Sample records for water activity rules

  1. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS FOR THE GROUND WATER RULE ...

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    The Ground Water Rule Economic Analysis provides a description of the need for the rule, consideration of regulatory alternatives, baseline analysis including national ground water system profile and an estimate of pathogen and indicator occurrence (Chapter 4), a risk assessment and benefits analysis (Chapter 5), and a cost analysis ( Chapter 6). Chapters 4, 5 and 6, selected appendices and sections of other chapters will be peer reviewed. The objective of the Economic Analysis Document is to support the final Ground Water Rule.

  2. Final Rule: Definition of “Waters of the United States” – Addition of Applicability Date to 2015 Clean Water Rule

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Link to the final rule of the applicability date of the clean water rule, The 2015 Rule will not be applicable until two years following publication of the applicability date rule in the Federal Register.

  3. Ground Water Rule - Boil Water Advisory - Public Notification Template

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    The Ground Water Rule - Boil Water Advisory - Public Notification Template can be use to issue a Tier 1 Public Notification when it has been determined that source ground water is contaminated with E. Coli bacteria.

  4. Beverages: bottled water. Final rule.

    PubMed

    2009-05-29

    The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending its bottled water regulations to require that bottled water manufacturers test source water for total coliform, as is required for finished bottled water products, and to require, if any coliform organisms are detected in source water, that bottled water manufacturers determine whether any of the coliform organisms are Escherichia coli (E. coli), an indicator of fecal contamination. FDA also is amending its bottled water regulations to require, if any coliform organisms are detected in finished bottled water products, that bottled water manufacturers determine whether any of the coliform organisms are E. coli. FDA also is amending the adulteration provision of the bottled water standard to reflect the possibility of adulteration caused by the presence of filth. Bottled water containing E. coli will be considered adulterated, and source water containing E. coli will not be considered to be of a safe, sanitary quality and will be prohibited from use in the production of bottled water. FDA is also amending its bottled water regulations to require that, before a bottler can use source water from a source that has tested positive for E. coli, the bottler must take appropriate measures to rectify or eliminate the cause of E. coli contamination of that source, and that the bottler must keep records of such actions. Existing regulatory provisions require bottled water manufacturers to keep records of new testing required by this rule. This final rule will ensure that FDA's standards for the minimum quality of bottled water, as affected by fecal contamination, will be no less protective of the public health than those set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for public drinking water.

  5. Surface Water Treatment Rules State Implementation Guidance

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    These documents provide guidance to states, tribes and U.S. EPA Regions exercising primary enforcement responsibility under the Safe Drinking Water Act. The documents contain EPA’s recommendations for implementation of the Surface Water Treatment Rules.

  6. Response to Comments for the Clean Water Rule: Definition of Waters of the United States

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    The Response to Comments document, together with the preamble to the final Clean Water Rule, presents the responses to public comments for the Clean Water Rule. It is presented in a number of different topical compendiums.

  7. EQUITY EVALUATION OF PADDY IRRIGATION WATER DISTRIBUTION BY SOCIETY-JUSTICE-WATER DISTRIBUTION RULE HYPOTHESIS

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tanji, Hajime; Kiri, Hirohide; Kobayashi, Shintaro

    When total supply is smaller than total demand, it is difficult to apply the paddy irrigation water distribution rule. The gap must be narrowed by decreasing demand. Historically, the upstream served rule, rotation schedule, or central schedule weight to irrigated area was adopted. This paper proposes the hypothesis that these rules are dependent on social justice, a hypothesis called the "Society-Justice-Water Distribution Rule Hypothesis". Justice, which means a balance of efficiency and equity of distribution, is discussed under the political philosophy of utilitarianism, liberalism (Rawls), libertarianism, and communitarianism. The upstream served rule can be derived from libertarianism. The rotation schedule and central schedule can be derived from communitarianism. Liberalism can provide arranged schedule to adjust supply and demand based on "the Difference Principle". The authors conclude that to achieve efficiency and equity, liberalism may provide the best solution after modernization.

  8. Multiobjective hedging rules for flood water conservation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ding, Wei; Zhang, Chi; Cai, Ximing; Li, Yu; Zhou, Huicheng

    2017-03-01

    Flood water conservation can be beneficial for water uses especially in areas with water stress but also can pose additional flood risk. The potential of flood water conservation is affected by many factors, especially decision makers' preference for water conservation and reservoir inflow forecast uncertainty. This paper discusses the individual and joint effects of these two factors on the trade-off between flood control and water conservation, using a multiobjective, two-stage reservoir optimal operation model. It is shown that hedging between current water conservation and future flood control exists only when forecast uncertainty or decision makers' preference is within a certain range, beyond which, hedging is trivial and the multiobjective optimization problem is reduced to a single objective problem with either flood control or water conservation. Different types of hedging rules are identified with different levels of flood water conservation preference, forecast uncertainties, acceptable flood risk, and reservoir storage capacity. Critical values of decision preference (represented by a weight) and inflow forecast uncertainty (represented by standard deviation) are identified. These inform reservoir managers with a feasible range of their preference to water conservation and thresholds of forecast uncertainty, specifying possible water conservation within the thresholds. The analysis also provides inputs for setting up an optimization model by providing the range of objective weights and the choice of hedging rule types. A case study is conducted to illustrate the concepts and analyses.

  9. Rules for Coeducational Activities and Sports.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, Washington, DC.

    Suggestions and guidelines for establishing rules for co-recreational intramural activities are presented. These rules are not intended as a precedent or a national standard--they are ideas for adapting standardized rules for men's and women's sports to meet the needs, demands, and characteristics of co-recreational sports. Eleven different…

  10. Regulatory impact analysis: benefits and costs of proposed surface water treatment rule and total coliform rule

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    1987-09-01

    This report contains an analysis of the costs and benefits of controlling microbial contaminants in drinking water through the promulgation of two regulations: (1) the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR); and (2) the Total Coliform Rule. This regulatory impact analysis (RIA) was prepared in accordance with Executive Order 12291, which requires that the costs and benefits of all major rules be examined and compared. The major topical areas covered in the RIA are as follows: problem definition; market imperfections, the need for federal regulation, and consideration of regulatory alternatives; assessment of total costs; assessment of benefits; regulatory flexibility act andmore » Paperwork Reduction Act analyses; and a summary of costs and benefits.« less

  11. Impact of Operating Rules on Planning Capacity Expansion of Urban Water Supply Systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    de Neufville, R.; Galelli, S.; Tian, X.

    2017-12-01

    This study addresses the impact of operating rules on capacity planning of urban water supply systems. The continuous growth of metropolitan areas represents a major challenge for water utilities, which often rely on industrial water supply (e.g., desalination, reclaimed water) to complement natural resources (e.g., reservoirs). These additional sources increase the reliability of supply, equipping operators with additional means to hedge against droughts. How do their rules for using industrial water supply impact the performance of water supply system? How might it affect long-term plans for capacity expansion? Possibly significantly, as demonstrated by the analysis of the operations and planning of a water supply system inspired by Singapore. Our analysis explores the system dynamics under multiple inflow and management scenarios to understand the extent to which alternative operating rules for the use of industrial water supply affect system performance. Results first show that these operating rules can have significant impact on the variability in system performance (e.g., reliability, energy use) comparable to that of hydro-climatological conditions. Further analyses of several capacity expansion exercises—based on our original hydrological and management scenarios—show that operating rules significantly affect the timing and magnitude of critical decisions, such as the construction of new desalination plants. These results have two implications: Capacity expansion analysis should consider the effect of a priori uncertainty about operating rules; and operators should consider how their flexibility in operating rules can affect their perceived need for capacity.

  12. The cold-water connection: Bergmann's rule in North American freshwater fishes.

    PubMed

    Rypel, Andrew L

    2014-01-01

    Understanding general rules governing macroecological body size variations is one of the oldest pursuits in ecology. However, this science has been dominated by studies of terrestrial vertebrates, spurring debate over the validity of such rules in other taxonomic groups. Here, relationships between maximum body size and latitude, temperature, and elevation were evaluated for 29 North American freshwater fish species. Bergmann's rule (i.e., that body size correlates positively with latitude and negatively with temperature) was observed in 38% of species, converse Bergmann's rule (that body size correlates negatively with latitude and positively with temperature) was observed in 34% of species, and 28% of species showed no macroecological body size relationships. Most notably, every species that expressed Bergmann's rule was a cool- or cold-water species while every species that expressed converse Bergmann's rule was a warm-water species, highlighting how these patterns are likely connected to species thermal niches. This study contradicts previous research suggesting Bergmann's rule does not apply to freshwater fishes, and is congruent with an emerging paradigm of variable macroecological body size patterns in poikilotherms.

  13. Potential Implications of Approaches to Climate Change on the Clean Water Rule Definition of "Waters of the United States".

    PubMed

    Faust, Derek R; Moore, Matthew T; Emison, Gerald Andrews; Rush, Scott A

    2016-05-01

    The 1972 Clean Water Act was passed to protect chemical, physical, and biological integrity of United States' waters. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers codified a new "waters of the United States" rule on June 29, 2015, because several Supreme Court case decisions caused confusion with the existing rule. Climate change could affect this rule through connectivity between groundwater and surface waters; floodplain waters and the 100-year floodplain; changes in jurisdictional status; and sea level rise on coastal ecosystems. Four approaches are discussed for handling these implications: (1) "Wait and see"; (2) changes to the rule; (3) use guidance documents; (4) Congress statutorily defining "waters of the United States." The approach chosen should be legally defensible and achieved in a timely fashion to provide protection to "waters of the United States" in proactive consideration of scientifically documented effects of climate change on aquatic ecosystems.

  14. Simulation of operating rules and discretional decisions using a fuzzy rule-based system integrated into a water resources management model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Macian-Sorribes, Hector; Pulido-Velazquez, Manuel

    2013-04-01

    Water resources systems are operated, mostly, using a set of pre-defined rules not regarding, usually, to an optimal allocation in terms of water use or economic benefits, but to historical and institutional reasons. These operating policies are reproduced, commonly, as hedging rules, pack rules or zone-based operations, and simulation models can be used to test their performance under a wide range of hydrological and/or socio-economic hypothesis. Despite the high degree of acceptation and testing that these models have achieved, the actual operation of water resources systems hardly follows all the time the pre-defined rules with the consequent uncertainty on the system performance. Real-world reservoir operation is very complex, affected by input uncertainty (imprecision in forecast inflow, seepage and evaporation losses, etc.), filtered by the reservoir operator's experience and natural risk-aversion, while considering the different physical and legal/institutional constraints in order to meet the different demands and system requirements. The aim of this work is to expose a fuzzy logic approach to derive and assess the historical operation of a system. This framework uses a fuzzy rule-based system to reproduce pre-defined rules and also to match as close as possible the actual decisions made by managers. After built up, the fuzzy rule-based system can be integrated in a water resources management model, making possible to assess the system performance at the basin scale. The case study of the Mijares basin (eastern Spain) is used to illustrate the method. A reservoir operating curve regulates the two main reservoir releases (operated in a conjunctive way) with the purpose of guaranteeing a high realiability of supply to the traditional irrigation districts with higher priority (more senior demands that funded the reservoir construction). A fuzzy rule-based system has been created to reproduce the operating curve's performance, defining the system state (total

  15. 77 FR 12227 - Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule: Uncovered Finished Water Reservoirs; Public...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-29

    ... Water Treatment Rule: Uncovered Finished Water Reservoirs; Public Meeting AGENCY: Environmental... review of the uncovered finished water reservoir requirement in the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water... uncovered finished water reservoir requirement and the agency's Six Year Review process. EPA also plans to...

  16. Aircraft Drinking Water Rule Public Meetings and Summaries

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    In developing the Aircraft Drinking Water Rule, EPA used a collaborative process to obtain a broad range of views including the airlines, flight attendants, passengers, pilots, airports, laboratories, public health officials and environmental organizations

  17. 78 FR 70905 - Extension of Comment Period for the Water Quality Standards Regulatory Clarifications Proposed Rule

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-27

    ... Comment Period for the Water Quality Standards Regulatory Clarifications Proposed Rule AGENCY... Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is extending the comment period for the proposed rule ``Water Quality... published the proposed rule ``Water Quality Standards Regulatory Clarifications'' in the Federal Register...

  18. 43 CFR 404.57 - Does this rule have any affect on state water law?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... water law? 404.57 Section 404.57 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands BUREAU OF RECLAMATION, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR RECLAMATION RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM Miscellaneous § 404.57 Does this rule have any affect on state water law? No. Neither the Act nor this rule preempts or affects...

  19. Irrigation infrastructure and water appropriation rules for food security

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gohar, Abdelaziz A.; Amer, Saud A.; Ward, Frank A.

    2015-01-01

    In the developing world's irrigated areas, water management and planning is often motivated by the need for lasting food security. Two important policy measures to address this need are improving the flexibility of water appropriation rules and developing irrigation storage infrastructure. Little research to date has investigated the performance of these two policy measures in a single analysis while maintaining a basin wide water balance. This paper examines impacts of storage capacity and water appropriation rules on total economic welfare in irrigated agriculture, while maintaining a water balance. The application is to a river basin in northern Afghanistan. A constrained optimization framework is developed to examine economic consequences on food security and farm income resulting from each policy measure. Results show that significant improvements in both policy aims can be achieved through expanding existing storage capacity to capture up to 150 percent of long-term average annual water supplies when added capacity is combined with either a proportional sharing of water shortages or unrestricted water trading. An important contribution of the paper is to show how the benefits of storage and a changed water appropriation system operate under a variable climate. Results show that the hardship of droughts can be substantially lessened, with the largest rewards taking place in the most difficult periods. Findings provide a comprehensive framework for addressing future water scarcity, rural livelihoods, and food security in the developing world's irrigated regions.

  20. 43 CFR 404.57 - Does this rule have any affect on state water law?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2012-10-01 2011-10-01 true Does this rule have any affect on state water law? 404.57 Section 404.57 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands BUREAU OF RECLAMATION, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR RECLAMATION RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM Miscellaneous § 404.57 Does this rule have any affect on state water...

  1. Reference News Release: EPA Finalizes Rule to Modernize Clean Water Act Reporting

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Today, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) finalized a rule to modernize Clean Water Act reporting for municipalities, industries, and other facilities. The final rule will require regulated entities and state and federal regulators to use exist

  2. 18 CFR 385.104 - Rule of construction (Rule 104).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Rule of construction (Rule 104). 385.104 Section 385.104 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... Definitions § 385.104 Rule of construction (Rule 104). To the extent that the text of a rule is inconsistent...

  3. 18 CFR 385.104 - Rule of construction (Rule 104).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Rule of construction (Rule 104). 385.104 Section 385.104 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... Definitions § 385.104 Rule of construction (Rule 104). To the extent that the text of a rule is inconsistent...

  4. 18 CFR 385.103 - References to rules (Rule 103).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false References to rules (Rule 103). 385.103 Section 385.103 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... Definitions § 385.103 References to rules (Rule 103). This part cross-references its sections according to...

  5. 18 CFR 385.103 - References to rules (Rule 103).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false References to rules (Rule 103). 385.103 Section 385.103 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... Definitions § 385.103 References to rules (Rule 103). This part cross-references its sections according to...

  6. Evaluating changes to reservoir rule curves using historical water-level data

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Mower, Ethan; Miranda, Leandro E.

    2013-01-01

    Flood control reservoirs are typically managed through rule curves (i.e. target water levels) which control the storage and release timing of flood waters. Changes to rule curves are often contemplated and requested by various user groups and management agencies with no information available about the actual flood risk of such requests. Methods of estimating flood risk in reservoirs are not easily available to those unfamiliar with hydrological models that track water movement through a river basin. We developed a quantile regression model that uses readily available daily water-level data to estimate risk of spilling. Our model provided a relatively simple process for estimating the maximum applicable water level under a specific flood risk for any day of the year. This water level represents an upper-limit umbrella under which water levels can be operated in a variety of ways. Our model allows the visualization of water-level management under a user-specified flood risk and provides a framework for incorporating the effect of a changing environment on water-level management in reservoirs, but is not designed to replace existing hydrological models. The model can improve communication and collaboration among agencies responsible for managing natural resources dependent on reservoir water levels.

  7. Revised Interim Final Consolidated Enforcement Response and Penalty Policy for the Pre-Renovation Education Rule; Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule; and Lead-Based Paint Activities Rule

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This is the revised version of the Interim Final Consolidated Enforcement Response and Penalty Policy for the Pre-Renovation Education Rule; Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule; and Lead-Based Paint Activities Rule.

  8. Age-Related Brain Activation Changes during Rule Repetition in Word-Matching.

    PubMed

    Methqal, Ikram; Pinsard, Basile; Amiri, Mahnoush; Wilson, Maximiliano A; Monchi, Oury; Provost, Jean-Sebastien; Joanette, Yves

    2017-01-01

    Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the age-related brain activation changes during a word-matching semantic-category-based task, which required either repeating or changing a semantic rule to be applied. In order to do so, a word-semantic rule-based task was adapted from the Wisconsin Sorting Card Test, involving the repeated feedback-driven selection of given pairs of words based on semantic category-based criteria. Method: Forty healthy adults (20 younger and 20 older) performed a word-matching task while undergoing a fMRI scan in which they were required to pair a target word with another word from a group of three words. The required pairing is based on three word-pair semantic rules which correspond to different levels of semantic control demands: functional relatedness, moderately typical-relatedness (which were considered as low control demands), and atypical-relatedness (high control demands). The sorting period consisted of a continuous execution of the same sorting rule and an inferred trial-by-trial feedback was given. Results: Behavioral performance revealed increases in response times and decreases of correct responses according to the level of semantic control demands (functional vs. typical vs. atypical) for both age groups (younger and older) reflecting graded differences in the repetition of the application of a given semantic rule. Neuroimaging findings of significant brain activation showed two main results: (1) Greater task-related activation changes for the repetition of the application of atypical rules relative to typical and functional rules, and (2) Changes (older > younger) in the inferior prefrontal regions for functional rules and more extensive and bilateral activations for typical and atypical rules. Regarding the inter-semantic rules comparison, only task-related activation differences were observed for functional > typical (e.g., inferior parietal and temporal regions bilaterally) and atypical > typical (e

  9. Derivation of optimal joint operating rules for multi-purpose multi-reservoir water-supply system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tan, Qiao-feng; Wang, Xu; Wang, Hao; Wang, Chao; Lei, Xiao-hui; Xiong, Yi-song; Zhang, Wei

    2017-08-01

    The derivation of joint operating policy is a challenging task for a multi-purpose multi-reservoir system. This study proposed an aggregation-decomposition model to guide the joint operation of multi-purpose multi-reservoir system, including: (1) an aggregated model based on the improved hedging rule to ensure the long-term water-supply operating benefit; (2) a decomposed model to allocate the limited release to individual reservoirs for the purpose of maximizing the total profit of the facing period; and (3) a double-layer simulation-based optimization model to obtain the optimal time-varying hedging rules using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II, whose objectives were to minimize maximum water deficit and maximize water supply reliability. The water-supply system of Li River in Guangxi Province, China, was selected for the case study. The results show that the operating policy proposed in this study is better than conventional operating rules and aggregated standard operating policy for both water supply and hydropower generation due to the use of hedging mechanism and effective coordination among multiple objectives.

  10. EPA and the Army Corps’ Rule to Define Waters of the United States

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-01-05

    legal rulings, the agencies’ expertise and experience, and science concerning the interconnectedness of tributaries, wetlands, and other waters and...converted croplands, stormwater management systems , and groundwater). Changes in the final rule would increase the categorical assertion of CWA...the rule’s implementation nationwide. The legal question of which federal court should review the challenges to the rule remains in limbo. EPA and

  11. 26 CFR 1.469-9 - Rules for certain rental real estate activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ...) of this section. Instead, a rental real estate activity of a qualifying taxpayer is a passive... passive activity rules under section 469(f) and the disposition rules under section 469(g). However... required under section 469(k), notwithstanding the rules of this section. (2) Treatment as a former passive...

  12. The dead donor rule, voluntary active euthanasia, and capital punishment.

    PubMed

    Coons, Christian; Levin, Noah

    2011-06-01

    We argue that the dead donor rule, which states that multiple vital organs should only be taken from dead patients, is justified neither in principle nor in practice. We use a thought experiment and a guiding assumption in the literature about the justification of moral principles to undermine the theoretical justification for the rule. We then offer two real world analogues to this thought experiment, voluntary active euthanasia and capital punishment, and argue that the moral permissibility of terminating any patient through the removal of vital organs cannot turn on whether or not the practice violates the dead donor rule. Next, we consider practical justifications for the dead donor rule. Specifically, we consider whether there are compelling reasons to promulgate the rule even though its corresponding moral principle is not theoretically justified. We argue that there are no such reasons. In fact, we argue that promulgating the rule may actually decrease public trust in organ procurement procedures and medical institutions generally - even in states that do not permit capital punishment or voluntary active euthanasia. Finally, we examine our case against the dead donor rule in the light of common arguments for it. We find that these arguments are often misplaced - they do not support the dead donor rule. Instead, they support the quite different rule that patients should not be killed for their vital organs.

  13. Impact on quality activities of measurement systems meeting an L:1 rule

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hamada, M. S.; Burkhardt, J. H.

    2016-04-01

    This study considers the impact of a measurement system that meets an L:1 rule on various quality activities. These activities include inspection, acceptance sampling, and control charting. A measurement system that meets a 10:1 rule performs much better than one that meets a 4:1 rule. R code is provided so that the practitioner is able to evaluate these activities to his or her particular situation.

  14. A Revised Total Coliform Rule Guide for Small Public Water Systems

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document aims to assist small water systems serving 1,000 persons with fewer in complying with the requirements of the Revised Total Coliform Rule (RTCR). It is divided into four parts, Parts A, B, C and D.

  15. 26 CFR 1.469-9 - Rules for certain rental real estate activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 6 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Rules for certain rental real estate activities... Rules for certain rental real estate activities. (a) Scope and purpose. This section provides guidance... their rental real estate activities. (b) Definitions. The following definitions apply for purposes of...

  16. 26 CFR 1.469-9 - Rules for certain rental real estate activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 6 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Rules for certain rental real estate activities... Rules for certain rental real estate activities. (a) Scope and purpose. This section provides guidance... their rental real estate activities. (b) Definitions. The following definitions apply for purposes of...

  17. 26 CFR 1.469-9 - Rules for certain rental real estate activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 6 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Rules for certain rental real estate activities... Rules for certain rental real estate activities. (a) Scope and purpose. This section provides guidance... their rental real estate activities. (b) Definitions. The following definitions apply for purposes of...

  18. Drinking Water Arsenic Rule History

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    The EPA published the final arsenic rule on January 22, 2001. In response to the national debate surrounding the arsenic rule related to science and costs, the EPA announced on March 20, 2001 that the agency would reassess the science and cost issues.

  19. 76 FR 49479 - Franchise Rule Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-08-10

    ... FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION Franchise Rule Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection... Concerning Franchising (``Franchise Rule''). That clearance expires on December 31, 2011. DATES: Comments... INFORMATION section below. Write ``Franchise Rule, PRA Comment, FTC File No. P094400'' on your comment, and...

  20. Mechanisms of rule acquisition and rule following in inductive reasoning.

    PubMed

    Crescentini, Cristiano; Seyed-Allaei, Shima; De Pisapia, Nicola; Jovicich, Jorge; Amati, Daniele; Shallice, Tim

    2011-05-25

    Despite the recent interest in the neuroanatomy of inductive reasoning processes, the regional specificity within prefrontal cortex (PFC) for the different mechanisms involved in induction tasks remains to be determined. In this study, we used fMRI to investigate the contribution of PFC regions to rule acquisition (rule search and rule discovery) and rule following. Twenty-six healthy young adult participants were presented with a series of images of cards, each consisting of a set of circles numbered in sequence with one colored blue. Participants had to predict the position of the blue circle on the next card. The rules that had to be acquired pertained to the relationship among succeeding stimuli. Responses given by subjects were categorized in a series of phases either tapping rule acquisition (responses given up to and including rule discovery) or rule following (correct responses after rule acquisition). Mid-dorsolateral PFC (mid-DLPFC) was active during rule search and remained active until successful rule acquisition. By contrast, rule following was associated with activation in temporal, motor, and medial/anterior prefrontal cortex. Moreover, frontopolar cortex (FPC) was active throughout the rule acquisition and rule following phases before a rule became familiar. We attributed activation in mid-DLPFC to hypothesis generation and in FPC to integration of multiple separate inferences. The present study provides evidence that brain activation during inductive reasoning involves a complex network of frontal processes and that different subregions respond during rule acquisition and rule following phases.

  1. 75 FR 40925 - National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Revisions to the Total Coliform Rule

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-07-14

    ... discussion on docket. Abbreviations Used in This Document ADWR Airline Drinking Water Rule AGI Acute Gastrointestinal Illness AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIP Agreement in Principle AWWA American Water... Cost Analysis HUS Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome ICR Information Collection Request IESWTR Interim Enhanced...

  2. 77 FR 234 - Rule Concerning Disclosures Regarding Energy Consumption and Water Use of Certain Home Appliances...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-04

    ... FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 16 CFR Part 305 RIN 3084-AB03 Rule Concerning Disclosures Regarding Energy Consumption and Water Use of Certain Home Appliances and Other Products Required Under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (``Appliance Labeling Rule'') AGENCY: Federal Trade Commission. ACTION...

  3. Notice of Intention to Review and Rescind or Revise the Clean Water Rule

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Notice of Intention to Review and Rescind or Revise the Clean Water Rule (prepublication version) - signed by Administrator Scott Pruitt on February 28, 2017. Douglas Lamont has not yet signed this document.

  4. Nondiscrimination in Health Programs and Activities. Final rule.

    PubMed

    2016-05-18

    This final rule implements Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) (Section 1557). Section 1557 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability in certain health programs and activities. The final rule clarifies and codifies existing nondiscrimination requirements and sets forth new standards to implement Section 1557, particularly with respect to the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of sex in health programs other than those provided by educational institutions and the prohibition of various forms of discrimination in health programs administered by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS or the Department) and entities established under Title I of the ACA. In addition, the Secretary is authorized to prescribe the Department's governance, conduct, and performance of its business, including, here, how HHS will apply the standards of Section 1557 to HHS-administered health programs and activities.

  5. Defining operating rules for mitigation of drought effects on water supply systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rossi, G.; Caporali, E.; Garrote, L.; Federici, G. V.

    2012-04-01

    Reservoirs play a pivotal role for water supply systems regulation and management especially during drought periods. Optimization of reservoir releases, related to drought mitigation rules is particularly required. The hydrologic state of the system is evaluated defining some threshold values, expressed in probabilistic terms. Risk deficit curves are used to reduce the ensemble of possible rules for simulation. Threshold values can be linked to specific actions in an operational context in different levels of severity, i.e. normal, pre-alert, alert and emergency scenarios. A simplified model of the water resources system is built to evaluate the threshold values and the management rules. The threshold values are defined considering the probability to satisfy a given fraction of the demand in a certain time horizon, and are validated with a long term simulation that takes into account the characteristics of the evaluated system. The threshold levels determine some curves that define reservoir releases as a function of existing storage volume. A demand reduction is related to each threshold level. The rules to manage the system in drought conditions, the threshold levels and the reductions are optimized using long term simulations with different hypothesized states of the system. Synthetic sequences of flows with the same statistical properties of the historical ones are produced to evaluate the system behaviour. Performances of different values of reduction and different threshold curves are evaluated using different objective function and performances indices. The methodology is applied to the urban area Firenze-Prato-Pistoia in central Tuscany, in Central Italy. The considered demand centres are Firenze and Bagno a Ripoli that have, accordingly to the census ISTAT 2001, a total of 395.000 inhabitants.

  6. Patterns of brain and cardiovascular activation while solving rule-discovery and rule-application numeric tasks.

    PubMed

    Sosnowski, Tytus; Rynkiewicz, Andrzej; Wordecha, Małgorzata; Kępkowicz, Anna; Majewska, Adrianna; Pstrągowska, Aleksandra; Oleksy, Tomasz; Wypych, Marek; Marchewka, Artur

    2017-07-01

    It is known that solving mental tasks leads to tonic increase in cardiovascular activity. Our previous research showed that tasks involving rule application (RA) caused greater tonic increase in cardiovascular activity than tasks requiring rule discovery (RD). However, it is not clear what brain mechanisms are responsible for this difference. The aim of two experimental studies was to compare the patterns of brain and cardiovascular activity while both RD and the RA numeric tasks were being solved. The fMRI study revealed greater brain activation while solving RD tasks than while solving RA tasks. In particular, RD tasks evoked greater activation of the left inferior frontal gyrus and selected areas in the parietal, and temporal cortices, including the precuneus, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, and the superior temporal gyrus, and the cingulate cortex. In addition, RA tasks caused larger increases in HR than RD tasks. The second study, carried out in a cardiovascular laboratory, showed greater increases in heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) while solving RA tasks than while solving RD tasks. The results support the hypothesis that RD and RA tasks involve different modes of information processing, but the neuronal mechanism responsible for the observed greater cardiovascular response to RA tasks than to RD tasks is not completely clear. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.

  7. 40 CFR 2.304 - Special rules governing certain information obtained under the Safe Drinking Water Act.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... information obtained under the Safe Drinking Water Act. 2.304 Section 2.304 Protection of Environment... Special rules governing certain information obtained under the Safe Drinking Water Act. (a) Definitions. For the purposes of this section: (1) Act means the Safe Drinking Water Act, 42 U.S.C. 300f et seq. (2...

  8. 40 CFR 2.304 - Special rules governing certain information obtained under the Safe Drinking Water Act.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... information obtained under the Safe Drinking Water Act. 2.304 Section 2.304 Protection of Environment... Special rules governing certain information obtained under the Safe Drinking Water Act. (a) Definitions. For the purposes of this section: (1) Act means the Safe Drinking Water Act, 42 U.S.C. 300f et seq. (2...

  9. 33 CFR 89.27 - Waters upon which Inland Rule 24(i) applies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ...) applies on the Western Rivers and the specified waters listed in § 89.25 (a) through (i). (b) Inland Rule..., including the Morgan City-Port Allen Alternate Route and the Galveston-Freeport Cutoff, except that a power....7 EHL. (5) The Mississippi River at New Orleans, Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal and the Inner...

  10. 18 CFR 385.702 - Definitions (Rule 702).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Definitions (Rule 702). 385.702 Section 385.702 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Decisions § 385.702 Definitions (Rule...

  11. Transformation rules and degradation of CAHs by Fentonlike oxidation in growth ring of water distribution network-A review

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhong, D.; Ma, W. C.; Jiang, X. Q.; Yuan, Y. X.; Yuan, Y.; Wang, Z. Q.; Fang, T. T.; Huang, W. Y.

    2017-08-01

    Chlorinated hydrocarbons are widely used as organic solvent and chemical raw materials. After treatment, water polluted with trichloroethylene (TCE)/tetrachloroethylene (PCE) can reach the water quality requirements, while water with trace amounts of TCE/PCE is still harmful to humans, which will cause cancers. Water distribution network is an extremely complicated system, in which adsorption, desorption, flocculation, movement, transformation and reduction will occur, leading to changes of TCE/PCE concentrations and products. Therefore, it is important to investigate the transformation rules of TCE/PCE in water distribution network. What’s more, growth-ring, including drinking water pipes deposits, can act as catalysts in Fenton-like reagent (H2O2). This review summarizes the status of transformation rules of CAHs in water distribution network. It also evaluates the effectiveness and fruit of CAHs degradation by Fenton-like reagent based on growth-ring. This review is important in solving the potential safety problems caused by TCE/PCE in water distribution network.

  12. 33 CFR 83.01 - Application (Rule 1).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... waters of the Great Lakes. These Rules apply to all vessels upon the inland waters of the United States, and to vessels of the United States on the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes to the extent that there... rules made by an appropriate authority within the meaning of Rule 1(b) of the International Regulations...

  13. 33 CFR 83.01 - Application (Rule 1).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... waters of the Great Lakes. These Rules apply to all vessels upon the inland waters of the United States, and to vessels of the United States on the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes to the extent that there... rules made by an appropriate authority within the meaning of Rule 1(b) of the International Regulations...

  14. 33 CFR 83.01 - Application (Rule 1).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... waters of the Great Lakes. These Rules apply to all vessels upon the inland waters of the United States, and to vessels of the United States on the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes to the extent that there... rules made by an appropriate authority within the meaning of Rule 1(b) of the International Regulations...

  15. 33 CFR 83.01 - Application (Rule 1).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... waters of the Great Lakes. These Rules apply to all vessels upon the inland waters of the United States, and to vessels of the United States on the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes to the extent that there... rules made by an appropriate authority within the meaning of Rule 1(b) of the International Regulations...

  16. 33 CFR 83.01 - Application (Rule 1).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... waters of the Great Lakes. These Rules apply to all vessels upon the inland waters of the United States, and to vessels of the United States on the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes to the extent that there... rules made by an appropriate authority within the meaning of Rule 1(b) of the International Regulations...

  17. The neural implementation of task rule activation in the task-cuing paradigm: an event-related fMRI study.

    PubMed

    Shi, Yiquan; Zhou, Xiaolin; Müller, Hermann J; Schubert, Torsten

    2010-07-01

    To isolate the neural correlates for task rule activation from those related to general task preparation, the effect of a cue explicitly specifying the S-R correspondences (rule-cue) was contrasted with the effects of a cue specifying only the task to performed (task-cue). While the task-cue provides merely information about the type of task, the rule-cue is explicit about both the task type and the task rule (i.e., the set of S-R correspondences). The rule-cue was expected to activate the task rule more efficiently in the preparation period (prior to target presentation); by contrast, in the task-cue condition, part of the task rule activation was expected to be postponed into the task execution period (following the presentation of the target). In an event-related fMRI experiment, we found the right anterior and middle parts of the middle frontal and superior frontal gyri, the right inferior frontal junction, the pre-SMA, as well as the right superior and inferior parietal lobes to show larger activation elicited by the rule-cue than by the task-cue prior to target presentation. Conversely, the results revealed larger activations in these regions in the task-cue than in the rule-cue condition during the task execution period. In summary, this study identified some of the neural correlates of task rule activation and showed that these are a subset of the general task preparation network. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  18. 10 CFR Appendix A to Part 52 - Design Certification Rule for the U.S. Advanced Boiling Water Reactor

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Water Reactor A Appendix A to Part 52 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (CONTINUED) LICENSES... Rule for the U.S. Advanced Boiling Water Reactor I. Introduction Appendix A constitutes the standard design certification for the U.S. Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR) design, in accordance with 10 CFR...

  19. 10 CFR Appendix A to Part 52 - Design Certification Rule for the U.S. Advanced Boiling Water Reactor

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Water Reactor A Appendix A to Part 52 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (CONTINUED) LICENSES... Rule for the U.S. Advanced Boiling Water Reactor I. Introduction Appendix A constitutes the standard design certification for the U.S. Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR) design, in accordance with 10 CFR...

  20. Revisions to the Clean Water Act Regulatory Definition of Discharge of Dredged Material; Final Rule

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated a final rule Amending a Clean Water Act (CWA) section 404 regulation that defines the term discharge of dredged material.

  1. Drinking Water Disinfection By-Product Rules and Climate Change Effects - A Glimpse of Current and Future Trends

    EPA Science Inventory

    "Drinking water quality at the consumer's tap is the center piece of U.S. drinking water regulations to protect people's health. Recently promulgated Stage II DBP rules are an example, which requires a system approach in a multi-barrier strategy for compliance and risk managemen...

  2. 18 CFR 385.102 - Definitions (Rule 102).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Definitions (Rule 102). 385.102 Section 385.102 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Applicability and Definitions § 385.102...

  3. 18 CFR 385.101 - Applicability (Rule 101).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Applicability (Rule 101). 385.101 Section 385.101 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Applicability and Definitions § 385.101...

  4. 18 CFR 385.102 - Definitions (Rule 102).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Definitions (Rule 102). 385.102 Section 385.102 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Applicability and Definitions § 385.102...

  5. 18 CFR 385.101 - Applicability (Rule 101).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Applicability (Rule 101). 385.101 Section 385.101 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Applicability and Definitions § 385.101...

  6. 18 CFR 401.123 - Waiver of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Waiver of rules. 401.123 Section 401.123 Conservation of Power and Water Resources DELAWARE RIVER BASIN COMMISSION ADMINISTRATIVE MANUAL RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE General Provisions § 401.123 Waiver of rules. The...

  7. Pushing the rules: effects and aftereffects of deliberate rule violations.

    PubMed

    Wirth, Robert; Pfister, Roland; Foerster, Anna; Huestegge, Lynn; Kunde, Wilfried

    2016-09-01

    Most of our daily life is organized around rules and social norms. But what makes rules so special? And what if one were to break a rule intentionally? Can we simply free us from the present set of rules or do we automatically adhere to them? How do rule violations influence subsequent behavior? To investigate the effects and aftereffects of violating simple S-R rule, we conducted three experiments that investigated continuous finger-tracking responses on an iPad. Our experiments show that rule violations are distinct from rule-based actions in both response times and movement trajectories, they take longer to initiate and execute, and their movement trajectory is heavily contorted. Data not only show differences between the two types of response (rule-based vs. violation), but also yielded a characteristic pattern of aftereffects in case of rule violations: rule violations do not trigger adaptation effects that render further rule violations less difficult, but every rule violation poses repeated effort on the agent. The study represents a first step towards understanding the signature and underlying mechanisms of deliberate rule violations, they cannot be acted out by themselves, but require the activation of the original rule first. Consequently, they are best understood as reformulations of existing rules that are not accessible on their own, but need to be constantly derived from the original rule, with an add-on that might entail an active tendency to steer away from mental representations that reflect (socially) unwanted behavior.

  8. 26 CFR 1.469-9 - Rules for certain rental real estate activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... activity of a qualifying taxpayer is a passive activity under section 469 for the taxable year unless the... purposes of section 469, including the former passive activity rules under section 469(f) and the... of this section. (2) Treatment as a former passive activity. For any taxable year in which a...

  9. 18 CFR 39.10 - Changes to an Electric Reliability Organization Rule or Regional Entity Rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Changes to an Electric Reliability Organization Rule or Regional Entity Rule. 39.10 Section 39.10 Conservation of Power and Water... ESTABLISHMENT, APPROVAL, AND ENFORCEMENT OF ELECTRIC RELIABILITY STANDARDS § 39.10 Changes to an Electric...

  10. 18 CFR 39.10 - Changes to an Electric Reliability Organization Rule or Regional Entity Rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Changes to an Electric Reliability Organization Rule or Regional Entity Rule. 39.10 Section 39.10 Conservation of Power and Water... ESTABLISHMENT, APPROVAL, AND ENFORCEMENT OF ELECTRIC RELIABILITY STANDARDS § 39.10 Changes to an Electric...

  11. 18 CFR 39.10 - Changes to an Electric Reliability Organization Rule or Regional Entity Rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Changes to an Electric Reliability Organization Rule or Regional Entity Rule. 39.10 Section 39.10 Conservation of Power and Water... ESTABLISHMENT, APPROVAL, AND ENFORCEMENT OF ELECTRIC RELIABILITY STANDARDS § 39.10 Changes to an Electric...

  12. 18 CFR 39.10 - Changes to an Electric Reliability Organization Rule or Regional Entity Rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Changes to an Electric Reliability Organization Rule or Regional Entity Rule. 39.10 Section 39.10 Conservation of Power and Water... ESTABLISHMENT, APPROVAL, AND ENFORCEMENT OF ELECTRIC RELIABILITY STANDARDS § 39.10 Changes to an Electric...

  13. ARSENIC RULE AND GROUND WATER REMOVAL TECHNOLOGIES

    EPA Science Inventory

    On 6/22/00 EPA published in the federal register a proposed rule to lower the arsenic maximum contaminant level (MCL) from 0.05 to 0.005 mg/L. The proposed rule also identified a number of best available technologies (BAT) and emerging technologies that EPA proposes to be capably...

  14. Real-time Geographic Information System (GIS) for Monitoring the Area of Potential Water Level Using Rule Based System

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Anugrah, Wirdah; Suryono; Suseno, Jatmiko Endro

    2018-02-01

    Management of water resources based on Geographic Information System can provide substantial benefits to water availability settings. Monitoring the potential water level is needed in the development sector, agriculture, energy and others. In this research is developed water resource information system using real-time Geographic Information System concept for monitoring the potential water level of web based area by applying rule based system method. GIS consists of hardware, software, and database. Based on the web-based GIS architecture, this study uses a set of computer that are connected to the network, run on the Apache web server and PHP programming language using MySQL database. The Ultrasound Wireless Sensor System is used as a water level data input. It also includes time and geographic location information. This GIS maps the five sensor locations. GIS is processed through a rule based system to determine the level of potential water level of the area. Water level monitoring information result can be displayed on thematic maps by overlaying more than one layer, and also generating information in the form of tables from the database, as well as graphs are based on the timing of events and the water level values.

  15. Rule-Based Event Processing and Reaction Rules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Paschke, Adrian; Kozlenkov, Alexander

    Reaction rules and event processing technologies play a key role in making business and IT / Internet infrastructures more agile and active. While event processing is concerned with detecting events from large event clouds or streams in almost real-time, reaction rules are concerned with the invocation of actions in response to events and actionable situations. They state the conditions under which actions must be taken. In the last decades various reaction rule and event processing approaches have been developed, which for the most part have been advanced separately. In this paper we survey reaction rule approaches and rule-based event processing systems and languages.

  16. 33 CFR 167.10 - Operating rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Operating rules. 167.10 Section 167.10 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES General § 167.10 Operating rules. The...

  17. A Fuzzy Rule Based Decision Support System for Identifying Location of Water Harvesting Technologies in Rainfed Agricultural Regions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chaubey, I.; Vema, V. K.; Sudheer, K.

    2016-12-01

    Site suitability evaluation of water conservation structures in water scarce rainfed agricultural areas consist of assessment of various landscape characteristics and various criterion. Many of these landscape characteristic attributes are conveyed through linguistic terms rather than precise numeric values. Fuzzy rule based system are capable of incorporating uncertainty and vagueness, when various decision making criteria expressed in linguistic terms are expressed as fuzzy rules. In this study a fuzzy rule based decision support system is developed, for optimal site selection of water harvesting technologies. Water conservation technologies like farm ponds, Check dams, Rock filled dams and percolation ponds aid in conserving water for irrigation and recharging aquifers and development of such a system will aid in improving the efficiency of the structures. Attributes and criteria involved in decision making are classified into different groups to estimate the suitability of the particular technology. The developed model is applied and tested on an Indian watershed. The input attributes are prepared in raster format in ArcGIS software and suitability of each raster cell is calculated and output is generated in the form of a thematic map showing the suitability of the cells pertaining to different technologies. The output of the developed model is compared against the already existing structures and results are satisfactory. This developed model will aid in improving the sustainability and efficiency of the watershed management programs aimed at enhancing in situ moisture content.

  18. Climate Change Adaptation in the Western U.S.: the Case for Dynamic Rule Curves in Water Resources Management

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, S.; Hamlet, A. F.; Burges, S. J.

    2008-12-01

    Climate change in the Western U.S. will bring systematic hydrologic changes affecting many water resources systems. Successful adaptation to these changes, which will be ongoing through the 21st century, will require the 'rebalancing' of competing system objectives such as water supply, flood control, hydropower production, and environmental services in response to hydrologic (and other) changes. Although fixed operating policies for the operation of reservoirs has been a traditional approach to water management in the 20th century, the rapid pace of projected climate shifts (~0.5 F per decade), and the prohibitive costs of recursive policy intervention to mitigate impacts, suggest that more sophisticated approaches will be needed to cope with climate change on a long term basis. The use of 'dynamic rule curves' is an approach that maintains some of the key characteristics of current water management practice (reservoir rule curves) while avoiding many of the fundamental drawbacks of traditional water resources management strategies in a non-stationary climate. In this approach, water resources systems are optimized for each operational period using ensemble streamflow and/or water demand forecasts. The ensemble of optimized reservoir storage traces are then analyzed to produce a set of unique reservoir rule curves for each operational period reflecting the current state of the system. The potential advantage of this approach is that hydrologic changes associated with climate change (such as systematically warmer temperatures) can be captured explicitly in operational hydrologic forecasts, which would in turn inform the optimized reservoir management solutions, creating water resources systems that are largely 'self tending' as the climate system evolves. Furthermore, as hydrologic forecasting systems improve (e.g. in response to improved ENSO forecasting or other scientific advances), so does the performance of reservoir operations. An example of the approach is

  19. THE TOTAL COLIFORM RULE AND FUTURE OF THE INDICATORS AND PATHOGENS IN DRINKING WATER ASSESSMENT

    EPA Science Inventory

    This presentation describes some of the major microbiological issues related to drinking water quality of concern to the EPA. The revision process of the Total Coliform Rule and the selection of the Microbial Contaminant List (CCL) are discussed. A brief overview of research co...

  20. 33 CFR 83.08 - Action to avoid collision (Rule 8).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Action to avoid collision (Rule 8). 83.08 Section 83.08 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Steering and Sailing Rules Conduct of Vessels in Any Condition of...

  1. 33 CFR 83.08 - Action to avoid collision (Rule 8).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Action to avoid collision (Rule 8). 83.08 Section 83.08 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Steering and Sailing Rules Conduct of Vessels in Any Condition of...

  2. 33 CFR 83.08 - Action to avoid collision (Rule 8).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Action to avoid collision (Rule 8). 83.08 Section 83.08 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Steering and Sailing Rules Conduct of Vessels in Any Condition of...

  3. 33 CFR 83.08 - Action to avoid collision (Rule 8).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Action to avoid collision (Rule 8). 83.08 Section 83.08 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Steering and Sailing Rules Conduct of Vessels in Any Condition of...

  4. 33 CFR 83.08 - Action to avoid collision (Rule 8).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Action to avoid collision (Rule 8). 83.08 Section 83.08 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Steering and Sailing Rules Conduct of Vessels in Any Condition of...

  5. Prefrontal and parietal activity is modulated by the rule complexity of inductive reasoning and can be predicted by a cognitive model.

    PubMed

    Jia, Xiuqin; Liang, Peipeng; Shi, Lin; Wang, Defeng; Li, Kuncheng

    2015-01-01

    In neuroimaging studies, increased task complexity can lead to increased activation in task-specific regions or to activation of additional regions. How the brain adapts to increased rule complexity during inductive reasoning remains unclear. In the current study, three types of problems were created: simple rule induction (i.e., SI, with rule complexity of 1), complex rule induction (i.e., CI, with rule complexity of 2), and perceptual control. Our findings revealed that increased activations accompany increased rule complexity in the right dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and medial posterior parietal cortex (precuneus). A cognitive model predicted both the behavioral and brain imaging results. The current findings suggest that neural activity in frontal and parietal regions is modulated by rule complexity, which may shed light on the neural mechanisms of inductive reasoning. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  6. A Monthly Water-Balance Model through a Two-Stage Partitioning of Precipitation Quantified by Budyko Equation and Hedging Rule

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kheimi, M.; Wang, D.

    2017-12-01

    Water operating in reservoir system is similar to natural catchment systems in water regulations. The most contributing role in both systems is found to be mitigating of available water deficits from excessive and keeping it away from prolonged droughts. In this paper, Bodyko equation and hedging rule are presented by two stage portioning monthly water balance model. The first stage is the partitioning of precipitation to evapotranspiration (E) plus future storage (S1) and runoff (Q); the second stage is using hedging rule where evapotranspiration and future storage to be recognized by a tradeoff between evapotranspiration and future water storage. The model introduces a linear two point hedging parameters: starting water availability (y1) and ending of water availability (y2).The calibration of the model is based on five parameters: three derived from Budyko equation (S0, ξ, and Yp) and two from hedging rule (y1 and y2).The catchment climate zone along with its physical properties have an effect on the degree of hedging. The y1 and y2 parameters are indicators of the amount of hedging in dry and wet zones. The span between the starting point (y1) and ending point (y2) of hedging indicate there is hedging against future evapotranspiration shortage. Observation of 187 catchments was examined using this model concept for the period of 21 years starting from 1983 to 2003. After calibration and validation using a genetic algorithm it shows that hedging effect in catchment against future evapotranspiration shortages exists with an abundance of hedging effect in dry areas more than wet areas.

  7. Hemisphere Rule in Active Regions with Different Properties

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Y.; Xiong, X.

    2017-12-01

    Magnetic twist in solar active regions has been found to have a hemispheric preferencein sign (hemisphere rule): negative in the northern hemisphere and positive in the southern.The strength of the preference reported in previous studies ranges greatly, from 58% to 82%.In this presentation, we will show an investigation that examines this hemispheric preference bystudying active regions in Solar Cycle 24 using the vector magnetic field data taken by the Helioseismicand Magnetic Imager (HMI). While in general the strength of the hemisphere preference is wellwithin the range reported by the previous studies, it differs substantially in different groupsof active regions that possess different properties in magnetic helicity: the group with theopposite signs of magnetic twist and writhe has a much stronger preference strength than thegroup with the same signs. This difference becomes even more significant in emerging activeregions. We place here a discussion on possible links between origin of magnetic twist, hemispherepreference, and emergence and evolution of active regions.

  8. Optimal operating rules definition in complex water resource systems combining fuzzy logic, expert criteria and stochastic programming

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Macian-Sorribes, Hector; Pulido-Velazquez, Manuel

    2016-04-01

    This contribution presents a methodology for defining optimal seasonal operating rules in multireservoir systems coupling expert criteria and stochastic optimization. Both sources of information are combined using fuzzy logic. The structure of the operating rules is defined based on expert criteria, via a joint expert-technician framework consisting in a series of meetings, workshops and surveys carried out between reservoir managers and modelers. As a result, the decision-making process used by managers can be assessed and expressed using fuzzy logic: fuzzy rule-based systems are employed to represent the operating rules and fuzzy regression procedures are used for forecasting future inflows. Once done that, a stochastic optimization algorithm can be used to define optimal decisions and transform them into fuzzy rules. Finally, the optimal fuzzy rules and the inflow prediction scheme are combined into a Decision Support System for making seasonal forecasts and simulate the effect of different alternatives in response to the initial system state and the foreseen inflows. The approach presented has been applied to the Jucar River Basin (Spain). Reservoir managers explained how the system is operated, taking into account the reservoirs' states at the beginning of the irrigation season and the inflows previewed during that season. According to the information given by them, the Jucar River Basin operating policies were expressed via two fuzzy rule-based (FRB) systems that estimate the amount of water to be allocated to the users and how the reservoir storages should be balanced to guarantee those deliveries. A stochastic optimization model using Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming (SDDP) was developed to define optimal decisions, which are transformed into optimal operating rules embedding them into the two FRBs previously created. As a benchmark, historical records are used to develop alternative operating rules. A fuzzy linear regression procedure was employed to

  9. 18 CFR 385.212 - Motions (Rule 212).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... statement of: (1) The facts and law which support the motion; and (2) The specific relief or ruling... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Motions (Rule 212). 385....212 Motions (Rule 212). (a) General rule. A motion may be filed: (1) At any time, unless otherwise...

  10. 18 CFR 385.212 - Motions (Rule 212).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... statement of: (1) The facts and law which support the motion; and (2) The specific relief or ruling... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Motions (Rule 212). 385....212 Motions (Rule 212). (a) General rule. A motion may be filed: (1) At any time, unless otherwise...

  11. 18 CFR 385.212 - Motions (Rule 212).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... statement of: (1) The facts and law which support the motion; and (2) The specific relief or ruling... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Motions (Rule 212). 385....212 Motions (Rule 212). (a) General rule. A motion may be filed: (1) At any time, unless otherwise...

  12. 18 CFR 385.212 - Motions (Rule 212).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... statement of: (1) The facts and law which support the motion; and (2) The specific relief or ruling... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Motions (Rule 212). 385....212 Motions (Rule 212). (a) General rule. A motion may be filed: (1) At any time, unless otherwise...

  13. 18 CFR 385.212 - Motions (Rule 212).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... statement of: (1) The facts and law which support the motion; and (2) The specific relief or ruling... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Motions (Rule 212). 385....212 Motions (Rule 212). (a) General rule. A motion may be filed: (1) At any time, unless otherwise...

  14. 33 CFR 83.37 - Distress signals (Rule 37).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Distress signals (Rule 37). 83.37... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.37 Distress signals (Rule 37). When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Rules. ...

  15. 33 CFR 83.37 - Distress signals (Rule 37).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Distress signals (Rule 37). 83.37... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.37 Distress signals (Rule 37). When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Rules. ...

  16. 33 CFR 83.37 - Distress signals (Rule 37).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Distress signals (Rule 37). 83.37... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.37 Distress signals (Rule 37). When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Rules. ...

  17. 33 CFR 83.37 - Distress signals (Rule 37).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Distress signals (Rule 37). 83.37... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.37 Distress signals (Rule 37). When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Rules. ...

  18. 33 CFR 83.37 - Distress signals (Rule 37).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Distress signals (Rule 37). 83.37... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.37 Distress signals (Rule 37). When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Rules. ...

  19. 18 CFR 385.1111 - Conferences (Rule 1111).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ...). 385.1111 Section 385.1111 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Petitions for Adjustments Under the NGPA § 385.1111 Conferences (Rule 1111). Staff may direct that a conference be convened. The...

  20. 18 CFR 385.510 - Miscellaneous provisions (Rule 510).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Miscellaneous provisions (Rule 510). 385.510 Section 385.510 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY....510 Miscellaneous provisions (Rule 510). (a) Transcript. (1) Any statement made at a hearing session...

  1. How Rules Shape Experience

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Emo, Kenneth

    2008-01-01

    Rules guide and constrain participants' actions as they participate in any educational activity. This ethnographically driven case study examines how organizational rules--the implicit and explicit regulations that constrain actions and interactions--influence children to use science in the experiential educational activity of raising 4-H market…

  2. 18 CFR 385.1104 - Initial petition (Rule 1104).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Initial petition (Rule... COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Petitions for Adjustments Under the NGPA § 385.1104 Initial petition (Rule 1104). (a) Content. (1) The petition must contain: (i...

  3. Developing Novel Reservoir Rule Curves Using Seasonal Inflow Projections

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tseng, Hsin-yi; Tung, Ching-pin

    2015-04-01

    Due to significant seasonal rainfall variations, reservoirs and their flexible operational rules are indispensable to Taiwan. Furthermore, with the intensifying impacts of climate change on extreme climate, the frequency of droughts in Taiwan has been increasing in recent years. Drought is a creeping phenomenon, the slow onset character of drought makes it difficult to detect at an early stage, and causes delays on making the best decision of allocating water. For these reasons, novel reservoir rule curves using projected seasonal streamflow are proposed in this study, which can potentially reduce the adverse effects of drought. This study dedicated establishing new rule curves which consider both current available storage and anticipated monthly inflows with leading time of two months to reduce the risk of water shortage. The monthly inflows are projected based on the seasonal climate forecasts from Central Weather Bureau (CWB), which a weather generation model is used to produce daily weather data for the hydrological component of the GWLF. To incorporate future monthly inflow projections into rule curves, this study designs a decision flow index which is a linear combination of current available storage and inflow projections with leading time of 2 months. By optimizing linear relationship coefficients of decision flow index, the shape of rule curves and the percent of water supply in each zone, the best rule curves to decrease water shortage risk and impacts can be developed. The Shimen Reservoir in the northern Taiwan is used as a case study to demonstrate the proposed method. Existing rule curves (M5 curves) of Shimen Reservoir are compared with two cases of new rule curves, including hindcast simulations and historic seasonal forecasts. The results show new rule curves can decrease the total water shortage ratio, and in addition, it can also allocate shortage amount to preceding months to avoid extreme shortage events. Even though some uncertainties in

  4. ON THE STRENGTH OF THE HEMISPHERIC RULE AND THE ORIGIN OF ACTIVE-REGION HELICITY

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wang, Y.-M., E-mail: yi.wang@nrl.navy.mil

    Vector magnetograph and morphological observations have shown that the solar magnetic field tends to have negative (positive) helicity in the northern (southern) hemisphere, although only ∼60%-70% of active regions appear to obey this 'hemispheric rule'. In contrast, at least ∼80% of quiescent filaments and filament channels that form during the decay of active regions follow the rule. We attribute this discrepancy to the difficulty in determining the helicity sign of newly emerged active regions, which are dominated by their current-free component; as the transverse field is canceled at the polarity inversion lines, however, the axial component becomes dominant there, allowingmore » a more reliable determination of the original active-region chirality. We thus deduce that the hemispheric rule is far stronger than generally assumed, and cannot be explained by stochastic processes. Earlier studies have shown that the twist associated with the axial tilt of active regions is too small to account for the observed helicity; here, both tilt and twist are induced by the Coriolis force acting on the diverging flow in the emerging flux tube. However, in addition to this east-west expansion about the apex of the loop, each of its legs must expand continually in cross section during its rise through the convection zone, thereby acquiring a further twist through the Coriolis force. Since this transverse pressure effect is not limited by drag or tension forces, the final twist depends mainly on the rise time, and may be large enough to explain the observed active-region helicity.« less

  5. Choosing the Rules: Distinct and Overlapping Frontoparietal Representations of Task Rules for Perceptual Decisions

    PubMed Central

    Kriegeskorte, Nikolaus; Carlin, Johan D.; Rowe, James B.

    2013-01-01

    Behavior is governed by rules that associate stimuli with responses and outcomes. Human and monkey studies have shown that rule-specific information is widely represented in the frontoparietal cortex. However, it is not known how establishing a rule under different contexts affects its neural representation. Here, we use event-related functional MRI (fMRI) and multivoxel pattern classification methods to investigate the human brain's mechanisms of establishing and maintaining rules for multiple perceptual decision tasks. Rules were either chosen by participants or specifically instructed to them, and the fMRI activation patterns representing rule-specific information were compared between these contexts. We show that frontoparietal regions differ in the properties of their rule representations during active maintenance before execution. First, rule-specific information maintained in the dorsolateral and medial frontal cortex depends on the context in which it was established (chosen vs specified). Second, rule representations maintained in the ventrolateral frontal and parietal cortex are independent of the context in which they were established. Furthermore, we found that the rule-specific coding maintained in anticipation of stimuli may change with execution of the rule: representations in context-independent regions remain invariant from maintenance to execution stages, whereas rule representations in context-dependent regions do not generalize to execution stage. The identification of distinct frontoparietal systems with context-independent and context-dependent task rule representations, and the distinction between anticipatory and executive rule representations, provide new insights into the functional architecture of goal-directed behavior. PMID:23864675

  6. 33 CFR 83.26 - Fishing vessels (Rule 26).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Fishing vessels (Rule 26). 83.26... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.26 Fishing vessels (Rule 26). (a) Exhibition of only prescribed lights and shapes. A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the...

  7. 33 CFR 83.26 - Fishing vessels (Rule 26).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Fishing vessels (Rule 26). 83.26... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.26 Fishing vessels (Rule 26). (a) Exhibition of only prescribed lights and shapes. A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the...

  8. 33 CFR 83.26 - Fishing vessels (Rule 26).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Fishing vessels (Rule 26). 83.26... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.26 Fishing vessels (Rule 26). (a) Exhibition of only prescribed lights and shapes. A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the...

  9. 33 CFR 83.26 - Fishing vessels (Rule 26).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Fishing vessels (Rule 26). 83.26... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.26 Fishing vessels (Rule 26). (a) Exhibition of only prescribed lights and shapes. A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the...

  10. 33 CFR 83.29 - Pilot vessels (Rule 29).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pilot vessels (Rule 29). 83.29... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.29 Pilot vessels (Rule 29). (a) Vessels engaged on pilotage... engaged on pilotage duty. A pilot vessel when not engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit the lights or...

  11. 33 CFR 83.29 - Pilot vessels (Rule 29).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pilot vessels (Rule 29). 83.29... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.29 Pilot vessels (Rule 29). (a) Vessels engaged on pilotage... engaged on pilotage duty. A pilot vessel when not engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit the lights or...

  12. Rules based process window OPC

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    O'Brien, Sean; Soper, Robert; Best, Shane; Mason, Mark

    2008-03-01

    As a preliminary step towards Model-Based Process Window OPC we have analyzed the impact of correcting post-OPC layouts using rules based methods. Image processing on the Brion Tachyon was used to identify sites where the OPC model/recipe failed to generate an acceptable solution. A set of rules for 65nm active and poly were generated by classifying these failure sites. The rules were based upon segment runlengths, figure spaces, and adjacent figure widths. 2.1 million sites for active were corrected in a small chip (comparing the pre and post rules based operations), and 59 million were found at poly. Tachyon analysis of the final reticle layout found weak margin sites distinct from those sites repaired by rules-based corrections. For the active layer more than 75% of the sites corrected by rules would have printed without a defect indicating that most rulesbased cleanups degrade the lithographic pattern. Some sites were missed by the rules based cleanups due to either bugs in the DRC software or gaps in the rules table. In the end dramatic changes to the reticle prevented catastrophic lithography errors, but this method is far too blunt. A more subtle model-based procedure is needed changing only those sites which have unsatisfactory lithographic margin.

  13. 18 CFR 385.2001 - Filings (Rule 2001).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Filings (Rule 2001... Filings in Proceedings Before the Commission § 385.2001 Filings (Rule 2001). (a) Filings with the... filing via the Internet pursuant to Rule 2003 through the links provided at http://www.ferc.gov. Note to...

  14. 18 CFR 385.1105 - Intervention (Rule 1105).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Intervention (Rule 1105... Under the NGPA § 385.1105 Intervention (Rule 1105). (a) A motion to intervene in an adjustment proceeding, in conformity with Rule 214 (intervention) must be filed within 15 days after publication in the...

  15. 18 CFR 385.1105 - Intervention (Rule 1105).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Intervention (Rule 1105... Under the NGPA § 385.1105 Intervention (Rule 1105). (a) A motion to intervene in an adjustment proceeding, in conformity with Rule 214 (intervention) must be filed within 15 days after publication in the...

  16. 18 CFR 385.1105 - Intervention (Rule 1105).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Intervention (Rule 1105... Under the NGPA § 385.1105 Intervention (Rule 1105). (a) A motion to intervene in an adjustment proceeding, in conformity with Rule 214 (intervention) must be filed within 15 days after publication in the...

  17. 18 CFR 385.1105 - Intervention (Rule 1105).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Intervention (Rule 1105... Under the NGPA § 385.1105 Intervention (Rule 1105). (a) A motion to intervene in an adjustment proceeding, in conformity with Rule 214 (intervention) must be filed within 15 days after publication in the...

  18. 18 CFR 385.1105 - Intervention (Rule 1105).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Intervention (Rule 1105... Under the NGPA § 385.1105 Intervention (Rule 1105). (a) A motion to intervene in an adjustment proceeding, in conformity with Rule 214 (intervention) must be filed within 15 days after publication in the...

  19. Changes in14c activity over time during vacuum distillation of carbon from rock pore water

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Davidson, G.R.; Yang, I.C.

    1999-01-01

    The radiocarbon activity of carbon collected by vacuum distillation from a single partially saturated tuff began to decline after approximately 60% of the water and carbon had been extracted. Disproportionate changes in 14C activity and ??13C during distillation rule out simple isotopic fractionation as a causative explanation. Additional phenomena such as matrix diffusion and ion exclusion in micropores may play a role in altering the isotopic value of extracted carbon, but neither can fully account for the observed changes. The most plausible explanation is that distillation recovers carbon from an adsorbed phase that is depleted in 14C relative to DIC in the bulk pore water. ?? 1999 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona.

  20. 18 CFR 385.207 - Petitions (Rule 207).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Petitions (Rule 207....207 Petitions (Rule 207). (a) General rule. A person must file a petition when seeking: (1) Relief... section 23(b) of the Federal Power Act is treated as a petition for a declaratory order. (c) Except as...

  1. Measuring water potential (activity) from free water to oven dryness.

    PubMed

    Wiebe, H H

    1981-12-01

    Water activities (potentials) in plant materials were measured over the range from free water to oven dryness with a Spanner thermocouple psychrometer. In a two-step procedure, water was first condensed on the thermocouple junction for several minutes. The sample was then inserted under the wet thermocouple and the maximum psychrometric cooling was measured in about 10 seconds. Calibration was with saturated salt slurries of known water activities. Psychrometric cooling was a nearly linear function of the water activity and of the negative log of the water potential. The psychrometric cooling to water activity relationship agreed with wetbulb temperature depression to relative humidity relationships given in tables. Water activities of wheat grains and leaves decreased sharply in a curvilinear fashion as their water contents decreased. Some problems of the procedure are discussed.

  2. Lead and Copper Rule Tier Schedule

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    The Lead and Copper Rule Tier Schedule may be used by public water systems in Wyoming and on EPA R8 Tribal Lands as a guide to properly identify their lead and copper tap sample sites to comply with the Lead and Copper Rule.

  3. A Burst-Based “Hebbian” Learning Rule at Retinogeniculate Synapses Links Retinal Waves to Activity-Dependent Refinement

    PubMed Central

    Butts, Daniel A; Kanold, Patrick O; Shatz, Carla J

    2007-01-01

    Patterned spontaneous activity in the developing retina is necessary to drive synaptic refinement in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Using perforated patch recordings from neurons in LGN slices during the period of eye segregation, we examine how such burst-based activity can instruct this refinement. Retinogeniculate synapses have a novel learning rule that depends on the latencies between pre- and postsynaptic bursts on the order of one second: coincident bursts produce long-lasting synaptic enhancement, whereas non-overlapping bursts produce mild synaptic weakening. It is consistent with “Hebbian” development thought to exist at this synapse, and we demonstrate computationally that such a rule can robustly use retinal waves to drive eye segregation and retinotopic refinement. Thus, by measuring plasticity induced by natural activity patterns, synaptic learning rules can be linked directly to their larger role in instructing the patterning of neural connectivity. PMID:17341130

  4. 33 CFR 83.10 - Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Traffic separation schemes (Rule... Visibility § 83.10 Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10). (a) Obligations under other Rules unaffected. This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any...

  5. 33 CFR 83.10 - Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Traffic separation schemes (Rule... Visibility § 83.10 Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10). (a) Obligations under other Rules unaffected. This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any...

  6. 33 CFR 83.10 - Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Traffic separation schemes (Rule... Visibility § 83.10 Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10). (a) Obligations under other Rules unaffected. This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any...

  7. 33 CFR 83.10 - Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Traffic separation schemes (Rule... Visibility § 83.10 Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10). (a) Obligations under other Rules unaffected. This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any...

  8. 33 CFR 83.10 - Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Traffic separation schemes (Rule... Visibility § 83.10 Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10). (a) Obligations under other Rules unaffected. This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any...

  9. 10 CFR 430.47 - Effective dates of final rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... such rule is needed to meet an “energy emergency condition or water emergency condition (in the case of faucets, showerheads, water closets, and urinals)” within the State. (2) Three years after such rule is... Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS...

  10. 10 CFR 430.47 - Effective dates of final rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... such rule is needed to meet an “energy emergency condition or water emergency condition (in the case of faucets, showerheads, water closets, and urinals)” within the State. (2) Three years after such rule is... Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS...

  11. 10 CFR 430.47 - Effective dates of final rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... such rule is needed to meet an “energy emergency condition or water emergency condition (in the case of faucets, showerheads, water closets, and urinals)” within the State. (2) Three years after such rule is... Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS...

  12. 10 CFR 430.47 - Effective dates of final rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... such rule is needed to meet an “energy emergency condition or water emergency condition (in the case of faucets, showerheads, water closets, and urinals)” within the State. (2) Three years after such rule is... Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS...

  13. 18 CFR 385.2005 - Subscription and verification (Rule 2005).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Subscription and verification (Rule 2005). 385.2005 Section 385.2005 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY... Requirements for Filings in Proceedings Before the Commission § 385.2005 Subscription and verification (Rule...

  14. 18 CFR 385.2005 - Subscription and verification (Rule 2005).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Subscription and verification (Rule 2005). 385.2005 Section 385.2005 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY... Requirements for Filings in Proceedings Before the Commission § 385.2005 Subscription and verification (Rule...

  15. 18 CFR 385.2005 - Subscription and verification (Rule 2005).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Subscription and verification (Rule 2005). 385.2005 Section 385.2005 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY... Requirements for Filings in Proceedings Before the Commission § 385.2005 Subscription and verification (Rule...

  16. 18 CFR 385.2005 - Subscription and verification (Rule 2005).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Subscription and verification (Rule 2005). 385.2005 Section 385.2005 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY... Requirements for Filings in Proceedings Before the Commission § 385.2005 Subscription and verification (Rule...

  17. 10 CFR 430.47 - Effective dates of final rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS... such rule is needed to meet an “energy emergency condition or water emergency condition (in the case of faucets, showerheads, water closets, and urinals)” within the State. (2) Three years after such rule is...

  18. Well logging evaluation of water-flooded layers and distribution rule of remaining oil in marine sandstone reservoirs of the M oilfield in the Pearl River Mouth basin

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Xiongyan; Qin, Ruibao; Gao, Yunfeng; Fan, Hongjun

    2017-03-01

    In the marine sandstone reservoirs of the M oilfield the water cut is up to 98%, while the recovery factor is only 35%. Additionally, the distribution of the remaining oil is very scattered. In order to effectively assess the potential of the remaining oil, the logging evaluation of the water-flooded layers and the distribution rule of the remaining oil are studied. Based on the log response characteristics, the water-flooded layers can be qualitatively identified. On the basis of the mercury injection experimental data of the evaluation wells, the calculation model of the initial oil saturation is built. Based on conventional logging data, the evaluation model of oil saturation is established. The difference between the initial oil saturation and the residual oil saturation can be used to quantitatively evaluate the water-flooded layers. The evaluation result of the water-flooded layers is combined with the ratio of the water-flooded wells in the marine sandstone reservoirs. As a result, the degree of water flooding in the marine sandstone reservoirs can be assessed. On the basis of structural characteristics and sedimentary environments, the horizontal and vertical water-flooding rules of the different types of reservoirs are elaborated upon, and the distribution rule of the remaining oil is disclosed. The remaining oil is mainly distributed in the high parts of the structure. The remaining oil exists in the top of the reservoirs with good physical properties while the thickness of the remaining oil ranges from 2-5 m. However, the thickness of the remaining oil of the reservoirs with poor physical properties ranges from 5-8 m. The high production of some of the drilled horizontal wells shows that the above distribution rule of the remaining oil is accurate. In the marine sandstone reservoirs of the M oilfield, the research on the well logging evaluation of the water-flooded layers and the distribution rule of the remaining oil has great practical significance to

  19. Design of operating rules in complex water resources systems using historical records, expert criteria and fuzzy logic

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pulido-Velazquez, Manuel; Macian-Sorribes, Hector; María Benlliure-Moreno, Jose; Fullana-Montoro, Juan

    2015-04-01

    Water resources systems in areas with a strong tradition in water use are complex to manage by the high amount of constraints that overlap in time and space, creating a complicated framework in which past, present and future collide between them. In addition, it is usual to find "hidden constraints" in system operations, which condition operation decisions being unnoticed by anyone but the river managers and users. Being aware of those hidden constraints requires usually years of experience and a degree of involvement in that system's management operations normally beyond the possibilities of technicians. However, their impact in the management decisions is strongly imprinted in the historical data records available. The purpose of this contribution is to present a methodology capable of assessing operating rules in complex water resources systems combining historical records and expert criteria. Both sources are coupled using fuzzy logic. The procedure stages are: 1) organize expert-technicians preliminary meetings to let the first explain how they manage the system; 2) set up a fuzzy rule-based system (FRB) structure according to the way the system is managed; 3) use the historical records available to estimate the inputs' fuzzy numbers, to assign preliminary output values to the FRB rules and to train and validate these rules; 4) organize expert-technician meetings to discuss the rule structure and the input's quantification, returning if required to the second stage; 5) once the FRB structure is accepted, its output values must be refined and completed with the aid of the experts by using meetings, workshops or surveys; 6) combine the FRB with a Decision Support System (DSS) to simulate the effect of those management decisions; 7) compare its results with the ones offered by the historical records and/or simulation or optimization models; and 8) discuss with the stakeholders the model performance returning, if it's required, to the fifth or the second stage

  20. 15 CFR 712.1 - Round to zero rule that applies to activities involving Schedule 1 chemicals.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION REGULATIONS ACTIVITIES INVOLVING SCHEDULE 1 CHEMICALS § 712.1 Round to zero rule that applies to activities involving Schedule 1 chemicals. Facilities that produce, export or... activities involving Schedule 1 chemicals. 712.1 Section 712.1 Commerce and Foreign Trade Regulations...

  1. 18 CFR 385.801 - Waiver of hearing (Rule 801).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Waiver of hearing (Rule 801). 385.801 Section 385.801 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY....801 Waiver of hearing (Rule 801). In any proceeding in which the Commission is authorized to act after...

  2. Riparian Protection Rules for Oregon Forests

    Treesearch

    George G. Ice; Robert L. Beschta; Raymond S. Craig; James R. Sedell

    1989-01-01

    Forest Practice Rules under the Oregon Forest Practices Act were modified in 1987 to increase protection of riparian areas adjacent to timber harvest operations. These modifications addressed concerns about water quality protection and retaining trees as sources of large woody debris for future stream channel structure. The rule changes triggered debate about the...

  3. 18 CFR 385.911 - Burden of proof (Rule 911).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Burden of proof (Rule 911). 385.911 Section 385.911 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... Remedial Orders § 385.911 Burden of proof (Rule 911). (a) The Secretary has the burden of going forward and...

  4. 18 CFR 385.911 - Burden of proof (Rule 911).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Burden of proof (Rule 911). 385.911 Section 385.911 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... Remedial Orders § 385.911 Burden of proof (Rule 911). (a) The Secretary has the burden of going forward and...

  5. 18 CFR 385.911 - Burden of proof (Rule 911).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Burden of proof (Rule 911). 385.911 Section 385.911 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... Remedial Orders § 385.911 Burden of proof (Rule 911). (a) The Secretary has the burden of going forward and...

  6. 18 CFR 385.911 - Burden of proof (Rule 911).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Burden of proof (Rule 911). 385.911 Section 385.911 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... Remedial Orders § 385.911 Burden of proof (Rule 911). (a) The Secretary has the burden of going forward and...

  7. 18 CFR 385.911 - Burden of proof (Rule 911).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Burden of proof (Rule 911). 385.911 Section 385.911 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... Remedial Orders § 385.911 Burden of proof (Rule 911). (a) The Secretary has the burden of going forward and...

  8. National water-information clearinghouse activities; ground-water perspective

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Haupt, C.A.; Jensen, R.A.

    1988-01-01

    The US Geological Survey (USGS) has functioned for many years as an informal clearinghouse for water resources information, enabling users to access groundwater information effectively. Water resources clearinghouse activities of the USGS are conducted through several separate computerized water information programs that are involved in the collection, storage, retrieval, and distribution of different types of water information. The following USGS programs perform water information clearinghouse functions and provide the framework for a formalized National Water-Information Clearinghouse: (1) The National Water Data Exchange--a nationwide confederation of more than 300 Federal, State, local, government, academic, and private water-oriented organizations that work together to improve access to water data; (2) the Water Resources Scientific Information Center--acquires, abstracts, and indexes the major water-resources-related literature of the world, and provides this information to the water resources community; (3) the Information Transfer Program--develops innovative approaches to transfer information and technology developed within the USGS to audiences in the public and private sectors; (4) the Hydrologic Information Unit--provides responses to a variety of requests, both technical and lay-oriented, for water resources information , and helps efforts to conduct water resources research; (5) the Water Data Storage and Retrieval System--maintains accessible computerized files of hydrologic data collected nationwide, by the USGS and other governmental agencies, from stream gaging stations, groundwater observation wells, and surface- and groundwater quality sampling sites; (6) the Office of Water Data Coordination--coordinate the water data acquisition activities of all agencies of the Federal Government, and is responsible for the planning, design, and inter-agency coordination of a national water data and information network; and (7) the Water Resources Research

  9. Measuring Water Potential (Activity) from Free Water to Oven Dryness 1

    PubMed Central

    Wiebe, Herman H.

    1981-01-01

    Water activities (potentials) in plant materials were measured over the range from free water to oven dryness with a Spanner thermocouple psychrometer. In a two-step procedure, water was first condensed on the thermocouple junction for several minutes. The sample was then inserted under the wet thermocouple and the maximum psychrometric cooling was measured in about 10 seconds. Calibration was with saturated salt slurries of known water activities. Psychrometric cooling was a nearly linear function of the water activity and of the negative log of the water potential. The psychrometric cooling to water activity relationship agreed with wetbulb temperature depression to relative humidity relationships given in tables. Water activities of wheat grains and leaves decreased sharply in a curvilinear fashion as their water contents decreased. Some problems of the procedure are discussed. Images PMID:16662081

  10. 18 CFR 39.9 - Enforcement of Commission Rules and Orders.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Enforcement of Commission Rules and Orders. 39.9 Section 39.9 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY REGULATIONS UNDER THE FEDERAL POWER ACT RULES CONCERNING...

  11. 18 CFR 39.9 - Enforcement of Commission Rules and Orders.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Enforcement of Commission Rules and Orders. 39.9 Section 39.9 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY REGULATIONS UNDER THE FEDERAL POWER ACT RULES CONCERNING...

  12. Enhancing water supply through reservoir reoperation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rajagopal, S.; Sterle, K. M.; Jose, L.; Coors, S.; Pohll, G.; Singletary, L.

    2017-12-01

    Snowmelt is a significant contributor to water supply in western U.S. which is stored in reservoirs for use during peak summer demand. The reservoirs were built to satisfy multiple objectives, but primarily to either enhance water supply and/or for flood mitigation. The operating rules for these water supply reservoirs are based on historical assumptions of stationarity of climate, assuming peak snowmelt occurs after April 1 and hence have to let water pass through if it arrived earlier. Using the Truckee River which originates in the eastern Sierra Nevada, has seven reservoirs and is shared between California and Nevada as an example, we show enhanced water storage by altering reservoir operating rules. These results are based on a coupled hydrology (Ground-Surface water Flow, GSFLOW) and water management model (RIverware) developed for the river system. All the reservoirs in the system benefit from altering the reservoir rules, but some benefit more than others. Prosser Creek reservoir for example, historically averaged 76% of capacity, which was lowered to 46% of capacity in the future as climate warms and shifts snowmelt to earlier days of the year. This reduction in storage can be mitigated by altering the reservoir operation rules and the reservoir storage increases to 64-76% of capacity. There are limitations to altering operating rules as reservoirs operated primarily for flood control are required to maintain lower storage to absorb a flood pulse, yet using modeling we show that there are water supply benefits to adopting a more flexible rules of operation. In the future, due to changing climate we anticipate the reservoirs in the western U.S. which were typically capturing spring- summer snowmelt will have to be managed more actively as the water stored in the snowpack becomes more variable. This study presents a framework for understanding, modeling and quantifying the consequences of such a shift in hydrology and water management.

  13. 18 CFR 385.204 - Applications (Rule 204).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ....204 Applications (Rule 204). Any person seeking a license, permit, certification, or similar authorization or permission, must file an application to obtain that authorization or permission. ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Applications (Rule 204...

  14. Neural activity in superior parietal cortex during rule-based visual-motor transformations.

    PubMed

    Hawkins, Kara M; Sayegh, Patricia; Yan, Xiaogang; Crawford, J Douglas; Sergio, Lauren E

    2013-03-01

    Cognition allows for the use of different rule-based sensorimotor strategies, but the neural underpinnings of such strategies are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to compare neural activity in the superior parietal lobule during a standard (direct interaction) reaching task, with two nonstandard (gaze and reach spatially incongruent) reaching tasks requiring the integration of rule-based information. Specifically, these nonstandard tasks involved dissociating the planes of reach and vision or rotating visual feedback by 180°. Single unit activity, gaze, and reach trajectories were recorded from two female Macaca mulattas. In all three conditions, we observed a temporal discharge pattern at the population level reflecting early reach planning and on-line reach monitoring. In the plane-dissociated task, we found a significant overall attenuation in the discharge rate of cells from deep recording sites, relative to standard reaching. We also found that cells modulated by reach direction tended to be significantly tuned either during the standard or the plane-dissociated task but rarely during both. In the standard versus feedback reversal comparison, we observed some cells that shifted their preferred direction by 180° between conditions, reflecting maintenance of directional tuning with respect to the reach goal. Our findings suggest that the superior parietal lobule plays an important role in processing information about the nonstandard nature of a task, which, through reciprocal connections with precentral motor areas, contributes to the accurate transformation of incongruent sensory inputs into an appropriate motor output. Such processing is crucial for the integration of rule-based information into a motor act.

  15. Revised Total Coliform Rule Assessments and Corrective Actions

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    EPA has developed the Revised Total Coliform Rule Assessment and Corrective Actions Guidance Manual for public water systems (e.g., owners and operators) to assist in complying with the requirements of the Revised Total Coliform Rule.

  16. 18 CFR 385.1306 - Intervention by State commissions (Rule 1306).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Intervention by State commissions (Rule 1306). 385.1306 Section 385.1306 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY... Procedure with State Commissions § 385.1306 Intervention by State commissions (Rule 1306). Any interested...

  17. 18 CFR 385.1306 - Intervention by State commissions (Rule 1306).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Intervention by State commissions (Rule 1306). 385.1306 Section 385.1306 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY... Procedure with State Commissions § 385.1306 Intervention by State commissions (Rule 1306). Any interested...

  18. 18 CFR 385.1306 - Intervention by State commissions (Rule 1306).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Intervention by State commissions (Rule 1306). 385.1306 Section 385.1306 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY... Procedure with State Commissions § 385.1306 Intervention by State commissions (Rule 1306). Any interested...

  19. 18 CFR 385.1306 - Intervention by State commissions (Rule 1306).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Intervention by State commissions (Rule 1306). 385.1306 Section 385.1306 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY... Procedure with State Commissions § 385.1306 Intervention by State commissions (Rule 1306). Any interested...

  20. 18 CFR 385.1306 - Intervention by State commissions (Rule 1306).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Intervention by State commissions (Rule 1306). 385.1306 Section 385.1306 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY... Procedure with State Commissions § 385.1306 Intervention by State commissions (Rule 1306). Any interested...

  1. 18 CFR 385.2015 - Videotapes (Rule 2015).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... videotape that portrays the site of, or some physical aspect of, an energy project, such as a waterfall or...). 385.2015 Section 385.2015 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Formal Requirements for...

  2. 18 CFR 385.2015 - Videotapes (Rule 2015).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... videotape that portrays the site of, or some physical aspect of, an energy project, such as a waterfall or...). 385.2015 Section 385.2015 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Formal Requirements for...

  3. 18 CFR 385.2015 - Videotapes (Rule 2015).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... videotape that portrays the site of, or some physical aspect of, an energy project, such as a waterfall or...). 385.2015 Section 385.2015 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Formal Requirements for...

  4. 18 CFR 385.2015 - Videotapes (Rule 2015).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... videotape that portrays the site of, or some physical aspect of, an energy project, such as a waterfall or...). 385.2015 Section 385.2015 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Formal Requirements for...

  5. 18 CFR 385.2015 - Videotapes (Rule 2015).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... videotape that portrays the site of, or some physical aspect of, an energy project, such as a waterfall or...). 385.2015 Section 385.2015 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Formal Requirements for...

  6. EPA's Stage 2 Disinfection Byproducts Rules (DBPR) and Northern Kentucky Water: An Economic and Scientific Review.

    PubMed

    Henry, Hugh

    2013-01-01

    Implementation of EPA's Stage 2 Disinfection Byproducts Rules (DBPR) in Northern Kentucky will cause a water rate increase of over 25%. Hence a review was undertaken, considering both economics and science in the context of President Obama's 2009 scientific integrity directive. The rules purport to avoid up to 0.49% of new bladder cancers by reducing the levels of DBPs in drinking water - a benefit so small that failure to implement will not cause unreasonable risk to health (URTH). It suggests at most one Northern Kentucky death avoided over 17 years for a cost of $136,000,000 ($1700 per household). Even this small benefit is probably overstated. EPA finds no "causal link" between DBPs and bladder cancer, and EPA acknowledges problems with the epidemiological data used in their calculation: the data appear contradictory and inconsistent, may be skewed toward "positive" results, and suggest different cancer sites than animal studies. Two similar international agencies disagree with EPA's conclusions. The science is based on the Linear No Threshold (LNT) dose response model for DBPs, but this may not be the correct model. 83% of EPA's epidemiological data show a statistical possibility that low levels of DBPs might be beneficial or have no effect.

  7. 14 CFR 91.905 - List of rules subject to waivers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ....113Right-of-way rules: Except water operations. 91.115Right-of-way rules: Water operations. 91.117Aircraft speed. 91.119Minimum safe altitudes: General. 91.121Altimeter settings. 91.123Compliance with ATC... between Mexico or Canada and the United States. 91.713Operation of civil aircraft of Cuban registry. [Doc...

  8. 14 CFR 91.905 - List of rules subject to waivers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ....113Right-of-way rules: Except water operations. 91.115Right-of-way rules: Water operations. 91.117Aircraft speed. 91.119Minimum safe altitudes: General. 91.121Altimeter settings. 91.123Compliance with ATC... between Mexico or Canada and the United States. 91.713Operation of civil aircraft of Cuban registry. [Doc...

  9. Dissociable roles of medial and lateral PFC in rule learning.

    PubMed

    Cao, Bihua; Li, Wei; Li, Fuhong; Li, Hong

    2016-11-01

    Although the neural basis of rule learning is of great interest to cognitive neuroscientists, the pattern of transient brain activation during rule discovery remains to be investigated. In this study, we measured event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during distinct phases of rule learning. Twenty-one healthy human volunteers were presented with a series of cards, each containing a clock-like display of 12 circles numbered sequentially. Participants were instructed that a fictitious animal would move from one circle to another either in a regular pattern (according to a rule hidden in consecutive trials) or randomly. Participants were then asked to judge whether a given step followed a rule. While the rule-search phase evoked more activation in the posterior lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), the rule-following phase caused stronger activation in the anterior medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). Importantly, the intermediate phase, the rule-discovery phase evoked more activations in MPFC and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) than rule search, and more activations in LPFC than rule following. Therefore, we can conclude that the medial and lateral PFC have dissociable contributions in rule learning.

  10. 33 CFR 83.33 - Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Equipment for sound signals (Rule... INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.33 Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33). (a... gong, the tone and sound of which cannot be confused with that of the bell. The whistle, bell and gong...

  11. 33 CFR 83.33 - Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Equipment for sound signals (Rule... INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.33 Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33). (a... gong, the tone and sound of which cannot be confused with that of the bell. The whistle, bell and gong...

  12. 33 CFR 83.33 - Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Equipment for sound signals (Rule... INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.33 Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33). (a... gong, the tone and sound of which cannot be confused with that of the bell. The whistle, bell and gong...

  13. 33 CFR 83.33 - Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Equipment for sound signals (Rule... INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.33 Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33). (a... gong, the tone and sound of which cannot be confused with that of the bell. The whistle, bell and gong...

  14. 33 CFR 83.33 - Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Equipment for sound signals (Rule... INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.33 Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33). (a... gong, the tone and sound of which cannot be confused with that of the bell. The whistle, bell and gong...

  15. Total Coliform Rule (TCR) Federal Register Notice

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document provides the FR notice to 40 CFR Parts 141 and 142 Drinking Water: National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Total Coliforms (Including Fecal Coliforms and E. Coli); Final Rule (26 pp, 5 M).

  16. 40 CFR 35.3160 - Cash draw rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... STATE AND LOCAL ASSISTANCE State Water Pollution Control Revolving Funds § 35.3160 Cash draw rules. (a... provide substantially more assistance; and (iv) The long term viability of the State program to meet water...

  17. 40 CFR 35.3160 - Cash draw rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... STATE AND LOCAL ASSISTANCE State Water Pollution Control Revolving Funds § 35.3160 Cash draw rules. (a... provide substantially more assistance; and (iv) The long term viability of the State program to meet water...

  18. 40 CFR 35.3160 - Cash draw rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... STATE AND LOCAL ASSISTANCE State Water Pollution Control Revolving Funds § 35.3160 Cash draw rules. (a... provide substantially more assistance; and (iv) The long term viability of the State program to meet water...

  19. 40 CFR 35.3160 - Cash draw rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... STATE AND LOCAL ASSISTANCE State Water Pollution Control Revolving Funds § 35.3160 Cash draw rules. (a... provide substantially more assistance; and (iv) The long term viability of the State program to meet water...

  20. 40 CFR 35.3160 - Cash draw rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... STATE AND LOCAL ASSISTANCE State Water Pollution Control Revolving Funds § 35.3160 Cash draw rules. (a... provide substantially more assistance; and (iv) The long term viability of the State program to meet water...

  1. 18 CFR 35.41 - Market behavior rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Market behavior rules... Sales of Electric Energy, Capacity and Ancillary Services at Market-Based Rates § 35.41 Market behavior rules. (a) Unit operation. Where a Seller participates in a Commission-approved organized market, Seller...

  2. 18 CFR 35.41 - Market behavior rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Market behavior rules... Sales of Electric Energy, Capacity and Ancillary Services at Market-Based Rates § 35.41 Market behavior rules. (a) Unit operation. Where a Seller participates in a Commission-approved organized market, Seller...

  3. 18 CFR 35.41 - Market behavior rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Market behavior rules... Sales of Electric Energy, Capacity and Ancillary Services at Market-Based Rates § 35.41 Market behavior rules. (a) Unit operation. Where a Seller participates in a Commission-approved organized market, Seller...

  4. Geodatabase of sites, basin boundaries, and topology rules used to store drainage basin boundaries for the U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Dupree, Jean A.; Crowfoot, Richard M.

    2012-01-01

    also stores the topology rules (the "BasinsFD_Topology") that constrain the relations within and among component feature classes. The feature dataset also forces any feature classes inside it to have a consistent projection system, which is, in this case, an Albers-Equal-Area projection system. 3. BasinsFD_Topology: This topology contains four persistent topology rules that constrain the spatial relations within the "BasinLines" feature class and between the "BasinLines" feature class and the "BasinPolys" feature classes. 4. Sites: This point feature class contains the digital representations of the site locations for which Colorado Water Science Center basin boundaries have been delineated. This feature class includes point locations for Colorado Water Science Center active (as of September 30, 2009) gages and for other sites. 5. BasinLines: This line feature class contains the perimeters of basins delineated for features in the "Sites" feature class, and it also contains information regarding the sources of lines used for the basin boundaries. 6. BasinPolys: This polygon feature class contains the polygonal basin areas delineated for features in the "Sites" feature class, and it is used to derive the numeric drainage areas published by the Colorado Water Science Center.

  5. Design Rules for Life Support Systems

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Jones, Harry

    2002-01-01

    This paper considers some of the common assumptions and engineering rules of thumb used in life support system design. One general design rule is that the longer the mission, the more the life support system should use recycling and regenerable technologies. A more specific rule is that, if the system grows more than half the food, the food plants will supply all the oxygen needed for the crew life support. There are many such design rules that help in planning the analysis of life support systems and in checking results. These rules are typically if-then statements describing the results of steady-state, "back of the envelope," mass flow calculations. They are useful in identifying plausible candidate life support system designs and in rough allocations between resupply and resource recovery. Life support system designers should always review the design rules and make quick steady state calculations before doing detailed design and dynamic simulation. This paper develops the basis for the different assumptions and design rules and discusses how they should be used. We start top-down, with the highest level requirement to sustain human beings in a closed environment off Earth. We consider the crew needs for air, water, and food. We then discuss atmosphere leakage and recycling losses. The needs to support the crew and to make up losses define the fundamental life support system requirements. We consider the trade-offs between resupplying and recycling oxygen, water, and food. The specific choices between resupply and recycling are determined by mission duration, presence of in-situ resources, etc., and are defining parameters of life support system design.

  6. Extracting multistage screening rules from online dating activity data.

    PubMed

    Bruch, Elizabeth; Feinberg, Fred; Lee, Kee Yeun

    2016-09-20

    This paper presents a statistical framework for harnessing online activity data to better understand how people make decisions. Building on insights from cognitive science and decision theory, we develop a discrete choice model that allows for exploratory behavior and multiple stages of decision making, with different rules enacted at each stage. Critically, the approach can identify if and when people invoke noncompensatory screeners that eliminate large swaths of alternatives from detailed consideration. The model is estimated using deidentified activity data on 1.1 million browsing and writing decisions observed on an online dating site. We find that mate seekers enact screeners ("deal breakers") that encode acceptability cutoffs. A nonparametric account of heterogeneity reveals that, even after controlling for a host of observable attributes, mate evaluation differs across decision stages as well as across identified groupings of men and women. Our statistical framework can be widely applied in analyzing large-scale data on multistage choices, which typify searches for "big ticket" items.

  7. Extracting multistage screening rules from online dating activity data

    PubMed Central

    Bruch, Elizabeth; Feinberg, Fred; Lee, Kee Yeun

    2016-01-01

    This paper presents a statistical framework for harnessing online activity data to better understand how people make decisions. Building on insights from cognitive science and decision theory, we develop a discrete choice model that allows for exploratory behavior and multiple stages of decision making, with different rules enacted at each stage. Critically, the approach can identify if and when people invoke noncompensatory screeners that eliminate large swaths of alternatives from detailed consideration. The model is estimated using deidentified activity data on 1.1 million browsing and writing decisions observed on an online dating site. We find that mate seekers enact screeners (“deal breakers”) that encode acceptability cutoffs. A nonparametric account of heterogeneity reveals that, even after controlling for a host of observable attributes, mate evaluation differs across decision stages as well as across identified groupings of men and women. Our statistical framework can be widely applied in analyzing large-scale data on multistage choices, which typify searches for “big ticket” items. PMID:27578870

  8. 18 CFR 385.214 - Intervention (Rule 214).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Intervention (Rule 214..., Notices of Tariff or Rate Examination, Orders To Show Cause, Intervention, and Summary Disposition § 385.214 Intervention (Rule 214). (a) Filing. (1) The Secretary of Energy is a party to any proceeding upon...

  9. 18 CFR 385.214 - Intervention (Rule 214).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Intervention (Rule 214..., Notices of Tariff or Rate Examination, Orders To Show Cause, Intervention, and Summary Disposition § 385.214 Intervention (Rule 214). (a) Filing. (1) The Secretary of Energy is a party to any proceeding upon...

  10. 18 CFR 385.214 - Intervention (Rule 214).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Intervention (Rule 214..., Notices of Tariff or Rate Examination, Orders To Show Cause, Intervention, and Summary Disposition § 385.214 Intervention (Rule 214). (a) Filing. (1) The Secretary of Energy is a party to any proceeding upon...

  11. 18 CFR 385.214 - Intervention (Rule 214).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Intervention (Rule 214..., Notices of Tariff or Rate Examination, Orders To Show Cause, Intervention, and Summary Disposition § 385.214 Intervention (Rule 214). (a) Filing. (1) The Secretary of Energy is a party to any proceeding upon...

  12. Assessing Performance of Multipurpose Reservoir System Using Two-Point Linear Hedging Rule

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sasireka, K.; Neelakantan, T. R.

    2017-07-01

    Reservoir operation is the one of the important filed of water resource management. Innovative techniques in water resource management are focussed at optimizing the available water and in decreasing the environmental impact of water utilization on the natural environment. In the operation of multi reservoir system, efficient regulation of the release to satisfy the demand for various purpose like domestic, irrigation and hydropower can lead to increase the benefit from the reservoir as well as significantly reduces the damage due to floods. Hedging rule is one of the emerging techniques in reservoir operation, which reduce the severity of drought by accepting number of smaller shortages. The key objective of this paper is to maximize the minimum power production and improve the reliability of water supply for municipal and irrigation purpose by using hedging rule. In this paper, Type II two-point linear hedging rule is attempted to improve the operation of Bargi reservoir in the Narmada basin in India. The results obtained from simulation of hedging rule is compared with results from Standard Operating Policy, the result shows that the application of hedging rule significantly improved the reliability of water supply and reliability of irrigation release and firm power production.

  13. Water-resources activities in Ohio, 1986 (water fact sheet)

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Hindall, S.M.

    1986-01-01

    The Ohio District of the Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, provides information on Ohio 's water resources for the overall benefit of the State and the Nation. An integral part of the Survey 's mission is to conduct investigations of the Nation 's land, mineral, and water resources, and to publish and disseminate the information needed to understand, to plan the use of, and to manage these resources. The activities fall into eight broad categories: collection of hydrologic data; water resources investigations and assessments; basic and problem-oriented hydrologic and water related research; acquisition of information useful in predicting and delineating water related natural hazards; coordination of the activities of all Federal agencies in the acquisition of water data, and operation of water information centers; dissemination of data and the results of investigations; provision of scientific and technical assistance in hydrologic studies; and the administration of the State Water Resources Research Institute Program and the National Water Resources Research Grant Program. (Lantz-PTT)

  14. Optical activities of steroid ketones - Elucidation of the octant rule

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hatanaka, Masashi; Sayama, Daisuke; Miyasaka, Makoto

    2018-07-01

    Theoretical calculations of optical activities in steroid ketones are presented by using modern semi-empirical PM7 wavefunctions. Both circular dichroism (CD) and specific rotation, which is proportional to optical rotation dispersion (ORD), are well simulated, and signs of the Cotton effect at the most long-wavelength region are fully in accordance with the experimental results. The good accordance is related to the octant rule, which is deduced within the framework of the perturbation theory. Our treatment is promising to predict the signs of the Cotton effect of large molecules, and thus, the absolute configurations can also be grasped without demanding procedures.

  15. WellnessRules: A Web 3.0 Case Study in RuleML-Based Prolog-N3 Profile Interoperation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Boley, Harold; Osmun, Taylor Michael; Craig, Benjamin Larry

    An interoperation study, WellnessRules, is described, where rules about wellness opportunities are created by participants in rule languages such as Prolog and N3, and translated within a wellness community using RuleML/XML. The wellness rules are centered around participants, as profiles, encoding knowledge about their activities conditional on the season, the time-of-day, the weather, etc. This distributed knowledge base extends FOAF profiles with a vocabulary and rules about wellness group networking. The communication between participants is organized through Rule Responder, permitting wellness-profile translation and distributed querying across engines. WellnessRules interoperates between rules and queries in the relational (Datalog) paradigm of the pure-Prolog subset of POSL and in the frame (F-logic) paradigm of N3. An evaluation of Rule Responder instantiated for WellnessRules revealed acceptable Web response times.

  16. 18 CFR 385.1117 - Petition for adjustment treated as request for interpretation (Rule 1117).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Petition for adjustment... Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF... NGPA, or rule or order issued under that Act. (b) If the Staff exercises its discretion under paragraph...

  17. 18 CFR 385.1117 - Petition for adjustment treated as request for interpretation (Rule 1117).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Petition for adjustment... Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF... NGPA, or rule or order issued under that Act. (b) If the Staff exercises its discretion under paragraph...

  18. 18 CFR 385.1117 - Petition for adjustment treated as request for interpretation (Rule 1117).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Petition for adjustment... Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF... NGPA, or rule or order issued under that Act. (b) If the Staff exercises its discretion under paragraph...

  19. 18 CFR 385.1117 - Petition for adjustment treated as request for interpretation (Rule 1117).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Petition for adjustment... Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF... NGPA, or rule or order issued under that Act. (b) If the Staff exercises its discretion under paragraph...

  20. 18 CFR 385.1117 - Petition for adjustment treated as request for interpretation (Rule 1117).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Petition for adjustment... Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF... NGPA, or rule or order issued under that Act. (b) If the Staff exercises its discretion under paragraph...

  1. Water resources activities of the USGS, 1987

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Moore, John E.; Cardin, C. William

    1987-01-01

    Effective management of water resources requires an understanding of hydrologic systems and the factors that determine the distribution, availability, and quality of water. Within the Federal Government, the U.S. Geological Survey has the principal responsibility for providing hydrologic information and for appraising the Nation's water resources. The water resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey are diverse, ranging from research investigations of specific aspects of the hydrologic cycle to large programs of regional water-resources investigations, such as the Regional Aquifer System Analyses.This report describes the U.S. Geological Survey's water resources activities. Some activities, such as the acid rain program, are mandated by line items in the Survey's fiscal year 1987 budget. Others, such as floods, sediment, and snow and ice, are topics of general interest to the water resources community. Still others are related to current water issues, such as nonpoint sources of pollution, the irrigation drainage problem of the western San Joaquin Valley, and national ground-water protection.In many cases, there is considerable overlap in the topical descrip-tions. The Survey's water resources research program, for example, conducts investigations that are applicable to virtually all of the activities listed in this book. Similarly, projects in the Federal-State Cooperative Program cover multiple aspects of water resources. For these reasons, the sums associated with funding for each of the activities listed exceeds by a considerable amount the Survey's budget for water resources activities.The report first describes the water-resources mission of the U.S. Geological Survey and discusses the principal sources of funds that support the activities. The remainder of the report consists of descriptions of 39 of the most significant water resources activities. An index appears at the end of the report.Each description of a significant water activity has the

  2. Magnificent Ground Water Connection. [Sample Activities].

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

    Water conservation and usage is an important concept in science. This document, geared specifically to New England, provides many activities for protecting and discussing ground water situations. Sample activities for grades K-6 include: (1) All the Water in the World; (2) The Case of the Disappearing Water; (3) Deep Subjects--Wells and Ground…

  3. 18 CFR 385.407 - Inspection of documents and other property (Rule 407).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... and other property (Rule 407). 385.407 Section 385.407 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND... and other property (Rule 407). (a) Availability. On request, the presiding officer may order any other...

  4. EPA’s Stage 2 Disinfection Byproducts Rules (DBPR) and Northern Kentucky Water: An Economic and Scientific Review

    PubMed Central

    Henry, Hugh

    2013-01-01

    Implementation of EPA’s Stage 2 Disinfection Byproducts Rules (DBPR) in Northern Kentucky will cause a water rate increase of over 25%. Hence a review was undertaken, considering both economics and science in the context of President Obama’s 2009 scientific integrity directive. The rules purport to avoid up to 0.49% of new bladder cancers by reducing the levels of DBPs in drinking water – a benefit so small that failure to implement will not cause unreasonable risk to health (URTH). It suggests at most one Northern Kentucky death avoided over 17 years for a cost of $136,000,000 ($1700 per household). Even this small benefit is probably overstated. EPA finds no “causal link” between DBPs and bladder cancer, and EPA acknowledges problems with the epidemiological data used in their calculation: the data appear contradictory and inconsistent, may be skewed toward “positive” results, and suggest different cancer sites than animal studies. Two similar international agencies disagree with EPA’s conclusions. The science is based on the Linear No Threshold (LNT) dose response model for DBPs, but this may not be the correct model. 83% of EPA’s epidemiological data show a statistical possibility that low levels of DBPs might be beneficial or have no effect. PMID:24298228

  5. 33 CFR 83.36 - Signals to attract attention (Rule 36).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Signals to attract attention... SECURITY INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.36 Signals to attract attention (Rule 36). If necessary to attract the attention of another vessel, any vessel may make light or sound...

  6. Scientific or rule-of-thumb techniques of ground-water management--Which will prevail?

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    McGuinness, Charles Lee

    1969-01-01

    Emphasis in ground-water development, once directed largely to quantitatively minor (but sociologically vital) service of human and stock needs, is shifting: aquifers are treated as possible regulating reservoirs managed conjunctively with surface water. Too, emphasis on reducing stream pollution is stimulating interest in aquifers as possible waste-storage media. Such management of aquifers requires vast amounts of data plus a much better understanding of aquifer-system behavior than now exists. Implicit in this deficiency of knowledge is a need for much new research, lest aquifers be managed according to ineffective rule-of-thumb standards, or even abandoned as unmanageable. The geohydrologist's task is to define both internal and boundary characteristics of aquifer systems. Stratigraphy is a primary determinant of these characteristics, but stratigraphically minor features may make aquifers transcend stratigraphic boundaries. For example, a structurally insignificant fracture may carry more water than a major fault; a minor stratigraphic discontinuity may be a major hydrologic boundary. Hence, there is a need for ways of defining aquifer boundaries and quantifying aquifer and confining-bed characteristics that are very different from ordinary stratigraphic techniques. Among critical needs are techniques for measuring crossbed permeability; for extrapolating and interpolating point data on direction and magnitude of permeability in defining aquifer geometry; and for accurately measuring geochemical properties of water and aquifer material, and interpreting those measurements in terms of source of water, rate of movement, and waste-sorbing capacities of aquifers and of confining beds--in general, techniques adequate for predicting aquifer response to imposed forces whether static, hydraulic, thermal, or chemical. Only when such predictions can be made routinely can aquifer characteristics be inserted into a master model that incorporates both the hydrologic and

  7. 18 CFR 342.1 - General rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false General rule. 342.1 Section 342.1 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT...) Must make any change in existing rates pursuant to § 342.3 or § 342.4, whichever is applicable, unless...

  8. 18 CFR 342.1 - General rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false General rule. 342.1 Section 342.1 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT...) Must make any change in existing rates pursuant to § 342.3 or § 342.4, whichever is applicable, unless...

  9. 18 CFR 342.1 - General rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false General rule. 342.1 Section 342.1 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT...) Must make any change in existing rates pursuant to § 342.3 or § 342.4, whichever is applicable, unless...

  10. 18 CFR 342.1 - General rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false General rule. 342.1 Section 342.1 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT...) Must make any change in existing rates pursuant to § 342.3 or § 342.4, whichever is applicable, unless...

  11. 18 CFR 342.1 - General rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false General rule. 342.1 Section 342.1 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT...) Must make any change in existing rates pursuant to § 342.3 or § 342.4, whichever is applicable, unless...

  12. Changes in Water Quality of Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed Following Implementation of a Distressed Watershed Rules Package.

    PubMed

    Jacquemin, Stephen J; Johnson, Laura T; Dirksen, Theresa A; McGlinch, Greg

    2018-01-01

    Grand Lake St. Marys watershed has drawn attention over the past decade as water quality issues resulting from nutrient loading have come to the forefront of public opinion, political concern, and scientific study. The objective of this study was to assess long-term changes in water quality (nutrient and sediment concentrations) following the distressed watershed rules package instituted in 2011. Since that time, a variety of rules (e.g., winter manure ban) and best management practices (cover crops, manure storage or transfers, buffers, etc.) have been implemented. We used a general linear model to assess variation in total suspended solids, particulate phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), nitrate N, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentrations from daily Chickasaw Creek (drains ∼25% of watershed) samples spanning 2008 to 2016. Parameters were related to flow (higher values during high flows), timing (lower values during winter months), and the implementation of the distressed watershed rules package (lower values following implementation). Overall, reductions following the distressed designation for all parameters ranged from 5 to 35% during medium and high flow periods (with exception of SRP). Reductions were even more pronounced during winter months covered by the manure ban, where all parameters (including SRP) exhibited decreases at medium and high flows between 20 and 60%. While the reductions seen in this study are significant, concentrations are still highly elevated and continue to be a problem. We are optimistic that this study will serve to inform future management in the region and elsewhere. Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.

  13. Occurrence Data for the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    EPA uses the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR) to collect data for contaminants suspected to be present in drinking water, but that do not have health-based standards set under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)

  14. Applications of rule-induction in the derivation of quantitative structure-activity relationships.

    PubMed

    A-Razzak, M; Glen, R C

    1992-08-01

    Recently, methods have been developed in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI), specifically in the expert systems area using rule-induction, designed to extract rules from data. We have applied these methods to the analysis of molecular series with the objective of generating rules which are predictive and reliable. The input to rule-induction consists of a number of examples with known outcomes (a training set) and the output is a tree-structured series of rules. Unlike most other analysis methods, the results of the analysis are in the form of simple statements which can be easily interpreted. These are readily applied to new data giving both a classification and a probability of correctness. Rule-induction has been applied to in-house generated and published QSAR datasets and the methodology, application and results of these analyses are discussed. The results imply that in some cases it would be advantageous to use rule-induction as a complementary technique in addition to conventional statistical and pattern-recognition methods.

  15. Applications of rule-induction in the derivation of quantitative structure-activity relationships

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    A-Razzak, Mohammed; Glen, Robert C.

    1992-08-01

    Recently, methods have been developed in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI), specifically in the expert systems area using rule-induction, designed to extract rules from data. We have applied these methods to the analysis of molecular series with the objective of generating rules which are predictive and reliable. The input to rule-induction consists of a number of examples with known outcomes (a training set) and the output is a tree-structured series of rules. Unlike most other analysis methods, the results of the analysis are in the form of simple statements which can be easily interpreted. These are readily applied to new data giving both a classification and a probability of correctness. Rule-induction has been applied to in-house generated and published QSAR datasets and the methodology, application and results of these analyses are discussed. The results imply that in some cases it would be advantageous to use rule-induction as a complementary technique in addition to conventional statistical and pattern-recognition methods.

  16. Neural networks supporting switching, hypothesis testing, and rule application

    PubMed Central

    Liu, Zhiya; Braunlich, Kurt; Wehe, Hillary S.; Seger, Carol A.

    2015-01-01

    We identified dynamic changes in recruitment of neural connectivity networks across three phases of a flexible rule learning and set-shifting task similar to the Wisconsin Card Sort Task: switching, rule learning via hypothesis testing, and rule application. During fMRI scanning, subjects viewed pairs of stimuli that differed across four dimensions (letter, color, size, screen location), chose one stimulus, and received feedback. Subjects were informed that the correct choice was determined by a simple unidimensional rule, for example “choose the blue letter.” Once each rule had been learned and correctly applied for 4-7 trials, subjects were cued via either negative feedback or visual cues to switch to learning a new rule. Task performance was divided into three phases: Switching (first trial after receiving the switch cue), hypothesis testing (subsequent trials through the last error trial), and rule application (correct responding after the rule was learned). We used both univariate analysis to characterize activity occurring within specific regions of the brain, and a multivariate method, constrained principal component analysis for fMRI (fMRI-CPCA), to investigate how distributed regions coordinate to subserve different processes. As hypothesized, switching was subserved by a limbic network including the ventral striatum, thalamus, and parahippocampal gyrus, in conjunction with cortical salience network regions including the anterior cingulate and frontoinsular cortex. Activity in the ventral striatum was associated with switching regardless of how switching was cued; visually cued shifts were associated with additional visual cortical activity. After switching, as subjects moved into the hypothesis testing phase, a broad fronto-parietal-striatal network (associated with the cognitive control, dorsal attention, and salience networks) increased in activity. This network was sensitive to rule learning speed, with greater extended activity for the slowest

  17. Neural networks supporting switching, hypothesis testing, and rule application.

    PubMed

    Liu, Zhiya; Braunlich, Kurt; Wehe, Hillary S; Seger, Carol A

    2015-10-01

    We identified dynamic changes in recruitment of neural connectivity networks across three phases of a flexible rule learning and set-shifting task similar to the Wisconsin Card Sort Task: switching, rule learning via hypothesis testing, and rule application. During fMRI scanning, subjects viewed pairs of stimuli that differed across four dimensions (letter, color, size, screen location), chose one stimulus, and received feedback. Subjects were informed that the correct choice was determined by a simple unidimensional rule, for example "choose the blue letter". Once each rule had been learned and correctly applied for 4-7 trials, subjects were cued via either negative feedback or visual cues to switch to learning a new rule. Task performance was divided into three phases: Switching (first trial after receiving the switch cue), hypothesis testing (subsequent trials through the last error trial), and rule application (correct responding after the rule was learned). We used both univariate analysis to characterize activity occurring within specific regions of the brain, and a multivariate method, constrained principal component analysis for fMRI (fMRI-CPCA), to investigate how distributed regions coordinate to subserve different processes. As hypothesized, switching was subserved by a limbic network including the ventral striatum, thalamus, and parahippocampal gyrus, in conjunction with cortical salience network regions including the anterior cingulate and frontoinsular cortex. Activity in the ventral striatum was associated with switching regardless of how switching was cued; visually cued shifts were associated with additional visual cortical activity. After switching, as subjects moved into the hypothesis testing phase, a broad fronto-parietal-striatal network (associated with the cognitive control, dorsal attention, and salience networks) increased in activity. This network was sensitive to rule learning speed, with greater extended activity for the slowest

  18. 33 CFR 83.06 - Safe speed (Rule 6).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Safe speed (Rule 6). 83.06... Safe speed (Rule 6). Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take... prevailing circumstances and conditions. In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among...

  19. 33 CFR 83.06 - Safe speed (Rule 6).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Safe speed (Rule 6). 83.06... Safe speed (Rule 6). Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take... prevailing circumstances and conditions. In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among...

  20. An integrated model for the assessment of global water resources - Part 2: Anthropogenic activities modules and assessments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hanasaki, N.; Kanae, S.; Oki, T.; Shirakawa, N.

    2007-10-01

    To assess global water resources from the perspective of subannual variation in water resources and water use, an integrated water resources model was developed. In a companion report, we presented the global meteorological forcing input used to drive the model and two natural hydrological cycle modules, namely, the land surface hydrology module and the river routing module. Here, we present the remaining four modules, which represent anthropogenic activities: a crop growth module, a reservoir operation module, an environmental flow requirement module, and an anthropogenic withdrawal module. In addition, we discuss the results of a global water resources assessment using the integrated model. The crop growth module is a relatively simple model based on heat unit theory and potential biomass and harvest index concepts. The performance of the crop growth module was examined extensively because agricultural water comprises approximately 70% of total water withdrawal in the world. The estimated crop calendar showed good agreement with earlier reports for wheat, maize, and rice in major countries of production. The estimated irrigation water withdrawal also showed fair agreement with country statistics, but tended to underestimate countries in the Asian monsoon region. In the reservoir operation module, 452 major reservoirs with more than 1 km³ each of storage capacity store and release water according to their own rules of operation. Operating rules were determined for each reservoir using an algorithm that used currently available global data such as reservoir storage capacity, intended purposes, simulated inflow, and water demand in the lower reaches. The environmental flow requirement module was newly developed based on case studies from around the world. The integrated model closes both energy and water balances on land surfaces. Global water resources were assessed on a subannual basis using a newly devised index that locates water-stressed regions that were

  1. 18 CFR 385.906 - Pleadings (Rule 906).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Pleadings (Rule 906). 385.906 Section 385.906 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION... order admitting or denying each of the Secretary's findings in the contested order and setting forth...

  2. 18 CFR 385.1109 - Orders (Rule 1109).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Orders (Rule 1109). 385.1109 Section 385.1109 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION... or denying the petition for adjustment within the determination period, the petitioner may treat the...

  3. Compensatory Mitigation Rule Draft Environmental Assessment

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Draft Compensatory Mitigation Rule intended to promote regulatory efficiency by establishing standards and criteria that would apply to compensatory mitigation required for DA permits issued under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act.

  4. Quality-Assurance Plan for Water-Quality Activities in the USGS Ohio Water Science Center

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Francy, Donna S.; Shaffer, Kimberly H.

    2008-01-01

    In accordance with guidelines set forth by the Office of Water Quality in the Water Resources Discipline of the U.S. Geological Survey, a quality-assurance plan has been written for use by the Ohio Water Science Center in conducting water-quality activities. This quality-assurance plan documents the standards, policies, and procedures used by the Ohio Water Science Center for activities related to the collection, processing, storage, analysis, and publication of water-quality data. The policies and procedures documented in this quality-assurance plan for water-quality activities are meant to complement the Ohio Water Science Center quality-assurance plans for water-quality monitors, the microbiology laboratory, and surface-water and ground-water activities.

  5. 18 CFR 50.2 - Purpose and intent of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... rules. 50.2 Section 50.2 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY REGULATIONS UNDER THE FEDERAL POWER ACT APPLICATIONS FOR PERMITS TO SITE INTERSTATE ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION FACILITIES § 50.2 Purpose and intent of rules. (a) The purpose of the regulations in...

  6. 18 CFR 358.6 - No conduit rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false No conduit rule. 358.6 Section 358.6 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR TRANSMISSION PROVIDERS STANDARDS OF CONDUCT § 358.6 No conduit...

  7. Optimal Hedging Rule for Reservoir Refill Operation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wan, W.; Zhao, J.; Lund, J. R.; Zhao, T.; Lei, X.; Wang, H.

    2015-12-01

    This paper develops an optimal reservoir Refill Hedging Rule (RHR) for combined water supply and flood operation using mathematical analysis. A two-stage model is developed to formulate the trade-off between operations for conservation benefit and flood damage in the reservoir refill season. Based on the probability distribution of the maximum refill water availability at the end of the second stage, three zones are characterized according to the relationship among storage capacity, expected storage buffer (ESB), and maximum safety excess discharge (MSED). The Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions of the model show that the optimality of the refill operation involves making the expected marginal loss of conservation benefit from unfilling (i.e., ending storage of refill period less than storage capacity) as nearly equal to the expected marginal flood damage from levee overtopping downstream as possible while maintaining all constraints. This principle follows and combines the hedging rules for water supply and flood management. A RHR curve is drawn analogously to water supply hedging and flood hedging rules, showing the trade-off between the two objectives. The release decision result has a linear relationship with the current water availability, implying the linearity of RHR for a wide range of water conservation functions (linear, concave, or convex). A demonstration case shows the impacts of factors. Larger downstream flood conveyance capacity and empty reservoir capacity allow a smaller current release and more water can be conserved. Economic indicators of conservation benefit and flood damage compete with each other on release, the greater economic importance of flood damage is, the more water should be released in the current stage, and vice versa. Below a critical value, improving forecasts yields less water release, but an opposing effect occurs beyond this critical value. Finally, the Danjiangkou Reservoir case study shows that the RHR together with a rolling

  8. Classroom Activities about Water and Climate Change

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rodriguez, M.

    2012-04-01

    The purpose of this activity is to demonstrate practical work and experiments in the classroom, with students on Water: Water is the most neccesary Earth's resource, although it is decreasing because many human activities are changing its quality and its availability. The activity is designed in order to recreate experiments, simulations, and determine the aspects of the problematic environment currently plaguing our planet, especially those related to water and climate change. The selected activities have to be easy to make, and easy to understand. Each activity will be illustrated, explained and described using pictures and short texts, so teachers could replay them in their classroom. 1. Simulation of the Ocean Water Currents Convection to understand the heat distribution in our planet. 2. Ocean Water Stratification According to Water Salinity. We can understand the behaviour of water when we mix water from different densities 3. Melting of the Arctic and Antarctic Polar Caps. In this experiment, we can see the consequences of changing environment and climate conditions as it pertains to ice and our polar ice caps. We want to show the different behaviours of continental and floating ice and to evaluate the consequences of their melting. 4. Detecting water pollution. Here, we can analyse some water patterns and get to know the existence or absence of pollutants in the water, as well as learning how to determine its pH level, hardness, nitrogen composition, bacteria content and more. 5. Creating a home treatment. We show the necessity to preserve the water quality through a suitable treatment.

  9. Defining alternative rules in water and sanitation.

    PubMed

    Robert, J

    1995-11-01

    While the conventional water and sanitation package remains most prominent, alternatives exist to conventional waterworks and sanitation practices. Some alternate courses of action are considered. Promising an unprecedented availability of piped water, water development projects foster a pump-and-dump mentality even before they are completed. Often simply announcing the impending implementation of such projects encourages the intention among future beneficiaries to waste water resources. Alternatives to the domestic waste of water must be sought and implemented. Disestablishing water development, styles of alternative water technologies, decision-making and decision-makers, water policy scale, regenerating community access to sources, and water pricing are discussed.

  10. WATER: Water Activities Teaching Environmental Responsibility: Teacher Resource, Environmental Science.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kramer, Ed, Ed.; And Others

    This activity book was developed as part of an effort to protect water quality of the Stillwater River, Ohio, through a Watershed Protection Project. It is designed to raise teachers' and students' awareness and trigger a sense of stewardship towards the preservation of water resources. The activities are generally appropriate for elementary age…

  11. GEO Water Cycle Activities and Plans

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lawford, R.; Koike, T.; Ishida, C.; Grabs, W.

    2008-12-01

    The Group on Earth Observations (GEO) consists of more than 70 countries and 40 international organizations which are working together to develop the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). Since its launch in 2004, GEO has stimulated a wide range of activities related to data systems and their architecture, the development of science and technology to support observational programs, user interactions and interfaces, and capacity building. GEO tasks directed at Water Resources Management, one of the nine GEO Societal Benefit areas, are an integral part of these developments. They draw heavily upon the activities of the Integrated Global Water Cycle Observations (IGWCO) theme and on the activities and infrastructure provided through GEO and its committees. Within the GEO framework the water related activities have been focused on four specific tasks namely integrated data set development; information for floods, droughts and water management; water quality, and capacity building. Currently these efforts are being facilitated by the IGWCO theme that was formed under the former Integrated Global Observing Strategy Partnership (IGOS-P). With the dissolution of this partnership, other mechanisms, including the GEO Water Cycle Community of Practice, are being considered as new opportunitites for coordinating the work of the theme and the water-related GEO tasks. This talk provides a description of the GEO water tasks and reviews the progress that has been made in addressing them. It also provides a perspective on new opportunities and briefly describes some of the mechanisms, such as the Water Cycle Community of Practice, that could be expanded to coordinate a more comprehensive set of water tasks and greater community involvement.

  12. 18 CFR 385.411 - Sanctions (Rule 411).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Sanctions (Rule 411). 385.411 Section 385.411 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION... officer may, after notice to the participant or person and an opportunity to be heard, take one or more of...

  13. Modeling of water treatment plant using timed continuous Petri nets

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nurul Fuady Adhalia, H.; Subiono, Adzkiya, Dieky

    2017-08-01

    Petri nets represent graphically certain conditions and rules. In this paper, we construct a model of the Water Treatment Plant (WTP) using timed continuous Petri nets. Specifically, we consider that (1) the water pump always active and (2) the water source is always available. After obtaining the model, the flow through the transitions and token conservation laws are calculated.

  14. Rule-violations sensitise towards negative and authority-related stimuli.

    PubMed

    Wirth, Robert; Foerster, Anna; Rendel, Hannah; Kunde, Wilfried; Pfister, Roland

    2018-05-01

    Rule violations have usually been studied from a third-person perspective, identifying situational factors that render violations more or less likely. A first-person perspective of the agent that actively violates the rules, on the other hand, is only just beginning to emerge. Here we show that committing a rule violation sensitises towards subsequent negative stimuli as well as subsequent authority-related stimuli. In a Prime-Probe design, we used an instructed rule-violation task as the Prime and a word categorisation task as the Probe. Also, we employed a control condition that used a rule inversion task as the Prime (instead of rule violations). Probe targets were categorised faster after a violation relative to after a rule-based response if they related to either, negative valence or authority. Inversions, however, primed only negative stimuli and did not accelerate the categorisation of authority-related stimuli. A heightened sensitivity towards authority-related targets thus seems to be specific to rule violations. A control experiment showed that these effects cannot be explained in terms of semantic priming. Therefore, we propose that rule violations necessarily activate authority-related representations that make rule violations qualitatively different from simple rule inversions.

  15. The Design and Implementation of the Ariel Active Database Rule System

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1991-10-01

    but only as a main-memory prototype. The POSTGRES rule system (PRS) [SHP88, SRH90] and the Starburst rule system (SRS) [WCL91, HCL+90] have been...query language of POSTGRES for specifying data definition commands, queries and updates [SRH90]. POSTQUEL commands retrieve, append, delete, and replace...placed on an arbitrary attribute (e.g., one without an index) ( POSTGRES rule system [SHP88, SHP89, SR1I90], HiPAC [C+891, DIPS [SLR89], Alert [SPAM91

  16. Active microwave water equivalence

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Boyne, H. S.; Ellerbruch, D. A.

    1980-01-01

    Measurements of water equivalence using an active FM-CW microwave system were conducted over the past three years at various sites in Colorado, Wyoming, and California. The measurement method is described. Measurements of water equivalence and stratigraphy are compared with ground truth. A comparison of microwave, federal sampler, and snow pillow measurements at three sites in Colorado is described.

  17. 33 CFR 83.14 - Head-on situation (Rule 14).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Head-on situation (Rule 14). 83... situation (Rule 14). (a) Course alterations to starboard; port side passage. Unless otherwise agreed, when... other. (b) Existence of head-on situation. Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees...

  18. 17 CFR 8.27 - Violations of rules regarding decorum, submission of records or other similar activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Violations of rules regarding decorum, submission of records or other similar activities. 8.27 Section 8.27 Commodity and Securities Exchanges COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION EXCHANGE PROCEDURES FOR DISCIPLINARY, SUMMARY, AND MEMBERSHIP...

  19. Challenges for Rule Systems on the Web

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hu, Yuh-Jong; Yeh, Ching-Long; Laun, Wolfgang

    The RuleML Challenge started in 2007 with the objective of inspiring the issues of implementation for management, integration, interoperation and interchange of rules in an open distributed environment, such as the Web. Rules are usually classified as three types: deductive rules, normative rules, and reactive rules. The reactive rules are further classified as ECA rules and production rules. The study of combination rule and ontology is traced back to an earlier active rule system for relational and object-oriented (OO) databases. Recently, this issue has become one of the most important research problems in the Semantic Web. Once we consider a computer executable policy as a declarative set of rules and ontologies that guides the behavior of entities within a system, we have a flexible way to implement real world policies without rewriting the computer code, as we did before. Fortunately, we have de facto rule markup languages, such as RuleML or RIF to achieve the portability and interchange of rules for different rule systems. Otherwise, executing real-life rule-based applications on the Web is almost impossible. Several commercial or open source rule engines are available for the rule-based applications. However, we still need a standard rule language and benchmark for not only to compare the rule systems but also to measure the progress in the field. Finally, a number of real-life rule-based use cases will be investigated to demonstrate the applicability of current rule systems on the Web.

  20. Rule Encoding in Orbitofrontal Cortex and Striatum Guides Selection

    PubMed Central

    Castagno, Meghan D.; Hayden, Benjamin Y.

    2016-01-01

    Active maintenance of rules, like other executive functions, is often thought to be the domain of a discrete executive system. An alternative view is that rule maintenance is a broadly distributed function relying on widespread cortical and subcortical circuits. Tentative evidence supporting this view comes from research showing some rule selectivity in the orbitofrontal cortex and dorsal striatum. We recorded in these regions and in the ventral striatum, which has not been associated previously with rule representation, as macaques performed a Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. We found robust encoding of rule category (color vs shape) and rule identity (six possible rules) in all three regions. Rule identity modulated responses to potential choice targets, suggesting that rule information guides behavior by highlighting choice targets. The effects that we observed were not explained by differences in behavioral performance across rules and thus cannot be attributed to reward expectation. Our results suggest that rule maintenance and rule-guided selection of options are distributed processes and provide new insight into orbital and striatal contributions to executive control. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Rule maintenance, an important executive function, is generally thought to rely on dorsolateral brain regions. In this study, we examined activity of single neurons in orbitofrontal cortex and in ventral and dorsal striatum of macaques in a Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. Neurons in all three areas encoded rules and rule categories robustly. Rule identity also affected neural responses to potential choice options, suggesting that stored information is used to influence decisions. These results endorse the hypothesis that rule maintenance is a broadly distributed mental operation. PMID:27807165

  1. Proposed Fourth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document contains the proposed Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations from a public webinar held by EPA's Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water on January 13, 2016.

  2. 14 CFR 1252.200 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 1252.200... THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 1252.200 Rules against age discrimination. The rules stated in this section...

  3. 14 CFR 1252.200 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2011-01-01 2010-01-01 true Rules against age discrimination. 1252.200... THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 1252.200 Rules against age discrimination. The rules stated in this section...

  4. 34 CFR 110.10 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 34 Education 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 110.10 Section 110.10... EDUCATION NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 110.10 Rules against age discrimination. The rules...

  5. 34 CFR 110.10 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 34 Education 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 110.10 Section 110.10... EDUCATION NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 110.10 Rules against age discrimination. The rules...

  6. 34 CFR 110.10 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 34 Education 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 110.10 Section 110.10... EDUCATION NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 110.10 Rules against age discrimination. The rules...

  7. 14 CFR 1252.200 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 1252.200... THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 1252.200 Rules against age discrimination. The rules stated in this section...

  8. 34 CFR 110.10 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 34 Education 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 110.10 Section 110.10... EDUCATION NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 110.10 Rules against age discrimination. The rules...

  9. 34 CFR 110.10 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 34 Education 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 110.10 Section 110.10... EDUCATION NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 110.10 Rules against age discrimination. The rules...

  10. 14 CFR 1252.200 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 1252.200... THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 1252.200 Rules against age discrimination. The rules stated in this section...

  11. 18 CFR 385.405 - Use of depositions (Rule 405).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Use of depositions... Matters Set for Hearing Under Subpart E § 385.405 Use of depositions (Rule 405). (a) In general. During a... deposition taken pursuant to Rule 404, so far as admissible as though the witness were then present and...

  12. 18 CFR 385.405 - Use of depositions (Rule 405).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Use of depositions... Matters Set for Hearing Under Subpart E § 385.405 Use of depositions (Rule 405). (a) In general. During a... deposition taken pursuant to Rule 404, so far as admissible as though the witness were then present and...

  13. The Consequences of the FAA not Offering Emergency Agricultural UAS Rules for Water Conservation During the 2012 Drought

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Darling, R. G.

    2016-12-01

    The FAA's policies for agricultural Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) is essential towards preservation and optimization of water use in the parched Western United States. Had FAA applied emergency rules putting farmers on equal-footing with hobbyists for sUAS use at the beginning of the 2012 drought, the Western US could have been able to save approximately 3 Million/AF of water through improved irrigation management. For perspective, Los Angeles city's annual current consumption is 587,000 acre-feet. This study uses various assumptions about developed water use in agriculture and urban areas to determine water use, energy consumption, monetary loss through delay in FAA regulations. If the saved water was added to the ground the energy savings could have been approximately 1.27 Terra-Watt hours, enough energy to power the entire University of California system for 5 years. It remains unclear if new FAA regulations are sufficiently permissive to allow for widespread adoption of sUAS based precision agriculture. Substantial opportunities exist for utilizing UAS traffic management software in rural areas of less crowed airspace: incorporating geofencing and a notification system to operators and air traffic control as an alternative to a difficult examination process.

  14. 45 CFR 91.11 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 91.11 Section 91... THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FROM HHS Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 91.11 Rules against age discrimination. The rules stated in this...

  15. 45 CFR 91.11 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 91.11 Section 91... THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FROM HHS Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 91.11 Rules against age discrimination. The rules stated in this...

  16. 10 CFR 1040.84 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 1040.84 Section 1040.84... ACTIVITIES Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Age-Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as Amended Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 1040.84 Rules against age discrimination. The rules stated in this section...

  17. 45 CFR 91.11 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 91.11 Section 91... THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FROM HHS Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 91.11 Rules against age discrimination. The rules stated in this...

  18. 10 CFR 1040.84 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 1040.84 Section 1040.84... ACTIVITIES Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Age-Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as Amended Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 1040.84 Rules against age discrimination. The rules stated in this section...

  19. 45 CFR 91.11 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 91.11 Section 91... THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FROM HHS Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 91.11 Rules against age discrimination. The rules stated in this...

  20. 45 CFR 91.11 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 91.11 Section 91... THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FROM HHS Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 91.11 Rules against age discrimination. The rules stated in this...

  1. 15 CFR 20.4 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 20.4... OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 20.4 Rules against age discrimination. The rules stated in this section are limited by the...

  2. 15 CFR 20.4 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 20.4... OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 20.4 Rules against age discrimination. The rules stated in this section are limited by the...

  3. 10 CFR 1040.84 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 1040.84 Section 1040.84... ACTIVITIES Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Age-Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as Amended Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 1040.84 Rules against age discrimination. The rules stated in this section...

  4. 10 CFR 1040.84 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 1040.84 Section 1040.84... ACTIVITIES Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Age-Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as Amended Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 1040.84 Rules against age discrimination. The rules stated in this section...

  5. 15 CFR 20.4 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 20.4... OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 20.4 Rules against age discrimination. The rules stated in this section are limited by the...

  6. 15 CFR 20.4 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 20.4... OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 20.4 Rules against age discrimination. The rules stated in this section are limited by the...

  7. 10 CFR 1040.84 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 1040.84 Section 1040.84... ACTIVITIES Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Age-Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as Amended Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 1040.84 Rules against age discrimination. The rules stated in this section...

  8. Revised Total Coliform Rule Lab Sampling Form

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This form should be completed when a water system collects any required Revised Total Coliform Rule (RTCR) samples. It should also be used when collecting “Special” non-compliance samples for the RTCR.

  9. 18 CFR 385.2006 - Docket system (Rule 2006).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Docket system (Rule 2006). 385.2006 Section 385.2006 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... availability is consistent with the proper discharge of the Commission's duties and in conformity with part 388...

  10. Water resources activities in Kentucky, 1986

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Faust, R. J.

    1986-01-01

    The U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, conducts three major types of activities in Kentucky in order to provide hydrologic information and understanding needed for the best management of Kentucky 's and the Nation 's water resources. These activities are: (1) Data collection and dissemination; (2) Water-resources appraisals (interpretive studies); and (3) Research. Activities described in some detail following: (1) collection of surface - and groundwater data; (2) operation of stations to collect data on water quality, atmospheric deposition, and sedimentation; (3) flood investigations; (4) water use; (5) small area flood hydrology; (6) feasibility of disposal of radioactive disposal in deep crystalline rocks; (7) development of a groundwater model for the Louisville area; (8) travel times for streams in the Kentucky River Basin; (9) the impact of sinkholes and streams on groundwater flow in a carbonate aquifer system; (10) sedimentation and erosion rates at the Maxey Flats Radioactive Waste Burial site; and (11) evaluation of techniques for evaluating the cumulative impacts of mining as applied to coal fields in Kentucky. (Lantz-PTT)

  11. 33 CFR 83.34 - Maneuvering and warning signals (Rule 34).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Maneuvering and warning signals... SECURITY INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.34 Maneuvering and warning signals... maneuvering and warning signals. (g) Power-driven vessels leaving dock or berth. When a power-driven vessel is...

  12. 33 CFR 83.34 - Maneuvering and warning signals (Rule 34).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Maneuvering and warning signals... SECURITY INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.34 Maneuvering and warning signals... maneuvering and warning signals. (g) Power-driven vessels leaving dock or berth. When a power-driven vessel is...

  13. 33 CFR 83.25 - Sailing vessels underway and vessels under oars (Rule 25).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Sailing vessels underway and... OF HOMELAND SECURITY INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.25 Sailing vessels underway and vessels under oars (Rule 25). (a) Sailing vessels underway. A sailing vessel underway shall...

  14. 33 CFR 83.25 - Sailing vessels underway and vessels under oars (Rule 25).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Sailing vessels underway and... OF HOMELAND SECURITY INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.25 Sailing vessels underway and vessels under oars (Rule 25). (a) Sailing vessels underway. A sailing vessel underway shall...

  15. Public Notification Instructions and Templates for the Revised Total Coliform Rule (RTCR)

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    EPA has developed public notification (PN) templates to help with implementation of the PN Rule. This document aims to assist water systems with the Public Notification requirements specific to the Revised Total Coliform Rule (RTCR).

  16. Sensor-based activity recognition using extended belief rule-based inference methodology.

    PubMed

    Calzada, A; Liu, J; Nugent, C D; Wang, H; Martinez, L

    2014-01-01

    The recently developed extended belief rule-based inference methodology (RIMER+) recognizes the need of modeling different types of information and uncertainty that usually coexist in real environments. A home setting with sensors located in different rooms and on different appliances can be considered as a particularly relevant example of such an environment, which brings a range of challenges for sensor-based activity recognition. Although RIMER+ has been designed as a generic decision model that could be applied in a wide range of situations, this paper discusses how this methodology can be adapted to recognize human activities using binary sensors within smart environments. The evaluation of RIMER+ against other state-of-the-art classifiers in terms of accuracy, efficiency and applicability was found to be significantly relevant, specially in situations of input data incompleteness, and it demonstrates the potential of this methodology and underpins the basis to develop further research on the topic.

  17. Deriving adaptive operating rules of hydropower reservoirs using time-varying parameters generated by the EnKF

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Feng, Maoyuan; Liu, Pan; Guo, Shenglian; Shi, Liangsheng; Deng, Chao; Ming, Bo

    2017-08-01

    Operating rules have been used widely to decide reservoir operations because of their capacity for coping with uncertain inflow. However, stationary operating rules lack adaptability; thus, under changing environmental conditions, they cause inefficient reservoir operation. This paper derives adaptive operating rules based on time-varying parameters generated using the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). A deterministic optimization model is established to obtain optimal water releases, which are further taken as observations of the reservoir simulation model. The EnKF is formulated to update the operating rules sequentially, providing a series of time-varying parameters. To identify the index that dominates the variations of the operating rules, three hydrologic factors are selected: the reservoir inflow, ratio of future inflow to current available water, and available water. Finally, adaptive operating rules are derived by fitting the time-varying parameters with the identified dominant hydrologic factor. China's Three Gorges Reservoir was selected as a case study. Results show that (1) the EnKF has the capability of capturing the variations of the operating rules, (2) reservoir inflow is the factor that dominates the variations of the operating rules, and (3) the derived adaptive operating rules are effective in improving hydropower benefits compared with stationary operating rules. The insightful findings of this study could be used to help adapt reservoir operations to mitigate the effects of changing environmental conditions.

  18. 1,4-Dioxane drinking water occurrence data from the third unregulated contaminant monitoring rule.

    PubMed

    Adamson, David T; Piña, Elizabeth A; Cartwright, Abigail E; Rauch, Sharon R; Hunter Anderson, R; Mohr, Thomas; Connor, John A

    2017-10-15

    This study examined data collected from U.S. public drinking water supplies in support of the recently-completed third round of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR3) to better understand the nature and occurrence of 1,4-dioxane and the basis for establishing drinking water standards. The purpose was to evaluate whether the occurrence data for this emerging but federally-unregulated contaminant fit with common conceptual models, including its persistence and the importance of groundwater contamination for potential exposure. 1,4-Dioxane was detected in samples from 21% of 4864 PWSs, and was in exceedance of the health-based reference concentration (0.35μg/L) at 6.9% of these systems. In both measures, it ranked second among the 28 UCMR3 contaminants. Although much of the focus on 1,4-dioxane has been its role as a groundwater contaminant, the detection frequency for 1,4-dioxane in surface water was only marginally lower than in groundwater (by a factor of 1.25; p<0.0001). However, groundwater concentrations were higher than those in surface water (p<0.0001) and contributed to a higher frequency of exceeding the reference concentration (by a factor of 1.8, p<0.0001), indicating that surface water sources tend to be more dilute. Sampling from large systems increased the likelihood that 1,4-dioxane was detected by a factor of 2.18 times relative to small systems (p<0.0001). 1,4-Dioxane detections in drinking water were highly associated with detections of other chlorinated compounds particularly 1,1-dichlorethane (odds ratio=47; p<0.0001), which is associated with the release of 1,4-dioxane as a chlorinated solvent stabilizer. Based on aggregated nationwide data, 1,4-dioxane showed evidence of a decreasing trend in concentration and detection frequency over time. These data suggest that the loading to drinking water supplies may be decreasing. However, in the interim, some water supply systems may need to consider improving their treatment capabilities

  19. Rules and Regulations That Impact Children's Health

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    EPA is committed to considering risks to children in developing standards to protect human health and the environment through rulemaking guidance, transparency in regulatory development, and rules and actions for air, water, and chemical safety.

  20. Ionic force field optimization based on single-ion and ion-pair solvation properties: Going beyond standard mixing rules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fyta, Maria; Netz, Roland R.

    2012-03-01

    Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in conjunction with the SPC/E water model, we optimize ionic force-field parameters for seven different halide and alkali ions, considering a total of eight ion-pairs. Our strategy is based on simultaneous optimizing single-ion and ion-pair properties, i.e., we first fix ion-water parameters based on single-ion solvation free energies, and in a second step determine the cation-anion interaction parameters (traditionally given by mixing or combination rules) based on the Kirkwood-Buff theory without modification of the ion-water interaction parameters. In doing so, we have introduced scaling factors for the cation-anion Lennard-Jones (LJ) interaction that quantify deviations from the standard mixing rules. For the rather size-symmetric salt solutions involving bromide and chloride ions, the standard mixing rules work fine. On the other hand, for the iodide and fluoride solutions, corresponding to the largest and smallest anion considered in this work, a rescaling of the mixing rules was necessary. For iodide, the experimental activities suggest more tightly bound ion pairing than given by the standard mixing rules, which is achieved in simulations by reducing the scaling factor of the cation-anion LJ energy. For fluoride, the situation is different and the simulations show too large attraction between fluoride and cations when compared with experimental data. For NaF, the situation can be rectified by increasing the cation-anion LJ energy. For KF, it proves necessary to increase the effective cation-anion Lennard-Jones diameter. The optimization strategy outlined in this work can be easily adapted to different kinds of ions.

  1. 18 CFR 385.1007 - Presiding officer (Rule 1007).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Presiding officer (Rule 1007). 385.1007 Section 385.1007 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... known and could not, with the exercise of due care, have been known to the participant at the time they...

  2. 18 CFR 385.1007 - Presiding officer (Rule 1007).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Presiding officer (Rule 1007). 385.1007 Section 385.1007 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... known and could not, with the exercise of due care, have been known to the participant at the time they...

  3. 18 CFR 385.1007 - Presiding officer (Rule 1007).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Presiding officer (Rule 1007). 385.1007 Section 385.1007 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... known and could not, with the exercise of due care, have been known to the participant at the time they...

  4. 18 CFR 385.1007 - Presiding officer (Rule 1007).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Presiding officer (Rule 1007). 385.1007 Section 385.1007 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... known and could not, with the exercise of due care, have been known to the participant at the time they...

  5. 18 CFR 385.1007 - Presiding officer (Rule 1007).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Presiding officer (Rule 1007). 385.1007 Section 385.1007 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... known and could not, with the exercise of due care, have been known to the participant at the time they...

  6. Water Pollution Scrubber Activity Simulates Pollution Control Devices.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kennedy, Edward C., III; Waggoner, Todd C.

    2003-01-01

    A laboratory activity caused students to think actively about water pollution. The students realized that it would be easier to keep water clean than to remove pollutants. They created a water scrubbing system allowing them to pour water in one end and have it emerge clean at the other end. (JOW)

  7. Voyageurs National Park: Water-level regulation and effects on water quality and aquatic biology

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Christensen, Victoria G.; Maki, Ryan P.; LeDuc, Jaime F.

    2018-01-01

    Following dam installations in the remote Rainy Lake Basin during the early 1900s, water-level fluctuations were considered extreme (1914–1949) compared to more natural conditions. In 1949, the International Joint Commission (IJC), which sets rules governing dam operation on waters shared by the United States and Canada, established the first rule curves to regulate water levels on these waterbodies. However, rule curves established prior to 2000 were determined to be detrimental to the ecosystem. Therefore, the IJC implemented an order in 2000 to change rule curves and to restore a more natural water regime. After 2000, measured chlorophyll-a concentrations in the two most eutrophic water bodies decreased whereas concentrations in oligotrophic lakes did not show significant water-quality differences. Fish mercury data were inconclusive, due to the variation in water levels and fish mercury concentrations, but can be used by the IJC as part of a long term data set.

  8. Tribal water utility management

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    1993-03-01

    Contents: primacy program (what is primacy, advantages and disadvantages, treatment as a state, grant applications and funding); safe drinking water act (sampling requirements, coliform standard, public notification, surface water treatment rule impacts, uic and wellhead protection programs, lead/copper rule); water utility management (how is the utility program evaluated, who's responsible, what is the board and tribal council role).

  9. 110 Years of the Meyer–Overton Rule: Predicting Membrane Permeability of Gases and Other Small Compounds

    PubMed Central

    Missner, Andreas; Pohl, Peter

    2010-01-01

    The transport of gaseous compounds across biological membranes is essential in all forms of life. Although it was generally accepted that gases freely penetrate the lipid matrix of biological membranes, a number of studies challenged this doctrine as they found biological membranes to have extremely low gas-permeability values. These observations led to the identification of several membrane-embedded “gas” channels, which facilitate the transport of biological active gases, such as carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, and ammonia. However, some of these findings are in contrast to the well-established solubility–diffusion model (also known as the Meyer–Overton rule), which predicts membrane permeabilities from the molecule's oil–water partition coefficient. Herein, we discuss recently reported violations of the Meyer–Overton rule for small molecules, including carboxylic acids and gases, and show that Meyer and Overton continue to rule. PMID:19514034

  10. 18 CFR 701.60 - Procedures for revision of rules and regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 2 2013-04-01 2012-04-01 true Procedures for revision of rules and regulations. 701.60 Section 701.60 Conservation of Power and Water Resources WATER... and regulations. Revisions proposed by the Water Resources Council Members to the Principles and...

  11. 18 CFR 701.60 - Procedures for revision of rules and regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Procedures for revision of rules and regulations. 701.60 Section 701.60 Conservation of Power and Water Resources WATER... and regulations. Revisions proposed by the Water Resources Council Members to the Principles and...

  12. 18 CFR 701.60 - Procedures for revision of rules and regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Procedures for revision of rules and regulations. 701.60 Section 701.60 Conservation of Power and Water Resources WATER... and regulations. Revisions proposed by the Water Resources Council Members to the Principles and...

  13. 18 CFR 701.60 - Procedures for revision of rules and regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Procedures for revision of rules and regulations. 701.60 Section 701.60 Conservation of Power and Water Resources WATER... and regulations. Revisions proposed by the Water Resources Council Members to the Principles and...

  14. 18 CFR 701.60 - Procedures for revision of rules and regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Procedures for revision of rules and regulations. 701.60 Section 701.60 Conservation of Power and Water Resources WATER... and regulations. Revisions proposed by the Water Resources Council Members to the Principles and...

  15. Optimization of multi-reservoir operation with a new hedging rule: application of fuzzy set theory and NSGA-II

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ahmadianfar, Iman; Adib, Arash; Taghian, Mehrdad

    2017-10-01

    The reservoir hedging rule curves are used to avoid severe water shortage during drought periods. In this method reservoir storage is divided into several zones, wherein the rationing factors are changed immediately when water storage level moves from one zone to another. In the present study, a hedging rule with fuzzy rationing factors was applied for creating a transition zone in up and down each rule curve, and then the rationing factor will be changed in this zone gradually. For this propose, a monthly simulation model was developed and linked to the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm for calculation of the modified shortage index of two objective functions involving water supply of minimum flow and agriculture demands in a long-term simulation period. Zohre multi-reservoir system in south Iran has been considered as a case study. The results of the proposed hedging rule have improved the long-term system performance from 10 till 27 percent in comparison with the simple hedging rule, where these results demonstrate that the fuzzification of hedging factors increase the applicability and the efficiency of the new hedging rule in comparison to the conventional rule curve for mitigating the water shortage problem.

  16. On the effects of adaptive reservoir operating rules in hydrological physically-based models

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Giudici, Federico; Anghileri, Daniela; Castelletti, Andrea; Burlando, Paolo

    2017-04-01

    Recent years have seen a significant increase of the human influence on the natural systems both at the global and local scale. Accurately modeling the human component and its interaction with the natural environment is key to characterize the real system dynamics and anticipate future potential changes to the hydrological regimes. Modern distributed, physically-based hydrological models are able to describe hydrological processes with high level of detail and high spatiotemporal resolution. Yet, they lack in sophistication for the behavior component and human decisions are usually described by very simplistic rules, which might underperform in reproducing the catchment dynamics. In the case of water reservoir operators, these simplistic rules usually consist of target-level rule curves, which represent the average historical level trajectory. Whilst these rules can reasonably reproduce the average seasonal water volume shifts due to the reservoirs' operation, they cannot properly represent peculiar conditions, which influence the actual reservoirs' operation, e.g., variations in energy price or water demand, dry or wet meteorological conditions. Moreover, target-level rule curves are not suitable to explore the water system response to climate and socio economic changing contexts, because they assume a business-as-usual operation. In this work, we quantitatively assess how the inclusion of adaptive reservoirs' operating rules into physically-based hydrological models contribute to the proper representation of the hydrological regime at the catchment scale. In particular, we contrast target-level rule curves and detailed optimization-based behavioral models. We, first, perform the comparison on past observational records, showing that target-level rule curves underperform in representing the hydrological regime over multiple time scales (e.g., weekly, seasonal, inter-annual). Then, we compare how future hydrological changes are affected by the two modeling

  17. 15 CFR 712.1 - Round to zero rule that applies to activities involving Schedule 1 chemicals.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Round to zero rule that applies to... CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION REGULATIONS ACTIVITIES INVOLVING SCHEDULE 1 CHEMICALS § 712.1 Round to zero.... 1 to this part) as unavoidable by-products or impurities may round to zero and are not subject to...

  18. 15 CFR 712.1 - Round to zero rule that applies to activities involving Schedule 1 chemicals.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Round to zero rule that applies to... CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION REGULATIONS ACTIVITIES INVOLVING SCHEDULE 1 CHEMICALS § 712.1 Round to zero.... 1 to this part) as unavoidable by-products or impurities may round to zero and are not subject to...

  19. 15 CFR 712.1 - Round to zero rule that applies to activities involving Schedule 1 chemicals.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Round to zero rule that applies to... CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION REGULATIONS ACTIVITIES INVOLVING SCHEDULE 1 CHEMICALS § 712.1 Round to zero.... 1 to this part) as unavoidable by-products or impurities may round to zero and are not subject to...

  20. 18 CFR 281.305 - General rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... Section 281.305 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OTHER REGULATIONS UNDER THE NATURAL GAS POLICY ACT OF 1978 AND RELATED AUTHORITIES NATURAL... General rule. Any essential agricultural user subject to this subpart that has requested from any direct...

  1. CONSECUTIVE SYSTEMS GUIDANCE MANUAL FOR THE STAGE 2 DISINFECTION BYPRODUCT RULE (DBPR)

    EPA Science Inventory

    Description: This manual discusses requirements for consecutive systems (public water systems that receive fully treated water from other public water systems) to comply with Stage 2 DBPR monitoring and MCLs. Most previous drinking water rules, including the Stage 1 DBPR, have no...

  2. Gaming the system. Dodging the rules, ruling the dodgers.

    PubMed

    Morreim, E H

    1991-03-01

    Although traditional obligations of fidelity require physicians to deliver quality care to their patients, including to utilize costly technologies, physicians are steadily losing their accustomed control over the necessary resources. The "economic agents" who own the medical and monetary resources of care now impose a wide array of rules and restrictions in order to contain their costs of operation. However, physicians can still control resources indirectly through "gaming the system," employing tactics such as "fudging" that exploit resource rules' ambiguity and flexibility to bypass the rules while ostensibly honoring them. Physicians may be especially inclined to game the system where resource rules seriously underserve patients' needs, where economic agents seem to be "gaming the patient," with needless obstacles to care, or where others, such as hospitals or even physicians themselves, may be denied needed reimbursements. Though tempting, gaming is morally and medically hazardous. It can harm patients and society, offend honesty, and violate basic principles of contractual and distributive justice. It is also, in fact, usually unnecessary in securing needed resources for patients. More fundamentally, we must reconsider what physicians owe their patients. They owe what is theirs to give: their competence, care and loyalty. In light of medicine's changing economics, two new duties emerge: economic advising, whereby physicians explicitly discuss the economic as well as medical aspects of each treatment option; and economic advocacy, whereby physicians intercede actively on their patients' behalf with the economic agents who control the resources.

  3. Learning the Rules of the Game

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Smith, Donald A.

    2018-03-01

    Games have often been used in the classroom to teach physics ideas and concepts, but there has been less published on games that can be used to teach scientific thinking. D. Maloney and M. Masters describe an activity in which students attempt to infer rules to a game from a history of moves, but the students don't actually play the game. Giving the list of moves allows the instructor to emphasize the important fact that nature usually gives us incomplete data sets, but it does make the activity less immersive. E. Kimmel suggested letting students attempt to figure out the rules to Reversi by playing it, but this game only has two players, which makes it difficult to apply in a classroom setting. Kimmel himself admits the choice of Reversi is somewhat arbitrary. There are games, however, that are designed to make the process of figuring out the rules an integral aspect of play. These games involve more people and require only a deck or two of cards. I present here an activity constructed around the card game Mao, which can be used to help students recognize aspects of scientific thinking. The game is particularly good at illustrating the importance of falsification tests (questions designed to elicit a negative answer) over verification tests (examples that confirm what is already suspected) for illuminating the underlying rules.

  4. Allowance trading activity and state regulatory rulings: Evidence from the US Acid Rain Program

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bailey, E.M.

    1997-12-31

    The US Acid Rain Program is one of the first, and by far the most extensive, applications of a market based approach to pollution control. From the beginning, there has been concern whether utilities would participate in allowance trading, and whether regulatory activity at the state level would further complicate utilities` decision to trade allowances. This paper finds that public utility commission regulation has encouraged allowance trading activity in states with regulatory rulings, but that allowance trading activity has not been limited to states issuing regulations. Until there is evidence suggesting that significant additional cost savings could have been obtainedmore » if additional allowance trading activity had occurred in states without regulations or that utilities in states with regulations are still not taking advantage of all cost saving trading opportunities, this analysis suggests that there is little reason to believe that allowance trading activity is impeded by public utility commission regulations.« less

  5. Water-resources activities in Florida, 1988-89

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Glenn, Mildred E.

    1989-01-01

    This report contains summary statements of water resources activities in Florida conducted by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with Federal, State , and local agencies during 1988. These activities are part of the Federal program of appraising the Nation 's water resources. Included are brief descriptions of the nature and scope of all active studies, summaries of significant results for 1988 and anticipated accomplishments during 1989. Water resources appraisals in Florida are highly diversified, ranging from hydrologic records networks to interpretive appraisals of water resources and applied research to develop investigative techniques. Thus, water-resources investigations range from basic descriptive water-availability studies for areas of low-intensity water development and management to sophisticated cause and effect studies in areas of high-intensity water development and management. The interpretive reports and records that are products of the investigations are a principal hydrologic foundation upon which the plans for development, management, and protection of Florida 's water resources may be used. Water data and information required to implement sound water-management programs in highly urbanized areas relate to the quantity and quality of storm runoff, sources of aquifer contamination, injection of wastes into deep strata, underground storage of freshwater, artificial recharge of aquifers, environmental effects of reuse of water, and effects of land development on changes in ground-and surface-water quality. In some parts of the State broad areas are largely rural. Future growth is anticipated in many of these. This report is intended to inform those agencies vitally interested in the water resources of Florida as to the current status and objectives of the U.S. Geological Survey cooperative program. The mission of this program is to collect, interpret, and publish information on water resources. Almost all of

  6. 18 CFR 1309.5 - What are the rules against age discrimination?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... against age discrimination? 1309.5 Section 1309.5 Conservation of Power and Water Resources TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY NONDISCRIMINATION WITH RESPECT TO AGE § 1309.5 What are the rules against age discrimination? (a) General rule. No person in the United States shall, on the basis of age, be excluded from...

  7. 18 CFR 1309.5 - What are the rules against age discrimination?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... against age discrimination? 1309.5 Section 1309.5 Conservation of Power and Water Resources TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY NONDISCRIMINATION WITH RESPECT TO AGE § 1309.5 What are the rules against age discrimination? (a) General rule. No person in the United States shall, on the basis of age, be excluded from...

  8. 18 CFR 1309.5 - What are the rules against age discrimination?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... against age discrimination? 1309.5 Section 1309.5 Conservation of Power and Water Resources TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY NONDISCRIMINATION WITH RESPECT TO AGE § 1309.5 What are the rules against age discrimination? (a) General rule. No person in the United States shall, on the basis of age, be excluded from...

  9. 18 CFR 1309.5 - What are the rules against age discrimination?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... against age discrimination? 1309.5 Section 1309.5 Conservation of Power and Water Resources TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY NONDISCRIMINATION WITH RESPECT TO AGE § 1309.5 What are the rules against age discrimination? (a) General rule. No person in the United States shall, on the basis of age, be excluded from...

  10. 18 CFR 1309.5 - What are the rules against age discrimination?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... against age discrimination? 1309.5 Section 1309.5 Conservation of Power and Water Resources TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY NONDISCRIMINATION WITH RESPECT TO AGE § 1309.5 What are the rules against age discrimination? (a) General rule. No person in the United States shall, on the basis of age, be excluded from...

  11. 14 CFR § 1252.200 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Rules against age discrimination. § 1252... NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 1252.200 Rules against age discrimination. The rules stated in this section...

  12. Simulating water markets with transaction costs

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Erfani, Tohid; Binions, Olga; Harou, Julien J.

    2014-06-01

    This paper presents an optimization model to simulate short-term pair-wise spot-market trading of surface water abstraction licenses (water rights). The approach uses a node-arc multicommodity formulation that tracks individual supplier-receiver transactions in a water resource network. This enables accounting for transaction costs between individual buyer-seller pairs and abstractor-specific rules and behaviors using constraints. Trades are driven by economic demand curves that represent each abstractor's time-varying water demand. The purpose of the proposed model is to assess potential hydrologic and economic outcomes of water markets and aid policy makers in designing water market regulations. The model is applied to the Great Ouse River basin in Eastern England. The model assesses the potential weekly water trades and abstractions that could occur in a normal and a dry year. Four sectors (public water supply, energy, agriculture, and industrial) are included in the 94 active licensed water diversions. Each license's unique environmental restrictions are represented and weekly economic water demand curves are estimated. Rules encoded as constraints represent current water management realities and plausible stakeholder-informed water market behaviors. Results show buyers favor sellers who can supply large volumes to minimize transactions. The energy plant cooling and agricultural licenses, often restricted from obtaining water at times when it generates benefits, benefit most from trades. Assumptions and model limitations are discussed. This article was corrected on 13 JUN 2014. See the end of the full text for details.

  13. 18 CFR 385.402 - Scope of discovery (Rule 402).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Scope of discovery (Rule 402). 385.402 Section 385.402 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... persons having any knowledge of any discoverable matter. It is not ground for objection that the...

  14. 18 CFR 157.5 - Purpose and intent of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Purpose and intent of rules. 157.5 Section 157.5 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... the market contemplated by the proposed project and the nature and disposition of such other project...

  15. A method of extracting impervious surface based on rule algorithm

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Peng, Shuangyun; Hong, Liang; Xu, Quanli

    2018-02-01

    The impervious surface has become an important index to evaluate the urban environmental quality and measure the development level of urbanization. At present, the use of remote sensing technology to extract impervious surface has become the main way. In this paper, a method to extract impervious surface based on rule algorithm is proposed. The main ideas of the method is to use the rule-based algorithm to extract impermeable surface based on the characteristics and the difference which is between the impervious surface and the other three types of objects (water, soil and vegetation) in the seven original bands, NDWI and NDVI. The steps can be divided into three steps: 1) Firstly, the vegetation is extracted according to the principle that the vegetation is higher in the near-infrared band than the other bands; 2) Then, the water is extracted according to the characteristic of the water with the highest NDWI and the lowest NDVI; 3) Finally, the impermeable surface is extracted based on the fact that the impervious surface has a higher NDWI value and the lowest NDVI value than the soil.In order to test the accuracy of the rule algorithm, this paper uses the linear spectral mixed decomposition algorithm, the CART algorithm, the NDII index algorithm for extracting the impervious surface based on six remote sensing image of the Dianchi Lake Basin from 1999 to 2014. Then, the accuracy of the above three methods is compared with the accuracy of the rule algorithm by using the overall classification accuracy method. It is found that the extraction method based on the rule algorithm is obviously higher than the above three methods.

  16. Frameworks for amending reservoir water management

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Mower, Ethan; Miranda, Leandro E.

    2013-01-01

    Managing water storage and withdrawals in many reservoirs requires establishing seasonal targets for water levels (i.e., rule curves) that are influenced by regional precipitation and diverse water demands. Rule curves are established as an attempt to balance various water needs such as flood control, irrigation, and environmental benefits such as fish and wildlife management. The processes and challenges associated with amending rule curves to balance multiuse needs are complicated and mostly unfamiliar to non-US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) natural resource managers and to the public. To inform natural resource managers and the public we describe the policies and process involved in amending rule curves in USACE reservoirs, including 3 frameworks: a general investigation, a continuing authority program, and the water control plan. Our review suggests that water management in reservoirs can be amended, but generally a multitude of constraints and competing demands must be addressed before such a change can be realized.

  17. 77 FR 52977 - Regulatory Capital Rules: Advanced Approaches Risk-Based Capital Rule; Market Risk Capital Rule

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-30

    ... Corporation 12 CFR Parts 324, 325 Regulatory Capital Rules: Advanced Approaches Risk-Based Capital Rule... 325 RIN 3064-AD97 Regulatory Capital Rules: Advanced Approaches Risk-Based Capital Rule; Market Risk... the agencies' current capital rules. In this NPR (Advanced Approaches and Market Risk NPR) the...

  18. 18 CFR 385.2005 - Subscription and verification (Rule 2005).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Subscription and verification (Rule 2005). 385.2005 Section 385.2005 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY...; (ii) The contents are true as stated, to the best knowledge and belief of the signer; and (iii) The...

  19. Analysis of endocrine activity in drinking water, surface water and treated wastewater from six countries.

    PubMed

    Leusch, Frederic D L; Neale, Peta A; Arnal, Charlotte; Aneck-Hahn, Natalie H; Balaguer, Patrick; Bruchet, Auguste; Escher, Beate I; Esperanza, Mar; Grimaldi, Marina; Leroy, Gaela; Scheurer, Marco; Schlichting, Rita; Schriks, Merijn; Hebert, Armelle

    2018-08-01

    The aquatic environment can contain numerous micropollutants and there are concerns about endocrine activity in environmental waters and the potential impacts on human and ecosystem health. In this study a complementary chemical analysis and in vitro bioassay approach was applied to evaluate endocrine activity in treated wastewater, surface water and drinking water samples from six countries (Germany, Australia, France, South Africa, the Netherlands and Spain). The bioassay test battery included assays indicative of seven endocrine pathways, while 58 different chemicals, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals and industrial compounds, were analysed by targeted chemical analysis. Endocrine activity was below the limit of quantification for most water samples, with only two of six treated wastewater samples and two of six surface water samples exhibiting estrogenic, glucocorticoid, progestagenic and/or anti-mineralocorticoid activity above the limit of quantification. Based on available effect-based trigger values (EBT) for estrogenic and glucocorticoid activity, some of the wastewater and surface water samples were found to exceed the EBT, suggesting these environmental waters may pose a potential risk to ecosystem health. In contrast, the lack of bioassay activity and low detected chemical concentrations in the drinking water samples do not suggest a risk to human endocrine health, with all samples below the relevant EBTs. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  20. 18 CFR 385.1902 - Appeals from action of staff (Rule 1902).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... staff (Rule 1902). 385.1902 Section 385.1902 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY... § 385.1902 Appeals from action of staff (Rule 1902). (a) Any staff action (other than a decision or... subpart E of this part) taken pursuant to authority delegated to the staff by the Commission is a final...

  1. 18 CFR 385.1902 - Appeals from action of staff (Rule 1902).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... staff (Rule 1902). 385.1902 Section 385.1902 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY... § 385.1902 Appeals from action of staff (Rule 1902). (a) Any staff action (other than a decision or... subpart E of this part) taken pursuant to authority delegated to the staff by the Commission is a final...

  2. Simulating water markets with transaction costs

    PubMed Central

    Erfani, Tohid; Binions, Olga; Harou, Julien J

    2014-01-01

    This paper presents an optimization model to simulate short-term pair-wise spot-market trading of surface water abstraction licenses (water rights). The approach uses a node-arc multicommodity formulation that tracks individual supplier-receiver transactions in a water resource network. This enables accounting for transaction costs between individual buyer-seller pairs and abstractor-specific rules and behaviors using constraints. Trades are driven by economic demand curves that represent each abstractor's time-varying water demand. The purpose of the proposed model is to assess potential hydrologic and economic outcomes of water markets and aid policy makers in designing water market regulations. The model is applied to the Great Ouse River basin in Eastern England. The model assesses the potential weekly water trades and abstractions that could occur in a normal and a dry year. Four sectors (public water supply, energy, agriculture, and industrial) are included in the 94 active licensed water diversions. Each license's unique environmental restrictions are represented and weekly economic water demand curves are estimated. Rules encoded as constraints represent current water management realities and plausible stakeholder-informed water market behaviors. Results show buyers favor sellers who can supply large volumes to minimize transactions. The energy plant cooling and agricultural licenses, often restricted from obtaining water at times when it generates benefits, benefit most from trades. Assumptions and model limitations are discussed. Key Points Transaction tracking hydro-economic optimization models simulate water markets Proposed model formulation incorporates transaction costs and trading behavior Water markets benefit users with the most restricted water access PMID:25598558

  3. Simulating water markets with transaction costs.

    PubMed

    Erfani, Tohid; Binions, Olga; Harou, Julien J

    2014-06-01

    This paper presents an optimization model to simulate short-term pair-wise spot-market trading of surface water abstraction licenses (water rights). The approach uses a node-arc multicommodity formulation that tracks individual supplier-receiver transactions in a water resource network. This enables accounting for transaction costs between individual buyer-seller pairs and abstractor-specific rules and behaviors using constraints. Trades are driven by economic demand curves that represent each abstractor's time-varying water demand. The purpose of the proposed model is to assess potential hydrologic and economic outcomes of water markets and aid policy makers in designing water market regulations. The model is applied to the Great Ouse River basin in Eastern England. The model assesses the potential weekly water trades and abstractions that could occur in a normal and a dry year. Four sectors (public water supply, energy, agriculture, and industrial) are included in the 94 active licensed water diversions. Each license's unique environmental restrictions are represented and weekly economic water demand curves are estimated. Rules encoded as constraints represent current water management realities and plausible stakeholder-informed water market behaviors. Results show buyers favor sellers who can supply large volumes to minimize transactions. The energy plant cooling and agricultural licenses, often restricted from obtaining water at times when it generates benefits, benefit most from trades. Assumptions and model limitations are discussed. Transaction tracking hydro-economic optimization models simulate water marketsProposed model formulation incorporates transaction costs and trading behaviorWater markets benefit users with the most restricted water access.

  4. Quality-Assurance Plan for Water-Quality Activities of the U.S. Geological Survey Montana Water Science Center

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Lambing, John H.

    2006-01-01

    In accordance with guidelines set forth by the Office of Water Quality in the Water Resources Discipline of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), a quality-assurance plan has been created for use by the USGS Montana Water Science Center in conducting water-quality activities. This quality-assurance plan documents the standards, policies, and procedures used by the USGS Montana Water Science Center for activities related to the collection, processing, storage, analysis, and publication of water-quality data. The policies and procedures presented in this quality-assurance plan for water-quality activities complement the quality-assurance plans for surface-water and ground-water activities and suspended-sediment analysis.

  5. Hybrid modeling of nitrate fate in large catchments using fuzzy-rules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    van der Heijden, Sven; Haberlandt, Uwe

    2010-05-01

    Especially for nutrient balance simulations, physically based ecohydrological modeling needs an abundance of measured data and model parameters, which for large catchments all too often are not available in sufficient spatial or temporal resolution or are simply unknown. For efficient large-scale studies it is thus beneficial to have methods at one's disposal which are parsimonious concerning the number of model parameters and the necessary input data. One such method is fuzzy-rule based modeling, which compared to other machine-learning techniques has the advantages to produce models (the fuzzy-rules) which are physically interpretable to a certain extent, and to allow the explicit introduction of expert knowledge through pre-defined rules. The study focuses on the application of fuzzy-rule based modeling for nitrate simulation in large catchments, in particular concerning decision support. Fuzzy-rule based modeling enables the generation of simple, efficient, easily understandable models with nevertheless satisfactory accuracy for problems of decision support. The chosen approach encompasses a hybrid metamodeling, which includes the generation of fuzzy-rules with data originating from physically based models as well as a coupling with a physically based water balance model. For the generation of the needed training data and also as coupled water balance model the ecohydrological model SWAT is employed. The conceptual model divides the nitrate pathway into three parts. The first fuzzy-module calculates nitrate leaching with the percolating water from soil surface to groundwater, the second module simulates groundwater passage, and the final module replaces the in-stream processes. The aim of this modularization is to create flexibility for using each of the modules on its own, for changing or completely replacing it. For fuzzy-rule based modeling this can explicitly mean that the re-training of one of the modules with newly available data will be possible without

  6. Phonological reduplication in sign language: Rules rule

    PubMed Central

    Berent, Iris; Dupuis, Amanda; Brentari, Diane

    2014-01-01

    Productivity—the hallmark of linguistic competence—is typically attributed to algebraic rules that support broad generalizations. Past research on spoken language has documented such generalizations in both adults and infants. But whether algebraic rules form part of the linguistic competence of signers remains unknown. To address this question, here we gauge the generalization afforded by American Sign Language (ASL). As a case study, we examine reduplication (X→XX)—a rule that, inter alia, generates ASL nouns from verbs. If signers encode this rule, then they should freely extend it to novel syllables, including ones with features that are unattested in ASL. And since reduplicated disyllables are preferred in ASL, such a rule should favor novel reduplicated signs. Novel reduplicated signs should thus be preferred to nonreduplicative controls (in rating), and consequently, such stimuli should also be harder to classify as nonsigns (in the lexical decision task). The results of four experiments support this prediction. These findings suggest that the phonological knowledge of signers includes powerful algebraic rules. The convergence between these conclusions and previous evidence for phonological rules in spoken language suggests that the architecture of the phonological mind is partly amodal. PMID:24959158

  7. An Active Site Water Network in the Plasminogen Activator Pla from Yersinia pestis

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Eren, Elif; Murphy, Megan; Goguen, Jon

    2010-08-13

    The plasminogen activator Pla from Yersinia pestis is an outer membrane protease (omptin) that is important for the virulence of plague. Here, we present the high-resolution crystal structure of wild-type, enzymatically active Pla at 1.9 {angstrom}. The structure shows a water molecule located between active site residues D84 and H208, which likely corresponds to the nucleophilic water. A number of other water molecules are present in the active site, linking residues important for enzymatic activity. The R211 sidechain in loop L4 is close to the nucleophilic water and possibly involved in the stabilization of the oxyanion intermediate. Subtle conformational changesmore » of H208 result from the binding of lipopolysaccharide to the outside of the barrel, explaining the unusual dependence of omptins on lipopolysaccharide for activity. The Pla structure suggests a model for the interaction with plasminogen substrate and provides a more detailed understanding of the catalytic mechanism of omptin proteases.« less

  8. Polymer optical fiber grating as water activity sensor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Wei; Webb, David J.

    2014-05-01

    Controlling the water content within a product has long been required in the chemical processing, agriculture, food storage, paper manufacturing, semiconductor, pharmaceutical and fuel industries. The limitations of water content measurement as an indicator of safety and quality are attributed to differences in the strength with which water associates with other components in the product. Water activity indicates how tightly water is "bound," structurally or chemically, in products. Water absorption introduces changes in the volume and refractive index of poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA. Therefore for a grating made in PMMA based optical fiber, its wavelength is an indicator of water absorption and PMMA thus can be used as a water activity sensor. In this work we have investigated the performance of a PMMA based optical fiber grating as a water activity sensor in sugar solution, saline solution and Jet A-1 aviation fuel. Samples of sugar solution with sugar concentration from 0 to 8%, saline solution with concentration from 0 to 22%, and dried (10ppm), ambient (39ppm) and wet (68ppm) aviation fuels were used in experiments. The corresponding water activities are measured as 1.0 to 0.99 for sugar solution, 1.0 to 0.86 for saline solution, and 0.15, 0.57 and 1.0 for the aviation fuel samples. The water content in the measured samples ranges from 100% (pure water) to 10 ppm (dried aviation fuel). The PMMA based optical fiber grating exhibits good sensitivity and consistent response, and Bragg wavelength shifts as large as 3.4 nm when the sensor is transferred from dry fuel to wet fuel.

  9. Development of probabilistic operating rules for Hluhluwe Dam, South Africa

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ndiritu, J.; Odiyo, J.; Makungo, R.; Mwaka, B.; Mthethwa, N.; Ntuli, C.; Andanje, A.

    2017-08-01

    Hluhluwe Dam, with a 30 million m3 reservoir that supplies water for irrigation and Hluhluwe municipality in Kwa-Zulu Natal Province, South Africa, was consistently experiencing low storage levels over several non-drought years since 2001. The dam was operated by rules of thumb and there were no records of water releases for irrigation - the main user of the dam. This paper describes an assessment of the historic behaviour of the reservoir since its completion in 1964 and the development of operating rules that accounted for: i) the multiple and different levels of reliability at which municipal and irrigation demands need to be supplied, and ii) inter-annual and inter-decadal variability of climate and inflows into the dam. The assessment of the behaviour of the reservoir was done by simulation assuming trigonometric rule curves that were optimized to maximize both yield and storage state using the SCE-UA method. The resulting reservoir behaviour matched the observed historic trajectory reasonably well and indicated that the dam has mainly been operated at a demand of 10 million m3/year until 2000 when the demand suddenly rose to 25 million m3/year. Operating rules were developed from a statistical analysis of the base yields from 500 simulations of the reservoir each using 5 year-long stochastically generated sequences of inflows, rainfall and evaporation. After the implementation of the operating rules in 2009, the storage state of the dam improved and matched those of other reservoirs in the region that had established operating rules.

  10. Searching for discrimination rules in protease proteolytic cleavage activity using genetic programming with a min-max scoring function.

    PubMed

    Yang, Zheng Rong; Thomson, Rebecca; Hodgman, T Charles; Dry, Jonathan; Doyle, Austin K; Narayanan, Ajit; Wu, XiKun

    2003-11-01

    This paper presents an algorithm which is able to extract discriminant rules from oligopeptides for protease proteolytic cleavage activity prediction. The algorithm is developed using genetic programming. Three important components in the algorithm are a min-max scoring function, the reverse Polish notation (RPN) and the use of minimum description length. The min-max scoring function is developed using amino acid similarity matrices for measuring the similarity between an oligopeptide and a rule, which is a complex algebraic equation of amino acids rather than a simple pattern sequence. The Fisher ratio is then calculated on the scoring values using the class label associated with the oligopeptides. The discriminant ability of each rule can therefore be evaluated. The use of RPN makes the evolutionary operations simpler and therefore reduces the computational cost. To prevent overfitting, the concept of minimum description length is used to penalize over-complicated rules. A fitness function is therefore composed of the Fisher ratio and the use of minimum description length for an efficient evolutionary process. In the application to four protease datasets (Trypsin, Factor Xa, Hepatitis C Virus and HIV protease cleavage site prediction), our algorithm is superior to C5, a conventional method for deriving decision trees.

  11. Elkhorn ruling boosts state authority

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Beecher, H.A.

    1995-03-01

    On 31 May 1994, a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision expanded state authority to establish conditions to protect water quality and included stream flows, aesthetics, and, potentially, other elements in a broad definition of water quality. Called the {open_quotes}Elkhorn case{close_quotes} the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Washington Department of Ecology has authority to set instream flows for fish (primarily steelhead, chinook, and coho salmon) as a condition of a Water Quality Certification (WQC) issued by the state under Section 401 of the federal Clean Water Act (CWA). The case surrounded the petitioners (applicants) proposed building of the Elkhornmore » Hydroelectric Project on the Dosewallips River, Washington. The project would have consisted of a dam near the boundary of Olympic National Park and a pipeline to carry diverted water around a 1.2-mile bypass reach to a powerhouse at Olympic National Forest`s Elkhorn Campground.« less

  12. Students Learn by Doing: Teaching about Rules of Thumb.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cude, Brenda J.

    1990-01-01

    Identifies situation in which consumers are likely to substitute rules of thumb for research, reviews rules of thumb often used as substitutes, and identifies teaching activities to help students learn when substitution is appropriate. (JOW)

  13. Quality-assurance plan for water-quality activities in the U.S. Geological Survey Washington Water Science Center

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Conn, Kathleen E.; Huffman, Raegan L.; Barton, Cynthia

    2017-05-08

    In accordance with guidelines set forth by the Office of Water Quality in the Water Mission Area of the U.S. Geological Survey, a quality-assurance plan has been created for use by the Washington Water Science Center (WAWSC) in conducting water-quality activities. This qualityassurance plan documents the standards, policies, and procedures used by the WAWSC for activities related to the collection, processing, storage, analysis, and publication of water-quality data. The policies and procedures documented in this quality-assurance plan for water-quality activities complement the quality-assurance plans for surface-water and groundwater activities at the WAWSC.

  14. THE WATER-WATER CYCLE IN CHLOROPLASTS: Scavenging of Active Oxygens and Dissipation of Excess Photons.

    PubMed

    Asada, Kozi

    1999-06-01

    Photoreduction of dioxygen in photosystem I (PSI) of chloroplasts generates superoxide radicals as the primary product. In intact chloroplasts, the superoxide and the hydrogen peroxide produced via the disproportionation of superoxide are so rapidly scavenged at the site of their generation that the active oxygens do not inactivate the PSI complex, the stromal enzymes, or the scavenging system itself. The overall reaction for scavenging of active oxygens is the photoreduction of dioxygen to water via superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in PSI by the electrons derived from water in PSII, and the water-water cycle is proposed for these sequences. An overview is given of the molecular mechanism of the water-water cycle and microcompartmentalization of the enzymes participating in it. Whenever the water-water cycle operates properly for scavenging of active oxygens in chloroplasts, it also effectively dissipates excess excitation energy under environmental stress. The dual functions of the water-water cycle for protection from photoinihibition are discussed.

  15. 38 CFR 18.511 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... discrimination. 18.511 Section 18.511 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS... Determining Age Discrimination § 18.511 Rules against age discrimination. The rules in this section are... benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under, any program or activity receiving Federal financial...

  16. 24 CFR 146.13 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Rules against age discrimination... EMPLOYMENT AND BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF AGE IN HUD PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 146.13 Rules against...

  17. 24 CFR 146.13 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Rules against age discrimination... EMPLOYMENT AND BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF AGE IN HUD PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 146.13 Rules against...

  18. 24 CFR 146.13 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Rules against age discrimination... EMPLOYMENT AND BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF AGE IN HUD PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 146.13 Rules against...

  19. 24 CFR 146.13 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Rules against age discrimination... EMPLOYMENT AND BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF AGE IN HUD PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 146.13 Rules against...

  20. 24 CFR 146.13 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Rules against age discrimination... EMPLOYMENT AND BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF AGE IN HUD PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 146.13 Rules against...

  1. Cytokinin Activity in Water-stressed Shoots 1

    PubMed Central

    Itai, Chanan; Vaadia, Yoash

    1971-01-01

    Water stress applied to the plant shoot through enhanced evaporative demands reduced cytokinin activity in extracts of xylem exudate and leaves. This reduction resembled the changes in cytokinin activity caused by water stress applied to the root. Cytokinin activity in detached wilting leaves decreased rapidly. Recovery took place after several hours in a humid chamber. Experiments with 14C-kinetin indicated that the mechanism of the inactivation and its reversal involve a chemical transformation of the cytokinin molecule. PMID:16657585

  2. Single neurons in prefrontal cortex encode abstract rules.

    PubMed

    Wallis, J D; Anderson, K C; Miller, E K

    2001-06-21

    The ability to abstract principles or rules from direct experience allows behaviour to extend beyond specific circumstances to general situations. For example, we learn the 'rules' for restaurant dining from specific experiences and can then apply them in new restaurants. The use of such rules is thought to depend on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) because its damage often results in difficulty in following rules. Here we explore its neural basis by recording from single neurons in the PFC of monkeys trained to use two abstract rules. They were required to indicate whether two successively presented pictures were the same or different depending on which rule was currently in effect. The monkeys performed this task with new pictures, thus showing that they had learned two general principles that could be applied to stimuli that they had not yet experienced. The most prevalent neuronal activity observed in the PFC reflected the coding of these abstract rules.

  3. RuleMonkey: software for stochastic simulation of rule-based models

    PubMed Central

    2010-01-01

    Background The system-level dynamics of many molecular interactions, particularly protein-protein interactions, can be conveniently represented using reaction rules, which can be specified using model-specification languages, such as the BioNetGen language (BNGL). A set of rules implicitly defines a (bio)chemical reaction network. The reaction network implied by a set of rules is often very large, and as a result, generation of the network implied by rules tends to be computationally expensive. Moreover, the cost of many commonly used methods for simulating network dynamics is a function of network size. Together these factors have limited application of the rule-based modeling approach. Recently, several methods for simulating rule-based models have been developed that avoid the expensive step of network generation. The cost of these "network-free" simulation methods is independent of the number of reactions implied by rules. Software implementing such methods is now needed for the simulation and analysis of rule-based models of biochemical systems. Results Here, we present a software tool called RuleMonkey, which implements a network-free method for simulation of rule-based models that is similar to Gillespie's method. The method is suitable for rule-based models that can be encoded in BNGL, including models with rules that have global application conditions, such as rules for intramolecular association reactions. In addition, the method is rejection free, unlike other network-free methods that introduce null events, i.e., steps in the simulation procedure that do not change the state of the reaction system being simulated. We verify that RuleMonkey produces correct simulation results, and we compare its performance against DYNSTOC, another BNGL-compliant tool for network-free simulation of rule-based models. We also compare RuleMonkey against problem-specific codes implementing network-free simulation methods. Conclusions RuleMonkey enables the simulation of

  4. Revisions to the Fourth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document contains the Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations from a public meeting and webinar held by EPA's Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water on June 25, 2014.

  5. 75 FR 18205 - Total Coliform Rule Revisions-Notice of Stakeholder Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-09

    ... Coliform Rule (RTCR) and the Distribution Systems Research and Information Collection Partnership... reviewing the methods approved to analyze drinking water samples to determine the presence of total... ( [email protected] , (202) 564-1781, Standards and Risk Management Division, Office of Ground Water and...

  6. U. S. drinking-water regulations: Treatment technologies and cost

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lykins, B.W. Jr.; Clark, R.M.

    The Safe Drinking Water Act and its Amendments have imposed a large number of new regulations on the US drinking-water industry. A major set of regulations currently under consideration will control disinfectants and disinfection by-products. Included in the development of these regulations is an Information Collection Rule and an Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. These rules will require monitoring for microorganisms such as Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and viruses. Certain surface-water systems may be required to remove microbiological contaminants above levels currently required by the Surface Water Treatment Rule. Also included in these rules will be monitoring requirements for disinfection by-products andmore » evaluation of precursor removal technologies. As various regulations are promulgated, regulators and those associated with the drinking-water industry need to be cognizant of the potential impact of treatment to control one contaminant or group of contaminants on control of other contaminants. Compliance with drinking-water regulations mandated under the Safe Drinking Water Act and its amendments has been estimated to cost about $1.6 billion.« less

  7. 45 CFR 90.12 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 90.12 Section 90... THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE What is Age Discrimination? Standards for Determining Discriminatory Practices § 90.12 Rules against age discrimination. The...

  8. 45 CFR 90.12 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 90.12 Section 90... THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE What is Age Discrimination? Standards for Determining Discriminatory Practices § 90.12 Rules against age discrimination. The...

  9. 45 CFR 90.12 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 90.12 Section 90... THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE What is Age Discrimination? Standards for Determining Discriminatory Practices § 90.12 Rules against age discrimination. The...

  10. 45 CFR 1172.11 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 1172.11 Section... ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF AGE IN FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 1172.11 Rules...

  11. 45 CFR 90.12 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 90.12 Section 90... THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE What is Age Discrimination? Standards for Determining Discriminatory Practices § 90.12 Rules against age discrimination. The...

  12. 45 CFR 90.12 - Rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Rules against age discrimination. 90.12 Section 90... THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE What is Age Discrimination? Standards for Determining Discriminatory Practices § 90.12 Rules against age discrimination. The...

  13. 4 CFR 22.1 - Applicability of Rules [Rule 1].

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 4 Accounts 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Applicability of Rules [Rule 1]. 22.1 Section 22.1... ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE CONTRACT APPEALS BOARD § 22.1 Applicability of Rules [Rule 1]. The Government... all appeals filed with the Board on or after October 1, 2007. ...

  14. Water resources activities in Kentucky, 1993-94

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Maglothin, L. S.; Forbes, R.W.

    1994-01-01

    The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is the principal Federal water-resources data collection and investigation agency. Through the Water Resources Division District Office in Kentucky, the USGS investigates the occurrence, distribution, quantity, movement, and chemical and biological quality of surface and ground water in the State. The mission of this program is to collect, interpret, and publish information on water resources. Almost all research and data collection is a cooperative effort in which planning and financial support are shared by State and local agencies and governments. Other activities are funded by other Federal agencies or by direct Congressional appropriation. This report is intended to inform the public and cooperating agencies, vitally interested in the water resources of Kentucky, as to the current status of the Distfict's data collection and investigation program. Included in the report are summaries of water-resources activities in Kentucky conducted by the USGS. Also included is a description of the USGS mission and program, District organization, funding sources and cooperating agencies, and a list of USGS publications relevant to the water resources of the State.

  15. Water in the Active Site of Ketosteroid Isomerase

    PubMed Central

    Hanoian, Philip; Hammes-Schiffer, Sharon

    2011-01-01

    Classical molecular dynamics simulations were utilized to investigate the structural and dynamical properties of water in the active site of ketosteroid isomerase (KSI) to provide insight into the role of these water molecules in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. This reaction is thought to proceed via a dienolate intermediate that is stabilized by hydrogen bonding with residues Tyr16 and Asp103. A comparative study was performed for the wild-type (WT) KSI and the Y16F, Y16S, and Y16F/Y32F/Y57F (FFF) mutants. These systems were studied with three different bound ligands: equilenin, which is an intermediate analog, and the intermediate states of two steroid substrates. Several distinct water occupation sites were identified in the active site of KSI for the WT and mutant systems. Three additional sites were identified in the Y16S mutant that were not occupied in WT KSI or the other mutants studied. The number of water molecules directly hydrogen bonded to the ligand oxygen was approximately two waters in the Y16S mutant, one water in the Y16F and FFF mutants, and intermittent hydrogen bonding of one water molecule in WT KSI. The molecular dynamics trajectories of the Y16F and FFF mutants reproduced the small conformational changes of residue 16 observed in the crystal structures of these two mutants. Quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical calculations of 1H NMR chemical shifts of the protons in the active site hydrogen-bonding network suggest that the presence of water in the active site does not prevent the formation of short hydrogen bonds with far-downfield chemical shifts. The molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the active site water molecules exchange much more frequently for WT KSI and the FFF mutant than for the Y16F and Y16S mutants. This difference is most likely due to the hydrogen-bonding interaction between Tyr57 and an active site water molecule that is persistent in the Y16F and Y16S mutants but absent in the FFF mutant and significantly less

  16. Multiple-rule bias in the comparison of classification rules

    PubMed Central

    Yousefi, Mohammadmahdi R.; Hua, Jianping; Dougherty, Edward R.

    2011-01-01

    Motivation: There is growing discussion in the bioinformatics community concerning overoptimism of reported results. Two approaches contributing to overoptimism in classification are (i) the reporting of results on datasets for which a proposed classification rule performs well and (ii) the comparison of multiple classification rules on a single dataset that purports to show the advantage of a certain rule. Results: This article provides a careful probabilistic analysis of the second issue and the ‘multiple-rule bias’, resulting from choosing a classification rule having minimum estimated error on the dataset. It quantifies this bias corresponding to estimating the expected true error of the classification rule possessing minimum estimated error and it characterizes the bias from estimating the true comparative advantage of the chosen classification rule relative to the others by the estimated comparative advantage on the dataset. The analysis is applied to both synthetic and real data using a number of classification rules and error estimators. Availability: We have implemented in C code the synthetic data distribution model, classification rules, feature selection routines and error estimation methods. The code for multiple-rule analysis is implemented in MATLAB. The source code is available at http://gsp.tamu.edu/Publications/supplementary/yousefi11a/. Supplementary simulation results are also included. Contact: edward@ece.tamu.edu Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. PMID:21546390

  17. Drinking Water Research Division's research activities in support of EPA's regulatory agenda

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Clark, R.M.; Feige, W.A.

    1991-01-01

    The Safe Drinking Water Act and its Amendments will have a dramatic impact on the way in which one views the treatment and distribution of water in the U.S. The paper discusses the regulatory agenda, including proposed and promulgated regulations for volatile and synthetic organic contaminants, pesticides, lead, copper, inorganic contaminants, and radionuclides. In addition, the Surface Water Treatment and Coliform Rules are discussed in some detail. Tables are presented that list the Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs), as well as Best Available Technology (BAT) for reducing many of these contaminants to acceptable levels. Finally,more » a discussion of expected disinfection requirements and the regulation of disinfection by-products (DBP) is made. Treatment techniques for controlling DBPs are briefly described.« less

  18. 42 CFR 414.46 - Additional rules for payment of anesthesia services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Additional rules for payment of anesthesia services... Physicians and Other Practitioners § 414.46 Additional rules for payment of anesthesia services. (a... each anesthesia code that reflects all activities other than anesthesia time. These activities include...

  19. 42 CFR 414.46 - Additional rules for payment of anesthesia services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Additional rules for payment of anesthesia services... Physicians and Other Practitioners § 414.46 Additional rules for payment of anesthesia services. (a... each anesthesia code that reflects all activities other than anesthesia time. These activities include...

  20. 12 CFR 220.131 - Application of the arranging section to broker-dealer activities under SEC Rule 144A.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Regulation T. The market-making activities of broker-dealers who hold themselves out to other institutions as... adopting Rule 144A is to achieve “a more liquid and efficient institutional resale market for unregistered... characterize the participation of broker-dealers in this unique and limited market as an “investment banking...

  1. 12 CFR 220.131 - Application of the arranging section to broker-dealer activities under SEC Rule 144A.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Regulation T. The market-making activities of broker-dealers who hold themselves out to other institutions as... adopting Rule 144A is to achieve “a more liquid and efficient institutional resale market for unregistered... characterize the participation of broker-dealers in this unique and limited market as an “investment banking...

  2. 12 CFR 220.131 - Application of the arranging section to broker-dealer activities under SEC Rule 144A.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Regulation T. The market-making activities of broker-dealers who hold themselves out to other institutions as... adopting Rule 144A is to achieve “a more liquid and efficient institutional resale market for unregistered... characterize the participation of broker-dealers in this unique and limited market as an “investment banking...

  3. 12 CFR 220.131 - Application of the arranging section to broker-dealer activities under SEC Rule 144A.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Regulation T. The market-making activities of broker-dealers who hold themselves out to other institutions as... adopting Rule 144A is to achieve “a more liquid and efficient institutional resale market for unregistered... characterize the participation of broker-dealers in this unique and limited market as an “investment banking...

  4. 12 CFR 220.131 - Application of the arranging section to broker-dealer activities under SEC Rule 144A.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Regulation T. The market-making activities of broker-dealers who hold themselves out to other institutions as... adopting Rule 144A is to achieve “a more liquid and efficient institutional resale market for unregistered... characterize the participation of broker-dealers in this unique and limited market as an “investment banking...

  5. Basic mathematical rules are encoded by primate prefrontal cortex neurons

    PubMed Central

    Bongard, Sylvia; Nieder, Andreas

    2010-01-01

    Mathematics is based on highly abstract principles, or rules, of how to structure, process, and evaluate numerical information. If and how mathematical rules can be represented by single neurons, however, has remained elusive. We therefore recorded the activity of individual prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons in rhesus monkeys required to switch flexibly between “greater than” and “less than” rules. The monkeys performed this task with different numerical quantities and generalized to set sizes that had not been presented previously, indicating that they had learned an abstract mathematical principle. The most prevalent activity recorded from randomly selected PFC neurons reflected the mathematical rules; purely sensory- and memory-related activity was almost absent. These data show that single PFC neurons have the capacity to represent flexible operations on most abstract numerical quantities. Our findings support PFC network models implementing specific “rule-coding” units that control the flow of information between segregated input, memory, and output layers. We speculate that these neuronal circuits in the monkey lateral PFC could readily have been adopted in the course of primate evolution for syntactic processing of numbers in formalized mathematical systems. PMID:20133872

  6. The Forty-Eight-Hour Rule: Emotional Engagement and the Student Athlete

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mueller, Alan C. R.

    2009-01-01

    Several years ago, the author taught a course called First-Year experience. A student named Sean mentioned that he played "water pong." Sean, a high-achieving student who was also a member of the lacrosse team, explained that water pong was a game with the rules of beer pong, using water rather than beer. Sean volunteered an explanation of his…

  7. Activity of water in aqueous systems; a frequently neglected property.

    PubMed

    Blandamer, Mike J; Engberts, Jan B F N; Gleeson, Peter T; Reis, Joao Carlos R

    2005-05-01

    In this critical review, the significance of the term 'activity' is examined in the context of the properties of aqueous solutions. The dependence of the activity of water(l) at ambient pressure and 298.15 K on solute molality is examined for aqueous solutions containing neutral solutes, mixtures of neutral solutes and salts. Addition of a solute to water(l) always lowers its thermodynamic activity. For some solutes the stabilisation of water(l) is less than and for others more than in the case where the thermodynamic properties of the aqueous solution are ideal. In one approach this pattern is accounted for in terms of hydrate formation. Alternatively the pattern is analysed in terms of the dependence of practical osmotic coefficients on the composition of the aqueous solution and then in terms of solute-solute interactions. For salt solutions the dependence of the activity of water on salt molalities is compared with that predicted by the Debye-Hückel limiting law. The analysis is extended to consideration of the activities of water in binary aqueous mixtures. The dependence on mole fraction composition of the activity of water in binary aqueous mixtures is examined. Different experimental methods for determining the activity of water in aqueous solutions are critically reviewed. The role of water activity is noted in a biochemical context, with reference to the quality, stability and safety of food and finally with regard to health science.

  8. 32 CFR 700.1139 - Rules for preventing collisions, afloat and in the air.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... international air traffic regulations (14 CFR chapter I), and such other rules and regulations as may be... preventing collisions on the high seas, in inland waters or in the air, where such laws, rules and... the air. 700.1139 Section 700.1139 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF...

  9. 32 CFR 700.1139 - Rules for preventing collisions, afloat and in the air.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... international air traffic regulations (14 CFR chapter I), and such other rules and regulations as may be... preventing collisions on the high seas, in inland waters or in the air, where such laws, rules and... the air. 700.1139 Section 700.1139 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF...

  10. 32 CFR 700.1139 - Rules for preventing collisions, afloat and in the air.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... international air traffic regulations (14 CFR chapter I), and such other rules and regulations as may be... preventing collisions on the high seas, in inland waters or in the air, where such laws, rules and... the air. 700.1139 Section 700.1139 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF...

  11. 32 CFR 700.1139 - Rules for preventing collisions, afloat and in the air.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... international air traffic regulations (14 CFR chapter I), and such other rules and regulations as may be... preventing collisions on the high seas, in inland waters or in the air, where such laws, rules and... the air. 700.1139 Section 700.1139 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF...

  12. 32 CFR 700.1139 - Rules for preventing collisions, afloat and in the air.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... international air traffic regulations (14 CFR chapter I), and such other rules and regulations as may be... preventing collisions on the high seas, in inland waters or in the air, where such laws, rules and... the air. 700.1139 Section 700.1139 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF...

  13. Effects of activation energy and activation volume on the temperature-dependent viscosity of water.

    PubMed

    Kwang-Hua, Chu Rainer

    2016-08-01

    Water transport in a leaf is vulnerable to viscosity-induced changes. Recent research has suggested that these changes may be partially due to variation at the molecular scale, e.g., regulations via aquaporins, that induce reductions in leaf hydraulic conductance. What are the quantitative as well as qualitative changes in temperature-dependent viscosity due to the role of aquaporins in tuning activation energy and activation volume? Using the transition-state approach as well as the boundary perturbation method, we investigate temperature-dependent viscosity tuned by activation energy and activation volume. To validate our approach, we compare our numerical results with previous temperature-dependent viscosity measurements. The rather good fit between our calculations and measurements confirms our present approach. We have obtained critical parameters for the temperature-dependent (shear) viscosity of water that might be relevant to the increasing and reducing of leaf hydraulic conductance. These parameters are sensitive to temperature, activation energy, and activation volume. Once the activation energy increases, the (shear) viscosity of water increases. Our results also show that as the activation volume increases (say, 10^{-23}m^{3}), the (shear) viscosity of water decreases significantly and the latter induces the enhancing of leaf hydraulic conductance. Within the room-temperature regime, a small increase in the activation energy will increase the water viscosity or reduce the leaf hydraulic conductance. Our approach and results can be applied to diverse plant or leaf attributes.

  14. Rates of ubiquitin conjugation increase when muscles atrophy, largely through activation of the N-end rule pathway

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Solomon, V.; Baracos, V.; Sarraf, P.; Goldberg, A. L.

    1998-01-01

    The rapid loss of muscle mass that accompanies many disease states, such as cancer or sepsis, is primarily a result of increased protein breakdown in muscle, and several observations have suggested an activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Accordingly, in extracts of atrophying muscles from tumor-bearing or septic rats, rates of 125I-ubiquitin conjugation to endogenous proteins were found to be higher than in control extracts. On the other hand, in extracts of muscles from hypothyroid rats, where overall proteolysis is reduced below normal, the conjugation of 125I-ubiquitin to soluble proteins decreased by 50%, and treatment with triiodothyronine (T3) restored ubiquitination to control levels. Surprisingly, the N-end rule pathway, which selectively degrades proteins with basic or large hydrophobic N-terminal residues, was found to be responsible for most of these changes in ubiquitin conjugation. Competitive inhibitors of this pathway that specifically block the ubiquitin ligase, E3alpha, suppressed most of the increased ubiquitin conjugation in the muscle extracts from tumor-bearing and septic rats. These inhibitors also suppressed ubiquitination in normal extracts toward levels in hypothyroid extracts, which showed little E3alpha-dependent ubiquitination. Thus, the inhibitors eliminated most of the differences in ubiquitination under these different pathological conditions. Moreover, 125I-lysozyme, a model N-end rule substrate, was ubiquitinated more rapidly in extracts from tumor-bearing and septic rats, and more slowly in those from hypothyroid rats, than in controls. Thus, the rate of ubiquitin conjugation increases in atrophying muscles, and these hormone- and cytokine-dependent responses are in large part due to activation of the N-end rule pathway.

  15. Rates of ubiquitin conjugation increase when muscles atrophy, largely through activation of the N-end rule pathway

    PubMed Central

    Solomon, Vered; Baracos, Vickie; Sarraf, Pasha; Goldberg, Alfred L.

    1998-01-01

    The rapid loss of muscle mass that accompanies many disease states, such as cancer or sepsis, is primarily a result of increased protein breakdown in muscle, and several observations have suggested an activation of the ubiquitin–proteasome system. Accordingly, in extracts of atrophying muscles from tumor-bearing or septic rats, rates of 125I-ubiquitin conjugation to endogenous proteins were found to be higher than in control extracts. On the other hand, in extracts of muscles from hypothyroid rats, where overall proteolysis is reduced below normal, the conjugation of 125I-ubiquitin to soluble proteins decreased by 50%, and treatment with triiodothyronine (T3) restored ubiquitination to control levels. Surprisingly, the N-end rule pathway, which selectively degrades proteins with basic or large hydrophobic N-terminal residues, was found to be responsible for most of these changes in ubiquitin conjugation. Competitive inhibitors of this pathway that specifically block the ubiquitin ligase, E3α, suppressed most of the increased ubiquitin conjugation in the muscle extracts from tumor-bearing and septic rats. These inhibitors also suppressed ubiquitination in normal extracts toward levels in hypothyroid extracts, which showed little E3α-dependent ubiquitination. Thus, the inhibitors eliminated most of the differences in ubiquitination under these different pathological conditions. Moreover, 125I-lysozyme, a model N-end rule substrate, was ubiquitinated more rapidly in extracts from tumor-bearing and septic rats, and more slowly in those from hypothyroid rats, than in controls. Thus, the rate of ubiquitin conjugation increases in atrophying muscles, and these hormone- and cytokine-dependent responses are in large part due to activation of the N-end rule pathway. PMID:9770532

  16. Water law as an adaptation strategy for global water scarcity in the future

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kakinuma, K.; Yoshikawa, S.; Endo, T.; Kanae, S.

    2014-12-01

    Water scarcity due to climate changes and growing human population is a major concern for the world. Adaptation and mitigation strategies should be developed for water scarcity in the future. Previous studies assessed the future water availability by hard technology (e.g., reservoirs, reclaimed and desalinated water plants) as adaptation strategies. On the other hand, soft path such as water law and policy would also be important for adaptation strategies. Water transfers is reallocation of water among water users. For example, distribution of the amount of available water is often heterogeneous especially during drought periods. If water transfers are permitted in these areas, water can be moved from surplus areas/sections to critical need areas/sections. There are several studies which describe the water transfer at the local scales (i.e., water bank in California), however the factors that determined the establishment of water transfer are not clear. If we can detect the factors, it could be used to estimate in which areas the water transfer would come into existence. This in turn would reduce the water stress. Here, we focus on historical interaction between human activity and water environments. Generally, rules of water use are developed by repeated discussion among water users. The frequency of these discussions would be related with their land use, frequency of drought and water resource sizes. For example, people in rice crop area need to discuss about water allocation compared to wheat crop area. Therefore, we examine the relationship between the permission of water transfer and factors such as water environment and human activity in the world.

  17. The injury profile of Karate World Championships: new rules, less injuries.

    PubMed

    Arriaza, Rafael; Leyes, Manuel; Zaeimkohan, Hamid; Arriaza, Alvaro

    2009-12-01

    The aim of this paper is to document the injury rate in high-level modern competitive karate after a change of competition rules was implemented in the year 2000, and to compare it with the injury rate found before the rules were changed. A prospective recording of the injuries resulting from 2,762 matches in three consecutive World Karate Championships (representing 7,425 min of active fighting) was performed, and compared with the results from 2,837 matches from the three last World Karate Championships (representing 7,631 min of active fighting) held before the change of competition rules. In total, 497 injuries were recorded, with an incidence of 0.180 injuries per match or 6.7 per 100 min of active fighting. There were 1,901 male category fights (in which 383 injuries were recorded), and 861 female category fights (in which 114 injuries were recorded). The global injury incidence was almost double with the old rules compared to the one with the new rules [OR 1.99, 95% CI (1.76-2.26); p < 0.00001]. In male category, the risk of injury was higher before the rules were changed [OR 1.81, 95% CI (1.56-2.09); p < 0.00001], and also in female category [OR 2.71; 95% CI (2.64-2.80); p < 0.00001]. The rate of severe injuries was not different before and after the change of rules. The implementation of the new competition rules in competitive karate has been associated with a significant reduction in injury rate, making competition safer for athletes.

  18. 76 FR 24376 - Commission's Ex Parte Rules and Other Procedural Rules

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-02

    ...'s Ex Parte Rules and Other Procedural Rules AGENCY: Federal Communications Commission. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: In this document the Commission revises certain ex parte and organizational rules. This document amends and reforms the Commission's rules on ex parte presentations made in the course of...

  19. Active layer hydrology in an arctic tundra ecosystem: quantifying water sources and cycling using water stable isotopes

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Throckmorton, Heather M.; Newman, Brent D.; Heikoop, Jeffrey M.

    Climate change and thawing permafrost in the Arctic will significantly alter landscape hydro-geomorphology and the distribution of soil moisture, which will have cascading effects on climate feedbacks (CO 2 and CH 4) and plant and microbial communities. Fundamental processes critical to predicting active layer hydrology are not well understood. This study applied water stable isotope techniques (δ 2H and δ 18O) to infer sources and mixing of active layer waters in a polygonal tundra landscape in Barrow, Alaska (USA), in August and September of 2012. Results suggested that winter precipitation did not contribute substantially to surface waters or subsurface activemore » layer pore waters measured in August and September. Summer rain was the main source of water to the active layer, with seasonal ice melt contributing to deeper pore waters later in the season. Surface water evaporation was evident in August from a characteristic isotopic fractionation slope (δ 2H vs δ 18O). Freeze-out isotopic fractionation effects in frozen active layer samples and textural permafrost were indistinguishable from evaporation fractionation, emphasizing the importance of considering the most likely processes in water isotope studies, in systems where both evaporation and freeze-out occur in close proximity. The fractionation observed in frozen active layer ice was not observed in liquid active layer pore waters. Such a discrepancy between frozen and liquid active layer samples suggests mixing of meltwater, likely due to slow melting of seasonal ice. In conclusion, this research provides insight into fundamental processes relating to sources and mixing of active layer waters, which should be considered in process-based fine-scale and intermediate-scale hydrologic models.« less

  20. Active layer hydrology in an arctic tundra ecosystem: quantifying water sources and cycling using water stable isotopes

    DOE PAGES

    Throckmorton, Heather M.; Newman, Brent D.; Heikoop, Jeffrey M.; ...

    2016-04-16

    Climate change and thawing permafrost in the Arctic will significantly alter landscape hydro-geomorphology and the distribution of soil moisture, which will have cascading effects on climate feedbacks (CO 2 and CH 4) and plant and microbial communities. Fundamental processes critical to predicting active layer hydrology are not well understood. This study applied water stable isotope techniques (δ 2H and δ 18O) to infer sources and mixing of active layer waters in a polygonal tundra landscape in Barrow, Alaska (USA), in August and September of 2012. Results suggested that winter precipitation did not contribute substantially to surface waters or subsurface activemore » layer pore waters measured in August and September. Summer rain was the main source of water to the active layer, with seasonal ice melt contributing to deeper pore waters later in the season. Surface water evaporation was evident in August from a characteristic isotopic fractionation slope (δ 2H vs δ 18O). Freeze-out isotopic fractionation effects in frozen active layer samples and textural permafrost were indistinguishable from evaporation fractionation, emphasizing the importance of considering the most likely processes in water isotope studies, in systems where both evaporation and freeze-out occur in close proximity. The fractionation observed in frozen active layer ice was not observed in liquid active layer pore waters. Such a discrepancy between frozen and liquid active layer samples suggests mixing of meltwater, likely due to slow melting of seasonal ice. In conclusion, this research provides insight into fundamental processes relating to sources and mixing of active layer waters, which should be considered in process-based fine-scale and intermediate-scale hydrologic models.« less

  1. Water Wisdom: 23 Stand-Alone Activities on Water Supply and Water Conservation for High School Students. 2nd Edition.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Massachusetts State Water Resources Authority, Boston.

    This water conservation education program for high schools consists of both stand-alone activities and teacher support materials. Lessons are divided into six broad categories: (1) The Water Cycle; (2) Water and Society; (3) Keeping Water Pure; (4) Visualizing Volumes; (5) The Economics of Water Use; and (6) Domestic Water Conservation. The…

  2. Quality-assurance and data-management plan for water-quality activities in the Kansas Water Science Center, 2014

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Rasmussen, Teresa J.; Bennett, Trudy J.; Foster, Guy M.; Graham, Jennifer L.; Putnam, James E.

    2014-01-01

    As the Nation’s largest water, earth, and biological science and civilian mapping information agency, the U.S. Geological Survey is relied on to collect high-quality data, and produce factual and impartial interpretive reports. This quality-assurance and data-management plan provides guidance for water-quality activities conducted by the Kansas Water Science Center. Policies and procedures are documented for activities related to planning, collecting, storing, documenting, tracking, verifying, approving, archiving, and disseminating water-quality data. The policies and procedures described in this plan complement quality-assurance plans for continuous water-quality monitoring, surface-water, and groundwater activities in Kansas.

  3. 18 CFR 385.217 - Summary disposition (Rule 217).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Summary disposition... Filings, Notices of Tariff or Rate Examination, Orders To Show Cause, Intervention, and Summary Disposition § 385.217 Summary disposition (Rule 217). (a) Applicability. This section applies to: (1) Any...

  4. 18 CFR 385.2014 - Petitions for appeal or review of Federal authorizations (Rule 2014).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... review of Federal authorizations (Rule 2014). 385.2014 Section 385.2014 Conservation of Power and Water... PROCEDURE Formal Requirements for Filings in Proceedings Before the Commission § 385.2014 Petitions for appeal or review of Federal authorizations (Rule 2014). (a) For each Federal authorization—i.e., permit...

  5. 18 CFR 385.403 - Methods of discovery; general provisions (Rule 403).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Methods of discovery; general provisions (Rule 403). 385.403 Section 385.403 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL... the response is true and accurate to the best of that person's knowledge, information, and belief...

  6. 18 CFR 385.1505 - Determination of proposed penalty amount (Rule 1505).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Determination of proposed penalty amount (Rule 1505). 385.1505 Section 385.1505 Conservation of Power and Water Resources... PROCEDURE Procedures for the Assessment of Civil Penalties Under Section 31 of the Federal Power Act § 385...

  7. 18 CFR 385.604 - Alternative means of dispute resolution (Rule 604).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ..., operate, and maintain a hydroelectric project pursuant to the Federal Power Act or the Public Utility... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Alternative means of dispute resolution (Rule 604). 385.604 Section 385.604 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL...

  8. 18 CFR 385.604 - Alternative means of dispute resolution (Rule 604).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ..., operate, and maintain a hydroelectric project pursuant to the Federal Power Act or the Public Utility... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Alternative means of dispute resolution (Rule 604). 385.604 Section 385.604 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL...

  9. 18 CFR 385.604 - Alternative means of dispute resolution (Rule 604).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ..., operate, and maintain a hydroelectric project pursuant to the Federal Power Act or the Public Utility... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Alternative means of dispute resolution (Rule 604). 385.604 Section 385.604 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL...

  10. 18 CFR 385.604 - Alternative means of dispute resolution (Rule 604).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ..., operate, and maintain a hydroelectric project pursuant to the Federal Power Act or the Public Utility... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Alternative means of dispute resolution (Rule 604). 385.604 Section 385.604 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL...

  11. Water in the active site of ketosteroid isomerase.

    PubMed

    Hanoian, Philip; Hammes-Schiffer, Sharon

    2011-08-09

    Classical molecular dynamics simulations were utilized to investigate the structural and dynamical properties of water in the active site of ketosteroid isomerase (KSI) to provide insight into the role of these water molecules in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. This reaction is thought to proceed via a dienolate intermediate that is stabilized by hydrogen bonding with residues Tyr16 and Asp103. A comparative study was performed for the wild-type (WT) KSI and the Y16F, Y16S, and Y16F/Y32F/Y57F (FFF) mutants. These systems were studied with three different bound ligands: equilenin, which is an intermediate analog, and the intermediate states of two steroid substrates. Several distinct water occupation sites were identified in the active site of KSI for the WT and mutant systems. Three additional sites were identified in the Y16S mutant that were not occupied in WT KSI or the other mutants studied. The number of water molecules directly hydrogen bonded to the ligand oxygen was approximately two in the Y16S mutant and one in the Y16F and FFF mutants, with intermittent hydrogen bonding of one water molecule in WT KSI. The molecular dynamics trajectories of the Y16F and FFF mutants reproduced the small conformational changes of residue 16 observed in the crystal structures of these two mutants. Quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical calculations of (1)H NMR chemical shifts of the protons in the active site hydrogen-bonding network suggest that the presence of water in the active site does not prevent the formation of short hydrogen bonds with far-downfield chemical shifts. The molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the active site water molecules exchange much more frequently for WT KSI and the FFF mutant than for the Y16F and Y16S mutants. This difference is most likely due to the hydrogen-bonding interaction between Tyr57 and an active site water molecule that is persistent in the Y16F and Y16S mutants but absent in the FFF mutant and significantly less probable

  12. Exploration of SWRL Rule Bases through Visualization, Paraphrasing, and Categorization of Rules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hassanpour, Saeed; O'Connor, Martin J.; Das, Amar K.

    Rule bases are increasingly being used as repositories of knowledge content on the Semantic Web. As the size and complexity of these rule bases increases, developers and end users need methods of rule abstraction to facilitate rule management. In this paper, we describe a rule abstraction method for Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) rules that is based on lexical analysis and a set of heuristics. Our method results in a tree data structure that we exploit in creating techniques to visualize, paraphrase, and categorize SWRL rules. We evaluate our approach by applying it to several biomedical ontologies that contain SWRL rules, and show how the results reveal rule patterns within the rule base. We have implemented our method as a plug-in tool for Protégé-OWL, the most widely used ontology modeling software for the Semantic Web. Our tool can allow users to rapidly explore content and patterns in SWRL rule bases, enabling their acquisition and management.

  13. Rules of (Student) Engagement

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Buskist, William; Busler, Jessica N.; Kirby, Lauren A. J.

    2018-01-01

    Teachers often think of student engagement in terms of hands-on activities that get students involved in their courses. They seldom consider the larger aspects of the teaching--learning environment that often influence the extent to which students are willing to become engaged in their coursework. In this chapter, we describe five "rules of…

  14. 77 FR 36274 - Public Water System Supervision Program Revision for the State of Alabama

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-18

    ... Surface Water Treatment Rule, Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, and Stage 2 Disinfection/Disinfection Byproducts Rule. EPA has determined that Alabama's rules are no less stringent than the...

  15. Turn-taking in cooperative offspring care: by-product of individual provisioning behavior or active response rule?

    PubMed

    Savage, James L; Browning, Lucy E; Manica, Andrea; Russell, Andrew F; Johnstone, Rufus A

    2017-01-01

    For individuals collaborating to rear offspring, effective organization of resource delivery is difficult because each carer benefits when the others provide a greater share of the total investment required. When investment is provided in discrete events, one possible solution is to adopt a turn-taking strategy whereby each individual reduces its contribution rate after investing, only increasing its rate again once another carer contributes. To test whether turn-taking occurs in a natural cooperative care system, here we use a continuous time Markov model to deduce the provisioning behavior of the chestnut-crowned babbler ( Pomatostomus ruficeps ), a cooperatively breeding Australian bird with variable number of carers. Our analysis suggests that turn-taking occurs across a range of group sizes (2-6), with individual birds being more likely to visit following other individuals than to make repeat visits. We show using a randomization test that some of this apparent turn-taking arises as a by-product of the distribution of individual inter-visit intervals ("passive" turn-taking) but that individuals also respond actively to the investment of others over and above this effect ("active" turn-taking). We conclude that turn-taking in babblers is a consequence of both their individual provisioning behavior and deliberate response rules, with the former effect arising through a minimum interval required to forage and travel to and from the nest. Our results reinforce the importance of considering fine-scale investment dynamics when studying parental care and suggest that behavioral rules such as turn-taking may be more common than previously thought. Caring for offspring is a crucial stage in the life histories of many animals and often involves conflict as each carer typically benefits when others contribute a greater share of the work required. One way to resolve this conflict is to monitor when other carers contribute and adopt a simple "turn-taking" rule to ensure

  16. Rules, Technique, and Practical Knowledge: A Wittgensteinian Exploration of Vocational Learning

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Winch, Christopher

    2006-01-01

    In this essay, Christopher Winch explores the relevance of Ludwig Wittgenstein's account of rule-following to vocational education with particular reference to the often-made claim that any account of an activity in terms of rule-following implies rigidity and inflexibility. He argues that most rule-following is only successful when it involves a…

  17. 78 FR 18336 - Public Water System Supervision Program Approval for the State of Michigan

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-26

    ... comply with the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations, including the Ground Water Rule, the Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule, the Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, the Lead... following offices: Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Office of Drinking Water and Municipal...

  18. 78 FR 22036 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request for Revenue Procedure 2011-34, Rules for Certain Rental Real...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-12

    ... Revenue Procedure 2011- 34, Rules for Certain Rental Real Estate Activities AGENCY: Internal Revenue..., Rules for Certain Rental Real Estate Activities. DATES: Written comments should be received on or before... INFORMATION: Title: Revenue Procedure 2011-34 Rules for Certain Rental Real Estate Activities. OMB Number...

  19. Australian road rules

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2009-02-01

    *These are national-level rules. Australian Road Rules - 2009 Version, Part 18, Division 1, Rule 300 "Use of Mobile Phones" describes restrictions of mobile phone use while driving. The rule basically states that drivers cannot make or receive calls ...

  20. Rules and Self-Rules: Effects of Variation upon Behavioral Sensitivity to Change

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Baumann, Ana A.; Abreu-Rodrigues, Josele; da Silva Souza, Alessandra

    2009-01-01

    Four experiments compared the effects of self-rules and rules, and varied and specific schedules of reinforcement. Participants were first exposed to either several schedules (varied groups) or to one schedule (specific groups) and either were asked to generate rules (self-rule groups), were provided rules (rule groups), or were not asked nor…

  1. Pool Rules: A Survival Guide for Parents and Children

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Grosse, Susan J.

    2008-01-01

    In most sports and physical activities rules are present to facilitate participation, outlining courtesy during play as well as establishing guidelines for keeping any competition fair. In contrast, rules for appropriate behavior in swimming pools serve a much more important purpose--that of ensuring health and safety for all participants.…

  2. 75 FR 13656 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request for Revenue Procedure RP-125212-09, Rules for Certain Rental...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-22

    ... Revenue Procedure RP- 125212-09, Rules for Certain Rental Real Estate Activities AGENCY: Internal Revenue..., Rules for Certain Rental Real Estate Activities. DATES: Written comments should be received on or before... . SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Title: RP-125212-09 Rules for Certain Rental Real Estate Activities. Abstract: This...

  3. [Water contacts in dracunculiasis-infected patients in Mali: transmission risk activities].

    PubMed

    Etard, J F; Kodio, B; Traoré, S; Audibert, M

    2002-11-01

    The aim of this study lies in the identification of human activities responsible for the transmission of the Guinea worm in an endemic village in Diema Region in Mali. Human water contacts observations started after a census followed by the implementation of a bi-monthly notification system, carried out from May to November 1993. Water contacts were noticed and observed from the mid-July to the end of November of the same year. The first case of dracunculiasis observed was randomly drawn out of a list of the families with obvious cases. The patent case activities involving either surface water, traditional wells or bore-hole water were recorded for 10 consecutive days. During this observation period, contacts made by other patients with the same water sources were also recorded. After 14 days, the case list was updated and a new case selected out of families previously selected. This cycle was repeated until the end of the study period. A "contact at risk for transmission" was defined by a close correspondence between the location of the worm's emergence and the surface of the skin exposed to water, within two weeks following emergence. Contacts were described according to water sources, activities in relation to water, date, gender and age. Observations were made on 103 patients who had 2506 activities in relation with a water body: 1132 of these activities implied a skin contact with the water. Only 133 (9%) of these water contacts were at risk for transmission, 75% took place during the months of August and September, 80% were related to surface waters and 20% to traditional wells. Woman household activities and boys games were the major activities at risk, in contrast to economic activities (watering cattle). The low proportion of "at risk activities" evaluated in this study suggests that a small number of water contacts is sufficient to maintain the transmission. The case implications of the current eradication strategy might not be sufficient alone to break

  4. 78 FR 73858 - Public Water System Supervision Program Revision for the State of Oklahoma

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-09

    ... approved Public Water System Supervision Program. Oklahoma has adopted three EPA drinking water rules... and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (DBP2), and (3) the Ground Water Rule (GWR). EPA has determined that... Protection Agency, Region 6, Drinking Water Section (6WQ-SD), 1445 Ross Avenue, Suite 1200, Dallas, Texas...

  5. Medicare program; standards for quality of water used in dialysis and revised guidelines on reuse of hemodialysis filters for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients--HCFA. Final rule.

    PubMed

    1995-09-18

    This final rule revises the Medicare conditions for coverage of suppliers of end-stage renal disease services. The revisions remove general language in the regulations regarding water quality; incorporate by reference standards for monitoring the quality of water used in dialysis as published by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) in its document, "Hemodialysis Systems" (second edition); and update existing regulations to incorporate by reference the second edition of AAMI's voluntary guidelines on "Reuse of Hemodialyzers."

  6. A neural mechanism of cognitive control for resolving conflict between abstract task rules

    PubMed Central

    Sheu, Yi-Shin; Courtney, Susan M.

    2016-01-01

    Conflict between multiple sensory stimuli or potential motor responses is thought to be resolved via bias signals from prefrontal cortex. However, population codes in the prefrontal cortex also represent abstract information, such as task rules. How is conflict between active abstract representations resolved? We used functional neuroimaging to investigate the mechanism responsible for resolving conflict between abstract representations of task rules. Participants performed two different tasks based on a cue. We manipulated the degree of conflict at the task-rule level by training participants to associate the color and shape dimensions of the cue with either the same task rule (congruent cues) or different ones (incongruent cues). Phonological and semantic tasks were used in which performance depended on learned, abstract representations of information, rather than sensory features of the target stimulus or on any habituated stimulus-response associations. In addition, these tasks activate distinct regions that allowed us to measure magnitude of conflict between tasks. We found that incongruent cues were associated with increased activity in several cognitive control areas, including the inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, insula, and subcortical regions. Conflict between abstract representations appears to be resolved by rule-specific activity in the inferior frontal gyrus that is correlated with enhanced activity related to the relevant information. Furthermore, multivoxel pattern analysis of the activity in the inferior frontal gyrus was shown to carry information about both the currently relevant rule (semantic/phonological) and the currently relevant cue context (color/shape). Similar to models of attentional selection of conflicting sensory or motor representations, the current findings indicate part of the frontal cortex provides a bias signal, representing task rules, that enhances task-relevant information. However, the frontal cortex can

  7. Asbestos worker protection. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Final rule.

    PubMed

    2000-11-15

    In this Final Rule, EPA is amending both the Asbestos Worker Protection Rule (WPR) and the Asbestos-in-Schools Rule. The WPR amendment protects State and local government employees from the health risks of exposure to asbestos to the same extent as private sector workers by adopting for these employees the Asbestos Standards of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The WPR's coverage is extended to State and local government employees who are performing construction work, custodial work, and automotive brake and clutch repair work. This final rule cross-references the OSHA Asbestos Standards for Construction and for General Industry, so that future amendments to these OSHA standards are directly and equally effective for employees covered by the WPR. EPA also amends the Asbestos-in-Schools Rule to provide coverage under the WPR for employees of public local education agencies who perform operations, maintenance, and repair activities. EPA is issuing this final rule under section 6 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA).

  8. Agricultural Chemical and Fertilizer Storage Rules: Costs and Benefits for Insuring Cleaner Water for Indiana.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Welch, Mary A., Ed.

    1991-01-01

    The analysis of public goods is presented with a discussion of the rules for fertilizer and pesticide storage units in Indiana. A basic rule summary is presented with descriptions of the types of dikes that might be considered for containment. Estimated costs are projected along with the number of contained liquid fertilizer spills by size in…

  9. Changes in Breath Trihalomethane Levels Resulting from Household Water-Use Activities

    PubMed Central

    Gordon, Sydney M.; Brinkman, Marielle C.; Ashley, David L.; Blount, Benjamin C.; Lyu, Christopher; Masters, John; Singer, Philip C.

    2006-01-01

    Common household water-use activities such as showering, bathing, drinking, and washing clothes or dishes are potentially important contributors to individual exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs), the major class of disinfection by-products of water treated with chlorine. Previous studies have focused on showering or bathing activities. In this study, we selected 12 common water-use activities and determined which may lead to the greatest THM exposures and result in the greatest increase in the internal dose. Seven subjects performed the various water-use activities in two residences served by water utilities with relatively high and moderate total THM levels. To maintain a consistent exposure environment, the activities, exposure times, air exchange rates, water flows, water temperatures, and extraneous THM emissions to the indoor air were carefully controlled. Water, indoor air, blood, and exhaled-breath samples were collected during each exposure session for each activity, in accordance with a strict, well-defined protocol. Although showering (for 10 min) and bathing (for 14 min), as well as machine washing of clothes and opening mechanical dishwashers at the end of the cycle, resulted in substantial increases in indoor air chloroform concentrations, only showering and bathing caused significant increases in the breath chloroform levels. In the case of bromodichloromethane (BDCM), only bathing yielded a significantly higher air level in relation to the preexposure concentration. For chloroform from showering, strong correlations were observed for indoor air and exhaled breath, blood and exhaled breath, indoor air and blood, and tap water and blood. Only water and breath, and blood and breath were significantly associated for chloroform from bathing. For BDCM, significant correlations were obtained for blood and air, and blood and water from showering. Neither dibromochloromethane nor bromoform gave measurable breath concentrations for any of the activities

  10. Taking a gamble or playing by the rules: Dissociable prefrontal systems implicated in probabilistic versus deterministic rule-based decisions

    PubMed Central

    Bhanji, Jamil P.; Beer, Jennifer S.; Bunge, Silvia A.

    2014-01-01

    A decision may be difficult because complex information processing is required to evaluate choices according to deterministic decision rules and/or because it is not certain which choice will lead to the best outcome in a probabilistic context. Factors that tax decision making such as decision rule complexity and low decision certainty should be disambiguated for a more complete understanding of the decision making process. Previous studies have examined the brain regions that are modulated by decision rule complexity or by decision certainty but have not examined these factors together in the context of a single task or study. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging study, both decision rule complexity and decision certainty were varied in comparable decision tasks. Further, the level of certainty about which choice to make (choice certainty) was varied separately from certainty about the final outcome resulting from a choice (outcome certainty). Lateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and bilateral anterior insula were modulated by decision rule complexity. Anterior insula was engaged more strongly by low than high choice certainty decisions, whereas ventromedial prefrontal cortex showed the opposite pattern. These regions showed no effect of the independent manipulation of outcome certainty. The results disambiguate the influence of decision rule complexity, choice certainty, and outcome certainty on activity in diverse brain regions that have been implicated in decision making. Lateral prefrontal cortex plays a key role in implementing deterministic decision rules, ventromedial prefrontal cortex in probabilistic rules, and anterior insula in both. PMID:19781652

  11. Update of ESA EEE parts relifing rules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Le Blanc, P.; Aicardi, C.

    2002-12-01

    Storage of EEE part represents a key process in space electronics activity. In order to cope with projects time schedule on one hand and with economical procurement constraints on the other hand, parts are often to be stored for quite a long time. Obsolescence issues could make us to build strategic stock in order to be able to still manufacture equipments over time. Up to now several documents ruled the way to de-store (relifed) EEE part in such a way we are able to guaranty their reliability despite their long period of storage. None of these documents backed up their figures and rules with consistent approach and physics. No field return existed or was used to assess these rules. In the frame of a contract from CNES we established an updated rule taking into account field-return and failure mechanisms analysis .We ended up by a new storage and de-storage procedure that is to be included in the ECSS format.

  12. Influence of tap water quality and household water use activities on indoor air and internal dose levels of trihalomethanes.

    PubMed

    Nuckols, John R; Ashley, David L; Lyu, Christopher; Gordon, Sydney M; Hinckley, Alison F; Singer, Philip

    2005-07-01

    Individual exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) in tap water can occur through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal exposure. Studies indicate that activities associated with inhaled or dermal exposure routes result in a greater increase in blood THM concentration than does ingestion. We measured blood and exhaled air concentrations of THM as biomarkers of exposure to participants conducting 14 common household water use activities, including ingestion of hot and cold tap water beverages, showering, clothes washing, hand washing, bathing, dish washing, and indirect shower exposure. We conducted our study at a single residence in each of two water utility service areas, one with relatively high and the other low total THM in the residence tap water. To maintain a consistent exposure environment for seven participants, we controlled water use activities, exposure time, air exchange, water flow and temperature, and nonstudy THM sources to the indoor air. We collected reference samples for water supply and air (pre-water use activity), as well as tap water and ambient air samples. We collected blood samples before and after each activity and exhaled breath samples at baseline and post-activity. All hot water use activities yielded a 2-fold increase in blood or breath THM concentrations for at least one individual. The greatest observed increase in blood and exhaled breath THM concentration in any participant was due to showering (direct and indirect), bathing, and hand dishwashing. Average increase in blood THM concentration ranged from 57 to 358 pg/mL due to these activities. More research is needed to determine whether acute and frequent exposures to THM at these concentrations have public health implications. Further research is also needed in designing epidemiologic studies that minimize data collection burden yet maximize accuracy in classification of dermal and inhalation THM exposure during hot water use activities.

  13. Combined rule extraction and feature elimination in supervised classification.

    PubMed

    Liu, Sheng; Patel, Ronak Y; Daga, Pankaj R; Liu, Haining; Fu, Gang; Doerksen, Robert J; Chen, Yixin; Wilkins, Dawn E

    2012-09-01

    There are a vast number of biology related research problems involving a combination of multiple sources of data to achieve a better understanding of the underlying problems. It is important to select and interpret the most important information from these sources. Thus it will be beneficial to have a good algorithm to simultaneously extract rules and select features for better interpretation of the predictive model. We propose an efficient algorithm, Combined Rule Extraction and Feature Elimination (CRF), based on 1-norm regularized random forests. CRF simultaneously extracts a small number of rules generated by random forests and selects important features. We applied CRF to several drug activity prediction and microarray data sets. CRF is capable of producing performance comparable with state-of-the-art prediction algorithms using a small number of decision rules. Some of the decision rules are biologically significant.

  14. REVERSALS OF GNEVYSHEV-OHL RULE

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tlatov, Andrey G., E-mail: tlatov@mail.ru

    2013-08-01

    We perform an analysis of the number of sunspot groups in activity cycles from 1610 through the present. Here we use the G{sub n} index, which is defined as the average daily number of sunspot groups in cycle n. There is a high positive correlation between the parameter G{sub n} in the current cycle and an analogous parameter in the following cycle G{sub n{sub +1}} both for pairs of even-odd cycles and odd-even activity cycles. In cycle Nos. 10-21 for pairs of even-odd cycles, the ratio of parameter G{sub n} corresponds to the GO rule G{sub n{sub +1}{sup odd}}/G{sub n}{supmore » even}>1. However, during the period {approx}1745-1850, odd cycles were less than the preceding even cycles G{sub n{sub +1}{sup odd}}/G{sub n}{sup even}<1. The ratio of the parameter G{sub n{sub +1}{sup odd}}/G{sub n}{sup even} has a long-term variation within the range 0.5-1.5 with a period of about 21 activity cycles, and it proves the reversal of the GO rule.« less

  15. Assessing the operation rules of a reservoir system based on a detailed modelling chain

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bruwier, M.; Erpicum, S.; Pirotton, M.; Archambeau, P.; Dewals, B. J.

    2015-03-01

    According to available climate change scenarios for Belgium, drier summers and wetter winters are expected. In this study, we focus on two multi-purpose reservoirs located in the Vesdre catchment, which is part of the Meuse basin. The current operation rules of the reservoirs are first analysed. Next, the impacts of two climate change scenarios are assessed and enhanced operation rules are proposed to mitigate these impacts. For this purpose, an integrated model of the catchment was used. It includes a hydrological model, one-dimensional and two-dimensional hydraulic models of the river and its main tributaries, a model of the reservoir system and a flood damage model. Five performance indicators of the reservoir system have been defined, reflecting its ability to provide sufficient drinking water, to control floods, to produce hydropower and to reduce low-flow conditions. As shown by the results, enhanced operation rules may improve the drinking water potential and the low-flow augmentation while the existing operation rules are efficient for flood control and for hydropower production.

  16. Perceptions of Rule-Breaking Related to Marine Ecosystem Health

    PubMed Central

    Slater, Matthew J.; Mgaya, Yunus D.; Stead, Selina M.

    2014-01-01

    Finding effective solutions to manage marine resources is high on political and conservation agendas worldwide. This is made more urgent by the rate of increase in the human population and concomitant resource pressures in coastal areas. This paper links empirical socio-economic data about perceptions of marine resource health to the breaking of marine management rules, using fisheries as a case study. The relationship between perceived rule-breaking (non-compliance with regulations controlling fishing) and perceived health of inshore marine environments was investigated through face-to-face interviews with 299 heads of households in three Tanzanian coastal communities in November and December 2011. Awareness of rules controlling fishing activity was high among all respondents. Fishers were able to describe more specific rules controlling fishing practices than non-fishers (t = 3.5, df = 297, p<0.01). Perceived breaking of fishing regulations was reported by nearly half of all respondents, saying “some” (32% of responses) or “most” (15% of responses) people break fishing rules. Ordinal regression modelling revealed a significant linkage (z = −3.44, p<0.001) in the relationship between respondents' perceptions of deteriorating marine health and their perception of increased rule-breaking. In this paper, inferences from an empirical study are used to identify and argue the potential for using perceptions of ecosystem health and level of rule-breaking as a means to guide management measures. When considering different management options (e.g. Marine Protected Areas), policy makers are advised to take account of and utilise likely egoistic or altruistic decision-making factors used by fishers to determine their marine activities. PMID:24586558

  17. Perceptions of rule-breaking related to marine ecosystem health.

    PubMed

    Slater, Matthew J; Mgaya, Yunus D; Stead, Selina M

    2014-01-01

    Finding effective solutions to manage marine resources is high on political and conservation agendas worldwide. This is made more urgent by the rate of increase in the human population and concomitant resource pressures in coastal areas. This paper links empirical socio-economic data about perceptions of marine resource health to the breaking of marine management rules, using fisheries as a case study. The relationship between perceived rule-breaking (non-compliance with regulations controlling fishing) and perceived health of inshore marine environments was investigated through face-to-face interviews with 299 heads of households in three Tanzanian coastal communities in November and December 2011. Awareness of rules controlling fishing activity was high among all respondents. Fishers were able to describe more specific rules controlling fishing practices than non-fishers (t = 3.5, df = 297, p<0.01). Perceived breaking of fishing regulations was reported by nearly half of all respondents, saying "some" (32% of responses) or "most" (15% of responses) people break fishing rules. Ordinal regression modelling revealed a significant linkage (z= -3.44, p<0.001) in the relationship between respondents' perceptions of deteriorating marine health and their perception of increased rule-breaking. In this paper, inferences from an empirical study are used to identify and argue the potential for using perceptions of ecosystem health and level of rule-breaking as a means to guide management measures. When considering different management options (e.g. Marine Protected Areas), policy makers are advised to take account of and utilise likely egoistic or altruistic decision-making factors used by fishers to determine their marine activities.

  18. Nutrition for the Australian Rules football player.

    PubMed

    Ebert, T R

    2000-12-01

    This review summarises past and present nutritional practices of Australian Rules Football players, noting changes that have occurred as the footballers have become more receptive to scientific input. Australian Rules Football is a unique sport, with matches involving intermittent high intensity sprints between periods of jogging and walking and repeated physical contact. Endurance, speed, strength, power and agility are essential physical characteristics. Australian Rules footballers exhibit a wide range of anthropometrical attributes due to the positional requirements of the game. Dietary surveys indicate that footballers of the 1980's consumed a diet similar to that of the general Australian population consisting of 44%, 37.5%, 15% and 3.5% of carbohydrate (CHO), fat, protein and alcohol, respectively. However, as dietitians are becoming an integral part of the support staff of teams there is evidence that nutritional practices conducive to optimal sporting performance are now being followed. Due to the prolonged duration and intermittent high intensity activity pattern of Australian Rules, nutritional supplementation such as fluid and CHO intake during training and competition and creatine intake may be beneficial; however, further research needs to be conducted in the field to determine its importance in Australian Rules Football.

  19. Effective Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease by Means of Association Rules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chaves, R.; Ramírez, J.; Górriz, J. M.; López, M.; Salas-Gonzalez, D.; Illán, I.; Segovia, F.; Padilla, P.

    In this paper we present a novel classification method of SPECT images for the early diagnosis of the Alzheimer's disease (AD). The proposed method is based on Association Rules (ARs) aiming to discover interesting associations between attributes contained in the database. The system uses firstly voxel-as-features (VAF) and Activation Estimation (AE) to find tridimensional activated brain regions of interest (ROIs) for each patient. These ROIs act as inputs to secondly mining ARs between activated blocks for controls, with a specified minimum support and minimum confidence. ARs are mined in supervised mode, using information previously extracted from the most discriminant rules for centering interest in the relevant brain areas, reducing the computational requirement of the system. Finally classification process is performed depending on the number of previously mined rules verified by each subject, yielding an up to 95.87% classification accuracy, thus outperforming recent developed methods for AD diagnosis.

  20. 36 CFR 1002.63 - Boating and water use activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Boating and water use activities. 1002.63 Section 1002.63 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PRESIDIO TRUST RESOURCE PROTECTION, PUBLIC USE AND RECREATION § 1002.63 Boating and water use activities. Swimming, boating and the use of...

  1. 33 CFR 403.11 - Findings and recommendations. [Rule 11

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Findings and recommendations... and recommendations. [Rule 11] The Board shall report its findings and recommendations in writing to... indicate whether the recommendations represent the unanimous agreement of the members of the Board and, if...

  2. 33 CFR 403.11 - Findings and recommendations. [Rule 11

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Findings and recommendations... and recommendations. [Rule 11] The Board shall report its findings and recommendations in writing to... indicate whether the recommendations represent the unanimous agreement of the members of the Board and, if...

  3. 44 CFR 7.920 - Rules against discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ...) Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Age in Programs or Activities Receiving Federal Financial Assistance From FEMA... section are limited by the exceptions contained in §§ 7.921 and 7.922 of these regulations. (a) General... Federal financial assistance. (b) Specific rules: A recipient may not, in any program or activity...

  4. 44 CFR 7.920 - Rules against discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ...) Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Age in Programs or Activities Receiving Federal Financial Assistance From FEMA... section are limited by the exceptions contained in §§ 7.921 and 7.922 of these regulations. (a) General... Federal financial assistance. (b) Specific rules: A recipient may not, in any program or activity...

  5. 77 FR 12581 - Public Water System Supervision Program Revision for the State of Montana

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-03-01

    ... accordance with the provisions of section 1413 of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 42 U.S.C. 300g-2, and... Water Treatment Rule, Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule and Ground Water Rule that correspond to the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) in 40 CFR part 141 and 142. The EPA has...

  6. Are water markets globally applicable?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Endo, Takahiro; Kakinuma, Kaoru; Yoshikawa, Sayaka; Kanae, Shinjiro

    2018-03-01

    Water scarcity is a global concern that necessitates a global perspective, but it is also the product of multiple regional issues that require regional solutions. Water markets constitute a regionally applicable non-structural measure to counter water scarcity that has received the attention of academics and policy-makers, but there is no global view on their applicability. We present the global distribution of potential nations and states where water markets could be instituted in a legal sense, by investigating 296 water laws internationally, with special reference to a minimum set of key rules: legalization of water reallocation, the separation of water rights and landownership, and the modification of the cancellation rule for non-use. We also suggest two additional globally distributed prerequisites and policy implications: the predictability of the available water before irrigation periods and public control of groundwater pumping throughout its jurisdiction.

  7. Influence of Tap Water Quality and Household Water Use Activities on Indoor Air and Internal Dose Levels of Trihalomethanes

    PubMed Central

    Nuckols, John R.; Ashley, David L.; Lyu, Christopher; Gordon, Sydney M.; Hinckley, Alison F.; Singer, Philip

    2005-01-01

    Individual exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) in tap water can occur through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal exposure. Studies indicate that activities associated with inhaled or dermal exposure routes result in a greater increase in blood THM concentration than does ingestion. We measured blood and exhaled air concentrations of THM as biomarkers of exposure to participants conducting 14 common household water use activities, including ingestion of hot and cold tap water beverages, showering, clothes washing, hand washing, bathing, dish washing, and indirect shower exposure. We conducted our study at a single residence in each of two water utility service areas, one with relatively high and the other low total THM in the residence tap water. To maintain a consistent exposure environment for seven participants, we controlled water use activities, exposure time, air exchange, water flow and temperature, and nonstudy THM sources to the indoor air. We collected reference samples for water supply and air (pre–water use activity), as well as tap water and ambient air samples. We collected blood samples before and after each activity and exhaled breath samples at baseline and postactivity. All hot water use activities yielded a 2-fold increase in blood or breath THM concentrations for at least one individual. The greatest observed increase in blood and exhaled breath THM concentration in any participant was due to showering (direct and indirect), bathing, and hand dishwashing. Average increase in blood THM concentration ranged from 57 to 358 pg/mL due to these activities. More research is needed to determine whether acute and frequent exposures to THM at these concentrations have public health implications. Further research is also needed in designing epidemiologic studies that minimize data collection burden yet maximize accuracy in classification of dermal and inhalation THM exposure during hot water use activities. PMID:16002374

  8. Optimum operation of restoration techniques for eutrophic water bodies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hagen, N. M.; Kleeberg, H.-B.

    1994-05-01

    Operating rules have been applied in water resources management for a long time in order to control and supply a required quantity (volume) of water. The operating rules have to guarantee the optimum management of the reservoir(s). The quality of the stored water has been satisfactory for the desired utilization up to the sixties. Due to the deterioration of reservoir water quality through human impacts, however, increased attention had to be paid since. Eutrophication of stagnant waters is still an unsolved problem. Through means of various restoration techniques, i.e., dilution/flushing or hypolimnetic withdrawal, the quality of the stored water can be improved. Continuous operation or appropriate time or depth variant operating rules are required to achieve this goal. The paper presents such rules for long-term operation. They have been established for the first time and can he represented in two or three-dimensional graphs depending on the number of included components (e.g., actual water storage and quality). The ‘quality operating rules’ take into account the dynamics of the processes in aquatic ecosystems. Simplifications with regard to application and acceptance (e.g., clarity) are developed and tested. The general validity and efficiency of the operating rules have been proved in a case study (a multi-purpose reservoir) and a fictitious lake.

  9. Widespread neural oscillations in the delta band dissociate rule convergence from rule divergence during creative idea generation.

    PubMed

    Boot, Nathalie; Baas, Matthijs; Mühlfeld, Elisabeth; de Dreu, Carsten K W; van Gaal, Simon

    2017-09-01

    Critical to creative cognition and performance is both the generation of multiple alternative solutions in response to open-ended problems (divergent thinking) and a series of cognitive operations that converges on the correct or best possible answer (convergent thinking). Although the neural underpinnings of divergent and convergent thinking are still poorly understood, several electroencephalography (EEG) studies point to differences in alpha-band oscillations between these thinking modes. We reason that, because most previous studies employed typical block designs, these pioneering findings may mainly reflect the more sustained aspects of creative processes that extend over longer time periods, and that still much is unknown about the faster-acting neural mechanisms that dissociate divergent from convergent thinking during idea generation. To this end, we developed a new event-related paradigm, in which we measured participants' tendency to implicitly follow a rule set by examples, versus breaking that rule, during the generation of novel names for specific categories (e.g., pasta, planets). This approach allowed us to compare the oscillatory dynamics of rule convergent and rule divergent idea generation and at the same time enabled us to measure spontaneous switching between these thinking modes on a trial-to-trial basis. We found that, relative to more systematic, rule convergent thinking, rule divergent thinking was associated with widespread decreases in delta band activity. Therefore, this study contributes to advancing our understanding of the neural underpinnings of creativity by addressing some methodological challenges that neuroscientific creativity research faces. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  10. Memo Clarifying Requirements and State Reporting Guidance to Transition to the Revised Total Coliform Rule

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This memorandum provides guidance to primacy agencies with enforcement responsibility under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) concerning the requirements to transition public water systems (PWSs) from the Total Coliform Rule (TCR) to the RTCR

  11. 18 CFR 385.507 - Prepared written testimony (Rule 507).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Prepared written....507 Prepared written testimony (Rule 507). (a) Offered as an exhibit. The prepared written testimony... time for the preparation of such written testimony. (b) Time for filing. Any prepared written testimony...

  12. [Effects of quantum nonlocality in the water activation process].

    PubMed

    Zatsepina, O V; Stekhin, A A; Yakovleva, G V

    2014-01-01

    The dynamic alterations of the magnetic flux density of the water volume, activated with structurally stressed calcium carbonate in micellar form have been investigated. The phase of the associated water was established to exhibit electrical and magnetic properties, recorded by in B&E meter in the frequency range of 5Hz - 2kHz. Alterations in water Eh (redox) potential and the magnetic flux density B testify to synchronous auto-oscillatory changes. This gives evidence of non-linearity of the relationship between auto-oscillatory processes excited in the water; and reflects the nonlocal in time the relationship between the states of water, manifesting in a change of water activity on the 1st and 2nd day in negative time. The mechanism of action of associated water phase is shown to be described by de Broglie concept of matter waves with taking into account delocalized in time states of phase of electron wave packet in accordance with the transactional interpretation of quantum physics.

  13. Rule Driven Multi-Objective Management (RDMOM) - An Alternative Form for Describing and Developing Effective Water Resources Management Strategies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sheer, D. P.

    2011-12-01

    Economics provides a model for describing human behavior applied to the management of water resources, but that model assumes, among other things, that managers have a way of directly relating immediate actions to long-term economic outcomes. This is rarely the case in water resources problems where uncertainty has significant impacts on the effectiveness of management strategies and where the management objectives are very difficult to commensurate. The difficulty in using economics is even greater in multiparty disputes, where each party has a different relative value for each of the management objectives, and many of the management objectives are shared. A three step approach to collaborative decision making can overcome these difficulties. The first step involves creating science based performance measures and evaluation tools to estimate the effect of alternative management strategies on each of the non-commensurate objectives. The second step involves developing short-term surrogate operating objectives that implicitly deal with all of the aspects of the long term uncertainty. Management that continually "optimizes" the short-term objectives subject to physical and other constraints that change through time can be characterized as Rule Driven Multi-Objective Management (RDMOM). RDMOM strategies are then tested in simulation models to provide the basis for evaluating performance measures. Participants in the collaborative process then engage in multiparty discussions that create new alternatives, and "barter" a deal. RDMOM does not assume that managers fully understand the link between current actions and long term goals. Rather, it assumes that managers operate to achieve short-term surrogate objectives which they believe will achieve an appropriate balance of both short and long-term incommensurable benefits. A reservoir rule curve is a simple, but often not particularly effective, example of the real-world implementation of RDMOM. Water managers find they

  14. Optimization of European call options considering physical delivery network and reservoir operation rules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cheng, Wei-Chen; Hsu, Nien-Sheng; Cheng, Wen-Ming; Yeh, William W.-G.

    2011-10-01

    This paper develops alternative strategies for European call options for water purchase under hydrological uncertainties that can be used by water resources managers for decision making. Each alternative strategy maximizes its own objective over a selected sequence of future hydrology that is characterized by exceedance probability. Water trade provides flexibility and enhances water distribution system reliability. However, water trade between two parties in a regional water distribution system involves many issues, such as delivery network, reservoir operation rules, storage space, demand, water availability, uncertainty, and any existing contracts. An option is a security giving the right to buy or sell an asset; in our case, the asset is water. We extend a flow path-based water distribution model to include reservoir operation rules. The model simultaneously considers both the physical distribution network as well as the relationships between water sellers and buyers. We first test the model extension. Then we apply the proposed optimization model for European call options to the Tainan water distribution system in southern Taiwan. The formulation lends itself to a mixed integer linear programming model. We use the weighing method to formulate a composite function for a multiobjective problem. The proposed methodology provides water resources managers with an overall picture of water trade strategies and the consequence of each strategy. The results from the case study indicate that the strategy associated with a streamflow exceedence probability of 50% or smaller should be adopted as the reference strategy for the Tainan water distribution system.

  15. Solubility of methane in water: the significance of the methane-water interaction potential.

    PubMed

    Konrad, Oliver; Lankau, Timm

    2005-12-15

    The influence of the methane-water interaction potential on the value of the Henry constant obtained from molecular dynamics simulations was investigated. The SPC, SPC/E, MSPC/E, and TIP3P potentials were used to describe water and the OPLS-UA and TraPPE potentials for methane. Nonbonding interactions between unlike atoms were calculated both with one of four mixing rules and with our new methane-water interaction potential. The Henry constants obtained from simulations using any of the mixing rules differed significantly from the experimental ones. Good agreement between simulation and experiment was achieved with the new potential over the whole temperature range.

  16. Parental Rule Socialization for Preventive Health and Adolescent Rule Compliance

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bylund, Carma L.; Baxter, Leslie A.; Imes, Rebecca S.; Wolf, Bianca

    2010-01-01

    This study examined family rules about nutrition, exercise, and sun protection in 164 parent-young adult children dyads. Both parents and their young adult children independently reported on health rules that they perceived throughout their child's adolescent years and the extent to which the rules were articulated, violations sanctioned, and…

  17. From Human Activity to Conceptual Understanding of the Chain Rule

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jojo, Zingiswa Mybert Monica; Maharaj, Aneshkumar; Brijlall, Deonarain

    2013-01-01

    This article reports on a study which investigated first year university engineering students' construction of the definition of the concept of the chain rule in differential calculus at a University of Technology in South Africa. An APOS (Action-Process-Objects-Schema) approach was used to explore conceptual understanding displayed by students in…

  18. Shielding activated return water at the ESS

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Klinkby, Esben; Muhrer, Günter; Carlsson, H.; Eriksson, Björn

    2018-06-01

    ESS utilises water both for moderating neutrons to thermal energies, as well as to cool beryllium- and steel reflectors, the shielding and plugs. This means that the water, in separate loops, will be subject to a significant proton and neutron irradiation causing the water to activate. After irradiation, the water is led to delay tanks situated inside the target building. Before returned to the target monolith ∼ 10% is led to the ion exchanger. This paper aims at determining the shielding required to ensure that the biological dose-rate requirements in the target building and neighbouring instrument halls are met during operation of facility.

  19. Army Corps of Engineers: Water Resource Authorizations, Appropriations, and Activities

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-02-27

    of Engineers: Water Resource Authorizations, Appropriations, and Activities Congressional Research Service Summary The U.S. Army Corps of......Engineers: Water Resource Authorizations, Appropriations, and Activities Congressional Research Service 1 Army Corps of Engineers The U.S. Army Corps of

  20. Water quality degradation effects on freshwater availability: Impacts to human activities

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Peters, N.E.; Meybeck, Michel

    2000-01-01

    The quality of freshwater at any point on the landscape reflects the combined effects of many processes along water pathways. Human activities on all spatial scales affect both water quality and quantity. Alteration of the landscape and associated vegetation has not only changed the water balance, but typically has altered processes that control water quality. Effects of human activities on a small scale are relevant to an entire drainage basin. Furthermore, local, regional, and global differences in climate and water flow are considerable, causing varying effects of human activities on land and water quality and quantity, depending on location within a watershed, geology, biology, physiographic characteristics, and climate. These natural characteristics also greatly control human activities, which will, in turn, modify (or affect) the natural composition of water. One of the most important issues for effective resource management is recognition of cyclical and cascading effects of human activities on the water quality and quantity along hydrologic pathways. The degradation of water quality in one part of a watershed can have negative effects on users downstream. Everyone lives downstream of the effects of some human activity. An extremely important factor is that substances added to the atmosphere, land, and water generally have relatively long time scales for removal or clean up. The nature of the substance, including its affinity for adhering to soil and its ability to be transformed, affects the mobility and the time scale for removal of the substance. Policy alone will not solve many of the degradation issues, but a combination of policy, education, scientific knowledge, planning, and enforcement of applicable laws can provide mechanisms for slowing the rate of degradation and provide human and environmental protection. Such an integrated approach is needed to effectively manage land and water resources.

  1. Cell Phones: Rule-Setting, Rule-Breaking, and Relationships in Classrooms

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Charles, Anita S.

    2012-01-01

    Based on a small qualitative study, this article focuses on understanding the rules for cell phones and other social networking media in schools, an aspect of broader research that led to important understandings of teacher-student negotiations. It considers the rules that schools and teachers make, the rampant breaking of these rules, the…

  2. A neural mechanism of cognitive control for resolving conflict between abstract task rules.

    PubMed

    Sheu, Yi-Shin; Courtney, Susan M

    2016-12-01

    Conflict between multiple sensory stimuli or potential motor responses is thought to be resolved via bias signals from prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, population codes in the PFC also represent abstract information, such as task rules. How is conflict between active abstract representations resolved? We used functional neuroimaging to investigate the mechanism responsible for resolving conflict between abstract representations of task rules. Participants performed two different tasks based on a cue. We manipulated the degree of conflict at the task-rule level by training participants to associate the color and shape dimensions of the cue with either the same task rule (congruent cues) or different ones (incongruent cues). Phonological and semantic tasks were used in which performance depended on learned, abstract representations of information, rather than sensory features of the target stimulus or on any habituated stimulus-response associations. In addition, these tasks activate distinct regions that allowed us to measure magnitude of conflict between tasks. We found that incongruent cues were associated with increased activity in several cognitive control areas, including the inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, insula, and subcortical regions. Conflict between abstract representations appears to be resolved by rule-specific activity in the inferior frontal gyrus that is correlated with enhanced activity related to the relevant information. Furthermore, multi-voxel pattern analysis of the activity in the inferior frontal gyrus was shown to carry information about both the currently relevant rule (semantic/phonological) and the currently relevant cue context (color/shape). Similar to models of attentional selection of conflicting sensory or motor representations, the current findings indicate part of the frontal cortex provides a bias signal, representing task rules, that enhances task-relevant information. However, the frontal cortex can also be

  3. 78 FR 20252 - Water Quality Standards; Withdrawal of Certain Federal Water Quality Criteria Applicable to...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-04

    ... aquatic life water quality criteria applicable to waters of New Jersey, Puerto Rico, and California's San Francisco Bay. In 1992, EPA promulgated the National Toxics Rule or NTR to establish numeric water quality... Water Quality Standards; Withdrawal of Certain Federal Water Quality Criteria Applicable to California...

  4. 18 CFR 385.404 - Depositions during proceedings (Rule 404).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Depositions during... Procedures for Matters Set for Hearing Under Subpart E § 385.404 Depositions during proceedings (Rule 404). (a) In general. (1) A participant may obtain the attendance for a deposition by oral examination of...

  5. 18 CFR 385.404 - Depositions during proceedings (Rule 404).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Depositions during... Procedures for Matters Set for Hearing Under Subpart E § 385.404 Depositions during proceedings (Rule 404). (a) In general. (1) A participant may obtain the attendance for a deposition by oral examination of...

  6. Water-temperature data acquisition activities in the United States

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Pauszek, F.H.

    1972-01-01

    Along with the growing interest in water quality during the last decade, the need for data on all types of water-quality parameters has also increased. One parameter of particular interest, because of its many ramifications, is temperature. It influences many of the chemical and physical processes that take place in water. The solubility of gases--for example, oxygen and carbon dioxide--and the solution of mineral matter in water are functions of temperature. Such physical properties as density and viscosity vary with temperature. Oxidation of organic materials, as well as algal and bacterial growth, is promoted or retarded by favorable or unfavorable temperatures. Further, temperature bears on the utility of water: as a source of public water supplies; for industrial use, particularly if the water is used for cooling; and in the field of recreation involving contact sports, fishing, and fish culture. In recent years, temperature changes resulting from inflow of heated industrial waste, particularly effluent from power generating plants, have increased the need for temperature data to determine the degree of change, its effect on ecology, and the effect of any remedial action. Thus, because of the many extensive and intensive effects, a large amount of temperature data is collected on surface and ground waters by many agencies throughout the country. Moreover, because of its importance, there is a widespread interest in temperature even by those who are not active collectors of the data themselves. The industrialist, the manager, the public official, and others at one time or another may have need for temperature data and may well raise the questions: Who is collecting temperature data? What is the extent of the activity? Where are the data being collected? The purpose of this report is to answer these questions. The information in the report is confined to the activities of Federal and non-Federal agencies. It is based on information furnished to the Office of

  7. 75 FR 27926 - Notice of Availability of Interpretive Rule on the Applicability of Current Water Conservation...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-19

    ... the message. Comments and suggestions should be provided in WordPerfect, Microsoft Word, PDF, or text file format. The full text of the interpretive rule is available at http://www1.eere.energy.gov.... The full text of the interpretive rule is available at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance...

  8. Using Rule-Based Computer Programming to Unify Communication Rules Research.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sanford, David L.; Roach, J. W.

    This paper proposes the use of a rule-based computer programming language as a standard for the expression of rules, arguing that the adoption of a standard would enable researchers to communicate about rules in a consistent and significant way. Focusing on the formal equivalence of artificial intelligence (AI) programming to different types of…

  9. 77 FR 5471 - Announcement of Public Meeting on the Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) Rule Retrospective Review

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-03

    ... Announcement of Public Meeting on the Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) Rule Retrospective Review AGENCY... stakeholder input on the Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) Rule as part of the agency's Retrospective Review of... Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA, section 1414(c)). The Consumer Confidence Report, or CCR, is an annual...

  10. Evaluating the Impacts of an Agricultural Water Market in the Guadalupe River Basin, Texas: An Agent-based Modeling Approach

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Du, E.; Cai, X.; Minsker, B. S.

    2014-12-01

    Agriculture comprises about 80 percent of the total water consumption in the US. Under conditions of water shortage and fully committed water rights, market-based water allocations could be promising instruments for agricultural water redistribution from marginally profitable areas to more profitable ones. Previous studies on water market have mainly focused on theoretical or statistical analysis. However, how water users' heterogeneous physical attributes and decision rules about water use and water right trading will affect water market efficiency has been less addressed. In this study, we developed an agent-based model to evaluate the benefits of an agricultural water market in the Guadalupe River Basin during drought events. Agricultural agents with different attributes (i.e., soil type for crops, annual water diversion permit and precipitation) are defined to simulate the dynamic feedback between water availability, irrigation demand and water trading activity. Diversified crop irrigation rules and water bidding rules are tested in terms of crop yield, agricultural profit, and water-use efficiency. The model was coupled with a real-time hydrologic model and run under different water scarcity scenarios. Preliminary results indicate that an agricultural water market is capable of increasing crop yield, agricultural profit, and water-use efficiency. This capability is more significant under moderate drought scenarios than in mild and severe drought scenarios. The water market mechanism also increases agricultural resilience to climate uncertainty by reducing crop yield variance in drought events. The challenges of implementing an agricultural water market under climate uncertainty are also discussed.

  11. 26 CFR 1.469-11 - Effective date and transition rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... passive activity for any taxable year of the taxpayer beginning before January 1, 1988. (ii) Property... apply the rules in § 1.469-7 in computing the taxpayer's passive activity loss and passive activity... compute the taxpayer's passive activity loss and passive activity credit. Items from nonlending...

  12. Army Corps of Engineers: Water Resource Authorizations, Appropriations, and Activities

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-02-09

    favorable benefit -cost ratio. 31 Local sponsors assume any rehabilitation cost for damage to an active project attributable to deficient maintenance...infrastructure activities are not traditional Corps water resources projects, they are not subject to the Corps planning process (e.g., a benefit -cost...Army Corps of Engineers: Water Resource Authorizations, Appropriations, and Activities Nicole T. Carter Specialist in Natural Resources Policy

  13. Modifying Intramural Rules.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rokosz, Francis M.

    1981-01-01

    Standard sports rules can be altered to improve the game for intramural participants. These changes may improve players' attitudes, simplify rules for officials, and add safety features to a game. Specific rule modifications are given for volleyball, football, softball, floor hockey, basketball, and soccer. (JN)

  14. A Curriculum Activities Guide to Water Pollution and Environmental Studies, Volume I - Activities.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hershey, John T., Ed.; And Others

    This publication, Volume I of a two volume set, consists of many tested water pollution study activities. The activities are grouped into four headings: (1) Hydrologic Cycle, (2) Human Activities, (3) Ecological Perspectives, and (4) Social and Political Factors. Three levels of activities are provided: (1) those which increase awareness, (2)…

  15. 7 CFR 612.2 - Snow survey and water supply forecast activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 6 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Snow survey and water supply forecast activities. 612... SUPPLY FORECASTS § 612.2 Snow survey and water supply forecast activities. To carry out the cooperative snow survey and water supply forecast program, NRCS: (a) Establishes, maintains, and operates manual...

  16. 7 CFR 612.2 - Snow survey and water supply forecast activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 6 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Snow survey and water supply forecast activities. 612... SUPPLY FORECASTS § 612.2 Snow survey and water supply forecast activities. To carry out the cooperative snow survey and water supply forecast program, NRCS: (a) Establishes, maintains, and operates manual...

  17. 7 CFR 612.2 - Snow survey and water supply forecast activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 6 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Snow survey and water supply forecast activities. 612... SUPPLY FORECASTS § 612.2 Snow survey and water supply forecast activities. To carry out the cooperative snow survey and water supply forecast program, NRCS: (a) Establishes, maintains, and operates manual...

  18. 7 CFR 612.2 - Snow survey and water supply forecast activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 6 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Snow survey and water supply forecast activities. 612... SUPPLY FORECASTS § 612.2 Snow survey and water supply forecast activities. To carry out the cooperative snow survey and water supply forecast program, NRCS: (a) Establishes, maintains, and operates manual...

  19. 7 CFR 612.2 - Snow survey and water supply forecast activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Snow survey and water supply forecast activities. 612... SUPPLY FORECASTS § 612.2 Snow survey and water supply forecast activities. To carry out the cooperative snow survey and water supply forecast program, NRCS: (a) Establishes, maintains, and operates manual...

  20. 43 CFR 17.311 - Exceptions to the rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Exceptions to the rules against age... Age Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 17.311 Exceptions to the rules against age... against age discrimination: Normal operation or statutory objective of any program or activity. A...

  1. 43 CFR 17.311 - Exceptions to the rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2012-10-01 2011-10-01 true Exceptions to the rules against age... Age Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 17.311 Exceptions to the rules against age... against age discrimination: Normal operation or statutory objective of any program or activity. A...

  2. 43 CFR 17.311 - Exceptions to the rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Exceptions to the rules against age... Age Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 17.311 Exceptions to the rules against age... against age discrimination: Normal operation or statutory objective of any program or activity. A...

  3. 43 CFR 17.311 - Exceptions to the rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Exceptions to the rules against age... Age Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 17.311 Exceptions to the rules against age... against age discrimination: Normal operation or statutory objective of any program or activity. A...

  4. 43 CFR 17.311 - Exceptions to the rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Exceptions to the rules against age... Age Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 17.311 Exceptions to the rules against age... against age discrimination: Normal operation or statutory objective of any program or activity. A...

  5. Contribution to the Chemistry of Plasma-Activated Water

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Julák, J.; Hujacová, A.; Scholtz, V.; Khun, J.; Holada, K.

    2018-01-01

    Plasma-activated water (PAW) was prepared by exposure to nonthermal plasma produced by a positive dc corona discharge in a transient spark regime. The activation of water was performed in atmosphere of various surrounding gases (air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and argon). This PAW retains its biological activity, measured on the mouse neuroblastoma cells culture, even after storage for more than one year. The highest hydrogen peroxide content was found for PAWs prepared in the atmospheres of argon or carbon dioxide, whereas the PAWs prepared in air and nitrogen exhibited lower hydrogen peroxide content. The acidity of PAWs mediated by nitric and nitrous acid formation displayed an opposite trend. It is concluded that the long-lasting biological effect of PAW is mediated by hydrogen peroxide in acid milieu only, whereas other possible active components decompose rapidly.

  6. Rapid Transfer of Abstract Rules to Novel Contexts in Human Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

    PubMed Central

    Cole, Michael W.; Etzel, Joset A.; Zacks, Jeffrey M.; Schneider, Walter; Braver, Todd S.

    2011-01-01

    Flexible, adaptive behavior is thought to rely on abstract rule representations within lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), yet it remains unclear how these representations provide such flexibility. We recently demonstrated that humans can learn complex novel tasks in seconds. Here we hypothesized that this impressive mental flexibility may be possible due to rapid transfer of practiced rule representations within LPFC to novel task contexts. We tested this hypothesis using functional MRI and multivariate pattern analysis, classifying LPFC activity patterns across 64 tasks. Classifiers trained to identify abstract rules based on practiced task activity patterns successfully generalized to novel tasks. This suggests humans can transfer practiced rule representations within LPFC to rapidly learn new tasks, facilitating cognitive performance in novel circumstances. PMID:22125519

  7. 18 CFR 385.1509 - District court procedures (Rule 1509).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false District court... the Assessment of Civil Penalties Under Section 31 of the Federal Power Act § 385.1509 District court procedures (Rule 1509). (a) After receipt of the notification of election to apply the provisions of this...

  8. 18 CFR 385.2002 - Caption of filings (Rule 2002).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... proceeding has been initiated; (d) A heading which describes the filing; and (e) The name of the participant... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Caption of filings... Requirements for Filings in Proceedings Before the Commission § 385.2002 Caption of filings (Rule 2002). A...

  9. 40 CFR 22.43 - Supplemental rules governing the administrative assessment of civil penalties against a federal...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Supplemental rules governing the administrative assessment of civil penalties against a federal agency under the Safe Drinking Water Act. 22.43 Section 22.43 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY GENERAL CONSOLIDATED RULES OF PRACTICE GOVERNING THE ADMINISTRATIVE...

  10. 40 CFR 22.38 - Supplemental rules of practice governing the administrative assessment of civil penalties under...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Supplemental rules of practice governing the administrative assessment of civil penalties under the Clean Water Act. 22.38 Section 22.38 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY GENERAL CONSOLIDATED RULES OF PRACTICE GOVERNING THE ADMINISTRATIVE ASSESSMENT OF CIVIL...

  11. Nitrate Water Activities, Science Study Aid No. 4.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Agricultural Research Service (USDA), Washington, DC.

    Intended to supplement a regular program, this pamphlet provides background information, related activities, and suggestions for other activities on the subject of nitrate as a water pollutant. Two activities related to plant nutrient pollution, nitrate filtration and measuring mitrate used by plants, are explained in detail, outlining objectives,…

  12. Resolving task rule incongruence during task switching by competitor rule suppression.

    PubMed

    Meiran, Nachshon; Hsieh, Shulan; Dimov, Eduard

    2010-07-01

    Task switching requires maintaining readiness to execute any task of a given set of tasks. However, when tasks switch, the readiness to execute the now-irrelevant task generates interference, as seen in the task rule incongruence effect. Overcoming such interference requires fine-tuned inhibition that impairs task readiness only minimally. In an experiment involving 2 object classification tasks and 2 location classification tasks, the authors show that irrelevant task rules that generate response conflicts are inhibited. This competitor rule suppression (CRS) is seen in response slowing in subsequent trials, when the competing rules become relevant. CRS is shown to operate on specific rules without affecting similar rules. CRS and backward inhibition, which is another inhibitory phenomenon, produced additive effects on reaction time, suggesting their mutual independence. Implications for current formal theories of task switching as well as for conflict monitoring theories are discussed. (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved

  13. Water activities of NaClO4, Ca(ClO4)2, and Mg(ClO4)2 brines from experimental heat capacities: Water activity >0.6 below 200 K

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Toner, J. D.; Catling, D. C.

    2016-05-01

    Perchlorate salts found on Mars are extremely hygroscopic and form low eutectic temperature aqueous solutions, which could allow liquid water to exist on Mars despite cold and dry conditions. The formation, dynamics, and potential habitability of perchlorate salt solutions can be broadly understood in terms of water activity. Water activity controls condensation and evaporation of water vapor in brines, deliquescence and efflorescence of crystalline salts, and ice formation during freezing. Furthermore, water activity is a basic parameter defining the habitability of aqueous solutions. Despite the importance of water activity, its value in perchlorate solutions has only been measured at 298.15 K and at the freezing point of water. To address this lack of data, we have determined water activities in NaClO4, Ca(ClO4)2, and Mg(ClO4)2 solutions using experimental heat capacities measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Our results include concentrations up to near-saturation and temperatures ranging from 298.15 to 178 K. We find that water activities in NaClO4 solutions increase with decreasing temperature, by as much as 0.25 aw from 298.15 to 178 K. Consequently, aw reaches ∼0.6-0.7 even for concentrations up to 15 molal NaClO4 below 200 K. In contrast, water activities in Ca(ClO4)2 and Mg(ClO4)2 solutions generally decrease with decreasing temperature. The temperature dependence of water activity indicates that low-temperature NaClO4 solutions will evaporate and deliquesce at higher relative humidity, crystallize ice at higher temperature, and potentially be more habitable for life (at least in terms of water activity) compared to solutions at 298.15 K. The opposite effects occur in Ca(ClO4)2 and Mg(ClO4)2 solutions.

  14. Water and Benefit Sharing in Transboundary River Basins

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Arjoon, D.; Tilmant, A.; Herrmann, M.

    2015-12-01

    Growing water scarcity underlies the importance of cooperation for the effective management of river basins, particularly in the context of international rivers in which unidirectional externalities can lead to asymmetric relationships between riparian countries. Studies have shown that significant economic benefits can be expected through basin-wide cooperation, however, the equitable partitioning of these benefits over the basin is less well studied and tends to overlook the importance of stakeholder input in the definition of equitability. In this study, an institutional arrangement to maximize welfare and then share the scarcity cost in a river basin is proposed. A river basin authority plays the role of a bulk water market operator, efficiently allocating bulk water to the users and collecting bulk water charges which are then equitably redistributed among water users. This highly regulated market restrains the behaviour of water users to control externalities and to ensure basin-wide coordination, enhanced efficiency, and the equitable redistribution of the scarcity cost. The institutional arrangement is implemented using the Eastern Nile River basin as a case study. The importance of this arrangement is that it can be adopted for application in negotiations to cooperate in trans-boundary river basins. The benefit sharing solution proposed is more likely to be perceived as equitable because water users help define the sharing rule. As a result, the definition of the sharing rule is not in question, as it would be if existing rules, such as bankruptcy rules or cooperative game theory solutions, are applied, with their inherent definitions of fairness. Results of the case study show that the sharing rule is predictable. Water users can expect to receive between 93.5% and 95% of their uncontested benefits (benefits that they expect to receive if water was not rationed), depending on the hydrologic scenario.

  15. 15 CFR 1180.3 - General rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Commerce and Foreign Trade Regulations Relating to Commerce and Foreign Trade (Continued) TECHNOLOGY... INFORMATION TO THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE § 1180.3 General rule. Unless an exception applies... funded research and development activities, and (b) A summary of the agency's new and on-going research...

  16. 15 CFR 1180.3 - General rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Commerce and Foreign Trade Regulations Relating to Commerce and Foreign Trade (Continued) TECHNOLOGY... INFORMATION TO THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE § 1180.3 General rule. Unless an exception applies... funded research and development activities, and (b) A summary of the agency's new and on-going research...

  17. 15 CFR 1180.3 - General rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Commerce and Foreign Trade Regulations Relating to Commerce and Foreign Trade (Continued) TECHNOLOGY... INFORMATION TO THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE § 1180.3 General rule. Unless an exception applies... funded research and development activities, and (b) A summary of the agency's new and on-going research...

  18. 15 CFR 1180.3 - General rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE TRANSFER BY FEDERAL AGENCIES OF SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND ENGINEERING INFORMATION TO THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE § 1180.3 General rule. Unless an exception applies... funded research and development activities, and (b) A summary of the agency's new and on-going research...

  19. 36 CFR 1002.63 - Boating and water use activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Boating and water use..., PUBLIC USE AND RECREATION § 1002.63 Boating and water use activities. Swimming, boating and the use of any water vessel are prohibited within the area administered by the Presidio Trust. ...

  20. Cognitive changes in conjunctive rule-based category learning: An ERP approach.

    PubMed

    Rabi, Rahel; Joanisse, Marc F; Zhu, Tianshu; Minda, John Paul

    2018-06-25

    When learning rule-based categories, sufficient cognitive resources are needed to test hypotheses, maintain the currently active rule in working memory, update rules after feedback, and to select a new rule if necessary. Prior research has demonstrated that conjunctive rules are more complex than unidimensional rules and place greater demands on executive functions like working memory. In our study, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants performed a conjunctive rule-based category learning task with trial-by-trial feedback. In line with prior research, correct categorization responses resulted in a larger stimulus-locked late positive complex compared to incorrect responses, possibly indexing the updating of rule information in memory. Incorrect trials elicited a pronounced feedback-locked P300 elicited which suggested a disconnect between perception, and the rule-based strategy. We also examined the differential processing of stimuli that were able to be correctly classified by the suboptimal single-dimensional rule ("easy" stimuli) versus those that could only be correctly classified by the optimal, conjunctive rule ("difficult" stimuli). Among strong learners, a larger, late positive slow wave emerged for difficult compared with easy stimuli, suggesting differential processing of category items even though strong learners performed well on the conjunctive category set. Overall, the findings suggest that ERP combined with computational modelling can be used to better understand the cognitive processes involved in rule-based category learning.

  1. Presynaptic Ionotropic Receptors Controlling and Modulating the Rules for Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity

    PubMed Central

    Verhoog, Matthijs B.; Mansvelder, Huibert D.

    2011-01-01

    Throughout life, activity-dependent changes in neuronal connection strength enable the brain to refine neural circuits and learn based on experience. In line with predictions made by Hebb, synapse strength can be modified depending on the millisecond timing of action potential firing (STDP). The sign of synaptic plasticity depends on the spike order of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. Ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors, such as NMDA receptors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, are intimately involved in setting the rules for synaptic strengthening and weakening. In addition, timing rules for STDP within synapses are not fixed. They can be altered by activation of ionotropic receptors located at, or close to, synapses. Here, we will highlight studies that uncovered how network actions control and modulate timing rules for STDP by activating presynaptic ionotropic receptors. Furthermore, we will discuss how interaction between different types of ionotropic receptors may create “timing” windows during which particular timing rules lead to synaptic changes. PMID:21941664

  2. Presynaptic ionotropic receptors controlling and modulating the rules for spike timing-dependent plasticity.

    PubMed

    Verhoog, Matthijs B; Mansvelder, Huibert D

    2011-01-01

    Throughout life, activity-dependent changes in neuronal connection strength enable the brain to refine neural circuits and learn based on experience. In line with predictions made by Hebb, synapse strength can be modified depending on the millisecond timing of action potential firing (STDP). The sign of synaptic plasticity depends on the spike order of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. Ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors, such as NMDA receptors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, are intimately involved in setting the rules for synaptic strengthening and weakening. In addition, timing rules for STDP within synapses are not fixed. They can be altered by activation of ionotropic receptors located at, or close to, synapses. Here, we will highlight studies that uncovered how network actions control and modulate timing rules for STDP by activating presynaptic ionotropic receptors. Furthermore, we will discuss how interaction between different types of ionotropic receptors may create "timing" windows during which particular timing rules lead to synaptic changes.

  3. Water-resources activities in New England, fiscal year 1993

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Orlando, M.F.

    1994-01-01

    The U.S. Geological Survey has 82 active or complete-except-report projects of hydrologic investigations ongoing within the New England Program Area. Of this total, 23 are data projects. Data projects contain statistics and data on the conditions of surface water, ground water, water quality and (or) water use for the study area. There currently are six data projects in Connecticut, five in Maine, four in Massachusetts, four in Rhode Island, and four in New Hampshire and Vermont. The remaining 59 of these projects are interpretive projects. Interpretive projects include research, aerial appraisal, and other hydrologic studies and include projects as diverse as (1) determining the direction of ground-water flow at a toxic site, (2) predicting the effect of acid rain on water quality of a reservoir, and (3) estimating yields of aquifers on Cape Cod. Of the interpretive projects, 26 are in Massachusetts, 17 in Connecticut, 17 are in New Hampshire and Vermont, 6 are in Maine, and 3 in Rhode Island. The report is compiled from project descriptions for fiscal year 1993. It briefly describes the water-resources activities and projects that were active in each District of the USGS, Water Resources Division, New England Program Area of September 30, 1993. Cooperator or funding source, problem statements, objectives, approaches, progress, and plans for next year are described for each project. The project area is located on a map of the appropriate State(s). The report contains a bibliography, by District and by author, of reports completed since 1977.

  4. Importance of Fe and Mn Pipe Deposits to Lead and Copper Rule Compliance - abstract

    EPA Science Inventory

    When Madison, WI exceeded the lead Action Level in 1992, residential and off-line tests suggested that lead release into the water was more complex than a lead solubility mechanism. The water utility chose to address the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) exceedance by implementing full ...

  5. Students' Conceptions Supporting Their Symbolization and Meaning of Function Rules

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Fonger, Nicole L.; Ellis, Amy; Dogan, Muhammed F.

    2016-01-01

    This paper explores the nature of students' quantitative reasoning and conceptions of functions supporting their ability to symbolize quadratic function rules, and the meanings students make of these rules. We analyzed middle school students' problem solving activity during a small group teaching experiment (n = 6) emphasizing quadratic growth…

  6. 14 CFR 1252.201 - Exceptions to the rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Exceptions to the rules against age... NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 1252.201 Exceptions to the rules against age discrimination. (a) Definitions...

  7. 14 CFR 1252.201 - Exceptions to the rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Exceptions to the rules against age... NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 1252.201 Exceptions to the rules against age discrimination. (a) Definitions...

  8. 14 CFR 1252.201 - Exceptions to the rules against age discrimination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Exceptions to the rules against age... NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Standards for Determining Age Discrimination § 1252.201 Exceptions to the rules against age discrimination. (a) Definitions...

  9. 42 CFR 414.46 - Additional rules for payment of anesthesia services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Additional rules for payment of anesthesia services... SERVICES Physicians and Other Practitioners § 414.46 Additional rules for payment of anesthesia services... the value for each anesthesia code that reflects all activities other than anesthesia time. These...

  10. Correlation between Surface Tension and Water Activity in New Particle Formation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Daskalakis, E.; Salameh, A.

    2016-12-01

    The impact of aerosol properties on cloud dynamics and the radiative balance of the atmosphere relies on the parametrizations of cloud droplet formation. Such parametrization is based on equilibrium thermodynamics proposed by Köhler in 1936. There is considerable debate in the literature on the importance of factors like the surface tension depression or the water activity decrease for the correct parametrization. To gain fundamental insight into New Particle Formation (NPF), or Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) activation one has to study microscopic properties of aqueous droplets, involving surface and bulk dynamics. The surface tension of droplets can be associated with the effects from Organic Matter (OM), whereas the static dielectric constant of water reflects the structure and dynamics of ions within solutions and can present a measure of water activity. In this study we employ Molecular Dynamics Simulations on aquatic droplets that contain surface active OM (acetaldehyde, methylglyoxal) and salts. We give insight into the dynamics of aquatic droplets with radials of 3.6nm at a level of detail that is not accessible experimentally (J. Phys. Chem. C 2016, 120:11508). We propose that as the surface tension of an aquatic droplet is decreased in the presence of surface-active OM, the water activity is affected as well. This is due to the fact that the water dipoles are oriented based on the salt morphology within the droplet. We suggest that the surface tension depression can be accompanied by the water activity change. This can be associated with the possible effects of surface-active species in terms of salt morphology transitions within an aerosol at the NPF and early particle growth time scales. Based on this study, surface-active OM seems important in controlling (a) the salt morphology transitions within a nucleus during NPF and particle growth and (b) a correlation between surface activity and water activity of ionic aquatic droplets. The latter

  11. Prevalent Glucocorticoid and Androgen Activity in US Water Sources

    PubMed Central

    Stavreva, Diana A.; George, Anuja A.; Klausmeyer, Paul; Varticovski, Lyuba; Sack, Daniel; Voss, Ty C.; Schiltz, R. Louis; Blazer, Vicki S.; Iwanowicz, Luke R.; Hager, Gordon L.

    2012-01-01

    Contamination of the environment with endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is a major health concern. The presence of estrogenic compounds in water and their deleterious effect are well documented. However, detection and monitoring of other classes of EDCs is limited. Here we utilize a high-throughput live cell assay based on sub-cellular relocalization of GFP-tagged glucocorticoid and androgen receptors (GFP-GR and GFP-AR), in combination with gene transcription analysis, to screen for glucocorticoid and androgen activity in water samples. We report previously unrecognized glucocorticoid activity in 27%, and androgen activity in 35% of tested water sources from 14 states in the US. Steroids of both classes impact body development, metabolism, and interfere with reproductive, endocrine, and immune systems. This prevalent contamination could negatively affect wildlife and human populations. PMID:23226835

  12. Prevalent glucocorticoid and androgen activity in US water sources.

    PubMed

    Stavreva, Diana A; George, Anuja A; Klausmeyer, Paul; Varticovski, Lyuba; Sack, Daniel; Voss, Ty C; Schiltz, R Louis; Blazer, Vicki S; Iwanowicz, Luke R; Hager, Gordon L

    2012-01-01

    Contamination of the environment with endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is a major health concern. The presence of estrogenic compounds in water and their deleterious effect are well documented. However, detection and monitoring of other classes of EDCs is limited. Here we utilize a high-throughput live cell assay based on sub-cellular relocalization of GFP-tagged glucocorticoid and androgen receptors (GFP-GR and GFP-AR), in combination with gene transcription analysis, to screen for glucocorticoid and androgen activity in water samples. We report previously unrecognized glucocorticoid activity in 27%, and androgen activity in 35% of tested water sources from 14 states in the US. Steroids of both classes impact body development, metabolism, and interfere with reproductive, endocrine, and immune systems. This prevalent contamination could negatively affect wildlife and human populations.

  13. Prevalent flucocorticoid and androgen activity in US water sources

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Stavreva, Diana A.; George, Anuja A.; Klausmeyer, Paul; Varticovski, Lyuba; Sack, Daniel; Voss, Ty C.; Schiltz, R. Louis; Blazer, Vicki; Iwanowiczl, Luke R.; Hager, Gordon L.

    2012-01-01

    Contamination of the environment with endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is a major health concern. The presence of estrogenic compounds in water and their deleterious effect are well documented. However, detection and monitoring of other classes of EDCs is limited. Here we utilize a high-throughput live cell assay based on sub-cellular relocalization of GFP-tagged glucocorticoid and androgen receptors (GFP-GR and GFP-AR), in combination with gene transcription analysis, to screen for glucocorticoid and androgen activity in water samples. We report previously unrecognized glucocorticoid activity in 27%, and androgen activity in 35% of tested water sources from 14 states in the US. Steroids of both classes impact body development, metabolism, and interfere with reproductive, endocrine, and immune systems. This prevalent contamination could negatively affect wildlife and human populations.

  14. Safety leadership at construction sites: the importance of rule-oriented and participative leadership.

    PubMed

    Grill, Martin; Pousette, Anders; Nielsen, Kent; Grytnes, Regine; Törner, Marianne

    2017-07-01

    Objectives The construction industry accounted for >20% of all fatal occupational accidents in Europe in 2014. Leadership is an essential antecedent to occupational safety. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of transformational, active transactional, rule-oriented, participative, and laissez-faire leadership on safety climate, safety behavior, and accidents in the Swedish and Danish construction industry. Sweden and Denmark are similar countries but have a large difference in occupational accidents rates. Methods A questionnaire study was conducted among a random sample of construction workers in both countries: 811 construction workers from 85 sites responded, resulting in site and individual response rates of 73% and 64%, respectively. Results The results indicated that transformational, active transactional, rule-oriented and participative leadership predict positive safety outcomes, and laissez-faire leadership predict negative safety outcomes. For example, rule-oriented leadership predicts a superior safety climate (β=0.40, P<0.001), enhanced safety behavior (β=0.15, P<0.001), and fewer accidents [odds ratio (OR) 0.78, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.62-0.98]. The effect of rule-oriented leadership on workers' safety behavior was moderated by the level of participative leadership (β=0.10, P<0.001), suggesting that when rules and plans are established in a collaborative manner, workers' motivation to comply with safety regulations and participate in proactive safety activities is elevated. The influence of leadership behaviors on safety outcomes were largely similar in Sweden and Denmark. Rule-oriented and participative leadership were more common in the Swedish than Danish construction industry, which may partly explain the difference in occupational accident rates. Conclusions Applying less laissez-faire leadership and more transformational, active transactional, participative and rule-oriented leadership appears to be an effective

  15. Smooth criminal: convicted rule-breakers show reduced cognitive conflict during deliberate rule violations.

    PubMed

    Jusyte, Aiste; Pfister, Roland; Mayer, Sarah V; Schwarz, Katharina A; Wirth, Robert; Kunde, Wilfried; Schönenberg, Michael

    2017-09-01

    Classic findings on conformity and obedience document a strong and automatic drive of human agents to follow any type of rule or social norm. At the same time, most individuals tend to violate rules on occasion, and such deliberate rule violations have recently been shown to yield cognitive conflict for the rule-breaker. These findings indicate persistent difficulty to suppress the rule representation, even though rule violations were studied in a controlled experimental setting with neither gains nor possible sanctions for violators. In the current study, we validate these findings by showing that convicted criminals, i.e., individuals with a history of habitual and severe forms of rule violations, can free themselves from such cognitive conflict in a similarly controlled laboratory task. These findings support an emerging view that aims at understanding rule violations from the perspective of the violating agent rather than from the perspective of outside observer.

  16. Active water transport in unicellular algae: where, why, and how.

    PubMed

    Raven, John A; Doblin, Martina A

    2014-12-01

    The occurrence of active water transport (net transport against a free energy gradient) in photosynthetic organisms has been debated for several decades. Here, active water transport is considered in terms of its roles, where it is found, and the mechanisms by which it could occur. First there is a brief consideration of the possibility of active water transport into plant xylem in the generation of root pressure and the refilling of embolized xylem elements, and from an unsaturated atmosphere into terrestrial organisms living in habitats with limited availability of liquid water. There is then a more detailed consideration of volume and osmotic regulation in wall-less freshwater unicells, and the possibility of generation of buoyancy in marine phytoplankton such as large-celled diatoms. Calculations show that active water transport is a plausible mechanism to assist cells in upwards vertical movements, requires less energy than synthesis of low-density organic solutes, and potentially on a par with excluding certain ions from the vacuole. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

  17. Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule Documents

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    The IESWTR balances the need for treatment with potential increases in disinfection by -products. The materials found on this page are intended to assist public water systems and state in the implementation of the IESWTR.

  18. Presenting Germany's drug pricing rule as a cost-per-QALY rule.

    PubMed

    Gandjour, Afschin

    2012-06-01

    In Germany, the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) makes recommendations for ceiling prices of drugs based on an evaluation of the relationship between costs and effectiveness. To set ceiling prices, IQWiG uses the following decision rule: the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of a new drug compared with the next effective intervention should not be higher than that of the next effective intervention compared to its comparator. The purpose of this paper is to show that IQWiG's decision rule can be presented as a cost-per-QALY rule by using equity-weighted QALYs. This transformation shows where both rules share commonalities. Furthermore, it makes the underlying ethical implications of IQWiG's decision rule transparent and open to debate.

  19. [Detection of Physiological Activity of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater and River Water].

    PubMed

    Ihara, Masaru; Zhang, Han; Hanamoto, Seiya; Tanaka, Hiroaki

    2018-01-01

    　Pharmaceuticals are widely found in aquatic environments worldwide. Concern about their potential risks to aquatic species has been raised because they are designed to be biologically active. To address this concern, we must know whether biological activity of pharmaceuticals can be detected in waters. Nearly half of all marketed pharmaceuticals act by binding to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). In this study, we measured the physiological activity of GPCR-acting pharmaceuticals in effluent from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and upstream and downstream of its outfall in Japan during 2 years. We used the in vitro transforming growth factor-α (TGFα) shedding assay, which accurately and sensitively detects GPCR activation, to investigate the antagonistic activities of water extracts against receptors for dopamine (D2) and histamine (H1). Activities detected in waters were quantified as antagonist equivalent quantities (EQs). In WWTP effluent extracts, antagonistic activity was detected at several hundred ng/L of sulpiride-EQ (D2) and several μg/L of diphenhydramine (DIP)-EQ (H1). In downstream river water extracts, antagonistic activity against H1 was around several hundred ng/L of DIP-EQ, higher than that upstream owing to the WWTP effluent. This review discusses the research needed to resolve the concern about potential risks of pharmaceuticals in waters to aquatic species.

  20. Glycerol enhances fungal germination at the water-activity limit for life.

    PubMed

    Stevenson, Andrew; Hamill, Philip G; Medina, Ángel; Kminek, Gerhard; Rummel, John D; Dijksterhuis, Jan; Timson, David J; Magan, Naresh; Leong, Su-Lin L; Hallsworth, John E

    2017-03-01

    For the most-extreme fungal xerophiles, metabolic activity and cell division typically halts between 0.700 and 0.640 water activity (approximately 70.0-64.0% relative humidity). Here, we investigate whether glycerol can enhance xerophile germination under acute water-activity regimes, using an experimental system which represents the biophysical limit of Earth's biosphere. Spores from a variety of species, including Aspergillus penicillioides, Eurotium halophilicum, Xerochrysium xerophilum (formerly Chrysosporium xerophilum) and Xeromyces bisporus, were produced by cultures growing on media supplemented with glycerol (and contained up to 189 mg glycerol g dry spores -1 ). The ability of these spores to germinate, and the kinetics of germination, were then determined on a range of media designed to recreate stresses experienced in microbial habitats or anthropogenic systems (with water-activities from 0.765 to 0.575). For A. penicillioides, Eurotium amstelodami, E. halophilicum, X. xerophilum and X. bisporus, germination occurred at lower water-activities than previously recorded (0.640, 0.685, 0.651, 0.664 and 0.637 respectively). In addition, the kinetics of germination at low water-activities were substantially faster than those reported previously. Extrapolations indicated theoretical water-activity minima below these values; as low as 0.570 for A. penicillioides and X. bisporus. Glycerol is present at high concentrations (up to molar levels) in many types of microbial habitat. We discuss the likely role of glycerol in expanding the water-activity limit for microbial cell function in relation to temporal constraints and location of the microbial cell or habitat. The findings reported here have also critical implications for understanding the extremes of Earth's biosphere; for understanding the potency of disease-causing microorganisms; and in biotechnologies that operate at the limits of microbial function. © 2016 The Authors. Environmental Microbiology

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