An Electrochemical Processing Strategy for Improving Tribological Performance of Aisi 316 Stainless Steel Under Grease Lubrication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zou, Jiaojuan; Li, Maolin; Lin, Naiming; Zhang, Xiangyu; Qin, Lin; Tang, Bin

2014-12-01

In order to improve the tribological performance of AISI 316 stainless steel (316 SS) under grease lubrication, electrochemical processing was conducted on it to obtain a rough (surface texturing-like) surface by making use of the high sensitivity of austenitic stainless steel to pitting corrosion in Cl--rich environment. Numerous corrosion pits or micro-ditches acted as micro-reservoirs on the obtained surface. While the grease could offer consistent lubrication, and then improve the tribological performance of 316 SS. Tribological behaviors of raw 316 SS and the treated sample were measured using a reciprocating type tribometer sliding against GCr15 steel counterpart under dry and grease lubrication conditions. The results showed that the mass losses of the two samples were in the same order of magnitude, and the raw sample exhibited lower friction coefficient in dry sliding. When the tests were conducted under grease lubrication condition, the friction coefficients and mass losses of the treated sample were far lower than those of the raw 316 SS. The tribological performance of 316 SS under grease lubrication was drastically improved after electrochemical processing.

40 CFR 464.36 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 0.0257 0.00838 Oil and Grease (for alternate monitoring) 1.43 0.476 (2) Applicable to plants that... Oil and Grease (for alternate monitoring) 1.43 0.476 (c) Dust Collection Scrubber Operations. (1... TTO 2.04 0.664 Oil and Grease (for alternate monitoring) 22.5 7.51 (2) Applicable to plants that are...

40 CFR 464.36 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 0.0257 0.00838 Oil and Grease (for alternate monitoring) 1.43 0.476 (2) Applicable to plants that... Oil and Grease (for alternate monitoring) 1.43 0.476 (c) Dust Collection Scrubber Operations. (1... TTO 2.04 0.664 Oil and Grease (for alternate monitoring) 22.5 7.51 (2) Applicable to plants that are...

40 CFR 464.16 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....0308 0.01 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 0.259 0.0864 (d) Dust Collection Scrubber...) 0.343 0.129 Total Phenols 0.258 0.09 TTO 0.613 0.2 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 9.01 3...) 12.6 4.74 TTO 18.1 5.91 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 330 110 (g) Melting Furnace...

40 CFR 464.16 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....0308 0.01 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 0.259 0.0864 (d) Dust Collection Scrubber...) 0.343 0.129 Total Phenols 0.258 0.09 TTO 0.613 0.2 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 9.01 3...) 12.6 4.74 TTO 18.1 5.91 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 330 110 (g) Melting Furnace...

40 CFR 464.16 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....0308 0.01 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 0.259 0.0864 (d) Dust Collection Scrubber...) 0.343 0.129 Total Phenols 0.258 0.09 TTO 0.613 0.2 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 9.01 3...) 12.6 4.74 TTO 18.1 5.91 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 330 110 (g) Melting Furnace...

40 CFR 467.15 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... TTO 0.057 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 4.3 2.1 Subpart A Core Without an Annealing... Zinc 0.081 0.034 TTO 0.038 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 2.9 1.5 Subpart A Continuous... Zinc 0.0029 0.0012 TTO 0.0014 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 0.10 0.052 Subpart A...

40 CFR 467.56 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Zinc 0.051 0.021 TTO 0.035 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 0.50 0.50 Subpart E... 0.0002 Zinc 0.0020 0.0008 TTO 0.0014 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 0.020 0.020....072 0.029 Cyanide 0.039 0.016 Zinc 0.198 0.134 TTO 0.082 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring...

40 CFR 464.16 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....0308 0.01 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 0.259 0.0864 (d) Dust Collection Scrubber...) 0.343 0.129 Total Phenols 0.258 0.09 TTO 0.613 0.2 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 9.01 3...) 12.6 4.74 TTO 18.1 5.91 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 330 110 (g) Melting Furnace...

40 CFR 467.15 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... TTO 0.057 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 4.3 2.1 Subpart A Core Without an Annealing... Zinc 0.081 0.034 TTO 0.038 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 2.9 1.5 Subpart A Continuous... Zinc 0.0029 0.0012 TTO 0.0014 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 0.10 0.052 Subpart A...

40 CFR 467.15 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... TTO 0.057 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 4.3 2.1 Subpart A Core Without an Annealing... Zinc 0.081 0.034 TTO 0.038 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 2.9 1.5 Subpart A Continuous... Zinc 0.0029 0.0012 TTO 0.0014 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 0.10 0.052 Subpart A...

Experimental analysis of the bearing greases lifetime

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Albagachiev, A. U.; Smirnov, N. I.; Prozhega, M. V.; Smirnov, N. N.

2018-04-01

The purpose of the presented work is to increase the lifetime of space mechanisms bearings. The authors reviewed the studies of the bearings and linear mechanisms operating in air and in vacuum. A testing equipment is developed to assess the lubricity and lifetime of greases in the air. Criteria for the evaluation of relative lifetime are defined. Four types of space greases are tested.

Electrochemical corrosion studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Knockemus, W. W.

1986-01-01

The objective was to gain familiarity with the Model 350 Corrosion Measurement Console, to determine if metal protection by grease coatings can be measured by the polarization-resistance method, and to compare corrosion rates of 4130 steel coated with various greases. Results show that grease protection of steel may be determined electrochemically. Studies were also conducted to determine the effectiveness of certain corrosion inhibitors on aluminum and steel.

Anaerobic co-digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste with FOG waste from a sewage treatment plant: Recovering a wasted methane potential and enhancing the biogas yield

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martin-Gonzalez, L., E-mail: lucia.martin@uab.ca; Colturato, L.F.; Font, X.

2010-10-15

Anaerobic digestion is applied widely to treat the source collected organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (SC-OFMSW). Lipid-rich wastes are a valuable substrate for anaerobic digestion due to their high theoretical methane potential. Nevertheless, although fat, oil and grease waste from sewage treatment plants (STP-FOGW) are commonly disposed of in landfill, European legislation is aimed at encouraging more effective forms of treatment. Co-digestion of the above wastes may enhance valorisation of STP-FOGW and lead to a higher biogas yield throughout the anaerobic digestion process. In the present study, STP-FOGW was evaluated as a co-substrate in wet anaerobic digestion of SC-OFMSWmore » under mesophilic conditions (37 {sup o}C). Batch experiments carried out at different co-digestion ratios showed an improvement in methane production related to STP-FOGW addition. A 1:7 (VS/VS) STP-FOGW:SC-OFMSW feed ratio was selected for use in performing further lab-scale studies in a 5 L continuous reactor. Biogas yield increased from 0.38 {+-} 0.02 L g VS{sub feed}{sup -1} to 0.55 {+-} 0.05 L g VS{sub feed}{sup -1} as a result of adding STP-FOGW to reactor feed. Both VS reduction values and biogas methane content were maintained and inhibition produced by long chain fatty acid (LCFA) accumulation was not observed. Recovery of a currently wasted methane potential from STP-FOGW was achieved in a co-digestion process with SC-OFMSW.« less

Anaerobic co-digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste with FOG waste from a sewage treatment plant: recovering a wasted methane potential and enhancing the biogas yield.

PubMed

Martín-González, L; Colturato, L F; Font, X; Vicent, T

2010-10-01

Anaerobic digestion is applied widely to treat the source collected organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (SC-OFMSW). Lipid-rich wastes are a valuable substrate for anaerobic digestion due to their high theoretical methane potential. Nevertheless, although fat, oil and grease waste from sewage treatment plants (STP-FOGW) are commonly disposed of in landfill, European legislation is aimed at encouraging more effective forms of treatment. Co-digestion of the above wastes may enhance valorisation of STP-FOGW and lead to a higher biogas yield throughout the anaerobic digestion process. In the present study, STP-FOGW was evaluated as a co-substrate in wet anaerobic digestion of SC-OFMSW under mesophilic conditions (37 degrees C). Batch experiments carried out at different co-digestion ratios showed an improvement in methane production related to STP-FOGW addition. A 1:7 (VS/VS) STP-FOGW:SC-OFMSW feed ratio was selected for use in performing further lab-scale studies in a 5L continuous reactor. Biogas yield increased from 0.38+/-0.02 L g VS(feed)(-1) to 0.55+/-0.05 L g VS(feed)(-1) as a result of adding STP-FOGW to reactor feed. Both VS reduction values and biogas methane content were maintained and inhibition produced by long chain fatty acid (LCFA) accumulation was not observed. Recovery of a currently wasted methane potential from STP-FOGW was achieved in a co-digestion process with SC-OFMSW. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 467.45 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 0.009 Cyanide 0.015 0.006 Zinc 0.073 0.031 TTO 0.035 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter... 0.028 0.011 Zinc 0.14 0.058 TTO 0.065 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 4.9 2.5....897 0.37 Cyanide 0.591 0.25 Zinc 2.98 1.24 TTO 1.41 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter...

40 CFR 464.15 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....0095 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 0.363 0.121 (c) Die Casting Operations. PSES Pollutant... Total phenols 0.0074 0.0026 TTO 0.0308 0.01 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 0.259 0.0864 (d...) 8.48 4.63 Lead (T) 8.7 4.3 Zinc (T) 12.6 4.74 TTO 18.1 5.91 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring...

40 CFR 467.56 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....008 Cyanide 0.010 0.004 Zinc 0.051 0.021 TTO 0.035 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 0....0007 0.0003 Cyanide 0.0004 0.0002 Zinc 0.0020 0.0008 TTO 0.0014 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring... etched Chromium 0.52 0.21 Cyanide 0.28 0.11 Zinc 1.42 0.59 TTO 0.96 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring...

40 CFR 464.46 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (T) 0.0339 0.0129 TTO 0.093 0.0304 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 1.34 0.446 (b) Die....29 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 60.8 20.3 (d) Mold Cooling Operations. PSNS Pollutant or....0022 Zinc (T) 0.0066 0.0025 Total phenols 0.0074 0.0026 TTO 0.0196 0.0064 Oil and grease (for alternate...

40 CFR 464.26 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....0104 Zinc (T) 0.0303 0.0116 TTO 0.0335 0.0109 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 1.2 0.399 (b... TTO 1.65 0.54 Oil and Grease (for alternate monitoring 21.5 7.18 (d) Grinding Scrubber Operations. No... TTO 5.41 1.77 Oil and Grease (for alternate monitoring 70.6 23.5 (g) Mold Cooling Operations. PSNS...

40 CFR 467.45 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 0.009 Cyanide 0.015 0.006 Zinc 0.073 0.031 TTO 0.035 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter... 0.028 0.011 Zinc 0.14 0.058 TTO 0.065 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 4.9 2.5....897 0.37 Cyanide 0.591 0.25 Zinc 2.98 1.24 TTO 1.41 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter...

40 CFR 464.46 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (T) 0.0339 0.0129 TTO 0.093 0.0304 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 1.34 0.446 (b) Die....29 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 60.8 20.3 (d) Mold Cooling Operations. PSNS Pollutant or....0022 Zinc (T) 0.0066 0.0025 Total phenols 0.0074 0.0026 TTO 0.0196 0.0064 Oil and grease (for alternate...

40 CFR 467.45 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 0.009 Cyanide 0.015 0.006 Zinc 0.073 0.031 TTO 0.035 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter... 0.028 0.011 Zinc 0.14 0.058 TTO 0.065 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 4.9 2.5....897 0.37 Cyanide 0.591 0.25 Zinc 2.98 1.24 TTO 1.41 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter...

40 CFR 467.56 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....008 Cyanide 0.010 0.004 Zinc 0.051 0.021 TTO 0.035 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 0....0007 0.0003 Cyanide 0.0004 0.0002 Zinc 0.0020 0.0008 TTO 0.0014 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring... etched Chromium 0.52 0.21 Cyanide 0.28 0.11 Zinc 1.42 0.59 TTO 0.96 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring...

40 CFR 464.46 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (T) 0.0339 0.0129 TTO 0.093 0.0304 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 1.34 0.446 (b) Die....29 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 60.8 20.3 (d) Mold Cooling Operations. PSNS Pollutant or....0022 Zinc (T) 0.0066 0.0025 Total phenols 0.0074 0.0026 TTO 0.0196 0.0064 Oil and grease (for alternate...

40 CFR 467.45 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....015 0.006 Zinc 0.073 0.031 TTO 0.035 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 2.6 1.3 Subpart D....14 0.058 TTO 0.065 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 4.9 2.5 Subpart D Solution Heat... Zinc 2.98 1.24 TTO 1.41 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 110 53 Subpart D Cleaning or...

40 CFR 464.26 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....0104 Zinc (T) 0.0303 0.0116 TTO 0.0335 0.0109 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 1.2 0.399 (b... TTO 1.65 0.54 Oil and Grease (for alternate monitoring 21.5 7.18 (d) Grinding Scrubber Operations. No... TTO 5.41 1.77 Oil and Grease (for alternate monitoring 70.6 23.5 (g) Mold Cooling Operations. PSNS...

40 CFR 467.56 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....008 Cyanide 0.010 0.004 Zinc 0.051 0.021 TTO 0.035 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 0....0007 0.0003 Cyanide 0.0004 0.0002 Zinc 0.0020 0.0008 TTO 0.0014 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring... etched Chromium 0.52 0.21 Cyanide 0.28 0.11 Zinc 1.42 0.59 TTO 0.96 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring...

Ozone Depleting Chemical (ODC) Replacement - Alternative Cleaning Solvents and Lubricants.

DTIC Science & Technology

1995-02-01

surface. This phenomenon helps to explain why some aqueous based cleaners (such as Daraclean®) can effectively remove fluorinated greases (such as...structurally similar to hydrocarbon oils, waxes, and greases it removes. In some fluorinated greases such as Krytox®, only solvents identically similar to...the contaminant (such as Tribolube®, a fluorinated solvent) effectively dissolves them. Hexane and methanol, being members of different chemical

Evaluation of imidacloprid-treated traps as an attract and kill system for filth flies during contingency operations.

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Field trials were conducted to evaluate if filth fly trap efficacy was increased by application of an insecticide to a trap’s exterior. Four Fly Terminator® Pro traps baited with Fly Terminator® attractant were suspended on PVC pipe framing at a Florida waste transfer site. Exterior surfaces of tw...

Validated Test Method 5030C: Purge-and-Trap for Aqueous Samples

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This method describes a purge-and-trap procedure for the analysis of volatile organic compoundsin aqueous samples & water miscible liquid samples. It also describes the analysis of high concentration soil and waste sample extracts prepared in Method 5035.

40 CFR 464.35 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....84 2.86 Zinc (T) 10.8 4.07 TTO 13.2 4.3 Oil and Grease (for alternate monitoring) 330 110 (2....0576 Zinc (T) 0.217 0.0827 TTO 0.0797 0.026 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 4.43 1.48 (h... Zinc (T) 0.178 0.0673 TTO 0.0257 0.00838 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 5.46 1.82 (2...

40 CFR 464.15 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 0.029 0.0095 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 0.363 0.121 (c) Die Casting Operations. PSES... Total phenols 0.0074 0.0026 TTO 0.0308 0.01 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 0.259 0.0864 (d...) 8.48 4.63 Lead (T) 8.7 4.3 Zinc (T) 12.6 4.74 TTO 18.1 5.91 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring...

40 CFR 464.15 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 0.029 0.0095 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 0.363 0.121 (c) Die Casting Operations. PSES... Total phenols 0.0074 0.0026 TTO 0.0308 0.01 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 0.259 0.0864 (d...) 8.48 4.63 Lead (T) 8.7 4.3 Zinc (T) 12.6 4.74 TTO 18.1 5.91 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring...

40 CFR 464.45 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Total phenols 1.74 0.608 TTO 3.95 1.29 Oil and grease for alternate monitoring) 60.8 20.3 (d) Mold... Zinc (T) 0.3 0.114 TTO 0.821 0.268 Oil and grease for alternate monitoring) 11.8 3.94 ....0187 Lead (T) 0.0237 0.0116 Zinc (T) 0.0339 0.0129 TTO 0.093 0.0304 Oil and grease (for alternate...

40 CFR 464.45 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Total phenols 1.74 0.608 TTO 3.95 1.29 Oil and grease for alternate monitoring) 60.8 20.3 (d) Mold... Zinc (T) 0.3 0.114 TTO 0.821 0.268 Oil and grease for alternate monitoring) 11.8 3.94 ....0187 Lead (T) 0.0237 0.0116 Zinc (T) 0.0339 0.0129 TTO 0.093 0.0304 Oil and grease (for alternate...

40 CFR 464.35 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....84 2.86 Zinc (T) 10.8 4.07 TTO 13.2 4.3 Oil and Grease (for alternate monitoring) 330 110 (2....0576 Zinc (T) 0.217 0.0827 TTO 0.0797 0.026 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 4.43 1.48 (h... Zinc (T) 0.178 0.0673 TTO 0.0257 0.00838 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 5.46 1.82 (2...

40 CFR 464.15 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 0.029 0.0095 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 0.363 0.121 (c) Die Casting Operations. PSES... Total phenols 0.0074 0.0026 TTO 0.0308 0.01 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring) 0.259 0.0864 (d...) 8.48 4.63 Lead (T) 8.7 4.3 Zinc (T) 12.6 4.74 TTO 18.1 5.91 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring...

40 CFR 464.45 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Total phenols 1.74 0.608 TTO 3.95 1.29 Oil and grease for alternate monitoring) 60.8 20.3 (d) Mold... Zinc (T) 0.3 0.114 TTO 0.821 0.268 Oil and grease for alternate monitoring) 11.8 3.94 ....0187 Lead (T) 0.0237 0.0116 Zinc (T) 0.0339 0.0129 TTO 0.093 0.0304 Oil and grease (for alternate...

Oil-free hyaluronic acid matrix for serial femtosecond crystallography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sugahara, Michihiro; Song, Changyong; Suzuki, Mamoru; Masuda, Tetsuya; Inoue, Shigeyuki; Nakane, Takanori; Yumoto, Fumiaki; Nango, Eriko; Tanaka, Rie; Tono, Kensuke; Joti, Yasumasa; Kameshima, Takashi; Hatsui, Takaki; Yabashi, Makina; Nureki, Osamu; Numata, Keiji; Iwata, So

2016-04-01

The grease matrix was originally introduced as a microcrystal-carrier for serial femtosecond crystallography and has been expanded to applications for various types of proteins, including membrane proteins. However, the grease-based matrix has limited application for oil-sensitive proteins. Here we introduce a grease-free, water-based hyaluronic acid matrix. Applications for proteinase K and lysozyme proteins were able to produce electron density maps at 2.3-Å resolution.

40 CFR 464.25 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....84 2.86 Zinc (T) 8.37 3.19 TTO 25.4 8.29 Oil and grease for alternate monitoring) 330 110 (f) Melting....214 Lead (T) 0.27 0.132 Zinc (T) 0.387 0.148 TTO 0.428 0.14 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring... Copper (T) 0.0307 0.0168 Lead (T) 0.0211 0.0104 Zinc (T) 0.0303 0.0116 TTO 0.0335 0.0109 Oil and grease...

40 CFR 464.25 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....84 2.86 Zinc (T) 8.37 3.19 TTO 25.4 8.29 Oil and grease for alternate monitoring) 330 110 (f) Melting....214 Lead (T) 0.27 0.132 Zinc (T) 0.387 0.148 TTO 0.428 0.14 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring... Copper (T) 0.0307 0.0168 Lead (T) 0.0211 0.0104 Zinc (T) 0.0303 0.0116 TTO 0.0335 0.0109 Oil and grease...

40 CFR 464.25 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....84 2.86 Zinc (T) 8.37 3.19 TTO 25.4 8.29 Oil and grease for alternate monitoring) 330 110 (f) Melting....214 Lead (T) 0.27 0.132 Zinc (T) 0.387 0.148 TTO 0.428 0.14 Oil and grease (for alternate monitoring... Copper (T) 0.0307 0.0168 Lead (T) 0.0211 0.0104 Zinc (T) 0.0303 0.0116 TTO 0.0335 0.0109 Oil and grease...

Bioaccumulation Potential of Contaminants from Bedded and Suspended Oakland Harbor Deepening Project Sediments to San Francisco Bay Flatfish and Bivalve Mollusks

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-08-01

Descriptive Statistics of Sediment Conventional Parameters and Statistical Comparisons of Oil and Grease and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Concentrations in...7000 Series, USEPA 1986, Bloom and Crecelius 1987). Oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons . BPNL. Oil and grease were determined accord- ing to...infrared spectrometer. Total petroleum hydrocarbons were determined according to Method 418.1 (USEPA 1983). Sediment samples were extracted with freon

Analysis of the Effect of Injection Pressure on Ignition Delay and Combustion Process of Biodiesel from Palm Oil, Algae and Waste Cooking Oil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Irham Anas, Mohd; Khalid, Amir; Hakim Zulkifli, Fathul; Jaat, Norrizam; Faisal Hushim, Mohd; Manshoor, Bukhari; Zaman, Izzuddin

2017-10-01

Biodiesel is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease for use in diesel engines. The objective of this research is investigation the effects of the variant injection pressure on ignition delay and emission for different biodiesel using rapid compression machine. Rapid Compression Machine (RCM) is used to simulate a single compression stroke of an internal combustion engine as a real engine. Four types of biodiesel which are waste cooking oil, crude palm oil, algae and jatropha were tested at injection pressure of 80 MPa, 90 MPa and 130 MPa under constant ambient temperature at 950 K. Increased in injection pressure resulted shorter ignition delay proven by WCO5 which decreased from 1.3 ms at 80 MPa to 0.7 ms at 130 MPa. Meanwhile, emission for CO2 increased due to better fuel atomization for fuel-air mixture formation lead to completed combustion.

Limitation of tritium outgassing from tritiated solid waste drums

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liger, K.; Trabuc, P.; Lefebvre, X.

2015-03-15

In the framework of the development of fusion thermonuclear reactors, tritiated solid waste is foreseen and will have to be managed. The management of tritiated waste implies limitations in terms of activity and tritium degassing. The degassing tritium can be under the form of tritiated hydrogen, tritiated water and, in some specific cases, negligible amount of tritiated volatile organic compound. Hence, considering the major forms of degassing tritium, CEA has developed a mixed-compound dedicated to tritium trapping in drums. Based on several experiments, the foreseen mixed compound is composed of MnO{sub 2}, Ag{sub 2}O, Pt and molecular sieve, the threemore » first species having the ability to convert tritiated hydrogen into tritiated water and the last one acting as a trap for tritiated water. To assess the performance of the trapping mixture, experimental tests were performed at room temperature on tritiated dust composed of beryllium and carbon. It was shown that the metallic oxides mixture used for tritiated hydrogen conversion is efficient and that tritiated water adsorption was limited due to an inefficient regeneration of the molecular sieve prior to its use. Apart from this point, the tritium release from waste was reduced by a factor of 5.5, which can be improved up to 87 if the adsorption step is efficient.« less

Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 4): Newsom Brothers/Old Reichhold, Columbia, MS. (First remedial action), September 1989. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1989-09-18

The 81-acre Newsom Brothers/Old Reichhold site is in Marion County, Columbia, Mississippi. Site activities included producing tall oils, turpentine, calcium and zinc resinates, and polymerized and rubber resins. Furthermore, PCP was apparently mixed with diesel oil and sold, and xylenes were used in a number of processes. A State investigation in 1976 revealed that waste water containing phenols, oil, and grease was discharging to a small creek. Further investigations resulted in EPA performing an immediate removal action in 1984, which included the removal of over 600 surface drums from the site and excavating and draining two ponds, one of whichmore » was subsequently filled with clean fill. Onsite buried drum areas were the target of another EPA removal action conducted in 1987-88. In addition there is an extensive system of concrete drains that served to collect and drain spilled wastes and rain water that has an area of runoff of approximately 300,000 square feet. The primary contaminants of concern in the soil, sediment, and bulked wastes are organics including PAHs, PCBs, and PCP, and metals.« less

[Determination of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol in grease food by solid phase extraction-derivatization-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry].

PubMed

Xiang, Xiaoling; Wang, Liyuan; Shen, Xianghong; Li, Chunsong; Shen, Jianfu; Wu, Pinggu

2017-09-01

To establish the method of determination of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol( 3-MCPD) in grease food by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry( GC-MS). 3-MCPD in grease food represented by bean paste was extracted by ultrasound,purified by alkaline earth solid phase extraction column,derivatived using phenylboronic acid( PBA) and detected by GC-MS. The linearity of 3-MCPD ranged from 1-100 ng/mL,with correlation coefficient at 0. 9993.The limits of quantitation( LOQ) in soy sauce,bean paste,pepper oil were 0. 6,0. 5 and7. 0 μg/kg and limits of detection( LOD) were 1. 9,1. 6 and 18. 8 μg/kg,respectively.Average recovery rate and relative standard deviation was 78. 3%-106. 7% and 1. 9%-11. 6%( n = 6), when 3-MCPD was added in grease food at 2. 5-1000 μg/kg. The method has good purification effect and the detection sensitivity and accuracy,and can be used for the determination of 3-MCPD in grease food.

Direct observation of lubricant additives using tomography techniques

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, Yunyun; Sanchez, Carlos; Parkinson, Dilworth Y.

Lubricants play important roles in daily activities such as driving, walking, and cooking. The current understanding of mechanisms of lubrication, particularly in mechanical systems, has been limited by the lack of capability in direct observation. Here, we report an in situ approach to directly observe the motion of additive particles in grease under the influence of shear. Using the K-edge tomography technique, it is possible to detect particular additives in a grease and observe their distribution through 3D visualization. A commercial grease as a reference was studied with and without an inorganic additive of Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} microparticles. The resultsmore » showed that it was possible to identify these particles and track their movement. Under a shear stress, Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} particles were found to adhere to the edge of calcium complex thickeners commonly used in grease. Due to sliding, the grease formed a film with increased density. This approach enables in-line monitoring of a lubricant and future investigation in mechanisms of lubrication.« less

40 CFR 464.12 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... limitations for copper, lead, zinc, total phenols, oil and grease, and TSS. For non-continuous dischargers... metal poured Copper (T) 0.0771 0.0421 Lead (T) 0.0791 0.039 Zinc (T) 0.114 0.0431 Oil & grease 3.0 1.0... 0.022 Zinc (T) 1.14 0.43 0.027 Oil & grease 30 10 0.501 TSS 38 15 1.0 pH (3) (3) (3) 1 kg/1,000 kkg...

40 CFR 464.12 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... limitations for copper, lead, zinc, total phenols, oil and grease, and TSS. For non-continuous dischargers... metal poured Copper (T) 0.0771 0.0421 Lead (T) 0.0791 0.039 Zinc (T) 0.114 0.0431 Oil & grease 3.0 1.0... 0.022 Zinc (T) 1.14 0.43 0.027 Oil & grease 30 10 0.501 TSS 38 15 1.0 pH (3) (3) (3) 1 kg/1,000 kkg...

Use of waste cellophane in the control of sediment : Final report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-01-01

Based on laboratory flume tests, it was concluded that waste cellophane could be used effectively for trapping and filtering waterborne sediment. It was also priced competitively and, like straw and burlap, it was found to be biodegradable in a soil ...

29 CFR 1910.26 - Portable metal ladders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... of ladder equipment must be employed by the users. The following rules and regulations are essential... to oil and grease, equipment should be cleaned of oil, grease, or slippery materials. This can easily...

29 CFR 1910.26 - Portable metal ladders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... of ladder equipment must be employed by the users. The following rules and regulations are essential... to oil and grease, equipment should be cleaned of oil, grease, or slippery materials. This can easily...

29 CFR 1910.26 - Portable metal ladders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... of ladder equipment must be employed by the users. The following rules and regulations are essential... to oil and grease, equipment should be cleaned of oil, grease, or slippery materials. This can easily...

7 CFR 2902.24 - Graffiti and grease removers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... remove automotive, industrial, or kitchen soils and oils, including grease, paint, and other coatings... in the product as a percent of the weight (mass) of the total organic carbon in the finished product...

7 CFR 2902.24 - Graffiti and grease removers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... remove automotive, industrial, or kitchen soils and oils, including grease, paint, and other coatings... in the product as a percent of the weight (mass) of the total organic carbon in the finished product...

Rust-Inhibited Nonreactive Perfluorinated Polymer Greases

DTIC Science & Technology

Perfluoroalkylpolyether fluids thickened with polytetrafluoroethylene were studied in connection with the development of rust-inhibited chemically...dimethyloctadecylbenzyl ammonium bentonite + sodium nitrate imparts very effective rust-preventive properties to perfluoro polymer grease mixtures. Data are

Investigation on the Influence of Bio-catalytic Enzyme Produced from Fruit and Vegetable Waste on Palm Oil Mill Effluent

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rasit, Nazaitulshila; Chee Kuan, Ooi

2018-04-01

Pre-consumer waste from supermarkets, such as vegetables and fruits dreg are always discarded as solid waste and disposed to landfill. Implementing waste recovery method as a form of waste management strategy will reduce the amount of waste disposed. One of the ways to achieve this goal is through fermentation of the pre-consumer supermarket waste to produce a solution known as garbage enzyme. This study has been conducted to produce and characterize biocatalytic garbage enzyme and to evaluate its influence on palm oil mill effluent as a pre-treatment process before further biological process takes place. Garbage enzyme was produced by three-month long fermentation of a mixture of molasses, pre-consumer supermarket residues, and water in the ratio of 1:3:10. Subsequently, the characterization of enzyme was conducted based on pH, total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and enzyme activities. The influence of produced enzyme was evaluated on oil & grease (O&G), TSS and COD of palm oil mill effluent (POME). Different levels of dilution of garbage enzyme to POME samples (5%, 10%, 15%) were explored as pre-treatment (duration of six days) and the results showed that the garbage enzyme contained bio-catalytic enzyme such as amylase, protease, and lipase. The pre-treatment showed removal of 90% of O&G in 15% dilution of garbage enzyme. Meanwhile, reduction of TSS and COD in dilution of 10% garbage enzyme were measured at 50% and 25% respectively. The findings of this study are important to analyse the effectiveness of pre-treatment for further improvement of anaerobic treatment process of POME, especially during hydrolysis stage.

Brooks Grease Service, Inc.

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The EPA is providing notice of a proposed Administrative Penalty Assessment against Brooks Grease Service, Inc., for alleged violations at its vegetable oil collection and storage facility located at or near 218 East James St., Kansas City, KS 66118.

40 CFR 432.2 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... and grease. (4) O&G (as HEM) means total recoverable oil and grease measured as n-hexane extractable... measured by EPA Method 300.0 (incorporated by reference, see § 432.5). (1) Ammonia (as N) means ammonia...

40 CFR 432.2 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... and grease. (4) O&G (as HEM) means total recoverable oil and grease measured as n-hexane extractable... measured by EPA Method 300.0 (incorporated by reference, see § 432.5). (1) Ammonia (as N) means ammonia...

40 CFR 432.2 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... and grease. (4) O&G (as HEM) means total recoverable oil and grease measured as n-hexane extractable... measured by EPA Method 300.0 (incorporated by reference, see § 432.5). (1) Ammonia (as N) means ammonia...

40 CFR 432.2 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... and grease. (4) O&G (as HEM) means total recoverable oil and grease measured as n-hexane extractable... measured by EPA Method 300.0 (incorporated by reference, see § 432.5). (1) Ammonia (as N) means ammonia...

40 CFR 432.2 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... and grease. (4) O&G (as HEM) means total recoverable oil and grease measured as n-hexane extractable... measured by EPA Method 300.0 (incorporated by reference, see § 432.5). (1) Ammonia (as N) means ammonia...

7 CFR 3201.24 - Graffiti and grease removers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... formulated to remove automotive, industrial, or kitchen soils and oils, including grease, paint, and other... in the product as a percent of the weight (mass) of the total organic carbon in the finished product...

7 CFR 3201.24 - Graffiti and grease removers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... formulated to remove automotive, industrial, or kitchen soils and oils, including grease, paint, and other... in the product as a percent of the weight (mass) of the total organic carbon in the finished product...

7 CFR 3201.24 - Graffiti and grease removers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... formulated to remove automotive, industrial, or kitchen soils and oils, including grease, paint, and other... in the product as a percent of the weight (mass) of the total organic carbon in the finished product...

40 CFR 471.83 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Zinc 0.365 0.151 Oil and grease 3.58 3.58 TSS 5.37 4.30 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at....17 1.03 Cyanide 0.338 0.135 Zinc 1.73 0.710 Oil and grease 16.9 16.9 TSS 25.4 20.3 pH (1) (1) 1... Cyanide 0.0003 0.0001 Zinc 0.002 0.0006 Oil and grease 0.014 0.014 TSS 0.021 0.017 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the...

40 CFR 471.33 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Nickel 0.094 0.063 Fluoride 10.1 4.49 Oil and grease 1.70 1.70 TSS 2.55 2.04 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the....103 0.069 Fluoride 11.2 4.94 Oil and grease 1.87 1.87 TSS 2.81 2.25 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 7....122 Nickel 0.450 0.300 Fluoride 48.2 21.4 Oil and grease 8.1 8.1 TSS 12.2 9.72 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the...

40 CFR 471.41 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Copper 7.93 4.17 Cyanide 1.21 0.501 Silver 1.71 0.709 Oil and grease 83.4 50.1 TSS 171 81.3 pH (1) (1) 1... 1.68 Copper 21.3 11.2 Cyanide 3.25 1.35 Silver 4.59 1.91 Oil and grease 224 135 TSS 459 219 pH (1....74 Copper 22.1 11.6 Cyanide 3.37 1.39 Silver 4.76 1.97 Oil and grease 232 139 TSS 476 226 pH (1) (1...

40 CFR 471.83 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Zinc 0.365 0.151 Oil and grease 3.58 3.58 TSS 5.37 4.30 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at....17 1.03 Cyanide 0.338 0.135 Zinc 1.73 0.710 Oil and grease 16.9 16.9 TSS 25.4 20.3 pH (1) (1) 1... Cyanide 0.0003 0.0001 Zinc 0.002 0.0006 Oil and grease 0.014 0.014 TSS 0.021 0.017 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the...

40 CFR 471.33 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Nickel 0.094 0.063 Fluoride 10.1 4.49 Oil and grease 1.70 1.70 TSS 2.55 2.04 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the....103 0.069 Fluoride 11.2 4.94 Oil and grease 1.87 1.87 TSS 2.81 2.25 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 7....122 Nickel 0.450 0.300 Fluoride 48.2 21.4 Oil and grease 8.1 8.1 TSS 12.2 9.72 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the...

A new route to the stable capture and final immobilization of radioactive cesium.

PubMed

Yang, Jae Hwan; Han, Ahreum; Yoon, Joo Young; Park, Hwan-Seo; Cho, Yung-Zun

2017-10-05

Radioactive Cs released from damaged fuel materials in the event of nuclear accidents must be controlled to prevent the spreading of hazardous Cs into the environment. This study describes a simple and novel process to safely manage Cs gas by capturing it within ceramic filters and converting it into monolithic waste forms. The results of Cs trapping tests showed that CsAlSiO 4 was a reaction product of gas-solid reactions between Cs gas and our ceramic filters. Monolithic waste forms were readily prepared from the Cs-trapping filters by the addition of a glass frit followed by thermal treatment at 1000°C for 3h. Major findings revealed that the Cs-trapping filters could be added up to 50wt% to form durable monoliths. In 30-50wt% of waste fraction, CsAlSiO 4 was completely converted to pollucite (CsAlSi 2 O 6 ), which is a potential phase for radioactive Cs due to its excellent thermal and chemical stability. A static leaching test for 28 d confirmed the excellent chemical resistance of the pollucite structure, with a Cs leaching rate as low as 7.21×10 -5 gm -2 /d. This simple scheme of waste processing promises a new route for radioactive Cs immobilization by synthesizing pollucite-based monoliths. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

77 FR 36131 - Airworthiness Directives; Enstrom Helicopter Corporation Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-18

... ``Aeroshell 22 grease'' or ``VC-3 Vibra- tite thread locker,'' you may use an equivalent product. (2) For the... instructions specify using ``Aeroshell 22 grease'' or ``VC-3 Vibra- tite thread locker,'' you may use an...

Edible Oil Regulatory Reform Act [P.L. 104-55

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-01-04

An Act to require the head of any Federal agency to differentiate between fats, oils, and greases of animal, marine, or vegetable origin, and other oils and greases, in issuing certain regulations and for other purposes.

40 CFR 417.166 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... pollutant property Pretreatment standard BOD5 No limitation. COD Do. TSS Do. Surfactants Do. Oil and grease... No limitation. COD Do. TSS Do. Surfactants Do. Oil and grease Do. pH Do. [40 FR 27455, June 30, 1975...

40 CFR 417.166 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... pollutant property Pretreatment standard BOD5 No limitation. COD Do. TSS Do. Surfactants Do. Oil and grease... No limitation. COD Do. TSS Do. Surfactants Do. Oil and grease Do. pH Do. [40 FR 27455, June 30, 1975...

40 CFR 417.166 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... pollutant property Pretreatment standard BOD5 No limitation. COD Do. TSS Do. Surfactants Do. Oil and grease... No limitation. COD Do. TSS Do. Surfactants Do. Oil and grease Do. pH Do. [40 FR 27455, June 30, 1975...

40 CFR 417.166 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... pollutant property Pretreatment standard BOD5 No limitation. COD Do. TSS Do. Surfactants Do. Oil and grease... No limitation. COD Do. TSS Do. Surfactants Do. Oil and grease Do. pH Do. [40 FR 27455, June 30, 1975...

Colloid formation during waste form reaction: Implications for nuclear waste disposal

USGS Publications Warehouse

Bates, J. K.; Bradley, J.; Teetsov, A.; Bradley, C. R.; Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.

1992-01-01

Insoluble plutonium- and americium-bearing colloidal particles formed during simulated weathering of a high-level nuclear waste glass. Nearly 100 percent of the total plutonium and americium in test ground water was concentrated in these submicrometer particles. These results indicate that models of actinide mobility and repository integrity, which assume complete solubility of actinides in ground water, underestimate the potential for radionuclide release into the environment. A colloid-trapping mechanism may be necessary for a waste repository to meet long-term performance specifications.

Method of making nanostructured glass-ceramic waste forms

DOEpatents

Gao, Huizhen; Wang, Yifeng; Rodriguez, Mark A.; Bencoe, Denise N.

2014-07-08

A waste form for and a method of rendering hazardous materials less dangerous is disclosed that includes fixing the hazardous material in nanopores of a nanoporous material, reacting the trapped hazardous material to render it less volatile/soluble, and vitrifying the nanoporous material containing the less volatile/soluble hazardous material.

40 CFR 471.51 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Molybdenum 7.87 4.07 Oil and grease 23.8 14.3 TSS 48.8 23.2 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at... Fluoride 7,200 3,200 Molybdenum 800 414 Oil and grease 2,420 1,450 TSS 4,960 2,360 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the... Molybdenum 2.21 1.14 Oil and grease 6.68 4.01 TSS 13.7 6.51 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at...

40 CFR 471.51 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Molybdenum 7.87 4.07 Oil and grease 23.8 14.3 TSS 48.8 23.2 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at... Fluoride 7,200 3,200 Molybdenum 800 414 Oil and grease 2,420 1,450 TSS 4,960 2,360 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the... Molybdenum 2.21 1.14 Oil and grease 6.68 4.01 TSS 13.7 6.51 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at...

Researches on Tie Rod Ends Lubricated by Grease with TiO2 and ZrO2 Nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wozniak, Marek; Siczek, Krzysztof; Kubiak, Przemysław; Jozwiak, Piotr; Siczek, Krystian

2018-05-01

The nanoparticles of some materials can be used successfully to improve tribological properties through decreasing both wear and friction borne out of contact between the contact surfaces of elements in different devices, particularly vehicles. Nanoparticles of TiO2 and ZrO2 were chosen as additives to the lithium grease lubricating the contact surfaces in tie rod ends. The object of study was the steel ball – the component of the tie rod end – mating with the polymer insert and lubricated with the pure lithium grease or containing the addition of pure TiO2, pure ZrO2 nanoparticles, with a 1%wt. Studies on friction were carried out using the tester allowing cyclical rotational motion and different loading of contact. Wear was investigated by driving a car, whose tie rod ends were analysed, on a fixed ‘eight’-shape track and with a fixed velocity pattern. The aim of the study was to obtain the values and waveforms of friction moment and wear versus cycles, loading and composition of lubricating grease. The waveforms of friction coefficient were obtained using the FEM model of the analysed contact zone. Based on the obtained waveforms, recommendations for the composition of additives for lithium grease were made.

Hydrocarbon fuels from brown grease: Moving from the research laboratory toward an industrial process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pratt, Lawrence M.; Strothers, Joel; Pinnock, Travis; Hilaire, Dickens Saint; Bacolod, Beatrice; Cai, Zhuo Biao; Sim, Yoke-Leng

2017-04-01

Brown grease is a generic term for the oily solids and semi-solids that accumulate in the sewer system and in sewage treatment plants. It has previously been shown that brown grease undergoes pyrolysis to form a homologous series of alkanes and 1-alkenes between 7 and 17 carbon atoms, with smaller amounts of higher hydrocarbons and ketones up to about 30 carbon atoms. The initial study was performed in batch mode on a scale of up to 50 grams of starting material. However, continuous processes are usually more efficient for large scale production of fuels and commodity chemicals. This work describes the research and development of a continuous process. The first step was to determine the required reactor temperature. Brown grease consists largely of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and they react at different rates, and produce different products and intermediates. Intermediates include ketones, alcohols, and aldehydes, and Fe(III) ion catalyzes at least some of the reactions. By monitoring the pyrolysis of brown grease, its individual components, and intermediates, it was determined that a reactor temperature of at least 340 °C is required. A small scale (1 L) continuous stirred tank reactor was built and its performance is described.

INERTIAL CASCADE IMPACTOR SUBSTRATE MEDIA FOR FLUE GAS SAMPLING

EPA Science Inventory

The report summarizes Southern Research Institute's experience with greases and glass fiber filter material used as collection substrates in inertial cascade impactors. Available greases and glass fiber filter media have been tested to determine which are most suitable for flue g...

Sequencing biological acidification of waste-activated sludge aiming to optimize phosphorus dissolution and recovery.

PubMed

Guilayn, Felipe; Braak, Etienne; Piveteau, Simon; Daumer, Marie-Line

2017-06-01

Phosphorus (P) recovery in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) as pure crystals such as struvite (MgNH 4 PO 4 .6H 2 O), potassium struvite (KMgPO 4 .6H 2 O) and calcium phosphates (e.g. Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ) is an already feasible technique that permits the production of green and marketable fertilizers and the reduction of operational costs. Commercial crystallizers can recovery more than 90% of soluble P. However, most of the P in WWTP sludge is unavailable for the processes (not dissolved). P solubilization and separation are thus the limiting steps in P-crystallization. With an innovative two-step sequencing acidification strategy, the current study has aimed to improve biological P solubilization on waste-activated sludge (WAS) from a full-scale plant. In the first step (P-release), low charges of organic waste were used as co-substrates of WAS pre-fermentation, seeking to produce volatile fatty acids to feed the P-release by Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms, while keeping its optimal metabolic pH (6-7). In this phase, milk serum, WWTP grease, urban organic waste and collective restaurant waste were individually applied as co-substrates. In the second step (P-dissolution), pH 4 was aimed at as it allows the dissolution of the most common precipitated species of P. Biological acidification was performed by white sugar addition, as a carbohydrate-rich organic waste model, which was compared to chemical acidification by HCl (12M) addition. With short retention times (48-96 h) and without inoculum application, all experiences succeeded on P solubilization (37-55% of soluble P), principally when carbohydrate-rich co-substrates were applied. Concentrations from 270 to 450 mg [Formula: see text] were achieved. [Formula: see text].

Corrective action investigation plan for Corrective Action Unit Number 423: Building 03-60 Underground Discharge Point, Tonopah Test Range, Nevada

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1997-10-27

This Corrective Action Investigation Plan (CAIP) contains the environmental sample collection objectives and the criteria for conducting site investigation activities at Corrective Action Unit (CAU) Number 423, the Building 03-60 Underground Discharge Point (UDP), which is located in Area 3 at the Tonopah Test Range (TTR). The TTR, part of the Nellis Air Force Range, is approximately 225 kilometers (140 miles) northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada. CAU Number 423 is comprised of only one Corrective Action Site (CAS) which includes the Building 03-60 UDP and an associated discharge line extending from Building 03-60 to a point approximately 73 meters (240more » feet) northwest. The UDP was used between approximately 1965 and 1990 to dispose of waste fluids from the Building 03-60 automotive maintenance shop. It is likely that soils surrounding the UDP have been impacted by oil, grease, cleaning supplies and solvents as well as waste motor oil and other automotive fluids released from the UDP.« less

Automated carbon dioxide cleaning system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hoppe, David T.

1991-01-01

Solidified CO2 pellets are an effective blast media for the cleaning of a variety of materials. CO2 is obtained from the waste gas streams generated from other manufacturing processes and therefore does not contribute to the greenhouse effect, depletion of the ozone layer, or the environmental burden of hazardous waste disposal. The system is capable of removing as much as 90 percent of the contamination from a surface in one pass or to a high cleanliness level after multiple passes. Although the system is packaged and designed for manual hand held cleaning processes, the nozzle can easily be attached to the end effector of a robot for automated cleaning of predefined and known geometries. Specific tailoring of cleaning parameters are required to optimize the process for each individual geometry. Using optimum cleaning parameters the CO2 systems were shown to be capable of cleaning to molecular levels below 0.7 mg/sq ft. The systems were effective for removing a variety of contaminants such as lubricating oils, cutting oils, grease, alcohol residue, biological films, and silicone. The system was effective on steel, aluminum, and carbon phenolic substrates.

Regenerating using aqueous cleaners with ozone and electrolysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcginness, Michael P.

1994-01-01

A new process converts organic oil and grease contaminates in used water based cleaners into synthetic surfactants. This permits the continued use of a cleaning solution long after it would have been dumped using previously known methods. Since the organic soils are converted from contaminates to cleaning compounds the need for frequent bath dumps is totally eliminated. When cleaning solutions used in aqueous cleaning systems are exhausted and ready for disposal, they will always contain the contaminates removed from the cleaned parts and drag-in from prior cleaning steps. Even when the cleaner is biodegradable these contaminants will frequently cause the waste cleaning solution to be a hazardous waste. Chlorinated solvents are rapidly being replaced by aqueous cleaners to avoid the new ozone-depletion product-labeling-law. Many industry standard halocarbon based solvents are being completely phased out of production, and their prices have nearly tripled. Waste disposal costs and cradle-to-grave liability are also major concerns for industry today. This new process reduces the amount of water and chemicals needed to maintain the cleaning process. The cost of waste disposal is eliminated because the water and cleaning compounds are reused. Energy savings result by eliminating the need for energy currently used to produce and deliver fresh water and chemicals as well as the energy used to treat and destroy the waste from the existing cleaning processes. This process also allows the cleaning bath to be maintained at the peak performance of a new bath resulting in decreased cycle times and decreased energy consumption needed to clean the parts. This results in a more efficient and cost effective cleaning process.

The effect of enzymatic pre-hydrolysis of dairy wastewater on the granular and immobilized microbial community in anaerobic bioreactors.

PubMed

Cammarota, Magali C; Rosa, Daniela R; Duarte, Iolanda C S; Saavedra, Nora K; Varesche, Maria B A; Zaiat, Marcelo; Freire, Denise M G

2013-01-01

The effect of a lipase-rich enzyme preparation produced by the fungus Penicillium sp. on solid-state fermentation was evaluated in two anaerobic bioreactors (up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass (HAIB)) treating dairy wastewater with 1200 mg oil and grease/L. The oil and grease hydrolysis step was carried out with 0.1% (w/v) of the solid enzymatic preparation at 30 degrees C for 24 h. This resulted in a final concentration of free acids eight times higher than the initial value. The bioreactors operated at 30 degrees C with hydraulic retention times of 12 h (HAIB) and 20 h (UASB) for a period of 430 days, and had high chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies (around 90%) when fed with pre-hydrolyzed wastewater. There was, however, an increase in the effluent oil and grease concentration (from values as low as 17 mg/L to values above 150 mg/L in the UASB bioreactor, and from 38-242 mg/L in the HAIB bioreactor), and oil and grease accumulation in the biomass throughout the operational period (the oil and grease content reached 1.7 times that found in the inoculum of the UASB bioreactor). The HAIB bioreactor gave better results because the support for biomass immobilization acted as a filter, retaining oil and grease at the entry of the bioreactor. The molecular analysis of the Bacteria and Archaea domains revealed significant differences in the microbial profiles in experiments conducted with and without the pre-hydrolysis step. The differences observed in the overall parameters could be related to the microbial diversity of the anaerobic sludge.

An evaluation of grease type ball bearing lubricants operating in various environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcmurtrey, E. L.

1979-01-01

Grease type lubricants in bearings were evaluated in five different adverse environments for a one year period. Four repetitions of each test were made to provide statistical samples. These tests were then used to select four lubricants for five year tests in selected environments with five repetitions of each test for statistical samples. Three five year tests were started in (1) continuous operation; (2) start-stop operation, with both in vacuum at ambient temperatures; and (3) continuous operation at 93.3 C. To date, in the one year tests, the best results in all environments were obtained with a high viscosity index perfluoroalkylpolyether grease.

40 CFR 112.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... appropriate), ice conditions, temperatures, weather-related visibility, and currents within the area in which... the container. Animal fat means a non-petroleum oil, fat, or grease of animal, fish, or marine mammal...-based, including but not limited to: Fats, oils, and greases of animal, fish, or marine mammal origin...

Quantifying fat, oil, and grease deposit formation kinetics

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Fat, oil, and grease (FOG) deposits formed in sanitary sewers are calcium-based saponified solids that are responsible for a significant number of nationwide sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) across United States. In the current study, the kinetics of lab-based saponified solids were determined to un...

Corrective Action Investigation Plan for Corrective Action Unit 562: Waste Systems Nevada Test Site, Nevada, Revision 0

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Alfred Wickline

2009-04-01

Corrective Action Unit 562 is located in Areas 2, 23, and 25 of the Nevada Test Site, which is approximately 65 miles northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada. Corrective Action Unit 562 is comprised of the 13 corrective action sites (CASs) listed below: • 02-26-11, Lead Shot • 02-44-02, Paint Spills and French Drain • 02-59-01, Septic System • 02-60-01, Concrete Drain • 02-60-02, French Drain • 02-60-03, Steam Cleaning Drain • 02-60-04, French Drain • 02-60-05, French Drain • 02-60-06, French Drain • 02-60-07, French Drain • 23-60-01, Mud Trap Drain and Outfall • 23-99-06, Grease Trap • 25-60-04, Buildingmore » 3123 Outfalls These sites are being investigated because existing information on the nature and extent of potential contamination is insufficient to evaluate and recommend corrective action alternatives. Additional information will be obtained by conducting a corrective action investigation before evaluating corrective action alternatives and selecting the appropriate corrective action for each CAS. The results of the field investigation will support a defensible evaluation of viable corrective action alternatives that will be presented in the Corrective Action Decision Document. The sites will be investigated based on the data quality objectives (DQOs) developed on December 11, 2008, by representatives of the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection; U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Site Office; Stoller-Navarro Joint Venture; and National Security Technologies, LLC. The DQO process was used to identify and define the type, amount, and quality of data needed to develop and evaluate appropriate corrective actions for CAU 562. Appendix A provides a detailed discussion of the DQO methodology and the DQOs specific to each CAS. The scope of the corrective action investigation for CAU 562 includes the following activities: • Move surface debris and/or materials, as needed, to facilitate sampling. • Conduct radiological surveys. • Perform field screening. • Collect and submit environmental samples for laboratory analysis to determine the nature and extent of any contamination released by each CAS. • Collect samples of source material to determine the potential for a release. • Collect samples of potential remediation wastes. • Collect quality control samples. This Corrective Action Investigation Plan has been developed in accordance with the Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order that was agreed to by the State of Nevada; DOE, Environmental Management; U.S. Department of Defense; and DOE, Legacy Management (FFACO, 1996; as amended February 2008). Under the Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order, this Corrective Action Investigation Plan will be submitted to the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection for approval. Fieldwork will be conducted following approval of the plan.« less

Application of poultry processing industry waste: a strategy for vegetation growth in degraded soil.

PubMed

do Nascimento, Carla Danielle Vasconcelos; Pontes Filho, Roberto Albuquerque; Artur, Adriana Guirado; Costa, Mirian Cristina Gomes

2015-02-01

The disposal of poultry processing industry waste into the environment without proper care, can cause contamination. Agricultural monitored application is an alternative for disposal, considering its high amount of organic matter and its potential as a soil fertilizer. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of poultry processing industry waste to improve the conditions of a degraded soil from a desertification hotspot, contributing to leguminous tree seedlings growth. The study was carried out under greenhouse conditions in a randomized blocks design and a 4 × 2 factorial scheme with five replicates. The treatments featured four amounts of poultry processing industry waste (D1 = control 0 kg ha(-1); D2 = 1020.41 kg ha(-1); D3 = 2040.82 kg ha(-1); D4 = 4081.63 kg ha(-1)) and two leguminous tree species (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit). The poultry processing industry waste was composed of poultry blood, grease, excrements and substances from the digestive system. Plant height, biomass production, plant nutrient accumulation and soil organic carbon were measured forty days after waste application. Leguminous tree seedlings growth was increased by waste amounts, especially M. caesalpiniaefolia Benth, with height increment of 29.5 cm for the waste amount of 1625 kg ha(-1), and L. leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, with maximum height increment of 20 cm for the waste amount of 3814.3 kg ha(-1). M. caesalpiniaefolia Benth had greater initial growth, as well as greater biomass and nutrient accumulation compared with L. leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. However, belowground biomass was similar between the evaluated species, resulting in higher root/shoot ratio for L. leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. Soil organic carbon did not show significant response to waste amounts, but it did to leguminous tree seedlings growth, especially L. leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. Poultry processing industry waste contributes to leguminous tree seedlings growth, indicating that it can be part of a long-term strategy to increase soil organic carbon in degraded soil from a desertification hotspot. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Preliminary Design, Vertical Stores Handling Conveyor

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-05-01

molybtdenum di. 3 sulphide base of grease. A grease fitting is provided for routine P nmaintenlance. 65 Typical arrangement of Type "JA" with Shifter Ring for...over- load occurs, the actuating pin becomes operative, traveling ’/" to strike a limit or mercury switch that will actuate a warning ENGAGED -DISENGAGED

Report: EPA’s Handling of a Proposed Alternative Method for Measuring Oil and Grease in Wastewater Met Requirements But Controls Need to Be Strengthened

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Report #13-P-0317, July 11, 2013. EPA’s handling of the proposed alternative method for measuring oil and grease in wastewater (ASTM D7575) adhered to applicable laws, regulations, policies, procedures, and guidance.

7 CFR 3201.18 - Hand cleaners and sanitizers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... formulated for personal care use in removing a variety of different soils, greases, and similar substances... products that are formulated for use in removing a variety of different soils, greases and similar... the product as a percent of the weight (mass) of the total organic carbon in the finished product. The...

7 CFR 3201.18 - Hand cleaners and sanitizers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... formulated for personal care use in removing a variety of different soils, greases, and similar substances... products that are formulated for use in removing a variety of different soils, greases and similar... the product as a percent of the weight (mass) of the total organic carbon in the finished product. The...

7 CFR 3201.104 - Metal cleaners and corrosion removers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...) Definition. (1) Products that are designed to clean and remove grease, oil, dirt, stains, soils, and rust..., dirt, stains, and soils from stainless steel surfaces. (iii) Other metal cleaners. Products that are designed to clean and remove grease, oil, dirt, stains, and soils from metal surfaces other than stainless...

7 CFR 3201.18 - Hand cleaners and sanitizers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... formulated for personal care use in removing a variety of different soils, greases, and similar substances... products that are formulated for use in removing a variety of different soils, greases and similar... the product as a percent of the weight (mass) of the total organic carbon in the finished product. The...

ANNULAR IMPACTOR SAMPLING DEVICE

DOEpatents

Tait, G.W.C.

1959-03-31

A high-rate air sampler capable of sampling alphaemitting particles as small as 0.5 microns is described. The device is a cylindrical shaped cup that fits in front of a suction tube and which has sticky grease coating along its base. Suction forces contaminated air against the periodically monitored particle absorbing grease.

Small mammal populations at hazardous waste disposal sites near Houston, Texas, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Robbins, C.S.

1990-01-01

Small mammals were trapped, tagged and recaptured in 0?45 ha plots at six hazardous industrial waste disposal sites to determine if populations, body mass and age structures were different from paired control site plots. Low numbers of six species of small mammals were captured on industrial waste sites or control sites. Only populations of hispid cotton rats at industrial waste sites and control sites were large enough for comparisons. Overall population numbers, age structure, and body mass of adult male and female cotton rats were similar at industrial waste sites and control sites. Populations of small mammals (particularly hispid cotton rats) may not suffice as indicators of environments with hazardous industrial waste contamination.

Excerpts from U.S. Coast Guard Regulations and Policies Related to the Edible Oil Regulatory Reform Act -- P.L. 104-55

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-04-11

The Edible Oil Regulatory Reform Act (P.L. 104-55) requires "the head of any Federal agency to differentiate between fats, oils, and greases of animal, marine, or vegetable origin, and other oils and : greases, in issuing certain regulations, and for...

Recyclable zein-coated kraft paper and linerboard

Treesearch

Nicholas Parris; Marguerite Sykes; Leland C. Dickey; Jack L. Wiles; Thomas J. Urbanik; Peter H. Cooke

2002-01-01

Recyclability of kraft paper and linerboard coated with commercial zein and paraffin wax or a zein-lipid mixture was evaluated using conventional recycling processes. Zein, an alcohol-soluble protein from corn, exhibits both grease and water vapor barrier properties. Strength properties, grease resistance, and water vapor barrier proper-ties were measured on handsheets...

Friction, Wear, and Evaporation Rates of Various Materials in Vacuum to 10(exp -7) mm Hg

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buckley, Donald H.; Swikert, Max; Johnson, Robert L.

1961-01-01

The requirements for bearings and seals to operate in the environment of space dictate a new area for lubrication research. The low ambient pressures encountered in space can be expected to influence the behavior of oil, grease, and solid-film lubricants. The property of these materials most significantly affected by low ambient pressures is the evaporation rate. Various investigators have therefore measured the evaporation rates of oils and greases in vacuum as one method of establishing their relative merit for space applications (1-3). The results of this work have given some indication as to the oils and greases with the greatest stability at reduced ambient pressures. Only limited experimental work, however, has been reported in the literature for inorganic solids and soft metals which have potential use as solid lubricant films or coatings for hard alloy substrates [e.g. Reference ( 4 )]. In general, the evaporation rates of these materials would be lower than those of oils and greases. These films might therefore be very attractive as lubricants for high vacuum service.

Co-digestion of municipal sludge and external organic wastes for enhanced biogas production under realistic plant constraints.

PubMed

Tandukar, Madan; Pavlostathis, Spyros G

2015-12-15

A bench-scale investigation was conducted to select external organic wastes and mixing ratios for co-digestion with municipal sludge at the F. Wayne Hill Water Resources Center (FWHWRC), Gwinnett County, GA, USA to support a combined heat and power (CHP) project. External wastes were chosen and used subject to two constraints: a) digester retention time no lower than 15 d; and b) total biogas (methane) production not to exceed a specific target level based on air permit constraints on CO2 emissions. Primary sludge (PS), thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) and digested sludge collected at the FWHWRC, industrial liquid waste obtained from a chewing gum manufacturing plant (GW) and dewatered fat-oil-grease (FOG) were used. All sludge and waste samples were characterized and their ultimate digestibility was assessed at 35 °C. The ultimate COD to methane conversion of PS, TWAS, municipal sludge (PS + TWAS; 40:60 w/w TS basis), GW and FOG was 49.2, 35.2, 40.3, 72.7, and 81.1%, respectively. Co-digestion of municipal sludge with GW, FOG or both, was evaluated using four bench-scale, mesophilic (35 °C) digesters. Biogas production increased significantly and additional degradation of the municipal sludge between 1.1 and 30.7% was observed. Biogas and methane production was very close to the target levels necessary to close the energy deficit at the FWHWRC. Co-digestion resulted in an effluent quality similar to that of the control digester fed only with the municipal sludge, indicating that co-digestion had no adverse effects. Study results prove that high methane production is achievable with the addition of concentrated external organic wastes to municipal digesters, at acceptable higher digester organic loadings and lower retention times, allowing the effective implementation of CHP programs at municipal wastewater treatment plants, with significant cost savings. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of Atomic Oxygen and Grease on Outgassing and Adhesion of Silicone Elastomers for Space Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Groh, Henry C.; Puleo, Bernadette J.; Steinetz, Bruce M.

An investigation of silicone elastomers for seals used in docking and habitat systems for future space exploration vehicles is being conducted at NASA. For certain missions, NASA is considering androgynous docking systems where two vehicles each having a seal would be required to: dock for a period of time, seal effectively, and then separate with minimum push-off forces for undocking. Silicone materials are generally chosen for their wide operating temperatures and low leakage rates. However silicone materials are often sticky and usually exhibit considerable adhesion when mated against metals and silicone surfaces. This paper investigates the adhesion unit pressure for a space rated silicone material (S0383-70) for either seal-on-seal (SoS) or seal-on-aluminum (SoAl) operation modes in the following conditions: as-received, after ground-based atomic-oxygen (AO) pre-treatment, after application of a thin coating of a space-qualified grease (Braycote 601EF), and after a combination of AO pre-treatment and grease coating. In order of descending adhesion reduction, the AO treatment reduced seal adhesion the most, followed by the AO plus grease pre-treatment, followed by the grease treatment. The effects of various treatments on silicone (S0383-70 and ELA-SA-401) outgassing properties were also investigated. The leading adhesion AO pre-treatment reduction led to a slight decrease in outgassing for the S0383-70 material and virtually no change in ELA-SA-401 outgassing.

Effects of Atomic Oxygen and Grease on Outgassing and Adhesion of Silicone Elastomers for Space Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

deGroh, Henry C., III; Puleo, Bernadette J.; Steinetz, Bruce M.

2011-01-01

An investigation of silicone elastomers for seals used in docking and habitat systems for future space exploration vehicles is being conducted at NASA. For certain missions, NASA is considering androgynous docking systems where two vehicles each having a seal would be required to: dock for a period of time, seal effectively, and then separate with minimum push-off forces for undocking. Sili-cone materials are generally chosen for their wide operating temperatures and low leakage rates. However silicone materials are often sticky and usually exhibit considerable adhesion when mated against metals and silicone surfaces. This paper investigates the adhesion unit pressure for a space rated silicone material (S0383-70) for either seal-on-seal (SoS) or seal-on-aluminum (SoAl) operation modes in the following conditions: as-received, after ground-based atomic-oxygen (AO) pre-treatment, after application of a thin coating of a space-qualified grease (Bray-cote 601EF), and after a combination of AO pre-treatment and grease coating. In order of descending adhesion reduction, the AO treatment reduced seal adhesion the most, followed by the AO plus grease pre-treatment, followed by the grease treatment. The effects of various treatments on silicone (S0383-70 and ELA-SA-401) outgassing properties were also investigated. The leading adhesion AO pre-treatment reduction led to a slight decrease in outgassing for the S0383-70 material and virtually no change in ELA-SA-401 outgassing.

Effects of Atomic Oxygen and Grease on Outgassing and Adhesion of Silicone Elastomers for Space Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

deGroh, Henry C., III; Puleo, Bernadette J.; Steinetz, Bruce M.

2012-01-01

An investigation of silicone elastomers for seals used in docking and habitat systems for future space exploration vehicles is being conducted at NASA. For certain missions, NASA is considering androgynous docking systems where two vehicles each having a seal would be required to: dock for a period of time, seal effectively, and then separate with minimum push-off forces for undocking. Silicone materials are generally chosen for their wide operating temperatures and low leakage rates. However silicone materials are often sticky and usually exhibit considerable adhesion when mated against metals and silicone surfaces. This paper investigates the adhesion unit pressure for a space rated silicone material (S0383-70) for either seal-on-seal (SoS) or seal-on-aluminum (SoAl) operation modes in the following conditions: as-received, after ground-based atomic-oxygen (AO) pre-treatment, after application of a thin coating of a space-qualified grease (Braycote 601EF), and after a combination of AO pre-treatment and grease coating. In order of descending adhesion reduction, the AO treatment reduced seal adhesion the most, followed by the AO plus grease pre-treatment, followed by the grease treatment. The effects of various treatments on silicone (S0383-70 and ELA-SA-401) outgassing properties were also investigated. The leading adhesion AO pretreatment reduction led to a slight decrease in outgassing for the S0383-70 material and virtually no change in ELA-SA-401 outgassing.

Simultaneous removal of oil and grease, and heavy metals from artificial bilge water using electro-coagulation/flotation.

PubMed

Rincón, Guillermo J; La Motta, Enrique J

2014-11-01

US and international regulations pertaining to the control of bilge water discharges from ships have concentrated their attention to the levels of oil and grease rather than to the heavy metal concentrations. The consensus is that any discharge of bilge water (and oily water emulsion within 12 nautical miles from the nearest land cannot exceed 15 parts per million (ppm). Since there is no specific regulation for metal pollutants under the bilge water section, reference standards regulating heavy metal concentrations are taken from the ambient water quality criteria to protect aquatic life. The research herein presented discusses electro-coagulation (EC) as a method to treat bilge water, with a focus on oily emulsions and heavy metals (copper, nickel and zinc) removal efficiency. Experiments were run using a continuous flow reactor, manufactured by Ecolotron, Inc., and a synthetic emulsion as artificial bilge water. The synthetic emulsion contained 5000 mg/L of oil and grease, 5 mg/L of copper, 1.5 mg/L of nickel, and 2.5 mg/l of zinc. The experimental results demonstrate that EC is very efficient in removing oil and grease. For oil and grease removal, the best treatment and cost efficiency was obtained when using a combination of carbon steel and aluminum electrodes, at a detention time less than one minute, a flow rate of 1 L/min and 0.6 A/cm(2) of current density. The final effluent oil and grease concentration, before filtration, was always less than 10 mg/L. For heavy metal removal, the combination of aluminum and carbon steel electrodes, flow rate of 1 L/min, effluent recycling, and 7.5 amps produced 99% zinc removal efficiency. Copper and nickel are harder to remove, and a removal efficiency of 70% was achieved. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of Organic Loading Rates on biodegradation of linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, oil and grease in greywater by Integrated Fixed-film Activated Sludge (IFAS).

PubMed

Eslami, Hadi; Ehrampoush, Mohammad Hassan; Ghaneian, Mohammad Taghi; Mokhtari, Mehdi; Ebrahimi, Aliasghar

2017-05-15

In this study, performance of Integrated Fixed-film Activated Sludge (IFAS) system in treatment of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS), and oil & grease in synthetic greywater and effect of Organic Loading Rates (OLRs) on removal efficiency within a period of 105 days were investigated. Present study was carried out in a pilot scale under such conditions as temperature of 30 ± 1 °C, dissolved oxygen of 2.32 ± 0.91 mg/l, pH of 8.01 ± 0.95 and OLRs of 0.11-1.3gCOD/L.d. Also, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images were employed to specify rate of the biofilm formed on the media inside the reactor IFAS. The best removal efficiency for COD, LAS and oil and grease were respectively obtained as 92.52%, 94.24% and 90.07% in OLR 0.44gCOD/L.d. The assessment of loading rate indicated that with increased OLR to 0.44gCOD/L.d, removal efficiency of COD, oil and grease was increased while with increased OLR, removal efficiency was decreased. In doing so, based on the statistical test ANOVA, such a difference between removal efficiencies in diverse OLRs was significant for COD (p = 0.003), oil and grease (p = 0.01). However, in terms of LAS, with increased value of OLR to 0.44gCOD/L.d, the removal efficiency was increased and then with higher OLRs, removal efficiency was slightly decreased that is insignificant (p = 0.35) based on the statistical test ANOVA. The SEM images also showed that the biofilm formed on the media inside IFAS reactor plays a considerable role in adsorption and biodegradation of LAS, and oil & grease in greywater. The linear relation between inlet COD values and rate of removed LAS indicated that the ratio of inlet COD (mg/L) to removed LAS (mg/L) was 0.4. Therefore, use of IFAS system for biodegradation of LAS, oil and grease in greywater can be an applicable option. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of tallow, choice white grease, palm oil, corn oil, or soybean oil on apparent total tract digestibility of minerals in diets fed to growing pigs.

PubMed

Merriman, L A; Walk, C L; Parsons, C M; Stein, H H

2016-10-01

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing diets fed to growing pigs with fat sources differing in their composition of fatty acids on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of minerals. A diet based on corn, potato protein isolate, and 7% sucrose was formulated. Five additional diets that were similar to the previous diet with the exception that sucrose was replaced by 7% tallow, choice white grease, palm oil, corn oil, or soybean oil were also formulated. Diets were formulated to contain 0.70% Ca and 0.33% standardized total tract digestible P. Growing barrows ( = 60; 15.99 ± 1.48 kg initial BW) were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 2 blocks of 30 pigs, 6 dietary treatments, and 10 replicate pigs per treatment. Experimental diets were provided for 12 d with the initial 5 d being the adaptation period. Total feces were collected for a 5-d collection period using the marker-to-marker approach, and the ATTD of minerals, ether extract, and acid hydrolyzed ether extract was calculated for all diets. Digestibility of DM was greater ( < 0.05) in the diet containing soybean oil compared with the diet containing choice white grease or the basal diet, with all other diets being intermediate. The ATTD of Ca, S, and P was greater ( < 0.05) for pigs fed diets containing soybean oil, corn oil, palm oil, or tallow than for pigs fed the basal diet or the diet containing choice white grease. The ATTD of Mg, Zn, Mn, Na, and K were not different among dietary treatments. The ATTD of ether extract was greater ( < 0.05) in diets containing palm oil, corn oil, or soybean oil compared with the diet containing choice white grease, and the ATTD of acid hydrolyzed ether extract in the diet containing soybean oil was also greater ( < 0.05) than in the diet containing choice white grease. In conclusion, supplementation of a basal diet with tallow, palm oil, corn oil, or soybean oil may increase the ATTD of some macrominerals, but that appears not to be the case if choice white grease is used. There was no evidence of negative effects of the fat sources used in this experiment on the ATTD of any minerals.

Emissions from street vendor cooking devices (charcoal grilling). Final report, January 1998--March 1999

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, S.Y.

1999-06-01

The report discusses a joint US/Mexican program to establish a reliable emissions inventory for street vendor cooking devices (charcoal grilling), a significant source of air pollutants in the Mexicali-Imperial Valley area of Mexico. Emissions from these devices, prevalent in the streets of Mexicali, Mexico, were investigated experimentally by measuring levels of particulate matter, particle size distributions, volatile and semivolatile organic compounds, aldehydes, and oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, emitted when meat is cooked on a grill over a charcoal fire. To investigate the emission rate, both beef and chicken were tested. Furthermore, both meats were marinated with a mixture similarmore » to that used by the street vendors. Some tests were conducted with non-marinated beef for comparison. Two blank runs were performed sampling charcoal fires without meat. Finally, a simple control device, normally used in an exhaust fan to trap grease over a kitchen stove, was evaluated for its effectiveness in reducing emissions.« less

Subarctic weathering of mineral wastes provides a sink for atmospheric CO(2).

PubMed

Wilson, Siobhan A; Dipple, Gregory M; Power, Ian M; Barker, Shaun L L; Fallon, Stewart J; Southam, Gordon

2011-09-15

The mineral waste from some mines has the capacity to trap and store CO(2) within secondary carbonate minerals via the process of silicate weathering. Nesquehonite [MgCO(3)·3H(2)O] forms by weathering of Mg-silicate minerals in kimberlitic mine tailings at the Diavik Diamond Mine, Northwest Territories, Canada. Less abundant Na- and Ca-carbonate minerals precipitate from sewage treatment effluent deposited in the tailings storage facility. Radiocarbon and stable carbon and oxygen isotopes are used to assess the ability of mine tailings to trap and store modern CO(2) within these minerals in the arid, subarctic climate at Diavik. Stable isotopic data cannot always uniquely identify the source of carbon stored within minerals in this setting; however, radiocarbon isotopic data provide a reliable quantitative estimate for sequestration of modern carbon. At least 89% of the carbon trapped within secondary carbonate minerals at Diavik is derived from a modern source, either by direct uptake of atmospheric CO(2) or indirect uptake though the biosphere. Silicate weathering at Diavik is trapping 102-114 g C/m(2)/y within nesquehonite, which corresponds to a 2 orders of magnitude increase over the background rate of CO(2) uptake predicted from arctic and subarctic river catchment data.

40 CFR 443.12 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Average of daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/cu m of runoff) Oil and grease 0.020 0.015 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 gal of runoff) Oil and grease 0.167 0.125 pH (1) (1...

40 CFR 443.13 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/cu m of runoff) TSS 0.023 0.015 Oil and grease 0.015 0.010 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 gal of runoff) TSS 0.188 0.125 Oil and grease 0.125 0.083 pH (1...

9 CFR 316.15 - Marking outside containers of inedible grease, etc.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... grease, etc. 316.15 Section 316.15 Animals and Animal Products FOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICE... letters not less than 2 inches high, while on tank cars and tank trucks the letters shall be not less than 4 inches high. (b) Inspected rendered animal fat which is intended not to be used for human food may...

41 CFR 101-26.602-1 - Procurement of lubricating oils, greases, and gear lubricants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (nonaircraft) equipment and of aircraft engine oils on an annual program basis. Estimates of requirements for... program Due on or before Lubricating oils (nonaircraft) 4.1 November 15. Aircraft engine oils 4.2 June 15... lubricating oils, greases, and gear lubricants. 101-26.602-1 Section 101-26.602-1 Public Contracts and...

41 CFR 101-26.602-1 - Procurement of lubricating oils, greases, and gear lubricants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (nonaircraft) equipment and of aircraft engine oils on an annual program basis. Estimates of requirements for... program Due on or before Lubricating oils (nonaircraft) 4.1 November 15. Aircraft engine oils 4.2 June 15... lubricating oils, greases, and gear lubricants. 101-26.602-1 Section 101-26.602-1 Public Contracts and...

41 CFR 101-26.602-1 - Procurement of lubricating oils, greases, and gear lubricants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (nonaircraft) equipment and of aircraft engine oils on an annual program basis. Estimates of requirements for... program Due on or before Lubricating oils (nonaircraft) 4.1 November 15. Aircraft engine oils 4.2 June 15... lubricating oils, greases, and gear lubricants. 101-26.602-1 Section 101-26.602-1 Public Contracts and...

41 CFR 101-26.602-1 - Procurement of lubricating oils, greases, and gear lubricants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (nonaircraft) equipment and of aircraft engine oils on an annual program basis. Estimates of requirements for... program Due on or before Lubricating oils (nonaircraft) 4.1 November 15. Aircraft engine oils 4.2 June 15... lubricating oils, greases, and gear lubricants. 101-26.602-1 Section 101-26.602-1 Public Contracts and...

41 CFR 101-26.602-1 - Procurement of lubricating oils, greases, and gear lubricants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (nonaircraft) equipment and of aircraft engine oils on an annual program basis. Estimates of requirements for... program Due on or before Lubricating oils (nonaircraft) 4.1 November 15. Aircraft engine oils 4.2 June 15... lubricating oils, greases, and gear lubricants. 101-26.602-1 Section 101-26.602-1 Public Contracts and...

40 CFR 466.13 - New source performance standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Oil and grease 100.0 12.60 100.0 12.60 TSS 150.0 18.91 120.0 15.12 pH (1) (1) (1) (1) English units....87 0.36 Oil and grease 20.48 2.58 20.48 2.58 TSS 30.72 3.87 24.58 3.10 pH (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 Within...

40 CFR 466.13 - New source performance standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Oil and grease 100.0 12.60 100.0 12.60 TSS 150.0 18.91 120.0 15.12 pH (1) (1) (1) (1) English units....87 0.36 Oil and grease 20.48 2.58 20.48 2.58 TSS 30.72 3.87 24.58 3.10 pH (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 Within...

40 CFR 466.13 - New source performance standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Oil and grease 100.0 12.60 100.0 12.60 TSS 150.0 18.91 120.0 15.12 pH (1) (1) (1) (1) English units....87 0.36 Oil and grease 20.48 2.58 20.48 2.58 TSS 30.72 3.87 24.58 3.10 pH (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 Within...

40 CFR 419.36 - Standards of performance for new sources (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... grease 6.6 3.5 Phenolic compounds 0.158 .077 Ammonia as N 23.4 10.7 Sulfide 0.140 0.063 Total chromium 0...) BOD5 7.7 4.1 TSS 5.2 3.3 COD 1 47.0 24.0 Oil and grease 2.4 1.3 Phenolic compounds 0.056 0.027 Ammonia...

40 CFR 417.143 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 0.06 .03 Surfactants 0.04 .02 Oil and grease 0.02 .01 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.10 .05 TSS 0.06 .03 Surfactants 0.04 .02 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.123 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0.04 .02 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.20 0.10 COD 0.90 .48 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.156 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...: Pollutant or pollutant property Pretreatment standard BOD5 No limitations. COD Do. TSS Do. Surfactants Do... No limitations. COD Do. TSS Do. Surfactants Do. Oil and grease Do. pH Do. (3) For fast turnaround.... Surfactants Do. Oil and grease Do. pH Do. [40 FR 27454, June 30, 1975, as amended at 60 FR 33955, June 29...

40 CFR 417.113 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0.04 .02 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.20 0.10 COD 0.90 .45 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.133 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.30 .15 Oil and grease 0.06 .03 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.30 0.15 COD 1.50 .75 TSS 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.30 .15 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.133 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.30 .15 Oil and grease 0.06 .03 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.30 0.15 COD 1.50 .75 TSS 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.30 .15 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.123 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0.04 .02 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.20 0.10 COD 0.90 .48 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.113 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0.04 .02 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.20 0.10 COD 0.90 .45 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.173 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0.01 .01 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.14 .07 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.183 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0.02 .01 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.10 .05 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.93 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.09 .03 Oil and grease 0.21 .07 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.07 0.02 COD 0.27 .09 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.09 .03 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.103 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.36 .18 Oil and grease 0.08 .04 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.30 0.19 COD 1.10 .55 TSS 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.36 .18 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.143 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 0.06 .03 Surfactants 0.04 .02 Oil and grease 0.02 .01 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.10 .05 TSS 0.06 .03 Surfactants 0.04 .02 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.93 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.09 .03 Oil and grease 0.21 .07 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.07 0.02 COD 0.27 .09 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.09 .03 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.103 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.36 .18 Oil and grease 0.08 .04 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.30 0.19 COD 1.10 .55 TSS 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.36 .18 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.183 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0.02 .01 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.10 .05 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.173 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0.01 .01 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.14 .07 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.173 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0.01 .01 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.14 .07 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.183 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0.02 .01 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.10 .05 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.143 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 0.06 .03 Surfactants 0.04 .02 Oil and grease 0.02 .01 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.10 .05 TSS 0.06 .03 Surfactants 0.04 .02 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.183 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0.02 .01 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.10 .05 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.183 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0.02 .01 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.10 .05 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.156 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...: Pollutant or pollutant property Pretreatment standard BOD5 No limitations. COD Do. TSS Do. Surfactants Do... No limitations. COD Do. TSS Do. Surfactants Do. Oil and grease Do. pH Do. (3) For fast turnaround.... Surfactants Do. Oil and grease Do. pH Do. [40 FR 27454, June 30, 1975, as amended at 60 FR 33955, June 29...

40 CFR 417.143 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 0.06 .03 Surfactants 0.04 .02 Oil and grease 0.02 .01 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.10 .05 TSS 0.06 .03 Surfactants 0.04 .02 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.156 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...: Pollutant or pollutant property Pretreatment standard BOD5 No limitations. COD Do. TSS Do. Surfactants Do... No limitations. COD Do. TSS Do. Surfactants Do. Oil and grease Do. pH Do. (3) For fast turnaround.... Surfactants Do. Oil and grease Do. pH Do. [40 FR 27454, June 30, 1975, as amended at 60 FR 33955, June 29...

40 CFR 417.173 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0.01 .01 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.14 .07 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.173 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0.01 .01 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.14 .07 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.02 .01 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.143 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 0.06 .03 Surfactants 0.04 .02 Oil and grease 0.02 .01 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.10 .05 TSS 0.06 .03 Surfactants 0.04 .02 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.156 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...: Pollutant or pollutant property Pretreatment standard BOD5 No limitations. COD Do. TSS Do. Surfactants Do... No limitations. COD Do. TSS Do. Surfactants Do. Oil and grease Do. pH Do. (3) For fast turnaround.... Surfactants Do. Oil and grease Do. pH Do. [40 FR 27454, June 30, 1975, as amended at 60 FR 33955, June 29...

Grease Inhibits Stress-Corrosion Cracking In Bearing Race

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Beatty, Robert F.; Mcvey, Scott E.

1991-01-01

Coating with suitable grease found to inhibit stress-corrosion cracking in bore of inner race of ball-bearing assembly operating in liquid oxygen. Protects bore and its corner radii from corrosion-initiating and -accelerating substances like moisture and contaminants, which enter during assembly. Operating life extended at low cost, and involves very little extra assembly time.

Untethered Crewlock Bag Drifts Away from ISS

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-11-18

S126-E-008155 (18 Nov. 2008) --- An extravehicular activity (EVA) tool bag drifts away from the International Space Station during the mission's first scheduled spacewalk for STS-126. About halfway into the spacewalk, one of the grease guns that astronaut Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper (out of frame), mission specialist, was preparing to use on the Solar Alpha Rotary Joint released some Braycote grease into her crew lock bag, which is the tool bag the spacewalkers use during their activities. As she was cleaning the inside of the bag, it drifted away from her and toward the aft and starboard portion of the International Space Station. Inside the bag were two grease guns, a scraper, a scraper debris container, several wipes in a caddy and tethers.

Untethered Crewlock Bag Drifts Away from ISS

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-11-18

S126-E-008143 (18 Nov. 2008) --- An extravehicular activity (EVA) tool bag drifts away from the International Space Station during the mission's first scheduled spacewalk for STS-126. About halfway into the spacewalk, one of the grease guns that astronaut Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper (out of frame), mission specialist, was preparing to use on the Solar Alpha Rotary Joint released some Braycote grease into her crew lock bag, which is the tool bag the spacewalkers use during their activities. As she was cleaning the inside of the bag, it drifted away from her and toward the aft and starboard portion of the International Space Station. Inside the bag were two grease guns, a scraper, a scraper debris container, several wipes in a caddy and tethers.

Untethered Crewlock Bag Drifts Away from ISS

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-11-18

S126-E-008146 (18 Nov. 2008) --- An extravehicular activity (EVA) tool bag drifts away from the International Space Station during the mission's first scheduled spacewalk for STS-126. About halfway into the spacewalk, one of the grease guns that astronaut Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper (out of frame), mission specialist, was preparing to use on the Solar Alpha Rotary Joint released some Braycote grease into her crew lock bag, which is the tool bag the spacewalkers use during their activities. As she was cleaning the inside of the bag, it drifted away from her and toward the aft and starboard portion of the International Space Station. Inside the bag were two grease guns, a scraper, a scraper debris container, several wipes in a caddy and tethers.

Friction torque in thrust ball bearings grease lubricated

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ianuş, G.; Dumitraşcu, A. C.; Cârlescu, V.; Olaru, D. N.

2016-08-01

The authors investigated experimentally and theoretically the friction torque in a modified thrust ball bearing having only 3 balls operating at low axial load and lubricated with NGLI-00 and NGLI-2 greases. The experiments were made by using spin-down methodology and the results were compared with the theoretical values based on Biboulet&Houpert's rolling friction equations. Also, the results were compared with the theoretical values obtained with SKF friction model adapted for 3 balls. A very good correlation between experiments and Biboulet_&_Houpert's predicted results was obtained for the two greases. Also was observed that the theoretical values for the friction torque calculated with SKF model adapted for a thrust ball bearing having only 3 balls are smaller that the experimental values.

Sequencing batch reactor biofilm system for treatment of milk industry wastewater.

PubMed

Sirianuntapiboon, Suntud; Jeeyachok, Narumon; Larplai, Rarintorn

2005-07-01

A sequencing batch reactor biofilm (MSBR) system was modified from the conventional sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system by installing 2.7 m2 surface area of plastic media on the bottom of the reactor to increase the system efficiency and bio-sludge quality by increasing the bio-sludge in the system. The COD, BOD5, total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and oil & grease removal efficiencies of the MSBR system, under a high organic loading of 1340 g BOD5/m3 d, were 89.3+/-0.1, 83.0+/-0.2, 59.4+/-0.8, and 82.4+/-0.4%, respectively, while they were only 87.0+/-0.2, 79.9+/-0.3, 48.7+/-1.7 and 79.3+/-10%, respectively, in the conventional SBR system. The amount of excess bio-sludge in the MSBR system was about 3 times lower than that in the conventional SBR system. The sludge volume index (SVI) of the MSBR system was lower than 100 ml/g under an organic loading of up to 1340 g BOD5/m3 d. However, the MSBR under an organic loading of 680 g BOD5/m3 d gave the highest COD, BOD5, TKN and oil & grease removal efficiencies of 97.9+/-0.0, 97.9+/-0.1, 79.3+/-1.0 and 94.8+/-0.5%, respectively, without any excess bio-sludge waste. The SVI of suspended bio-sludge in the MSBR system was only 44+/-3.4 ml/g under an organic loading of 680 g BOD5/m3 d.

Green Walls as an Approach in Grey Water Treatment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rysulova, Martina; Kaposztasova, Daniela; Vranayova, Zuzana

2017-10-01

Grey water contributes significantly to waste water parameters such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (Ptotal), total nitrogen (Ntotal), ammonium, boron, metals, salts, surfactants, synthetic chemicals, oils and greases, xenobiotic substances and microorganisms. Concentration of these pollutants and the water quality highlights the importance of treatment process in grey water systems. Treatment technologies operating under low energy and maintenance are usually preferred, since they are more cost effective for users. Treatment technologies based on natural processes represent an example of such technology including vegetated wall. Main aim of this paper is to introduce the proposal of vegetated wall managing grey water and brief characteristic of proposed system. Is expected that prepared experiment will establish the purifying ability and the potential of green wall application as an efficient treatment technology.

Sensor development for in situ detection of concentration polarization and fouling of reverse osmosis membranes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Detrich, Kahlil T.; Goulbourne, Nakhiah C.

2009-03-01

The purpose of this research is to evaluate three polymer electroding techniques in developing a novel in situ sensor for an RO system using the electrical response of a thin film composite sensor. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to measure the sensor response when exposed to sodium chloride solutions with concentrations from 0.1 M to 0.8 M in both single and double bath configurations. An insulated carbon grease sensor was mechanically stable while a composite Direct Assembly Process (DAP) sensor was fragile upon hydration. Scanning electron microscopy results from an impregnation-reduction technique showed gold nanoparticles were deposited most effectively when presoaked in a potassium hydroxide solution and on an uncoated membrane; surface resistances remained too high for sensor implementation. Through thickness carbon grease sensors showed a transient response to changes in concentration, and no meaningful concentration sensitivity was noted for the time scales over which EIS measurements were taken. Surface carbon grease electrodes attached to the polyamide thin film were not sensitive to concentration. The impedance spectra indicated the carbon grease sensor was unable to detect changes in concentration in double bath experiments when implemented with the polyamide surface exposed to salt solutions. DAP sensors lacked a consistent response to changes in concentration too. A reverse double bath experiment with the polysulfone layer exposed to a constant concentration exhibited a transient impedance response similar to through thickness carbon grease sensors in a single bath at constant concentration. These results suggest that the microporous polysulfone layer is responsible for sensor response to concentration.

40 CFR 464.42 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS METAL MOLDING AND CASTING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Zinc... for copper, lead, zinc, total phenols, oil and grease, and TSS. For non-continuous dischargers, annual... metal poured Copper (T) 0.0344 0.0187 Lead (T) 0.0353 0.0174 Zinc (T) 0.0509 0.0192 Oil and grease 1.34...

40 CFR 464.42 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS METAL MOLDING AND CASTING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Zinc... for copper, lead, zinc, total phenols, oil and grease, and TSS. For non-continuous dischargers, annual... metal poured Copper (T) 0.0344 0.0187 Lead (T) 0.0353 0.0174 Zinc (T) 0.0509 0.0192 Oil and grease 1.34...

40 CFR 419.16 - Standards of performance for new sources (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (kilograms per cubic meter of flow) BOD5 11.8 6.3 TSS 8.3 4.9 COD 1 61.0 32 Oil and grease 3.6 1.9 Phenolic... 21.7 11.2 Oil and grease 1.3 0.70 Phenolic compounds 0.031 0.016 Ammonia as N 1.0 0.45 Sulfide 0.027...

40 CFR 417.142 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... anhydrous product) BOD5 0.03 0.01 COD 0.15 .05 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.06 .02 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH... .03 Surfactants 0.06 .02 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR...

40 CFR 417.142 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... anhydrous product) BOD5 0.03 0.01 COD 0.15 .05 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.06 .02 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH... .03 Surfactants 0.06 .02 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR...

40 CFR 417.142 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... anhydrous product) BOD5 0.03 0.01 COD 0.15 .05 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.06 .02 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH... .03 Surfactants 0.06 .02 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR...

40 CFR 417.142 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... anhydrous product) BOD5 0.03 0.01 COD 0.15 .05 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.06 .02 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH... .03 Surfactants 0.06 .02 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR...

40 CFR 417.142 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... anhydrous product) BOD5 0.03 0.01 COD 0.15 .05 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.06 .02 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH... .03 Surfactants 0.06 .02 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR...

In vivo procedures for assessment of hair greasiness.

PubMed

Knott, C A; Daykin, K; Ryan, J

1983-06-01

Synopsis Greasy hair is a common problem in Europe. The first step in developing anti-grease hair products must be to establish a sensitive protocol for measuring any changes in perceived hair greasiness. Sensitive clinical trials and in vivo evaluation methods of determining hair greasiness have been developed that show significant differences in the perceived hair greasiness following the use of different shampoos. Products tested in two clinical trials for efficacy as anti-grease shampoos were an anti-grease shampoo containing 2% 3,4-thiolanediol as the active ingredient, and a baby shampoo based on mild surfactants. The same placebo shampoo based on ether sulphates used in typical European shampoo formulations was used in both tests. A shampoo containing 2% zinc pyrithione was included in the trials as a control, since there were indications that this would increase the amount of hair greasiness. Neither of the test products were shown to be effective anti-grease shampoos. The shampoo containing 2% zinc pyrithione was shown to produce significantly more greasiness than both the placebo and the test shampoos. Since significant differences could be shown between the different shampoos, the protocol and in vivo evaluation techniques used in these clinical trials are considered to be validated.

Vibration Control by a Shear Type Semi-active Damper Using Magnetorheological Grease

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shiraishi, Toshihiko; Misaki, Hirotaka

2016-09-01

This paper describes semi-active vibration control by a controllable damper with high reliability and wide dynamic range using magnetorheological (MR) grease. Some types of cylindrical controllable dampers based on pressure difference between chambers in the dampers using “MR fluid”, whose rheological properties can be varied by applying a magnetic field, have been reported as a semi-active device. However, there are some challenging issues of them. One is to improve dispersion stability. The particles dispersed in MR fluid would make sedimentation after a period. Another is to expand dynamic range. Since cylindrical dampers require sealing elements because of pressure difference in the dampers, the dynamic range between the maximum and minimum damping force according to a magnetic field is reduced. In this study, a controllable damper using the MR effect was proposed and its performance was experimentally verified to improve the dispersion stability by using “MR grease”, which includes grease as the carrier of magnetic particles, and to expand the dynamic range by adopting a shear type structure not requiring sealing elements. Furthermore, semiactive vibration control experiments by the MR grease damper using a simple algorithm based on the skyhook damper scheme were conducted and its performance was investigated.

Hemostasis of the liver, spleen, and bone achieved by electrocautery greased with lidocaine gel.

PubMed

Petroianu, Andy

2011-02-01

Despite advances in surgical techniques, achieving hemostasis of the liver, spleen, and bone during major surgery, especially after trauma, is still difficult. I describe a new procedure my colleagues and I devised to achieve parenchymatous hemostasis using electrocautery greased with lidocaine gel. After achieving good results in experimental studies and obtaining approval from our ethics committee, we used electrocautery greased with lidocaine gel for hemostasis in the following 36 procedures: multisegmental hepatectomy to remove hepatic tumors (n = 6); partial hepatectomy to allow hepatojejunostomy for intrahepatic biliary obstruction (n = 10); laparoscopic liver biopsy (n = 4); subtotal splenectomy (n = 8; for portal hypertension in 5 patients, splenic ischemia in 2, and Gaucher's disease in 1); laparoscopic splenic biopsy (n = 1); and bone resection (n = 7; as pelvic-femoral resection in 6 patients and to remove a rectal tumor invading the coccyx in 1). This procedure was easy to perform and achieved complete hemostasis of the minor blood vessels in all patients. No postoperative bleeding occurred and the follow-up course was satisfactory. Electrocautery greased with lidocaine gel is an inexpensive, readily available, and efficient method to achieve hemostasis of minor vessels in hepatic, splenic, and bone operations.

Performance and molecular evaluation of an anaerobic system with suspended biomass for treating wastewater with high fat content after enzymatic hydrolysis.

PubMed

Rosa, Daniela R; Duarte, Iolanda C S; Saavedra, N Katia; Varesche, Maria B; Zaiat, Marcelo; Cammarota, Magali C; Freire, Denise M G

2009-12-01

The effect of a lipase-rich fungal enzymatic preparation, produced by a Penicillium sp. during solid-state fermentation, was evaluated in an anaerobic digester treating dairy wastewater with 1200 mg of oil and grease/L. The oil and grease hydrolysis step was carried out with 0.1% (w/v) of solid enzymatic preparation at 30 degrees C for 24 h, and resulted in a final free acid concentration eight times higher than the initial value. The digester operated in sequential batches of 48 h at 30 degrees C for 245 days, and had high chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies (around 90%) when fed with pre-hydrolyzed wastewater. However, when the pre-hydrolysis step was removed, the anaerobic digester performed poorly (with an average COD removal of 32%), as the oil and grease accumulated in the biomass and effluent oil and grease concentration increased throughout the operational period. PCR-DGGE analysis of the Bacteria and Archaea domains revealed remarkable differences in the microbial profiles in trials conducted with and without the pre-hydrolysis step, indicating that differences observed in overall parameters were intrinsically related to the microbial diversity of the anaerobic sludge.

Mini ion trap mass spectrometer

DOEpatents

Dietrich, Daniel D.; Keville, Robert F.

1995-01-01

An ion trap which operates in the regime between research ion traps which can detect ions with a mass resolution of better than 1:10.sup.9 and commercial mass spectrometers requiring 10.sup.4 ions with resolutions of a few hundred. The power consumption is kept to a minimum by the use of permanent magnets and a novel electron gun design. By Fourier analyzing the ion cyclotron resonance signals induced in the trap electrodes, a complete mass spectra in a single combined structure can be detected. An attribute of the ion trap mass spectrometer is that overall system size is drastically reduced due to combining a unique electron source and mass analyzer/detector in a single device. This enables portable low power mass spectrometers for the detection of environmental pollutants or illicit substances, as well as sensors for on board diagnostics to monitor engine performance or for active feedback in any process involving exhausting waste products.

Mini ion trap mass spectrometer

DOEpatents

Dietrich, D.D.; Keville, R.F.

1995-09-19

An ion trap is described which operates in the regime between research ion traps which can detect ions with a mass resolution of better than 1:10{sup 9} and commercial mass spectrometers requiring 10{sup 4} ions with resolutions of a few hundred. The power consumption is kept to a minimum by the use of permanent magnets and a novel electron gun design. By Fourier analyzing the ion cyclotron resonance signals induced in the trap electrodes, a complete mass spectra in a single combined structure can be detected. An attribute of the ion trap mass spectrometer is that overall system size is drastically reduced due to combining a unique electron source and mass analyzer/detector in a single device. This enables portable low power mass spectrometers for the detection of environmental pollutants or illicit substances, as well as sensors for on board diagnostics to monitor engine performance or for active feedback in any process involving exhausting waste products. 10 figs.

Electron source for a mini ion trap mass spectrometer

DOEpatents

Dietrich, Daniel D.; Keville, Robert F.

1995-01-01

An ion trap which operates in the regime between research ion traps which can detect ions with a mass resolution of better than 1:10.sup.9 and commercial mass spectrometers requiring 10.sup.4 ions with resolutions of a few hundred. The power consumption is kept to a minimum by the use of permanent magnets and a novel electron gun design. By Fourier analyzing the ion cyclotron resonance signals induced in the trap electrodes, a complete mass spectra in a single combined structure can be detected. An attribute of the ion trap mass spectrometer is that overall system size is drastically reduced due to combining a unique electron source and mass analyzer/detector in a single device. This enables portable low power mass spectrometers for the detection of environmental pollutants or illicit substances, as well as sensors for on board diagnostics to monitor engine performance or for active feedback in any process involving exhausting waste products.

Ice Stars

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-12-08

Ice Stars - August 4th, 2002 Description: Like distant galaxies amid clouds of interstellar dust, chunks of sea ice drift through graceful swirls of grease ice in the frigid waters of Foxe Basin near Baffin Island in the Canadian Arctic. Sea ice often begins as grease ice, a soupy slick of tiny ice crystals on the ocean's surface. As the temperature drops, grease ice thickens and coalesces into slabs of more solid ice. Credit: USGS/NASA/Landsat 7 To learn more about the Landsat satellite go to: landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/ NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Join us on Facebook

Study on thermal effects & sulfurized additives, in lubricating greases

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shah, Ami Atul

Lithium Base grease constitutes about 50% of market. The greases are developed to be able to work in multiple working conditions and have longer working life. Greases with extreme pressure additives and anti-wear additives have been developed as a solution to many of the applications. These developed greases are tested under ASTM D2266 testing conditions to meet the requirements. The actual working conditions, although, differ than the real testing conditions. The loading, speed and temperature conditions can be more harsh, or fluctuating in nature. The cyclic nature of the parameters cannot be directly related to the test performance. For this purpose studies on the performance under spectrum loading, variable speed and fluctuating temperature must be performed. This study includes tests to understand the effect of thermal variation on some of the most commonly used grease additives that perform well under ASTM D2266 testing conditions. The studied additives include most widely used industrial extreme pressure additive MoS2. Performance of ZDDP which is trying to replace MoS2 in its industrial applications has also been studied. The tests cover study of extreme pressure, anti-wear and friction modifier additives to get a general idea on the effects of thermal variation in three areas. Sulphur is the most common extreme pressure additive. Sulphur based MoS 2 is extensively used grease additive. Study to understand the tribological performance of this additive through wear testing and SEM/EDX studies has been done. This performance is also studied for other metallic sulfides like WS2 and sulphur based organic compound. The aim is to study the importance of the type of bond that sulphur shares in its additive's structure on its performance. The MoS2 film formation is found to be on the basis of the FeS formation on the substrate and protection through sacrificial monolayer deposition of the MoS2 sheared structure. The free Mo then tends to oxidise. An attempt to understand the effects of the addition of sulphur from a sulfurized olefin to MoS2 through mechanical processing has been conducted. This mechanically processed additive mixed is tested through regular ASTM D2266 test. The hypothesis was to make more shear able MoS 2 layers available by using the sulphur from the olefin to form the basic FeS layer that reduces the continuous wear rate. The results have been studied using SEM and EDX imaging.

40 CFR 467.46 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... off-lbs) of aluminum forged Chromium 0.019 0.008 Cyanide 0.010 0.004 Zinc 0.051 0.021 TTO 0.035 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 0.50 0.50 Subpart D Forging Scrubber Liquor Pollutant or... aluminum forged Chromium 0.035 0.014 Cyanide 0.019 0.008 Zinc 0.096 0.040 TTO 0.065 Oil and grease...

40 CFR 464.22 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Copper Casting Subcategory § 464.22 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent... limitations for copper, lead, zinc, total phenols, oil and grease, and TSS. For non-continuous dischargers... metal poured Copper (T) 0.0307 0.0168 Lead (T) 0.0315 0.0156 Zinc (T) 0.0455 0.0171 Oil and grease 1.2 0...

40 CFR 464.22 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Copper Casting Subcategory § 464.22 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent... limitations for copper, lead, zinc, total phenols, oil and grease, and TSS. For non-continuous dischargers... metal poured Copper (T) 0.0307 0.0168 Lead (T) 0.0315 0.0156 Zinc (T) 0.0455 0.0171 Oil and grease 1.2 0...

40 CFR 466.43 - New source performance standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....55 10.60 0.79 Oil and grease 168.23 12.60 168.23 12.60 TSS 252.35 18.91 201.88 15.12 pH (1) (1) (1....32 Iron 4.24 0.32 2.17 0.16 Oil and grease 34.46 2.58 34.46 2.58 TSS 51.69 3.87 41.35 3.10 pH (1) (1...

Minuteman III Motor-Generator Bearing Grease Replacement

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-07-01

Biodegradation is a natural process caused by the action of microorganisms in the presence of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and trace minerals. Organic... biodegradable are considered less toxic and more environmentally friendly. Currently, this technology has been mandated in order to reduce the ...AFB2 grease and Capella WF-68 oil currently used in the MINUTEMAN III Motor-generator (M-G) Bearing Systems. Due to the unavailability

40 CFR 417.92 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) BOD5 0.09 0.02 COD 0.40 .09 TSS 0.15 .03 Surfactants 0.15 .03 Oil and grease 0.25 .07 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.15 .03 Oil and grease 0.25 .07 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.192 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) BOD5 2.10 0.70 COD 9.90 3.30 TSS 0.60 .20 Surfactants 1.50 .50 Oil and grease 0.06 .50 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 1.50 .50 Oil and grease 0.06 .50 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.172 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) BOD5 0.03 0.01 COD 0.21 .07 TSS 0.03 .01 Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.015 .005 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.015 .005 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.182 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) BOD5 0.03 0.01 COD 0.15 .05 TSS 0.03 .01 Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.182 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) BOD5 0.03 0.01 COD 0.15 .05 TSS 0.03 .01 Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.192 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) BOD5 2.10 0.70 COD 9.90 3.30 TSS 0.60 .20 Surfactants 1.50 .50 Oil and grease 0.06 .50 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 1.50 .50 Oil and grease 0.06 .50 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.132 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) BOD5 0.90 0.30 COD 4.05 1.35 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.15 .05 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.15 .05 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.132 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) BOD5 0.90 0.30 COD 4.05 1.35 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.15 .05 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.15 .05 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.112 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) BOD5 0.90 0.30 COD 3.05 1.35 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.10 .05 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.10 .05 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.112 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) BOD5 0.90 0.30 COD 3.05 1.35 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.10 .05 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.10 .05 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.92 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) BOD5 0.09 0.02 COD 0.40 .09 TSS 0.15 .03 Surfactants 0.15 .03 Oil and grease 0.25 .07 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.15 .03 Oil and grease 0.25 .07 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.102 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) BOD5 0.90 0.30 COD 4.05 1.35 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.15 .05 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.10 .05 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.172 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) BOD5 0.03 0.01 COD 0.21 .07 TSS 0.03 .01 Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.015 .005 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.015 .005 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.102 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) BOD5 0.90 0.30 COD 4.05 1.35 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.15 .05 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.10 .05 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.172 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) BOD5 0.03 0.01 COD 0.21 .07 TSS 0.03 .01 Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.015 .005 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.015 .005 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.192 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) BOD5 2.10 0.70 COD 9.90 3.30 TSS 0.60 .20 Surfactants 1.50 .50 Oil and grease 0.06 .50 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 1.50 .50 Oil and grease 0.06 .50 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.182 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) BOD5 0.03 0.01 COD 0.15 .05 TSS 0.03 .01 Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.172 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) BOD5 0.03 0.01 COD 0.21 .07 TSS 0.03 .01 Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.015 .005 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.015 .005 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.182 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) BOD5 0.03 0.01 COD 0.15 .05 TSS 0.03 .01 Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.192 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) BOD5 2.10 0.70 COD 9.90 3.30 TSS 0.60 .20 Surfactants 1.50 .50 Oil and grease 0.06 .50 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 1.50 .50 Oil and grease 0.06 .50 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.182 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) BOD5 0.03 0.01 COD 0.15 .05 TSS 0.03 .01 Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.03 .01 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.192 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) BOD5 2.10 0.70 COD 9.90 3.30 TSS 0.60 .20 Surfactants 1.50 .50 Oil and grease 0.06 .50 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 1.50 .50 Oil and grease 0.06 .50 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.172 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) BOD5 0.03 0.01 COD 0.21 .07 TSS 0.03 .01 Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.015 .005 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.03 .01 Oil and grease 0.015 .005 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

Effects of glycerin concentration in steam-flaked corn-based diets with supplemental yellow grease on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef steers

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Forty-eight individually fed crossbred steers (initial BW = 381 ± 7.61 kg) were used to determine the effects of glycerin (GLY) concentration in steam-flaked corn (SFC)-based diets with added yellow grease on animal performance and carcass characteristics. Glycerin was included at 0, 2.5, 5, and 10...

A comparison of in situ methods for measuring net nitrogen mineralization rates of organic soil amendments.

PubMed

Hanselman, Travis A; Graetz, Donald A; Obreza, Thomas A

2004-01-01

In situ incubation methods may help provide site-specific estimates of N mineralization from land-applied wastes. However, there are concerns about the reliability of the data generated by the various methods due to containment artifacts. We amended a sandy soil with either poultry manure, biosolids, or yard-waste compost and incubated the mixtures using four in situ methods (buried bags, covered cylinders, standard resin traps, and "new" soil-resin traps) and a conventional laboratory technique in plastic bags. Each incubation device was destructively sampled at 45-d intervals for 180 d and net N mineralization was determined by measuring the amount of inorganic N that accumulated in the soil or soil plus resin traps. Containment effects were evaluated by comparing water content of the containerized soil to a field-reference soil column. In situ incubation methods provided reasonable estimates of short-term (< 45 d) N mineralization, but long-term (> 45 d) mineralization data were not accurate due to a variety of problems specific to each technique. Buried bags and covered cylinders did not retain mineralized N due to water movement into and out of the containers. Neither resin method captured all of the mineralized N that leached through the soil columns, but the new soil-resin trap method tracked field soil water content better than all other in situ methods evaluated. With further refinement and validation, the new soil-resin trap method may be a useful in situ incubation technique for measuring net N mineralization rates of organic soil amendments.

Roller Testing to Mimic Damage of the ISS SARJ Ring and Durability Test to Simulate Fifteen Years of SARJ Operation Using the Damaged Surface

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Krantz, Timothy L.; Elchert, Justin P.; DellaCorte, Christopher; Dube, Michael J.

2016-01-01

The International Space Station's starboard Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ) experienced a breakdown of the joint's race ring surface. The starboard SARJ mechanism was cleaned and lubricated with grease. To provide some guidance on the expected behavior of the damaged SARJ ring with continued operations, experiments were conducted using rollers and a vacuum roller test rig. The approach of the experimental work involved three main steps: (1) initiate damage using conditions representative of the SARJ with inadequate lubrication; (2) propagate the damage by operating the test rollers without lubrication; and (3) assess the durability of the roller by testing to simulate the equivalent of 15 years of SARJ operation on the damaged surface assuming adequate grease lubrication. During the rig testing, additional and/or replacement grease was introduced at regular intervals to maintain good lubrication in the rig. The damage to the nitride layer continued even after application of grease. The grease lubrication proved to be effective for limiting the value of the axial force that can be developed. Limiting the axial force on the SARJ mechanism is important since the larger the axial force the more concentrated the load pressure becomes on the blend-radius location on the SARJ roller. After the testing simulating 15 years of SARJ operations, the wear depths were the order of 0.2 mm for the nitrided 15-5 roller and the order of 0.06 mm for the mating 440C roller. Metallographic inspections were done to search for indications of impending fatigue or other fracture indications that might eventually propagate and cause structural failure. There were no indications or features found that could eventually compromise structural integrity.

Process Design and Cost Estimating Algorithms for the Computer Assisted Procedure for Design and Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Systems (CAPDET).

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-01-01

mg/l. 2.1.9.1.3.3 Nitrogen, I Mg 1. 2.1.9.1.3.4 Phosphorus (total and soluble), ag/l. 2.1.9.1.3.5 Oils and greases, mg/l. 2.1.9.1.3.6 Heavy metals , mg...greases, mg/I. 2.1.10.1.3.6 Heavy metals , m/l. 2.1.10.1.3.7 Toxic or special characteristics (e.g., phenols), mg/I. 2.1.10.1.3.8 Temperature, OF or °C...1 mg/l. 2.1.11.1.3.4 Phosphorus (total and soluble), mg/I. 2.1.11.1.3.5 Oils and greases, mgl. 2.1.11.1.3.6 Heavy metals , mg/l. 2.1.11.1.3.7 Toxic or

Test Validation of the Repair to the Space Station Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Allmon, Curtis; Wilkinson, Will; Loewenthal, Stu

2010-01-01

The SARJ LITE (Lubrication Interval Test) test rig was built as a method to evaluate the performance of the grease repair on the Starboard SARJ of the International Space Station(ISS). The on-orbit SARJ was temporarily parked after receiving significant degradation on one of its race ring nitrided surfaces as a result of inadequate lubrication ( high dry contact friction) and unaccounted for roller traction kinematics. In a scaled down rig, flight like roller bearings were preloaded and cycled on a nitrided 15-5 race surface. Grease was added to the track and with instrumentation monitoring performance, trending data will be extracted and used to determine lubrication intervals for both Port and Starboard ISS SARJ's. The grease lubrication was found to be effective in eliminating the high friction that contributed to the on-orbit race degradation.

40 CFR 428.75 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0.093 TSS 0.50 0.25 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0...— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Lead...

40 CFR 428.75 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0.093 TSS 0.50 0.25 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0...— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Lead...

40 CFR 419.32 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... discharged if it does not exceed 15 mg/l oil and grease and 110 mg/l total organic carbon (TOC) based upon an... and grease or 110 mg/l TOC is not commingled or treated with any other type of wastewater, the... effluent exceeds 1,000 mg/l (1,000 ppm), the permitting authority may substitute TOC as a parameter in lieu...

40 CFR 417.93 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Oleum... 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.09 .03 Oil and grease 0.21 .07 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.07 0.02 COD 0.27 .09 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.09 .03 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.93 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Oleum... 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.09 .03 Oil and grease 0.21 .07 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.07 0.02 COD 0.27 .09 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.09 .03 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.113 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY SO3... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0.04 .02 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.20 0.10 COD 0.90 .45 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.133 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY... 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.30 .15 Oil and grease 0.06 .03 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.30 0.15 COD 1.50 .75 TSS 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.30 .15 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.123 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Sulfamic... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0.04 .02 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.20 0.10 COD 0.90 .48 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.133 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY... 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.30 .15 Oil and grease 0.06 .03 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.30 0.15 COD 1.50 .75 TSS 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.30 .15 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.133 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY... 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.30 .15 Oil and grease 0.06 .03 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.30 0.15 COD 1.50 .75 TSS 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.30 .15 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.113 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY SO3... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0.04 .02 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.20 0.10 COD 0.90 .45 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.123 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Sulfamic... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0.04 .02 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.20 0.10 COD 0.90 .48 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.123 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Sulfamic... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0.04 .02 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.20 0.10 COD 0.90 .48 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.113 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY SO3... 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0.04 .02 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.20 0.10 COD 0.90 .45 TSS 0.02 .01 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.93 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Oleum... 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.09 .03 Oil and grease 0.21 .07 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.07 0.02 COD 0.27 .09 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.09 .03 Oil and grease 0...

Method of making alkyl esters

DOEpatents

Elliott, Brian

2010-09-14

Methods of making alkyl esters are described herein. The methods are capable of using raw, unprocessed, low-cost feedstocks and waste grease. Generally, the method involves converting a glyceride source to a fatty acid composition and esterifying the fatty acid composition to make alkyl esters. In an embodiment, a method of making alkyl esters comprises providing a glyceride source. The method further comprises converting the glyceride source to a fatty acid composition comprising free fatty acids and less than about 1% glyceride by mass. Moreover, the method comprises esterifying the fatty acid composition in the presence of a solid acid catalyst at a temperature ranging firm about 70.degree. C. to about 120.degree. C. to produce alkyl esters, such that at least 85% of the free fatty acids are converted to alkyl esters. The method also incorporates the use of packed bed reactors for glyceride conversion and/or fatty acid esterification to make alkyl esters.

Method to synthesize dense crystallized sodalite pellet for immobilizing halide salt radioactive waste

DOEpatents

Koyama, Tadafumi

1994-01-01

A method for immobilizing waste chloride salts containing radionuclides such as cesium and strontium and hazardous materials such as barium. A sodalite intermediate is prepared by mixing appropriate amounts of silica, alumina and sodium hydroxide with respect to sodalite and heating the mixture to form the sodalite intermediate and water. Heating is continued to drive off the water to form a water-free intermediate. The water-free intermediate is mixed with either waste salt or waste salt which has been contacted with zeolite to concentrate the radionuclides and hazardous material. The waste salt-intermediate mixture is then compacted and heated under conditions of heat and pressure to form sodalite with the waste salt, radionuclides and hazardous material trapped within the sodalite cage structure. This provides a final product having excellent leach resistant capabilities.

Method to synthesize dense crystallized sodalite pellet for immobilizing halide salt radioactive waste

DOEpatents

Koyama, Tadafumi.

1994-08-23

A method is described for immobilizing waste chloride salts containing radionuclides such as cesium and strontium and hazardous materials such as barium. A sodalite intermediate is prepared by mixing appropriate amounts of silica, alumina and sodium hydroxide with respect to sodalite and heating the mixture to form the sodalite intermediate and water. Heating is continued to drive off the water to form a water-free intermediate. The water-free intermediate is mixed with either waste salt or waste salt which has been contacted with zeolite to concentrate the radionuclides and hazardous material. The waste salt-intermediate mixture is then compacted and heated under conditions of heat and pressure to form sodalite with the waste salt, radionuclides and hazardous material trapped within the sodalite cage structure. This provides a final product having excellent leach resistant capabilities.

Method to synthesize dense crystallized sodalite pellet for immobilizing halide salt radioactive waste

DOEpatents

Koyama, T.

1992-01-01

This report describes a method for immobilizing waste chloride salts containing radionuclides such as cesium and strontium and hazardous materials such as barium. A sodalite intermediate is prepared by mixing appropriate amounts of silica, alumina and sodium hydroxide with respect to sodalite and heating the mixture to form the sodalite intermediate and water. Heating is continued to drive off the water to form a water-free intermediate. The water-free intermediate is mixed with either waste salt or waste salt which has been contacted with zeolite to concentrate the radionuclides and hazardous material. The waste salt-intermediate mixture is then compacted and heated under conditions of heat and pressure to form sodalite with the waste salt, radionuclides and hazardous material trapped within the sodalite cage structure. This provides a final product having excellent leach resistant capabilities.

Enzyme pretreatment of fats, oil and grease from restaurant waste to prolong septic soil treatment system effectiveness.

PubMed

Dong, Younsuk; Safferman, Steven I; Ostahowski, Jeff; Herold, Tom; Panter, Ronald

2017-01-02

When a fast-food restaurant's wastewater containing fats, oil and grease (FOG) is discharged into a collection system, it builds up over time and clogs pipes. Similarly, when such wastewater flows into a septic soil treatment system, it adheres to the surface of inlet pipes, gravel/distribution media and soil, restricting the flow and eventually clogging the septic soil treatment system. In this study, an enzymatic pretreatment system was tested on wastewater from a fast-food restaurant to determine its effectiveness in preventing septic soil treatment system clogging. This system used aeration equipment, baffles and a one-time inoculum that excretes enzymes to reduce the molecular weight and number of double bonds associated with FOG. FOG containing triglycerides having lower molecular weights and fewer double bonds are less sticky. The enzymatic pretreatment system was found to cause these changes as verified by measuring the types of triglycerides (compounds in FOG) using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. A unique bench-scale septic soil treatment system (soil trench) was also used. Each contained six soil moisture sensors to enable the determination of moisture saturation trends among the five tested conditions: sanitary wastewater only, a combination of sanitary and kitchen wastewater, enzymatically pretreated sanitary and kitchen wastewater, kitchen wastewater, and enzymatically pretreated kitchen wastewater. For all influent types, a significant amount of FOG and other pollutants were removed, regardless of the initial concentrations. Moisture sensor readings showed differences among the tested conditions, indicating that septic soil treatment system clogging was delayed. Inspection of the influent pipe and gravel at the end of testing verified these differences as did the measurements of volatile solids.

Pyrolysis production of fruit peel biochar for potential use in treatment of palm oil mill effluent.

PubMed

Lam, Su Shiung; Liew, Rock Keey; Cheng, Chin Kui; Rasit, Nazaitulshila; Ooi, Chee Kuan; Ma, Nyuk Ling; Ng, Jo-Han; Lam, Wei Haur; Chong, Cheng Tung; Chase, Howard A

2018-05-01

Fruit peel, an abundant waste, represents a potential bio-resource to be converted into useful materials instead of being dumped in landfill sites. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a harmful waste that should also be treated before it can safely be released to the environment. In this study, pyrolysis of banana and orange peels was performed under different temperatures to produce biochar that was then examined as adsorbent in POME treatment. The pyrolysis generated 30.7-47.7 wt% yield of a dark biochar over a temperature ranging between 400 and 500 °C. The biochar contained no sulphur and possessed a hard texture, low volatile content (≤34 wt%), and high amounts of fixed carbon (≥72 wt%), showing durability in terms of high resistance to chemical reactions such as oxidation. The biochar showed a surface area of 105 m 2 /g and a porous structure containing mesopores, indicating its potential to provide many adsorption sites for use as an adsorbent. The use of the biochar as adsorbent to treat the POME showed a removal efficiency of up to 57% in reducing the concentration of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand COD, total suspended solid (TSS) and oil and grease (O&G) of POME to an acceptable level below the discharge standard. Our results indicate that pyrolysis shows promise as a technique to transform banana and orange peel into value-added biochar for use as adsorbent to treat POME. The recovery of biochar from fruit waste also shows advantage over traditional landfill approaches in disposing this waste. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Recycling soil nitrate nitrogen by amending agricultural lands with oily food waste.

PubMed

Rashid, M T; Voroney, R P

2003-01-01

With current agricultural practices the amounts of fertilizer N applied are frequently more than the amounts removed by the crop. Excessive N application may result in short-term accumulation of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) in soil, which can easily be leached from the root zone and into the ground water. A management practice suggested for conserving accumulated NO3-N is the application of oily food waste (FOG; fat + oil + greases) to agricultural soils. A two-year field study (1995-1996 and 1996-1997) was conducted at Elora Research Center (43 degrees 38' N, 80 degrees W; 346 m above mean sea level), University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada to determine the effect of FOG application in fall and spring on soil NO3-N contents and apparent N immobilization-mineralization of soil N in the 0- to 60-cm soil layer. The experiment was planned under a randomized complete block design with four replications. An unamended control and a reference treatment [winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover crop] were included in the experiment to compare the effects of fall and spring treatment of oily food waste on soil NO3-N contents and apparent N immobilization-mineralization. Oily food waste application at 10 Mg ha(-1) in the fall decreased soil NO3-N by immobilization and conserved 47 to 56 kg NO3-N ha(-1), which would otherwise be subject to leaching. Nitrogen immobilized due to FOG application in the fall was subsequently remineralized by the time of fertilizer N sidedress, whereas no net mineralization was observed in spring-amended plots at the same time.

Biogas production from anaerobic digestion of food waste and relevant air quality implications.

PubMed

Kuo, Jeff; Dow, Jason

2017-09-01

Biopower can diversify energy supply and improve energy resiliency. Increases in biopower production from sustainable biomass can provide many economic and environmental benefits. For example, increasing biogas production through anaerobic digestion of food waste would increase the use of renewable fuels throughout California and add to its renewables portfolio. Although a biopower project will produce renewable energy, the process of producing bioenergy should harmonize with the goal of protecting public health. Meeting air emission requirements is paramount to the successful implementation of any biopower project. A case study was conducted by collecting field data from a wastewater treatment plant that employs anaerobic codigestion of fats, oils, and grease (FOG), food waste, and wastewater sludge, and also uses an internal combustion (IC) engine to generate biopower using the biogas. This research project generated scientific information on (a) quality and quantity of biogas from anaerobic codigestion of food waste and municipal wastewater sludge, (b) levels of contaminants in raw biogas that may affect beneficial uses of the biogas, (c) removal of the contaminants by the biogas conditioning systems, (d) emissions of NO x , SO 2 , CO, CO 2 , and methane, and (e) types and levels of air toxics present in the exhausts of the IC engine fueled by the biogas. The information is valuable to those who consider similar operations (i.e., co-digestion of food waste with municipal wastewater sludge and power generation using the produced biogas) and to support rulemaking decisions with regards to air quality issues for such applications. Full-scale operation of anaerobic codigestion of food waste with municipal sludge is viable, but it is still new. There is a lack of readily available scientific information on the quality of raw biogas, as well as on potential emissions from power generation using this biogas. This research developed scientific information with regard to quality and quantity of biogas from anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and municipal wastewater sludge, as well as impacts on air quality from biopower generation using this biogas. The need and performance of conditioning/pretreatment systems for biopower generation were also assessed.

TOP 08-2-111B Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) Contamination Survivability, Small Items of Equipment

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-03-16

e.g., mud, grease, and other). j. Pretest (baseline) and posttest (30 days after the first contamination and/or other defined long-term time...item surface condition (pretest and posttest ), materials of construction, paint type, and surface cleanliness (e.g., mud, grease, decontamination...penetrate. h. Pretest and posttest ME functional performance characteristics used as the measure of the test item’s mission performance before

40 CFR 408.282 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...): (a) Any sardine processing facility which utilizes dry transportation systems from the fish storage... units (kg/kkg of seafood) TSS 36 10 Oil and grease 3.5 1.4 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of... not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of seafood) TSS 48 16 Oil and grease 6.3 2.8 pH (1) (1) English units...

40 CFR 428.55 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25 TSS 1.28 0.64 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25...— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Lead...

40 CFR 428.55 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25 TSS 1.28 0.64 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25...— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Lead...

40 CFR 428.105 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5 3.72 2.20 TSS 6.96 2.90 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5... daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Chromium 0...

40 CFR 428.105 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5 3.72 2.20 TSS 6.96 2.90 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5... daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Chromium 0...

40 CFR 428.65 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.15 TSS 0.80 0.40 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.0...— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Lead...

40 CFR 428.65 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.15 TSS 0.80 0.40 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.0...— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Lead...

40 CFR 417.103 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Air-SO3... 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.36 .18 Oil and grease 0.08 .04 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.30 0.19 COD 1.10 .55 TSS 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.36 .18 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.153 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY... Surfactants 0.04 .02 Oil and grease 0.01 .005 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.08 .04 TSS 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.04 .02 Oil and grease 0.01 .005 pH (1) (1...

40 CFR 417.153 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY... Surfactants 0.04 .02 Oil and grease 0.01 .005 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.08 .04 TSS 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.04 .02 Oil and grease 0.01 .005 pH (1) (1...

40 CFR 417.103 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Air-SO3... 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.36 .18 Oil and grease 0.08 .04 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.30 0.19 COD 1.10 .55 TSS 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.36 .18 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 417.103 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Air-SO3... 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.36 .18 Oil and grease 0.08 .04 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.30 0.19 COD 1.10 .55 TSS 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.36 .18 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 464.34 - New source performance standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... scrubbed) effluent standards for copper, lead, zinc, total phenols, oil and grease, and TSS. For non...) 0.0129 0.0071 Lead (T) 0.0237 0.0116 Zinc (T) 0.0437 0.0165 Oil and grease 1.34 0.446 TSS 0.67 0.536... average Annual average 1 (mg/l) 2 (mg/l) 2 Copper (T) 0.29 0.16 0.0029 Lead (T) 0.53 0.26 0.0067 Zinc (T...

40 CFR 464.34 - New source performance standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... scrubbed) effluent standards for copper, lead, zinc, total phenols, oil and grease, and TSS. For non...) 0.0129 0.0071 Lead (T) 0.0237 0.0116 Zinc (T) 0.0437 0.0165 Oil and grease 1.34 0.446 TSS 0.67 0.536... average Annual average 1 (mg/l) 2 (mg/l) 2 Copper (T) 0.29 0.16 0.0029 Lead (T) 0.53 0.26 0.0067 Zinc (T...

Reconnaissance Study: Rouge River Watershed, Michigan Flood Hazard Reduction, Riverine Ecosystem Restoration, and Recreational Development

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-09-12

wetlands for preliminary treatment of sediment, oil, and grease prior to discharging into the Rouge River. While mitigating storm water quality and...land uses. While Alternative 2 and 3 have similar habitat enhancement features, Alternative 2 has much more measurable storm water quality benefits...sediment, oil, and grease prior to discharging into the Rouge River. While mitigating storm water quality and quantity impacts, this alternative

Tests of 38 Ball-Bearing Greases

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcmurtrey, E. L.

1982-01-01

Report presents interim results in program of long-term tests of ball-bearing greases in vacuum, oxidizing, and otherwise hostile environment. Program is motivated by need for mechanisms that will operate for long periods in spacecraft or space stations. Class of lubricants based on perfluoroalkylpolyether (PFPE) with fluorotelomer thickeners has given best results in vacuum tests completed thus far. Test methods and performances of various lubricants could be of interest in automotive and industrial communities.

40 CFR 417.43 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... TSS 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0.08 .04 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.80 0.40 COD 2.40 1.20 TSS 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0.08 .04 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6... Glycerine Concentration Subcategory § 417.43 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of...

40 CFR 417.155 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... COD 0.08 .04 TSS 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.04 .02 Oil and grease 0.01 .005 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.08 .04 TSS 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.04 .02... Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil and grease 0.04 .02 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous...

Hazing in the U.S. Armed Forces: Recommendations for Hazing Prevention Policy and Practice

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-01

playing abusive tricks; threatening or oering violence or bodily harm to another; striking; branding; tattooing; shav- ing; greasing; painting...or bodily harm to another; striking; branding; tattooing; shav- ing; greasing; painting; “pinning,” “tacking on,” “blood wings”; or forcing or...particular issue for hazing denitions that address psychological, mental, or emotional harm. Specically, as one of the most thorough previous reviews of

Potential biodiesel and biogas production from corncob by anaerobic fermentation and black soldier fly.

PubMed

Li, Wu; Li, Qing; Zheng, Longyu; Wang, Yuanyuan; Zhang, Jibin; Yu, Ziniu; Zhang, Yanlin

2015-10-01

Bioenergy has become attractive as alternatives of gradually exhausted fossil fuel. Obtaining high grade bioenergy from lignocellulose is attractive that can gradually meet the demand. This study reported biogas and biodiesel were produced from corncob by a two-step bioprocess, biogas was produced from corncob by anaerobic fermentation, then biogas residue was converted by black soldier fly larvae, and then biodiesel was produced from larvae grease. 86.70 L biogas was obtained from 400 g corncob with the accumulation of biogas yield of 220.71 mL/g VS(added) by anaerobic digestion. Besides, 3.17 g of biodiesel was produced from grease after inoculating black soldier fly larvae into 400 g biogas residue. Meanwhile, the results showed that the addition of black soldier fly larvae could be effective for the degradation of lignocellulose and the accumulation of grease. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lubrication with solids.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buckley, D. H.; Johnson, R. L.

1972-01-01

Brief discussion of the historical background, variety range, chemistry, physics, and other properties of solid lubricants, and review of their current uses. The widespread use of solid lubricants did not occur until about 1947. At present, they are the object of such interest that a special international conference on their subject was held in 1971. They are used at temperatures beyond the useful range of conventional lubricating oils and greases. Their low volatility provides them with the capability of functioning effectively in vacuum and invites their use in space applications. Their high load carrying ability makes them useful with heavily loaded components. Solid lubricants, however, do lack some of the desirable properties of conventional lubricants. Unlike oils and greases, which have fluidity and can continuously be carried back into contact with lubricated surfaces, solid lubricants, because of their immobility, have finite lives. Also, oils and greases can carry away frictional heat from contacting surfaces, while solid lubricants cannot.

An evaluation of grease type ball bearing lubricants operating in various environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcmurtrey, E. L.

1981-01-01

Because many future spacecraft or space stations will require mechanisms to operate for long periods of time in environments which are adverse to most bearing lubricants, a series of tests is continuing to evaluate 38 grease type lubricants in R-4 size bearings in five different environments for a 1 year period. Four repetitions of each test are made to provide statistical samples. These tests were used to select four lubricants for 5 year tests in selected environments with five repetitions of each test for statistical samples. At the present time, 100 test sets are completed and 22 test sets are underway. Three 5 year tests were started in (1) continuous operation and (2) start-stop operation, with both in vacuum at ambient temperatures, and (3) continuous operation at 93.3 C. In the 1 year tests the best results to date in all environments were obtained with a high viscosity index perfluoroalkylpolyether (PFPE) grease.

Synthesis and Tribological Performance of Different Particle-Sized Nickel-Ion-Exchanged α-Zirconium Phosphates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Xiaosheng; Xu, Hong; Dong, Jinxiang

2018-03-01

Nickel-ion-exchanged α-zirconium phosphate (Ni-α-ZrP) was synthesized by a mild hydrothermal synthesis method. Different raw material ratios (NaF/H3PO4/Ni(CH3COO)2·4H2O) influence the particle size of the Ni-α-ZrP samples. The grain size could be controlled and distributed from 20 to 600 nm. Ni-α-ZrP was evaluated as an additive in lithium grease in a four-ball test. A 3.0 wt.% addition of Ni-α-ZrP to lithium grease yielded maximum non-seizure load values of 1235 N, and the wear scar diameter on the lower balls is 0.42 mm at 294 N. Compared with smaller particles, the addition of Ni-α-ZrP with a larger particle size to grease yields a better load-carrying capacity.

Test Validation of the Repair to the Space Station Solar Alpha Rotary Joint

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Allmon, Curtis; Wilkinson, Will; Loewenthal, Stu

2010-01-01

The Solar Array Alpha Joint Lubrication Interval Test (SARJ LITE) test rig was built as a method to evaluate the performance of the grease repair on the Starboard SARJ of the International Space Station (ISS) . The on-orbit SARJ was temporarily parked after receiving significant damage on one of its race ring surfaces as a result of inadequate lu brication (high dry contact friction) and unaccounted for roller traction kinematics. In a scaled down rig, flight-like roller bearings wer e preloaded and cycled on a nitrided 15-5 race surface. Grease was ad ded to the track and with instrumentation monitoring performance, trending data will be extracted and used to determine lubrication interva ls for both Port and Starboard ISS SARJ?s. The grease lubrication was found to be effective in eliminating the high friction that contributed to the onorbit race damage.

Electron source for a mini ion trap mass spectrometer

DOEpatents

Dietrich, D.D.; Keville, R.F.

1995-12-19

An ion trap is described which operates in the regime between research ion traps which can detect ions with a mass resolution of better than 1:10{sup 9} and commercial mass spectrometers requiring 10{sup 4} ions with resolutions of a few hundred. The power consumption is kept to a minimum by the use of permanent magnets and a novel electron gun design. By Fourier analyzing the ion cyclotron resonance signals induced in the trap electrodes, a complete mass spectra in a single combined structure can be detected. An attribute of the ion trap mass spectrometer is that overall system size is drastically reduced due to combining a unique electron source and mass analyzer/detector in a single device. This enables portable low power mass spectrometers for the detection of environmental pollutants or illicit substances, as well as sensors for on board diagnostics to monitor engine performance or for active feedback in any process involving exhausting waste products. 10 figs.

Seasonal Variation and Impact of Waste-Water Lagoons as Larval Habitat on the Population Dynamics of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera:Ceratpogonidae) at Two Dairy Farms in Northern California

PubMed Central

Mayo, Christie E.; Osborne, Cameron J.; Mullens, Bradley A.; Gerry, Alec C.; Gardner, Ian A.; Reisen, William K.; Barker, Christopher M.; MacLachlan, N. James

2014-01-01

The Sacramento (northern Central) Valley of California (CA) has a hot Mediterranean climate and a diverse ecological landscape that is impacted extensively by human activities, which include the intensive farming of crops and livestock. Waste-water ponds, marshes, and irrigated fields associated with these agricultural activities provide abundant larval habitats for C. sonorensis midges, in addition to those sites that exist in the natural environment. Within this region, C. sonorensis is an important vector of bluetongue (BTV) and related viruses that adversely affect the international trade and movement of livestock, the economics of livestock production, and animal welfare. To characterize the seasonal dynamics of immature and adult C. sonorensis populations, abundance was monitored intensively on two dairy farms in the Sacramento Valley from August 2012– to July 2013. Adults were sampled every two weeks for 52 weeks by trapping (CDC style traps without light and baited with dry-ice) along N-S and E-W transects on each farm. One farm had large operational waste-water lagoons, whereas the lagoon on the other farm was drained and remained dry during the study. Spring emergence and seasonal abundance of adult C. sonorensis on both farms coincided with rising vernal temperature. Paradoxically, the abundance of midges on the farm without a functioning waste-water lagoon was increased as compared to abundance on the farm with a waste-water lagoon system, indicating that this infrastructure may not serve as the sole, or even the primary larval habitat. Adult midges disappeared from both farms from late November until May; however, low numbers of parous female midges were detected in traps set during daylight in the inter-seasonal winter period. This latter finding is especially critical as it provides a potential mechanism for the “overwintering” of BTV in temperate regions such as northern CA. Precise documentation of temporal changes in the annual abundance and dispersal of Culicoides midges is essential for the creation of models to predict BTV infection of livestock and to develop sound abatement strategies. PMID:24586925

Seasonal variation and impact of waste-water lagoons as larval habitat on the population dynamics of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera:Ceratpogonidae) at two dairy farms in northern California.

PubMed

Mayo, Christie E; Osborne, Cameron J; Mullens, Bradley A; Gerry, Alec C; Gardner, Ian A; Reisen, William K; Barker, Christopher M; Maclachlan, N James

2014-01-01

The Sacramento (northern Central) Valley of California (CA) has a hot Mediterranean climate and a diverse ecological landscape that is impacted extensively by human activities, which include the intensive farming of crops and livestock. Waste-water ponds, marshes, and irrigated fields associated with these agricultural activities provide abundant larval habitats for C. sonorensis midges, in addition to those sites that exist in the natural environment. Within this region, C. sonorensis is an important vector of bluetongue (BTV) and related viruses that adversely affect the international trade and movement of livestock, the economics of livestock production, and animal welfare. To characterize the seasonal dynamics of immature and adult C. sonorensis populations, abundance was monitored intensively on two dairy farms in the Sacramento Valley from August 2012- to July 2013. Adults were sampled every two weeks for 52 weeks by trapping (CDC style traps without light and baited with dry-ice) along N-S and E-W transects on each farm. One farm had large operational waste-water lagoons, whereas the lagoon on the other farm was drained and remained dry during the study. Spring emergence and seasonal abundance of adult C. sonorensis on both farms coincided with rising vernal temperature. Paradoxically, the abundance of midges on the farm without a functioning waste-water lagoon was increased as compared to abundance on the farm with a waste-water lagoon system, indicating that this infrastructure may not serve as the sole, or even the primary larval habitat. Adult midges disappeared from both farms from late November until May; however, low numbers of parous female midges were detected in traps set during daylight in the inter-seasonal winter period. This latter finding is especially critical as it provides a potential mechanism for the "overwintering" of BTV in temperate regions such as northern CA. Precise documentation of temporal changes in the annual abundance and dispersal of Culicoides midges is essential for the creation of models to predict BTV infection of livestock and to develop sound abatement strategies.

40 CFR 428.73 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0.093 TSS 0.50 0.25 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0.093 TSS 0.50 0.25 pH... Average of daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material...

40 CFR 428.62 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.15 TSS 0.80 0.40 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.15... material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 (c) The...

40 CFR 428.72 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0.093 TSS 0.50 0.25 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0.../kkg of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007...

40 CFR 428.53 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25 TSS 1.28 0.64 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25 TSS 1.28 0.64 pH... Average of daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material...

40 CFR 428.63 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.15 TSS 0.80 0.40 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.15 TSS 0.80 0.40 pH... Average of daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material...

40 CFR 428.53 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25 TSS 1.28 0.64 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25 TSS 1.28 0.64 pH... Average of daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material...

40 CFR 428.73 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0.093 TSS 0.50 0.25 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0.093 TSS 0.50 0.25 pH... Average of daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material...

40 CFR 428.63 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.15 TSS 0.80 0.40 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.15 TSS 0.80 0.40 pH... Average of daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material...

40 CFR 428.52 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25 TSS 1.28 0.64 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25... of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 (c...

40 CFR 417.132 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE...) BOD5 0.90 0.30 COD 4.05 1.35 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.15 .05 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.15 .05 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.112 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE...) BOD5 0.90 0.30 COD 3.05 1.35 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.10 .05 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.10 .05 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.132 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE...) BOD5 0.90 0.30 COD 4.05 1.35 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.15 .05 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.15 .05 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.112 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE...) BOD5 0.90 0.30 COD 3.05 1.35 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.10 .05 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.10 .05 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.132 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE...) BOD5 0.90 0.30 COD 4.05 1.35 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.15 .05 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.15 .05 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.102 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE...) BOD5 0.90 0.30 COD 4.05 1.35 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.15 .05 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.10 .05 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.102 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE...) BOD5 0.90 0.30 COD 4.05 1.35 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.15 .05 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.10 .05 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.92 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE...) BOD5 0.09 0.02 COD 0.40 .09 TSS 0.15 .03 Surfactants 0.15 .03 Oil and grease 0.25 .07 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.15 .03 Oil and grease 0.25 .07 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.92 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE...) BOD5 0.09 0.02 COD 0.40 .09 TSS 0.15 .03 Surfactants 0.15 .03 Oil and grease 0.25 .07 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.15 .03 Oil and grease 0.25 .07 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.92 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE...) BOD5 0.09 0.02 COD 0.40 .09 TSS 0.15 .03 Surfactants 0.15 .03 Oil and grease 0.25 .07 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.15 .03 Oil and grease 0.25 .07 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.102 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE...) BOD5 0.90 0.30 COD 4.05 1.35 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.15 .05 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.10 .05 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

40 CFR 417.112 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE...) BOD5 0.90 0.30 COD 3.05 1.35 TSS 0.09 .03 Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.10 .05 pH (1) (1... Surfactants 0.90 .30 Oil and grease 0.10 .05 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. [39 FR 13372, Apr. 12...

Substitution of Wax and Grease Cleaners With Biodegradable Solvents: Phase 1. Part 2

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-09-01

OIL-FREE CO. CITRIC 79 GS-A-67 M-OIL-FREE #1000 ULTRA ULTRA 70 ULTRA 90 ** MADISON BIONICS CHEMERSE ** MAGNUSON PRODUCTS PERMAG #404 ** MAN-GILL...F CONCENTRATE AMBIENT 118 MAGNUSON PRODUCTS PERMAG #404 INGREDIENT --- SODIUM HYDROXIDE APPLICATION -- OIL, GREASE, CARBON METALS -------- FERROUS...CLEANOL 108 2 0Z/GAL MAGNUSON PRODUCTS PERMAG #404 72 12 OZ/GAL MEQQEM MEQQEM-CLEAN 8512 142 10% MEQQEM-CLEAN 8516 145 5% MITCHELL-BRADFORD, INTERN

40 CFR 417.165 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Surfactants 0.10 .05 Oil and grease 0.01 .005 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.10 0.05 COD 0.44 .22 TSS 0.01 .005 Surfactants 0.10 .05 Oil and grease 0.01 .005 pH (1) (1... units (kilograms per 1,000 kg of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02. COD 0.07. TSS 0.002. Surfactants 0.02...

40 CFR 417.162 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 0.015 .005 Surfactants 0.39 .13 Oil and grease 0.015 .005 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.60 0.20 COD 1.80 .60 TSS 0.015 .005 Surfactants 0.39 .13 Oil and....15. TSS 0.002. Surfactants 0.04. Oil and grease 0.002. pH Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. English units...

40 CFR 417.162 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 0.015 .005 Surfactants 0.39 .13 Oil and grease 0.015 .005 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.60 0.20 COD 1.80 .60 TSS 0.015 .005 Surfactants 0.39 .13 Oil and....15. TSS 0.002. Surfactants 0.04. Oil and grease 0.002. pH Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. English units...

40 CFR 417.165 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Surfactants 0.10 .05 Oil and grease 0.01 .005 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.10 0.05 COD 0.44 .22 TSS 0.01 .005 Surfactants 0.10 .05 Oil and grease 0.01 .005 pH (1) (1... units (kilograms per 1,000 kg of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02. COD 0.07. TSS 0.002. Surfactants 0.02...

40 CFR 417.42 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... COD 13.50 4.50 TSS 0.60 .20 Oil and grease 0.30 .10 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 4.50 1.50 COD 13.50 4.50 TSS 0.60 .20 Oil and grease 0.30 .10 pH (1) (1) 1 Within... CATEGORY Glycerine Concentration Subcategory § 417.42 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the...

40 CFR 417.42 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... COD 13.50 4.50 TSS 0.60 .20 Oil and grease 0.30 .10 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 4.50 1.50 COD 13.50 4.50 TSS 0.60 .20 Oil and grease 0.30 .10 pH (1) (1) 1 Within... CATEGORY Glycerine Concentration Subcategory § 417.42 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the...

40 CFR 417.42 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... COD 13.50 4.50 TSS 0.60 .20 Oil and grease 0.30 .10 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 4.50 1.50 COD 13.50 4.50 TSS 0.60 .20 Oil and grease 0.30 .10 pH (1) (1) 1 Within... CATEGORY Glycerine Concentration Subcategory § 417.42 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the...

40 CFR 417.165 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Surfactants 0.10 .05 Oil and grease 0.01 .005 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.10 0.05 COD 0.44 .22 TSS 0.01 .005 Surfactants 0.10 .05 Oil and grease 0.01 .005 pH (1) (1... units (kilograms per 1,000 kg of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02. COD 0.07. TSS 0.002. Surfactants 0.02...

40 CFR 417.165 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Surfactants 0.10 .05 Oil and grease 0.01 .005 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.10 0.05 COD 0.44 .22 TSS 0.01 .005 Surfactants 0.10 .05 Oil and grease 0.01 .005 pH (1) (1... units (kilograms per 1,000 kg of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02. COD 0.07. TSS 0.002. Surfactants 0.02...

40 CFR 417.165 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Surfactants 0.10 .05 Oil and grease 0.01 .005 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.10 0.05 COD 0.44 .22 TSS 0.01 .005 Surfactants 0.10 .05 Oil and grease 0.01 .005 pH (1) (1... units (kilograms per 1,000 kg of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02. COD 0.07. TSS 0.002. Surfactants 0.02...

40 CFR 417.162 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 0.015 .005 Surfactants 0.39 .13 Oil and grease 0.015 .005 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.60 0.20 COD 1.80 .60 TSS 0.015 .005 Surfactants 0.39 .13 Oil and....15. TSS 0.002. Surfactants 0.04. Oil and grease 0.002. pH Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. English units...

40 CFR 417.162 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 0.015 .005 Surfactants 0.39 .13 Oil and grease 0.015 .005 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.60 0.20 COD 1.80 .60 TSS 0.015 .005 Surfactants 0.39 .13 Oil and....15. TSS 0.002. Surfactants 0.04. Oil and grease 0.002. pH Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. English units...

40 CFR 417.162 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 0.015 .005 Surfactants 0.39 .13 Oil and grease 0.015 .005 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.60 0.20 COD 1.80 .60 TSS 0.015 .005 Surfactants 0.39 .13 Oil and....15. TSS 0.002. Surfactants 0.04. Oil and grease 0.002. pH Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. English units...

Evaluation of Perfluoropolyether Lubricant Lifetime in the High Stress and High Stress-Cycle Regime for Mars Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Herman, Jason; Davis, Kiel

2008-01-01

The successful operation of long-life, highly loaded mechanisms used for planetary exploration or autonomous structures assembly will depend upon the ability to effectively lubricate rolling-element bearings. As new tools are developed (i.e., drill, abraders, robotic manipulators, etc.) that interact with their environment in a more direct manner, lubricants will be pushed past the bounds that current scientific literature has published. This paper details results from bearing lubrication lifetime testing performed in support of Honeybee Robotics development of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Surface Removal Tool (SRT). This testing was done due to the lack of available data in research literature that is applicable to the lubrication regime the SRT bearings are being designed for. Based on the test results, the chosen bearing arrangement can be used for the SRT Grind Shaft bearings with the use of a Braycote Micronic 601EF grease-plate with a 10 vol% grease slurry fill (50/50 wt% Braycote Micronic 601EF and Brayco 815Z). This arrangement showed no signs of detrimental degradation over the course of the 3x life test. The purely grease-plated bearing ran at a consistently higher torque and showed signs of failure beginning at approximately 2.2 x 10(exp 7) revs (approximately 6.3 x 10(exp 7) stress-cycles) with a torque over-limit failure at approximately 4.5 x 10(exp 7) revs (approximately 1.3 x 10(exp 8) stress-cycles). Barring cold-start torque margin limitations, it is recommended that any long-life bearing application include some vol% grease-pack in addition to a standard grease-plate to reduce parasitic torque and increase bearing life. While these results are specific to a particular environment and loading condition, they demonstrate the extended capabilities of a commonly used flight lubricant outside of the range that is published in current research literature.

40 CFR 428.103 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5 3.72 2.20 TSS 6.96 2.90 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5 3.72 2.20 TSS 6... raw material) Chromium 0.0086 0.0036 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Chromium 0.0086 0...

40 CFR 428.103 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5 3.72 2.20 TSS 6.96 2.90 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5 3.72 2.20 TSS 6... raw material) Chromium 0.0086 0.0036 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Chromium 0.0086 0...

40 CFR 428.102 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5 3.72 2.20 TSS 6.96 2.90 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5... units (kg/kkg of raw material) Chromium 0.0086 0.0036 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material...

Cultural Resources Survey, Harry S. Truman Dam and Reservoir Project, Missouri. Volume 5. Lithic and Ceramic Studies.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-02-01

wash it out and mix it with grease or other media . Heated over char- coal, red ochre takes on a brighter color; the washing removes dulling impurities...effect of dye; they were mixed with various media for painting the wood and leather of boxes, arrows, spears, shields, tipis, robes, parfleche cases...etc. The media for applying the pigments varied. In general, face paint * was mixed with grease or saliva, while the medium for wood or skins was

Archeological Investigations in Cochiti Reservoir, New Mexico. Volume 3. 1976-1977 Field Seasons.

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-01-01

or methods are in a constant state of flux, and will undoubtedly continue so. The present In 1959, Baumhoff and Heizer suggested that the sys- paper...marrow extraction and when as estimates rather than counts were insect bodies and rendering bone grease. parts (10-25%), cocoons/larvae/eggs (1-10%), and...A yielded rendering bone grease or making soup. The association of 40 burned bone fragments. A 500 ml sample from grid the unidentified fragments and

40 CFR 471.53 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 4.29 TSS 6.44 5.15 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times. (c) Drawing spent... Nickel 0.655 0.441 Fluoride 70.8 31.4 Molybdenum 5.99 2.66 Oil and grease 11.9 11.9 TSS 17.9 14.3 pH (1... and grease 2.81 2.81 TSS 4.22 3.37 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times. (j...

40 CFR 471.23 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 4.37 Fluoride 4.44 1.97 Oil and grease 0.746 0.746 TSS 1.12 0.895 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 7... 7.63 Oil and grease 2.89 2.89 TSS 4.34 3.47 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all... 59.3 47.4 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times. (f) Surface treatment spent...

40 CFR 471.53 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 4.29 TSS 6.44 5.15 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times. (c) Drawing spent... Nickel 0.655 0.441 Fluoride 70.8 31.4 Molybdenum 5.99 2.66 Oil and grease 11.9 11.9 TSS 17.9 14.3 pH (1... and grease 2.81 2.81 TSS 4.22 3.37 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times. (j...

40 CFR 417.152 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... COD 0.15 .05 TSS 0.03 .01 Surfactants 0.06 .02 Oil and grease 0.015 .005 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.03 0.01 COD 0.15 .05 TSS 0.03 .01 Surfactants 0.06 .02... Surfactants 0.45 .15 Oil and grease 0.09 .03 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous...

40 CFR 417.153 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Surfactants 0.04 .02 Oil and grease 0.01 .005 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.08 .04 TSS 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.04 .02 Oil and grease 0.01 .005 pH (1) (1... per 1,000 kg of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.12 0.06 COD 0.50 .25 TSS 0.14 .07 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil...

40 CFR 417.152 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... COD 0.15 .05 TSS 0.03 .01 Surfactants 0.06 .02 Oil and grease 0.015 .005 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.03 0.01 COD 0.15 .05 TSS 0.03 .01 Surfactants 0.06 .02... Surfactants 0.45 .15 Oil and grease 0.09 .03 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous...

40 CFR 417.153 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Surfactants 0.04 .02 Oil and grease 0.01 .005 pH (1) (1) English units (pounds per 1,000 lb of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.02 0.01 COD 0.08 .04 TSS 0.04 .02 Surfactants 0.04 .02 Oil and grease 0.01 .005 pH (1) (1... per 1,000 kg of anhydrous product) BOD5 0.12 0.06 COD 0.50 .25 TSS 0.14 .07 Surfactants 0.20 .10 Oil...

Surfactant/Supercritical Fluid Cleaning of Contaminated Substrates

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

White, Gary L.

1997-01-01

CFC's and halogenated hydrocarbon solvents have been the solvents of choice to degrease and otherwise clean precision metal parts to allow proper function. Recent regulations have, however, rendered most of these solvents unacceptable for these purposes. New processes which are being used or which have been proposed to replace these solvents usually either fail to remove water soluble contaminants or produce significant aqueous wastes which must then be disposed of. In this work, a new method for cleaning surfaces will be investigated. Solubility of typical contaminants such as lubricating greases and phosphatizing bath residues will be studied in several surfactant/supercritical fluid solutions. The effect of temperature, pressure, and the composition of the cleaning mixture on the solubility of oily, polar, and ionic contaminants will be investigated. A reverse micellar solution in a supercritical light hydrocarbon solvent will be used to clean samples of industrial wastes. A reverse micellar solution is one where water is dissolved into a non-polar solvent with the aid of a surfactant. The solution will be capable of dissolving both water-soluble contaminants and oil soluble contaminants. Once the contaminants have been dissolved into the solution they will be separated from the light hydrocarbon and precipitated by a relatively small pressure drop and the supercritical solvent will be available for recycle for reuse. The process will be compared to the efficacy of supercritical CO2 cleaning by attempting to clean the same types of substrates and machining wastes with the same contaminants using supercritical CO2. It is anticipated that the supercritical CO2 process will not be capable of removing ionic residues.

Frictional properties of lubrication greases with the addition of nickel nanoparticles in pneumatic cylinder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chang, Ho; Lan, Chou-Wei; Guo, Jia-Bin

2011-12-01

This paper studies the influence of addition of 100 nm diameter nickel nano-particles on the friction properties of synthetic grease (Li base, VG100) in pneumatic cylinder. The friction force test of pneumatic cylinder equipment measures the frictional force between seal and cylinder bore in pneumatic cylinders. The lubricants with addition of nickel nano-particles were used for lubricating the contact interface between seal and cylinder bore. The friction force test equipment employ a load cell force sensor to measure the friction force between seals and cylinder bores. Results obtained from experimental tests are compared to determine the friction force between seals and cylinder bore in pneumatic cylinders. The study leads to the conclusion that the addition of nickel nano-particles to synthetic grease results in a decrease in friction force between seals and cylinder bores in pneumatic cylinder. This tribological behavior is closely related to the deposition of nano-particles on the rubbing surfaces

Synthesis of a conducting SiO2-carbon composite from commercial silicone grease and its conversion to paramagnetic SiO2 particles.

PubMed

Pol, V G; Pol, S V; George, P P; Markovsky, B; Gedanken, A

2006-07-13

The thermal decomposition of commercial silicone grease was carried out in a closed reactor (Swagelok) that was heated at 800 degrees C for 3 h, yielding a SiO2-carbon composite with a BET surface area of 369 m2/g. The bulk conductivity (5.72 x 10(-6) S x cm(-2)) of the SiO2-carbon composite was determined by impedance measurements. The as-prepared SiO2-carbon composite was further annealed at 500 degrees C in air for 2 h, which led to the formation of white paramagnetic silica particles (confirmed by ESR), possessing a surface area of 111 m2/g. The present synthetic technique requires unsophisticated equipment and a low-cost commercial precursor, and the reaction is carried out without a solvent, surfactant, or catalyst. The mechanism for the formation of a porous SiO2-carbon composite from the silicone grease is also presented.

Evaluation of control parameters for Spray-In-Air (SIA) aqueous cleaning for shuttle RSRM hardware

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, S. J.; Deweese, C. D.

1995-01-01

HD-2 grease is deliberately applied to Shuttle Redesigned Solid Rocket Motor (RSRM) D6AC steel hardware parts as a temporary protective coating for storage and shipping. This HD-2 grease is the most common form of surface contamination on RSRM hardware and must be removed prior to subsequent surface treatment. Failure to achieve an acceptable level of cleanliness (HD-2 calcium grease removal) is a common cause of defect incidence. Common failures from ineffective cleaning include poor adhesion of surface coatings, reduced bond performance of structural adhesives, and failure to pass cleanliness inspection standards. The RSRM hardware is currently cleaned and refurbished using methyl chloroform (1,1,1-trichloroethane). This chlorinated solvent is mandated for elimination due to its ozone depleting characteristics. This report describes an experimental study of an aqueous cleaning system (which uses Brulin 815 GD) as a replacement for methyl chloroform. Evaluation of process control parameters for this cleaner are discussed as well as cleaning mechanisms for a spray-in-air process.

An evaluation of grease type ball bearing lubricants operating in various environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcmurtrey, E. L.

1984-01-01

Because many future spacecraft or space stations will require mechanisms to operate for long periods of time in environments which are adverse to most bearing lubricants, a series of tests has been completed to evaluate 38 grease type lubricants in R-4 size bearings in five different environments for a 1 year period. Four repetitions of each test were made to provide statistical samples. These tests were also used to select four lubricants for 5 year tests in selected environments with five repetitions of each test for statistical samples. In this completed program, 172 test sets have been completed. The three 5 year tests in: (1) continuous operation and (2) start stop operation, with both in vacuum at ambient temperatures, and (3) continuous vacuum operation at 93.3 C have been completed. In both the 1 year and 5 year tests, the best results in all environments have been obtained with a high viscosity index perfluoroalkylpolyether (PFPE) grease.

An evaluation of grease-type ball bearing lubricants operation in various environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcmurtrey, E. L.

1983-01-01

Because many future spacecraft or space stations will require mechanisms to operate for long periods of time in environments which are adverse to most bearing lubricants, a series of tests is continuing to evaluate 38 grease type lubricants in R-4 size bearings in five different environments for a 1 year period. Four repetitions of each test are made to provide statistical samples. These tests have also been used to select four lubricants for 5 year tests in selected environments with five repetitions of each test for statistical samples. At the present time, 142 test sets have been completed and 30 test sets are underway. The three 5 year tests in (1) continuous operation and (2) start stop operation, with both in vacuum at ambient temperatures, and (3) continuous vacuum operation at 93.3 C are now completed. To date, in both the 1 year and 5 year tests, the best results in all environments have been obtained with a high viscosity index perfluoroalkylpolyether (PFPE) grease.

Evaluation of imidacloprid-treated traps as an attract and kill system for filth flies during contingency operations.

PubMed

Dunford, James C; Hoel, David F; Hertz, Jeffrey C; England, David B; Dunford, Kelly R; Stoops, Craig A; Szumlas, Daniel E; Hogsette, Jerome A

2013-01-01

Two field trials were conducted to evaluate if filth fly trap efficacy was increased by augmentation with an insecticide application to the trap's exterior. Four Fly Terminator Pro traps (Farnam Companies, Inc, Phoenix, AZ) baited with Terminator Fly Attractant (in water) were suspended on polyvinyl chloride pipe framing at a municipal waste transfer site in Clay County, Florida. The outer surfaces of 2 traps were treated with Maxforce Fly Spot Bait (Bayer Environmental Science, Research Triangle Park, NC) (10% imidacloprid) to compare kill rates between treated and untreated traps. Kill consisted of total flies collected from inside traps and from mesh nets suspended beneath all traps, both treated and untreated. Each of 2 treated and untreated traps was rotated through 4 trap sites every 24 hrs. In order to evaluate operational utility and conservation of supplies during remote contingency operations, fly attractant remained in traps for the duration of the first trial but was changed daily during the second trial (following manufacturer's recommendations). In addition, ½ strength Terminator Fly Attractant was used during the first trial and traps were set at full strength during the second trial. Flies collected within the traps and in mesh netting were counted and identified. Three species, Musca domestica (L.), Chrysomya megacephala (F.), and Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann), comprised the majority of samples in both trials. The net samples recovered more flies when the outer surface was treated with imidacloprid, however, treated traps collected fewer flies inside the trap than did untreated traps for both trials. No significant statistical advantage was found in treating Fly Terminator Pro trap exteriors with Maxforce Fly Spot Bait. However, reducing manufacturer's recommended strength of Terminator Fly Attractant showed similar results to traps set at full strength. Treating the outer surfaces may improve kill of fly species that do not enter the trap. Terminator Fly Attractant was also found to be more effective if traps were not changed daily and left to hold dead flies for longer periods.

Fat, oil and grease reduction in commercial kitchen ductwork: A novel biological approach.

PubMed

Mudie, S; Vahdati, M

2017-03-01

Recent research has characterised emissions upon cooking a variety of foods in a commercial catering environment in terms of volume, particle size and composition. However, there has been limited focus on the deposition of solid grease in commercial kitchen ductwork, the sustainability of these systems and their implications on the heat recovery potential of kitchen ventilation extract air. This paper reviews the literature concerning grease, commonly referred to as Fat, Oils and Grease (FOG) abatement strategies and finds that many of these systems fall short of claimed performances. Furthermore these technologies often add to the energy cost of the operation and reduce the potential application of heat recovery in the ventilation ductwork. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a novel FOG removal system, with a focus on low environmental impact. The novel FOG removal system, utilises the biological activity of Bacillus subtilis and associated enzymes. The biological reagent is delivered via a misting system. The temperature, relative humidity and FOG deposit thickness were measured in the ductwork throughout a 3month trial period. FOG deposit thickness was reduced by 47% within 7weeks. The system was found to be effective at reducing the FOG deposit thickness with minimal energy cost and impact upon the kitchen and external environment. Internal ductwork operating temperature was measured with respect to future heat recovery potential and a reduction of 7°C was observed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.