Acoustic propagation in a thermally stratified atmosphere

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vanmoorhem, W. K.

1987-01-01

Acoustic propagation in an atmosphere with a specific form of temperature profile has been investigated by analytical means. The temperature profile used is representative of an actual atmospheric profile and contains three free parameters. Both lapse and inversion cases have been considered. Although ray solution have been considered the primary emphasis has been on solutions of the acoustic wave equation with point force where the sound speed varies with height above the ground corresponding to the assumed temperature profile. The method used to obtain the solution of the wave equation is based on Hankel transformation of the wave equation, approximate solution of the transformed equation for wavelength small compared to the scale of the temperature (or sound speed) profile, and approximate or numerical inversion of the Hankel transformed solution. The solution displays the characteristics found in experimental data but extensive comparison between the models and experimental data has not been carried out.

Joint Inversion of Body-Wave Arrival Times and Surface-Wave Dispersion Data in the Wavelet Domain Constrained by Sparsity Regularization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, H.; Fang, H.; Yao, H.; Maceira, M.; van der Hilst, R. D.

2014-12-01

Recently, Zhang et al. (2014, Pure and Appiled Geophysics) have developed a joint inversion code incorporating body-wave arrival times and surface-wave dispersion data. The joint inversion code was based on the regional-scale version of the double-difference tomography algorithm tomoDD. The surface-wave inversion part uses the propagator matrix solver in the algorithm DISPER80 (Saito, 1988) for forward calculation of dispersion curves from layered velocity models and the related sensitivities. The application of the joint inversion code to the SAFOD site in central California shows that the fault structure is better imaged in the new model, which is able to fit both the body-wave and surface-wave observations adequately. Here we present a new joint inversion method that solves the model in the wavelet domain constrained by sparsity regularization. Compared to the previous method, it has the following advantages: (1) The method is both data- and model-adaptive. For the velocity model, it can be represented by different wavelet coefficients at different scales, which are generally sparse. By constraining the model wavelet coefficients to be sparse, the inversion in the wavelet domain can inherently adapt to the data distribution so that the model has higher spatial resolution in the good data coverage zone. Fang and Zhang (2014, Geophysical Journal International) have showed the superior performance of the wavelet-based double-difference seismic tomography method compared to the conventional method. (2) For the surface wave inversion, the joint inversion code takes advantage of the recent development of direct inversion of surface wave dispersion data for 3-D variations of shear wave velocity without the intermediate step of phase or group velocity maps (Fang et al., 2014, Geophysical Journal International). A fast marching method is used to compute, at each period, surface wave traveltimes and ray paths between sources and receivers. We will test the new joint inversion code at the SAFOD site to compare its performance over the previous code. We will also select another fault zone such as the San Jacinto Fault Zone to better image its structure.

Nonsteady Problem for an Elastic Half-Plane with Mixed Boundary Conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kubenko, V. D.

2016-03-01

An approach to studying nonstationary wave processes in an elastic half-plane with mixed boundary conditions of the fourth boundary-value problem of elasticity is proposed. The Laplace and Fourier transforms are used. The sequential inversion of these transforms or the inversion of the joint transform by the Cagniard method allows obtaining the required solution (stresses, displacements) in a closed analytic form. With this approach, the problem can be solved for various types of loads

The effects of core-reflected waves on finite fault inversions with teleseismic body wave data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qian, Yunyi; Ni, Sidao; Wei, Shengji; Almeida, Rafael; Zhang, Han

2017-11-01

Teleseismic body waves are essential for imaging rupture processes of large earthquakes. Earthquake source parameters are usually characterized by waveform analyses such as finite fault inversions using only turning (direct) P and SH waves without considering the reflected phases from the core-mantle boundary (CMB). However, core-reflected waves such as ScS usually have amplitudes comparable to direct S waves due to the total reflection from the CMB and might interfere with the S waves used for inversion, especially at large epicentral distances for long duration earthquakes. In order to understand how core-reflected waves affect teleseismic body wave inversion results, we develop a procedure named Multitel3 to compute Green's functions that contain turning waves (direct P, pP, sP, direct S, sS and reverberations in the crust) and core-reflected waves (PcP, pPcP, sPcP, ScS, sScS and associated reflected phases from the CMB). This ray-based method can efficiently generate synthetic seismograms for turning and core-reflected waves independently, with the flexibility to take into account the 3-D Earth structure effect on the timing between these phases. The performance of this approach is assessed through a series of numerical inversion tests on synthetic waveforms of the 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake and the 2015 Mw7.8 Nepal earthquake. We also compare this improved method with the turning-wave only inversions and explore the stability of the new procedure when there are uncertainties in a priori information (such as fault geometry and epicentre location) or arrival time of core-reflected phases. Finally, a finite fault inversion of the 2005 Mw8.7 Nias-Simeulue earthquake is carried out using the improved Green's functions. Using enhanced Green's functions yields better inversion results as expected. While the finite source inversion with conventional P and SH waves is able to recover large-scale characteristics of the earthquake source, by adding PcP and ScS phases, the inverted slip model and moment rate function better match previous results incorporating field observations, geodetic and seismic data.

Migration of scattered teleseismic body waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bostock, M. G.; Rondenay, S.

1999-06-01

The retrieval of near-receiver mantle structure from scattered waves associated with teleseismic P and S and recorded on three-component, linear seismic arrays is considered in the context of inverse scattering theory. A Ray + Born formulation is proposed which admits linearization of the forward problem and economy in the computation of the elastic wave Green's function. The high-frequency approximation further simplifies the problem by enabling (1) the use of an earth-flattened, 1-D reference model, (2) a reduction in computations to 2-D through the assumption of 2.5-D experimental geometry, and (3) band-diagonalization of the Hessian matrix in the inverse formulation. The final expressions are in a form reminiscent of the classical diffraction stack of seismic migration. Implementation of this procedure demands an accurate estimate of the scattered wave contribution to the impulse response, and thus requires the removal of both the reference wavefield and the source time signature from the raw record sections. An approximate separation of direct and scattered waves is achieved through application of the inverse free-surface transfer operator to individual station records and a Karhunen-Loeve transform to the resulting record sections. This procedure takes the full displacement field to a wave vector space wherein the first principal component of the incident wave-type section is identified with the direct wave and is used as an estimate of the source time function. The scattered displacement field is reconstituted from the remaining principal components using the forward free-surface transfer operator, and may be reduced to a scattering impulse response upon deconvolution of the source estimate. An example employing pseudo-spectral synthetic seismograms demonstrates an application of the methodology.

Bayesian linearized amplitude-versus-frequency inversion for quality factor and its application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Xinchao; Teng, Long; Li, Jingnan; Cheng, Jiubing

2018-06-01

We propose a straightforward attenuation inversion method by utilizing the amplitude-versus-frequency (AVF) characteristics of seismic data. A new linearized approximation equation of the angle and frequency dependent reflectivity in viscoelastic media is derived. We then use the presented equation to implement the Bayesian linear AVF inversion. The inversion result includes not only P-wave and S-wave velocities, and densities, but also P-wave and S-wave quality factors. Synthetic tests show that the AVF inversion surpasses the AVA inversion for quality factor estimation. However, a higher signal noise ratio (SNR) of data is necessary for the AVF inversion. To show its feasibility, we apply both the new Bayesian AVF inversion and conventional AVA inversion to a tight gas reservoir data in Sichuan Basin in China. Considering the SNR of the field data, a combination of AVF inversion for attenuation parameters and AVA inversion for elastic parameters is recommended. The result reveals that attenuation estimations could serve as a useful complement in combination with the AVA inversion results for the detection of tight gas reservoirs.

A trade-off solution between model resolution and covariance in surface-wave inversion

USGS Publications Warehouse

Xia, J.; Xu, Y.; Miller, R.D.; Zeng, C.

2010-01-01

Regularization is necessary for inversion of ill-posed geophysical problems. Appraisal of inverse models is essential for meaningful interpretation of these models. Because uncertainties are associated with regularization parameters, extra conditions are usually required to determine proper parameters for assessing inverse models. Commonly used techniques for assessment of a geophysical inverse model derived (generally iteratively) from a linear system are based on calculating the model resolution and the model covariance matrices. Because the model resolution and the model covariance matrices of the regularized solutions are controlled by the regularization parameter, direct assessment of inverse models using only the covariance matrix may provide incorrect results. To assess an inverted model, we use the concept of a trade-off between model resolution and covariance to find a proper regularization parameter with singular values calculated in the last iteration. We plot the singular values from large to small to form a singular value plot. A proper regularization parameter is normally the first singular value that approaches zero in the plot. With this regularization parameter, we obtain a trade-off solution between model resolution and model covariance in the vicinity of a regularized solution. The unit covariance matrix can then be used to calculate error bars of the inverse model at a resolution level determined by the regularization parameter. We demonstrate this approach with both synthetic and real surface-wave data. ?? 2010 Birkh??user / Springer Basel AG.

Joint inversion of high-frequency surface waves with fundamental and higher modes

USGS Publications Warehouse

Luo, Y.; Xia, J.; Liu, J.; Liu, Q.; Xu, S.

2007-01-01

Joint inversion of multimode surface waves for estimating the shear (S)-wave velocity has received much attention in recent years. In this paper, we first analyze sensitivity of phase velocities of multimodes of surface waves for a six-layer earth model, and then we invert surface-wave dispersion curves of the theoretical model and a real-world example. Sensitivity analysis shows that fundamental mode data are more sensitive to the S-wave velocities of shallow layers and are concentrated on a very narrow frequency band, while higher mode data are more sensitive to the parameters of relatively deeper layers and are distributed over a wider frequency band. These properties provide a foundation of using a multimode joint inversion to define S-wave velocities. Inversion results of both synthetic data and a real-world example demonstrate that joint inversion with the damped least-square method and the singular-value decomposition technique to invert high-frequency surface waves with fundamental and higher mode data simultaneously can effectively reduce the ambiguity and improve the accuracy of S-wave velocities. ?? 2007.

Inverse scattering pre-stack depth imaging and it's comparison to some depth migration methods for imaging rich fault complex structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nurhandoko, Bagus Endar B.; Sukmana, Indriani; Mubarok, Syahrul; Deny, Agus; Widowati, Sri; Kurniadi, Rizal

2012-06-01

Migration is important issue for seismic imaging in complex structure. In this decade, depth imaging becomes important tools for producing accurate image in depth imaging instead of time domain imaging. The challenge of depth migration method, however, is in revealing the complex structure of subsurface. There are many methods of depth migration with their advantages and weaknesses. In this paper, we show our propose method of pre-stack depth migration based on time domain inverse scattering wave equation. Hopefully this method can be as solution for imaging complex structure in Indonesia, especially in rich thrusting fault zones. In this research, we develop a recent advance wave equation migration based on time domain inverse scattering wave which use more natural wave propagation using scattering wave. This wave equation pre-stack depth migration use time domain inverse scattering wave equation based on Helmholtz equation. To provide true amplitude recovery, an inverse of divergence procedure and recovering transmission loss are considered of pre-stack migration. Benchmarking the propose inverse scattering pre-stack depth migration with the other migration methods are also presented, i.e.: wave equation pre-stack depth migration, waveequation depth migration, and pre-stack time migration method. This inverse scattering pre-stack depth migration could image successfully the rich fault zone which consist extremely dip and resulting superior quality of seismic image. The image quality of inverse scattering migration is much better than the others migration methods.

The effects of core-reflected waves on finite fault inversion with teleseismic body wave data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qian, Y.; Ni, S.; Wei, S.

2016-12-01

Reliable estimation of rupture processes for a large earthquake is valuable for post-seismic rescue, tsunami alert, seismotectonic studies, as well as earthquake physics. Finite-fault inversion has been widely accepted to reconstruct the spatial-temporal distribution of rupture processes, which can be obtained by individual or jointly inversion of seismic, geodetic and tsunami data sets. Among the above observations, teleseismic (30° 90°) body waves, usually P and SH waves, have been used extensively in such inversions because their propagation are well understood and readily available for large earthquakes with good coverages of slowness and azimuth. However, finite fault inversion methods usually assume turning P and SH waves without inclusion of core-reflected waves when calculating the synthetic waveforms, which may result in systematic error in finite-fault inversions. For the core-reflected SH wave ScS, it is expected to be strong due to total reflection from Core-Mantle-Boundary. Moreover, the time interval between direct S and ScS could be smaller than the duration of large earthquakes for large epicentral distances. In order to improve the accuracy of finite fault inversion with teleseismic body waves, we develop a procedure named multitel3 to compute Greens' functions that contain both turning waves (P, pP, sP, S, sS et al.) and core-reflected phases (PcP and ScS) and apply it to finite fault inversions. This ray-based method can rapidly calculate teleseismic body wave synthetics with flexibility for path calibration of 3D mantle structure. The new Green's function is plugged into finite fault inversion package to replace the original Green's function with only turning P and SH waves. With the 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake as example, a series of numerical tests conducted on synthetic data are used to assess the performance of our approach. We also explore this new procedure's stability when there are discrepancies between the parameters of input model and the priori information of inverse model, such as strike, dip of finite fault and so on. With the quantified code, we apply it to study rupture process of the 2016 Mw7.8 Sumatra earthquake.

A Gauss-Newton full-waveform inversion in PML-truncated domains using scalar probing waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pakravan, Alireza; Kang, Jun Won; Newtson, Craig M.

2017-12-01

This study considers the characterization of subsurface shear wave velocity profiles in semi-infinite media using scalar waves. Using surficial responses caused by probing waves, a reconstruction of the material profile is sought using a Gauss-Newton full-waveform inversion method in a two-dimensional domain truncated by perfectly matched layer (PML) wave-absorbing boundaries. The PML is introduced to limit the semi-infinite extent of the half-space and to prevent reflections from the truncated boundaries. A hybrid unsplit-field PML is formulated in the inversion framework to enable more efficient wave simulations than with a fully mixed PML. The full-waveform inversion method is based on a constrained optimization framework that is implemented using Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions to minimize the objective functional augmented by PML-endowed wave equations via Lagrange multipliers. The KKT conditions consist of state, adjoint, and control problems, and are solved iteratively to update the shear wave velocity profile of the PML-truncated domain. Numerical examples show that the developed Gauss-Newton inversion method is accurate enough and more efficient than another inversion method. The algorithm's performance is demonstrated by the numerical examples including the case of noisy measurement responses and the case of reduced number of sources and receivers.

A forward-adjoint operator pair based on the elastic wave equation for use in transcranial photoacoustic computed tomography

PubMed Central

Mitsuhashi, Kenji; Poudel, Joemini; Matthews, Thomas P.; Garcia-Uribe, Alejandro; Wang, Lihong V.; Anastasio, Mark A.

2017-01-01

Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) is an emerging imaging modality that exploits optical contrast and ultrasonic detection principles to form images of the photoacoustically induced initial pressure distribution within tissue. The PACT reconstruction problem corresponds to an inverse source problem in which the initial pressure distribution is recovered from measurements of the radiated wavefield. A major challenge in transcranial PACT brain imaging is compensation for aberrations in the measured data due to the presence of the skull. Ultrasonic waves undergo absorption, scattering and longitudinal-to-shear wave mode conversion as they propagate through the skull. To properly account for these effects, a wave-equation-based inversion method should be employed that can model the heterogeneous elastic properties of the skull. In this work, a forward model based on a finite-difference time-domain discretization of the three-dimensional elastic wave equation is established and a procedure for computing the corresponding adjoint of the forward operator is presented. Massively parallel implementations of these operators employing multiple graphics processing units (GPUs) are also developed. The developed numerical framework is validated and investigated in computer19 simulation and experimental phantom studies whose designs are motivated by transcranial PACT applications. PMID:29387291

Prestack density inversion using the Fatti equation constrained by the P- and S-wave impedance and density

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liang, Li-Feng; Zhang, Hong-Bing; Dan, Zhi-Wei; Xu, Zi-Qiang; Liu, Xiu-Juan; Cao, Cheng-Hao

2017-03-01

Simultaneous prestack inversion is based on the modified Fatti equation and uses the ratio of the P- and S-wave velocity as constraints. We use the relation of P-wave impedance and density (PID) and S-wave impedance and density (SID) to replace the constant Vp/Vs constraint, and we propose the improved constrained Fatti equation to overcome the effect of P-wave impedance on density. We compare the sensitivity of both methods using numerical simulations and conclude that the density inversion sensitivity improves when using the proposed method. In addition, the random conjugate-gradient method is used in the inversion because it is fast and produces global solutions. The use of synthetic and field data suggests that the proposed inversion method is effective in conventional and nonconventional lithologies.

Band transition and topological interface modes in 1D elastic phononic crystals.

PubMed

Yin, Jianfei; Ruzzene, Massimo; Wen, Jihong; Yu, Dianlong; Cai, Li; Yue, Linfeng

2018-05-01

In this report, we design a one-dimensional elastic phononic crystal (PC) comprised of an Aluminum beam with periodically arranged cross-sections to study the inversion of bulk bands due to the change of topological phases. As the geometric parameters of the unit cell varies, the second bulk band closes and reopens forming a topological transition point. This phenomenon is confirmed for both longitudinal waves and bending waves. By constructing a structural system formed by two PCs with different topological phases, for the first time, we experimentally demonstrate the existence of interface mode within the bulk band gap as a result of topological transition for both longitudinal and bending modes in elastic systems, although for bending modes, additional conditions have to be met in order to have the interface mode due to the dispersive nature of the bending waves in uniform media compared to the longitudinal waves.

Book review: Nonlinear ocean waves and the inverse scattering transform

USGS Publications Warehouse

Geist, Eric L.

2011-01-01

Nonlinear Ocean Waves and the Inverse Scattering Transform is a comprehensive examination of ocean waves built upon the theory of nonlinear Fourier analysis. The renowned author, Alfred R. Osborne, is perhaps best known for the discovery of internal solitons in the Andaman Sea during the 1970s. In this book, he provides an extensive treatment of nonlinear water waves based on a nonlinear spectral theory known as the inverse scattering transform. The writing is exceptional throughout the book, which is particularly useful in explaining some of the more difficult mathematical concepts.  Review info: Nonlinear Ocean Waves and the Inverse Scattering Transform. By Alfred R. Osborne, 2010. ISBN: 978-125286299, 917 pp.

Topological valley-chiral edge states of Lamb waves in elastic thin plates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jian; Mei, Jun

2018-05-01

We investigate the nontrivial topology of the band structure of Lamb waves in a thin phononic crystal plate. When inversion symmetry is broken, a valley pseudospin degree of freedom is formed around K and K‧ valleys for the A0 Lamb mode, which is decoupled from the S0 and SH0 modes in the low-frequency regime. Chiral edge states are explicitly demonstrated, which are immune to defects and exhibit unidirectional transport behaviors when intervalley scattering is weak. The quantum valley Hall effect is thus simulated in a simple way in the context of Lamb waves.

Velocity structure of a bottom simulating reflector offshore Peru: Results from full waveform inversion

USGS Publications Warehouse

Pecher, I.A.; Minshull, T.A.; Singh, S.C.; von Huene, Roland E.

1996-01-01

Much of our knowledge of the worldwide distribution of submarine gas hydrates comes from seismic observations of Bottom Simulating Reflectors (BSRs). Full waveform inversion has proven to be a reliable technique for studying the fine structure of BSRs using the compressional wave velocity. We applied a non-linear full waveform inversion technique to a BSR at a location offshore Peru. We first determined the large-scale features of seismic velocity variations using a statistical inversion technique to maximise coherent energy along travel-time curves. These velocities were used for a starting velocity model for the full waveform inversion, which yielded a detailed velocity/depth model in the vicinity of the BSR. We found that the data are best fit by a model in which the BSR consists of a thin, low-velocity layer. The compressional wave velocity drops from 2.15 km/s down to an average of 1.70 km/s in an 18m thick interval, with a minimum velocity of 1.62 km/s in a 6 m interval. The resulting compressional wave velocity was used to estimate gas content in the sediments. Our results suggest that the low velocity layer is a 6-18 m thick zone containing a few percent of free gas in the pore space. The presence of the BSR coincides with a region of vertical uplift. Therefore, we suggest that gas at this BSR is formed by a dissociation of hydrates at the base of the hydrate stability zone due to uplift and subsequently a decrease in pressure.

Elastic Cherenkov effects in transversely isotropic soft materials-I: Theoretical analysis, simulations and inverse method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Guo-Yang; Zheng, Yang; Liu, Yanlin; Destrade, Michel; Cao, Yanping

2016-11-01

A body force concentrated at a point and moving at a high speed can induce shear-wave Mach cones in dusty-plasma crystals or soft materials, as observed experimentally and named the elastic Cherenkov effect (ECE). The ECE in soft materials forms the basis of the supersonic shear imaging (SSI) technique, an ultrasound-based dynamic elastography method applied in clinics in recent years. Previous studies on the ECE in soft materials have focused on isotropic material models. In this paper, we investigate the existence and key features of the ECE in anisotropic soft media, by using both theoretical analysis and finite element (FE) simulations, and we apply the results to the non-invasive and non-destructive characterization of biological soft tissues. We also theoretically study the characteristics of the shear waves induced in a deformed hyperelastic anisotropic soft material by a source moving with high speed, considering that contact between the ultrasound probe and the soft tissue may lead to finite deformation. On the basis of our theoretical analysis and numerical simulations, we propose an inverse approach to infer both the anisotropic and hyperelastic parameters of incompressible transversely isotropic (TI) soft materials. Finally, we investigate the properties of the solutions to the inverse problem by deriving the condition numbers in analytical form and performing numerical experiments. In Part II of the paper, both ex vivo and in vivo experiments are conducted to demonstrate the applicability of the inverse method in practical use.

Prediction and assimilation of surf-zone processes using a Bayesian network: Part II: Inverse models

USGS Publications Warehouse

Plant, Nathaniel G.; Holland, K. Todd

2011-01-01

A Bayesian network model has been developed to simulate a relatively simple problem of wave propagation in the surf zone (detailed in Part I). Here, we demonstrate that this Bayesian model can provide both inverse modeling and data-assimilation solutions for predicting offshore wave heights and depth estimates given limited wave-height and depth information from an onshore location. The inverse method is extended to allow data assimilation using observational inputs that are not compatible with deterministic solutions of the problem. These inputs include sand bar positions (instead of bathymetry) and estimates of the intensity of wave breaking (instead of wave-height observations). Our results indicate that wave breaking information is essential to reduce prediction errors. In many practical situations, this information could be provided from a shore-based observer or from remote-sensing systems. We show that various combinations of the assimilated inputs significantly reduce the uncertainty in the estimates of water depths and wave heights in the model domain. Application of the Bayesian network model to new field data demonstrated significant predictive skill (R2 = 0.7) for the inverse estimate of a month-long time series of offshore wave heights. The Bayesian inverse results include uncertainty estimates that were shown to be most accurate when given uncertainty in the inputs (e.g., depth and tuning parameters). Furthermore, the inverse modeling was extended to directly estimate tuning parameters associated with the underlying wave-process model. The inverse estimates of the model parameters not only showed an offshore wave height dependence consistent with results of previous studies but the uncertainty estimates of the tuning parameters also explain previously reported variations in the model parameters.

Non-perturbational surface-wave inversion: A Dix-type relation for surface waves

USGS Publications Warehouse

Haney, Matt; Tsai, Victor C.

2015-01-01

We extend the approach underlying the well-known Dix equation in reflection seismology to surface waves. Within the context of surface wave inversion, the Dix-type relation we derive for surface waves allows accurate depth profiles of shear-wave velocity to be constructed directly from phase velocity data, in contrast to perturbational methods. The depth profiles can subsequently be used as an initial model for nonlinear inversion. We provide examples of the Dix-type relation for under-parameterized and over-parameterized cases. In the under-parameterized case, we use the theory to estimate crustal thickness, crustal shear-wave velocity, and mantle shear-wave velocity across the Western U.S. from phase velocity maps measured at 8-, 20-, and 40-s periods. By adopting a thin-layer formalism and an over-parameterized model, we show how a regularized inversion based on the Dix-type relation yields smooth depth profiles of shear-wave velocity. In the process, we quantitatively demonstrate the depth sensitivity of surface-wave phase velocity as a function of frequency and the accuracy of the Dix-type relation. We apply the over-parameterized approach to a near-surface data set within the frequency band from 5 to 40 Hz and find overall agreement between the inverted model and the result of full nonlinear inversion.

The Cagniard Method in Complex Time Revisited

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-04-04

make the p-integral take the form of a forward Laplace transform, so that the cascade of the two integrals can be identified as a forward and inverse ... transform , thereby making the actual integration unnecessary. Typically, the method is applied to an integral that represents one body wave plus other

A new algorithm for three-dimensional joint inversion of body wave and surface wave data and its application to the Southern California plate boundary region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fang, Hongjian; Zhang, Haijiang; Yao, Huajian; Allam, Amir; Zigone, Dimitri; Ben-Zion, Yehuda; Thurber, Clifford; van der Hilst, Robert D.

2016-05-01

We introduce a new algorithm for joint inversion of body wave and surface wave data to get better 3-D P wave (Vp) and S wave (Vs) velocity models by taking advantage of the complementary strengths of each data set. Our joint inversion algorithm uses a one-step inversion of surface wave traveltime measurements at different periods for 3-D Vs and Vp models without constructing the intermediate phase or group velocity maps. This allows a more straightforward modeling of surface wave traveltime data with the body wave arrival times. We take into consideration the sensitivity of surface wave data with respect to Vp in addition to its large sensitivity to Vs, which means both models are constrained by two different data types. The method is applied to determine 3-D crustal Vp and Vs models using body wave and Rayleigh wave data in the Southern California plate boundary region, which has previously been studied with both double-difference tomography method using body wave arrival times and ambient noise tomography method with Rayleigh and Love wave group velocity dispersion measurements. Our approach creates self-consistent and unique models with no prominent gaps, with Rayleigh wave data resolving shallow and large-scale features and body wave data constraining relatively deeper structures where their ray coverage is good. The velocity model from the joint inversion is consistent with local geological structures and produces better fits to observed seismic waveforms than the current Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) model.

Improved Modeling and Prediction of Surface Wave Amplitudes

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-05-31

structures and derived attenuation coefficients from the Eurasian Q inversion study. 15. SUBJECT TERMS nuclear explosion monitoring, surface waves, membrane...24 4.6 Inversion of Eurasian Attenuation Data for Q Structure ........................................ 31 4.6.1 Data used in the Q Inversion ...33 4.6.2 Q Inversion Results

Receiver function HV ratio: a new measurement for reducing non-uniqueness of receiver function waveform inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chong, Jiajun; Chu, Risheng; Ni, Sidao; Meng, Qingjun; Guo, Aizhi

2018-02-01

It is known that a receiver function has relatively weak constraint on absolute seismic wave velocity, and that joint inversion of the receiver function with surface wave dispersion has been widely applied to reduce the trade-off of velocity with interface depth. However, some studies indicate that the receiver function itself is capable for determining the absolute shear-wave velocity. In this study, we propose to measure the receiver function HV ratio which takes advantage of the amplitude information of the receiver function to constrain the shear-wave velocity. Numerical analysis indicates that the receiver function HV ratio is sensitive to the average shear-wave velocity in the depth range it samples, and can help to reduce the non-uniqueness of receiver function waveform inversion. A joint inversion scheme has been developed, and both synthetic tests and real data application proved the feasibility of the joint inversion.

Travelling wave solutions of the homogeneous one-dimensional FREFLO model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, B.; Hong, J. Y.; Jing, G. Q.; Niu, W.; Fang, L.

2018-01-01

Presently there is quite few analytical studies in traffic flows due to the non-linearity of the governing equations. In the present paper we introduce travelling wave solutions for the homogeneous one-dimensional FREFLO model, which are expressed in the form of series and describe the procedure that vehicles/pedestrians move with a negative velocity and decelerate until rest, then accelerate inversely to positive velocities. This method is expect to be extended to more complex situations in the future.

Surface wave inversion of central Texas quarry blasts

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bonner, J.L.; Goforth, T.T.

1993-02-01

Compressional and shear wave models of the upper crust in central Texas were obtained by inverting Rayleigh and Love waves recorded at the new W.M. Keck Foundation Seismological Observatory at Baylor University. The Keck Observatory, which became operational in April 1992, consists of a three-component, broadband Geotech seismometer located at a depth of 130 feet in a borehole 17 miles from the Baylor campus. The field station is solar powered, and the 140-dB dynamic range digital data are transmitted to the Baylor analysis lab via radio, where they are analyzed and archived. Limestone quarries located in all directions from themore » Keck Observatory detonate two to four tons of explosives per blast several times a week. Recordings of these blasts show sharp onsets of P and S waves, as well as dispersed Rayleigh and Love waves in the period band 1 to 3 seconds. Multiple filter analysis and phase matched filtering techniques were used to obtain high quality dispersion curves for the surface waves, and inversion techniques were applied to produce shear velocity models of the upper crust. A rapid increase in shear velocity at a depth of about 1.5 km is associated with the Ouachita Overthrust Belt. Portable seismic recording systems were placed at the quarries to monitor start times and initial wave forms. These data were combined with the Keck recordings to produce attenuation and compressional velocity models.« less

Mapping the Moho with seismic surface waves: Sensitivity, resolution, and recommended inversion strategies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lebedev, Sergei; Adam, Joanne; Meier, Thomas

2013-04-01

Seismic surface waves have been used to study the Earth's crust since the early days of modern seismology. In the last decade, surface-wave crustal imaging has been rejuvenated by the emergence of new, array techniques (ambient-noise and teleseismic interferometry). The strong sensitivity of both Rayleigh and Love waves to the Moho is evident from a mere visual inspection of their dispersion curves or waveforms. Yet, strong trade-offs between the Moho depth and crustal and mantle structure in surface-wave inversions have prompted doubts regarding their capacity to resolve the Moho. Although the Moho depth has been an inversion parameter in numerous surface-wave studies, the resolution of Moho properties yielded by a surface-wave inversion is still somewhat uncertain and controversial. We use model-space mapping in order to elucidate surface waves' sensitivity to the Moho depth and the resolution of their inversion for it. If seismic wavespeeds within the crust and upper mantle are known, then Moho-depth variations of a few kilometres produce large (over 1 per cent) perturbations in phase velocities. However, in inversions of surface-wave data with no a priori information (wavespeeds not known), strong Moho-depth/shear-speed trade-offs will mask about 90 per cent of the Moho-depth signal, with remaining phase-velocity perturbations 0.1-0.2 per cent only. In order to resolve the Moho with surface waves alone, errors in the data must thus be small (up to 0.2 per cent for resolving continental Moho). If the errors are larger, Moho-depth resolution is not warranted and depends on error distribution with period, with errors that persist over broad period ranges particularly damaging. An effective strategy for the inversion of surface-wave data alone for the Moho depth is to, first, constrain the crustal and upper-mantle structure by inversion in a broad period range and then determine the Moho depth in inversion in a narrow period range most sensitive to it, with the first-step results used as reference. We illustrate this strategy with an application to data from the Kaapvaal Craton. Prior information on crustal and mantle structure reduces the trade-offs and thus enables resolving the Moho depth with noisier data; such information should be sought and used whenever available (as has been done, explicitly or implicitly, in many previous studies). Joint analysis or inversion of surface-wave and other data (receiver functions, topography, gravity) can reduce uncertainties further and facilitate Moho mapping. Alone or as a part of multi-disciplinary datasets, surface-wave data offer unique sensitivity to the crustal and upper-mantle structure and are becoming increasingly important in the seismic imaging of the crust and the Moho. Reference Lebedev, S., J. Adam, T. Meier. Mapping the Moho with seismic surface waves: A review, resolution analysis, and recommended inversion strategies. Tectonophysics, "Moho" special issue, 10.1016/j.tecto.2012.12.030, 2013.

Visco-acoustic wave-equation traveltime inversion and its sensitivity to attenuation errors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Han; Chen, Yuqing; Hanafy, Sherif M.; Huang, Jiangping

2018-04-01

A visco-acoustic wave-equation traveltime inversion method is presented that inverts for the shallow subsurface velocity distribution. Similar to the classical wave equation traveltime inversion, this method finds the velocity model that minimizes the squared sum of the traveltime residuals. Even though, wave-equation traveltime inversion can partly avoid the cycle skipping problem, a good initial velocity model is required for the inversion to converge to a reasonable tomogram with different attenuation profiles. When Q model is far away from the real model, the final tomogram is very sensitive to the starting velocity model. Nevertheless, a minor or moderate perturbation of the Q model from the true one does not strongly affect the inversion if the low wavenumber information of the initial velocity model is mostly correct. These claims are validated with numerical tests on both the synthetic and field data sets.

Nonlinear wave choked inlets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1979-01-01

The quasi-one dimensional flow program was modified in two ways. The Runge-Kutta subroutine was replaced with a subroutine which used a modified divided difference form of the Adams Pece method and the matrix inversion routine was replaced with a pseudo inverse routine. Calculations were run using both the original and modified programs. Comparison of the calculations showed that the original Runge-Kutta routine could not detect singularity near the throat and was integrating across it. The modified version was able to detect the singularity and therefore gave more valid calculations.

Relationship between strong-motion array parameters and the accuracy of source inversion and physical waves

USGS Publications Warehouse

Iida, M.; Miyatake, T.; Shimazaki, K.

1990-01-01

We develop general rules for a strong-motion array layout on the basis of our method of applying a prediction analysis to a source inversion scheme. A systematic analysis is done to obtain a relationship between fault-array parameters and the accuracy of a source inversion. Our study of the effects of various physical waves indicates that surface waves at distant stations contribute significantly to the inversion accuracy for the inclined fault plane, whereas only far-field body waves at both small and large distances contribute to the inversion accuracy for the vertical fault, which produces more phase interference. These observations imply the adequacy of the half-space approximation used throughout our present study and suggest rules for actual array designs. -from Authors

Bayesian parameter estimation in spectral quantitative photoacoustic tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pulkkinen, Aki; Cox, Ben T.; Arridge, Simon R.; Kaipio, Jari P.; Tarvainen, Tanja

2016-03-01

Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is an imaging technique combining strong contrast of optical imaging to high spatial resolution of ultrasound imaging. These strengths are achieved via photoacoustic effect, where a spatial absorption of light pulse is converted into a measurable propagating ultrasound wave. The method is seen as a potential tool for small animal imaging, pre-clinical investigations, study of blood vessels and vasculature, as well as for cancer imaging. The goal in PAT is to form an image of the absorbed optical energy density field via acoustic inverse problem approaches from the measured ultrasound data. Quantitative PAT (QPAT) proceeds from these images and forms quantitative estimates of the optical properties of the target. This optical inverse problem of QPAT is illposed. To alleviate the issue, spectral QPAT (SQPAT) utilizes PAT data formed at multiple optical wavelengths simultaneously with optical parameter models of tissue to form quantitative estimates of the parameters of interest. In this work, the inverse problem of SQPAT is investigated. Light propagation is modelled using the diffusion equation. Optical absorption is described with chromophore concentration weighted sum of known chromophore absorption spectra. Scattering is described by Mie scattering theory with an exponential power law. In the inverse problem, the spatially varying unknown parameters of interest are the chromophore concentrations, the Mie scattering parameters (power law factor and the exponent), and Gruneisen parameter. The inverse problem is approached with a Bayesian method. It is numerically demonstrated, that estimation of all parameters of interest is possible with the approach.

Infrasound data inversion for atmospheric sounding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lalande, J.-M.; Sèbe, O.; Landès, M.; Blanc-Benon, Ph.; Matoza, R. S.; Le Pichon, A.; Blanc, E.

2012-07-01

The International Monitoring System (IMS) of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) continuously records acoustic waves in the 0.01-10 Hz frequency band, known as infrasound. These waves propagate through the layered structure of the atmosphere. Coherent infrasonic waves are produced by a variety of anthropogenic and natural sources and their propagation is controlled by spatiotemporal variations of temperature and wind velocity. Natural stratification of atmospheric properties (e.g. temperature, density and winds) forms waveguides, allowing long-range propagation of infrasound waves. However, atmospheric specifications used in infrasound propagation modelling suffer from lack and sparsity of available data above an altitude of 50 km. As infrasound can propagate in the upper atmosphere up to 120 km, we assume that infrasonic data could be used for sounding the atmosphere, analogous to the use of seismic data to infer solid Earth structure and the use of hydroacoustic data to infer oceanic structure. We therefore develop an inversion scheme for vertical atmospheric wind profiles in the framework of an iterative linear inversion. The forward problem is treated in the high-frequency approximation using a Hamiltonian formulation and complete first-order ray perturbation theory is developed to construct the Fréchet derivatives matrix. We introduce a specific parametrization for the unknown model parameters based on Principal Component Analysis. Finally, our algorithm is tested on synthetic data cases spanning different seasonal periods and network configurations. The results show that our approach is suitable for infrasound atmospheric sounding on a regional scale.

Cardiac and non-cardiac causes of T-wave inversion in the precordial leads in adult subjects: A Dutch case series and review of the literature

PubMed Central

Said, Salah AM; Bloo, Rene; de Nooijer, Ramon; Slootweg, Andries

2015-01-01

AIM: To describe the electrocardiographic (ECG) phenomena characterized by T-wave inversion in the precordial leads in adults and to highlight its differential diagnosis. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 8 adult patients who were admitted with ECG T-wave inversion in the anterior chest leads with or without prolongation of corrected QT (QTc) interval. They had different clinical conditions. Each patient underwent appropriate clinical assessment including investigation for myocardial involvement. Single and multimodality non-invasive, semi-invasive and invasive diagnostic approach were used to ascertain the diagnosis. The diagnostic assessment included biochemical investigation, cardiac and abdominal ultrasound, cerebral and chest computed tomography, nuclear medicine and coronary angiography. RESULTS: Eight adult subjects (5 females) with a mean age of 66 years (range 51 to 82) are analyzed. The etiology of T-wave inversion in the precordial leads were diverse. On admission, all patients had normal blood pressure and the ECG showed sinus rhythm. Five patients showed marked prolongation of the QTc interval. The longest QTc interval (639 ms) was found in the patient with pheochromocytoma. Giant T-wave inversion (≥ 10 mm) was found in pheochromocytoma followed by electroconvulsive therapy and finally ischemic heart disease. The deepest T-wave was measured in lead V3 (5 ×). In 3 patients presented with mild T-wave inversion (patients 1, 5 and 4 mm), the QTc interval was not prolonged (432, 409 and 424 msec), respectively. CONCLUSION: T-wave inversion associated with or without QTc prolongation requires meticulous history taking, physical examination and tailored diagnostic modalities to reach rapid and correct diagnosis to establish appropriate therapeutic intervention. PMID:25717356

Research and application of spectral inversion technique in frequency domain to improve resolution of converted PS-wave

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Hua; He, Zhen-Hua; Li, Ya-Lin; Li, Rui; He, Guamg-Ming; Li, Zhong

2017-06-01

Multi-wave exploration is an effective means for improving precision in the exploration and development of complex oil and gas reservoirs that are dense and have low permeability. However, converted wave data is characterized by a low signal-to-noise ratio and low resolution, because the conventional deconvolution technology is easily affected by the frequency range limits, and there is limited scope for improving its resolution. The spectral inversion techniques is used to identify λ/8 thin layers and its breakthrough regarding band range limits has greatly improved the seismic resolution. The difficulty associated with this technology is how to use the stable inversion algorithm to obtain a high-precision reflection coefficient, and then to use this reflection coefficient to reconstruct broadband data for processing. In this paper, we focus on how to improve the vertical resolution of the converted PS-wave for multi-wave data processing. Based on previous research, we propose a least squares inversion algorithm with a total variation constraint, in which we uses the total variance as a priori information to solve under-determined problems, thereby improving the accuracy and stability of the inversion. Here, we simulate the Gaussian fitting amplitude spectrum to obtain broadband wavelet data, which we then process to obtain a higher resolution converted wave. We successfully apply the proposed inversion technology in the processing of high-resolution data from the Penglai region to obtain higher resolution converted wave data, which we then verify in a theoretical test. Improving the resolution of converted PS-wave data will provide more accurate data for subsequent velocity inversion and the extraction of reservoir reflection information.

Estimation of near-surface shear-wave velocity by inversion of Rayleigh waves

USGS Publications Warehouse

Xia, J.; Miller, R.D.; Park, C.B.

1999-01-01

The shear-wave (S-wave) velocity of near-surface materials (soil, rocks, pavement) and its effect on seismic-wave propagation are of fundamental interest in many groundwater, engineering, and environmental studies. Rayleigh-wave phase velocity of a layered-earth model is a function of frequency and four groups of earth properties: P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, density, and thickness of layers. Analysis of the Jacobian matrix provides a measure of dispersion-curve sensitivity to earth properties. S-wave velocities are the dominant influence on a dispersion curve in a high-frequency range (>5 Hz) followed by layer thickness. An iterative solution technique to the weighted equation proved very effective in the high-frequency range when using the Levenberg-Marquardt and singular-value decomposition techniques. Convergence of the weighted solution is guaranteed through selection of the damping factor using the Levenberg-Marquardt method. Synthetic examples demonstrated calculation efficiency and stability of inverse procedures. We verify our method using borehole S-wave velocity measurements.Iterative solutions to the weighted equation by the Levenberg-Marquardt and singular-value decomposition techniques are derived to estimate near-surface shear-wave velocity. Synthetic and real examples demonstrate the calculation efficiency and stability of the inverse procedure. The inverse results of the real example are verified by borehole S-wave velocity measurements.

Perturbational and nonperturbational inversion of Rayleigh-wave velocities

USGS Publications Warehouse

Haney, Matt; Tsai, Victor C.

2017-01-01

The inversion of Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves is a classic geophysical inverse problem. We have developed a set of MATLAB codes that performs forward modeling and inversion of Rayleigh-wave phase or group velocity measurements. We describe two different methods of inversion: a perturbational method based on finite elements and a nonperturbational method based on the recently developed Dix-type relation for Rayleigh waves. In practice, the nonperturbational method can be used to provide a good starting model that can be iteratively improved with the perturbational method. Although the perturbational method is well-known, we solve the forward problem using an eigenvalue/eigenvector solver instead of the conventional approach of root finding. Features of the codes include the ability to handle any mix of phase or group velocity measurements, combinations of modes of any order, the presence of a surface water layer, computation of partial derivatives due to changes in material properties and layer boundaries, and the implementation of an automatic grid of layers that is optimally suited for the depth sensitivity of Rayleigh waves.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dechant, Lawrence J.

Wave packet analysis provides a connection between linear small disturbance theory and subsequent nonlinear turbulent spot flow behavior. The traditional association between linear stability analysis and nonlinear wave form is developed via the method of stationary phase whereby asymptotic (simplified) mean flow solutions are used to estimate dispersion behavior and stationary phase approximation are used to invert the associated Fourier transform. The resulting process typically requires nonlinear algebraic equations inversions that can be best performed numerically, which partially mitigates the value of the approximation as compared to a more complete, e.g. DNS or linear/nonlinear adjoint methods. To obtain a simpler,more » closed-form analytical result, the complete packet solution is modeled via approximate amplitude (linear convected kinematic wave initial value problem) and local sinusoidal (wave equation) expressions. Significantly, the initial value for the kinematic wave transport expression follows from a separable variable coefficient approximation to the linearized pressure fluctuation Poisson expression. The resulting amplitude solution, while approximate in nature, nonetheless, appears to mimic many of the global features, e.g. transitional flow intermittency and pressure fluctuation magnitude behavior. A low wave number wave packet models also recover meaningful auto-correlation and low frequency spectral behaviors.« less

W17_geowave “3D full waveform geophysical models”

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Larmat, Carene; Maceira, Monica; Roy, Corinna

2018-02-12

Performance of the MCMC inversion according to the number of cores for the computation. A) 64 cores. B) 480 cores. C) 816 cores. The true model is represented by the black line. Vsv is the wave speed of S waves polarized in the vertical plane, ξ is an anisotropy parameter. The Earth is highly anisotropics; the wavespeed of seismic waves depends on the polarization of the wave. Seismic inversion of the elastic structure is usually limited to isotropic information such as Vsv. Our research looked at the inversion of Earth anisotropy.

Excitation of parasitic waves near cutoff in forward-wave amplifiers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nusinovich, Gregory S.; Sinitsyn, Oleksandr V.; Antonsen, Thomas M. Jr.

2010-10-15

In this paper, excitation of parasitic waves near cutoff in forward-wave amplifiers is studied in a rather general form. This problem is important for developing high-power sources of coherent, phase controlled short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation because just the waves which can be excited near cutoff have low group velocities. Since the wave coupling to an electron beam is inversely proportional to the group velocity, these waves are the most dangerous parasitic waves preventing stable amplification of desired signal waves. Two effects are analyzed in the paper. The first one is the effect of signal wave parameters on the self-excitation conditions ofmore » such parasitic waves. The second effect is the role of the beam geometry on excitation of these parasitic waves in forward-wave amplifiers with spatially extended interaction space, such as sheet-beam devices. It is shown that a large-amplitude signal wave can greatly influence the self-excitation conditions of the parasitic waves which define stability of operation. Therefore the effect described is important for accurate designing of high-power amplifiers of electromagnetic waves.« less

Joint inversion of fundamental and higher mode Rayleigh waves

USGS Publications Warehouse

Luo, Y.-H.; Xia, J.-H.; Liu, J.-P.; Liu, Q.-S.

2008-01-01

In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of the phase velocity of fundamental and higher mode Rayleigh waves in a six-layer earth model. The results show that fundamental mode is more sensitive to the shear velocities of shallow layers (< 7 m) and concentrated in a very narrow band (around 18 Hz) while higher modes are more sensitive to the parameters of relatively deeper layers and distributed over a wider frequency band. These properties provide a foundation of using a multi-mode joint inversion to define S-wave velocity. Inversion results of both synthetic data and a real-world example demonstrate that joint inversion with the damped least squares method and the SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) technique to invert Rayleigh waves of fundamental and higher modes can effectively reduce the ambiguity and improve the accuracy of inverted S-wave velocities.

Advanced Multivariate Inversion Techniques for High Resolution 3D Geophysical Modeling (Invited)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maceira, M.; Zhang, H.; Rowe, C. A.

2009-12-01

We focus on the development and application of advanced multivariate inversion techniques to generate a realistic, comprehensive, and high-resolution 3D model of the seismic structure of the crust and upper mantle that satisfies several independent geophysical datasets. Building on previous efforts of joint invesion using surface wave dispersion measurements, gravity data, and receiver functions, we have added a fourth dataset, seismic body wave P and S travel times, to the simultaneous joint inversion method. We present a 3D seismic velocity model of the crust and upper mantle of northwest China resulting from the simultaneous, joint inversion of these four data types. Surface wave dispersion measurements are primarily sensitive to seismic shear-wave velocities, but at shallow depths it is difficult to obtain high-resolution velocities and to constrain the structure due to the depth-averaging of the more easily-modeled, longer-period surface waves. Gravity inversions have the greatest resolving power at shallow depths, and they provide constraints on rock density variations. Moreover, while surface wave dispersion measurements are primarily sensitive to vertical shear-wave velocity averages, body wave receiver functions are sensitive to shear-wave velocity contrasts and vertical travel-times. Addition of the fourth dataset, consisting of seismic travel-time data, helps to constrain the shear wave velocities both vertically and horizontally in the model cells crossed by the ray paths. Incorporation of both P and S body wave travel times allows us to invert for both P and S velocity structure, capitalizing on empirical relationships between both wave types’ seismic velocities with rock densities, thus eliminating the need for ad hoc assumptions regarding the Poisson ratios. Our new tomography algorithm is a modification of the Maceira and Ammon joint inversion code, in combination with the Zhang and Thurber TomoDD (double-difference tomography) program.

Time-lapse joint AVO inversion using generalized linear method based on exact Zoeppritz equations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhi, L.; Gu, H.

2017-12-01

The conventional method of time-lapse AVO (Amplitude Versus Offset) inversion is mainly based on the approximate expression of Zoeppritz equations. Though the approximate expression is concise and convenient to use, it has certain limitations. For example, its application condition is that the difference of elastic parameters between the upper medium and lower medium is little and the incident angle is small. In addition, the inversion of density is not stable. Therefore, we develop the method of time-lapse joint AVO inversion based on exact Zoeppritz equations. In this method, we apply exact Zoeppritz equations to calculate the reflection coefficient of PP wave. And in the construction of objective function for inversion, we use Taylor expansion to linearize the inversion problem. Through the joint AVO inversion of seismic data in baseline survey and monitor survey, we can obtain P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, density in baseline survey and their time-lapse changes simultaneously. We can also estimate the oil saturation change according to inversion results. Compared with the time-lapse difference inversion, the joint inversion has a better applicability. It doesn't need some assumptions and can estimate more parameters simultaneously. Meanwhile, by using the generalized linear method, the inversion is easily realized and its calculation amount is small. We use the Marmousi model to generate synthetic seismic records to test and analyze the influence of random noise. Without noise, all estimation results are relatively accurate. With the increase of noise, P-wave velocity change and oil saturation change are stable and less affected by noise. S-wave velocity change is most affected by noise. Finally we use the actual field data of time-lapse seismic prospecting to process and the results can prove the availability and feasibility of our method in actual situation.

Utilization of high-frequency Rayleigh waves in near-surface geophysics

USGS Publications Warehouse

Xia, J.; Miller, R.D.; Park, C.B.; Ivanov, J.; Tian, G.; Chen, C.

2004-01-01

Shear-wave velocities can be derived from inverting the dispersive phase velocity of the surface. The multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) is one technique for inverting high-frequency Rayleigh waves. The process includes acquisition of high-frequency broad-band Rayleigh waves, efficient and accurate algorithms designed to extract Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves from Rayleigh waves, and stable and efficient inversion algorithms to obtain near-surface S-wave velocity profiles. MASW estimates S-wave velocity from multichannel vertical compoent data and consists of data acquisition, dispersion-curve picking, and inversion.

Ambient Noise Interferometry and Surface Wave Array Tomography: Promises and Problems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van der Hilst, R. D.; Yao, H.; de Hoop, M. V.; Campman, X.; Solna, K.

2008-12-01

In the late 1990ies most seismologists would have frowned at the possibility of doing high-resolution surface wave tomography with noise instead of with signal associated with ballistic source-receiver propagation. Some may still do, but surface wave tomography with Green's functions estimated through ambient noise interferometry ('sourceless tomography') has transformed from a curiosity into one of the (almost) standard tools for analysis of data from dense seismograph arrays. Indeed, spectacular applications of ambient noise surface wave tomography have recently been published. For example, application to data from arrays in SE Tibet revealed structures in the crust beneath the Tibetan plateau that could not be resolved by traditional tomography (Yao et al., GJI, 2006, 2008). While the approach is conceptually simple, in application the proverbial devil is in the detail. Full reconstruction of the Green's function requires that the wavefields used are diffusive and that ambient noise energy is evenly distributed in the spatial dimensions of interest. In the field, these conditions are not usually met, and (frequency dependent) non-uniformity of the noise sources may lead to incomplete reconstruction of the Green's function. Furthermore, ambient noise distributions can be time-dependent, and seasonal variations have been documented. Naive use of empirical Green's functions may produce (unknown) bias in the tomographic models. The degrading effect on EGFs of the directionality of noise distribution forms particular challenges for applications beyond isotropic surface wave inversions, such as inversions for (azimuthal) anisotropy and attempts to use higher modes (or body waves). Incomplete Green's function reconstruction can (probably) not be prevented, but it may be possible to reduce the problem and - at least - understand the degree of incomplete reconstruction and prevent it from degrading the tomographic model. We will present examples of Rayleigh wave inversions and discuss strategies to mitigate effects of incomplete Green's function reconstruction on tomographic images.

Reconstructing surface wave profiles from reflected acoustic pulses using multiple receivers.

PubMed

Walstead, Sean P; Deane, Grant B

2014-08-01

Surface wave shapes are determined by analyzing underwater reflected acoustic signals collected at multiple receivers. The transmitted signals are of nominal frequency 300 kHz and are reflected off surface gravity waves that are paddle-generated in a wave tank. An inverse processing algorithm reconstructs 50 surface wave shapes over a length span of 2.10 m. The inverse scheme uses a broadband forward scattering model based on Kirchhoff's diffraction formula to determine wave shapes. The surface reconstruction algorithm is self-starting in that source and receiver geometry and initial estimates of wave shape are determined from the same acoustic signals used in the inverse processing. A high speed camera provides ground-truth measurements of the surface wave field for comparison with the acoustically derived surface waves. Within Fresnel zone regions the statistical confidence of the inversely optimized surface profile exceeds that of the camera profile. Reconstructed surfaces are accurate to a resolution of about a quarter-wavelength of the acoustic pulse only within Fresnel zones associated with each source and receiver pair. Multiple isolated Fresnel zones from multiple receivers extend the spatial extent of accurate surface reconstruction while overlapping Fresnel zones increase confidence in the optimized profiles there.

Joint inversion of apparent resistivity and seismic surface and body wave data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garofalo, Flora; Sauvin, Guillaume; Valentina Socco, Laura; Lecomte, Isabelle

2013-04-01

A novel inversion algorithm has been implemented to jointly invert apparent resistivity curves from vertical electric soundings, surface wave dispersion curves, and P-wave travel times. The algorithm works in the case of laterally varying layered sites. Surface wave dispersion curves and P-wave travel times can be extracted from the same seismic dataset and apparent resistivity curves can be obtained from continuous vertical electric sounding acquisition. The inversion scheme is based on a series of local 1D layered models whose unknown parameters are thickness h, S-wave velocity Vs, P-wave velocity Vp, and Resistivity R of each layer. 1D models are linked to surface-wave dispersion curves and apparent resistivity curves through classical 1D forward modelling, while a 2D model is created by interpolating the 1D models and is linked to refracted P-wave hodograms. A priori information can be included in the inversion and a spatial regularization is introduced as a set of constraints between model parameters of adjacent models and layers. Both a priori information and regularization are weighted by covariance matrixes. We show the comparison of individual inversions and joint inversion for a synthetic dataset that presents smooth lateral variations. Performing individual inversions, the poor sensitivity to some model parameters leads to estimation errors up to 62.5 %, whereas for joint inversion the cooperation of different techniques reduces most of the model estimation errors below 5% with few exceptions up to 39 %, with an overall improvement. Even though the final model retrieved by joint inversion is internally consistent and more reliable, the analysis of the results evidences unacceptable values of Vp/Vs ratio for some layers, thus providing negative Poisson's ratio values. To further improve the inversion performances, an additional constraint is added imposing Poisson's ratio in the range 0-0.5. The final results are globally improved by the introduction of this constraint further reducing the maximum error to 30 %. The same test was performed on field data acquired in a landslide-prone area close by the town of Hvittingfoss, Norway. Seismic data were recorded on two 160-m long profiles in roll-along mode using a 5-kg sledgehammer as source and 24 4.5-Hz vertical geophones with 4-m separation. First-arrival travel times were picked at every shot locations and surface wave dispersion curves extracted at 8 locations for each profile. 2D resistivity measurements were carried out on the same profiles using Gradient and Dipole-Dipole arrays with 2-m electrode spacing. The apparent resistivity curves were extracted at the same location as for the dispersion curves. The data were subsequently jointly inverted and the resulting model compared to individual inversions. Although models from both, individual and joint inversions are consistent, the estimation error is smaller for joint inversion, and more especially for first-arrival travel times. The joint inversion exploits different sensitivities of the methods to model parameters and therefore mitigates solution nonuniqueness and the effects of intrinsic limitations of the different techniques. Moreover, it produces an internally consistent multi-parametric final model that can be profitably interpreted to provide a better understanding of subsurface properties.

Numerical reconstruction of tsunami source using combined seismic, satellite and DART data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krivorotko, Olga; Kabanikhin, Sergey; Marinin, Igor

2014-05-01

Recent tsunamis, for instance, in Japan (2011), in Sumatra (2004), and at the Indian coast (2004) showed that a system of producing exact and timely information about tsunamis is of a vital importance. Numerical simulation is an effective instrument for providing such information. Bottom relief characteristics and the initial perturbation data (a tsunami source) are required for the direct simulation of tsunamis. The seismic data about the source are usually obtained in a few tens of minutes after an event has occurred (the seismic waves velocity being about five hundred kilometres per minute, while the velocity of tsunami waves is less than twelve kilometres per minute). A difference in the arrival times of seismic and tsunami waves can be used when operationally refining the tsunami source parameters and modelling expected tsunami wave height on the shore. The most suitable physical models related to the tsunamis simulation are based on the shallow water equations. The problem of identification parameters of a tsunami source using additional measurements of a passing wave is called inverse tsunami problem. We investigate three different inverse problems of determining a tsunami source using three different additional data: Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) measurements, satellite wave-form images and seismic data. These problems are severely ill-posed. We apply regularization techniques to control the degree of ill-posedness such as Fourier expansion, truncated singular value decomposition, numerical regularization. The algorithm of selecting the truncated number of singular values of an inverse problem operator which is agreed with the error level in measured data is described and analyzed. In numerical experiment we used gradient methods (Landweber iteration and conjugate gradient method) for solving inverse tsunami problems. Gradient methods are based on minimizing the corresponding misfit function. To calculate the gradient of the misfit function, the adjoint problem is solved. The conservative finite-difference schemes for solving the direct and adjoint problems in the approximation of shallow water are constructed. Results of numerical experiments of the tsunami source reconstruction are presented and discussed. We show that using a combination of three different types of data allows one to increase the stability and efficiency of tsunami source reconstruction. Non-profit organization WAPMERR (World Agency of Planetary Monitoring and Earthquake Risk Reduction) in collaboration with Informap software development department developed the Integrated Tsunami Research and Information System (ITRIS) to simulate tsunami waves and earthquakes, river course changes, coastal zone floods, and risk estimates for coastal constructions at wave run-ups and earthquakes. The special scientific plug-in components are embedded in a specially developed GIS-type graphic shell for easy data retrieval, visualization and processing. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 12-01-00773 'Theory and Numerical Methods for Solving Combined Inverse Problems of Mathematical Physics') and interdisciplinary project of SB RAS 14 'Inverse Problems and Applications: Theory, Algorithms, Software'.

Joint Inversion of Body-Wave Arrival Times and Surface-Wave Dispersion Data for Three-Dimensional Seismic Velocity Structure Around SAFOD

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, H.; Thurber, C. H.; Maceira, M.; Roux, P.

2013-12-01

The crust around the San Andreas Fault Observatory at depth (SAFOD) has been the subject of many geophysical studies aimed at characterizing in detail the fault zone structure and elucidating the lithologies and physical properties of the surrounding rocks. Seismic methods in particular have revealed the complex two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) structure of the crustal volume around SAFOD and the strong velocity reduction in the fault damage zone. In this study we conduct a joint inversion using body-wave arrival times and surface-wave dispersion data to image the P-and S-wave velocity structure of the upper crust surrounding SAFOD. The two data types have complementary strengths - the body-wave data have good resolution at depth, albeit only where there are crossing rays between sources and receivers, whereas the surface waves have very good near-surface resolution and are not dependent on the earthquake source distribution because they are derived from ambient noise. The body-wave data are from local earthquakes and explosions, comprising the dataset analyzed by Zhang et al. (2009). The surface-wave data are for Love waves from ambient noise correlations, and are from Roux et al. (2011). The joint inversion code is based on the regional-scale version of the double-difference (DD) tomography algorithm tomoDD. The surface-wave inversion code that is integrated into the joint inversion algorithm is from Maceira and Ammon (2009). The propagator matrix solver in the algorithm DISPER80 (Saito, 1988) is used for the forward calculation of dispersion curves from layered velocity models. We examined how the structural models vary as we vary the relative weighting of the fit to the two data sets and in comparison to the previous separate inversion results. The joint inversion with the 'optimal' weighting shows more clearly the U-shaped local structure from the Buzzard Canyon Fault on the west side of SAF to the Gold Hill Fault on the east side.

Agradient velocity, vortical motion and gravity waves in a rotating shallow-water model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sutyrin Georgi, G.

2004-07-01

A new approach to modelling slow vortical motion and fast inertia-gravity waves is suggested within the rotating shallow-water primitive equations with arbitrary topography. The velocity is exactly expressed as a sum of the gradient wind, described by the Bernoulli function,B, and the remaining agradient part, proportional to the velocity tendency. Then the equation for inverse potential vorticity,Q, as well as momentum equations for agradient velocity include the same source of intrinsic flow evolution expressed as a single term J (B, Q), where J is the Jacobian operator (for any steady state J (B, Q) = 0). Two components of agradient velocity are responsible for the fast inertia-gravity wave propagation similar to the traditionally used divergence and ageostrophic vorticity. This approach allows for the construction of balance relations for vortical dynamics and potential vorticity inversion schemes even for moderate Rossby and Froude numbers assuming the characteristic value of |J(B, Q)| = to be small. The components of agradient velocity are used as the fast variables slaved to potential vorticity that allows for diagnostic estimates of the velocity tendency, the direct potential vorticity inversion with the accuracy of 2 and the corresponding potential vorticity-conserving agradient velocity balance model (AVBM). The ultimate limitations of constructing the balance are revealed in the form of the ellipticity condition for balanced tendency of the Bernoulli function which incorporates both known criteria of the formal stability: the gradient wind modified by the characteristic vortical Rossby wave phase speed should be subcritical. The accuracy of the AVBM is illustrated by considering the linear normal modes and coastal Kelvin waves in the f-plane channel with topography.

Significance of deep T-wave inversions in asymptomatic athletes with normal cardiovascular examinations: practical solutions for managing the diagnostic conundrum

PubMed Central

Wilson, M G; Sharma, S; Carré, F; Charron, P; Richard, P; O'Hanlon, R; Prasad, S K; Heidbuchel, H; Brugada, J; Salah, O; Sheppard, M; George, K P; Whyte, G; Hamilton, B; Chalabi, H

2012-01-01

Preparticipation screening programmes for underlying cardiac pathologies are now commonplace for many international sporting organisations. However, providing medical clearance for an asymptomatic athlete without a family history of sudden cardiac death (SCD) is especially challenging when the athlete demonstrates particularly abnormal repolarisation patterns, highly suggestive of an inherited cardiomyopathy or channelopathy. Deep T-wave inversions of ≥2 contiguous anterior or lateral leads (but not aVR, and III) are of major concern for sports cardiologists who advise referring team physicians, as these ECG alterations are a recognised manifestation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Subsequently, inverted T-waves may represent the first and only sign of an inherited heart muscle disease, in the absence of any other features and before structural changes in the heart can be detected. However, to date, there remains little evidence that deep T-wave inversions are always pathognomonic of either a cardiomyopathy or an ion channel disorder in an asymptomatic athlete following long-term follow-up. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of the prevalence of T-wave inversion in athletes and examine T-wave inversion and its relationship to structural heart disease, notably HCM and ARVC with a view to identify young athletes at risk of SCD during sport. Finally, the review proposes clinical management pathways (including genetic testing) for asymptomatic athletes demonstrating significant T-wave inversion with structurally normal hearts. PMID:23097480

Significance of deep T-wave inversions in asymptomatic athletes with normal cardiovascular examinations: practical solutions for managing the diagnostic conundrum.

PubMed

Wilson, M G; Sharma, S; Carré, F; Charron, P; Richard, P; O'Hanlon, R; Prasad, S K; Heidbuchel, H; Brugada, J; Salah, O; Sheppard, M; George, K P; Whyte, G; Hamilton, B; Chalabi, H

2012-11-01

Preparticipation screening programmes for underlying cardiac pathologies are now commonplace for many international sporting organisations. However, providing medical clearance for an asymptomatic athlete without a family history of sudden cardiac death (SCD) is especially challenging when the athlete demonstrates particularly abnormal repolarisation patterns, highly suggestive of an inherited cardiomyopathy or channelopathy. Deep T-wave inversions of ≥ 2 contiguous anterior or lateral leads (but not aVR, and III) are of major concern for sports cardiologists who advise referring team physicians, as these ECG alterations are a recognised manifestation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Subsequently, inverted T-waves may represent the first and only sign of an inherited heart muscle disease, in the absence of any other features and before structural changes in the heart can be detected. However, to date, there remains little evidence that deep T-wave inversions are always pathognomonic of either a cardiomyopathy or an ion channel disorder in an asymptomatic athlete following long-term follow-up. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of the prevalence of T-wave inversion in athletes and examine T-wave inversion and its relationship to structural heart disease, notably HCM and ARVC with a view to identify young athletes at risk of SCD during sport. Finally, the review proposes clinical management pathways (including genetic testing) for asymptomatic athletes demonstrating significant T-wave inversion with structurally normal hearts.

Picosecond, tunable, high-brightness hard x-ray inverse Compton source at Duke storage ring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Litvinenko, Vladimir N.; Wu, Ying; Burnham, Bentley; Barnett, Genevieve A.; Madey, John M. J.

1995-09-01

We suggest a state-of-the art x-ray source using a compact electron storage ring with modest energy (less than 1 GeV) and a high power mm-wave as an undulator. A source of this type has x-ray energies and brightness comparable with third generation synchrotron light sources while it can be very compact and fit in a small university or industrial laboratory or hospital. We propose to operate an isochronous mm-wave FEL and a hard x-ray inverse Compton source at the Duke storage ring to test this concept. Resonant FEL conditions for the mm- wave will be provided by the off-axis interaction with an electromagnetic wave. A special optical resonator with holes for the e-beam is proposed for pumping a hard x-ray inverse Compton source with very high brightness. Simulation results of mm-wave FEL operation of the Duke storage ring are discussed. Expected performance of mm-wave FEL and hard x-ray inverse Compton source are presented.

Identification of moving sinusoidal wave loads for sensor structural configuration by finite element inverse method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, B.; Yu, S.

2018-03-01

In this paper, a beam structure of composite materials with elastic foundation supports is established as the sensor model, which propagates moving sinusoidal wave loads. The inverse Finite Element Method (iFEM) is applied for reconstructing moving wave loads which are compared with true wave loads. The conclusion shows that iFEM is accurate and robust in the determination of wave propagation. This helps to seek a suitable new wave sensor method.

Steepening of Waves at the Duskside Magnetopause

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Plaschke, F.; Kahr, N.; Fischer, D.; Nakamura, R.; Baumjohann, W.; Magnes, W.; Burch, J. L.; Torbert, R.; Russell, C. T.; Giles, B. L.;

Wave tilt sounding of multilayered structures. [for probing of stratified planetary surface electrical properties and thickness

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Warne, L.; Jaggard, D. L.; Elachi, C.

1979-01-01

The relationship between the wave tilt and the electrical parameters of a multilayered structure is investigated. Particular emphasis is placed on the inverse problem associated with the sounding planetary surfaces. An inversion technique, based on multifrequency wave tilt, is proposed and demonstrated with several computer models. It is determined that there is close agreement between the electrical parameters used in the models and those in the inversion values.

A highly accurate finite-difference method with minimum dispersion error for solving the Helmholtz equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Zedong; Alkhalifah, Tariq

2018-07-01

Numerical simulation of the acoustic wave equation in either isotropic or anisotropic media is crucial to seismic modeling, imaging and inversion. Actually, it represents the core computation cost of these highly advanced seismic processing methods. However, the conventional finite-difference method suffers from severe numerical dispersion errors and S-wave artifacts when solving the acoustic wave equation for anisotropic media. We propose a method to obtain the finite-difference coefficients by comparing its numerical dispersion with the exact form. We find the optimal finite difference coefficients that share the dispersion characteristics of the exact equation with minimal dispersion error. The method is extended to solve the acoustic wave equation in transversely isotropic (TI) media without S-wave artifacts. Numerical examples show that the method is highly accurate and efficient.

Using 3D Simulation of Elastic Wave Propagation in Laplace Domain for Electromagnetic-Seismic Inverse Modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Petrov, P.; Newman, G. A.

2010-12-01

Quantitative imaging of the subsurface objects is essential part of modern geophysical technology important in oil and gas exploration and wide-range engineering applications. A significant advancement in developing a robust, high resolution imaging technology is concerned with using the different geophysical measurements (gravity, EM and seismic) sense the subsurface structure. A joint image of the subsurface geophysical attributes (velocity, electrical conductivity and density) requires the consistent treatment of the different geophysical data (electromagnetic and seismic) due to their differing physical nature - diffusive and attenuated propagation of electromagnetic energy and nonlinear, multiple scattering wave propagation of seismic energy. Recent progress has been reported in the solution of this problem by reducing the complexity of seismic wave field. Works formed by Shin and Cha (2009 and 2008) suggests that low-pass filtering the seismic trace via Laplace-Fourier transformation can be an effective approach for obtaining seismic data that has similar spatial resolution to EM data. The effect of Laplace- Fourier transformation on the low-pass filtered trace changes the modeling of the seismic wave field from multi-wave propagation to diffusion. The key benefit of transformation is that diffusive wave-field inversion works well for both data sets seismic (Shin and Cha, 2008) and electromagnetic (Commer and Newman 2008, Newman et al., 2010). Moreover the different data sets can also be matched for similar and consistent resolution. Finally, the low pass seismic image is also an excellent choice for a starting model when analyzing the entire seismic waveform to recover the high spatial frequency components of the seismic image; its reflectivity (Shin and Cha, 2009). Without a good starting model full waveform seismic imaging and migration can encounter serious difficulties. To produce seismic wave fields consistent for joint imaging in the Laplace-Fourier domain we had developed 3D code for full-wave field simulation in the elastic media which take into account nonlinearity introduced by free-surface effects. Our approach is based on the velocity-stress formulation. In the contrast to conventional formulation we defined the material properties such as density and Lame constants not at nodal points but within cells. This second order finite differences method formulated in the cell-based grid, generate numerical solutions compatible with analytical ones within the range errors determinate by dispersion analysis. Our simulator will be embedded in an inversion scheme for joint seismic- electromagnetic imaging. It also offers possibilities for preconditioning the seismic wave propagation problems in the frequency domain. References. Shin, C. & Cha, Y. (2009), Waveform inversion in the Laplace-Fourier domain, Geophys. J. Int. 177(3), 1067- 1079. Shin, C. & Cha, Y. H. (2008), Waveform inversion in the Laplace domain, Geophys. J. Int. 173(3), 922-931. Commer, M. & Newman, G. (2008), New advances in three-dimensional controlled-source electromagnetic inversion, Geophys. J. Int. 172(2), 513-535. Newman, G. A., Commer, M. & Carazzone, J. J. (2010), Imaging CSEM data in the presence of electrical anisotropy, Geophysics, in press.

Magnetic helicity conservation and inverse energy cascade in electron magnetohydrodynamic wave packets.

PubMed

Cho, Jungyeon

2011-05-13

Electron magnetohydrodynamics (EMHD) provides a fluidlike description of small-scale magnetized plasmas. An EMHD wave propagates along magnetic field lines. The direction of propagation can be either parallel or antiparallel to the magnetic field lines. We numerically study propagation of three-dimensional (3D) EMHD wave packets moving in one direction. We obtain two major results. (1) Unlike its magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) counterpart, an EMHD wave packet is dispersive. Because of this, EMHD wave packets traveling in one direction create opposite-traveling wave packets via self-interaction and cascade energy to smaller scales. (2) EMHD wave packets traveling in one direction clearly exhibit inverse energy cascade. We find that the latter is due to conservation of magnetic helicity. We compare inverse energy cascade in 3D EMHD turbulence and two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic turbulence.

Full Waveform Inversion of Diving & Reflected Waves based on Scale Separation for Velocity and Impedance Imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brossier, Romain; Zhou, Wei; Operto, Stéphane; Virieux, Jean

2015-04-01

Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) is an appealing method for quantitative high-resolution subsurface imaging (Virieux et al., 2009). For crustal-scales exploration from surface seismic, FWI generally succeeds in recovering a broadband of wavenumbers in the shallow part of the targeted medium taking advantage of the broad scattering-angle provided by both reflected and diving waves. In contrast, deeper targets are often only illuminated by short-spread reflections, which favor the reconstruction of the short wavelengths at the expense of the longer ones, leading to a possible notch in the intermediate part of the wavenumber spectrum. To update the velocity macromodel from reflection data, image-domain strategies (e.g., Symes & Carazzone, 1991) aim to maximize a semblance criterion in the migrated domain. Alternatively, recent data-domain strategies (e.g., Xu et al., 2012, Ma & Hale, 2013, Brossier et al., 2014), called Reflection FWI (RFWI), inspired by Chavent et al. (1994), rely on a scale separation between the velocity macromodel and prior knowledge of the reflectivity to emphasize the transmission regime in the sensitivity kernel of the inversion. However, all these strategies focus on reflected waves only, discarding the low-wavenumber information carried out by diving waves. With the current development of very long-offset and wide-azimuth acquisitions, a significant part of the recorded energy is provided by diving waves and subcritical reflections, and high-resolution tomographic methods should take advantage of all types of waves. In this presentation, we will first review the issues of classical FWI when applied to reflected waves and how RFWI is able to retrieve the long wavelength of the model. We then propose a unified formulation of FWI (Zhou et al., 2014) to update the low wavenumbers of the velocity model by the joint inversion of diving and reflected arrivals, while the impedance model is updated thanks to reflected wave only. An alternate inversion of high wavenumber impedance model and low wavenumber velocity model is performed to iteratively improve subsurface models. References : Brossier, R., Operto, S. & Virieux, J., 2014. Velocity model building from seismic reflection data by full waveform inversion, Geophysical Prospecting, doi:10.1111/1365-2478.12190 Chavent, G., Clément, F. & Gomez, S., 1994.Automatic determination of velocities via migration-based traveltime waveform inversion: A synthetic data example, SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1994, pp. 1179--1182. Ma, Y. & Hale, D., 2013. Wave-equation reflection traveltime inversion with dynamic warping and full waveform inversion, Geophysics, 78(6), R223--R233. Symes, W.W. & Carazzone, J.J., 1991. Velocity inversion by differential semblance optimization, Geophysics, 56, 654--663. Virieux, J. & Operto, S., 2009. An overview of full waveform inversion in exploration geophysics, Geophysics, 74(6), WCC1--WCC26. Xu, S., Wang, D., Chen, F., Lambaré, G. & Zhang, Y., 2012. Inversion on reflected seismic wave, SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2012, pp. 1--7. Zhou, W., Brossier, R., Operto, S., & Virieux, J., 2014. Acoustic multiparameter full-waveform inversion through a hierachical scheme, in SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2014, pp. 1249--1253

Estimation of elastic moduli in a compressible Gibson half-space by inverting Rayleigh-wave phase velocity

USGS Publications Warehouse

Xia, J.; Xu, Y.; Miller, R.D.; Chen, C.

2006-01-01

A Gibson half-space model (a non-layered Earth model) has the shear modulus varying linearly with depth in an inhomogeneous elastic half-space. In a half-space of sedimentary granular soil under a geostatic state of initial stress, the density and the Poisson's ratio do not vary considerably with depth. In such an Earth body, the dynamic shear modulus is the parameter that mainly affects the dispersion of propagating waves. We have estimated shear-wave velocities in the compressible Gibson half-space by inverting Rayleigh-wave phase velocities. An analytical dispersion law of Rayleigh-type waves in a compressible Gibson half-space is given in an algebraic form, which makes our inversion process extremely simple and fast. The convergence of the weighted damping solution is guaranteed through selection of the damping factor using the Levenberg-Marquardt method. Calculation efficiency is achieved by reconstructing a weighted damping solution using singular value decomposition techniques. The main advantage of this algorithm is that only three parameters define the compressible Gibson half-space model. Theoretically, to determine the model by the inversion, only three Rayleigh-wave phase velocities at different frequencies are required. This is useful in practice where Rayleigh-wave energy is only developed in a limited frequency range or at certain frequencies as data acquired at manmade structures such as dams and levees. Two real examples are presented and verified by borehole S-wave velocity measurements. The results of these real examples are also compared with the results of the layered-Earth model. ?? Springer 2006.

Model Parameterization and P-wave AVA Direct Inversion for Young's Impedance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zong, Zhaoyun; Yin, Xingyao

2017-05-01

AVA inversion is an important tool for elastic parameters estimation to guide the lithology prediction and "sweet spot" identification of hydrocarbon reservoirs. The product of the Young's modulus and density (named as Young's impedance in this study) is known as an effective lithology and brittleness indicator of unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs. Density is difficult to predict from seismic data, which renders the estimation of the Young's impedance inaccurate in conventional approaches. In this study, a pragmatic seismic AVA inversion approach with only P-wave pre-stack seismic data is proposed to estimate the Young's impedance to avoid the uncertainty brought by density. First, based on the linearized P-wave approximate reflectivity equation in terms of P-wave and S-wave moduli, the P-wave approximate reflectivity equation in terms of the Young's impedance is derived according to the relationship between P-wave modulus, S-wave modulus, Young's modulus and Poisson ratio. This equation is further compared to the exact Zoeppritz equation and the linearized P-wave approximate reflectivity equation in terms of P- and S-wave velocities and density, which illustrates that this equation is accurate enough to be used for AVA inversion when the incident angle is within the critical angle. Parameter sensitivity analysis illustrates that the high correlation between the Young's impedance and density render the estimation of the Young's impedance difficult. Therefore, a de-correlation scheme is used in the pragmatic AVA inversion with Bayesian inference to estimate Young's impedance only with pre-stack P-wave seismic data. Synthetic examples demonstrate that the proposed approach is able to predict the Young's impedance stably even with moderate noise and the field data examples verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach in Young's impedance estimation and "sweet spots" evaluation.

Shear wave velocity model beneath CBJI station West Java, Indonesia from joint inversion of teleseismic receiver functions and surface wave dispersion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simanungkalit, R. H.; Anggono, T.; Syuhada; Amran, A.; Supriyanto

2018-03-01

Earthquake signal observations around the world allow seismologists to obtain the information of internal structure of the Earth especially the Earth’s crust. In this study, we used joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave group velocities to investigate crustal structure beneath CBJI station in West Java, Indonesia. Receiver function were calculated from earthquakes with magnitude more than 5 and at distance 30°-90°. Surface wave group velocities were calculated using frequency time analysis from earthquakes at distance of 30°- 40°. We inverted shear wave velocity model beneath the station by conducting joint inversion from receiver functions and surface wave dispersions. We suggest that the crustal thickness beneath CBJI station, West Java, Indonesia is about 35 km.

Seismic velocity structure and microearthquake source properties at The Geysers, California, geothermal area

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

O'Connell, D.R.

1986-12-01

The method of progressive hypocenter-velocity inversion has been extended to incorporate S-wave arrival time data and to estimate S-wave velocities in addition to P-wave velocities. S-wave data to progressive inversion does not completely eliminate hypocenter-velocity tradeoffs, but they are substantially reduced. Results of a P and S-wave progressive hypocenter-velocity inversion at The Geysers show that the top of the steam reservoir is clearly defined by a large decrease of V/sub p//V/sub s/ at the condensation zone-production zone contact. The depth interval of maximum steam production coincides with minimum observed V/sub p//V/sub s/, and V/sub p//V/sub s/ increses below the shallowmore » primary production zone suggesting that reservoir rock becomes more fluid saturated. The moment tensor inversion method was applied to three microearthquakes at The Geysers. Estimated principal stress orientations were comparable to those estimated using P-wave firstmotions as constraints. Well constrained principal stress orientations were obtained for one event for which the 17 P-first motions could not distinguish between normal-slip and strike-slip mechanisms. The moment tensor estimates of principal stress orientations were obtained using far fewer stations than required for first-motion focal mechanism solutions. The three focal mechanisms obtained here support the hypothesis that focal mechanisms are a function of depth at The Geysers. Progressive inversion as developed here and the moment tensor inversion method provide a complete approach for determining earthquake locations, P and S-wave velocity structure, and earthquake source mechanisms.« less

Spectra of Baroclinic Inertia-Gravity Wave Turbulence

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Glazman, Roman E.

1996-01-01

Baroclinic inertia-gravity (IG) waves form a persistent background of thermocline depth and sea surface height oscillations. They also contribute to the kinetic energy of horizontal motions in the subsurface layer. Measured by the ratio of water particle velocity to wave phase speed, the wave nonlinearity may be rather high. Given a continuous supply of energy from external sources, nonlinear wave-wave interactions among IG waves would result in inertial cascades of energy, momentum, and wave action. Based on a recently developed theory of wave turbulence in scale-dependent systems, these cascades are investigated and IG wave spectra are derived for an arbitrary degree of wave nonlinearity. Comparisons with satellite-altimetry-based spectra of surface height variations and with energy spectra of horizontal velocity fluctuations show good agreement. The well-known spectral peak at the inertial frequency is thus explained as a result of the inverse cascade. Finally, we discuss a possibility of inferring the internal Rossby radius of deformation and other dynamical properties of the upper thermocline from the spectra of SSH (sea surface height) variations based on altimeter measurements.

Inverse scattering theory: Inverse scattering series method for one dimensional non-compact support potential

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yao, Jie, E-mail: yjie2@uh.edu; Lesage, Anne-Cécile; Hussain, Fazle

2014-12-15

The reversion of the Born-Neumann series of the Lippmann-Schwinger equation is one of the standard ways to solve the inverse acoustic scattering problem. One limitation of the current inversion methods based on the reversion of the Born-Neumann series is that the velocity potential should have compact support. However, this assumption cannot be satisfied in certain cases, especially in seismic inversion. Based on the idea of distorted wave scattering, we explore an inverse scattering method for velocity potentials without compact support. The strategy is to decompose the actual medium as a known single interface reference medium, which has the same asymptoticmore » form as the actual medium and a perturbative scattering potential with compact support. After introducing the method to calculate the Green’s function for the known reference potential, the inverse scattering series and Volterra inverse scattering series are derived for the perturbative potential. Analytical and numerical examples demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of this method. Besides, to ensure stability of the numerical computation, the Lanczos averaging method is employed as a filter to reduce the Gibbs oscillations for the truncated discrete inverse Fourier transform of each order. Our method provides a rigorous mathematical framework for inverse acoustic scattering with a non-compact support velocity potential.« less

Wavelet-based multiscale adjoint waveform-difference tomography using body and surface waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yuan, Y. O.; Simons, F. J.; Bozdag, E.

2014-12-01

We present a multi-scale scheme for full elastic waveform-difference inversion. Using a wavelet transform proves to be a key factor to mitigate cycle-skipping effects. We start with coarse representations of the seismogram to correct a large-scale background model, and subsequently explain the residuals in the fine scales of the seismogram to map the heterogeneities with great complexity. We have previously applied the multi-scale approach successfully to body waves generated in a standard model from the exploration industry: a modified two-dimensional elastic Marmousi model. With this model we explored the optimal choice of wavelet family, number of vanishing moments and decomposition depth. For this presentation we explore the sensitivity of surface waves in waveform-difference tomography. The incorporation of surface waves is rife with cycle-skipping problems compared to the inversions considering body waves only. We implemented an envelope-based objective function probed via a multi-scale wavelet analysis to measure the distance between predicted and target surface-wave waveforms in a synthetic model of heterogeneous near-surface structure. Our proposed method successfully purges the local minima present in the waveform-difference misfit surface. An elastic shallow model with 100~m in depth is used to test the surface-wave inversion scheme. We also analyzed the sensitivities of surface waves and body waves in full waveform inversions, as well as the effects of incorrect density information on elastic parameter inversions. Based on those numerical experiments, we ultimately formalized a flexible scheme to consider both body and surface waves in adjoint tomography. While our early examples are constructed from exploration-style settings, our procedure will be very valuable for the study of global network data.

Frequency domain, waveform inversion of laboratory crosswell radar data

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ellefsen, Karl J.; Mazzella, Aldo T.; Horton, Robert J.; McKenna, Jason R.

2010-01-01

A new waveform inversion for crosswell radar is formulated in the frequency-domain for a 2.5D model. The inversion simulates radar waves using the vector Helmholtz equation for electromagnetic waves. The objective function is minimized using a backpropagation method suitable for a 2.5D model. The inversion is tested by processing crosswell radar data collected in a laboratory tank. The estimated model is consistent with the known electromagnetic properties of the tank. The formulation for the 2.5D model can be extended to inversions of acoustic and elastic data.

Planetary wave-gravity wave interactions during mesospheric inversion layer events

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramesh, K.; Sridharan, S.; Raghunath, K.; Vijaya Bhaskara Rao, S.; Bhavani Kumar, Y.

2013-07-01

lidar temperature observations over Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E) show a few mesospheric inversion layer (MIL) events during 20-25 January 2007. The zonal mean removed SABER temperature shows warm anomalies around 50°E and 275°E indicating the presence of planetary wave of zonal wave number 2. The MIL amplitudes in SABER temperature averaged for 10°N-15°N and 70°E-90°E show a clear 2 day wave modulation during 20-28 January 2007. Prior to 20 January 2007, a strong 2day wave (zonal wave number 2) is observed in the height region of 80-90 km and it gets largely suppressed during 20-26 January 2007 as the condition for vertical propagation is not favorable, though it prevails at lower heights. The 10 day mean zonal wind over Tirunelveli (8.7°N, 77.8°E) shows deceleration of eastward winds indicating the westward drag due to wave dissipation. The nightly mean MF radar observed zonal winds show the presence of alternating eastward and westward winds during the period of 20-26 January 2007. The two dimensional spectrum of Rayleigh lidar temperature observations available for the nights of 20, 22, and 24 January 2007 shows the presence of gravity wave activity with periods 18 min, 38 min, 38 min, and vertical wavelengths 6.4 km, 4.0 km, 6.4 km respectively. From the dispersion relation of gravity waves, it is inferred that these waves are internal gravity waves rather than inertia gravity waves with the horizontal phase speeds of ~40 m/s, ~37 m/s, and ~50 m/s respectively. Assuming the gravity waves are eastward propagating waves, they get absorbed only in the eastward local wind fields of the planetary wave thereby causing turbulence and eddy diffusion which can be inferred from the estimation of large drag force due to the breaking of gravity wave leading to the formation of large amplitude inversion events in alternate nights. The present study shows that, the mesospheric temperature inversion is caused mainly due to the gravity wave breaking and the inversion amplitude may get modulated by the interaction between gravity waves and planetary waves. The eddy diffusion associated with gravity wave drag may also cause suppression in the planetary wave activity.

Method for the preparation of metal colloids in inverse micelles and product preferred by the method

DOEpatents

Wilcoxon, Jess P.

1992-01-01

A method is provided for preparing catalytic elemental metal colloidal particles (e.g. gold, palladium, silver, rhodium, iridium, nickel, iron, platinum, molybdenum) or colloidal alloy particles (silver/iridium or platinum/gold). A homogeneous inverse micelle solution of a metal salt is first formed in a metal-salt solvent comprised of a surfactant (e.g. a nonionic or cationic surfactant) and an organic solvent. The size and number of inverse micelles is controlled by the proportions of the surfactant and the solvent. Then, the metal salt is reduced (by chemical reduction or by a pulsed or continuous wave UV laser) to colloidal particles of elemental metal. After their formation, the colloidal metal particles can be stabilized by reaction with materials that permanently add surface stabilizing groups to the surface of the colloidal metal particles. The sizes of the colloidal elemental metal particles and their size distribution is determined by the size and number of the inverse micelles. A second salt can be added with further reduction to form the colloidal alloy particles. After the colloidal elemental metal particles are formed, the homogeneous solution distributes to two phases, one phase rich in colloidal elemental metal particles and the other phase rich in surfactant. The colloidal elemental metal particles from one phase can be dried to form a powder useful as a catalyst. Surfactant can be recovered and recycled from the phase rich in surfactant.

Joint body and surface wave tomography applied to the Toba caldera complex (Indonesia)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jaxybulatov, Kairly; Koulakov, Ivan; Shapiro, Nikolai

2016-04-01

We developed a new algorithm for a joint body and surface wave tomography. The algorithm is a modification of the existing LOTOS code (Koulakov, 2009) developed for local earthquake tomography. The input data for the new method are travel times of P and S waves and dispersion curves of Rayleigh and Love waves. The main idea is that the two data types have complementary sensitivities. The body-wave data have good resolution at depth, where we have enough crossing rays between sources and receivers, whereas the surface waves have very good near-surface resolution. The surface wave dispersion curves can be retrieved from the correlations of the ambient seismic noise and in this case the sampled path distribution does not depend on the earthquake sources. The contributions of the two data types to the inversion are controlled by the weighting of the respective equations. One of the clearest cases where such approach may be useful are volcanic systems in subduction zones with their complex magmatic feeding systems that have deep roots in the mantle and intermediate magma chambers in the crust. In these areas, the joint inversion of different types of data helps us to build a comprehensive understanding of the entire system. We apply our algorithm to data collected in the region surrounding the Toba caldera complex (north Sumatra, Indonesia) during two temporary seismic experiments (IRIS, PASSCAL, 1995, GFZ, LAKE TOBA, 2008). We invert 6644 P and 5240 S wave arrivals and ~500 group velocity dispersion curves of Rayleigh and Love waves. We present a series of synthetic tests and real data inversions which show that joint inversion approach gives more reliable results than the separate inversion of two data types. Koulakov, I., LOTOS code for local earthquake tomographic inversion. Benchmarks for testing tomographic algorithms, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 99(1), 194-214, 2009, doi:10.1785/0120080013

Apical hypertrophy associated with rapid T wave inversion on the electrocardiogram.

PubMed

Yamanari, H; Saito, D; Mikio, K; Nakamura, K; Nanba, T; Morita, H; Mizuo, K; Sato, T; Ohe, T

1995-01-01

A 53-year-old man who had no chest pain and no family history of heart disease demonstrated a rapid T wave change on an electrocardiogram, from a positive T wave to a giant negative T wave, within 1 year. Echocardiography showed no left ventricular hypertrophy before or after the T wave change. Cine-magnetic resonance imaging revealed focal apical hypertrophy after the appearance of the giant negative T wave. Although T wave inversions sometimes develop within a short period in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, they are rare in a patient without hypertension or chest pain.

Visco-elastic controlled-source full waveform inversion without surface waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paschke, Marco; Krause, Martin; Bleibinhaus, Florian

2016-04-01

We developed a frequency-domain visco-elastic full waveform inversion for onshore seismic experiments with topography. The forward modeling is based on a finite-difference time-domain algorithm by Robertsson that uses the image-method to ensure a stress-free condition at the surface. The time-domain data is Fourier-transformed at every point in the model space during the forward modeling for a given set of frequencies. The motivation for this approach is the reduced amount of memory when computing kernels, and the straightforward implementation of the multiscale approach. For the inversion, we calculate the Frechet derivative matrix explicitly, and we implement a Levenberg-Marquardt scheme that allows for computing the resolution matrix. To reduce the size of the Frechet derivative matrix, and to stabilize the inversion, an adapted inverse mesh is used. The node spacing is controlled by the velocity distribution and the chosen frequencies. To focus the inversion on body waves (P, P-coda, and S) we mute the surface waves from the data. Consistent spatiotemporal weighting factors are applied to the wavefields during the Fourier transform to obtain the corresponding kernels. We test our code with a synthetic study using the Marmousi model with arbitrary topography. This study also demonstrates the importance of topography and muting surface waves in controlled-source full waveform inversion.

Laser Lightcraft Performance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chen, Yen-Sen; Liu, Jiwen; Wei, Hong

2000-01-01

The purpose of this study is to establish the technical ground for modeling the physics of laser powered pulse detonation phenomenon. The principle of the laser power propulsion is that when high-powered laser is focused at a small area near the surface of a thruster, the intense energy causes the electrical breakdown of the working fluid (e.g. air) and forming high speed plasma (known as the inverse Bremsstrahlung, IB, effect). The intense heat and high pressure created in the plasma consequently causes the surrounding to heat up and expand until the thrust producing shock waves are formed. This complex process of gas ionization, increase in radiation absorption and the forming of plasma and shock waves will be investigated in the development of the present numerical model. In the first phase of this study, laser light focusing, radiation absorption and shock wave propagation over the entire pulsed cycle are modeled. The model geometry and test conditions of known benchmark experiments such as those in Myrabo's experiment will be employed in the numerical model validation simulations. The calculated performance data will be compared to the test data.

An effective medium inversion algorithm for gas hydrate quantification and its application to laboratory and borehole measurements of gas hydrate-bearing sediments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chand, Shyam; Minshull, Tim A.; Priest, Jeff A.; Best, Angus I.; Clayton, Christopher R. I.; Waite, William F.

2006-08-01

The presence of gas hydrate in marine sediments alters their physical properties. In some circumstances, gas hydrate may cement sediment grains together and dramatically increase the seismic P- and S-wave velocities of the composite medium. Hydrate may also form a load-bearing structure within the sediment microstructure, but with different seismic wave attenuation characteristics, changing the attenuation behaviour of the composite. Here we introduce an inversion algorithm based on effective medium modelling to infer hydrate saturations from velocity and attenuation measurements on hydrate-bearing sediments. The velocity increase is modelled as extra binding developed by gas hydrate that strengthens the sediment microstructure. The attenuation increase is modelled through a difference in fluid flow properties caused by different permeabilities in the sediment and hydrate microstructures. We relate velocity and attenuation increases in hydrate-bearing sediments to their hydrate content, using an effective medium inversion algorithm based on the self-consistent approximation (SCA), differential effective medium (DEM) theory, and Biot and squirt flow mechanisms of fluid flow. The inversion algorithm is able to convert observations in compressional and shear wave velocities and attenuations to hydrate saturation in the sediment pore space. We applied our algorithm to a data set from the Mallik 2L-38 well, Mackenzie delta, Canada, and to data from laboratory measurements on gas-rich and water-saturated sand samples. Predictions using our algorithm match the borehole data and water-saturated laboratory data if the proportion of hydrate contributing to the load-bearing structure increases with hydrate saturation. The predictions match the gas-rich laboratory data if that proportion decreases with hydrate saturation. We attribute this difference to differences in hydrate formation mechanisms between the two environments.

An effective medium inversion algorithm for gas hydrate quantification and its application to laboratory and borehole measurements of gas hydrate-bearing sediments

USGS Publications Warehouse

Chand, S.; Minshull, T.A.; Priest, J.A.; Best, A.I.; Clayton, C.R.I.; Waite, W.F.

2006-01-01

The presence of gas hydrate in marine sediments alters their physical properties. In some circumstances, gas hydrate may cement sediment grains together and dramatically increase the seismic P- and S-wave velocities of the composite medium. Hydrate may also form a load-bearing structure within the sediment microstructure, but with different seismic wave attenuation characteristics, changing the attenuation behaviour of the composite. Here we introduce an inversion algorithm based on effective medium modelling to infer hydrate saturations from velocity and attenuation measurements on hydrate-bearing sediments. The velocity increase is modelled as extra binding developed by gas hydrate that strengthens the sediment microstructure. The attenuation increase is modelled through a difference in fluid flow properties caused by different permeabilities in the sediment and hydrate microstructures. We relate velocity and attenuation increases in hydrate-bearing sediments to their hydrate content, using an effective medium inversion algorithm based on the self-consistent approximation (SCA), differential effective medium (DEM) theory, and Biot and squirt flow mechanisms of fluid flow. The inversion algorithm is able to convert observations in compressional and shear wave velocities and attenuations to hydrate saturation in the sediment pore space. We applied our algorithm to a data set from the Mallik 2L–38 well, Mackenzie delta, Canada, and to data from laboratory measurements on gas-rich and water-saturated sand samples. Predictions using our algorithm match the borehole data and water-saturated laboratory data if the proportion of hydrate contributing to the load-bearing structure increases with hydrate saturation. The predictions match the gas-rich laboratory data if that proportion decreases with hydrate saturation. We attribute this difference to differences in hydrate formation mechanisms between the two environments.

Data-resolution matrix and model-resolution matrix for Rayleigh-wave inversion using a damped least-squares method

USGS Publications Warehouse

Xia, J.; Miller, R.D.; Xu, Y.

2008-01-01

Inversion of multimode surface-wave data is of increasing interest in the near-surface geophysics community. For a given near-surface geophysical problem, it is essential to understand how well the data, calculated according to a layered-earth model, might match the observed data. A data-resolution matrix is a function of the data kernel (determined by a geophysical model and a priori information applied to the problem), not the data. A data-resolution matrix of high-frequency (>2 Hz) Rayleigh-wave phase velocities, therefore, offers a quantitative tool for designing field surveys and predicting the match between calculated and observed data. We employed a data-resolution matrix to select data that would be well predicted and we find that there are advantages of incorporating higher modes in inversion. The resulting discussion using the data-resolution matrix provides insight into the process of inverting Rayleigh-wave phase velocities with higher-mode data to estimate S-wave velocity structure. Discussion also suggested that each near-surface geophysical target can only be resolved using Rayleigh-wave phase velocities within specific frequency ranges, and higher-mode data are normally more accurately predicted than fundamental-mode data because of restrictions on the data kernel for the inversion system. We used synthetic and real-world examples to demonstrate that selected data with the data-resolution matrix can provide better inversion results and to explain with the data-resolution matrix why incorporating higher-mode data in inversion can provide better results. We also calculated model-resolution matrices in these examples to show the potential of increasing model resolution with selected surface-wave data. ?? Birkhaueser 2008.

Waveform inversion for orthorhombic anisotropy with P waves: feasibility and resolution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kazei, Vladimir; Alkhalifah, Tariq

2018-05-01

Various parametrizations have been suggested to simplify inversions of first arrivals, or P waves, in orthorhombic anisotropic media, but the number and type of retrievable parameters have not been decisively determined. We show that only six parameters can be retrieved from the dynamic linearized inversion of P waves. These parameters are different from the six parameters needed to describe the kinematics of P waves. Reflection-based radiation patterns from the P-P scattered waves are remapped into the spectral domain to allow for our resolution analysis based on the effective angle of illumination concept. Singular value decomposition of the spectral sensitivities from various azimuths, offset coverage scenarios and data bandwidths allows us to quantify the resolution of different parametrizations, taking into account the signal-to-noise ratio in a given experiment. According to our singular value analysis, when the primary goal of inversion is determining the velocity of the P waves, gradually adding anisotropy of lower orders (isotropic, vertically transversally isotropic and orthorhombic) in hierarchical parametrization is the best choice. Hierarchical parametrization reduces the trade-off between the parameters and makes gradual introduction of lower anisotropy orders straightforward. When all the anisotropic parameters affecting P-wave propagation need to be retrieved simultaneously, the classic parametrization of orthorhombic medium with elastic stiffness matrix coefficients and density is a better choice for inversion. We provide estimates of the number and set of parameters that can be retrieved from surface seismic data in different acquisition scenarios. To set up an inversion process, the singular values determine the number of parameters that can be inverted and the resolution matrices from the parametrizations can be used to ascertain the set of parameters that can be resolved.

Velocity Structure of the Iran Region Using Seismic and Gravity Observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Syracuse, E. M.; Maceira, M.; Phillips, W. S.; Begnaud, M. L.; Nippress, S. E. J.; Bergman, E.; Zhang, H.

2015-12-01

We present a 3D Vp and Vs model of Iran generated using a joint inversion of body wave travel times, Rayleigh wave dispersion curves, and high-wavenumber filtered Bouguer gravity observations. Our work has two main goals: 1) To better understand the tectonics of a prominent example of continental collision, and 2) To assess the improvements in earthquake location possible as a result of joint inversion. The body wave dataset is mainly derived from previous work on location calibration and includes the first-arrival P and S phases of 2500 earthquakes whose initial locations qualify as GT25 or better. The surface wave dataset consists of Rayleigh wave group velocity measurements for regional earthquakes, which are inverted for a suite of period-dependent Rayleigh wave velocity maps prior to inclusion in the joint inversion for body wave velocities. We use gravity anomalies derived from the global gravity model EGM2008. To avoid mapping broad, possibly dynamic features in the gravity field intovariations in density and body wave velocity, we apply a high-pass wavenumber filter to the gravity measurements. We use a simple, approximate relationship between density and velocity so that the three datasets may be combined in a single inversion. The final optimized 3D Vp and Vs model allows us to explore how multi-parameter tomography addresses crustal heterogeneities in areas of limited coverage and improves travel time predictions. We compare earthquake locations from our models to independent locations obtained from InSAR analysis to assess the improvement in locations derived in a joint-inversion model in comparison to those derived in a more traditional body-wave-only velocity model.

Reducing uncertainties in the velocities determined by inversion of phase velocity dispersion curves using synthetic seismograms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hosseini, Seyed Mehrdad

Characterizing the near-surface shear-wave velocity structure using Rayleigh-wave phase velocity dispersion curves is widespread in the context of reservoir characterization, exploration seismology, earthquake engineering, and geotechnical engineering. This surface seismic approach provides a feasible and low-cost alternative to the borehole measurements. Phase velocity dispersion curves from Rayleigh surface waves are inverted to yield the vertical shear-wave velocity profile. A significant problem with the surface wave inversion is its intrinsic non-uniqueness, and although this problem is widely recognized, there have not been systematic efforts to develop approaches to reduce the pervasive uncertainty that affects the velocity profiles determined by the inversion. Non-uniqueness cannot be easily studied in a nonlinear inverse problem such as Rayleigh-wave inversion and the only way to understand its nature is by numerical investigation which can get computationally expensive and inevitably time consuming. Regarding the variety of the parameters affecting the surface wave inversion and possible non-uniqueness induced by them, a technique should be established which is not controlled by the non-uniqueness that is already affecting the surface wave inversion. An efficient and repeatable technique is proposed and tested to overcome the non-uniqueness problem; multiple inverted shear-wave velocity profiles are used in a wavenumber integration technique to generate synthetic time series resembling the geophone recordings. The similarity between synthetic and observed time series is used as an additional tool along with the similarity between the theoretical and experimental dispersion curves. The proposed method is proven to be effective through synthetic and real world examples. In these examples, the nature of the non-uniqueness is discussed and its existence is shown. Using the proposed technique, inverted velocity profiles are estimated and effectiveness of this technique is evaluated; in the synthetic example, final inverted velocity profile is compared with the initial target velocity model, and in the real world example, final inverted shear-wave velocity profile is compared with the velocity model from independent measurements in a nearby borehole. Real world example shows that it is possible to overcome the non-uniqueness and distinguish the representative velocity profile for the site that also matches well with the borehole measurements.

Decomposing Large Inverse Problems with an Augmented Lagrangian Approach: Application to Joint Inversion of Body-Wave Travel Times and Surface-Wave Dispersion Measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reiter, D. T.; Rodi, W. L.

2015-12-01

Constructing 3D Earth models through the joint inversion of large geophysical data sets presents numerous theoretical and practical challenges, especially when diverse types of data and model parameters are involved. Among the challenges are the computational complexity associated with large data and model vectors and the need to unify differing model parameterizations, forward modeling methods and regularization schemes within a common inversion framework. The challenges can be addressed in part by decomposing the inverse problem into smaller, simpler inverse problems that can be solved separately, providing one knows how to merge the separate inversion results into an optimal solution of the full problem. We have formulated an approach to the decomposition of large inverse problems based on the augmented Lagrangian technique from optimization theory. As commonly done, we define a solution to the full inverse problem as the Earth model minimizing an objective function motivated, for example, by a Bayesian inference formulation. Our decomposition approach recasts the minimization problem equivalently as the minimization of component objective functions, corresponding to specified data subsets, subject to the constraints that the minimizing models be equal. A standard optimization algorithm solves the resulting constrained minimization problems by alternating between the separate solution of the component problems and the updating of Lagrange multipliers that serve to steer the individual solution models toward a common model solving the full problem. We are applying our inversion method to the reconstruction of the·crust and upper-mantle seismic velocity structure across Eurasia.· Data for the inversion comprise a large set of P and S body-wave travel times·and fundamental and first-higher mode Rayleigh-wave group velocities.

Inverse energy cascade and emergence of large coherent vortices in turbulence driven by Faraday waves.

PubMed

Francois, N; Xia, H; Punzmann, H; Shats, M

2013-05-10

We report the generation of large coherent vortices via inverse energy cascade in Faraday wave driven turbulence. The motion of floaters in the Faraday waves is three dimensional, but its horizontal velocity fluctuations show unexpected similarity with two-dimensional turbulence. The inverse cascade is detected by measuring frequency spectra of the Lagrangian velocity, and it is confirmed by computing the third moment of the horizontal velocity fluctuations. This is observed in deep water in a broad range of wavelengths and vertical accelerations. The results broaden the scope of recent findings on Faraday waves in thin layers [A. von Kameke et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 074502 (2011)].

Ripplon laser through stimulated emission mediated by water waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaminski, Samuel; Martin, Leopoldo L.; Maayani, Shai; Carmon, Tal

2016-12-01

Lasers rely on stimulated electronic transition, a quantum phenomenon in the form of population inversion. In contrast, phonon masers depend on stimulated Raman scattering and are entirely classical. Here we extend Raman lasers to rely on capillary waves, which are unique to the liquid phase of matter and relate to the attraction between intimate fluid particles. We fabricate resonators that co-host capillary and optical modes, control them to operate at their non-resolved sideband and observe stimulated capillary scattering and the coherent excitation of capillary resonances at kilohertz rates (which can be heard in audio files recorded by us). By exchanging energy between electromagnetic and capillary waves, we bridge the interfacial tension phenomena at the liquid phase boundary to optics. This approach may impact optofluidics by allowing optical control, interrogation and cooling of water waves.

Iterative image reconstruction in elastic inhomogenous media with application to transcranial photoacoustic tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Poudel, Joemini; Matthews, Thomas P.; Mitsuhashi, Kenji; Garcia-Uribe, Alejandro; Wang, Lihong V.; Anastasio, Mark A.

2017-03-01

Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) is an emerging computed imaging modality that exploits optical contrast and ultrasonic detection principles to form images of the photoacoustically induced initial pressure distribution within tissue. The PACT reconstruction problem corresponds to a time-domain inverse source problem, where the initial pressure distribution is recovered from the measurements recorded on an aperture outside the support of the source. A major challenge in transcranial PACT brain imaging is to compensate for aberrations in the measured data due to the propagation of the photoacoustic wavefields through the skull. To properly account for these effects, a wave equation-based inversion method should be employed that can model the heterogeneous elastic properties of the medium. In this study, an iterative image reconstruction method for 3D transcranial PACT is developed based on the elastic wave equation. To accomplish this, a forward model based on a finite-difference time-domain discretization of the elastic wave equation is established. Subsequently, gradient-based methods are employed for computing penalized least squares estimates of the initial source distribution that produced the measured photoacoustic data. The developed reconstruction algorithm is validated and investigated through computer-simulation studies.

Full Waveform Modelling for Subsurface Characterization with Converted-Wave Seismic Reflection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Triyoso, Wahyu; Oktariena, Madaniya; Sinaga, Edycakra; Syaifuddin, Firman

2017-04-01

While a large number of reservoirs have been explored using P-waves seismic data, P-wave seismic survey ceases to provide adequate result in seismically and geologically challenging areas, like gas cloud, shallow drilling hazards, strong multiples, highly fractured, anisotropy. Most of these reservoir problems can be addressed using P and PS seismic data combination. Multicomponent seismic survey records both P-wave and S-wave unlike conventional survey that only records compressional P-wave. Under certain conditions, conventional energy source can be used to record P and PS data using the fact that compressional wave energy partly converts into shear waves at the reflector. Shear component can be recorded using down going P-wave and upcoming S-wave by placing a horizontal component geophone on the ocean floor. A synthetic model is created based on real data to analyze the effect of gas cloud existence to PP and PS wave reflections which has a similar characteristic to Sub-Volcanic imaging. The challenge within the multicomponent seismic is the different travel time between P-wave and S-wave, therefore the converted-wave seismic data should be processed with different approach. This research will provide a method to determine an optimum converted point known as Common Conversion Point (CCP) that can solve the Asymmetrical Conversion Point of PS data. The value of γ (Vp/Vs) is essential to estimate the right CCP that will be used in converted-wave seismic processing. This research will also continue to the advanced processing method of converted-wave seismic by applying Joint Inversion to PP&PS seismic. Joint Inversion is a simultaneous model-based inversion that estimates the P&S-wave impedance which are consistent with the PP&PS amplitude data. The result reveals a more complex structure mirrored in PS data below the gas cloud area. Through estimated γ section resulted from Joint Inversion, we receive a better imaging improvement below gas cloud area tribute to the converted-wave seismic as additional constrain.

Nonlinear Waves and Inverse Scattering

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-01-01

transform provides a linearization.’ Well known systems include the Kadomtsev - Petviashvili , Davey-Stewartson and Self-Dual Yang-Mills equations . The d...which employs inverse scattering theory in order to linearize the given nonlinear equation . I.S.T. has led to new developments in both fields: inverse...scattering and nonlinear wave equations . Listed below are some of the problems studied and a short description of results. - Multidimensional

Theory and application of equivalent transformation relationships between plane wave and spherical wave

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Yao; Yang, Zailin; Zhang, Jianwei; Yang, Yong

2017-10-01

Based on the governing equations and the equivalent models, we propose an equivalent transformation relationships between a plane wave in a one-dimensional medium and a spherical wave in globular geometry with radially inhomogeneous properties. These equivalent relationships can help us to obtain the analytical solutions of the elastodynamic issues in an inhomogeneous medium. The physical essence of the presented equivalent transformations is the equivalent relationships between the geometry and the material properties. It indicates that the spherical wave problem in globular geometry can be transformed into the plane wave problem in the bar with variable property fields, and its inverse transformation is valid as well. Four different examples of wave motion problems in the inhomogeneous media are solved based on the presented equivalent relationships. We obtain two basic analytical solution forms in Examples I and II, investigate the reflection behavior of inhomogeneous half-space in Example III, and exhibit a special inhomogeneity in Example IV, which can keep the traveling spherical wave in constant amplitude. This study implies that our idea makes solving the associated problem easier.

anisotropic microseismic focal mechanism inversion by waveform imaging matching

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, L.; Chang, X.; Wang, Y.; Xue, Z.

2016-12-01

The focal mechanism is one of the most important parameters in source inversion, for both natural earthquakes and human-induced seismic events. It has been reported to be useful for understanding stress distribution and evaluating the fracturing effect. The conventional focal mechanism inversion method picks the first arrival waveform of P wave. This method assumes the source as a Double Couple (DC) type and the media isotropic, which is usually not the case for induced seismic focal mechanism inversion. For induced seismic events, the inappropriate source and media model in inversion processing, by introducing ambiguity or strong simulation errors, will seriously reduce the inversion effectiveness. First, the focal mechanism contains significant non-DC source type. Generally, the source contains three components: DC, isotropic (ISO) and the compensated linear vector dipole (CLVD), which makes focal mechanisms more complicated. Second, the anisotropy of media will affect travel time and waveform to generate inversion bias. The common way to describe focal mechanism inversion is based on moment tensor (MT) inversion which can be decomposed into the combination of DC, ISO and CLVD components. There are two ways to achieve MT inversion. The wave-field migration method is applied to achieve moment tensor imaging. This method can construct elements imaging of MT in 3D space without picking the first arrival, but the retrieved MT value is influenced by imaging resolution. The full waveform inversion is employed to retrieve MT. In this method, the source position and MT can be reconstructed simultaneously. However, this method needs vast numerical calculation. Moreover, the source position and MT also influence each other in the inversion process. In this paper, the waveform imaging matching (WIM) method is proposed, which combines source imaging with waveform inversion for seismic focal mechanism inversion. Our method uses the 3D tilted transverse isotropic (TTI) elastic wave equation to approximate wave propagating in anisotropic media. First, a source imaging procedure is employed to obtain the source position. Second, we refine a waveform inversion algorithm to retrieve MT. We also use a microseismic data set recorded in surface acquisition to test our method.

Nonlinear Waves and Inverse Scattering

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-09-18

to be published Proceedings: conference Chaos in Australia (February 1990). 5. On the Kadomtsev Petviashvili Equation and Associated Constraints by...Scattering Transfoni (IST). IST is a method which alows one to’solve nonlinear wave equations by solving certain related direct and inverse scattering...problems. We use these results to find solutions to nonlinear wave equations much like one uses Fourier analysis for linear problems. Moreover the

Surface Wave Mode Conversion due to Lateral Heterogeneity and its Impact on Waveform Inversions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Datta, A.; Priestley, K. F.; Chapman, C. H.; Roecker, S. W.

2016-12-01

Surface wave tomography based on great circle ray theory has certain limitations which become increasingly significant with increasing frequency. One such limitation is the assumption of different surface wave modes propagating independently from source to receiver, valid only in case of smoothly varying media. In the real Earth, strong lateral gradients can cause significant interconversion among modes, thus potentially wreaking havoc with ray theory based tomographic inversions that make use of multimode information. The issue of mode coupling (with either normal modes or surface wave modes) for accurate modelling and inversion of body wave data has received significant attention in the seismological literature, but its impact on inversion of surface waveforms themselves remains much less understood.We present an empirical study with synthetic data, to investigate this problem with a two-fold approach. In the first part, 2D forward modelling using a new finite difference method that allows modelling a single mode at a time, is used to build a general picture of energy transfer among modes as a function of size, strength and sharpness of lateral heterogeneities. In the second part, we use the example of a multimode waveform inversion technique based on the Cara and Leveque (1987) approach of secondary observables, to invert our synthetic data and assess how mode conversion can affect the process of imaging the Earth. We pay special attention to ensuring that any biases or artefacts in the resulting inversions can be unambiguously attributed to mode conversion effects. This study helps pave the way towards the next generation of (non-numerical) surface wave tomography techniques geared to exploit higher frequencies and mode numbers than are typically used today.

Simultaneous, Joint Inversion of Seismic Body Wave Travel Times and Satellite Gravity Data for Three-Dimensional Tomographic Imaging of Western Colombia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dionicio, V.; Rowe, C. A.; Maceira, M.; Zhang, H.; Londoño, J.

2009-12-01

We report on the three-dimensional seismic structure of western Colombia determined through the use of a new, simultaneous, joint inversion tomography algorithm. Using data recorded by the national Seismological Network of Colombia (RSNC), we have selected 3,609 earthquakes recorded at 33 sensors distributed throughout the country, with additional data from stations in neighboring countries. 20,338 P-wave arrivals and 17,041 S-wave arrivals are used to invert for structure within a region extending approximately 72.5 to 77.5 degrees West and 2 to 7.5 degrees North. Our algorithm is a modification of the Maceira and Ammon joint inversion code, in combination with the Zhang and Thurber TomoDD (double-difference tomography) program, with a fast LSQR solver operating on the gridded values jointly. The inversion uses gravity anomalies obtained during the GRACE2 satellite mission, and solves using these values with the seismic travel-times through application of an empirical relationship first proposed by Harkrider, mapping densities to Vp and Vs within earth materials. In previous work, Maceira and Ammon demonstrated that incorporation of gravity data predicts shear wave velocities more accurately than the inversion of surface waves alone, particularly in regions where the crust exhibits abrupt and significant lateral variations in lithology, such as the Tarim Basin. The significant complexity of crustal structure in Colombia, due to its active tectonic environment, makes it a good candidate for the application with gravity and body waves. We present the results of this joint inversion and compare it to results obtained using travel times alone

Rapid processing of data based on high-performance algorithms for solving inverse problems and 3D-simulation of the tsunami and earthquakes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marinin, I. V.; Kabanikhin, S. I.; Krivorotko, O. I.; Karas, A.; Khidasheli, D. G.

2012-04-01

We consider new techniques and methods for earthquake and tsunami related problems, particularly - inverse problems for the determination of tsunami source parameters, numerical simulation of long wave propagation in soil and water and tsunami risk estimations. In addition, we will touch upon the issue of database management and destruction scenario visualization. New approaches and strategies, as well as mathematical tools and software are to be shown. The long joint investigations by researchers of the Institute of Mathematical Geophysics and Computational Mathematics SB RAS and specialists from WAPMERR and Informap have produced special theoretical approaches, numerical methods, and software tsunami and earthquake modeling (modeling of propagation and run-up of tsunami waves on coastal areas), visualization, risk estimation of tsunami, and earthquakes. Algorithms are developed for the operational definition of the origin and forms of the tsunami source. The system TSS numerically simulates the source of tsunami and/or earthquakes and includes the possibility to solve the direct and the inverse problem. It becomes possible to involve advanced mathematical results to improve models and to increase the resolution of inverse problems. Via TSS one can construct maps of risks, the online scenario of disasters, estimation of potential damage to buildings and roads. One of the main tools for the numerical modeling is the finite volume method (FVM), which allows us to achieve stability with respect to possible input errors, as well as to achieve optimum computing speed. Our approach to the inverse problem of tsunami and earthquake determination is based on recent theoretical results concerning the Dirichlet problem for the wave equation. This problem is intrinsically ill-posed. We use the optimization approach to solve this problem and SVD-analysis to estimate the degree of ill-posedness and to find the quasi-solution. The software system we developed is intended to create technology «no frost», realizing a steady stream of direct and inverse problems: solving the direct problem, the visualization and comparison with observed data, to solve the inverse problem (correction of the model parameters). The main objective of further work is the creation of a workstation operating emergency tool that could be used by an emergency duty person in real time.

Estimation of near-surface shear-wave velocities and quality factors using multichannel analysis of surface-wave methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xia, Jianghai

2014-04-01

This overview article gives a picture of multichannel analysis of high-frequency surface (Rayleigh and Love) waves developed mainly by research scientists at the Kansas Geological Survey, the University of Kansas and China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) during the last eighteen years by discussing dispersion imaging techniques, inversion systems, and real-world examples. Shear (S)-wave velocities of near-surface materials can be derived from inverting the dispersive phase velocities of high-frequency surface waves. Multichannel analysis of surface waves—MASW used phase information of high-frequency Rayleigh waves recorded on vertical component geophones to determine near-surface S-wave velocities. The differences between MASW results and direct borehole measurements are approximately 15% or less and random. Studies show that inversion with higher modes and the fundamental mode simultaneously can increase model resolution and an investigation depth. Multichannel analysis of Love waves—MALW used phase information of high-frequency Love waves recorded on horizontal (perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation) component geophones to determine S-wave velocities of shallow materials. Because of independence of compressional (P)-wave velocity, the MALW method has some attractive advantages, such as 1) Love-wave dispersion curves are simpler than Rayleigh wave's; 2) dispersion images of Love-wave energy have a higher signal to noise ratio and more focused than those generated from Rayleigh waves; and 3) inversion of Love-wave dispersion curves is less dependent on initial models and more stable than Rayleigh waves.

Full Waveform Inversion for Seismic Velocity And Anelastic Losses in Heterogeneous Structures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Askan, A.; /Carnegie Mellon U.; Akcelik, V.

2009-04-30

We present a least-squares optimization method for solving the nonlinear full waveform inverse problem of determining the crustal velocity and intrinsic attenuation properties of sedimentary valleys in earthquake-prone regions. Given a known earthquake source and a set of seismograms generated by the source, the inverse problem is to reconstruct the anelastic properties of a heterogeneous medium with possibly discontinuous wave velocities. The inverse problem is formulated as a constrained optimization problem, where the constraints are the partial and ordinary differential equations governing the anelastic wave propagation from the source to the receivers in the time domain. This leads to amore » variational formulation in terms of the material model plus the state variables and their adjoints. We employ a wave propagation model in which the intrinsic energy-dissipating nature of the soil medium is modeled by a set of standard linear solids. The least-squares optimization approach to inverse wave propagation presents the well-known difficulties of ill posedness and multiple minima. To overcome ill posedness, we include a total variation regularization functional in the objective function, which annihilates highly oscillatory material property components while preserving discontinuities in the medium. To treat multiple minima, we use a multilevel algorithm that solves a sequence of subproblems on increasingly finer grids with increasingly higher frequency source components to remain within the basin of attraction of the global minimum. We illustrate the methodology with high-resolution inversions for two-dimensional sedimentary models of the San Fernando Valley, under SH-wave excitation. We perform inversions for both the seismic velocity and the intrinsic attenuation using synthetic waveforms at the observer locations as pseudoobserved data.« less

Imaging Crustal Structure with Waveform and HV Ratio of Body-wave Receiver Function

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chong, J.; Chu, R.; Ni, S.; Meng, Q.; Guo, A.

2017-12-01

It is known that receiver function has less constraint on the absolute velocity, and joint inversion of receiver function and surface wave dispersion has been widely applied to reduce the non-uniqueness of velocity and interface depth. However, some studies indicate that the receiver function itself is capable for determining the absolute shear wave velocity. In this study, we propose to measure the receiver function HV ratio which takes advantage of the amplitude information of the radial and vertical receiver functions to constrain the shear-wave velocity. Numerical analysis indicates that the receiver function HV ratio is sensitive to the average shear wave velocity in the depth range it samples, and can help to reduce the non-uniqueness of receiver function waveform inversion. A joint inversion scheme has been developed, and both synthetic tests and real data application proved the feasibility of the joint inversion. The method has been applied to the dense seismic array of ChinArray program in SE Tibet during the time period from August 2011 to August 2012 in SE Tibet (ChinArray-Himalaya, 2011). The measurements of receiver function HV ratio reveals the lateral variation of the tectonics in of the study region. And main features of the velocity structure imagined by the new joint inversion method are consistent with previous studies. KEYWORDS: receiver function HV ratio, receiver function waveform inversion, crustal structure ReferenceChinArray-Himalaya. 2011. China Seismic Array waveform data of Himalaya Project. Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration. doi:10.12001/ChinArray.Data. Himalaya. Jiajun Chong, Risheng Chu*, Sidao Ni, Qingjun Meng, Aizhi Guo, 2017. Receiver Function HV Ratio, a New Measurement for Reducing Non-uniqueness of Receiver Function Waveform Inversion. (under revision)

Distributed RF Tomography for Tunnel Detection: Suitable Inversion Schemes

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

methods, ranging from seismic to electromagnetic waves, or from gravity to optics, from impedance tomography to magnetotellurics, no technique...unclassified b. ABSTRACT unclassified c. THIS PAGE unclassified Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 Borehole GPR, which may...one manner to different targets (when targets are well-resolved). In particular, the wavefront generated by the array , when excited by one of these

Inverse procedure for simultaneous evaluation of viscosity and density of Newtonian liquids from dispersion curves of Love waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kiełczyński, P.; Szalewski, M.; Balcerzak, A.

2014-07-01

Simultaneous determination of the viscosity and density of liquids is of great importance in the monitoring of technological processes in the chemical, petroleum, and pharmaceutical industry, as well as in geophysics. In this paper, the authors present the application of Love waves for simultaneous inverse determination of the viscosity and density of liquids. The inversion procedure is based on measurements of the dispersion curves of phase velocity and attenuation of ultrasonic Love waves. The direct problem of the Love wave propagation in a layered waveguide covered by a viscous liquid was formulated and solved. Love waves propagate in an elastic layered waveguide covered on its surface with a viscous (Newtonian) liquid. The inverse problem is formulated as an optimization problem with appropriately constructed objective function that depends on the material properties of an elastic waveguide of the Love wave, material parameters of a liquid (i.e., viscosity and density), and the experimental data. The results of numerical calculations show that Love waves can be efficiently applied to determine simultaneously the physical properties of liquids (i.e., viscosity and density). Sensors based on this method can be very attractive for industrial applications to monitor on-line the parameters (density and viscosity) of process liquid during the course of technological processes, e.g., in polymer industry.

Estimation of Uncertainties of Full Moment Tensors

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-10-06

Nevada Test Site (tab. 1 of Ford et al., 2009). Figure 1 shows the three regions and the stations used within the moment tensor inversions . For the...and additional bandpass filtering, were applied during the moment tensor inversions . We use high-frequency P waves for the Uturuncu and NTS events...reliable when we align the P waves on the observed P arrival time. 3.2 Methods Seismic moment tensor inversion requires specifying a misfit function

Shear Wave Splitting Inversion in a Complex Crust

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lucas, A.

2015-12-01

Shear wave splitting (SWS) inversion presents a method whereby the upper crust can be interrogated for fracture density. It is caused when a shear wave traverses an area of anisotropy, splits in two, with each wave experiencing a different velocity resulting in an observable separation in arrival times. A SWS observation consists of the first arrival polarization direction and the time delay. Given the large amount of data common in SWS studies, manual inspection for polarization and time delay is considered prohibitively time intensive. All automated techniques used can produce high amounts of observations falsely interpreted as SWS. Thus introducing error into the interpretation. The technique often used for removing these false observations is to manually inspect all SWS observations defined as high quality by the automated routine, and remove false identifications. We investigate the nature of events falsely identified compared to those correctly identified. Once this identification is complete we conduct a inversion for crack density from SWS time delay. The current body of work on linear SWS inversion utilizes an equation that defines the time delay between arriving shear waves with respect to fracture density. This equation makes the assumption that no fluid flow occurs as a result of the passing shear wave, a situation called squirt flow. We show that the assumption is not applicable in all geological situations. When it is not true, its use in an inversion produces a result which is negatively affected by the assumptions. This is shown to be the case at the test case of 6894 SWS observations gathered in a small area at Puna geothermal field, Hawaii. To rectify this situation, a series of new time delay formulae, applicable to linear inversion, are derived from velocity equations presented in literature. The new formula use a 'fluid influence parameter' which indicates the degree to which squirt flow is influencing the SWS. It is found that accounting for squirt flow better fits the data and is more applicable. The fluid influence factor that best describes the data can be identified prior to solving the inversion. Implementing this formula in a linear inversion has a significantly improved fit to the time delay observations than that of the current methods.

Lithospheric Structure of the Arabian Shield From the Joint Inversion of Receiver Function and Surface-Wave Dispersion Observations

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

dashed lines correspond to observations and predictions, respectively. 9 Inversion results corresponding to the stations located within the Asir t~er- 17...wave velocity models ............................................................. A-2 A3 Asir terrane S-wave velocity models...island-arc terranes ( Asir , Hijaz and Midyan), and to the east, one terrane of continental affinity (Afif) and one terrane of possible continental

Reconstruction of the temperature field for inverse ultrasound hyperthermia calculations at a muscle/bone interface.

PubMed

Liauh, Chihng-Tsung; Shih, Tzu-Ching; Huang, Huang-Wen; Lin, Win-Li

2004-02-01

An inverse algorithm with Tikhonov regularization of order zero has been used to estimate the intensity ratios of the reflected longitudinal wave to the incident longitudinal wave and that of the refracted shear wave to the total transmitted wave into bone in calculating the absorbed power field and then to reconstruct the temperature distribution in muscle and bone regions based on a limited number of temperature measurements during simulated ultrasound hyperthermia. The effects of the number of temperature sensors are investigated, as is the amount of noise superimposed on the temperature measurements, and the effects of the optimal sensor location on the performance of the inverse algorithm. Results show that noisy input data degrades the performance of this inverse algorithm, especially when the number of temperature sensors is small. Results are also presented demonstrating an improvement in the accuracy of the temperature estimates by employing an optimal value of the regularization parameter. Based on the analysis of singular-value decomposition, the optimal sensor position in a case utilizing only one temperature sensor can be determined to make the inverse algorithm converge to the true solution.

Inverse methods for 3D quantitative optical coherence elasticity imaging (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dong, Li; Wijesinghe, Philip; Hugenberg, Nicholas; Sampson, David D.; Munro, Peter R. T.; Kennedy, Brendan F.; Oberai, Assad A.

2017-02-01

In elastography, quantitative elastograms are desirable as they are system and operator independent. Such quantification also facilitates more accurate diagnosis, longitudinal studies and studies performed across multiple sites. In optical elastography (compression, surface-wave or shear-wave), quantitative elastograms are typically obtained by assuming some form of homogeneity. This simplifies data processing at the expense of smearing sharp transitions in elastic properties, and/or introducing artifacts in these regions. Recently, we proposed an inverse problem-based approach to compression OCE that does not assume homogeneity, and overcomes the drawbacks described above. In this approach, the difference between the measured and predicted displacement field is minimized by seeking the optimal distribution of elastic parameters. The predicted displacements and recovered elastic parameters together satisfy the constraint of the equations of equilibrium. This approach, which has been applied in two spatial dimensions assuming plane strain, has yielded accurate material property distributions. Here, we describe the extension of the inverse problem approach to three dimensions. In addition to the advantage of visualizing elastic properties in three dimensions, this extension eliminates the plane strain assumption and is therefore closer to the true physical state. It does, however, incur greater computational costs. We address this challenge through a modified adjoint problem, spatially adaptive grid resolution, and three-dimensional decomposition techniques. Through these techniques the inverse problem is solved on a typical desktop machine within a wall clock time of 20 hours. We present the details of the method and quantitative elasticity images of phantoms and tissue samples.

Time-lapse joint AVO inversion using generalized linear method based on exact Zoeppritz equations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhi, Longxiao; Gu, Hanming

2018-03-01

The conventional method of time-lapse AVO (Amplitude Versus Offset) inversion is mainly based on the approximate expression of Zoeppritz equations. Though the approximate expression is concise and convenient to use, it has certain limitations. For example, its application condition is that the difference of elastic parameters between the upper medium and lower medium is little and the incident angle is small. In addition, the inversion of density is not stable. Therefore, we develop the method of time-lapse joint AVO inversion based on exact Zoeppritz equations. In this method, we apply exact Zoeppritz equations to calculate the reflection coefficient of PP wave. And in the construction of objective function for inversion, we use Taylor series expansion to linearize the inversion problem. Through the joint AVO inversion of seismic data in baseline survey and monitor survey, we can obtain the P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, density in baseline survey and their time-lapse changes simultaneously. We can also estimate the oil saturation change according to inversion results. Compared with the time-lapse difference inversion, the joint inversion doesn't need certain assumptions and can estimate more parameters simultaneously. It has a better applicability. Meanwhile, by using the generalized linear method, the inversion is easily implemented and its calculation cost is small. We use the theoretical model to generate synthetic seismic records to test and analyze the influence of random noise. The results can prove the availability and anti-noise-interference ability of our method. We also apply the inversion to actual field data and prove the feasibility of our method in actual situation.

Inversion of azimuthally dependent NMO velocity in transversely isotropic media with a tilted axis of symmetry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Grechka, V.; Tsvankin, I.

2000-02-01

Just as the transversely isotropic model with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI media) is typical for describing horizontally layered sediments, transverse isotropy with a tilted symmetry axis (TTI) describes dipping TI layers (such as tilted shale beds near salt domes) or crack systems. P-wave kinematic signatures in TTI media are controlled by the velocity V{sub PO} in the symmetry direction, Thomsen's anisotropic coefficients {xi} and {delta}, and the orientation (tilt {nu} and azimuth {beta}) of the symmetry axis. Here, the authors show that all five parameters can be obtained from azimuthally varying P-wave NMO velocities measured for two reflectors withmore » different dips and/or azimuths (one of the reflectors can be horizontal). The shear-wave velocity V{sub SO} in the symmetry direction, which has negligible influence on P-wave kinematic signatures, can be found only from the moveout of shear waves. Using the exact NMO equation, the authors examine the propagation of errors in observed moveout velocities into estimated values of the anisotropic parameters and establish the necessary conditions for a stable inversion procedure. Since the azimuthal variation of the NMO velocity is elliptical, each reflection event provides them with up to three constraints on the model parameters. Generally, the five parameters responsible for P-wave velocity can be obtained from two P-wave ellipses, but the feasibility of the moveout inversion strongly depends on the tilt {nu}. While most of the analysis is carried out for a single layer, the authors also extend the inversion algorithm to vertically heterogeneous TTI media above a dipping reflector using the generalized Dix equation. A synthetic example for a strongly anisotropic, stratified TTI medium demonstrates a high accuracy of the inversion.« less

Dirac electron in a chiral space-time crystal created by counterpropagating circularly polarized plane electromagnetic waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borzdov, G. N.

2017-10-01

The family of solutions to the Dirac equation for an electron moving in an electromagnetic lattice with the chiral structure created by counterpropagating circularly polarized plane electromagnetic waves is obtained. At any nonzero quasimomentum, the dispersion equation has two solutions which specify bispinor wave functions describing electron states with different energies and mean values of momentum and spin operators. The inversion of the quasimomentum results in two other linearly independent solutions. These four basic wave functions are uniquely defined by eight complex scalar functions (structural functions), which serve as convenient building blocks of the relations describing the electron properties. These properties are illustrated in graphical form over a wide range of quasimomenta. The superpositions of two basic wave functions describing different spin states and corresponding to (i) the same quasimomentum (unidirectional electron states with the spin precession) and (ii) the two equal-in-magnitude but oppositely directed quasimomenta (bidirectional electron states) are also treated.

Parana Basin Structure from Multi-Objective Inversion of Surface Wave and Receiver Function by Competent Genetic Algorithm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

An, M.; Assumpcao, M.

2003-12-01

The joint inversion of receiver function and surface wave is an effective way to diminish the influences of the strong tradeoff among parameters and the different sensitivity to the model parameters in their respective inversions, but the inversion problem becomes more complex. Multi-objective problems can be much more complicated than single-objective inversion in the model selection and optimization. If objectives are involved and conflicting, models can be ordered only partially. In this case, Pareto-optimal preference should be used to select solutions. On the other hand, the inversion to get only a few optimal solutions can not deal properly with the strong tradeoff between parameters, the uncertainties in the observation, the geophysical complexities and even the incompetency of the inversion technique. The effective way is to retrieve the geophysical information statistically from many acceptable solutions, which requires more competent global algorithms. Competent genetic algorithms recently proposed are far superior to the conventional genetic algorithm and can solve hard problems quickly, reliably and accurately. In this work we used one of competent genetic algorithms, Bayesian Optimization Algorithm as the main inverse procedure. This algorithm uses Bayesian networks to draw out inherited information and can use Pareto-optimal preference in the inversion. With this algorithm, the lithospheric structure of Paran"› basin is inverted to fit both the observations of inter-station surface wave dispersion and receiver function.

Acoustic Inversion in Optoacoustic Tomography: A Review

PubMed Central

Rosenthal, Amir; Ntziachristos, Vasilis; Razansky, Daniel

2013-01-01

Optoacoustic tomography enables volumetric imaging with optical contrast in biological tissue at depths beyond the optical mean free path by the use of optical excitation and acoustic detection. The hybrid nature of optoacoustic tomography gives rise to two distinct inverse problems: The optical inverse problem, related to the propagation of the excitation light in tissue, and the acoustic inverse problem, which deals with the propagation and detection of the generated acoustic waves. Since the two inverse problems have different physical underpinnings and are governed by different types of equations, they are often treated independently as unrelated problems. From an imaging standpoint, the acoustic inverse problem relates to forming an image from the measured acoustic data, whereas the optical inverse problem relates to quantifying the formed image. This review focuses on the acoustic aspects of optoacoustic tomography, specifically acoustic reconstruction algorithms and imaging-system practicalities. As these two aspects are intimately linked, and no silver bullet exists in the path towards high-performance imaging, we adopt a holistic approach in our review and discuss the many links between the two aspects. Four classes of reconstruction algorithms are reviewed: time-domain (so called back-projection) formulae, frequency-domain formulae, time-reversal algorithms, and model-based algorithms. These algorithms are discussed in the context of the various acoustic detectors and detection surfaces which are commonly used in experimental studies. We further discuss the effects of non-ideal imaging scenarios on the quality of reconstruction and review methods that can mitigate these effects. Namely, we consider the cases of finite detector aperture, limited-view tomography, spatial under-sampling of the acoustic signals, and acoustic heterogeneities and losses. PMID:24772060

Inverse random source scattering for the Helmholtz equation in inhomogeneous media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Ming; Chen, Chuchu; Li, Peijun

2018-01-01

This paper is concerned with an inverse random source scattering problem in an inhomogeneous background medium. The wave propagation is modeled by the stochastic Helmholtz equation with the source driven by additive white noise. The goal is to reconstruct the statistical properties of the random source such as the mean and variance from the boundary measurement of the radiated random wave field at multiple frequencies. Both the direct and inverse problems are considered. We show that the direct problem has a unique mild solution by a constructive proof. For the inverse problem, we derive Fredholm integral equations, which connect the boundary measurement of the radiated wave field with the unknown source function. A regularized block Kaczmarz method is developed to solve the ill-posed integral equations. Numerical experiments are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pasyanos, M; Gok, R; Zor, E

We investigate the crustal and upper mantle structure of eastern Turkey where the Anatolian, Arabian and Eurasian Plates meet and form a complex tectonic structure. The Bitlis suture is a continental collision zone between the Anatolian plateau and the Arabian plate. Broadband data available through the Eastern Turkey Seismic Experiment (ETSE) provided a unique opportunity for studying the high resolution velocity structure. Zor et al. found an average 46 km thick crust in Anatolian plateau using six-layered grid search inversion of the ETSE receiver functions. Receiver functions are sensitive to the velocity contrast of interfaces and the relative travel timemore » of converted and reverberated waves between those interfaces. The interpretation of receiver function alone with many-layered parameterization may result in an apparent depth-velocity tradeoff. In order to improve previous velocity model, we employed the joint inversion method with many layered parameterization of Julia et al. (2000) to the ETSE receiver functions. In this technique, the receiver function and surface-wave observations are combined into a single algebraic equation and each data set is weighted by an estimate of the uncertainty in the observations. We consider azimuthal changes of receiver functions and have stacked them into different groups. We calculated the receiver functions using iterative time-domain deconvolution technique and surface wave group velocity dispersion curves between 10-100 sec. We are making surface wave dispersion measurements at the ETSE stations and have incorporated them into a regional group velocity model. Preliminary results indicate a strong trend in the long period group velocity in the northeast. This indicates slow upper mantle velocities in the region consistent with Pn, Sn and receiver function results. We started with both the 1-D model that is obtained with the 12 tones dam explosion shot data recorded by ETSE network and the existing receiver function inversion results. In fact, we observe that the inversion results are independent at the starting model and converges well to the same final model. We don't observe a significant change at the first order discontinuities of model (e.g. Moho depth), but we obtain better defined depths to low velocity layers.« less

Laplace-domain waveform modeling and inversion for the 3D acoustic-elastic coupled media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shin, Jungkyun; Shin, Changsoo; Calandra, Henri

2016-06-01

Laplace-domain waveform inversion reconstructs long-wavelength subsurface models by using the zero-frequency component of damped seismic signals. Despite the computational advantages of Laplace-domain waveform inversion over conventional frequency-domain waveform inversion, an acoustic assumption and an iterative matrix solver have been used to invert 3D marine datasets to mitigate the intensive computing cost. In this study, we develop a Laplace-domain waveform modeling and inversion algorithm for 3D acoustic-elastic coupled media by using a parallel sparse direct solver library (MUltifrontal Massively Parallel Solver, MUMPS). We precisely simulate a real marine environment by coupling the 3D acoustic and elastic wave equations with the proper boundary condition at the fluid-solid interface. In addition, we can extract the elastic properties of the Earth below the sea bottom from the recorded acoustic pressure datasets. As a matrix solver, the parallel sparse direct solver is used to factorize the non-symmetric impedance matrix in a distributed memory architecture and rapidly solve the wave field for a number of shots by using the lower and upper matrix factors. Using both synthetic datasets and real datasets obtained by a 3D wide azimuth survey, the long-wavelength component of the P-wave and S-wave velocity models is reconstructed and the proposed modeling and inversion algorithm are verified. A cluster of 80 CPU cores is used for this study.

Full-wave Moment Tensor and Tomographic Inversions Based on 3D Strain Green Tensor

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-31

propagation in three-dimensional (3D) earth, linearizes the inverse problem by iteratively updating the earth model , and provides an accurate way to...self-consistent FD-SGT databases constructed from finite-difference simulations of wave propagation in full-wave tomographic models can be used to...determine the moment tensors within minutes after a seismic event, making it possible for real time monitoring using 3D models . 15. SUBJECT TERMS

A Surface Wave Dispersion Study of the Middle East and North Africa for Monitoring the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pasyanos, M. E.; Walter, W. R.; Hazler, S. E.

- We present results from a large-scale study of surface-wave group velocity dispersion across the Middle East, North Africa, southern Eurasia and the Mediterranean. Our database for the region is populated with seismic data from regional events recorded at permanent and portable broadband, three-component digital stations. We have measured the group velocity using a multiple narrow-band filter on deconvolved displacement data. Overall, we have examined more than 13,500 seismograms and made good quality dispersion measurements for 6817 Rayleigh- and 3806 Love-wave paths. We use a conjugate gradient method to perform a group-velocity tomography. Our current results include both Love- and Rayleigh-wave inversions across the region for periods from 10 to 60 seconds. Our findings indicate that short-period structure is sensitive to slow velocities associated with large sedimentary features such as the Mediterranean Sea and Persian Gulf. We find our long-period Rayleigh-wave inversion is sensitive to crustal thickness, such as fast velocities under the oceans and slow along the relatively thick Zagros Mts. and Turkish-Iranian Plateau. We also find slow upper mantle velocities along known rift systems. Accurate group velocity maps can be used to construct phase-matched filters along any given path. The filters can improve weak surface wave signals by compressing the dispersed signal. The signals can then be used to calculate regionally determined MS measurements, which we hope can be used to extend the threshold of mb:MS discriminants down to lower magnitude levels. Other applications include using the group velocities in the creation of a suitable background model for forming station calibration maps, and using the group velocities to model the velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle.

Inversion of Surface-wave Dispersion Curves due to Low-velocity-layer Models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shen, C.; Xia, J.; Mi, B.

2016-12-01

A successful inversion relies on exact forward modeling methods. It is a key step to accurately calculate multi-mode dispersion curves of a given model in high-frequency surface-wave (Rayleigh wave and Love wave) methods. For normal models (shear (S)-wave velocity increasing with depth), their theoretical dispersion curves completely match the dispersion spectrum that is generated based on wave equation. For models containing a low-velocity-layer, however, phase velocities calculated by existing forward-modeling algorithms (e.g. Thomson-Haskell algorithm, Knopoff algorithm, fast vector-transfer algorithm and so on) fail to be consistent with the dispersion spectrum at a high frequency range. They will approach a value that close to the surface-wave velocity of the low-velocity-layer under the surface layer, rather than that of the surface layer when their corresponding wavelengths are short enough. This phenomenon conflicts with the characteristics of surface waves, which results in an erroneous inverted model. By comparing the theoretical dispersion curves with simulated dispersion energy, we proposed a direct and essential solution to accurately compute surface-wave phase velocities due to low-velocity-layer models. Based on the proposed forward modeling technique, we can achieve correct inversion for these types of models. Several synthetic data proved the effectiveness of our method.

Imaging the Earth's anisotropic structure with Bayesian Inversion of fundamental and higher mode surface-wave dispersion data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ravenna, Matteo; Lebedev, Sergei; Celli, Nicolas

2017-04-01

We develop a Markov Chain Monte Carlo inversion of fundamental and higher mode phase-velocity curves for radially and azimuthally anisotropic structure of the crust and upper mantle. In the inversions of Rayleigh- and Love-wave dispersion curves for radially anisotropic structure, we obtain probabilistic 1D radially anisotropic shear-velocity profiles of the isotropic average Vs and anisotropy (or Vsv and Vsh) as functions of depth. In the inversions for azimuthal anisotropy, Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves at different azimuths are inverted for the vertically polarized shear-velocity structure (Vsv) and the 2-phi component of azimuthal anisotropy. The strength and originality of the method is in its fully non-linear approach. Each model realization is computed using exact forward calculations. The uncertainty of the models is a part of the output. In the inversions for azimuthal anisotropy, in particular, the computation of the forward problem is performed separately at different azimuths, with no linear approximations on the relation of the Earth's elastic parameters to surface wave phase velocities. The computations are performed in parallel in order reduce the computing time. We compare inversions of the fundamental mode phase-velocity curves alone with inversions that also include overtones. The addition of higher modes enhances the resolving power of the anisotropic structure of the deep upper mantle. We apply the inversion method to phase-velocity curves in a few regions, including the Hangai dome region in Mongolia. Our models provide constraints on the Moho depth, the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary, and the alignment of the anisotropic fabric and the direction of current and past flow, from the crust down to the deep asthenosphere.

Renal tissue damage induced by focused shock waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ioritani, N.; Kuwahara, M.; Kambe, K.; Taguchi, K.; Saitoh, T.; Shirai, S.; Orikasa, S.; Takayama, K.; Lush, P. A.

1990-07-01

Biological evidence of renal arterial wall damage induced by the microjet due to shock wave-cavitation bubble interaction was demonstrated in living dog kidneys. We also intended to clarify the mechanism of renal tissue damage and the effects of different conditions of shock wave exposure (peak pressure of focused area, number of shots, exposure rate) on the renal tissue damage in comparison to stone disintegration. Disruption of arterial wall was the most remarkable histological change in the focused area of the kidneys. This lesion appeared as if the wall had been punctured by a needle. Large hematoma formation in the renal parenchym, and interstitial hemorrhage seemed to be the results of the arterial lesion. This arterial disorder also led to ischemic necrosis of the tubules surrounding the hematoma. Micro-angiographic examination of extracted kidneys also proved such arterial puncture lesions and ischemic lesions. The number of shots required for model stone disintegration was not inversely proportional to peak pressure. It decreased markedly when peak pressure was above 700 bar. Similarly thenumber of shots for hematoma formation was not inversely proportional to peak pressure, however, this decreased markedly above 500 bar. These results suggested that a hematoma could be formed under a lower peak pressure than that required for stone disintegration.

Characterization of compressed earth blocks using low frequency guided acoustic waves.

PubMed

Ben Mansour, Mohamed; Ogam, Erick; Fellah, Z E A; Soukaina Cherif, Amel; Jelidi, Ahmed; Ben Jabrallah, Sadok

2016-05-01

The objective of this work was to analyze the influence of compaction pressure on the intrinsic acoustic parameters (porosity, tortuosity, air-flow resistivity, viscous, and thermal characteristic lengths) of compressed earth blocks through their identification by solving an inverse acoustic wave transmission problem. A low frequency acoustic pipe (60-6000 Hz of length 22 m, internal diameter 3.4 cm) was used for the experimental characterization of the samples. The parameters were identified by the minimization of the difference between the transmissions coefficients data obtained in the pipe with that from an analytical interaction model in which the compressed earth blocks were considered as having rigid frames. The viscous and thermal effects in the pores were accounted for by employing the Johnson-Champoux-Allard-Lafarge model. The results obtained by inversion for high-density compressed earth blocks showed some discordance between the model and experiment especially for the high frequency limit of the acoustic characteristics studied. This was as a consequence of applying high compaction pressure rendering them very highly resistive therefore degrading the signal-to-noise ratios of the transmitted waves. The results showed that the airflow resistivity was very sensitive to the degree of the applied compaction pressure used to form the blocks.

Seismic tomography of northeastern Tibetan Plateau from body wave arrival times and surface wave dispersion data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fang, H.; Yao, H.; Zhang, H.

2017-12-01

Reliable crustal and upper mantle structure is important to understand expansion of material from the Tibetan plateau to its northeastern margin. Previous studies have used either ambient noise tomography or body wave traveltime tomography to obtain the crustal velocity models in northeastern Tibetan Plateau. However, clear differences appear in these models obtained using different datasets. Here we propose to jointly invert local and teleseismic body wave arrival times and surface wave dispersion data from ambient noise cross correlation to obtain a unified P and S wavespeed model of the crust and upper mantle in NE Tibetan Plateau. Following Fang et al. (2016), we adopt the direct inversion strategy for surface wave data (Fang et al., 2015), which eliminates the need to construct the phase/group velocity maps and allows the straightforward incorporation of surface wave dispersion data into the body wave inversion framework. For body wave data including both local and teleseismic arrival times, we use the fast marching method (Rawlinson et al., 2004) in order to trace multiple seismic phases simultaneously. The joint inversion method takes advantage of the complementary strengths of different data types, with local body wave data constraining more on the P than S wavespeed in the crust, surface wave data most sensitive to S wavespeed in the crust and upper mantle, teleseismic body wave data resolving the upper mantle structure. A series of synthetic tests will be used to show the robustness and superiority of the joint inversion method. Besides, the inverted model will be validated by waveform simulation and comparison with other studies, like receiver function imaging. The resultant P and S wavespeed models, as well as the derived Vp/Vs model, will be essential to understand the regional tectonics of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and to address the related geodynamic questions of the Tibetan Plateau formation and expansion.

Impact of density information on Rayleigh surface wave inversion results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ivanov, Julian; Tsoflias, Georgios; Miller, Richard D.; Peterie, Shelby; Morton, Sarah; Xia, Jianghai

2016-12-01

We assessed the impact of density on the estimation of inverted shear-wave velocity (Vs) using the multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method. We considered the forward modeling theory, evaluated model sensitivity, and tested the effect of density information on the inversion of seismic data acquired in the Arctic. Theoretical review, numerical modeling and inversion of modeled and real data indicated that the density ratios between layers, not the actual density values, impact the determination of surface-wave phase velocities. Application on real data compared surface-wave inversion results using: a) constant density, the most common approach in practice, b) indirect density estimates derived from refraction compressional-wave velocity observations, and c) from direct density measurements in a borehole. The use of indirect density estimates reduced the final shear-wave velocity (Vs) results typically by 6-7% and the use of densities from a borehole reduced the final Vs estimates by 10-11% compared to those from assumed constant density. In addition to the improved absolute Vs accuracy, the resulting overall Vs changes were unevenly distributed laterally when viewed on a 2-D section leading to an overall Vs model structure that was more representative of the subsurface environment. It was observed that the use of constant density instead of increasing density with depth not only can lead to Vs overestimation but it can also create inaccurate model structures, such as a low-velocity layer. Thus, optimal Vs estimations can be best achieved using field estimates of subsurface density ratios.

Sound Shell Model for Acoustic Gravitational Wave Production at a First-Order Phase Transition in the Early Universe.

PubMed

Hindmarsh, Mark

2018-02-16

A model for the acoustic production of gravitational waves at a first-order phase transition is presented. The source of gravitational radiation is the sound waves generated by the explosive growth of bubbles of the stable phase. The model assumes that the sound waves are linear and that their power spectrum is determined by the characteristic form of the sound shell around the expanding bubble. The predicted power spectrum has two length scales, the average bubble separation and the sound shell width when the bubbles collide. The peak of the power spectrum is at wave numbers set by the sound shell width. For a higher wave number k, the power spectrum decreases to k^{-3}. At wave numbers below the inverse bubble separation, the power spectrum goes to k^{5}. For bubble wall speeds near the speed of sound where these two length scales are distinguished, there is an intermediate k^{1} power law. The detailed dependence of the power spectrum on the wall speed and the other parameters of the phase transition raises the possibility of their constraint or measurement at a future space-based gravitational wave observatory such as LISA.

Sound Shell Model for Acoustic Gravitational Wave Production at a First-Order Phase Transition in the Early Universe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hindmarsh, Mark

2018-02-01

A model for the acoustic production of gravitational waves at a first-order phase transition is presented. The source of gravitational radiation is the sound waves generated by the explosive growth of bubbles of the stable phase. The model assumes that the sound waves are linear and that their power spectrum is determined by the characteristic form of the sound shell around the expanding bubble. The predicted power spectrum has two length scales, the average bubble separation and the sound shell width when the bubbles collide. The peak of the power spectrum is at wave numbers set by the sound shell width. For a higher wave number k , the power spectrum decreases to k-3. At wave numbers below the inverse bubble separation, the power spectrum goes to k5. For bubble wall speeds near the speed of sound where these two length scales are distinguished, there is an intermediate k1 power law. The detailed dependence of the power spectrum on the wall speed and the other parameters of the phase transition raises the possibility of their constraint or measurement at a future space-based gravitational wave observatory such as LISA.

Multichannel analysis of surface-waves and integration of downhole acoustic televiewer imaging, ultrasonic Vs and Vp, and vertical seismic profiling in an NEHRP-standard classification, South of Concordia, Kansas, USA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raef, Abdelmoneam; Gad, Sabreen; Tucker-Kulesza, Stacey

2015-10-01

Seismic site characteristics, as pertaining to earthquake hazard reduction, are a function of the subsurface elastic moduli and the geologic structures. This study explores how multiscale (surface, downhole, and laboratory) datasets can be utilized to improve "constrained" average Vs30 (shear-wave velocity to a 30-meter depth). We integrate borehole, surface and laboratory measurements for a seismic site classification based on the standards of the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP). The seismic shear-wave velocity (Vs30) was derived from a geophysical inversion workflow that utilized multichannel analysis of surface-waves (MASW) and downhole acoustic televiewer imaging (DATI). P-wave and S-wave velocities, based on laboratory measurements of arrival times of ultrasonic-frequency signals, supported the workflow by enabling us to calculate Poisson's ratio, which was incorporated in building an initial model for the geophysical inversion of MASW. Extraction of core samples from two boreholes provided lithology and thickness calibration of the amplitudes of the acoustic televiewer imaging for each layer. The MASW inversion, for calculating Vs sections, was constrained with both ultrasonic laboratory measurements (from first arrivals of Vs and Vp waveforms at simulated in situ overburden stress conditions) and the downhole acoustic televiewer (DATV) amplitude logs. The Vs30 calculations enabled categorizing the studied site as NEHRP-class "C" - very dense soil and soft rock. Unlike shallow fractured carbonates in the studied area, S-wave and P-wave velocities at ultrasonic frequency for the deeper intact shale core-samples from two boreholes were in better agreement with the corresponding velocities from both a zero-offset vertical seismic profiling (VSP) and inversion of Rayleigh-wave velocity dispersion curves.

Partial differential equation-based localization of a monopole source from a circular array.

PubMed

Ando, Shigeru; Nara, Takaaki; Levy, Tsukassa

2013-10-01

Wave source localization from a sensor array has long been the most active research topics in both theory and application. In this paper, an explicit and time-domain inversion method for the direction and distance of a monopole source from a circular array is proposed. The approach is based on a mathematical technique, the weighted integral method, for signal/source parameter estimation. It begins with an exact form of the source-constraint partial differential equation that describes the unilateral propagation of wide-band waves from a single source, and leads to exact algebraic equations that include circular Fourier coefficients (phase mode measurements) as their coefficients. From them, nearly closed-form, single-shot and multishot algorithms are obtained that is suitable for use with band-pass/differential filter banks. Numerical evaluation and several experimental results obtained using a 16-element circular microphone array are presented to verify the validity of the proposed method.

Sensitivity of Rayleigh wave ellipticity and implications for surface wave inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cercato, Michele

2018-04-01

The use of Rayleigh wave ellipticity has gained increasing popularity in recent years for investigating earth structures, especially for near-surface soil characterization. In spite of its widespread application, the sensitivity of the ellipticity function to the soil structure has been rarely explored in a comprehensive and systematic manner. To this end, a new analytical method is presented for computing the sensitivity of Rayleigh wave ellipticity with respect to the structural parameters of a layered elastic half-space. This method takes advantage of the minor decomposition of the surface wave eigenproblem and is numerically stable at high frequency. This numerical procedure allowed to retrieve the sensitivity for typical near surface and crustal geological scenarios, pointing out the key parameters for ellipticity interpretation under different circumstances. On this basis, a thorough analysis is performed to assess how ellipticity data can efficiently complement surface wave dispersion information in a joint inversion algorithm. The results of synthetic and real-world examples are illustrated to analyse quantitatively the diagnostic potential of the ellipticity data with respect to the soil structure, focusing on the possible sources of misinterpretation in data inversion.

Nuclear Poincaré cycle synchronizes with the incident de Broglie wave to predict regularity in neutron resonance energies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ohkubo, Makio

2016-06-01

In observed neutron resonances, long believed to be a form of quantum chaos, regular family structures are found in the s-wave resonances of many even-even nuclei in the tens keV to MeV region [M.Ohkubo, Phys. Rev. C 87, 014608(2013)]. Resonance reactions take place when the incident de Broglie wave synchronizes with the Poincaré cycle of the compound nucleus, which is composed of several normal modes with periods that are time quantized by inverse Fermi energy. Based on the breathing model of the compound nucleus, neutron resonance energies in family structures are written by simple arithmetic expressions using Sn and small integers. Family structures in observed resonances of 40Ca+n and 37Cl+n are described as simple cases. A model for time quantization is discussed.

Nonlocalized clustering: a new concept in nuclear cluster structure physics.

PubMed

Zhou, Bo; Funaki, Y; Horiuchi, H; Ren, Zhongzhou; Röpke, G; Schuck, P; Tohsaki, A; Xu, Chang; Yamada, T

2013-06-28

We investigate the α+^{16}O cluster structure in the inversion-doublet band (Kπ=0(1)±}) states of 20Ne with an angular-momentum-projected version of the Tohsaki-Horiuchi-Schuck-Röpke (THSR) wave function, which was successful "in its original form" for the description of, e.g., the famous Hoyle state. In contrast with the traditional view on clusters as localized objects, especially in inversion doublets, we find that these single THSR wave functions, which are based on the concept of nonlocalized clustering, can well describe the Kπ=0(1)- band and the Kπ=0(1)+ band. For instance, they have 99.98% and 99.87% squared overlaps for 1- and 3- states (99.29%, 98.79%, and 97.75% for 0+, 2+, and 4+ states), respectively, with the corresponding exact solution of the α+16O resonating group method. These astounding results shed a completely new light on the physics of low energy nuclear cluster states in nuclei: The clusters are nonlocalized and move around in the whole nuclear volume, only avoiding mutual overlap due to the Pauli blocking effect.

Structure of the Los Angeles Basin from Ambient Noise and Receiver Function Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Clayton, R. W.; Ma, Y.; Cochran, E. S.

2015-12-01

We show the results from the LASSIE seismic experiment, which consists of a dense (1-km spacing) linear array of broadband stations deployed across the LA basin for approximately two months. Two common methods - ambient noise and receiver function (RF) - are applied to determine the velocity and structure of the basin. The basin RFs are complicated, however, the dense array enhances the lateral coherence of the signals and allows the structure to be imaged. The basement shape is clearly shown in the migrated image of the PpPs phase. The Ps conversion at the basement is the largest signal (including the direct wave) in the first 3 s. However, the Ps phase does not form as clear an image compared with the PpPs phase, possibly due to a requirement of more accurate velocity model. The surface wave signals from the ambient noise cross-correlations between LASSIE and surrounding SCSN stations are used for velocity inversion. A linear Dix-type inversion (Haney and Tsai, 2015, Geophysics) is applied to the extracted dispersion curves. The 1-10 s period Rayleigh wave and the 1-8 s period Love wave dispersion curves provide excellent constraints on top 5 km SV and top 3 km SH velocity structures respectively. Strong anisotropy (SV > SH) is observed for the top 1 km, and we plan to use this result to infer the fracture orientation and density of the shallow sedimentary rocks.

Two-dimensional probabilistic inversion of plane-wave electromagnetic data: methodology, model constraints and joint inversion with electrical resistivity data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rosas-Carbajal, Marina; Linde, Niklas; Kalscheuer, Thomas; Vrugt, Jasper A.

2014-03-01

Probabilistic inversion methods based on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation are well suited to quantify parameter and model uncertainty of nonlinear inverse problems. Yet, application of such methods to CPU-intensive forward models can be a daunting task, particularly if the parameter space is high dimensional. Here, we present a 2-D pixel-based MCMC inversion of plane-wave electromagnetic (EM) data. Using synthetic data, we investigate how model parameter uncertainty depends on model structure constraints using different norms of the likelihood function and the model constraints, and study the added benefits of joint inversion of EM and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data. Our results demonstrate that model structure constraints are necessary to stabilize the MCMC inversion results of a highly discretized model. These constraints decrease model parameter uncertainty and facilitate model interpretation. A drawback is that these constraints may lead to posterior distributions that do not fully include the true underlying model, because some of its features exhibit a low sensitivity to the EM data, and hence are difficult to resolve. This problem can be partly mitigated if the plane-wave EM data is augmented with ERT observations. The hierarchical Bayesian inverse formulation introduced and used herein is able to successfully recover the probabilistic properties of the measurement data errors and a model regularization weight. Application of the proposed inversion methodology to field data from an aquifer demonstrates that the posterior mean model realization is very similar to that derived from a deterministic inversion with similar model constraints.

Transdimensional, hierarchical, Bayesian inversion of ambient seismic noise: Australia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crowder, E.; Rawlinson, N.; Cornwell, D. G.

2017-12-01

We present models of crustal velocity structure in southeastern Australia using a novel, transdimensional and hierarchical, Bayesian inversion approach. The inversion is applied to long-time ambient noise cross-correlations. The study area of SE Australia is thought to represent the eastern margin of Gondwana. Conflicting tectonic models have been proposed to explain the formation of eastern Gondwana and the enigmatic geological relationships in Bass Strait, which separates Tasmania and the mainland. A geologically complex area of crustal accretion, Bass Strait may contain part of an exotic continental block entrained in colliding crusts. Ambient noise data recorded by an array of 24 seismometers is used to produce a high resolution, 3D shear wave velocity model of Bass Strait. Phase velocity maps in the period range 2-30 s are produced and subsequently inverted for 3D shear wave velocity structure. The transdimensional, hierarchical Bayesian, inversion technique is used. This technique proves far superior to linearised inversion. The inversion model is dynamically parameterised during the process, implicitly controlled by the data, and noise is treated as an inversion unknown. The resulting shear wave velocity model shows three sedimentary basins in Bass Strait constrained by slow shear velocities (2.4-2.9 km/s) at 2-10 km depth. These failed rift basins from the breakup of Australia-Antartica appear to be overlying thinned crust, where typical mantle velocities of 3.8-4.0 km/s occur at depths greater than 20 km. High shear wave velocities ( 3.7-3.8 km/s) in our new model also match well with regions of high magnetic and gravity anomalies. Furthermore, we use both Rayleigh and Love wave phase data to to construct Vsv and Vsh maps. These are used to estimate crustal radial anisotropy in the Bass Strait. We interpret that structures delineated by our velocity models support the presence and extent of the exotic Precambrian micro-continent (the Selwyn Block) that was most likely entrained during crustal accretion.

Nonlinear Rayleigh wave inversion based on the shuffled frog-leaping algorithm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Cheng-Yu; Wang, Yan-Yan; Wu, Dun-Shi; Qin, Xiao-Jun

2017-12-01

At present, near-surface shear wave velocities are mainly calculated through Rayleigh wave dispersion-curve inversions in engineering surface investigations, but the required calculations pose a highly nonlinear global optimization problem. In order to alleviate the risk of falling into a local optimal solution, this paper introduces a new global optimization method, the shuffle frog-leaping algorithm (SFLA), into the Rayleigh wave dispersion-curve inversion process. SFLA is a swarm-intelligence-based algorithm that simulates a group of frogs searching for food. It uses a few parameters, achieves rapid convergence, and is capability of effective global searching. In order to test the reliability and calculation performance of SFLA, noise-free and noisy synthetic datasets were inverted. We conducted a comparative analysis with other established algorithms using the noise-free dataset, and then tested the ability of SFLA to cope with data noise. Finally, we inverted a real-world example to examine the applicability of SFLA. Results from both synthetic and field data demonstrated the effectiveness of SFLA in the interpretation of Rayleigh wave dispersion curves. We found that SFLA is superior to the established methods in terms of both reliability and computational efficiency, so it offers great potential to improve our ability to solve geophysical inversion problems.

Orthogonality catastrophe and fractional exclusion statistics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ares, Filiberto; Gupta, Kumar S.; de Queiroz, Amilcar R.

2018-02-01

We show that the N -particle Sutherland model with inverse-square and harmonic interactions exhibits orthogonality catastrophe. For a fixed value of the harmonic coupling, the overlap of the N -body ground state wave functions with two different values of the inverse-square interaction term goes to zero in the thermodynamic limit. When the two values of the inverse-square coupling differ by an infinitesimal amount, the wave function overlap shows an exponential suppression. This is qualitatively different from the usual power law suppression observed in the Anderson's orthogonality catastrophe. We also obtain an analytic expression for the wave function overlaps for an arbitrary set of couplings, whose properties are analyzed numerically. The quasiparticles constituting the ground state wave functions of the Sutherland model are known to obey fractional exclusion statistics. Our analysis indicates that the orthogonality catastrophe may be valid in systems with more general kinds of statistics than just the fermionic type.

Orthogonality catastrophe and fractional exclusion statistics.

PubMed

Ares, Filiberto; Gupta, Kumar S; de Queiroz, Amilcar R

2018-02-01

We show that the N-particle Sutherland model with inverse-square and harmonic interactions exhibits orthogonality catastrophe. For a fixed value of the harmonic coupling, the overlap of the N-body ground state wave functions with two different values of the inverse-square interaction term goes to zero in the thermodynamic limit. When the two values of the inverse-square coupling differ by an infinitesimal amount, the wave function overlap shows an exponential suppression. This is qualitatively different from the usual power law suppression observed in the Anderson's orthogonality catastrophe. We also obtain an analytic expression for the wave function overlaps for an arbitrary set of couplings, whose properties are analyzed numerically. The quasiparticles constituting the ground state wave functions of the Sutherland model are known to obey fractional exclusion statistics. Our analysis indicates that the orthogonality catastrophe may be valid in systems with more general kinds of statistics than just the fermionic type.

Advanced analysis of complex seismic waveforms to characterize the subsurface Earth structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jia, Tianxia

2011-12-01

This thesis includes three major parts, (1) Body wave analysis of mantle structure under the Calabria slab, (2) Spatial Average Coherency (SPAC) analysis of microtremor to characterize the subsurface structure in urban areas, and (3) Surface wave dispersion inversion for shear wave velocity structure. Although these three projects apply different techniques and investigate different parts of the Earth, their aims are the same, which is to better understand and characterize the subsurface Earth structure by analyzing complex seismic waveforms that are recorded on the Earth surface. My first project is body wave analysis of mantle structure under the Calabria slab. Its aim is to better understand the subduction structure of the Calabria slab by analyzing seismograms generated by natural earthquakes. The rollback and subduction of the Calabrian Arc beneath the southern Tyrrhenian Sea is a case study of slab morphology and slab-mantle interactions at short spatial scale. I analyzed the seismograms traversing the Calabrian slab and upper mantle wedge under the southern Tyrrhenian Sea through body wave dispersion, scattering and attenuation, which are recorded during the PASSCAL CAT/SCAN experiment. Compressional body waves exhibit dispersion correlating with slab paths, which is high-frequency components arrivals being delayed relative to low-frequency components. Body wave scattering and attenuation are also spatially correlated with slab paths. I used this correlation to estimate the positions of slab boundaries, and further suggested that the observed spatial variation in near-slab attenuation could be ascribed to mantle flow patterns around the slab. My second project is Spatial Average Coherency (SPAC) analysis of microtremors for subsurface structure characterization. Shear-wave velocity (Vs) information in soil and rock has been recognized as a critical parameter for site-specific ground motion prediction study, which is highly necessary for urban areas located in seismic active zones. SPAC analysis of microtremors provides an efficient way to estimate Vs structure. Compared with other Vs estimating methods, SPAC is noninvasive and does not require any active sources, and therefore, it is especially useful in big cities. I applied SPAC method in two urban areas. The first is the historic city, Charleston, South Carolina, where high levels of seismic hazard lead to great public concern. Accurate Vs information, therefore, is critical for seismic site classification and site response studies. The second SPAC study is in Manhattan, New York City, where depths of high velocity contrast and soil-to-bedrock are different along the island. The two experiments show that Vs structure could be estimated with good accuracy using SPAC method compared with borehole and other techniques. SPAC is proved to be an effective technique for Vs estimation in urban areas. One important issue in seismology is the inversion of subsurface structures from surface recordings of seismograms. My third project focuses on solving this complex geophysical inverse problems, specifically, surface wave phase velocity dispersion curve inversion for shear wave velocity. In addition to standard linear inversion, I developed advanced inversion techniques including joint inversion using borehole data as constrains, nonlinear inversion using Monte Carlo, and Simulated Annealing algorithms. One innovative way of solving the inverse problem is to make inference from the ensemble of all acceptable models. The statistical features of the ensemble provide a better way to characterize the Earth model.

Analysis and Simulation of 3D Scattering due to Heterogeneous Crustal Structure and Surface Topography on Regional Phases; Magnitude and Discrimination

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-07-07

inversion technique that is based on different weights for relatively high frequency waveform modeling of Pnl and relatively long period surface waves (Tan...et al., 2006). Pnl and surface waves are also allowed to shift in time to take into account of uncertainties in velocity structure. Joint...inversion of Pnl and surface waves provides better constraints on focal depth as well as source mechanisms. The pure strike-slip mechanism of the earthquake

Lithospheric Structure of the Arabian Shield from the Joint Inversion of Receiver Function and Surface-Wave Dispersion Observations

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-04-01

These microplates are separated by four ophiolite-bearing suture zones of two types: the Bir Umq and Yanbu sutures, formed by island-arc-island...Am., 82, 1453- 1474,1992. (UNCLASSIFIED) Coleman, R. G., Ophiolites. Ancient Oceanic Lithosphere ?, 229 pp., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1977...African microplate accretion of the Arabian shield, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 96, 817-826, 1985. (UNCLASSIFIED) Su, W., R. L. Woodward, and A. M

Maintenance of Austral Summertime Upper-Tropospheric Circulation over Tropical South America: The Bolivian High-Nordeste Low System.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Tsing-Chang; Weng, Shu-Ping; Schubert, Siegfried

1999-07-01

Using the NASA/GEOS reanalysis data for 1980-95, the austral-summer stationary eddies in the tropical-subtropical Southern Hemisphere are examined in two wave regimes: long and short wave (wave 1 and waves 2-6, respectively). The basic structure of the Bolivian high-Nordeste low (BH-NL) system is formed by a short-wave train across South America but modulated by the long-wave regime. The short-wave train exhibits a monsoonlike vertical phase reversal in the midtroposphere and a quarter-wave phase shift relative to the divergent circulation. As inferred from (a) the spatial relationship between the streamfunction and velocity potential and (b) the structure of the divergent circulation, the short-wave train forming the BH-NL system is maintained by South American local heating and remote African heating, while the long-wave regime is maintained by western tropical Pacific heating.The maintenance of the stationary waves in the two wave regimes is further illustrated by a simple diagnostic scheme that includes the velocity-potential maintenance equation (which links velocity potential and diabatic heating) and the streamfunction budget (which is the inverse Laplacian transform of the vorticity equation). Some simple relationships between streamfunction and velocity potential for both wave regimes are established to substantiate the links between diabatic heating and streamfunction; of particular interest is a Sverdrup balance in the short-wave regime. This simplified vorticity equation explains the vertical structure of the short-wave train associated with the BH-NL system and its spatial relationship with the divergent circulation.Based upon the diagnostic analysis of its maintenance a simple forced barotropic model is adopted to simulate the BH-NL system with idealized forcings, which imitates the real 200-mb divergence centers over South America, Africa, and the tropical Pacific. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the formation of the BH-NL system is affected not only by the African remote forcing, but also by the tropical Pacific forcing.

Modified Inverse First Order Reliability Method (I-FORM) for Predicting Extreme Sea States.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eckert-Gallup, Aubrey Celia; Sallaberry, Cedric Jean-Marie; Dallman, Ann Renee

Environmental contours describing extreme sea states are generated as the input for numerical or physical model simulation s as a part of the stand ard current practice for designing marine structure s to survive extreme sea states. Such environmental contours are characterized by combinations of significant wave height ( ) and energy period ( ) values calculated for a given recurrence interval using a set of data based on hindcast simulations or buoy observations over a sufficient period of record. The use of the inverse first - order reliability method (IFORM) i s standard design practice for generating environmental contours.more » In this paper, the traditional appli cation of the IFORM to generating environmental contours representing extreme sea states is described in detail and its merits and drawbacks are assessed. The application of additional methods for analyzing sea state data including the use of principal component analysis (PCA) to create an uncorrelated representation of the data under consideration is proposed. A reexamination of the components of the IFORM application to the problem at hand including the use of new distribution fitting techniques are shown to contribute to the development of more accurate a nd reasonable representations of extreme sea states for use in survivability analysis for marine struc tures. Keywords: In verse FORM, Principal Component Analysis , Environmental Contours, Extreme Sea State Characteri zation, Wave Energy Converters« less

Full-waveform inversion of surface waves in exploration geophysics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borisov, D.; Gao, F.; Williamson, P.; Tromp, J.

2017-12-01

Full-waveform inversion (FWI) is a data fitting approach to estimate high-resolution properties of the Earth from seismic data by minimizing the misfit between observed and calculated seismograms. In land seismics, the source on the ground generates high-amplitude surface waves, which generally represent most of the energy recorded by ground sensors. Although surface waves are widely used in global seismology and engineering studies, they are typically treated as noise within the seismic exploration community since they mask deeper reflections from the intervals of exploration interest. This is mainly due to the fact that surface waves decay exponentially with depth and for a typical frequency range (≈[5-50] Hz) sample only the very shallow part of the subsurface, but also because they are much more sensitive to S-wave than P-wave velocities. In this study, we invert surface waves in the hope of using them as additional information for updating the near surface. In a heterogeneous medium, the main challenge of surface wave inversion is associated with their dispersive character, which makes it difficult to define a starting model for conventional FWI which can avoid cycle-skipping. The standard approach to dealing with this is by inverting the dispersion curves in the Fourier (f-k) domain to generate locally 1-D models, typically for the shear wavespeeds only. However this requires that the near-surface zone be more or less horizontally invariant over a sufficient distance for the spatial Fourier transform to be applicable. In regions with significant topography, such as foothills, this is not the case, so we revert to the time-space domain, but aim to minimize the differences of envelopes in the early stages of the inversion to resolve the cycle-skipping issue. Once the model is good enough, we revert to the classic waveform-difference inversion. We first present a few synthetic examples. We show that classical FWI might be trapped in a local minimum even for relatively simple scenario, while FWI with envelopes is stable and can converge using an inaccurate starting model. We also perform resolution analysis using a checkerboard test. We then present a field example. The final shear wavespeed model is compared to the results from the inversion of dispersion curves.

The symmetries of the system matrix and propagator matrix for anisotropic media and of the system matrix forperiodically layered media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Guo-Ming; Ni, Si-Dao

1998-11-01

The `auxiliary' symmetry properties of the system matrix (symmetry with respect to the trailing diagonal) for a general anisotropic dissipative medium and the special form for a monoclinic medium are revealed by rearranging the motion-stress vector. The propagator matrix of a single-layer general anisotropic dissipative medium is also shown to have auxiliary symmetry. For the multilayered case, a relatively simple matrix method is utilized to obtain the inverse of the propagator matrix. Further, Woodhouse's inverse of the propagator matrix for a transversely isotropic medium is extended in a clearer form to handle the monoclinic symmetric medium. The properties of a periodic layer system are studied through its system matrix Aly , which is computed from the propagator matrix P. The matrix Aly is then compared with Aeq , the system matrix for the long-wavelength equivalent medium of the periodic isotropic layers. Then we can find how the periodic layered medium departs from its long-wavelength equivalent medium when the wavelength decreases. In our numerical example, the results show that, when λ/D decreases to 6-8, the components of the two matrices will depart from each other. The component ratio of these two matrices increases to its maximum (more than 15 in our numerical test) when λ/D is reduced to 2.3, and then oscillates with λ/D when it is further reduced. The eigenvalues of the system matrix Aly show that the velocities of P and S waves decrease when λ/D is reduced from 6-8 and reach their minimum values when λ/D is reduced to 2.3 and then oscillate afterwards. We compute the time shifts between the peaks of the transmitted waves and the incident waves. The resulting velocity curves show a similar variation to those computed from the eigenvalues of the system matrix Aly , but on a smaller scale. This can be explained by the spectrum width of the incident waves.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, Yu; Gao, Kai; Huang, Lianjie

Accurate imaging and characterization of fracture zones is crucial for geothermal energy exploration. Aligned fractures within fracture zones behave as anisotropic media for seismic-wave propagation. The anisotropic properties in fracture zones introduce extra difficulties for seismic imaging and waveform inversion. We have recently developed a new anisotropic elastic-waveform inversion method using a modified total-variation regularization scheme and a wave-energy-base preconditioning technique. Our new inversion method uses the parameterization of elasticity constants to describe anisotropic media, and hence it can properly handle arbitrary anisotropy. We apply our new inversion method to a seismic velocity model along a 2D-line seismic data acquiredmore » at Eleven-Mile Canyon located at the Southern Dixie Valley in Nevada for geothermal energy exploration. Our inversion results show that anisotropic elastic-waveform inversion has potential to reconstruct subsurface anisotropic elastic parameters for imaging and characterization of fracture zones.« less

A trade-off between model resolution and variance with selected Rayleigh-wave data

USGS Publications Warehouse

Xia, J.; Miller, R.D.; Xu, Y.

2008-01-01

Inversion of multimode surface-wave data is of increasing interest in the near-surface geophysics community. For a given near-surface geophysical problem, it is essential to understand how well the data, calculated according to a layered-earth model, might match the observed data. A data-resolution matrix is a function of the data kernel (determined by a geophysical model and a priori information applied to the problem), not the data. A data-resolution matrix of high-frequency (??? 2 Hz) Rayleigh-wave phase velocities, therefore, offers a quantitative tool for designing field surveys and predicting the match between calculated and observed data. First, we employed a data-resolution matrix to select data that would be well predicted and to explain advantages of incorporating higher modes in inversion. The resulting discussion using the data-resolution matrix provides insight into the process of inverting Rayleigh-wave phase velocities with higher mode data to estimate S-wave velocity structure. Discussion also suggested that each near-surface geophysical target can only be resolved using Rayleigh-wave phase velocities within specific frequency ranges, and higher mode data are normally more accurately predicted than fundamental mode data because of restrictions on the data kernel for the inversion system. Second, we obtained an optimal damping vector in a vicinity of an inverted model by the singular value decomposition of a trade-off function of model resolution and variance. In the end of the paper, we used a real-world example to demonstrate that selected data with the data-resolution matrix can provide better inversion results and to explain with the data-resolution matrix why incorporating higher mode data in inversion can provide better results. We also calculated model-resolution matrices of these examples to show the potential of increasing model resolution with selected surface-wave data. With the optimal damping vector, we can improve and assess an inverted model obtained by a damped least-square method.

The Crust and Upper Mantle Structure of the Iranian Plateau from Joint Waveform Tomography Imaging of Body and Surface Waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roecker, S. W.; Priestley, K. F.; Tatar, M.

2014-12-01

The Iranian Plateau forms a broad zone of deformation between the colliding Arabian and Eurasian plates. The convergence is accommodated in the Zagros Mountains of SW Iran, the Alborz Mountains of northern Iran, and the Kopeh Dagh Mountains of NE Iran. These deforming belts are separated by relatively aseismic depressions such as the Lut Block. It has been suggested that the Arabia-Eurasia collision is similar to the Indo-Eurasia collision but at a early point of development and therefore, it may provide clues to our understanding of the earlier stages of the continent-continent collision process. We present results of the analysis of seismic data collected along two NE-SW trending transects across the Iranian Plateau. The first profile extends from near Bushere on the Persian Gulf coast to near to the Iran-Turkmenistan border north of Mashad, and consists of seismic recordings along the SW portion of the line in 2000-2001 and recording along the NE portion of the line in 2003 and 2006-2008. The second profile extends from near the Iran-Iraq border near the Dezfel embayment to the south Caspian Sea coast north of Tehran. We apply the combined 2.5D finite element waveform tomography algorithm of Baker and Roecker [2014] to jointly invert teleseismic body and surface waves to determine the elastic wavespeed structures of these areas. The joint inversion of these different types of waves affords similar types of advantages that are common to combined surface wave dispersion/receiver function inversions in compensating for intrinsic weaknesses in horizontal and vertical resolution capabilities. We compare results recovered from a finite difference approach to document the effects of various assumptions related to their application, such as the inclusion of topography, on the models recovered. We also apply several different inverse methods, starting with simple gradient techniques to the more sophisticated pseudo-Hessian or L-BFGS approach, and find that the latter are generally more robust. Modeling of receiver functions and surface wave dispersion prior to the analysis is shown to be an efficacious way to generate starting models for this analysis.

A review on the systematic formulation of 3-D multiparameter full waveform inversion in viscoelastic medium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Pengliang; Brossier, Romain; Métivier, Ludovic; Virieux, Jean

2016-10-01

In this paper, we study 3-D multiparameter full waveform inversion (FWI) in viscoelastic media based on the generalized Maxwell/Zener body including arbitrary number of attenuation mechanisms. We present a frequency-domain energy analysis to establish the stability condition of a full anisotropic viscoelastic system, according to zero-valued boundary condition and the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle: the real-valued stiffness matrix becomes a complex-valued one in Fourier domain when seismic attenuation is taken into account. We develop a least-squares optimization approach to linearly relate the quality factor with the anelastic coefficients by estimating a set of constants which are independent of the spatial coordinates, which supplies an explicit incorporation of the parameter Q in the general viscoelastic wave equation. By introducing the Lagrangian multipliers into the matrix expression of the wave equation with implicit time integration, we build a systematic formulation of multiparameter FWI for full anisotropic viscoelastic wave equation, while the equivalent form of the state and adjoint equation with explicit time integration is available to be resolved efficiently. In particular, this formulation lays the foundation for the inversion of the parameter Q in the time domain with full anisotropic viscoelastic properties. In the 3-D isotropic viscoelastic settings, the anelastic coefficients and the quality factors using bulk and shear moduli parametrization can be related to the counterparts using P and S velocity. Gradients with respect to any other parameter of interest can be found by chain rule. Pioneering numerical validations as well as the real applications of this most generic framework will be carried out to disclose the potential of viscoelastic FWI when adequate high-performance computing resources and the field data are available.

Spectra, current flow, and wave-function morphology in a model PT -symmetric quantum dot with external interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tellander, Felix; Berggren, Karl-Fredrik

2017-04-01

In this paper we use numerical simulations to study a two-dimensional (2D) quantum dot (cavity) with two leads for passing currents (electrons, photons, etc.) through the system. By introducing an imaginary potential in each lead the system is made symmetric under parity-time inversion (PT symmetric). This system is experimentally realizable in the form of, e.g., quantum dots in low-dimensional semiconductors, optical and electromagnetic cavities, and other classical wave analogs. The computational model introduced here for studying spectra, exceptional points (EPs), wave-function symmetries and morphology, and current flow includes thousands of interacting states. This supplements previous analytic studies of few interacting states by providing more detail and higher resolution. The Hamiltonian describing the system is non-Hermitian; thus, the eigenvalues are, in general, complex. The structure of the wave functions and probability current densities are studied in detail at and in between EPs. The statistics for EPs is evaluated, and reasons for a gradual dynamical crossover are identified.

The Role of Transmural Repolarization Gradient in the Inversion of Cardiac Electric Field: Model Study of ECG in Hypothermia.

PubMed

Arteyeva, Natalia V; Azarov, Jan E

2017-01-01

The changes in ventricular repolarization gradients lead to significant alterations of the electrocardiographic body surface T waves up to the T wave inversion. However, the contribution of a specific gradient remains to be elucidated. The objective of the present investigation was to study the role of the transmural repolarization gradient in the inversion of the body surface T wave with a mathematical model of the hypothermia-induced changes of ventricular repolarization. By means of mathematical simulation, we set the hypothermic action potential duration (APD) distribution on the rabbit ventricular epicardium as it was previously experimentally documented. Then the parameters of the body surface potential distribution were tested with the introduction of different scenarios of the endocardial and epicardial APD behavior in hypothermia resulting in the unchanged, reversed or enlarged transmural repolarization gradient. The reversal of epicardial repolarization gradients (apicobasal, anterior-posterior and interventricular) caused the inversion of the T waves regardless of the direction of the transmural repolarization gradient. However, the most realistic body surface potentials were obtained when the endocardial APDs were not changed under hypothermia while the epicardial APDs prolonged. This produced the reversed and increased transmural repolarization gradient in absolute magnitude. The body surface potentials simulated under the unchanged transmural gradient were reduced in comparison to those simulated under the reversed transmural gradient. The simulations demonstrated that the transmural repolarization gradient did not play a crucial role in the cardiac electric field inversion under hypothermia, but its magnitude and direction contribute to the T wave amplitude. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Inversion of Surface Wave Phase Velocities for Radial Anisotropy to an Depth of 1200 km

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xing, Z.; Beghein, C.; Yuan, K.

2012-12-01

This study aims to evaluate three dimensional radial anisotropy to an depth of 1200 km. Radial anisotropy describes the difference in velocity between horizontally polarized Rayleigh waves and vertically polarized Love waves. Its presence in the uppermost 200 km mantle has well been documented by different groups, and has been regarded as an indicator of mantle convection which aligns the intrinsically anisotropic minerals, largely olivine, to form large scale anisotropy. However, there is no global agreement on whether anisotropy exists in the region below 200 km. Recent models also associate a fast vertically polarized shear wave with vertical upwelling mantle flow. The data used in this study is the globally isotropic phase velocity models of fundamental and higher mode Love and Rayleigh waves (Visser, 2008). The inclusion of higher mode surface wave phase velocity provides sensitivities to structure at depth that extends to below the transition zone. While the data is the same as used by Visser (2008), a quite different parameterization is applied. All the six parameters - five elastic parameters A, C, F, L, N and density - are now regarded as independent, which rules out possible biased conclusions induced by scaling relation method used in several previous studies to reduce the number of parameters partly due to limited computing resources. The data need to be modified by crustal corrections (Crust2.0) as we want to look at the mantle structure only. We do this by eliminating the perturbation in surface wave phase velocity caused by the difference in crustal structure with respect to the referent model PREM. Sambridge's Neighborhood Algorithm is used to search the parameter space. The introduction of such a direct search technique pales the traditional inversion method, which requires regularization or some unnecessary priori restriction on the model space. On the contrary, the new method will search the full model space, providing probability density function of each anisotropic parameter and the corresponding resolution.

Detection of Short-Waved Spin Waves in Individual Microscopic Spin-Wave Waveguides Using the Inverse Spin Hall Effect.

PubMed

Brächer, T; Fabre, M; Meyer, T; Fischer, T; Auffret, S; Boulle, O; Ebels, U; Pirro, P; Gaudin, G

2017-12-13

The miniaturization of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices becomes increasingly difficult due to fundamental limitations and the increase of leakage currents. Large research efforts are devoted to find alternative concepts that allow for a larger data-density and lower power consumption than conventional semiconductor approaches. Spin waves have been identified as a potential technology that can complement and outperform CMOS in complex logic applications, profiting from the fact that these waves enable wave computing on the nanoscale. The practical application of spin waves, however, requires the demonstration of scalable, CMOS compatible spin-wave detection schemes in material systems compatible with standard spintronics as well as semiconductor circuitry. Here, we report on the wave-vector independent detection of short-waved spin waves with wavelengths down to 150 nm by the inverse spin Hall effect in spin-wave waveguides made from ultrathin Ta/Co 8 Fe 72 B 20 /MgO. These findings open up the path for miniaturized scalable interconnects between spin waves and CMOS and the use of ultrathin films made from standard spintronic materials in magnonics.

Estimation of pseudo-2D shear-velocity section by inversion of high frequency surface waves

USGS Publications Warehouse

Luo, Y.; Liu, J.; Xia, J.; Xu, Y.; Liu, Q.

2006-01-01

A scheme to generate pseudo-2D shear-velocity sections with high horizontal resolution and low field cost by inversion of high frequency surface waves is presented. It contains six steps. The key step is the joint method of crossed correlation and phase shift scanning. This joint method chooses only two traces to generate image of dispersion curve. For Rayleigh-wave dispersion is most important for estimation of near-surface shear-wave velocity, it can effectively obtain reliable images of dispersion curves with a couple of traces. The result of a synthetic example shows the feasibility of this scheme. ?? 2005 Society of Exploration Geophysicists.

Nonlinear Waves and Inverse Scattering

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-29

equations include the Kadomtsev - Petviashvili (K-P), Davey-Stewartson (D-S), 2+1 Toda, and Self-Dual Yang-Mills (SDYM) equations . We have uncovered a... Petviashvili Equation and Associated Constraints, M.J. Ablowitz and Javier Villaroel, Studies in Appl. Math. 85, (1991), 195-213. 12. On the Hamiltonian...nonlinear wave equations of physical significance, multidimensional inverse scattering, numer- ically induced instabilities and chaos, and forced

The higher mode of surface wave derived from ambient noise and preliminary application to estimating subsurface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhentao, Y.; Xiaofei, C.; Jiannan, W.

2016-12-01

The fundamental mode is the primary component of surface wave derived from ambient noise. It is the basis of the method of structure imaging from ambient noise (e.g. SPAC, Aki 1957; F-K, Lascoss 1968; MUSIC, Schmidt 1986). It is well known, however, that if the higher modes of surface wave can be identified from data and are incorporated in the inversion of dispersion curves, the uncertainty in inversion results will be greatly reduced (e.g., Tokimastu,1997). Actually, the ambient noise indeed contains the higher modes as well in its raw data of ambient noise. If we could extract the higher modes from ambient noise, the structure inversion method of ambient noise would be greatly improved. In the past decade, there are many studies to improve SPAC and analyses the relationship of fundamental mode and higher mode (Ohri et al 2002; Asten et al. 2006; Tashiaki Ykoi 2010 ;Tatsunori Ikeda 2012). In this study, we will present a new method of identifying higher modes from ambient noise data by reprocessing the "surface waves' phases" derived from the ambient noise through cross-correlation analysis, and show preliminary application in structure inversion.

Viscoelasticity of multiphase fluids: future directions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tisato, Nicola; Spikes, Kyle; Javadpour, Farzam

2016-04-01

Recently, it has been demonstrated that rocks saturated with bubbly fluids attenuate seismic waves as the propagating elastic wave causes a thermodynamic disequilibrium between the liquid and the gas phases. The new attenuation mechanism, which is called wave-induced-gas-exsolution-dissolution (WIGED) and previously, was only postulated, opens up new perspectives for exploration geophysics as it could potentially improve the imaging of the subsurface. In particular, accounting for WIGED during seismic inversion could allow to better decipher seismic waves to disclose information about saturating phases. This will improve, for instance, the mapping of subsurface gas-plumes that might form during anthropogenic activities or natural phenomena such as those prior to volcanic eruptions. In the present contribution we will report the theory and the numerical method utilized to calculate the seismic-wave-attenuation related to WIGED and we will underline the assumptions and the limitations related to the theory. Then, we will present the experimental and the numerical strategy that we will employ to improve WIGED theory in order to incorporate additional effects, such as the role of interfacial tensions, or to extend it to fluid-fluid interaction

Estimation of Deeper Structure at the Soultz Hot Dry Rock Field by Means of Reflection Method Using 3C AE as Wave Source

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soma, N.; Niitsuma, H.; Baria, R.

1997-12-01

We investigate the deep subsurface structure below the artificial reservoir at the Soultz Hot Dry Rock (HDR) site in France by a reflection method which uses acoustic emission (AE) as a wave source. In this method, we can detect reflected waves by examining the linearity of a three-dimensional hodogram. Additionally for imaging a deep subsurface structure, we employ a three-dimensional inversion with a restriction of wave polarization angles and with a compensation for a heterogeneous source distribution.¶We analyzed 101 AE wave forms observed at the Soultz site during the hydraulic testing in 1993. Some deep reflectors were revealed by this method. The bottom of the artificial reservoir that is presumed from all of the AE locations in 1993 was delineated at the depth of about 3900 m as a reflector. Other deeper reflectors were detected below the reservoir, which would not have been detected using conventional methods. Furthermore these reflectors agreed with the results of the tri-axial drill-bit VSP (Asanuma et al., 1996).

Dam break problem for the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation and the generation of rogue waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

El, G. A.; Khamis, E. G.; Tovbis, A.

2016-09-01

We propose a novel, analytically tractable, scenario of the rogue wave formation in the framework of the small-dispersion focusing nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation with the initial condition in the form of a rectangular barrier (a ‘box’). We use the Whitham modulation theory combined with the nonlinear steepest descent for the semi-classical inverse scattering transform, to describe the evolution and interaction of two counter-propagating nonlinear wave trains—the dispersive dam break flows—generated in the NLS box problem. We show that the interaction dynamics results in the emergence of modulated large-amplitude quasi-periodic breather lattices whose amplitude profiles are closely approximated by the Akhmediev and Peregrine breathers within certain space-time domain. Our semi-classical analytical results are shown to be in excellent agreement with the results of direct numerical simulations of the small-dispersion focusing NLS equation.

Topological valley transport of plate-mode waves in a homogenous thin plate with periodic stubbed surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Jiu-Jiu; Huo, Shao-Yong; Geng, Zhi-Guo; Huang, Hong-Bo; Zhu, Xue-Feng

2017-11-01

The study for exotic topological effects of sound has attracted uprising interests in fundamental physics and practical applications. Based on the concept of valley pseudospin, we demonstrate the topological valley transport of plate-mode waves in a homogenous thin plate with periodic stubbed surface, where a deterministic two-fold Dirac degeneracy is form by two plate modes. We show that the topological property can be controlled by the height of stubs deposited on the plate. By adjusting the relative heights of adjacent stubs, the valley vortex chirality and band inversion are induced, giving rise to a phononic analog of valley Hall phase transition. We further numerically demonstrate the valley states of plate-mode waves with robust topological protection. Our results provide a new route to design unconventional elastic topological insulators and will significantly broaden its practical application in the engineering field.

A comparative study of surface waves inversion techniques at strong motion recording sites in Greece

USGS Publications Warehouse

Panagiotis C. Pelekis,; Savvaidis, Alexandros; Kayen, Robert E.; Vlachakis, Vasileios S.; Athanasopoulos, George A.

2015-01-01

Surface wave method was used for the estimation of Vs vs depth profile at 10 strong motion stations in Greece. The dispersion data were obtained by SASW method, utilizing a pair of electromechanical harmonic-wave source (shakers) or a random source (drop weight). In this study, three inversion techniques were used a) a recently proposed Simplified Inversion Method (SIM), b) an inversion technique based on a neighborhood algorithm (NA) which allows the incorporation of a priori information regarding the subsurface structure parameters, and c) Occam's inversion algorithm. For each site constant value of Poisson's ratio was assumed (ν=0.4) since the objective of the current study is the comparison of the three inversion schemes regardless the uncertainties resulting due to the lack of geotechnical data. A penalty function was introduced to quantify the deviations of the derived Vs profiles. The Vs models are compared as of Vs(z), Vs30 and EC8 soil category, in order to show the insignificance of the existing variations. The comparison results showed that the average variation of SIM profiles is 9% and 4.9% comparing with NA and Occam's profiles respectively whilst the average difference of Vs30 values obtained from SIM is 7.4% and 5.0% compared with NA and Occam's.

Quantifying the relationship between PM2.5 concentration, visibility and planetary boundary layer height for long-lasting haze and fog-haze mixed events in Beijing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luan, Tian; Guo, Xueliang; Guo, Lijun; Zhang, Tianhang

2018-01-01

Air quality and visibility are strongly influenced by aerosol loading, which is driven by meteorological conditions. The quantification of their relationships is critical to understanding the physical and chemical processes and forecasting of the polluted events. We investigated and quantified the relationship between PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter is 2.5 µm and less) mass concentration, visibility and planetary boundary layer (PBL) height in this study based on the data obtained from four long-lasting haze events and seven fog-haze mixed events from January 2014 to March 2015 in Beijing. The statistical results show that there was a negative exponential function between the visibility and the PM2.5 mass concentration for both haze and fog-haze mixed events (with the same R2 of 0.80). However, the fog-haze events caused a more obvious decrease of visibility than that for haze events due to the formation of fog droplets that could induce higher light extinction. The PM2.5 concentration had an inversely linear correlation with PBL height for haze events and a negative exponential correlation for fog-haze mixed events, indicating that the PM2.5 concentration is more sensitive to PBL height in fog-haze mixed events. The visibility had positively linear correlation with the PBL height with an R2 of 0.35 in haze events and positive exponential correlation with an R2 of 0.56 in fog-haze mixed events. We also investigated the physical mechanism responsible for these relationships between visibility, PM2.5 concentration and PBL height through typical haze and fog-haze mixed event and found that a double inversion layer formed in both typical events and played critical roles in maintaining and enhancing the long-lasting polluted events. The variations of the double inversion layers were closely associated with the processes of long-wave radiation cooling in the nighttime and short-wave solar radiation reduction in the daytime. The upper-level stable inversion layer was formed by the persistent warm and humid southwestern airflow, while the low-level inversion layer was initially produced by the surface long-wave radiation cooling in the nighttime and maintained by the reduction of surface solar radiation in the daytime. The obvious descending process of the upper-level inversion layer induced by the radiation process could be responsible for the enhancement of the low-level inversion layer and the lowering PBL height, as well as high aerosol loading for these polluted events. The reduction of surface solar radiation in the daytime could be around 35 % for the haze event and 94 % for the fog-haze mixed event. Therefore, the formation and subsequent descending processes of the upper-level inversion layer should be an important factor in maintaining and strengthening the long-lasting severe polluted events, which has not been revealed in previous publications. The interactions and feedbacks between PM2.5 concentration and PBL height linked by radiation process caused a more significant and long-lasting deterioration of air quality and visibility in fog-haze mixed events. The interactions and feedbacks of all processes were particularly strong when the PM2.5 mass concentration was larger than 150-200 µg m-3.

A spectral domain method for remotely probing stratified media

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schaubert, D. H.; Mittra, R.

1977-01-01

The problem of remotely probing a stratified, lossless, dielectric medium is formulated using the spectral domain method of probing. The response of the medium to a spectrum of plane waves incident at various angles is used to invert the unknown profile. For TE polarization, the electric field satisfies a Helmholtz equation. The inverse problem is solved by means of a new representation for the wave function. The principal step in this inversion is solving a second kind Fredholm equation which is very amenable to numerical computations. Several examples are presented including some which indicate that the method can be used with experimentally obtained data. When the fields exhibit a surface wave behavior, a unique inversion can be obtained only if information about the magnetic field is also available. In this case, the inversion is accomplished by a two-step procedure which employs a formula of Jost and Kohn. Some examples are presented, and an approach which greatly shortens the computations without greatly deteriorating the results is discussed.

Shear wave speed recovery in transient elastography and supersonic imaging using propagating fronts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McLaughlin, Joyce; Renzi, Daniel

2006-04-01

Transient elastography and supersonic imaging are promising new techniques for characterizing the elasticity of soft tissues. Using this method, an 'ultrafast imaging' system (up to 10 000 frames s-1) follows in real time the propagation of a low frequency shear wave. The displacement of the propagating shear wave is measured as a function of time and space. The objective of this paper is to develop and test algorithms whose ultimate product is images of the shear wave speed of tissue mimicking phantoms. The data used in the algorithms are the front of the propagating shear wave. Here, we first develop techniques to find the arrival time surface given the displacement data from a transient elastography experiment. The arrival time surface satisfies the Eikonal equation. We then propose a family of methods, called distance methods, to solve the inverse Eikonal equation: given the arrival times of a propagating wave, find the wave speed. Lastly, we explain why simple inversion schemes for the inverse Eikonal equation lead to large outliers in the wave speed and numerically demonstrate that the new scheme presented here does not have any large outliers. We exhibit two recoveries using these methods: one is with synthetic data; the other is with laboratory data obtained by Mathias Fink's group (the Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique, ESPCI, Université Paris VII).

Bayesian inversion of surface-wave data for radial and azimuthal shear-wave anisotropy, with applications to central Mongolia and west-central Italy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ravenna, Matteo; Lebedev, Sergei

2018-04-01

Seismic anisotropy provides important information on the deformation history of the Earth's interior. Rayleigh and Love surface-waves are sensitive to and can be used to determine both radial and azimuthal shear-wave anisotropies at depth, but parameter trade-offs give rise to substantial model non-uniqueness. Here, we explore the trade-offs between isotropic and anisotropic structure parameters and present a suite of methods for the inversion of surface-wave, phase-velocity curves for radial and azimuthal anisotropies. One Markov chain Monte Carlo (McMC) implementation inverts Rayleigh and Love dispersion curves for a radially anisotropic shear velocity profile of the crust and upper mantle. Another McMC implementation inverts Rayleigh phase velocities and their azimuthal anisotropy for profiles of vertically polarized shear velocity and its depth-dependent azimuthal anisotropy. The azimuthal anisotropy inversion is fully non-linear, with the forward problem solved numerically at different azimuths for every model realization, which ensures that any linearization biases are avoided. The computations are performed in parallel, in order to reduce the computing time. The often challenging issue of data noise estimation is addressed by means of a Hierarchical Bayesian approach, with the variance of the noise treated as an unknown during the radial anisotropy inversion. In addition to the McMC inversions, we also present faster, non-linear gradient-search inversions for the same anisotropic structure. The results of the two approaches are mutually consistent; the advantage of the McMC inversions is that they provide a measure of uncertainty of the models. Applying the method to broad-band data from the Baikal-central Mongolia region, we determine radial anisotropy from the crust down to the transition-zone depths. Robust negative anisotropy (Vsh < Vsv) in the asthenosphere, at 100-300 km depths, presents strong new evidence for a vertical component of asthenospheric flow. This is consistent with an upward flow from below the thick lithosphere of the Siberian Craton to below the thinner lithosphere of central Mongolia, likely to give rise to decompression melting and the scattered, sporadic volcanism observed in the Baikal Rift area, as proposed previously. Inversion of phase-velocity data from west-central Italy for azimuthal anisotropy reveals a clear change in the shear-wave fast-propagation direction at 70-100 km depths, near the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. The orientation of the fabric in the lithosphere is roughly E-W, parallel to the direction of stretching over the last 10 m.y. The orientation of the fabric in the asthenosphere is NW-SE, matching the fast directions inferred from shear-wave splitting and probably indicating the direction of the asthenospheric flow.

Turbulence of Weak Gravitational Waves in the Early Universe.

PubMed

Galtier, Sébastien; Nazarenko, Sergey V

2017-12-01

We study the statistical properties of an ensemble of weak gravitational waves interacting nonlinearly in a flat space-time. We show that the resonant three-wave interactions are absent and develop a theory for four-wave interactions in the reduced case of a 2.5+1 diagonal metric tensor. In this limit, where only plus-polarized gravitational waves are present, we derive the interaction Hamiltonian and consider the asymptotic regime of weak gravitational wave turbulence. Both direct and inverse cascades are found for the energy and the wave action, respectively, and the corresponding wave spectra are derived. The inverse cascade is characterized by a finite-time propagation of the metric excitations-a process similar to an explosive nonequilibrium Bose-Einstein condensation, which provides an efficient mechanism to ironing out small-scale inhomogeneities. The direct cascade leads to an accumulation of the radiation energy in the system. These processes might be important for understanding the early Universe where a background of weak nonlinear gravitational waves is expected.

Long-Range Correlations Between Transmitted and Reected Fluxes of Electromagnetic Waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gorodnichev, E. E.; Kuzovlev, A. I.; Rogozkin, D. B.

2017-12-01

We study the long-range spatial correlations between intensity fluctuations in speckles formed by multiply scattered light. The correlation function between intensity fluctuations at the opposite boundaries of the slab are analyzed under the conditions of circular polarization memory. It shown that, until the scattered light is depolarized completely, the polarization and scalar contributions to the correlation function are of the same order of magnitude. As the slab thickness increases, their ratio falls off in inverse proportion to the thickness.

Study of ECG changes and its relation to mortality in cases of cerebrovascular accidents.

PubMed

Purushothaman, Suja; Salmani, Deepalaxmi; Prarthana, Kaleramma Gopalakrishna; Bandelkar, Srinidhi Muddanna Gundappa; Varghese, Sarah

2014-07-01

Its being long recognized about the highly debilitating and destructive nature of cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). Around the world CVAs has posed as a major factor in medical morbidity and mortality. It has thrown up challenges with regards to their medical management and also towards posttreatment rehabilitation. It is well-known that neurologic disorder contributes variously towards varied electrocardiogram (ECG) changes and stroke is no exception. To study the ECG changes and its relation to mortality in cases of CVA. A total of 100 patients with acute stroke were enrolled in the study. All the 100 patients underwent ECG recording within first 24 h of admission. The patients were divided into ischemic and hemorrhagic group depending on the nature of lesion. Out of 100 cases, 58 were ischemic and 42 were hemorrhagic. The ECG changes were noted in 78 patients. Among the ischemic group, the changes noted in the ECG were: T wave inversion (34.48%), ST segment depression (32.75%), QTc prolongation (29.31%), and presence of U waves (27.58%). In cases of hemorrhagic stroke, it was: T wave inversion (33.33%), arrhythmias (33.33%), U waves (30.95%), and ST segment depression (23.80%). Mortality was higher in patients with ST-T changes in ischemic group (66.66%) and in patients with positive U waves (60%) in hemorrhagic group. In acute stroke patients, changes in ECG were commonly seen. The changes varied from T-wave inversion to ST segment depression in ischemic stroke. In hemorrhagic stroke it consisted of T wave inversion and arrhythmias. Overall mortality was high in cases of hemorrhagic compared to ischemic group.

Study of ECG changes and its relation to mortality in cases of cerebrovascular accidents

PubMed Central

Purushothaman, Suja; Salmani, Deepalaxmi; Prarthana, Kaleramma Gopalakrishna; Bandelkar, Srinidhi Muddanna Gundappa; Varghese, Sarah

2014-01-01

Background: Its being long recognized about the highly debilitating and destructive nature of cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). Around the world CVAs has posed as a major factor in medical morbidity and mortality. It has thrown up challenges with regards to their medical management and also towards posttreatment rehabilitation. It is well-known that neurologic disorder contributes variously towards varied electrocardiogram (ECG) changes and stroke is no exception. Objective: To study the ECG changes and its relation to mortality in cases of CVA. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients with acute stroke were enrolled in the study. All the 100 patients underwent ECG recording within first 24 h of admission. The patients were divided into ischemic and hemorrhagic group depending on the nature of lesion. Results: Out of 100 cases, 58 were ischemic and 42 were hemorrhagic. The ECG changes were noted in 78 patients. Among the ischemic group, the changes noted in the ECG were: T wave inversion (34.48%), ST segment depression (32.75%), QTc prolongation (29.31%), and presence of U waves (27.58%). In cases of hemorrhagic stroke, it was: T wave inversion (33.33%), arrhythmias (33.33%), U waves (30.95%), and ST segment depression (23.80%). Mortality was higher in patients with ST-T changes in ischemic group (66.66%) and in patients with positive U waves (60%) in hemorrhagic group. Conclusion: In acute stroke patients, changes in ECG were commonly seen. The changes varied from T-wave inversion to ST segment depression in ischemic stroke. In hemorrhagic stroke it consisted of T wave inversion and arrhythmias. Overall mortality was high in cases of hemorrhagic compared to ischemic group. PMID:25097430

Detailed p- and s-wave velocity models along the LARSE II transect, Southern California

USGS Publications Warehouse

Murphy, J.M.; Fuis, G.S.; Ryberg, T.; Lutter, W.J.; Catchings, R.D.; Goldman, M.R.

2010-01-01

Structural details of the crust determined from P-wave velocity models can be improved with S-wave velocity models, and S-wave velocities are needed for model-based predictions of strong ground motion in southern California. We picked P- and S-wave travel times for refracted phases from explosive-source shots of the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment, Phase II (LARSE II); we developed refraction velocity models from these picks using two different inversion algorithms. For each inversion technique, we calculated ratios of P- to S-wave velocities (VP/VS) where there is coincident P- and S-wave ray coverage.We compare the two VP inverse velocity models to each other and to results from forward modeling, and we compare the VS inverse models. The VS and VP/VS models differ in structural details from the VP models. In particular, dipping, tabular zones of low VS, or high VP/VS, appear to define two fault zones in the central Transverse Ranges that could be parts of a positive flower structure to the San Andreas fault. These two zones are marginally resolved, but their presence in two independent models lends them some credibility. A plot of VS versus VP differs from recently published plots that are based on direct laboratory or down-hole sonic measurements. The difference in plots is most prominent in the range of VP = 3 to 5 km=s (or VS ~ 1:25 to 2:9 km/s), where our refraction VS is lower by a few tenths of a kilometer per second from VS based on direct measurements. Our new VS - VP curve may be useful for modeling the lower limit of VS from a VP model in calculating strong motions from scenario earthquakes.

Nonlinear Problems in Fluid Dynamics and Inverse Scattering

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-05-31

nonlinear Kadomtsev - Petviashvili (KP) equations , have solutions which will become infinite in finite time. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as...40 (November 1992). 4 7. Wave Collapse and Instability of Solitary Waves of a Generalized Nonlinear Kaoiomtsev- Petviashvili Equation , X.P. Wang, M.J...words) The inverse scattering of a class of differential-difference equations and multidimensional operators has been constructed. Solutions of nonlinear

3D Structure of Iran and Surrounding Areas From The Simultaneous Inversion of Complementary Geophysical Observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ammon, C. J.; Maceira, M.; Cleveland, M.

2010-12-01

We present a three-dimensional seismic-structure model of the Arabian-Eurasian collision zone obtained via simultaneous, joint inversion of surface-wave dispersion measurements, teleseismic P-wave receiver functions, and gravity observations. We use a simple, approximate relationship between density and seismic velocities so that the three data sets may be combined in a single inversion. The sensitivity of the different data sets are well known: surface waves provide information on the smooth variations in elastic properties, receiver functions provide information on abrupt velocity contrasts, and gravity measurements provide information on broad-wavenumber shallow density variations and long-wavenumber components of deeper density structures. The combination of the data provides improved resolution of shallow-structure variations, which in turn help produce the smooth features at depth with less contamination from the strong heterogeneity often observed in the upper crust. We also explore geologically based smoothness constraints to help resolve sharp features in the underlying shallow 3D structure. Our focus is on the region surrounding Iran from east Turkey and Iraq in the west, to Pakistan and Afghanistan in the east. We use Bouguer gravity anomalies derived from the global gravity model extracted from the GRACE satellite mission. Surface-wave dispersion velocities in the period range between 7 and 150 s are taken from previously published tomographic maps for the region. Preliminary results show expected strong variations in the Caspian region as well as the deep sediment regions of the Persian Gulf. Regions constrained with receiver-function information generally show sharper crust-mantle boundary structure than that obtained by inversion of the surface waves alone (with thin layers and smoothing constraints). Final results of the simultaneous inversion will help us to better understand one of the most prominent examples of continental collision. Such models also provide an important starting model for time-consuming and fully 3D inversions.

Towards a new technique to construct a 3D shear-wave velocity model based on converted waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hetényi, G.; Colavitti, L.

2017-12-01

A 3D model is essential in all branches of solid Earth sciences because geological structures can be heterogeneous and change significantly in their lateral dimension. The main target of this research is to build a crustal S-wave velocity structure in 3D. The currently popular methodologies to construct 3D shear-wave velocity models are Ambient Noise Tomography (ANT) and Local Earthquake Tomography (LET). Here we propose a new technique to map Earth discontinuities and velocities at depth based on the analysis of receiver functions. The 3D model is obtained by simultaneously inverting P-to-S converted waveforms recorded at a dense array. The individual velocity models corresponding to each trace are extracted from the 3D initial model along ray paths that are calculated using the shooting method, and the velocity model is updated during the inversion. We consider a spherical approximation of ray propagation using a global velocity model (iasp91, Kennett and Engdahl, 1991) for the teleseismic part, while we adopt Cartesian coordinates and a local velocity model for the crust. During the inversion process we work with a multi-layer crustal model for shear-wave velocity, with a flexible mesh for the depth of the interfaces. The RFs inversion represents a complex problem because the amplitude and the arrival time of different phases depend in a non-linear way on the depth of interfaces and the characteristics of the velocity structure. The solution we envisage to manage the inversion problem is the stochastic Neighbourhood Algorithm (NA, Sambridge, 1999), whose goal is to find an ensemble of models that sample the good data-fitting regions of a multidimensional parameter space. Depending on the studied area, this method can accommodate possible independent and complementary geophysical data (gravity, active seismics, LET, ANT, etc.), helping to reduce the non-linearity of the inversion. Our first focus of application is the Central Alps, where a 20-year long dataset of high-quality teleseismic events recorded at 81 stations is available, and we have high-resolution P-wave velocity model available (Diehl et al., 2009). We plan to extend the 3D shear-wave velocity inversion method to the entire Alpine domain in frame of the AlpArray project, and apply it to other areas with a dense network of broadband seismometers.

Analysis of group-velocity dispersion of high-frequency Rayleigh waves for near-surface applications

USGS Publications Warehouse

Luo, Y.; Xia, J.; Xu, Y.; Zeng, C.

2011-01-01

The Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) method is an efficient tool to obtain the vertical shear (S)-wave velocity profile using the dispersive characteristic of Rayleigh waves. Most MASW researchers mainly apply Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity dispersion for S-wave velocity estimation with a few exceptions applying Rayleigh-wave group-velocity dispersion. Herein, we first compare sensitivities of fundamental surface-wave phase velocities with group velocities with three four-layer models including a low-velocity layer or a high-velocity layer. Then synthetic data are simulated by a finite difference method. Images of group-velocity dispersive energy of the synthetic data are generated using the Multiple Filter Analysis (MFA) method. Finally we invert a high-frequency surface-wave group-velocity dispersion curve of a real-world example. Results demonstrate that (1) the sensitivities of group velocities are higher than those of phase velocities and usable frequency ranges are wider than that of phase velocities, which is very helpful in improving inversion stability because for a stable inversion system, small changes in phase velocities do not result in a large fluctuation in inverted S-wave velocities; (2) group-velocity dispersive energy can be measured using single-trace data if Rayleigh-wave fundamental-mode energy is dominant, which suggests that the number of shots required in data acquisition can be dramatically reduced and the horizontal resolution can be greatly improved using analysis of group-velocity dispersion; and (3) the suspension logging results of the real-world example demonstrate that inversion of group velocities generated by the MFA method can successfully estimate near-surface S-wave velocities. ?? 2011 Elsevier B.V.

Investigation of the radiation properties of magnetospheric ELF waves induced by modulated ionospheric heating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Feng; Ni, Binbin; Zhao, Zhengyu; Zhao, Shufan; Zhao, Guangxin; Wang, Min

2017-05-01

Electromagnetic extremely low frequency (ELF) waves play an important role in modulating the Earth's radiation belt electron dynamics. High-frequency (HF) modulated heating of the ionosphere acts as a viable means to generate artificial ELF waves. The artificial ELF waves can reside in two different plasma regions in geo-space by propagating in the ionosphere and penetrating into the magnetosphere. As a consequence, the entire trajectory of ELF wave propagation should be considered to carefully analyze the wave radiation properties resulting from modulated ionospheric heating. We adopt a model of full wave solution to evaluate the Poynting vector of the ELF radiation field in the ionosphere, which can reflect the propagation characteristics of the radiated ELF waves along the background magnetic field and provide the initial condition of waves for ray tracing in the magnetosphere. The results indicate that the induced ELF wave energy forms a collimated beam and the center of the ELF radiation shifts obviously with respect to the ambient magnetic field with the radiation power inversely proportional to the wave frequency. The intensity of ELF wave radiation also shows a weak correlation with the size of the radiation source or its geographical location. Furthermore, the combination of ELF propagation in the ionosphere and magnetosphere is proposed on basis of the characteristics of the ELF radiation field from the upper ionospheric boundary and ray tracing simulations are implemented to reasonably calculate magnetospheric ray paths of ELF waves induced by modulated ionospheric heating.

Joint Inversion of 1-D Magnetotelluric and Surface-Wave Dispersion Data with an Improved Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm and Application to the Data of the Longmenshan Fault Zone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Pingping; Tan, Handong; Peng, Miao; Ma, Huan; Wang, Mao

2018-05-01

Magnetotellurics and seismic surface waves are two prominent geophysical methods for deep underground exploration. Joint inversion of these two datasets can help enhance the accuracy of inversion. In this paper, we describe a method for developing an improved multi-objective genetic algorithm (NSGA-SBX) and applying it to two numerical tests to verify the advantages of the algorithm. Our findings show that joint inversion with the NSGA-SBX method can improve the inversion results by strengthening structural coupling when the discontinuities of the electrical and velocity models are consistent, and in case of inconsistent discontinuities between these models, joint inversion can retain the advantages of individual inversions. By applying the algorithm to four detection points along the Longmenshan fault zone, we observe several features. The Sichuan Basin demonstrates low S-wave velocity and high conductivity in the shallow crust probably due to thick sedimentary layers. The eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau shows high velocity and high resistivity in the shallow crust, while two low velocity layers and a high conductivity layer are observed in the middle lower crust, probably indicating the mid-crustal channel flow. Along the Longmenshan fault zone, a high conductivity layer from 8 to 20 km is observed beneath the northern segment and decreases with depth beneath the middle segment, which might be caused by the elevated fluid content of the fault zone.

Blocky inversion of multichannel elastic impedance for elastic parameters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mozayan, Davoud Karami; Gholami, Ali; Siahkoohi, Hamid Reza

2018-04-01

Petrophysical description of reservoirs requires proper knowledge of elastic parameters like P- and S-wave velocities (Vp and Vs) and density (ρ), which can be retrieved from pre-stack seismic data using the concept of elastic impedance (EI). We propose an inversion algorithm which recovers elastic parameters from pre-stack seismic data in two sequential steps. In the first step, using the multichannel blind seismic inversion method (exploited recently for recovering acoustic impedance from post-stack seismic data), high-resolution blocky EI models are obtained directly from partial angle-stacks. Using an efficient total-variation (TV) regularization, each angle-stack is inverted independently in a multichannel form without prior knowledge of the corresponding wavelet. The second step involves inversion of the resulting EI models for elastic parameters. Mathematically, under some assumptions, the EI's are linearly described by the elastic parameters in the logarithm domain. Thus a linear weighted least squares inversion is employed to perform this step. Accuracy of the concept of elastic impedance in predicting reflection coefficients at low and high angles of incidence is compared with that of exact Zoeppritz elastic impedance and the role of low frequency content in the problem is discussed. The performance of the proposed inversion method is tested using synthetic 2D data sets obtained from the Marmousi model and also 2D field data sets. The results confirm the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method for inversion of pre-stack seismic data.

All-Electrical Measurement of Interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction Using Collective Spin-Wave Dynamics.

PubMed

Lee, Jong Min; Jang, Chaun; Min, Byoung-Chul; Lee, Seo-Won; Lee, Kyung-Jin; Chang, Joonyeon

2016-01-13

Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI), which arises from the broken inversion symmetry and spin-orbit coupling, is of prime interest as it leads to a stabilization of chiral magnetic order and provides an efficient manipulation of magnetic nanostructures. Here, we report all-electrical measurement of DMI using propagating spin wave spectroscopy based on the collective spin wave with a well-defined wave vector. We observe a substantial frequency shift of spin waves depending on the spin chirality in Pt/Co/MgO structures. After subtracting the contribution from other sources to the frequency shift, it is possible to quantify the DMI energy in Pt/Co/MgO systems. The result reveals that the DMI in Pt/Co/MgO originates from the interfaces, and the sign of DMI corresponds to the inversion asymmetry of the film structures. The electrical excitation and detection of spin waves and the influence of interfacial DMI on the collective spin-wave dynamics will pave the way to the emerging field of spin-wave logic devices.

Demonstration of improved seismic source inversion method of tele-seismic body wave

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yagi, Y.; Okuwaki, R.

2017-12-01

Seismic rupture inversion of tele-seismic body wave has been widely applied to studies of large earthquakes. In general, tele-seismic body wave contains information of overall rupture process of large earthquake, while the tele-seismic body wave is inappropriate for analyzing a detailed rupture process of M6 7 class earthquake. Recently, the quality and quantity of tele-seismic data and the inversion method has been greatly improved. Improved data and method enable us to study a detailed rupture process of M6 7 class earthquake even if we use only tele-seismic body wave. In this study, we demonstrate the ability of the improved data and method through analyses of the 2016 Rieti, Italy earthquake (Mw 6.2) and the 2016 Kumamoto, Japan earthquake (Mw 7.0) that have been well investigated by using the InSAR data set and the field observations. We assumed the rupture occurring on a single fault plane model inferred from the moment tensor solutions and the aftershock distribution. We constructed spatiotemporal discretized slip-rate functions with patches arranged as closely as possible. We performed inversions using several fault models and found that the spatiotemporal location of large slip-rate area was robust. In the 2016 Kumamoto, Japan earthquake, the slip-rate distribution shows that the rupture propagated to southwest during the first 5 s. At 5 s after the origin time, the main rupture started to propagate toward northeast. First episode and second episode correspond to rupture propagation along the Hinagu fault and the Futagawa fault, respectively. In the 2016 Rieti, Italy earthquake, the slip-rate distribution shows that the rupture propagated to up-dip direction during the first 2 s, and then rupture propagated toward northwest. From both analyses, we propose that the spatiotemporal slip-rate distribution estimated by improved inversion method of tele-seismic body wave has enough information to study a detailed rupture process of M6 7 class earthquake.

Uncertainties in the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman source through nonlinear stochastic inversion of tsunami waves

PubMed Central

Venugopal, M.; Roy, D.; Rajendran, K.; Guillas, S.; Dias, F.

2017-01-01

Numerical inversions for earthquake source parameters from tsunami wave data usually incorporate subjective elements to stabilize the search. In addition, noisy and possibly insufficient data result in instability and non-uniqueness in most deterministic inversions, which are barely acknowledged. Here, we employ the satellite altimetry data for the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman tsunami event to invert the source parameters. We also include kinematic parameters that improve the description of tsunami generation and propagation, especially near the source. Using a finite fault model that represents the extent of rupture and the geometry of the trench, we perform a new type of nonlinear joint inversion of the slips, rupture velocities and rise times with minimal a priori constraints. Despite persistently good waveform fits, large uncertainties in the joint parameter distribution constitute a remarkable feature of the inversion. These uncertainties suggest that objective inversion strategies should incorporate more sophisticated physical models of seabed deformation in order to significantly improve the performance of early warning systems. PMID:28989311

Uncertainties in the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman source through nonlinear stochastic inversion of tsunami waves.

PubMed

Gopinathan, D; Venugopal, M; Roy, D; Rajendran, K; Guillas, S; Dias, F

2017-09-01

Numerical inversions for earthquake source parameters from tsunami wave data usually incorporate subjective elements to stabilize the search. In addition, noisy and possibly insufficient data result in instability and non-uniqueness in most deterministic inversions, which are barely acknowledged. Here, we employ the satellite altimetry data for the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman tsunami event to invert the source parameters. We also include kinematic parameters that improve the description of tsunami generation and propagation, especially near the source. Using a finite fault model that represents the extent of rupture and the geometry of the trench, we perform a new type of nonlinear joint inversion of the slips, rupture velocities and rise times with minimal a priori constraints. Despite persistently good waveform fits, large uncertainties in the joint parameter distribution constitute a remarkable feature of the inversion. These uncertainties suggest that objective inversion strategies should incorporate more sophisticated physical models of seabed deformation in order to significantly improve the performance of early warning systems.

Moment Tensor Inversion of the 1998 Aiquile Earthquake Using Long-period surface waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, H.

2016-12-01

On 22nd May 1998 at 04:49(GMT), an earthquake of magnitude Mw = 6.6 struck the Aiquile region of Bolivia, causing 105 deaths and significant damage to the nearby towns of Hoyadas and Pampa Grande. This was the largest shallow earthquake (15 km depth) in Bolivia in over 50 years, and was felt as far Sucre, approximately 100 km away. In this report, a centroid moment tensor (CMT) inversion is carried using body waves and surface waves from 1998 Aiquile earthquake with 1-D and 3-D earth models to obtain the source model parameters and moment tensor, which are the values will be subsequently compared against the Global Centroid Moment Tensor Catalog(GCMT). Also, the excitation kernels could be gained and synthetic data can be created with different earth models. The two method for calculating synthetic seismograms are SPECFEM3D Globe which is based on shear wave mantle model S40RTS and crustal model CRUST 2.0, and AxiSEM which is based on PREM 1-D earth Model. Within the report, the theory behind the CMT inversion was explained and the source parameters gained from the inversion can be used to reveal the tectonics of the source of this earthquake, these information could be helpful in assessing seismic hazard and overall tectonic regime of this region. Furthermore, results of synthetic seismograms and the solution of inversion are going to be used to assess two models.

Inversion of high frequency surface waves with fundamental and higher modes

USGS Publications Warehouse

Xia, J.; Miller, R.D.; Park, C.B.; Tian, G.

2003-01-01

The phase velocity of Rayleigh-waves of a layered earth model is a function of frequency and four groups of earth parameters: compressional (P)-wave velocity, shear (S)-wave velocity, density, and thickness of layers. For the fundamental mode of Rayleigh waves, analysis of the Jacobian matrix for high frequencies (2-40 Hz) provides a measure of dispersion curve sensitivity to earth model parameters. S-wave velocities are the dominant influence of the four earth model parameters. This thesis is true for higher modes of high frequency Rayleigh waves as well. Our numerical modeling by analysis of the Jacobian matrix supports at least two quite exciting higher mode properties. First, for fundamental and higher mode Rayleigh wave data with the same wavelength, higher modes can "see" deeper than the fundamental mode. Second, higher mode data can increase the resolution of the inverted S-wave velocities. Real world examples show that the inversion process can be stabilized and resolution of the S-wave velocity model can be improved when simultaneously inverting the fundamental and higher mode data. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Kinematics and dynamics of robotic systems with multiple closed loops

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Chang-De

The kinematics and dynamics of robotic systems with multiple closed loops, such as Stewart platforms, walking machines, and hybrid manipulators, are studied. In the study of kinematics, focus is on the closed-form solutions of the forward position analysis of different parallel systems. A closed-form solution means that the solution is expressed as a polynomial in one variable. If the order of the polynomial is less than or equal to four, the solution has analytical closed-form. First, the conditions of obtaining analytical closed-form solutions are studied. For a Stewart platform, the condition is found to be that one rotational degree of freedom of the output link is decoupled from the other five. Based on this condition, a class of Stewart platforms which has analytical closed-form solution is formulated. Conditions of analytical closed-form solution for other parallel systems are also studied. Closed-form solutions of forward kinematics for walking machines and multi-fingered grippers are then studied. For a parallel system with three three-degree-of-freedom subchains, there are 84 possible ways to select six independent joints among nine joints. These 84 ways can be classified into three categories: Category 3:3:0, Category 3:2:1, and Category 2:2:2. It is shown that the first category has no solutions; the solutions of the second category have analytical closed-form; and the solutions of the last category are higher order polynomials. The study is then extended to a nearly general Stewart platform. The solution is a 20th order polynomial and the Stewart platform has a maximum of 40 possible configurations. Also, the study is extended to a new class of hybrid manipulators which consists of two serially connected parallel mechanisms. In the study of dynamics, a computationally efficient method for inverse dynamics of manipulators based on the virtual work principle is developed. Although this method is comparable with the recursive Newton-Euler method for serial manipulators, its advantage is more noteworthy when applied to parallel systems. An approach of inverse dynamics of a walking machine is also developed, which includes inverse dynamic modeling, foot force distribution, and joint force/torque allocation.

Anisotropic S-wave velocity structure from joint inversion of surface wave group velocity dispersion: A case study from India

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mitra, S.; Dey, S.; Siddartha, G.; Bhattacharya, S.

2016-12-01

We estimate 1-dimensional path average fundamental mode group velocity dispersion curves from regional Rayleigh and Love waves sampling the Indian subcontinent. The path average measurements are combined through a tomographic inversion to obtain 2-dimensional group velocity variation maps between periods of 10 and 80 s. The region of study is parametrised as triangular grids with 1° sides for the tomographic inversion. Rayleigh and Love wave dispersion curves from each node point is subsequently extracted and jointly inverted to obtain a radially anisotropic shear wave velocity model through global optimisation using Genetic Algorithm. The parametrization of the model space is done using three crustal layers and four mantle layers over a half-space with varying VpH , VsV and VsH. The anisotropic parameter (η) is calculated from empirical relations and the density of the layers are taken from PREM. Misfit for the model is calculated as a sum of error-weighted average dispersion curves. The 1-dimensional anisotropic shear wave velocity at each node point is combined using linear interpolation to obtain 3-dimensional structure beneath the region. Synthetic tests are performed to estimate the resolution of the tomographic maps which will be presented with our results. We envision to extend this to a larger dataset in near future to obtain high resolution anisotrpic shear wave velocity structure beneath India, Himalaya and Tibet.

A two-dimensional analysis of the sensitivity of a pulse first break to wave speed contrast on a scale below the resolution length of ray tomography.

PubMed

Willey, Carson L; Simonetti, Francesco

2016-06-01

Mapping the speed of mechanical waves traveling inside a medium is a topic of great interest across many fields from geoscience to medical diagnostics. Much work has been done to characterize the fidelity with which the geometrical features of the medium can be reconstructed and multiple resolution criteria have been proposed depending on the wave-matter interaction model used to decode the wave speed map from scattering measurements. However, these criteria do not define the accuracy with which the wave speed values can be reconstructed. Using two-dimensional simulations, it is shown that the first-arrival traveltime predicted by ray theory can be an accurate representation of the arrival of a pulse first break even in the presence of diffraction and other phenomena that are not accounted for by ray theory. As a result, ray-based tomographic inversions can yield accurate wave speed estimations also when the size of a sound speed anomaly is smaller than the resolution length of the inversion method provided that traveltimes are estimated from the signal first break. This increased sensitivity however renders the inversion more susceptible to noise since the amplitude of the signal around the first break is typically low especially when three-dimensional anomalies are considered.

High Resolution Velocity Structure in Eastern Turkey

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pasyanos, M. E.; Gok, R.; Zor, E.; Walter, W. R.

2004-12-01

We investigate the crust and upper mantle structure of eastern Turkey where the Anatolian, Arabian and Eurasian Plates meet, forming a complex tectonic regime. The Bitlis suture is a continental collision zone between the Anatolian plateau and the Arabian plate. Broadband data available through the Eastern Turkey Seismic Experiment (ETSE) provide a unique opportunity for studying the high resolution velocity structure of the region. Zor et al. (2003) found an average 46 km thick crust in the Anatolian plateau using a six-layered grid search inversion of the ETSE receiver functions. Receiver functions are sensitive to the velocity contrast of interfaces and the relative travel time of converted and reverberated waves between those interfaces. The interpretation of receiver functions alone, however, may result in an apparent depth-velocity trade-off [Ammon et al., 1990]. In order to improve upon this velocity model, we have combined the receiver functions with surface wave data using the joint inversion method of Julia et al. (2000). In this technique, the two sets of observations are combined into a single algebraic equation and each data set is weighted by an estimate of the uncertainty in the observations. The receiver functions are calculated using an iterative time-domain deconvolution technique. We also consider azimuthal changes in the receiver functions and have stacked them into different groups accordingly. We are improving our surface wave model by making Love and Rayleigh dispersion measurements at the ETSE stations and incorporating them into a regional group velocity model for periods between 10 and 100 seconds. Preliminary results indicate a strong trend in the long period group velocities toward the northeast, indicating slow upper mantle velocities in the area consistent with Pn, Sn and receiver function results. Starting models used for the joint inversions include both a 1-D model from a 12-ton dam shot recorded by ETSE [Gurbuz et al., 2004] and the models from the original receiver function inversions. We observe that the joint inversion results are independent of the starting model and converge to the same final model, with some differences compared to the original profiles. While we don't observe significant changes in the first order discontinuities of the model, such as Moho depth, we are better able to resolve features in the crust.

The ZH ratio Analysis of Global Seismic Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yano, T.; Shikato, S.; Rivera, L.; Tanimoto, T.

2007-12-01

The ZH ratio, the ratio of vertical to horizontal component of the fundamental Rayleigh wave as a function of frequency, is an alternative approach to phase/group velocity analysis for constructing the S-wave velocity structure. In this study, teleseismic Rayleigh wave data for the frequency range between 0.004Hz to 0.04Hz is used to investigate the interior structure. We have analyzed most of the GEOSCOPE network data and some IRIS GSN stations using a technique developed by Tanimoto and Rivera (2007). Stable estimates of the ZH ratios were obtained for the frequency range for most stations. We have performed the inversion of the measured ZH ratios for the structure in the crust and mantle by using nonlinear iterative scheme. The depth sensitivity kernels for inversion are numerically calculated. Depth sensitivity of the lowest frequency extends to depths beyond 500 km but the sensitivity of the overall data for the frequency band extends down to about 300km. We found that an appropriate selection of an initial model, particularly the depth of Mohorovicic discontinuity, is important for this inversion. The inversion result depends on the initial model and turned out to be non-unique. We have constructed the initial model from the CRUST 2.0. Inversion with equal weighting to each data point tends to reduce variance of certain frequency range only. Therefore, we have developed a scheme to increase weighting to data points that do not fit well after the fifth iteration. This occurs more often for low frequency range, 0.004-0.007Hz. After fitting the lower frequency region, the low velocity zone around a depth of 100km is observed under some stations such as KIP (Kipapa, Hawaii) and ATD (Arta Cave, Djibouti). We have also carried out an analysis on the resolving power of data by examining the eigenvalues-eigenvectors of the least-squares problem. Unfortunately, the normal matrix usually has 1-2 very large eigenvalues, followed by much smaller eigenvalues. The third one is often an order of magnitude smaller. The largest eigenvalue is always dominated by an eigenfunction that has the peak at the surface. It indicates that the ZH ratio is sensitive to shallow structure but it has limited form in resolving power for underlying structure. We will report on the details on the resolving capabilities of the ZH ratios.

Application of principal component analysis (PCA) and improved joint probability distributions to the inverse first-order reliability method (I-FORM) for predicting extreme sea states

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eckert-Gallup, Aubrey C.; Sallaberry, Cédric J.; Dallman, Ann R.

Environmental contours describing extreme sea states are generated as the input for numerical or physical model simulations as a part of the standard current practice for designing marine structures to survive extreme sea states. These environmental contours are characterized by combinations of significant wave height (H s) and either energy period (T e) or peak period (T p) values calculated for a given recurrence interval using a set of data based on hindcast simulations or buoy observations over a sufficient period of record. The use of the inverse first-order reliability method (I-FORM) is a standard design practice for generating environmentalmore » contours. This paper develops enhanced methodologies for data analysis prior to the application of the I-FORM, including the use of principal component analysis (PCA) to create an uncorrelated representation of the variables under consideration as well as new distribution and parameter fitting techniques. As a result, these modifications better represent the measured data and, therefore, should contribute to the development of more realistic representations of environmental contours of extreme sea states for determining design loads for marine structures.« less

Application of principal component analysis (PCA) and improved joint probability distributions to the inverse first-order reliability method (I-FORM) for predicting extreme sea states

DOE PAGES

Eckert-Gallup, Aubrey C.; Sallaberry, Cédric J.; Dallman, Ann R.; ...

2016-01-06

Environmental contours describing extreme sea states are generated as the input for numerical or physical model simulations as a part of the standard current practice for designing marine structures to survive extreme sea states. These environmental contours are characterized by combinations of significant wave height (H s) and either energy period (T e) or peak period (T p) values calculated for a given recurrence interval using a set of data based on hindcast simulations or buoy observations over a sufficient period of record. The use of the inverse first-order reliability method (I-FORM) is a standard design practice for generating environmentalmore » contours. This paper develops enhanced methodologies for data analysis prior to the application of the I-FORM, including the use of principal component analysis (PCA) to create an uncorrelated representation of the variables under consideration as well as new distribution and parameter fitting techniques. As a result, these modifications better represent the measured data and, therefore, should contribute to the development of more realistic representations of environmental contours of extreme sea states for determining design loads for marine structures.« less

Effect of surface-related Rayleigh and multiple waves on velocity reconstruction with time-domain elastic FWI

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fang, Jinwei; Zhou, Hui; Zhang, Qingchen; Chen, Hanming; Wang, Ning; Sun, Pengyuan; Wang, Shucheng

2018-01-01

It is critically important to assess the effectiveness of elastic full waveform inversion (FWI) algorithms when FWI is applied to real land seismic data including strong surface and multiple waves related to the air-earth boundary. In this paper, we review the realization of the free surface boundary condition in staggered-grid finite-difference (FD) discretization of elastic wave equation, and analyze the impact of the free surface on FWI results. To reduce inputs/outputs (I/O) operations in gradient calculation, we adopt the boundary value reconstruction method to rebuild the source wavefields during the backward propagation of the residual data. A time-domain multiscale inversion strategy is conducted by using a convolutional objective function, and a multi-GPU parallel programming technique is used to accelerate our elastic FWI further. Forward simulation and elastic FWI examples without and with considering the free surface are shown and analyzed, respectively. Numerical results indicate that no free surface incorporated elastic FWI fails to recover a good inversion result from the Rayleigh wave contaminated observed data. By contrast, when the free surface is incorporated into FWI, the inversion results become better. We also discuss the dependency of the Rayleigh waveform incorporated FWI on the accuracy of initial models, especially the accuracy of the shallow part of the initial models.

The inverse problem of acoustic wave scattering by an air-saturated poroelastic cylinder.

PubMed

Ogam, Erick; Fellah, Z E A; Baki, Paul

2013-03-01

The efficient use of plastic foams in a diverse range of structural applications like in noise reduction, cushioning, and sleeping mattresses requires detailed characterization of their permeability and deformation (load-bearing) behavior. The elastic moduli and airflow resistance properties of foams are often measured using two separate techniques, one employing mechanical vibration methods and the other, flow rates of fluids based on fluid mechanics technology, respectively. A multi-parameter inverse acoustic scattering problem to recover airflow resistivity (AR) and mechanical properties of an air-saturated foam cylinder is solved. A wave-fluid saturated poroelastic structure interaction model based on the modified Biot theory and plane-wave decomposition using orthogonal cylindrical functions is employed to solve the inverse problem. The solutions to the inverse problem are obtained by constructing the objective functional given by the total square of the difference between predictions from the model and scattered acoustic field data acquired in an anechoic chamber. The value of the recovered AR is in good agreement with that of a slab sample cut from the cylinder and characterized using a method employing low frequency transmitted and reflected acoustic waves in a long waveguide developed by Fellah et al. [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78(11), 114902 (2007)].

Pareto Joint Inversion of Love and Quasi Rayleigh's waves - synthetic study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bogacz, Adrian; Dalton, David; Danek, Tomasz; Miernik, Katarzyna; Slawinski, Michael A.

2017-04-01

In this contribution the specific application of Pareto joint inversion in solving geophysical problem is presented. Pareto criterion combine with Particle Swarm Optimization were used to solve geophysical inverse problems for Love and Quasi Rayleigh's waves. Basic theory of forward problem calculation for chosen surface waves is described. To avoid computational problems some simplification were made. This operation allowed foster and more straightforward calculation without lost of solution generality. According to the solving scheme restrictions, considered model must have exact two layers, elastic isotropic surface layer and elastic isotropic half space with infinite thickness. The aim of the inversion is to obain elastic parameters and model geometry using dispersion data. In calculations different case were considered, such as different number of modes for different wave types and different frequencies. Created solutions are using OpenMP standard for parallel computing, which help in reduction of computational times. The results of experimental computations are presented and commented. This research was performed in the context of The Geomechanics Project supported by Husky Energy. Also, this research was partially supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, grant 238416-2013, and by the Polish National Science Center under contract No. DEC-2013/11/B/ST10/0472.

Range of earth structure nonuniqueness implied by body wave observations.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wiggins, R. A.; Mcmechan, G. A.; Toksoz, M. N.

1973-01-01

The Herglotz-Wiechert integral for the direct inversion of ray parameter versus distance curves can be manipulated to find the envelope of all possible models consistent with geometrical body wave observations (travel time and ray parameter versus distance). Such an extremal inversion approach has been used to find the uncertainty bounds for the velocity structure in the mantle and core. It is found, for example, that there is an uncertainty of plus or minus 40 km in the radius of the inner core boundary, plus or minus 18 km at the core-mantle boundary, and plus or minus 35 km at the 435-km transition zone. The velocity uncertainty is about plus or minus 0.08 km/sec for P and S waves in the lower mantle and about plus or minus 0.20 km/sec in the core. Experiments with various combinations of ray types in the core indicate that rather crude observations of SKKS-SKS travel times confine the range of possible models far more dramatically than do the most precise estimates of PmKP travel times. Comparisons of results from extremal inversion and linearized perturbation inversions indicate that body wave behavior is too strongly nonlinear for linearized schemes to be effective for predicting uncertainty.

On mechanical waves and Doppler shifts from moving boundaries

DOE PAGES

Christov, Ivan C.; Christov, Christo I.

2017-02-01

We investigate the propagation of infinitesimal harmonic mechanical waves emitted from a boundary with variable velocity and arriving at a stationary observer. In the classical Doppler effect, X s(t)=vt is the location of the source with constant velocity v. In the present work, however, we consider a source co-located with a moving boundary x=X s(t), where X s(t) can have an arbitrary functional form. For ‘slowly moving’ boundaries (i.e., ones for which the timescale set by the mechanical motion is large in comparison to the inverse of the frequency of the emitted wave), we present a multiple-scale asymptotic analysis of the moving boundary problem for the linear wave equation. Here, we obtain a closed-form leading-order (with respect to the latter small parameter) solution and show that the variable velocity of the boundary results not only in frequency modulation but also in amplitude modulation of the received signal. Consequently, our results extend the applicability of two basic tenets of the theory of a moving source on a stationary domain, specifically that (i)more » $$.\\atop{x}_s$$ for non-uniform boundary motion can be inserted in place of the constant velocity v in the classical Doppler formula and (ii) that the non-uniform boundary motion introduces variability in the amplitude of the wave. The specific examples of decelerating and oscillatory boundary motion are worked out and illustrated.« less

Applications of He's semi-inverse method, ITEM and GGM to the Davey-Stewartson equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zinati, Reza Farshbaf; Manafian, Jalil

2017-04-01

We investigate the Davey-Stewartson (DS) equation. Travelling wave solutions were found. In this paper, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the analytical methods, namely, He's semi-inverse variational principle method (SIVPM), the improved tan(φ/2)-expansion method (ITEM) and generalized G'/G-expansion method (GGM) for seeking more exact solutions via the DS equation. These methods are direct, concise and simple to implement compared to other existing methods. The exact solutions containing four types solutions have been achieved. The results demonstrate that the aforementioned methods are more efficient than the Ansatz method applied by Mirzazadeh (2015). Abundant exact travelling wave solutions including solitons, kink, periodic and rational solutions have been found by the improved tan(φ/2)-expansion and generalized G'/G-expansion methods. By He's semi-inverse variational principle we have obtained dark and bright soliton wave solutions. Also, the obtained semi-inverse variational principle has profound implications in physical understandings. These solutions might play important role in engineering and physics fields. Moreover, by using Matlab, some graphical simulations were done to see the behavior of these solutions.

Waveform inversion for 3-D earth structure using the Direct Solution Method implemented on vector-parallel supercomputer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hara, Tatsuhiko

2004-08-01

We implement the Direct Solution Method (DSM) on a vector-parallel supercomputer and show that it is possible to significantly improve its computational efficiency through parallel computing. We apply the parallel DSM calculation to waveform inversion of long period (250-500 s) surface wave data for three-dimensional (3-D) S-wave velocity structure in the upper and uppermost lower mantle. We use a spherical harmonic expansion to represent lateral variation with the maximum angular degree 16. We find significant low velocities under south Pacific hot spots in the transition zone. This is consistent with other seismological studies conducted in the Superplume project, which suggests deep roots of these hot spots. We also perform simultaneous waveform inversion for 3-D S-wave velocity and Q structure. Since resolution for Q is not good, we develop a new technique in which power spectra are used as data for inversion. We find good correlation between long wavelength patterns of Vs and Q in the transition zone such as high Vs and high Q under the western Pacific.

Calculating broad neutron resonances in a cut-off Woods-Saxon potential

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baran, Á.; Noszály, Cs.; Salamon, P.; Vertse, T.

2015-07-01

In a cut-off Woods-Saxon (CWS) potential with realistic depth S -matrix poles being far from the imaginary wave number axis form a sequence where the distances of the consecutive resonances are inversely proportional with the cut-off radius value, which is an unphysical parameter. Other poles lying closer to the imaginary wave number axis might have trajectories with irregular shapes as the depth of the potential increases. Poles being close repel each other, and their repulsion is responsible for the changes of the directions of the corresponding trajectories. The repulsion might cause that certain resonances become antibound and later resonances again when they collide on the imaginary axis. The interaction is extremely sensitive to the cut-off radius value, which is an apparent handicap of the CWS potential.

Quantifying uncertainties of seismic Bayesian inversion of Northern Great Plains

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, C.; Lekic, V.

2017-12-01

Elastic waves excited by earthquakes are the fundamental observations of the seismological studies. Seismologists measure information such as travel time, amplitude, and polarization to infer the properties of earthquake source, seismic wave propagation, and subsurface structure. Across numerous applications, seismic imaging has been able to take advantage of complimentary seismic observables to constrain profiles and lateral variations of Earth's elastic properties. Moreover, seismic imaging plays a unique role in multidisciplinary studies of geoscience by providing direct constraints on the unreachable interior of the Earth. Accurate quantification of uncertainties of inferences made from seismic observations is of paramount importance for interpreting seismic images and testing geological hypotheses. However, such quantification remains challenging and subjective due to the non-linearity and non-uniqueness of geophysical inverse problem. In this project, we apply a reverse jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (rjMcMC) algorithm for a transdimensional Bayesian inversion of continental lithosphere structure. Such inversion allows us to quantify the uncertainties of inversion results by inverting for an ensemble solution. It also yields an adaptive parameterization that enables simultaneous inversion of different elastic properties without imposing strong prior information on the relationship between them. We present retrieved profiles of shear velocity (Vs) and radial anisotropy in Northern Great Plains using measurements from USArray stations. We use both seismic surface wave dispersion and receiver function data due to their complementary constraints of lithosphere structure. Furthermore, we analyze the uncertainties of both individual and joint inversion of those two data types to quantify the benefit of doing joint inversion. As an application, we infer the variation of Moho depths and crustal layering across the northern Great Plains.

T wave inversions in athletes: a variety of scenarios.

PubMed

Stein, Ricardo; Malhotra, Aneil

2015-01-01

Athletic intensive exercise is associated with repolarization changes affecting the ST-segment and T-wave morphology. The prevalence and distribution of these alterations are influenced by several demographic factors. One of the most challenging conundrums for both the cardiologist and the sports medicine physician is the correct interpretation of these repolarization changes to prevent an erroneous diagnosis with potentially serious consequences. A 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) demonstrating inverted T-waves may represent the first and only sign of such inherited heart muscle diseases, and may precede the detection of any structural changes in the heart, however, T-wave inversion in leads V1-V4 in black athletes may represent ethnic variation which is exaggerated by exercise. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Synoptic Formation of Double Tropopauses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Chengji; Barnes, Elizabeth

2018-01-01

Double tropopauses are ubiquitous in the midlatitude winter hemisphere and represent the vertical stacking of two stable tropopause layers separated by a less stable layer. By analyzing COSMIC GPS data, reanalysis, and eddy life cycle simulations, we demonstrate that they often occur during Rossby wave breaking and act to increase the stratosphere-to-troposphere exchange of mass. We further investigate the adiabatic formation of double tropopauses and propose two mechanisms by which they can occur. The first mechanism operates at the tropopause break in the subtropics where the higher tropical tropopause sits on one side of the break and the lower extratropical tropopause sits on the other. The double tropopauses are then formed by differential meridional advection of the higher and lower tropopauses on the two sides of the tropopause break. We show that anticyclonic wave breaking can form double tropopauses mainly by providing stronger poleward advection of the higher tropopause in its poleward lobe. Cyclonic wave breaking mainly forms double tropopauses by providing stronger equatorward advection of the lower tropopause in its equatorward lobe. We demonstrate in the COSMIC GPS data and reanalysis that about half of the double tropopauses in the Northern Hemisphere winter can be directly attributed to such differential advection. For the second mechanism, adiabatic destabilization of the air above the tropopause contributes to the formation of a double tropopause. In this case, a tropopause inversion layer is necessary for this destabilization to result in a double tropopause.

Wave Propagation and Inversion in Shallow Water and Poro-elastic Sediment

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-09-30

water and high freq. acoustics LONG-TERM GOALS To create codes accurately model wave propagation and scattering in shallow water, and to quantify...is undergoing testing for the acoustic stratified Green’s function. We have adapted code generated by J. Schuster in Geophysics for the FDTD model ...inversions and modelling , and have repercussions in environmental imaging [5], acoustic imaging [1,4,5,6,7] and early breast cancer diagnosis

Sub-basalt Imaging of Hydrocarbon-Bearing Mesozoic Sediments Using Ray-Trace Inversion of First-Arrival Seismic Data and Elastic Finite-Difference Full-Wave Modeling Along Sinor-Valod Profile of Deccan Syneclise, India

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Talukdar, Karabi; Behera, Laxmidhar

2018-03-01

Imaging below the basalt for hydrocarbon exploration is a global problem because of poor penetration and significant loss of seismic energy due to scattering, attenuation, absorption and mode-conversion when the seismic waves encounter a highly heterogeneous and rugose basalt layer. The conventional (short offset) seismic data acquisition, processing and modeling techniques adopted by the oil industry generally fails to image hydrocarbon-bearing sub-trappean Mesozoic sediments hidden below the basalt and is considered as a serious problem for hydrocarbon exploration in the world. To overcome this difficulty of sub-basalt imaging, we have generated dense synthetic seismic data with the help of elastic finite-difference full-wave modeling using staggered-grid scheme for the model derived from ray-trace inversion using sparse wide-angle seismic data acquired along Sinor-Valod profile in the Deccan Volcanic Province of India. The full-wave synthetic seismic data generated have been processed and imaged using conventional seismic data processing technique with Kirchhoff pre-stack time and depth migrations. The seismic image obtained correlates with all the structural features of the model obtained through ray-trace inversion of wide-angle seismic data, validating the effectiveness of robust elastic finite-difference full-wave modeling approach for imaging below thick basalts. Using the full-wave modeling also allows us to decipher small-scale heterogeneities imposed in the model as a measure of the rugose basalt interfaces, which could not be dealt with ray-trace inversion. Furthermore, we were able to accurately image thin low-velocity hydrocarbon-bearing Mesozoic sediments sandwiched between and hidden below two thick sequences of high-velocity basalt layers lying above the basement.

Inverse cascades and resonant triads in rotating and stratified turbulence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oks, D.; Mininni, P. D.; Marino, R.; Pouquet, A.

2017-11-01

Kraichnan's seminal ideas on inverse cascades yielded new tools to study common phenomena in geophysical turbulent flows. In the atmosphere and the oceans, rotation and stratification result in a flow that can be approximated as two-dimensional at very large scales but which requires considering three-dimensional effects to fully describe turbulent transport processes and non-linear phenomena. Motions can thus be classified into two classes: fast modes consisting of inertia-gravity waves and slow quasi-geostrophic modes for which the Coriolis force and horizontal pressure gradients are close to balance. In this paper, we review previous results on the strength of the inverse cascade in rotating and stratified flows and then present new results on the effect of varying the strength of rotation and stratification (measured by the inverse Prandtl ratio N/f, of the Coriolis frequency to the Brunt-Väisäla frequency) on the amplitude of the waves and on the flow quasi-geostrophic behavior. We show that the inverse cascade is more efficient in the range of N/f for which resonant triads do not exist, 1 /2 ≤N /f ≤2 . We then use the spatio-temporal spectrum to show that in this range slow modes dominate the dynamics, while the strength of the waves (and their relevance in the flow dynamics) is weaker.

Effective one-dimensional approach to the source reconstruction problem of three-dimensional inverse optoacoustics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stritzel, J.; Melchert, O.; Wollweber, M.; Roth, B.

2017-09-01

The direct problem of optoacoustic signal generation in biological media consists of solving an inhomogeneous three-dimensional (3D) wave equation for an initial acoustic stress profile. In contrast, the more defiant inverse problem requires the reconstruction of the initial stress profile from a proper set of observed signals. In this article, we consider an effectively 1D approach, based on the assumption of a Gaussian transverse irradiation source profile and plane acoustic waves, in which the effects of acoustic diffraction are described in terms of a linear integral equation. The respective inverse problem along the beam axis can be cast into a Volterra integral equation of the second kind for which we explore here efficient numerical schemes in order to reconstruct initial stress profiles from observed signals, constituting a methodical progress of computational aspects of optoacoustics. In this regard, we explore the validity as well as the limits of the inversion scheme via numerical experiments, with parameters geared toward actual optoacoustic problem instances. The considered inversion input consists of synthetic data, obtained in terms of the effectively 1D approach, and, more generally, a solution of the 3D optoacoustic wave equation. Finally, we also analyze the effect of noise and different detector-to-sample distances on the optoacoustic signal and the reconstructed pressure profiles.

Dynamics of a radially expanding liquid sheet: Experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Majumdar, Nayanika; Tirumkudulu, Mahesh

2017-11-01

A recent theory predicts that sinuous waves generated at the center of a radially expanding liquid sheet grow spatially even in absence of a surrounding gas phase. Unlike flat liquid sheets, the thickness of a radially expanding liquid sheet varies inversely with distance from the center of the sheet. To test the predictions of the theory, experiments were carried out on a horizontal, radially expanding liquid sheet formed by collision of a single jet on a solid impactor. The latter was placed on a speaker-vibrator with controlled amplitude and frequency. The growth of sinuous waves was determined by measuring the wave surface inclination angle using reflected laser light under both atmospheric and sub-atmospheric pressure conditions. It is shown that the measured growth rate matches with the predictions of the theory over a large range of Weber numbers for both pressure conditions suggesting that the thinning of the liquid sheet plays a dominant role in setting the growth rate of sinuous waves with minimal influence of the surrounding gas phase on its dynamics. IIT Bombay.

Nonlinear PP and PS joint inversion based on the exact Zoeppritz equations: a two-stage procedure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhi, Lixia; Chen, Shuangquan; Song, Baoshan; Li, Xiang-yang

2018-04-01

S-velocity and density are very important parameters in distinguishing lithology and estimating other petrophysical properties. A reliable estimate of S-velocity and density is very difficult to obtain, even from long-offset gather data. Joint inversion of PP and PS data provides a promising strategy for stabilizing and improving the results of inversion in estimating elastic parameters and density. For 2D or 3D inversion, the trace-by-trace strategy is still the most widely used method although it often suffers from a lack of clarity because of its high efficiency, which is due to parallel computing. This paper describes a two-stage inversion method for nonlinear PP and PS joint inversion based on the exact Zoeppritz equations. There are several advantages for our proposed methods as follows: (1) Thanks to the exact Zoeppritz equation, our joint inversion method is applicable for wide angle amplitude-versus-angle inversion; (2) The use of both P- and S-wave information can further enhance the stability and accuracy of parameter estimation, especially for the S-velocity and density; (3) The two-stage inversion procedure proposed in this paper can achieve a good compromise between efficiency and precision. On the one hand, the trace-by-trace strategy used in the first stage can be processed in parallel so that it has high computational efficiency. On the other hand, to deal with the indistinctness of and undesired disturbances to the inversion results obtained from the first stage, we apply the second stage—total variation (TV) regularization. By enforcing spatial and temporal constraints, the TV regularization stage deblurs the inversion results and leads to parameter estimation with greater precision. Notably, the computation consumption of the TV regularization stage can be ignored compared to the first stage because it is solved using the fast split Bregman iterations. Numerical examples using a well log and the Marmousi II model show that the proposed joint inversion is a reliable method capable of accurately estimating the density parameter as well as P-wave velocity and S-wave velocity, even when the seismic data is noisy with signal-to-noise ratio of 5.

On microseisms recorded near the Ligurian coast (Italy) and their relationship with sea wave height

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferretti, G.; Zunino, A.; Scafidi, D.; Barani, S.; Spallarossa, D.

2013-07-01

In this study, microseism recordings from a near coast seismic station and concurrent significant sea wave heights (H_{1/3}) are analysed to calibrate an empirical relation for predicting sea wave height in the Ligurian Sea. The study stems from the investigation of the damaging sea storms occurred in the Ligurian Sea between 2008 October and November. Analysing data collected in this time frame allows identification of two types of microseism signal, one associated to the local sea wave motion and one attributable to a remote source area. The former is dominated by frequencies greater than 0.2 Hz and the latter by frequencies between 0.07 and 0.14 Hz. Moreover, comparison of microseism spectrogram and significant sea wave heights reveals a strong correlation in that the spectral energy content of microseism results proportional to the sea wave height observed in the same time window. Hence, an extended data set including also observations from January to December 2011 is used to calibrate an empirical predictive relation for sea wave height whose functional form is a modified version of the classical definition of H_{1/3}. By means of a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm we set up a procedure to investigate the inverse problem and to find a set of parameter values for predicting sea wave heights from microseism.

Improved Shear Wave Motion Detection Using Pulse-Inversion Harmonic Imaging with a Phased Array Transducer

PubMed Central

Song, Pengfei; Zhao, Heng; Urban, Matthew W.; Manduca, Armando; Pislaru, Sorin V.; Kinnick, Randall R.; Pislaru, Cristina; Greenleaf, James F.; Chen, Shigao

2013-01-01

Ultrasound tissue harmonic imaging is widely used to improve ultrasound B-mode imaging quality thanks to its effectiveness in suppressing imaging artifacts associated with ultrasound reverberation, phase aberration, and clutter noise. In ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE), because the shear wave motion signal is extracted from the ultrasound signal, these noise sources can significantly deteriorate the shear wave motion tracking process and consequently result in noisy and biased shear wave motion detection. This situation is exacerbated in in vivo SWE applications such as heart, liver, and kidney. This paper, therefore, investigated the possibility of implementing harmonic imaging, specifically pulse-inversion harmonic imaging, in shear wave tracking, with the hypothesis that harmonic imaging can improve shear wave motion detection based on the same principles that apply to general harmonic B-mode imaging. We first designed an experiment with a gelatin phantom covered by an excised piece of pork belly and show that harmonic imaging can significantly improve shear wave motion detection by producing less underestimated shear wave motion and more consistent shear wave speed measurements than fundamental imaging. Then, a transthoracic heart experiment on a freshly sacrificed pig showed that harmonic imaging could robustly track the shear wave motion and give consistent shear wave speed measurements while fundamental imaging could not. Finally, an in vivo transthoracic study of seven healthy volunteers showed that the proposed harmonic imaging tracking sequence could provide consistent estimates of the left ventricular myocardium stiffness in end-diastole with a general success rate of 80% and a success rate of 93.3% when excluding the subject with Body Mass Index (BMI) higher than 25. These promising results indicate that pulse-inversion harmonic imaging can significantly improve shear wave motion tracking and thus potentially facilitate more robust assessment of tissue elasticity by SWE. PMID:24021638

Investigation of the reconstruction accuracy of guided wave tomography using full waveform inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rao, Jing; Ratassepp, Madis; Fan, Zheng

2017-07-01

Guided wave tomography is a promising tool to accurately determine the remaining wall thicknesses of corrosion damages, which are among the major concerns for many industries. Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) algorithm is an attractive guided wave tomography method, which uses a numerical forward model to predict the waveform of guided waves when propagating through corrosion defects, and an inverse model to reconstruct the thickness map from the ultrasonic signals captured by transducers around the defect. This paper discusses the reconstruction accuracy of the FWI algorithm on plate-like structures by using simulations as well as experiments. It was shown that this algorithm can obtain a resolution of around 0.7 wavelengths for defects with smooth depth variations from the acoustic modeling data, and about 1.5-2 wavelengths from the elastic modeling data. Further analysis showed that the reconstruction accuracy is also dependent on the shape of the defect. It was demonstrated that the algorithm maintains the accuracy in the case of multiple defects compared to conventional algorithms based on Born approximation.

Determining the near-surface current profile from measurements of the wave dispersion relation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smeltzer, Benjamin; Maxwell, Peter; Aesøy, Eirik; Ellingsen, Simen

2017-11-01

The current-induced Doppler shifts of waves can yield information about the background mean flow, providing an attractive method of inferring the current profile in the upper layer of the ocean. We present measurements of waves propagating on shear currents in a laboratory water channel, as well as theoretical investigations of inversion techniques for determining the vertical current structure. Spatial and temporal measurements of the free surface profile obtained using a synthetic Schlieren method are analyzed to determine the wave dispersion relation and Doppler shifts as a function of wavelength. The vertical current profile can then be inferred from the Doppler shifts using an inversion algorithm. Most existing algorithms rely on a priori assumptions of the shape of the current profile, and developing a method that uses less stringent assumptions is a focus of this study, allowing for measurement of more general current profiles. The accuracy of current inversion algorithms are evaluated by comparison to measurements of the mean flow profile from particle image velocimetry (PIV), and a discussion of the sensitivity to errors in the Doppler shifts is presented.

Seismic attenuation structure of the Seattle Basin, Washington State from explosive-source refraction data

USGS Publications Warehouse

Li, Q.; Wilcock, W.S.D.; Pratt, T.L.; Snelson, C.M.; Brocher, T.M.

2006-01-01

We used waveform data from the 1999 SHIPS (Seismic Hazard Investigation of Puget Sound) seismic refraction experiment to constrain the attenuation structure of the Seattle basin, Washington State. We inverted the spectral amplitudes of compressional- and shear-wave arrivals for source spectra, site responses, and one- and two-dimensional Q-1 models at frequencies between 1 and 40 Hz for P waves and 1 and 10 Hz for S waves. We also obtained Q-1 models from t* values calculated from the spectral slopes of P waves between 10 and 40 Hz. One-dimensional inversions show that Qp at the surface is 22 at 1 Hz, 130 at 5 Hz, and 390 at 20 Hz. The corresponding values at 18 km depth are 100, 440, and 1900. Qs at the surface is 16 and 160 at 1 Hz and 8 Hz, respectively, increasing to 80 and 500 at 18 km depth. The t* inversion yields a Qp model that is consistent with the amplitude inversions at 20 and 30 Hz. The basin geometry is clearly resolved in the t* inversion, but the amplitude inversions only imaged the basin structure after removing anomalously high-amplitude shots near Seattle. When these shots are removed, we infer that Q-1 values may be ???30% higher in the center of the basin than the one-dimensional models predict. We infer that seismic attenuation in the Seattle basin will significantly reduce ground motions at frequencies at and above 1 Hz, partially countering amplification effects within the basin.

Upper-mantle seismic structure in a region of incipient continental breakup: northern Ethiopian rift

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bastow, Ian D.; Stuart, Graham W.; Kendall, J.-Michael; Ebinger, Cynthia J.

2005-08-01

The northern Ethiopian rift forms the third arm of the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden triple junction, and marks the transition from continental rifting in the East African rift to incipient oceanic spreading in Afar. We determine the P- and S-wave velocity structure beneath the northern Ethiopian rift using independent tomographic inversion of P- and S-wave relative arrival-time residuals from teleseismic earthquakes recorded by the Ethiopia Afar Geoscientific Lithospheric Experiment (EAGLE) passive experiment using the regularised non-linear least-squares inversion method of VanDecar. Our 79 broad-band instruments covered an area 250 × 350 km centred on the Boset magmatic segment ~70 km SE of Addis Ababa in the centre of the northern Ethiopian rift. The study area encompasses several rift segments showing increasing degrees of extension and magmatic intrusion moving from south to north into the Afar depression. Analysis of relative arrival-time residuals shows that the rift flanks are asymmetric with arrivals associated with the southeastern Somalian Plate faster (~0.65 s for the P waves; ~2 s for the S waves) than the northwestern Nubian Plate. Our tomographic inversions image a 75 km wide tabular low-velocity zone (δVP~-1.5 per cent, δVS~-4 per cent) beneath the less-evolved southern part of the rift in the uppermost 200-250 km of the mantle. At depths of >100 km, north of 8.5°N, this low-velocity anomaly broadens laterally and appears to be connected to deeper low-velocity structures under the Afar depression. An off-rift low-velocity structure extending perpendicular to the rift axis correlates with the eastern limit of the E-W trending reactivated Precambrian Ambo-Guder fault zone that is delineated by Quaternary eruptive centres. Along axis, the low-velocity upwelling beneath the rift is segmented, with low-velocity material in the uppermost 100 km often offset to the side of the rift with the highest rift flank topography. Our observations from this magmatic rift zone, which is transitional between continental and oceanic rifting, do not support detachment fault models of lithospheric extension but instead point to strain accommodation via magma assisted rifting.

Surface Wave Conversion at a Surface Impedance Discontinuity over the Earth.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-03-01

case, the (complex) angle E defined by (1. 1) is always small, and usually very small. We are consisten- tly using this last assumption in all the body ...integral which is systematically used in the body of this Report and which can be evaluated properly accomodating results of Ref.[ 31]: 8 exp(- St 2 I...17) in the canon/ al form (2. 13) leads to terms that are inversely propotional to (6. 4), and therefore dominated by (6. 3). This is not true for the

Shear wave velocity and attenuation in the upper layer of ocean bottoms from long-range acoustic field measurements.

PubMed

Zhou, Ji-Xun; Zhang, Xue-Zhen

2012-12-01

Several physics-based seabed geoacoustic models (including the Biot theory) predict that compressional wave attenuation α(2) in sandy marine sediments approximately follows quadratic frequency dependence at low frequencies, i.e., α(2)≈kf(n) (dB/m), n=2. A recent paper on broadband geoacoustic inversions from low frequency (LF) field measurements, made at 20 locations around the world, has indicated that the frequency exponent of the effective sound attenuation n≈1.80 in a frequency band of 50-1000 Hz [Zhou et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 125, 2847-2866 (2009)]. Carey and Pierce hypothesize that the discrepancy is due to the inversion models' neglect of shear wave effects [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 124, EL271-EL277 (2008)]. The broadband geoacoustic inversions assume that the seabottom is an equivalent fluid and sound waves interact with the bottom at small grazing angles. The shear wave velocity and attenuation in the upper layer of ocean bottoms are estimated from the LF field-inverted effective bottom attenuations using a near-grazing bottom reflection expression for the equivalent fluid model, derived by Zhang and Tindle [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 98, 3391-3396 (1995)]. The resultant shear wave velocity and attenuation are consistent with the SAX99 measurement at 25 Hz and 1000 Hz. The results are helpful for the analysis of shear wave effects on long-range sound propagation in shallow water.

Optical Wave Turbulence and Wave Condensation in a Nonlinear Optical Experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Laurie, Jason; Bortolozzo, Umberto; Nazarenko, Sergey; Residori, Stefania

We present theory, numerical simulations and experimental observations of a 1D optical wave system. We show that this system is of a dual cascade type, namely, the energy cascading directly to small scales, and the photons or wave action cascading to large scales. In the optical context the inverse cascade is particularly interesting because it means the condensation of photons. We show that the cascades are induced by a six-wave resonant interaction process described by weak turbulence theory. We show that by starting with weakly nonlinear randomized waves as an initial condition, there exists an inverse cascade of photons towards the lowest wavenumbers. During the cascade nonlinearity becomes strong at low wavenumbers and, due to the focusing nature of the nonlinearity, it leads to modulational instability resulting in the formation of solitons. Further interaction of the solitons among themselves and with incoherent waves leads to the final condensate state dominated by a single strong soliton. In addition, we show the existence of the direct energy cascade numerically and that it agrees with the wave turbulence prediction.

Time-domain full-waveform inversion of Rayleigh and Love waves in presence of free-surface topography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pan, Yudi; Gao, Lingli; Bohlen, Thomas

2018-05-01

Correct estimation of near-surface seismic-wave velocity when encountering lateral heterogeneity and free surface topography is one of the challenges to current shallow seismic. We propose to use time-domain full-waveform inversion (FWI) of surface waves, including both Rayleigh and Love waves, to solve this problem. We adopt a 2D time-domain finite-difference method with an improved vacuum formulation (IVF) to simulate shallow-seismic Rayleigh wave in presence of free-surface topography. We modify the IVF for SH-wave equation for the simulation of Love wave in presence of topographic free surface and prove its accuracy by benchmark tests. Checkboard model tests are performed in both cases when free-surface topography is included or neglected in FWI. Synthetic model containing a dipping planar free surface and lateral heterogeneity was then tested, in both cases of considering and neglecting free-surface topography. Both checkerboard and synthetic models show that Rayleigh- and Love-wave FWI have similar ability of reconstructing near-surface structures when free-surface topography is considered, while Love-wave FWI could reconstruct near-surface structures better than Rayleigh-wave when free-surface topography is neglected.

Applications of the JARS method to study levee sites in southern Texas and southern New Mexico

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ivanov, J.; Miller, R.D.; Xia, J.; Dunbar, J.B.

2007-01-01

We apply the joint analysis of refractions with surface waves (JARS) method to several sites and compare its results to traditional refraction-tomography methods in efforts of finding a more realistic solution to the inverse refraction-traveltime problem. The JARS method uses a reference model, derived from surface-wave shear-wave velocity estimates, as a constraint. In all of the cases JARS estimates appear more realistic than those from the conventional refraction-tomography methods. As a result, we consider, the JARS algorithm as the preferred method for finding solutions to the inverse refraction-tomography problems. ?? 2007 Society of Exploration Geophysicists.

Crustal seismic structure beneath the southwest Yunnan region from joint inversion of body-wave and surface wave data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luo, Y.; Thurber, C. H.; Zeng, X.; Zhang, L.

2016-12-01

Data from 71 broadband stations of a dense transportable array deployed in southwest Yunnan makes it possible to improve the resolution of the seismic model in this region. Continuous waveforms from 12 permanent stations of the China National Seismic Network were also used in this study. We utilized one-year continuous vertical component records to compute ambient noise cross-correlation functions (NCF). More than 3,000 NCFs were obtained and used to measure group velocities between 5 and 25 seconds with the frequency-time analysis method. This frequency band is most sensitive to crustal seismic structure, especially the upper and middle crust. The group velocity at short-period shows a clear azimuthal anisotropy with a north-south fast direction. The fast direction is consistent with previous seismic results revealed from shear wave splitting. More than 2,000 group velocity measurements were employed to invert the surface wave dispersion data for group velocity maps. We applied a finite difference forward modeling algorithm with an iterative inversion. A new body-wave and surface wave joint inversion algorithm (Fang et al., 2016) was utilized to improve the resolution of both P and S models. About 60,000 P wave and S wave arrivals from 1,780 local earthquakes, which occurred from May 2011 to December 2013 with magnitudes larger than 2.0, were manually picked. The new high-resolution seismic structure shows good consistency with local geological features, e.g. Tengchong Volcano. The earthquake locations also were refined with our new velocity model.

Time-domain wavefield reconstruction inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Zhen-Chun; Lin, Yu-Zhao; Zhang, Kai; Li, Yuan-Yuan; Yu, Zhen-Nan

2017-12-01

Wavefield reconstruction inversion (WRI) is an improved full waveform inversion theory that has been proposed in recent years. WRI method expands the searching space by introducing the wave equation into the objective function and reconstructing the wavefield to update model parameters, thereby improving the computing efficiency and mitigating the influence of the local minimum. However, frequency-domain WRI is difficult to apply to real seismic data because of the high computational memory demand and requirement of time-frequency transformation with additional computational costs. In this paper, wavefield reconstruction inversion theory is extended into the time domain, the augmented wave equation of WRI is derived in the time domain, and the model gradient is modified according to the numerical test with anomalies. The examples of synthetic data illustrate the accuracy of time-domain WRI and the low dependency of WRI on low-frequency information.

78 FR 52998 - Waiver to Space Exploration Technologies Corporation of Acceptable Risk Limit for Launch

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-27

... risk. The presence of inversion layers at VAFB is common, and results in the reflection of shock waves... caused without the reflection from the inversion layer. Chances of advantageous weather conditions during... experiences unique weather conditions that exacerbate far field blast overpressure from a launch. An inversion...

Modeling subduction earthquake sources in the central-western region of Colombia using waveform inversion of body waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Monsalve-Jaramillo, Hugo; Valencia-Mina, William; Cano-Saldaña, Leonardo; Vargas, Carlos A.

2018-05-01

Source parameters of four earthquakes located within the Wadati-Benioff zone of the Nazca plate subducting beneath the South American plate in Colombia were determined. The seismic moments for these events were recalculated and their approximate equivalent rupture area, slip distribution and stress drop were estimated. The source parameters for these earthquakes were obtained by deconvolving multiple events through teleseismic analysis of body waves recorded in long period stations and with simultaneous inversion of P and SH waves. The calculated source time functions for these events showed different stages that suggest that these earthquakes can reasonably be thought of being composed of two subevents. Even though two of the overall focal mechanisms obtained yielded similar results to those reported by the CMT catalogue, the two other mechanisms showed a clear difference compared to those officially reported. Despite this, it appropriate to mention that the mechanisms inverted in this work agree well with the expected orientation of faulting at that depth as well as with the wave forms they are expected to produce. In some of the solutions achieved, one of the two subevents exhibited a focal mechanism considerably different from the total earthquake mechanism; this could be interpreted as the result of a slight deviation from the overall motion due the complex stress field as well as the possibility of a combination of different sources of energy release analogous to the ones that may occur in deeper earthquakes. In those cases, the subevents with very different focal mechanism compared to the total earthquake mechanism had little contribution to the final solution and thus little contribution to the total amount of energy released.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Silin, D.; Goloshubin, G.

Analysis of compression wave propagation in a poroelastic medium predicts a peak of reflection from a high-permeability layer in the low-frequency end of the spectrum. An explicit formula expresses the resonant frequency through the elastic moduli of the solid skeleton, the permeability of the reservoir rock, the fluid viscosity and compressibility, and the reservoir thickness. This result is obtained through a low-frequency asymptotic analysis of Biot's model of poroelasticity. A review of the derivation of the main equations from the Hooke's law, momentum and mass balance equations, and Darcy's law suggests an alternative new physical interpretation of some coefficients ofmore » the classical poroelasticity. The velocity of wave propagation, the attenuation factor, and the wave number, are expressed in the form of power series with respect to a small dimensionless parameter. The absolute value of this parameter is equal to the product of the kinematic reservoir fluid mobility and the wave frequency. Retaining only the leading terms of the series leads to explicit and relatively simple expressions for the reflection and transmission coefficients for a planar wave crossing an interface between two permeable media, as well as wave reflection from a thin highly-permeable layer (a lens). Practical applications of the obtained asymptotic formulae are seismic modeling, inversion, and at-tribute analysis.« less

Acoustic backscattering and radiation force on a rigid elliptical cylinder in plane progressive waves.

PubMed

Mitri, F G

2016-03-01

This work proposes a formal analytical theory using the partial-wave series expansion (PWSE) method in cylindrical coordinates, to calculate the acoustic backscattering form function as well as the radiation force-per-length on an infinitely long elliptical (non-circular) cylinder in plane progressive waves. The major (or minor) semi-axis of the ellipse coincides with the direction of the incident waves. The scattering coefficients for the rigid elliptical cylinder are determined by imposing the Neumann boundary condition for an immovable surface and solving a resulting system of linear equations by matrix inversion. The present method, which utilizes standard cylindrical (Bessel and Hankel) wave functions, presents an advantage over the solution for the scattering that is ordinarily expressed in a basis of elliptical Mathieu functions (which are generally non-orthogonal). Furthermore, an integral equation showing the direct connection of the radiation force function with the square of the scattering form function in the far-field from the scatterer (applicable for plane waves only), is noted and discussed. An important application of this integral equation is the adequate evaluation of the radiation force function from a bistatic measurement (i.e., in the polar plane) of the far-field scattering from any 2D object of arbitrary shape. Numerical predictions are evaluated for the acoustic backscattering form function and the radiation force function, which is the radiation force per unit length, per characteristic energy density, and per unit cross-sectional surface of the ellipse, with particular emphasis on the aspect ratio a/b, where a and b are the semi-axes, as well as the dimensionless size parameter kb, without the restriction to a particular range of frequencies. The results are particularly relevant in acoustic levitation, acousto-fluidics and particle dynamics applications. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Microtremor exploration for shallow S-wave velocity structure in Bandung Basin, Indonesia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pramatadie, Andi Muhamad; Yamanaka, Hiroaki; Chimoto, Kosuke; Afnimar Collaboration; Koketsu, Kazuki; Sakaue, Minoru; Miyake, Hiroe; Sengara, I. Wayan; Sadisun, Imam A.

2017-05-01

We have conducted a microtremor survey for shallow S-wave velocity profiles to be used for seismic hazard evaluation in the Bandung Basin, Indonesia. In the survey, two arrays were deployed temporarily at each of 29 sites, by installing seven vertical sensors in triangular configurations with side lengths from 1 to 16 m. Records of vertical microtremors from each array were used to estimate Rayleigh wave phase velocity spectra using the spatial autocorrelation method, as well as the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio obtained at the centre of the arrays. Phase velocities at sites on the basin margin exhibit higher values than those obtained in the central part of the basin, in a frequency range of 7 to 30 Hz. The phase velocity data were used to deduce S-wave velocity profiles of shallow soil using a hybrid heuristic inversion method. We validated our inversion models by comparing observed horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios with ellipticities of the fundamental mode of Rayleigh waves, calculated for the inversion models. The S-wave velocity profiles in the area can be characterised by two soft layers over a firm engineering basement that has an S-wave velocity of 500 m/s. The S-wave velocities of the two layers are 120 and 280 m/s on average. The distribution of the averaged S-wave velocity in the top 30 m clearly indicates low values in the eastern central part and high values in the edge of the basin. The amplification is large in the areas with low velocity layers. In addition, we have proposed an empirical relation between the amplification factor and the topographical slope in the area.

Virtual Seismic Observation (VSO) with Sparsity-Promotion Inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tiezhao, B.; Ning, J.; Jianwei, M.

2017-12-01

Large station interval leads to low resolution images, sometimes prevents people from obtaining images in concerned regions. Sparsity-promotion inversion, a useful method to recover missing data in industrial field acquisition, can be lent to interpolate seismic data on none-sampled sites, forming Virtual Seismic Observation (VSO). Traditional sparsity-promotion inversion suffers when coming up with large time difference in adjacent sites, which we concern most and use shift method to improve it. The procedure of the interpolation is that we first employ low-pass filter to get long wavelength waveform data and shift the waveforms of the same wave in different seismograms to nearly same arrival time. Then we use wavelet-transform-based sparsity-promotion inversion to interpolate waveform data on none-sampled sites and filling a phase in each missing trace. Finally, we shift back the waveforms to their original arrival times. We call our method FSIS (Filtering, Shift, Interpolation, Shift) interpolation. By this way, we can insert different virtually observed seismic phases into none-sampled sites and get dense seismic observation data. For testing our method, we randomly hide the real data in a site and use the rest to interpolate the observation on that site, using direct interpolation or FSIS method. Compared with directly interpolated data, interpolated data with FSIS can keep amplitude better. Results also show that the arrival times and waveforms of those VSOs well express the real data, which convince us that our method to form VSOs are applicable. In this way, we can provide needed data for some advanced seismic technique like RTM to illuminate shallow structures.

Frequency and magnetic field mapping of magnetoelastic spin pumping in high overtone bulk acoustic wave resonator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Polzikova, N. I.; Alekseev, S. G.; Pyataikin, I. I.; Luzanov, V. A.; Raevskiy, A. O.; Kotov, V. A.

2018-05-01

We report on the first observation of microvolt-scale inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE) dc voltage driven by an acoustic spin pumping (ASP) in a bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonator formed by a Al-ZnO-Al-YIG(1)-GGG-YIG(2)-Pt structure. When 2 mW power is applied to an Al-ZnO-Al transducer, the voltage VISHE ˜ 4 μV in the Pt film is observed as a result of resonant ASP from YIG(2) to Pt in the area ˜ 170 μm. The results of frequency and magnetic field mapping of VISHE(f,H) together with reflectivity of the resonator show an obvious agreement between the positions of the voltage maxima and BAW resonance frequencies fn(H) on the (f, H) plane. At the same time a significant asymmetry of the VISHE(fn(H)) value in reference to the magnetoelastic resonance (MER) line fMER(H) position is revealed, which is explained by asymmetry of the magnetoelastic waves dispersion law.

Acoustic spin pumping in magnetoelectric bulk acoustic wave resonator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Polzikova, N. I., E-mail: polz@cplire.ru; Alekseev, S. G.; Pyataikin, I. I.

2016-05-15

We present the generation and detection of spin currents by using magnetoelastic resonance excitation in a magnetoelectric composite high overtone bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonator (HBAR) formed by a Al-ZnO-Al-GGG-YIG-Pt structure. Transversal BAW drives magnetization oscillations in YIG film at a given resonant magnetic field, and the resonant magneto-elastic coupling establishes the spin-current generation at the Pt/YIG interface. Due to the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE) this BAW-driven spin current is converted to a dc voltage in the Pt layer. The dependence of the measured voltage both on magnetic field and frequency has a resonant character. The voltage is determinedmore » by the acoustic power in HBAR and changes its sign upon magnetic field reversal. We compare the experimentally observed amplitudes of the ISHE electrical field achieved by our method and other approaches to spin current generation that use surface acoustic waves and microwave resonators for ferromagnetic resonance excitation, with the theoretically expected values.« less

Inverse four-wave-mixing and self-parametric amplification effect in optical fibre

PubMed Central

Turitsyn, Sergei K.; Bednyakova, Anastasia E.; Fedoruk, Mikhail P.; Papernyi, Serguei B.; Clements, Wallace R.L.

2015-01-01

An important group of nonlinear processes in optical fibre involves the mixing of four waves due to the intensity dependence of the refractive index. It is customary to distinguish between nonlinear effects that require external/pumping waves (cross-phase modulation and parametric processes such as four-wave mixing) and self-action of the propagating optical field (self-phase modulation and modulation instability). Here, we present a new nonlinear self-action effect, self-parametric amplification (SPA), which manifests itself as optical spectrum narrowing in normal dispersion fibre, leading to very stable propagation with a distinctive spectral distribution. The narrowing results from an inverse four-wave mixing, resembling an effective parametric amplification of the central part of the spectrum by energy transfer from the spectral tails. SPA and the observed stable nonlinear spectral propagation with random temporal waveform can find applications in optical communications and high power fibre lasers with nonlinear intra-cavity dynamics. PMID:26345290

A shear-wave velocity model of the European upper mantle from automated inversion of seismic shear and surface waveforms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Legendre, C.; Meier, T.; Lebedev, S.; Friederich, W.; Viereck-Götte, L.

2012-04-01

Broadband waveforms recorded at stations in Europe and surrounding regions were inverted for shear-wave velocity of the European upper mantle. For events between 1995 and 2007 seismograms were collected from all permanent stations for which data are available via the data centers ORFEUS, GEOFON, ReNaSs and IRIS. In addition, we incorporated data from temporary experiments, including SVEKALAPKO, TOR, Eifel Plume, EGELADOS and other projects. Automated Multimode Inversion of surface and S-wave forms was applied to extract structural information from the seismograms, in the form of linear equations with uncorrelated uncertainties. Successful waveform fits for about 70,000 seismograms yielded over 300,000 independent linear equations that were solved together for a three-dimensional tomographic model. Resolution of the imaging is particularly high in the mantle lithosphere and asthenosphere. The highest velocities in the mantle lithosphere of the East European Craton are found at about 150 km depth. There are no indications for a large scale deep cratonic root below about 330 km depth. Lateral variations within the cratonic mantle lithosphere are resolved by our model as well. The locations of diamond bearing kimberlites correlate with reduced S-wave velocities in the cratonic mantle lithosphere. This anomaly is present in regions of both Proterozoic and Archean crust, pointing to an alteration of the mantle lithosphere after the formation of the craton. Strong lateral changes in S-wave velocity are found at the western margin of the East European Craton and hint to erosion of cratonic mantle lithosphere beneath the Scandes by hot asthenosphere. The mantle lithosphere beneath Western Europe and between the Tornquist-Teyissere Zone and the Elbe Line shows moderately high velocities and is of an intermediate character, between cratonic lithosphere and the thin lithosphere of central Europe. In central Europe, Caledonian and Variscian sutures are not associated with strong lateral changes in the lithosphere-asthenosphere system. Cenozoic anorogenic intraplate volcanism in central Europe and the Circum Mediterranean is found in regions of shallow asthenosphere and close to sharp gradients in the depth of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. Low-velocity anomalies extending vertically from shallow upper mantle down to the transition zone are found beneath the Massive Central, Sinai, Canary Islands and Iceland.

Can inertia-gravity waves persistently alter the tropopause inversion layer?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kunkel, Daniel; Hoor, Peter; Wirth, Volkmar

2014-11-01

Previous simulations of baroclinic life cycles have shown, among many other features, the evolution of a tropopause inversion layer (TIL) as well as the spontaneous emission of inertia-gravity waves (IGWs). This study suggests that the latter two are related to each other, i.e., that IGWs may affect the TIL in a persistent manner. The IGWs are emitted along the jet and grow to large amplitudes, leading to the appearance of low-gradient Richardson numbers that indicate Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. Ensuing energy dissipation, local heating, and turbulence may persistently alter the thermodynamical structure of the tropopause region and, therefore, contribute to TIL formation or alter an existing TIL. Moreover, the flow in the region of the IGW favors the occurrence of wave capture, which may enhance the effect of wave breaking.

Elastic versus acoustic inversion for marine surveys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mora, Peter; Wu, Zedong

2018-04-01

Full Wavefield Inversion (FWI) is a powerful and elegant approach for seismic imaging that is on the way to becoming the method of choice when processing exploration or global seismic data. In the case of processing marine survey data, one may be tempted to assume acoustic FWI is sufficient given that only pressure waves exist in the water layer. In this paper, we pose the question as to whether or not in theory - at least for a hard water bottom case - it should be possible to resolve the shear modulus or S-wave velocity in a marine setting using large offset data. We therefore conduct numerical experiments with idealized marine data calculated with the elastic wave equation. We study two cases, FWI of data due to a diffractor model, and FWI of data due to a fault model. We find that at least in idealized situation, elastic FWI of hard waterbottom data is capable of resolving between the two Lamé parameters λ and μ. Another numerical experiment with a soft waterbottom layer gives the same result. In contrast, acoustic FWI of the synthetic elastic data results in a single image of the first Lamé parameter λ which contains severe artefacts for diffraction data and noticable artefacts for layer reflection data. Based on these results, it would appear that at least, inversions of large offset marine data should be fully elastic rather than acoustic unless it has been demonstrated that for the specific case in question (offsets, model and water depth, practical issues such as soft sediment attenuation of shear waves or computational time), that an acoustic only inversion provides a reasonably good quality of image comparable to that of an elastic inversion. Further research with real data is required to determine the degree to which practical issues such as shear wave attenuation in soft sediments may affect this result.

Elastic versus acoustic inversion for marine surveys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mora, Peter; Wu, Zedong

2018-07-01

Full wavefield inversion (FWI) is a powerful and elegant approach for seismic imaging that is on the way to becoming the method of choice when processing exploration or global seismic data. In the case of processing marine survey data, one may be tempted to assume that acoustic FWI is sufficient given that only pressure waves exist in the water layer. In this paper, we pose the question as to whether or not in theory—at least for a hard waterbottom case—it should be possible to resolve the shear modulus or S-wave velocity in a marine setting using large offset data. We, therefore, conduct numerical experiments with idealized marine data calculated with the elastic wave equation. We study two cases, FWI of data due to a diffractor model, and FWI of data due to a fault model. We find that at least in idealized situation, elastic FWI of hard waterbottom data is capable of resolving between the two Lamé parameters λ and μ. Another numerical experiment with a soft waterbottom layer gives the same result. In contrast, acoustic FWI of the synthetic elastic data results in a single image of the first Lamé parameter λ which contains severe artefacts for diffraction data and notable artefacts for layer reflection data. Based on these results, it would appear that at least the inversions of large offset marine data should be fully elastic rather than acoustic, unless it has been demonstrated that for the specific case in question (offsets, model and water depth, practical issues such as soft sediment attenuation of shear waves or computational time), an acoustic-only inversion provides a reasonably good quality of image comparable to that of an elastic inversion. Further research with real data is required to determine the degree to which practical issues such as shear wave attenuation in soft sediments may affect this result.

Epsilon Waves Detected by Various Electrocardiographic Recording Methods in Patients with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy

PubMed Central

Wang, Jing; Yang, Bing; Chen, Hongwu; Ju, Weizhu; Chen, Kai; Zhang, Fengxiang; Cao, Kejiang; Chen, Minglong

2010-01-01

We analyzed the shape and distribution of epsilon waves by 3 various methods of electrocardiographic recording in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Thirty-two patients who met recognized diagnostic criteria for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy were included in this study (24 men and 8 women; mean age, 42.3 ± 12.9 yr). Epsilon waves were detected by standard 12-lead electrocardiography (S-ECG), right-sided precordial lead electrocardiography (R-ECG), and Fontaine bipolar precordial lead electrocardiography (F-ECG). We found 3 types of epsilon waves: wiggle waves, small spike waves, and smooth potential waves that formed an atypical prolonged R' wave. The most common configuration was small spiked waves. In some circumstances, epsilon waves were evident in some leads (especially in leads V1 through V3), but notches were recorded in the other leads during the corresponding phase. These waves could be detected only by S-ECG in 1 patient, R-ECG in 3 patients, and F-ECG in 5 patients; the rates of epsilon-wave detection by these 3 methods were 38% (12/32), 38% (12/32), and 50% (16/32), respectively. However, the detection rate using combined methods was significantly higher than that by S-ECG alone (SF-ECG 56% vs S-ECG 38%, P = 0.0312; and SRF-ECG 66% vs S-ECG 38%, P = 0.0039). In addition, the rate of widespread T-wave inversion (exceeding V3) was significantly higher in patients with epsilon waves than in those without (48% vs 9%, P = 0.029), as was ventricular tachycardia (95% vs 64%, P = 0.019). These 3 electrocardiographic recording methods should be used in combination to improve the detection rate of epsilon waves. PMID:20844612

A frozen Gaussian approximation-based multi-level particle swarm optimization for seismic inversion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Jinglai, E-mail: jinglaili@sjtu.edu.cn; Lin, Guang, E-mail: lin491@purdue.edu; Computational Sciences and Mathematics Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352

2015-09-01

In this paper, we propose a frozen Gaussian approximation (FGA)-based multi-level particle swarm optimization (MLPSO) method for seismic inversion of high-frequency wave data. The method addresses two challenges in it: First, the optimization problem is highly non-convex, which makes hard for gradient-based methods to reach global minima. This is tackled by MLPSO which can escape from undesired local minima. Second, the character of high-frequency of seismic waves requires a large number of grid points in direct computational methods, and thus renders an extremely high computational demand on the simulation of each sample in MLPSO. We overcome this difficulty by threemore » steps: First, we use FGA to compute high-frequency wave propagation based on asymptotic analysis on phase plane; Then we design a constrained full waveform inversion problem to prevent the optimization search getting into regions of velocity where FGA is not accurate; Last, we solve the constrained optimization problem by MLPSO that employs FGA solvers with different fidelity. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by a two-dimensional full-waveform inversion example of the smoothed Marmousi model.« less

A statistical kinematic source inversion approach based on the QUESO library for uncertainty quantification and prediction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zielke, Olaf; McDougall, Damon; Mai, Martin; Babuska, Ivo

2014-05-01

Seismic, often augmented with geodetic data, are frequently used to invert for the spatio-temporal evolution of slip along a rupture plane. The resulting images of the slip evolution for a single event, inferred by different research teams, often vary distinctly, depending on the adopted inversion approach and rupture model parameterization. This observation raises the question, which of the provided kinematic source inversion solutions is most reliable and most robust, and — more generally — how accurate are fault parameterization and solution predictions? These issues are not included in "standard" source inversion approaches. Here, we present a statistical inversion approach to constrain kinematic rupture parameters from teleseismic body waves. The approach is based a) on a forward-modeling scheme that computes synthetic (body-)waves for a given kinematic rupture model, and b) on the QUESO (Quantification of Uncertainty for Estimation, Simulation, and Optimization) library that uses MCMC algorithms and Bayes theorem for sample selection. We present Bayesian inversions for rupture parameters in synthetic earthquakes (i.e. for which the exact rupture history is known) in an attempt to identify the cross-over at which further model discretization (spatial and temporal resolution of the parameter space) is no longer attributed to a decreasing misfit. Identification of this cross-over is of importance as it reveals the resolution power of the studied data set (i.e. teleseismic body waves), enabling one to constrain kinematic earthquake rupture histories of real earthquakes at a resolution that is supported by data. In addition, the Bayesian approach allows for mapping complete posterior probability density functions of the desired kinematic source parameters, thus enabling us to rigorously assess the uncertainties in earthquake source inversions.

A longitudinal study of factors explaining attitude change towards gambling among adolescents

PubMed Central

Pallesen, Ståle; Hanss, Daniel; Molde, Helge; Griffiths, Mark D.; Mentzoni, Rune Aune

2016-01-01

Background and aims No previous study has investigated changes in attitudes toward gambling from under legal gambling age to legal gambling age. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate attitudinal changes during this transition and to identify predictors of corresponding attitude change. Methods In all 1239 adolescents from a national representative sample participated in two survey waves (Wave 1; 17.5 years; Wave 2; 18.5 years). Results From Wave 1 to Wave 2 the sample became more acceptant toward gambling. A regression analysis showed that when controlling for attitudes toward gambling at Wave 1 males developed more acceptant attitudes than females. Neuroticism was inversely related to development of acceptant attitudes toward gambling from Wave 1 to Wave 2, whereas approval of gambling by close others at Wave 1 was positively associated with development of more acceptant attitudes. Continuous or increased participation in gambling was related to development of more acceptant attitudes from Wave 1 to Wave 2. Conclusions Attitudes toward gambling became more acceptant when reaching legal gambling age. Male gender, approval of gambling by close others and gambling participation predicted development of positive attitudes toward gambling whereas neuroticism was inversely related to development of positive attitudes toward gambling over time. PMID:28092188

A longitudinal study of factors explaining attitude change towards gambling among adolescents.

PubMed

Pallesen, Ståle; Hanss, Daniel; Molde, Helge; Griffiths, Mark D; Mentzoni, Rune Aune

2016-03-01

Background and aims No previous study has investigated changes in attitudes toward gambling from under legal gambling age to legal gambling age. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate attitudinal changes during this transition and to identify predictors of corresponding attitude change. Methods In all 1239 adolescents from a national representative sample participated in two survey waves (Wave 1; 17.5 years; Wave 2; 18.5 years). Results From Wave 1 to Wave 2 the sample became more acceptant toward gambling. A regression analysis showed that when controlling for attitudes toward gambling at Wave 1 males developed more acceptant attitudes than females. Neuroticism was inversely related to development of acceptant attitudes toward gambling from Wave 1 to Wave 2, whereas approval of gambling by close others at Wave 1 was positively associated with development of more acceptant attitudes. Continuous or increased participation in gambling was related to development of more acceptant attitudes from Wave 1 to Wave 2. Conclusions Attitudes toward gambling became more acceptant when reaching legal gambling age. Male gender, approval of gambling by close others and gambling participation predicted development of positive attitudes toward gambling whereas neuroticism was inversely related to development of positive attitudes toward gambling over time.

Breaking of scale invariance in the time dependence of correlation functions in isotropic and homogeneous turbulence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tarpin, Malo; Canet, Léonie; Wschebor, Nicolás

2018-05-01

In this paper, we present theoretical results on the statistical properties of stationary, homogeneous, and isotropic turbulence in incompressible flows in three dimensions. Within the framework of the non-perturbative renormalization group, we derive a closed renormalization flow equation for a generic n-point correlation (and response) function for large wave-numbers with respect to the inverse integral scale. The closure is obtained from a controlled expansion and relies on extended symmetries of the Navier-Stokes field theory. It yields the exact leading behavior of the flow equation at large wave-numbers |p→ i| and for arbitrary time differences ti in the stationary state. Furthermore, we obtain the form of the general solution of the corresponding fixed point equation, which yields the analytical form of the leading wave-number and time dependence of n-point correlation functions, for large wave-numbers and both for small ti and in the limit ti → ∞. At small ti, the leading contribution at large wave-numbers is logarithmically equivalent to -α (ɛL ) 2 /3|∑tip→ i|2, where α is a non-universal constant, L is the integral scale, and ɛ is the mean energy injection rate. For the 2-point function, the (tp)2 dependence is known to originate from the sweeping effect. The derived formula embodies the generalization of the effect of sweeping to n-point correlation functions. At large wave-numbers and large ti, we show that the ti2 dependence in the leading order contribution crosses over to a |ti| dependence. The expression of the correlation functions in this regime was not derived before, even for the 2-point function. Both predictions can be tested in direct numerical simulations and in experiments.

Crustal and Upper Mantle Structure from Joint Inversion of Body Wave and Gravity Data

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

CRUSTAL AND UPPER MANTLE STRUCTURE FROM JOINT INVERSION OF BODY WAVE AND GRAVITY DATA Eric A. Bergman1, Charlotte Rowe2, and Monica Maceira2...for these events include many readings of direct crustal P and S phases, as well as regional (Pn and Sn) and teleseismic phases. These data have been...the usefulness of the gravity data, we apply high-pass filtering, yielding gravity anomalies that possess higher resolving power for crustal and

Verification of the helioseismology travel-time measurement technique and the inversion procedure for sound speed using artificial data

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Parchevsky, K. V.; Zhao, J.; Hartlep, T.

We performed three-dimensional numerical simulations of the solar surface acoustic wave field for the quiet Sun and for three models with different localized sound-speed perturbations in the interior with deep, shallow, and two-layer structures. We used the simulated data generated by two solar acoustics codes that employ the same standard solar model as a background model, but utilize different integration techniques and different models of stochastic wave excitation. Acoustic travel times were measured using a time-distance helioseismology technique, and compared with predictions from ray theory frequently used for helioseismic travel-time inversions. It is found that the measured travel-time shifts agreemore » well with the helioseismic theory for sound-speed perturbations, and for the measurement procedure with and without phase-speed filtering of the oscillation signals. This testing verifies the whole measuring-filtering-inversion procedure for static sound-speed anomalies with small amplitude inside the Sun outside regions of strong magnetic field. It is shown that the phase-speed filtering, frequently used to extract specific wave packets and improve the signal-to-noise ratio, does not introduce significant systematic errors. Results of the sound-speed inversion procedure show good agreement with the perturbation models in all cases. Due to its smoothing nature, the inversion procedure may overestimate sound-speed variations in regions with sharp gradients of the sound-speed profile.« less

Velocity models and images using full waveform inversion and reverse time migration for the offshore permafrost in the Canadian shelf of Beaufort Sea, Arctic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kang, S. G.; Hong, J. K.; Jin, Y. K.; Kim, S.; Kim, Y. G.; Dallimore, S.; Riedel, M.; Shin, C.

2015-12-01

During Expedition ARA05C (from Aug 26 to Sep 19, 2014) on the Korean icebreaker RV ARAON, the multi-channel seismic (MCS) data were acquired on the outer shelf and slope of the Canadian Beaufort Sea to investigate distribution and internal geological structures of the offshore ice-bonded permafrost and gas hydrates, totaling 998 km L-km with 19,962 shots. The MCS data were recorded using a 1500 m long solid-type streamer with 120 channels. Shot and group spacing were 50 m and 12.5 m, respectively. Most MCS survey lines were designed perpendicular and parallel to the strike of the shelf break. Ice-bonded permafrost or ice-bearing sediments are widely distributed under the Beaufort Sea shelf, which have formed during periods of lower sea level when portions of the shelf less than ~100m water depth were an emergent coastal plain exposed to very cold surface. The seismic P-wave velocity is an important geophysical parameter for identifying the distribution of ice-bonded permafrost with high velocity in this area. Recently, full waveform inversion (FWI) and reverse time migration (RTM) are commonly used to delineate detailed seismic velocity information and seismic image of geological structures. FWI is a data fitting procedure based on wave field modeling and numerical analysis to extract quantitative geophysical parameters such as P-, S-wave velocities and density from seismic data. RTM based on 2-way wave equation is a useful technique to construct accurate seismic image with amplitude preserving of field data. In this study, we suggest two-dimensional P-wave velocity model (Figure.1) using the FWI algorithm to delineate the top and bottom boundaries of ice-bonded permafrost in the Canadian shelf of Beaufort Sea. In addition, we construct amplitude preserving migrated seismic image using RTM to interpret the geological history involved with the evolution of permafrost.

Localization of holes near charged defects in orbitally degenerate, doped Mott insulators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Avella, Adolfo; Oleś, Andrzej M.; Horsch, Peter

2018-05-01

We study the role of charged defects, disorder and electron-electron (e-e) interactions in a multiband model for t2g electrons in vanadium perovskites R1-xCaxVO3 (R = La,…,Y). By means of unrestricted Hartree-Fock calculations, we find that the atomic multiplet structure persists up to 50% Ca doping. Using the inverse participation number, we explore the degree of localization and its doping dependence for all electronic states. The observation of strongly localized wave functions is consistent with our conjecture that doped holes form spin-orbital polarons that are strongly bound to the charged Ca2+ defects. Interestingly, the long-range e-e interactions lead to a discontinuity in the wave function size across the chemical potential, where the electron removal states are more localized than the addition states.

Spherical space Bessel-Legendre-Fourier localized modes solver for electromagnetic waves.

PubMed

Alzahrani, Mohammed A; Gauthier, Robert C

2015-10-05

Maxwell's vector wave equations are solved for dielectric configurations that match the symmetry of a spherical computational domain. The electric or magnetic field components and the inverse of the dielectric profile are series expansion defined using basis functions composed of the lowest order spherical Bessel function, polar angle single index dependant Legendre polynomials and azimuthal complex exponential (BLF). The series expressions and non-traditional form of the basis functions result in an eigenvalue matrix formulation of Maxwell's equations that are relatively compact and accurately solvable on a desktop PC. The BLF matrix returns the frequencies and field profiles for steady states modes. The key steps leading to the matrix populating expressions are provided. The validity of the numerical technique is confirmed by comparing the results of computations to those published using complementary techniques.

Ab Initio study on structural, electronic, magnetic and dielectric properties of LSNO within Density Functional Perturbation Theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Petersen, John; Bechstedt, Friedhelm; Furthmüller, Jürgen; Scolfaro, Luisa

LSNO (La2-xSrxNiO4) is of great interest due to its colossal dielectric constant (CDC) and rich underlying physics. While being an antiferromagnetic insulator, localized holes are present in the form of stripes in the Ni-O planes which are commensurate with the inverse of the Sr concentration. The stripes are a manifestation of charge density waves with period approximately 1/x and spin density waves with period approximately 2/x. Here, the spin ground state is calculated via LSDA + U with the PAW method implemented in VASP. Crystal structure and the effective Hubbard U parameter are optimized before calculating ɛ∞ within the independent particle approximation. ɛ∞ and the full static dielectric constant (including the lattice polarizability) ɛ0 are calculated within Density Functional Perturbation Theory.

Influence of Gridded Standoff Measurement Resolution on Numerical Bathymetric Inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hesser, T.; Farthing, M. W.; Brodie, K.

2016-02-01

The bathymetry from the surfzone to the shoreline incurs frequent, active movement due to wave energy interacting with the seafloor. Methodologies to measure bathymetry range from point-source in-situ instruments, vessel-mounted single-beam or multi-beam sonar surveys, airborne bathymetric lidar, as well as inversion techniques from standoff measurements of wave processes from video or radar imagery. Each type of measurement has unique sources of error and spatial and temporal resolution and availability. Numerical bathymetry estimation frameworks can use these disparate data types in combination with model-based inversion techniques to produce a "best-estimate of bathymetry" at a given time. Understanding how the sources of error and varying spatial or temporal resolution of each data type affect the end result is critical for determining best practices and in turn increase the accuracy of bathymetry estimation techniques. In this work, we consider an initial step in the development of a complete framework for estimating bathymetry in the nearshore by focusing on gridded standoff measurements and in-situ point observations in model-based inversion at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Field Research Facility in Duck, NC. The standoff measurement methods return wave parameters computed using linear wave theory from the direct measurements. These gridded datasets can range in temporal and spatial resolution that do not match the desired model parameters and therefore could lead to a reduction in the accuracy of these methods. Specifically, we investigate the affect of numerical resolution on the accuracy of an Ensemble Kalman Filter bathymetric inversion technique in relation to the spatial and temporal resolution of the gridded standoff measurements. The accuracies of the bathymetric estimates are compared with both high-resolution Real Time Kinematic (RTK) single-beam surveys as well as alternative direct in-situ measurements using sonic altimeters.

Inverse Problems for Semilinear Wave Equations on Lorentzian Manifolds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lassas, Matti; Uhlmann, Gunther; Wang, Yiran

2018-06-01

We consider inverse problems in space-time ( M, g), a 4-dimensional Lorentzian manifold. For semilinear wave equations {\\square_g u + H(x, u) = f}, where {\\square_g} denotes the usual Laplace-Beltrami operator, we prove that the source-to-solution map {L: f → u|_V}, where V is a neighborhood of a time-like geodesic {μ}, determines the topological, differentiable structure and the conformal class of the metric of the space-time in the maximal set, where waves can propagate from {μ} and return back. Moreover, on a given space-time ( M, g), the source-to-solution map determines some coefficients of the Taylor expansion of H in u.

Joint Inversion of Earthquake Source Parameters with local and teleseismic body waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, W.; Ni, S.; Wang, Z.

2011-12-01

In the classical source parameter inversion algorithm of CAP (Cut and Paste method, by Zhao and Helmberger), waveform data at near distances (typically less than 500km) are partitioned into Pnl and surface waves to account for uncertainties in the crustal models and different amplitude weight of body and surface waves. The classical CAP algorithms have proven effective for resolving source parameters (focal mechanisms, depth and moment) for earthquakes well recorded on relatively dense seismic network. However for regions covered with sparse stations, it is challenging to achieve precise source parameters . In this case, a moderate earthquake of ~M6 is usually recorded on only one or two local stations with epicentral distances less than 500 km. Fortunately, an earthquake of ~M6 can be well recorded on global seismic networks. Since the ray paths for teleseismic and local body waves sample different portions of the focal sphere, combination of teleseismic and local body wave data helps constrain source parameters better. Here we present a new CAP mothod (CAPjoint), which emploits both teleseismic body waveforms (P and SH waves) and local waveforms (Pnl, Rayleigh and Love waves) to determine source parameters. For an earthquake in Nevada that is well recorded with dense local network (USArray stations), we compare the results from CAPjoint with those from the traditional CAP method involving only of local waveforms , and explore the efficiency with bootstraping statistics to prove the results derived by CAPjoint are stable and reliable. Even with one local station included in joint inversion, accuracy of source parameters such as moment and strike can be much better improved.

Incoherent Fermi-Pasta-Ulam Recurrences and Unconstrained Thermalization Mediated by Strong Phase Correlations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guasoni, M.; Garnier, J.; Rumpf, B.; Sugny, D.; Fatome, J.; Amrani, F.; Millot, G.; Picozzi, A.

2017-01-01

The long-standing and controversial Fermi-Pasta-Ulam problem addresses fundamental issues of statistical physics, and the attempt to resolve the mystery of the recurrences has led to many great discoveries, such as chaos, integrable systems, and soliton theory. From a general perspective, the recurrence is commonly considered as a coherent phase-sensitive effect that originates in the property of integrability of the system. In contrast to this interpretation, we show that convection among a pair of waves is responsible for a new recurrence phenomenon that takes place for strongly incoherent waves far from integrability. We explain the incoherent recurrence by developing a nonequilibrium spatiotemporal kinetic formulation that accounts for the existence of phase correlations among incoherent waves. The theory reveals that the recurrence originates in a novel form of modulational instability, which shows that strongly correlated fluctuations are spontaneously created among the random waves. Contrary to conventional incoherent modulational instabilities, we find that Landau damping can be completely suppressed, which unexpectedly removes the threshold of the instability. Consequently, the recurrence can take place for strongly incoherent waves and is thus characterized by a reduction of nonequilibrium entropy that violates the H theorem of entropy growth. In its long-term evolution, the system enters a secondary turbulent regime characterized by an irreversible process of relaxation to equilibrium. At variance with the expected thermalization described by standard Gibbsian statistical mechanics, our thermalization process is not dictated by the usual constraints of energy and momentum conservation: The inverse temperatures associated with energy and momentum are zero. This unveils a previously unrecognized scenario of unconstrained thermalization, which is relevant to a variety of weakly dispersive wave systems. Our work should stimulate the development of new experiments aimed at observing recurrence behaviors with random waves. From a broader perspective, the spatiotemporal kinetic formulation we develop here paves the way to the study of novel forms of global incoherent collective behaviors in wave turbulence, such as the formation of incoherent breather structures.

Waveform inversion of acoustic waves for explosion yield estimation

DOE PAGES

Kim, K.; Rodgers, A. J.

2016-07-08

We present a new waveform inversion technique to estimate the energy of near-surface explosions using atmospheric acoustic waves. Conventional methods often employ air blast models based on a homogeneous atmosphere, where the acoustic wave propagation effects (e.g., refraction and diffraction) are not taken into account, and therefore, their accuracy decreases with increasing source-receiver distance. In this study, three-dimensional acoustic simulations are performed with a finite difference method in realistic atmospheres and topography, and the modeled acoustic Green's functions are incorporated into the waveform inversion for the acoustic source time functions. The strength of the acoustic source is related to explosionmore » yield based on a standard air blast model. The technique was applied to local explosions (<10 km) and provided reasonable yield estimates (<~30% error) in the presence of realistic topography and atmospheric structure. In conclusion, the presented method can be extended to explosions recorded at far distance provided proper meteorological specifications.« less

Waveform inversion of acoustic waves for explosion yield estimation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kim, K.; Rodgers, A. J.

We present a new waveform inversion technique to estimate the energy of near-surface explosions using atmospheric acoustic waves. Conventional methods often employ air blast models based on a homogeneous atmosphere, where the acoustic wave propagation effects (e.g., refraction and diffraction) are not taken into account, and therefore, their accuracy decreases with increasing source-receiver distance. In this study, three-dimensional acoustic simulations are performed with a finite difference method in realistic atmospheres and topography, and the modeled acoustic Green's functions are incorporated into the waveform inversion for the acoustic source time functions. The strength of the acoustic source is related to explosionmore » yield based on a standard air blast model. The technique was applied to local explosions (<10 km) and provided reasonable yield estimates (<~30% error) in the presence of realistic topography and atmospheric structure. In conclusion, the presented method can be extended to explosions recorded at far distance provided proper meteorological specifications.« less

Errors in Tsunami Source Estimation from Tide Gauges

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arcas, D.

2012-12-01

Linearity of tsunami waves in deep water can be assessed as a comparison of flow speed, u to wave propagation speed √gh. In real tsunami scenarios this evaluation becomes impractical due to the absence of observational data of tsunami flow velocities in shallow water. Consequently the extent of validity of the linear regime in the ocean is unclear. Linearity is the fundamental assumption behind tsunami source inversion processes based on linear combinations of unit propagation runs from a deep water propagation database (Gica et al., 2008). The primary tsunami elevation data for such inversion is usually provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric (NOAA) deep-water tsunami detection systems known as DART. The use of tide gauge data for such inversions is more controversial due to the uncertainty of wave linearity at the depth of the tide gauge site. This study demonstrates the inaccuracies incurred in source estimation using tide gauge data in conjunction with a linear combination procedure for tsunami source estimation.

On current drive by Ohkawa mechanism of electron cyclotron wave in large inverse aspect ratio tokamaks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, Pingwei; Gong, Xueyu; Lu, Xingqiang; He, Lihua; Cao, Jingjia; Huang, Qianhong; Deng, Sheng

2018-03-01

A localized and efficient current drive method in the outer-half region of the tokamak with a large inverse aspect ratio is proposed via the Ohkawa mechanism of electron cyclotron (EC) waves. Further off-axis Ohkawa current drive (OKCD) via EC waves was investigated in high electron beta β e HL-2M-like tokamaks with a large inverse aspect ratio, and in EAST-like tokamaks with a low inverse aspect ratio. OKCD can be driven efficiently, and the driven current profile is spatially localized in the radial region, ranging from 0.62 to 0.85, where the large fraction of trapped electrons provides an excellent advantage for OKCD. Furthermore, the current drive efficiency increases with an increase in minor radius, and then drops when the minor radius beyond a certain value. The effect of trapped electrons greatly enhances the current driving capability of the OKCD mechanism. The highest current drive efficiency can reach 0.183 by adjusting the steering mirror to change the toroidal and poloidal incident angle, and the total driven current by OKCD can reach 20-32 kA MW-1 in HL-2M-like tokamaks. The current drive is less efficient for the EAST-like scenario due to the lower inverse aspect ratio. The results show that OKCD may be a valuable alternative current drive method in large inverse aspect ratio tokamaks, and the potential capabilities of OKCD can be used to suppress some important magnetohydrodynamics instabilities in the far off-axis region.

A Hybrid Seismic Inversion Method for V P/V S Ratio and Its Application to Gas Identification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Qiang; Zhang, Hongbing; Han, Feilong; Xiao, Wei; Shang, Zuoping

2018-03-01

The ratio of compressional wave velocity to shear wave velocity (V P/V S ratio) has established itself as one of the most important parameters in identifying gas reservoirs. However, considering that seismic inversion process is highly non-linear and geological conditions encountered may be complex, a direct estimation of V P/V S ratio from pre-stack seismic data remains a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a hybrid seismic inversion method to estimate V P/V S ratio directly. In this method, post- and pre-stack inversions are combined in which the pre-stack inversion for V P/V S ratio is driven by the post-stack inversion results (i.e., V P and density). In particular, the V P/V S ratio is considered as a model parameter and is directly inverted from the pre-stack inversion based on the exact Zoeppritz equation. Moreover, anisotropic Markov random field is employed in order to regularise the inversion process as well as taking care of geological structures (boundaries) information. Aided by the proposed hybrid inversion strategy, the directional weighting coefficients incorporated in the anisotropic Markov random field neighbourhoods are quantitatively calculated by the anisotropic diffusion method. The synthetic test demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed inversion method. In particular, given low quality of the pre-stack data and high heterogeneity of the target layers in the field data, the proposed inversion method reveals the detailed model of V P/V S ratio that can successfully identify the gas-bearing zones.

Tsunami Wave Height Estimation from GPS-Derived Ionospheric Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rakoto, Virgile; Lognonné, Philippe; Rolland, Lucie; Coïsson, P.

2018-05-01

Large underwater earthquakes (Mw>7) can transmit part of their energy to the surrounding ocean through large seafloor motions, generating tsunamis that propagate over long distances. The forcing effect of tsunami waves on the atmosphere generates internal gravity waves that, when they reach the upper atmosphere, produce ionospheric perturbations. These perturbations are frequently observed in the total electron content (TEC) measured by multifrequency Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) such as GPS, GLONASS, and, in the future, Galileo. This paper describes the first inversion of the variation in sea level derived from GPS TEC data. We used a least squares inversion through a normal-mode summation modeling. This technique was applied to three tsunamis in far field associated to the 2012 Haida Gwaii, 2006 Kuril Islands, and 2011 Tohoku events and for Tohoku also in close field. With the exception of the Tohoku far-field case, for which the tsunami reconstruction by the TEC inversion is less efficient due to the ionospheric noise background associated to geomagnetic storm, which occurred on the earthquake day, we show that the peak-to-peak amplitude of the sea level variation inverted by this method can be compared to the tsunami wave height measured by a DART buoy with an error of less than 20%. This demonstrates that the inversion of TEC data with a tsunami normal-mode summation approach is able to estimate quite accurately the amplitude and waveform of the first tsunami arrival.

Surface wave tomography of Europe from ambient seismic noise

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Yang; Stehly, Laurent; Paul, Anne

2017-04-01

We present a European scale high-resolution 3-D shear wave velocity model derived from ambient seismic noise tomography. In this study, we collect 4 years of continuous seismic recordings from 1293 stations across much of the European region (10˚W-35˚E, 30˚N-75˚N), which yields more than 0.8 million virtual station pairs. This data set compiles records from 67 seismic networks, both permanent and temporary from the EIDA (European Integrated Data Archive). Rayleigh wave group velocity are measured at each station pair using the multiple-filter analysis technique. Group velocity maps are estimated through a linearized tomographic inversion algorithm at period from 5s to 100s. Adaptive parameterization is used to accommodate heterogeneity in data coverage. We then apply a two-step data-driven inversion method to obtain the shear wave velocity model. The two steps refer to a Monte Carlo inversion to build the starting model, followed by a linearized inversion for further improvement. Finally, Moho depth (and its uncertainty) are determined over most of our study region by identifying and analysing sharp velocity discontinuities (and sharpness). The resulting velocity model shows good agreement with main geological features and previous geophyical studies. Moho depth coincides well with that obtained from active seismic experiments. A focus on the Greater Alpine region (covered by the AlpArray seismic network) displays a clear crustal thinning that follows the arcuate shape of the Alps from the southern French Massif Central to southern Germany.

The time-lapse AVO difference inversion for changes in reservoir parameters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Longxiao, Zhi; Hanming, Gu; Yan, Li

2016-12-01

The result of conventional time-lapse seismic processing is the difference between the amplitude and the post-stack seismic data. Although stack processing can improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of seismic data, it also causes a considerable loss of important information about the amplitude changes and only gives the qualitative interpretation. To predict the changes in reservoir fluid more precisely and accurately, we also need the quantitative information of the reservoir. To achieve this aim, we develop the method of time-lapse AVO (amplitude versus offset) difference inversion. For the inversion of reservoir changes in elastic parameters, we apply the Gardner equation as the constraint and convert the three-parameter inversion of elastic parameter changes into a two-parameter inversion to make the inversion more stable. For the inversion of variations in the reservoir parameters, we infer the relation between the difference of the reflection coefficient and variations in the reservoir parameters, and then invert reservoir parameter changes directly. The results of the theoretical modeling computation and practical application show that our method can estimate the relative variations in reservoir density, P-wave and S-wave velocity, calculate reservoir changes in water saturation and effective pressure accurately, and then provide reference for the rational exploitation of the reservoir.

Topologically protected edge states for out-of-plane and in-plane bulk elastic waves.

PubMed

Huo, Shao-Yong; Chen, Jiu-Jiu; Huang, Hong-Bo

2018-04-11

Topological phononic insulators (TPnIs) show promise for application in the manipulation of acoustic waves for the design of low-loss transmission and perfectly integrated communication devices. Since solid phononic crystals exist as a transverse polarization mode and a mixed longitudinal-transverse polarization mode, the realization of topological edge states for both out-of-plane and in-plane bulk elastic waves is desirable to enhance the controllability of the edge waves in solid systems. In this paper, a two-dimensional (2D) solid/solid hexagonal-latticed phononic system that simultaneously supports the topologically protected edge states for out-of-plane and in-plane bulk elastic waves is investigated. Firstly, two pairs of two-fold Dirac cones, respectively corresponding to the out-of-plane and in-plane waves, are obtained at the same frequency by tuning the crystal parameters. Then, a strategy of zone folding is invoked to form double Dirac cones. By shrinking and expanding the steel scatterer, the lattice symmetry is broken, and band inversions induced, giving rise to an intriguing topological phase transition. Finally, the topologically protected edge states for both out-of-plane and in-plane bulk elastic waves, which can be simultaneously located at the frequency range from 1.223 to 1.251 MHz, are numerically observed. Robust pseudospin-dependent elastic edge wave propagation along arbitrary paths is further demonstrated. Our results will significantly broaden its practical application in the engineering field.

Topologically protected edge states for out-of-plane and in-plane bulk elastic waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huo, Shao-Yong; Chen, Jiu-Jiu; Huang, Hong-Bo

2018-04-01

Topological phononic insulators (TPnIs) show promise for application in the manipulation of acoustic waves for the design of low-loss transmission and perfectly integrated communication devices. Since solid phononic crystals exist as a transverse polarization mode and a mixed longitudinal-transverse polarization mode, the realization of topological edge states for both out-of-plane and in-plane bulk elastic waves is desirable to enhance the controllability of the edge waves in solid systems. In this paper, a two-dimensional (2D) solid/solid hexagonal-latticed phononic system that simultaneously supports the topologically protected edge states for out-of-plane and in-plane bulk elastic waves is investigated. Firstly, two pairs of two-fold Dirac cones, respectively corresponding to the out-of-plane and in-plane waves, are obtained at the same frequency by tuning the crystal parameters. Then, a strategy of zone folding is invoked to form double Dirac cones. By shrinking and expanding the steel scatterer, the lattice symmetry is broken, and band inversions induced, giving rise to an intriguing topological phase transition. Finally, the topologically protected edge states for both out-of-plane and in-plane bulk elastic waves, which can be simultaneously located at the frequency range from 1.223 to 1.251 MHz, are numerically observed. Robust pseudospin-dependent elastic edge wave propagation along arbitrary paths is further demonstrated. Our results will significantly broaden its practical application in the engineering field.

Rayleigh wave ellipticity across the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gómez García, Clara; Villaseñor, Antonio

2015-04-01

Spectral amplitude ratios between horizontal and vertical components (H/V ratios) from seismic records are useful to evaluate site effects, predict ground motion and invert for S velocity in the top several hundred meters. These spectral ratios can be obtained from both ambient noise and earthquakes. H/V ratios from ambient noise depend on the content and predominant wave types: body waves, Rayleigh waves, a mixture of different waves, etc. The H/V ratio computed in this way is assumed to measure Rayleigh wave ellipticity since ambient vibrations are dominated by Rayleigh waves. H/V ratios from earthquakes are able to determine the local crustal structure at the vicinity of the recording station. These ratios obtained from earthquakes are based on surface wave ellipticity measurements. Although long period (>20 seconds) Rayleigh H/V ratio is not currently used because of large scatter has been reported and uncertainly about whether these measurements are compatible with traditional phase and group velocity measurements, we will investigate whether it is possible to obtain stable estimates after collecting statistics for many earthquakes. We will use teleseismic events from shallow earthquakes (depth ≤ 40 km) between 2007 January 1 and 2012 December 31 with M ≥ 6 and we will compute H/V ratios for more than 400 stations from several seismic networks across the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco for periods between 20 and 100 seconds. Also H/V ratios from cross-correlations of ambient noise in different components for each station pair will be computed. Shorter period H/V ratio measurements based on ambient noise cross-correlations are strongly sensitive to near-surface structure, rather than longer period earthquake Rayleigh waves. The combination of ellipticity measurements based on earthquakes and ambient noise will allow us to perform a joint inversion with Rayleigh wave phase velocity. Upper crustal structure is better constrained by the joint inversion compared to inversions based on phase velocities alone.

A Microscopic View of Oil Slick Break-Up and Emulsion Formation in Breaking Waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Law, J.; Shahrokhi, H.; Shaw, J. M.

1996-11-01

The hydrodynamic behaviour of oil spills in breaking waves determines the appropriateness and effectiveness of remedial measures during clean-up operations. Oil slicks either disperse as fine drops or form water in oil emulsions when exposed to breaking waves. However, there is little agreement with respect to the controlling variables or mechanisms for emulsification or dispersion and predictions are unreliable. For example, predicted energy dissipation rates in breaking waves are too low to account for the drop sizes encountered experimentally[1]. In this paper, we assess the impact of hydrodynamics and physical properties on the formation of dispersions or emulsions. The maximum stable drop size for dispersions arising from oil slicks and water in oil emulsions are shown to be controlled by Raleigh-Taylor instability or the prevalent local shear stress. Data from four experimental studies[2-5], with a broad range of physical properties were fitted quantitatively. As high shear events are intermittent, stable water in oil emulsions can be formed by dispersion inversion near the water air interface or by water entrained by gas bubbles passing through oil slicks. 1) Li & Garrett, 19th AMOP, Calgary AB, 1, 185-198 (1996). 2) Lin et al., Report CG-D-54-78, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington D.C. (1978). 3) Buist, MASc Thesis, University of Toronto (1979). 4) Wallace et al., 9th AMOP, Edmonton AB, 2, 421-429, June 10-12 (1986). 5) Ross Environmental Research Ltd., Ottawa ON, Report EE-96, (1987).

A New Comprehensive Model for Crustal and Upper Mantle Structure of the European Plate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morelli, A.; Danecek, P.; Molinari, I.; Postpischl, L.; Schivardi, R.; Serretti, P.; Tondi, M. R.

2009-12-01

We present a new comprehensive model of crustal and upper mantle structure of the whole European Plate — from the North Atlantic ridge to Urals, and from North Africa to the North Pole — describing seismic speeds (P and S) and density. Our description of crustal structure merges information from previous studies: large-scale compilations, seismic prospection, receiver functions, inversion of surface wave dispersion measurements and Green functions from noise correlation. We use a simple description of crustal structure, with laterally-varying sediment and cristalline layers thickness and seismic parameters. Most original information refers to P-wave speed, from which we derive S speed and density from scaling relations. This a priori crustal model by itself improves the overall fit to observed Bouguer anomaly maps, as derived from GRACE satellite data, over CRUST2.0. The new crustal model is then used as a constraint in the inversion for mantle shear wave speed, based on fitting Love and Rayleigh surface wave dispersion. In the inversion for transversely isotropic mantle structure, we use group speed measurements made on European event-to-station paths, and use a global a priori model (S20RTS) to ensure fair rendition of earth structure at depth and in border areas with little coverage from our data. The new mantle model sensibly improves over global S models in the imaging of shallow asthenospheric (slow) anomalies beneath the Alpine mobile belt, and fast lithospheric signatures under the two main Mediterranean subduction systems (Aegean and Tyrrhenian). We map compressional wave speed inverting ISC travel times (reprocessed by Engdahl et al.) with a non linear inversion scheme making use of finite-difference travel time calculation. The inversion is based on an a priori model obtained by scaling the 3D mantle S-wave speed to P. The new model substantially confirms images of descending lithospheric slabs and back-arc shallow asthenospheric regions, shown in other more local high-resolution tomographic studies, but covers the whole range of the European Plate. We also obtain three-dimensional mantle density structure by inversion of GRACE Bouguer anomalies locally adjusting density and the scaling relation between seismic wave speeds and density. We validate the new comprehensive model through comparison of recorded seismograms with numerical simulations based on SPECFEM3D. This work is a contribution towards the definition of a reference earth model for Europe. To this extent, in order to improve model dissemination and comparison, we propose the adoption of a common exchange format for tomographic earth models based on JSON, a lightweight data-interchange format supported by most high-level programming languages. We provide tools for manipulating and visualising models, described in this standard format, in Google Earth and GEON IDV.

An accurate, fast, and scalable solver for high-frequency wave propagation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zepeda-Núñez, L.; Taus, M.; Hewett, R.; Demanet, L.

2017-12-01

In many science and engineering applications, solving time-harmonic high-frequency wave propagation problems quickly and accurately is of paramount importance. For example, in geophysics, particularly in oil exploration, such problems can be the forward problem in an iterative process for solving the inverse problem of subsurface inversion. It is important to solve these wave propagation problems accurately in order to efficiently obtain meaningful solutions of the inverse problems: low order forward modeling can hinder convergence. Additionally, due to the volume of data and the iterative nature of most optimization algorithms, the forward problem must be solved many times. Therefore, a fast solver is necessary to make solving the inverse problem feasible. For time-harmonic high-frequency wave propagation, obtaining both speed and accuracy is historically challenging. Recently, there have been many advances in the development of fast solvers for such problems, including methods which have linear complexity with respect to the number of degrees of freedom. While most methods scale optimally only in the context of low-order discretizations and smooth wave speed distributions, the method of polarized traces has been shown to retain optimal scaling for high-order discretizations, such as hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin methods and for highly heterogeneous (and even discontinuous) wave speeds. The resulting fast and accurate solver is consequently highly attractive for geophysical applications. To date, this method relies on a layered domain decomposition together with a preconditioner applied in a sweeping fashion, which has limited straight-forward parallelization. In this work, we introduce a new version of the method of polarized traces which reveals more parallel structure than previous versions while preserving all of its other advantages. We achieve this by further decomposing each layer and applying the preconditioner to these new components separately and in parallel. We demonstrate that this produces an even more effective and parallelizable preconditioner for a single right-hand side. As before, additional speed can be gained by pipelining several right-hand-sides.

Rayleigh wave dispersion curve inversion by using particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Buyuk, Ersin; Zor, Ekrem; Karaman, Abdullah

2017-04-01

Inversion of surface wave dispersion curves with its highly nonlinear nature has some difficulties using traditional linear inverse methods due to the need and strong dependence to the initial model, possibility of trapping in local minima and evaluation of partial derivatives. There are some modern global optimization methods to overcome of these difficulties in surface wave analysis such as Genetic algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). GA is based on biologic evolution consisting reproduction, crossover and mutation operations, while PSO algorithm developed after GA is inspired from the social behaviour of birds or fish of swarms. Utility of these methods require plausible convergence rate, acceptable relative error and optimum computation cost that are important for modelling studies. Even though PSO and GA processes are similar in appearence, the cross-over operation in GA is not used in PSO and the mutation operation is a stochastic process for changing the genes within chromosomes in GA. Unlike GA, the particles in PSO algorithm changes their position with logical velocities according to particle's own experience and swarm's experience. In this study, we applied PSO algorithm to estimate S wave velocities and thicknesses of the layered earth model by using Rayleigh wave dispersion curve and also compared these results with GA and we emphasize on the advantage of using PSO algorithm for geophysical modelling studies considering its rapid convergence, low misfit error and computation cost.

Reduction and coding of synthetic aperture radar data with Fourier transforms

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tilley, David G.

1995-01-01

Recently, aboard the Space Radar Laboratory (SRL), the two roles of Fourier Transforms for ocean image synthesis and surface wave analysis have been implemented with a dedicated radar processor to significantly reduce Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) ocean data before transmission to the ground. The object was to archive the SAR image spectrum, rather than the SAR image itself, to reduce data volume and capture the essential descriptors of the surface wave field. SAR signal data are usually sampled and coded in the time domain for transmission to the ground where Fourier Transforms are applied both to individual radar pulses and to long sequences of radar pulses to form two-dimensional images. High resolution images of the ocean often contain no striking features and subtle image modulations by wind generated surface waves are only apparent when large ocean regions are studied, with Fourier transforms, to reveal periodic patterns created by wind stress over the surface wave field. Major ocean currents and atmospheric instability in coastal environments are apparent as large scale modulations of SAR imagery. This paper explores the possibility of computing complex Fourier spectrum codes representing SAR images, transmitting the coded spectra to Earth for data archives and creating scenes of surface wave signatures and air-sea interactions via inverse Fourier transformations with ground station processors.

Evidence for mafic lower crust in Tanzania, East Africa, from joint inversion of receiver functions and Rayleigh wave dispersion velocities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Julià, Jordi; Ammon, Charles J.; Nyblade, Andrew A.

2005-08-01

The S-wave velocity structure of Precambrian terranes in Tanzania, East Africa is modelled by jointly inverting receiver functions and surface wave dispersion velocities from the 1994-1995 Tanzania broad-band seismic experiment. The study region, which consists of an Archean craton surrounded by Proterozoic mobile belts, forms a unique setting for evaluating Precambrian crustal evolution. Our results show a uniform crustal structure across the region, with a 10-15 km thick upper crust with VS= 3.4-3.5 km s-1, overlying a gradational lower crust with S-wave velocities up to 4.1 km s-1 at 38-42 km depth. The upper-mantle lid displays uniform S-wave velocities of 4.5-4.7 km s-1 to depths of 100-150 km and overlays a prominent low-velocity zone. This low-velocity zone is required by the dispersion and receiver function data, but its depth interval is uncertain. The high crustal velocities within the lowermost crust characterize the entire region and suggest that mafic lithologies are present in both Archean and Proterozoic terranes. The ubiquitous mafic lower crust can be attributed to underplating associated with mafic dyke emplacement. This finding suggests that in East Africa there has been little secular variation in Precambrian crustal development.

Observations of the UTLS: An analysis of the double tropopause and its relationship to Rossby waves and the tropopause inversion layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peevey, Tanya

The upper troposphere lower stratosphere (UTLS) is a region of minimum temperatures that contains the tropopause. As a transition region between the troposphere and the stratosphere, the UTLS contains various processes that facilitate stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) which can redistribute radiatively important species such as water vapor or ozone. One potential marker for STE is the double tropopause (DT). Therefore this study seeks to further understand how DTs form and how they could enhance the current understanding of some STE processes in the UTLS. Using data from the High Resolution Dynamic Limb Sounder (HIRDLS), a data set with high vertical and horizontal resolution, newly discovered DT structures are found over the Pacific and Atlantic oceans that suggest a relationship between the DT and both storm tracks and Rossby waves. The association between DTs and storm tracks is examined by further analyzing the recently discovered and unexpected relationship between the DT and the tropopause inversion layer (TIL) in a developing baroclinic disturbance. Results show an increase in the number of DTs when the lapse rate of the extratropical TIL is less than -2°C/km, i.e. when the TIL is stronger and the local stability is higher. Composites of ERA-Interim DT profiles for three different TIL strengths shows that the vertical motion and relative vorticity both decrease as the TIL increases, which suggests the warm conveyor belt as a mechanism. This is investigated further with a case study analysis of a developing extratropical cyclone in the Pacific Ocean. Additionally, an analysis of DTs in relation to the large scale flow responsible for storm development shows a strong correlation between monthly Rossby wave activity, ozone laminae and DT variability. Further examination shows that if these waves break a DT will be found with a wave breaking event about 30% of the time in the eastern Pacific and eastern Atlantic oceans, both regions of poleward wave breaking. These results highlight a new and more complicated DT structure that is a product of both large scale dynamics and small scale vertical motions, thus adding new information to the current understanding of the UTLS.

The interaction between the tropopause inversion layer and the inertial gravity wave activities revealed by radiosonde observations at a midlatitude station

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yehui; Zhang, Shaodong; Huang, Chunming; Huang, Kaiming; Gong, Yun; Gan, Quan

2015-08-01

The interaction between the tropopause inversion layer (TIL) and the inertial gravity wave (IGW) activities is first presented by using a high vertical resolution radiosonde data set at a midlatitude station, Boise, Idaho (43.57°N, 116.22°W), for the period 1998-2008. The tropopause-based vertical coordinate is used for the TIL detection, and for meticulously studying the IGW variation around the TIL, the broad spectral method is used for the IGW extraction. Generally, the TIL at the midlatitude station is stronger and thicker in winter and spring, which is consistent with previous studies. Our study confirmed the intense interaction between the TIL and IGW. It is found that the TIL not only could inhibit the upward propagation of IGWs from below but also imply the possible excitation links between the TIL and IGW. The results also indicate that the enhanced wind shear layer just 1 km above the tropopause may result in instability and finally leads to the IGW breaking and intensive turbulence. Subsequently, the IGW-induced intensive turbulence leads to strong wave energy dissipation and a downward heat flux. This downward heat transportation could significantly cool the tropopause, while it has only negligible thermal effect on the atmosphere above the tropopause. Then, the IGW-induced cooling at the tropopause makes the tropopause colder and sharper and finally forms the TIL. These suggest besides previously proposed mechanisms that IGWs also contribute greatly to the formation of TIL, which is consistent with a recent related simulation study.

Tempest Simulations of Collisionless Damping of the Geodesic-Acoustic Mode in Edge-Plasma Pedestals

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xu, X. Q.; Xiong, Z.; Nevins, W. M.

The fully nonlinear (full-f) four-dimensional TEMPEST gyrokinetic continuum code correctly produces the frequency and collisionless damping of geodesic-acoustic modes (GAMs) and zonal flow, with fully nonlinear Boltzmann electrons for the inverse aspect ratio {epsilon} scan and the tokamak safety factor q scan in homogeneous plasmas. TEMPEST simulations show that the GAMs exist in the edge pedestal for steep density and temperature gradients in the form of outgoing waves. The enhanced GAM damping may explain experimental beam emission spectroscopy measurements on the edge q scaling of the GAM amplitude.

Tempest Simulations of Collisionless Damping of the Geodesic-Acoustic Mode in Edge-Plasma Pedestals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, X. Q.; Xiong, Z.; Gao, Z.; Nevins, W. M.; McKee, G. R.

2008-05-01

The fully nonlinear (full-f) four-dimensional TEMPEST gyrokinetic continuum code correctly produces the frequency and collisionless damping of geodesic-acoustic modes (GAMs) and zonal flow, with fully nonlinear Boltzmann electrons for the inverse aspect ratio γ scan and the tokamak safety factor q scan in homogeneous plasmas. TEMPEST simulations show that the GAMs exist in the edge pedestal for steep density and temperature gradients in the form of outgoing waves. The enhanced GAM damping may explain experimental beam emission spectroscopy measurements on the edge q scaling of the GAM amplitude.

TEMPEST simulations of collisionless damping of the geodesic-acoustic mode in edge-plasma pedestals.

PubMed

Xu, X Q; Xiong, Z; Gao, Z; Nevins, W M; McKee, G R

2008-05-30

The fully nonlinear (full-f) four-dimensional TEMPEST gyrokinetic continuum code correctly produces the frequency and collisionless damping of geodesic-acoustic modes (GAMs) and zonal flow, with fully nonlinear Boltzmann electrons for the inverse aspect ratio scan and the tokamak safety factor q scan in homogeneous plasmas. TEMPEST simulations show that the GAMs exist in the edge pedestal for steep density and temperature gradients in the form of outgoing waves. The enhanced GAM damping may explain experimental beam emission spectroscopy measurements on the edge q scaling of the GAM amplitude.

Retina as Reciprocal Spatial Fourier Transform Space Implies ``Wave-transformation'' Functions, String Theory, the Inappropriate Uncertainty Principle, and Predicts ``Quarked'' Protons.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mc Leod, Roger David; Mc Leod, David M.

2007-10-01

Vision, via transform space: ``Nature behaves in a reciprocal way;' also, Rect x pressure-input sense-reports as Sinc p, indicating brain interprets reciprocal ``p'' space as object space. Use Mott's and Sneddon's Wave Mechanics and Its Applications. Wave transformation functions are strings of positron, electron, proton, and neutron; uncertainty is a semantic artifact. Neutrino-string de Broglie-Schr"odinger wave-function models for electron, positron, suggest three-quark models for protons, neutrons. Variably vibrating neutrino-quills of this model, with appropriate mass-energy, can be a vertical proton string, quills leftward; thread string circumferentially, forming three interlinked circles with ``overpasses''. Diameters are 2:1:2, center circle has quills radially outward; call it a down quark, charge --1/3, charge 2/3 for outward quills, the up quarks of outer circles. String overlap summations are nodes; nodes also far left and right. Strong nuclear forces may be --px. ``Dislodging" positron with neutrino switches quark-circle configuration to 1:2:1, `downers' outside. Unstable neutron charge is 0. Atoms build. With scale factors, retinal/vision's, and quantum mechanics,' spatial Fourier transforms/inverses are equivalent.

Seismic gradiometry using ambient seismic noise in an anisotropic Earth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Ridder, S. A. L.; Curtis, A.

2017-05-01

We introduce a wavefield gradiometry technique to estimate both isotropic and anisotropic local medium characteristics from short recordings of seismic signals by inverting a wave equation. The method exploits the information in the spatial gradients of a seismic wavefield that are calculated using dense deployments of seismic arrays. The application of the method uses the surface wave energy in the ambient seismic field. To estimate isotropic and anisotropic medium properties we invert an elliptically anisotropic wave equation. The spatial derivatives of the recorded wavefield are evaluated by calculating finite differences over nearby recordings, which introduces a systematic anisotropic error. A two-step approach corrects this error: finite difference stencils are first calibrated, then the output of the wave-equation inversion is corrected using the linearized impulse response to the inverted velocity anomaly. We test the procedure on ambient seismic noise recorded in a large and dense ocean bottom cable array installed over Ekofisk field. The estimated azimuthal anisotropy forms a circular geometry around the production-induced subsidence bowl. This conforms with results from studies employing controlled sources, and with interferometry correlating long records of seismic noise. Yet in this example, the results were obtained using only a few minutes of ambient seismic noise.

Earthquake mechanisms from linear-programming inversion of seismic-wave amplitude ratios

USGS Publications Warehouse

Julian, B.R.; Foulger, G.R.

1996-01-01

The amplitudes of radiated seismic waves contain far more information about earthquake source mechanisms than do first-motion polarities, but amplitudes are severely distorted by the effects of heterogeneity in the Earth. This distortion can be reduced greatly by using the ratios of amplitudes of appropriately chosen seismic phases, rather than simple amplitudes, but existing methods for inverting amplitude ratios are severely nonlinear and require computationally intensive searching methods to ensure that solutions are globally optimal. Searching methods are particularly costly if general (moment tensor) mechanisms are allowed. Efficient linear-programming methods, which do not suffer from these problems, have previously been applied to inverting polarities and wave amplitudes. We extend these methods to amplitude ratios, in which formulation on inequality constraint for an amplitude ratio takes the same mathematical form as a polarity observation. Three-component digital data for an earthquake at the Hengill-Grensdalur geothermal area in southwestern Iceland illustrate the power of the method. Polarities of P, SH, and SV waves, unusually well distributed on the focal sphere, cannot distinguish between diverse mechanisms, including a double couple. Amplitude ratios, on the other hand, clearly rule out the double-couple solution and require a large explosive isotropic component.

Determining Heterogeneous Bottom Friction Distributions using a Numerical Wave Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-08-11

dissipation in this study. For a bathymetry inversion, how- ever, we would expect E to be more concentrated because of Easting Meters the local efTect of...numerical wave model, bottom dissipation , data assimilation 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE...obviously, dissipation of wave energy as waves addition to its use in improving wave forecasting, assimi- propagate) as demonstrated in recent work

Using level set based inversion of arrival times to recover shear wave speed in transient elastography and supersonic imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McLaughlin, Joyce; Renzi, Daniel

2006-04-01

Transient elastography and supersonic imaging are promising new techniques for characterizing the elasticity of soft tissues. Using this method, an 'ultrafast imaging' system (up to 10 000 frames s-1) follows in real time the propagation of a low-frequency shear wave. The displacement of the propagating shear wave is measured as a function of time and space. Here we develop a fast level set based algorithm for finding the shear wave speed from the interior positions of the propagating front. We compare the performance of level curve methods developed here and our previously developed (McLaughlin J and Renzi D 2006 Shear wave speed recovery in transient elastography and supersonic imaging using propagating fronts Inverse Problems 22 681-706) distance methods. We give reconstruction examples from synthetic data and from data obtained from a phantom experiment accomplished by Mathias Fink's group (the Laboratoire Ondes et Acoustique, ESPCI, Université Paris VII).

Born scattering and inversion sensitivities in viscoelastic transversely isotropic media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moradi, Shahpoor; Innanen, Kristopher A.

2017-11-01

We analyse the scattering of seismic waves from anisotropic-viscoelastic inclusions using the Born approximation. We consider the specific case of Vertical Transverse Isotropic (VTI) media with low-loss attenuation and weak anisotropy such that second- and higher-order contributions from quality factors and Thomsen parameters are negligible. To accommodate the volume scattering approach, the viscoelastic VTI media is broken into a homogeneous viscoelastic reference medium with distributed inclusions in both viscoelastic and anisotropic properties. In viscoelastic reference media in which all propagations take place, wave modes are of P-wave type, SI-wave type and SII-wave type, all with complex slowness and polarization vectors. We generate expressions for P-to-P, P-to-SI, SI-to-SI and SII-to-SII scattering potentials, and demonstrate that they reduce to previously derived isotropic results. These scattering potential expressions are sensitivity kernels related to the Fréchet derivatives which provide the weights for multiparameter full waveform inversion updates.

Characterizing crustal and uppermost mantle anisotropy with a depth-dependent tilted hexagonally symmetric elastic tensor: theory and examples

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, L.; Xie, J.; Ritzwoller, M. H.

2017-12-01

Two major types of surface wave anisotropy are commonly observed by seismologists but are only rarely interpreted jointly: apparent radial anisotropy, which is the difference in propagation speed between horizontally and vertically polarized waves inferred from Love and Rayleigh waves, and apparent azimuthal anisotropy, which is the directional dependence of surface wave speeds (usually Rayleigh waves). We describe a method of inversion that interprets simultaneous observations of radial and azimuthal anisotropy under the assumption of a hexagonally symmetric elastic tensor with a tilted symmetry axis defined by dip and strike angles. With a full-waveform numerical solver based on the spectral element method (SEM), we verify the validity of the forward theory used for the inversion. We also present two examples, in the US and Tibet, in which we have successfully applied the tomographic method to demonstrate that the two types of apparent anisotropy can be interpreted jointly as a tilted hexagonally symmetric medium.

Fracture characterization from near-offset VSP inversion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Horne, S.; MacBeth, C.; Queen, J.

1997-01-01

A global optimization method incorporating a ray-tracing scheme is used to invert observations of shear-wave splitting from two near-offset VSPs recorded at the Conoco Borehole Test Facility, Kay County, Oklahoma. Inversion results suggest that the seismic anisotropy is due to a non-vertical fracture system. This interpretation is constrained by the VSP acquisition geometry for which two sources are employed along near diametrically opposite azimuths about the well heads. A correlation is noted between the time-delay variations between the fast and slow split shear waves and the sandstone formations.

Inverse medium scattering from periodic structures with fixed-direction incoming waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gibson, Peter; Hu, Guanghui; Zhao, Yue

2018-07-01

This paper is concerned with inverse time-harmonic acoustic and electromagnetic scattering from an infinite biperiodic medium (diffraction grating) in three dimensions. In the acoustic case, we prove that the near-field data of fixed-direction plane waves incited at multiple frequencies uniquely determine a refractive index function which depends on two variables. An analogous uniqueness result holds for time-harmonic Maxwell’s system if the inhomogeneity is periodic in one direction and remains invariant along the other two directions. Uniqueness for recovering (non-periodic) compactly supported contrast functions are also presented.

Frequency-domain elastic full waveform inversion using encoded simultaneous sources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jeong, W.; Son, W.; Pyun, S.; Min, D.

2011-12-01

Currently, numerous studies have endeavored to develop robust full waveform inversion and migration algorithms. These processes require enormous computational costs, because of the number of sources in the survey. To avoid this problem, the phase encoding technique for prestack migration was proposed by Romero (2000) and Krebs et al. (2009) proposed the encoded simultaneous-source inversion technique in the time domain. On the other hand, Ben-Hadj-Ali et al. (2011) demonstrated the robustness of the frequency-domain full waveform inversion with simultaneous sources for noisy data changing the source assembling. Although several studies on simultaneous-source inversion tried to estimate P- wave velocity based on the acoustic wave equation, seismic migration and waveform inversion based on the elastic wave equations are required to obtain more reliable subsurface information. In this study, we propose a 2-D frequency-domain elastic full waveform inversion technique using phase encoding methods. In our algorithm, the random phase encoding method is employed to calculate the gradients of the elastic parameters, source signature estimation and the diagonal entries of approximate Hessian matrix. The crosstalk for the estimated source signature and the diagonal entries of approximate Hessian matrix are suppressed with iteration as for the gradients. Our 2-D frequency-domain elastic waveform inversion algorithm is composed using the back-propagation technique and the conjugate-gradient method. Source signature is estimated using the full Newton method. We compare the simultaneous-source inversion with the conventional waveform inversion for synthetic data sets of the Marmousi-2 model. The inverted results obtained by simultaneous sources are comparable to those obtained by individual sources, and source signature is successfully estimated in simultaneous source technique. Comparing the inverted results using the pseudo Hessian matrix with previous inversion results provided by the approximate Hessian matrix, it is noted that the latter are better than the former for deeper parts of the model. This work was financially supported by the Brain Korea 21 project of Energy System Engineering, by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2010-0006155), by the Energy Efficiency & Resources of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Knowledge Economy (No. 2010T100200133).

Theory of electromagnetic wave propagation in ferromagnetic Rashba conductor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shibata, Junya; Takeuchi, Akihito; Kohno, Hiroshi; Tatara, Gen

2018-02-01

We present a comprehensive study of various electromagnetic wave propagation phenomena in a ferromagnetic bulk Rashba conductor from the perspective of quantum mechanical transport. In this system, both the space inversion and time reversal symmetries are broken, as characterized by the Rashba field α and magnetization M, respectively. First, we present a general phenomenological analysis of electromagnetic wave propagation in media with broken space inversion and time reversal symmetries based on the dielectric tensor. The dependence of the dielectric tensor on the wave vector q and M is retained to first order. Then, we calculate the microscopic electromagnetic response of the current and spin of conduction electrons subjected to α and M, based on linear response theory and the Green's function method; the results are used to study the system optical properties. First, it is found that a large α enhances the anisotropic properties of the system and enlarges the frequency range in which the electromagnetic waves have hyperbolic dispersion surfaces and exhibit unusual propagations known as negative refraction and backward waves. Second, we consider the electromagnetic cross-correlation effects (direct and inverse Edelstein effects) on the wave propagation. These effects stem from the lack of space inversion symmetry and yield q-linear off-diagonal components in the dielectric tensor. This induces a Rashba-induced birefringence, in which the polarization vector rotates around the vector (α ×q ) . In the presence of M, which breaks time reversal symmetry, there arises an anomalous Hall effect and the dielectric tensor acquires off-diagonal components linear in M. For α ∥M , these components yield the Faraday effect for the Faraday configuration q ∥M and the Cotton-Mouton effect for the Voigt configuration ( q ⊥M ). When α and M are noncollinear, M- and q-induced optical phenomena are possible, which include nonreciprocal directional dichroism in the Voigt configuration. In these nonreciprocal optical phenomena, a "toroidal moment," α ×M , and a "quadrupole moment," αiMj+Miαj , play central roles. These phenomena are strongly enhanced at the spin-split transition edge in the electron band.

Three-dimensional vector modeling and restoration of flat finite wave tank radiometric measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Truman, W. M.; Balanis, C. A.; Holmes, J. J.

1977-01-01

In this paper, a three-dimensional Fourier transform inversion method describing the interaction between water surface emitted radiation from a flat finite wave tank and antenna radiation characteristics is reported. The transform technique represents the scanning of the antenna mathematically as a correlation. Computation time is reduced by using the efficient and economical fast Fourier transform algorithm. To verify the inversion method, computations have been made and compared with known data and other available results. The technique has been used to restore data of the finite wave tank system and other available antenna temperature measurements made at the Cape Cod Canal. The restored brightness temperatures serve as better representations of the emitted radiation than the measured antenna temperatures.

Riemann–Hilbert problem approach for two-dimensional flow inverse scattering

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Agaltsov, A. D., E-mail: agalets@gmail.com; Novikov, R. G., E-mail: novikov@cmap.polytechnique.fr; IEPT RAS, 117997 Moscow

2014-10-15

We consider inverse scattering for the time-harmonic wave equation with first-order perturbation in two dimensions. This problem arises in particular in the acoustic tomography of moving fluid. We consider linearized and nonlinearized reconstruction algorithms for this problem of inverse scattering. Our nonlinearized reconstruction algorithm is based on the non-local Riemann–Hilbert problem approach. Comparisons with preceding results are given.

Hydraulic and Wave Aspects of Novorossiysk Bora

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shestakova, Anna A.; Moiseenko, Konstantin B.; Toropov, Pavel A.

2018-02-01

Bora in Novorossiysk (seaport on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus) is one of the strongest and most prominent downslope windstorms on the territory of Russia. In this paper, we evaluate the applicability of the hydraulic and wave hypotheses, which are widely used for downslope winds around the world, to Novorossiysk bora on the basis of observational data, reanalysis, and mesoscale numerical modeling with WRF-ARW. It is shown that mechanism of formation of Novorossiysk bora is essentially mixed, which is expressed in the simultaneous presence of gravity waves breaking and a hydraulic jump, as well as in the significant variability of the contribution of wave processes to the windstorm dynamics. Effectiveness of each mechanism depends on the elevated inversion intensity and mean state critical level height. Most favorable conditions for both mechanisms working together are moderate or weak inversion and high or absent critical level.

Crust and upper mantle shear wave structure of Northeast Algeria from Rayleigh wave dispersion analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Radi, Zohir; Yelles-Chaouche, Abdelkrim; Corchete, Victor; Guettouche, Salim

2017-09-01

We resolve the crust and upper mantle structure beneath Northeast Algeria at depths of 0-400 km, using inversion of fundamental mode Rayleigh wave. Our data set consists of 490 earthquakes recorded between 2007 and 2014 by five permanent broadband seismic stations in the study area. Applying a combination of different filtering technics and inversion method shear wave velocities structure were determined as functions of depth. The resolved changes in Vs at 50 km depth are in perfect agreement with crustal thickness estimates, which reflect the study area's orogenic setting, partly overlying the collision zone between the African and Eurasian plates. The inferred Moho discontinuity depths are close to those estimated for other convergent areas. In addition, there is good agreement between our results and variations in orientations of regional seismic anisotropy. At depths of 80-180 km, negative Vs anomalies at station CBBR suggest the existence of a failed subduction slab.

Uncertainty principles for inverse source problems for electromagnetic and elastic waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Griesmaier, Roland; Sylvester, John

2018-06-01

In isotropic homogeneous media, far fields of time-harmonic electromagnetic waves radiated by compactly supported volume currents, and elastic waves radiated by compactly supported body force densities can be modelled in very similar fashions. Both are projected restricted Fourier transforms of vector-valued source terms. In this work we generalize two types of uncertainty principles recently developed for far fields of scalar-valued time-harmonic waves in Griesmaier and Sylvester (2017 SIAM J. Appl. Math. 77 154–80) to this vector-valued setting. These uncertainty principles yield stability criteria and algorithms for splitting far fields radiated by collections of well-separated sources into the far fields radiated by individual source components, and for the restoration of missing data segments. We discuss proper regularization strategies for these inverse problems, provide stability estimates based on the new uncertainty principles, and comment on reconstruction schemes. A numerical example illustrates our theoretical findings.

Highly-optimized TWSM software package for seismic diffraction modeling adapted for GPU-cluster

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zyatkov, Nikolay; Ayzenberg, Alena; Aizenberg, Arkady

2015-04-01

Oil producing companies concern to increase resolution capability of seismic data for complex oil-and-gas bearing deposits connected with salt domes, basalt traps, reefs, lenses, etc. Known methods of seismic wave theory define shape of hydrocarbon accumulation with nonsufficient resolution, since they do not account for multiple diffractions explicitly. We elaborate alternative seismic wave theory in terms of operators of propagation in layers and reflection-transmission at curved interfaces. Approximation of this theory is realized in the seismic frequency range as the Tip-Wave Superposition Method (TWSM). TWSM based on the operator theory allows to evaluate of wavefield in bounded domains/layers with geometrical shadow zones (in nature it can be: salt domes, basalt traps, reefs, lenses, etc.) accounting for so-called cascade diffraction. Cascade diffraction includes edge waves from sharp edges, creeping waves near concave parts of interfaces, waves of the whispering galleries near convex parts of interfaces, etc. The basic algorithm of TWSM package is based on multiplication of large-size matrices (make hundreds of terabytes in size). We use advanced information technologies for effective realization of numerical procedures of the TWSM. In particular, we actively use NVIDIA CUDA technology and GPU accelerators allowing to significantly improve the performance of the TWSM software package, that is important in using it for direct and inverse problems. The accuracy, stability and efficiency of the algorithm are justified by numerical examples with curved interfaces. TWSM package and its separate components can be used in different modeling tasks such as planning of acquisition systems, physical interpretation of laboratory modeling, modeling of individual waves of different types and in some inverse tasks such as imaging in case of laterally inhomogeneous overburden, AVO inversion.

High-resolution surface wave tomography of the European crust and uppermost mantle from ambient seismic noise

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Yang; Stehly, Laurent; Paul, Anne; AlpArray Working Group

2018-05-01

Taking advantage of the large number of seismic stations installed in Europe, in particular in the greater Alpine region with the AlpArray experiment, we derive a new high-resolution 3-D shear-wave velocity model of the European crust and uppermost mantle from ambient noise tomography. The correlation of up to four years of continuous vertical-component seismic recordings from 1293 broadband stations (10° W-35° E, 30° N-75° N) provides Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion data in the period band 5-150 s at more than 0.8 million virtual source-receiver pairs. Two-dimensional Rayleigh wave group velocity maps are estimated using adaptive parameterization to accommodate the strong heterogeneity of path coverage. A probabilistic 3-D shear-wave velocity model, including probability densities for the depth of layer boundaries and S-wave velocity values, is obtained by non-linear Bayesian inversion. A weighted average of the probabilistic model is then used as starting model for the linear inversion step, providing the final Vs model. The resulting S-wave velocity model and Moho depth are validated by comparison with previous geophysical studies. Although surface-wave tomography is weakly sensitive to layer boundaries, vertical cross-sections through our Vs model and the associated probability of presence of interfaces display striking similarities with reference controlled-source (CSS) and receiver-function sections across the Alpine belt. Our model even provides new structural information such as a ˜8 km Moho jump along the CSS ECORS-CROP profile that was not imaged by reflection data due to poor penetration across a heterogeneous upper crust. Our probabilistic and final shear wave velocity models have the potential to become new reference models of the European crust, both for crustal structure probing and geophysical studies including waveform modeling or full waveform inversion.

Angle-domain inverse scattering migration/inversion in isotropic media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Wuqun; Mao, Weijian; Li, Xuelei; Ouyang, Wei; Liang, Quan

2018-07-01

The classical seismic asymptotic inversion can be transformed into a problem of inversion of generalized Radon transform (GRT). In such methods, the combined parameters are linearly attached to the scattered wave-field by Born approximation and recovered by applying an inverse GRT operator to the scattered wave-field data. Typical GRT-style true-amplitude inversion procedure contains an amplitude compensation process after the weighted migration via dividing an illumination associated matrix whose elements are integrals of scattering angles. It is intuitional to some extent that performs the generalized linear inversion and the inversion of GRT together by this process for direct inversion. However, it is imprecise to carry out such operation when the illumination at the image point is limited, which easily leads to the inaccuracy and instability of the matrix. This paper formulates the GRT true-amplitude inversion framework in an angle-domain version, which naturally degrades the external integral term related to the illumination in the conventional case. We solve the linearized integral equation for combined parameters of different fixed scattering angle values. With this step, we obtain high-quality angle-domain common-image gathers (CIGs) in the migration loop which provide correct amplitude-versus-angle (AVA) behavior and reasonable illumination range for subsurface image points. Then we deal with the over-determined problem to solve each parameter in the combination by a standard optimization operation. The angle-domain GRT inversion method keeps away from calculating the inaccurate and unstable illumination matrix. Compared with the conventional method, the angle-domain method can obtain more accurate amplitude information and wider amplitude-preserved range. Several model tests demonstrate the effectiveness and practicability.

New Observation of Wave Excitation and Inverse Cascade in the Foreshock Region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Jiansen; Duan, Die; Yan, Limei; Huang, Shiyong; Tu, Chuanyi; Marsch, Eckart; Wang, Linghua; Tian, Hui

2016-04-01

Foreshock with nascent plasma turbulence is regarded as a fascinating region to understand the basic plasma physical processes, e.g., wave-particle interactions as well as wave-wave couplings. Although there have been a bunch of intensive studies on this topic, some key clues about the chain of the physical processes still lacks from observations, e.g., the co-existence of upstream energetic particles as the free energy source, excited pump waves as the wave seed, inverse cascaded daughter waves, and scattered energetic particles as the end of nonlinear processes. A relatively comprehensive case study with some new observations is presented in this work. In our case, upstream energetic protons drifting at tens of Alfvén speed with respect to the background plasma protons is observed from 3DP/PESA-High onboard the WIND spacecraft. When looking at the wave magnetic activities, we are surprised to find the co-existence of high-frequency (0.1-0.5 Hz) large-amplitude right-hand polarized (RHP) waves and low-frequency (0.02-0.1 Hz) small-amplitude left-hand polarized (LHP) waves in the spacecraft (SC) frame. The anti-correlation between magnetic and velocity fluctuations along with the sunward magnetic field direction indicates the low-frequency LHP waves in the SC frame is in fact the sunward upstream RHP waves in the solar wind frame. This new observation lays solid foundation for the applicability of plasma non-resonance instability theory and inverse cascade theory to the foreshock region, in which the downstream high-frequency RHP pump waves are excited by the upstream reflected energetic protons through non-resonance instability and low-frequency RHP daughter waves are generated by the pump waves due to nonlinear parametric decay. The weak signal of alpha particle flux in the foreshock region concerned is also favorable to the occurrence of nonlinear decay process. Furthermore, enhanced downstream energetic proton fluxes are found and inferred to be scattered by the nascent turbulent fluctuations. Therefore, some key clues about the newborn turbulence in the foreshock are supplemented in this work. Nevertheless, the more complete scenario about the fundamental plasma physical processes in the foreshock is left for the newly launched MMS project and the proposed THOR mission.

Mathematics of tsunami: modelling and identification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krivorotko, Olga; Kabanikhin, Sergey

2015-04-01

Tsunami (long waves in the deep water) motion caused by underwater earthquakes is described by shallow water equations ( { ηtt = div (gH (x,y)-gradη), (x,y) ∈ Ω, t ∈ (0,T ); η|t=0 = q(x,y), ηt|t=0 = 0, (x,y) ∈ Ω. ( (1) Bottom relief H(x,y) characteristics and the initial perturbation data (a tsunami source q(x,y)) are required for the direct simulation of tsunamis. The main difficulty problem of tsunami modelling is a very big size of the computational domain (Ω = 500 × 1000 kilometres in space and about one hour computational time T for one meter of initial perturbation amplitude max|q|). The calculation of the function η(x,y,t) of three variables in Ω × (0,T) requires large computing resources. We construct a new algorithm to solve numerically the problem of determining the moving tsunami wave height S(x,y) which is based on kinematic-type approach and analytical representation of fundamental solution. Proposed algorithm of determining the function of two variables S(x,y) reduces the number of operations in 1.5 times than solving problem (1). If all functions does not depend on the variable y (one dimensional case), then the moving tsunami wave height satisfies of the well-known Airy-Green formula: S(x) = S(0)° --- 4H (0)/H (x). The problem of identification parameters of a tsunami source using additional measurements of a passing wave is called inverse tsunami problem. We investigate two different inverse problems of determining a tsunami source q(x,y) using two different additional data: Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) measurements and satellite altimeters wave-form images. These problems are severely ill-posed. The main idea consists of combination of two measured data to reconstruct the source parameters. We apply regularization techniques to control the degree of ill-posedness such as Fourier expansion, truncated singular value decomposition, numerical regularization. The algorithm of selecting the truncated number of singular values of an inverse problem operator which is agreed with the error level in measured data is described and analysed. In numerical experiment we used conjugate gradient method for solving inverse tsunami problems. Gradient methods are based on minimizing the corresponding misfit function. To calculate the gradient of the misfit function, the adjoint problem is solved. The conservative finite-difference schemes for solving the direct and adjoint problems in the approximation of shallow water are constructed. Results of numerical experiments of the tsunami source reconstruction are presented and discussed. We show that using a combination of two types of data allows one to increase the stability and efficiency of tsunami source reconstruction. Non-profit organization WAPMERR (World Agency of Planetary Monitoring and Earthquake Risk Reduction) in collaboration with Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics of SB RAS developed the Integrated Tsunami Research and Information System (ITRIS) to simulate tsunami waves and earthquakes, river course changes, coastal zone floods, and risk estimates for coastal constructions at wave run-ups and earthquakes. The special scientific plug-in components are embedded in a specially developed GIS-type graphic shell for easy data retrieval, visualization and processing. We demonstrate the tsunami simulation plug-in for historical tsunami events (2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Simushir tsunami 2006 and others). This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

Inverse Edelstein effect induced by magnon-phonon coupling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Mingran; Puebla, Jorge; Auvray, Florent; Rana, Bivas; Kondou, Kouta; Otani, Yoshichika

2018-05-01

We demonstrate a spin to charge current conversion via magnon-phonon coupling and an inverse Edelstein effect on the hybrid device Ni/Cu (Ag )/Bi 2O3 . The generation of spin current (Js≈108A/m2 ) due to magnon-phonon coupling reveals the viability of acoustic spin pumping as a mechanism for the development of spintronic devices. A full in-plane magnetic field angle dependence of the power absorption and a combination of longitudinal and transverse voltage detection reveals the symmetric and asymmetric components of the inverse Edelstein effect voltage induced by Rayleigh-type surface acoustic waves. While the symmetric components are well studied, asymmetric components still need to be explored. We assign the asymmetric contributions to the interference between longitudinal and shear waves and an anisotropic charge distribution in our hybrid device.

Error analysis applied to several inversion techniques used for the retrieval of middle atmospheric constituents from limb-scanning MM-wave spectroscopic measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Puliafito, E.; Bevilacqua, R.; Olivero, J.; Degenhardt, W.

1992-01-01

The formal retrieval error analysis of Rodgers (1990) allows the quantitative determination of such retrieval properties as measurement error sensitivity, resolution, and inversion bias. This technique was applied to five numerical inversion techniques and two nonlinear iterative techniques used for the retrieval of middle atmospheric constituent concentrations from limb-scanning millimeter-wave spectroscopic measurements. It is found that the iterative methods have better vertical resolution, but are slightly more sensitive to measurement error than constrained matrix methods. The iterative methods converge to the exact solution, whereas two of the matrix methods under consideration have an explicit constraint, the sensitivity of the solution to the a priori profile. Tradeoffs of these retrieval characteristics are presented.

Frequency dependent Lg attenuation in south-central Alaska

USGS Publications Warehouse

McNamara, D.E.

2000-01-01

The characteristics of seismic energy attenuation are determined using high frequency Lg waves from 27 crustal earthquakes, in south-central Alaska. Lg time-domain amplitudes are measured in five pass-bands and inverted to determine a frequency-dependent quality factor, Q(f), model for south-central Alaska. The inversion in this study yields the frequency-dependent quality factor, in the form of a power law: Q(f) = Q0fη = 220(±30) f0.66(±0.09) (0.75≤f≤12Hz). The results from this study are remarkably consistent with frequency dependent quality factor estimates, using local S-wave coda, in south-central Alaska. The consistency between S-coda Q(f) and Lg Q(f) enables constraints to be placed on the mechanism of crustal attenuation in south-central Alaska. For the range of frequencies considered in this study both scattering and intrinsic attenuation mechanisms likely play an equal role.

Quantum recurrence and fractional dynamic localization in ac-driven perfect state transfer Hamiltonians

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Longhi, Stefano, E-mail: stefano.longhi@fisi.polimi.it

Quantum recurrence and dynamic localization are investigated in a class of ac-driven tight-binding Hamiltonians, the Krawtchouk quantum chain, which in the undriven case provides a paradigmatic Hamiltonian model that realizes perfect quantum state transfer and mirror inversion. The equivalence between the ac-driven single-particle Krawtchouk Hamiltonian H{sup -hat} (t) and the non-interacting ac-driven bosonic junction Hamiltonian enables to determine in a closed form the quasi energy spectrum of H{sup -hat} (t) and the conditions for exact wave packet reconstruction (dynamic localization). In particular, we show that quantum recurrence, which is predicted by the general quantum recurrence theorem, is exact for themore » Krawtchouk quantum chain in a dense range of the driving amplitude. Exact quantum recurrence provides perfect wave packet reconstruction at a frequency which is fractional than the driving frequency, a phenomenon that can be referred to as fractional dynamic localization.« less

3D Elastic Wavefield Tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guasch, L.; Warner, M.; Stekl, I.; Umpleby, A.; Shah, N.

2010-12-01

Wavefield tomography, or waveform inversion, aims to extract the maximum information from seismic data by matching trace by trace the response of the solid earth to seismic waves using numerical modelling tools. Its first formulation dates from the early 80's, when Albert Tarantola developed a solid theoretical basis that is still used today with little change. Due to computational limitations, the application of the method to 3D problems has been unaffordable until a few years ago, and then only under the acoustic approximation. Although acoustic wavefield tomography is widely used, a complete solution of the seismic inversion problem requires that we account properly for the physics of wave propagation, and so must include elastic effects. We have developed a 3D tomographic wavefield inversion code that incorporates the full elastic wave equation. The bottle neck of the different implementations is the forward modelling algorithm that generates the synthetic data to be compared with the field seismograms as well as the backpropagation of the residuals needed to form the direction update of the model parameters. Furthermore, one or two extra modelling runs are needed in order to calculate the step-length. Our approach uses a FD scheme explicit time-stepping by finite differences that are 4th order in space and 2nd order in time, which is a 3D version of the one developed by Jean Virieux in 1986. We chose the time domain because an explicit time scheme is much less demanding in terms of memory than its frequency domain analogue, although the discussion of wich domain is more efficient still remains open. We calculate the parameter gradients for Vp and Vs by correlating the normal and shear stress wavefields respectively. A straightforward application would lead to the storage of the wavefield at all grid points at each time-step. We tackled this problem using two different approaches. The first one makes better use of resources for small models of dimension equal or less than 300x300x300 nodes, and it under-samples the wavefield reducing the number of stored time-steps by an order of magnitude. For bigger models the wavefield is stored only at the boundaries of the model and then re-injected while the residuals are backpropagated allowing to compute the correlation 'on the fly'. In terms of computational resource, the elastic code is an order of magnitude more demanding than the equivalent acoustic code. We have combined shared memory with distributed memory parallelisation using OpenMP and MPI respectively. Thus, we take advantage of the increasingly common multi-core architecture processors. We have successfully applied our inversion algorithm to different realistic complex 3D models. The models had non-linear relations between pressure and shear wave velocities. The shorter wavelengths of the shear waves improve the resolution of the images obtained with respect to a purely acoustic approach.

An interpretation of flare-induced and decayless coronal-loop oscillations as interference patterns

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hindman, Bradley W.; Jain, Rekha, E-mail: hindman@solarz.colorado.edu

2014-04-01

We present an alternative model of coronal-loop oscillations, which considers that the waves are trapped in a two-dimensional waveguide formed by the entire arcade of field lines. This differs from the standard one-dimensional model which treats the waves as the resonant oscillations of just the visible bundle of field lines. Within the framework of our two-dimensional model, the two types of oscillations that have been observationally identified, flare-induced waves and 'decayless' oscillations, can both be attributed to MHD fast waves. The two components of the signal differ only because of the duration and spatial extent of the source that createsmore » them. The flare-induced waves are generated by strong localized sources of short duration, while the decayless background can be excited by a continuous, stochastic source. Further, the oscillatory signal arising from a localized, short-duration source can be interpreted as a pattern of interference fringes produced by waves that have traveled diverse routes of various pathlengths through the waveguide. The resulting amplitude of the fringes slowly decays in time with an inverse square root dependence. The details of the interference pattern depend on the shape of the arcade and the spatial variation of the Alfvén speed. The rapid decay of this wave component, which has previously been attributed to physical damping mechanisms that remove energy from resonant oscillations, occurs as a natural consequence of the interference process without the need for local dissipation.« less

Sun glitter imaging analysis of submarine sand waves in HJ-1A/B satellite CCD images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Huaguo; He, Xiekai; Yang, Kang; Fu, Bin; Guan, Weibing

2014-11-01

Submarine sand waves are a widespread bed-form in tidal environment. Submarine sand waves induce current convergence and divergence that affect sea surface roughness thus become visible in sun glitter images. These sun glitter images have been employed for mapping sand wave topography. However, there are lots of effect factors in sun glitter imaging of the submarine sand waves, such as the imaging geometry and dynamic environment condition. In this paper, several sun glitter images from HJ-1A/B in the Taiwan Banks are selected. These satellite sun glitter images are used to discuss sun glitter imaging characteristics in different sensor parameters and dynamic environment condition. To interpret the imaging characteristics, calculating the sun glitter radiance and analyzing its spatial characteristics of the sand wave in different images is the best way. In this study, a simulated model based on sun glitter radiation transmission is adopted to certify the imaging analysis in further. Some results are drawn based on the study. Firstly, the sun glitter radiation is mainly determined by sensor view angle. Second, the current is another key factor for the sun glitter. The opposite current direction will cause exchanging of bright stripes and dark stripes. Third, brightness reversal would happen at the critical angle. Therefore, when using sun glitter image to obtain depth inversion, one is advised to take advantage of image properties of sand waves and to pay attention to key dynamic environment condition and brightness reversal.

Time domain viscoelastic full waveform inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fabien-Ouellet, Gabriel; Gloaguen, Erwan; Giroux, Bernard

2017-06-01

Viscous attenuation can have a strong impact on seismic wave propagation, but it is rarely taken into account in full waveform inversion (FWI). When viscoelasticity is considered in time domain FWI, the displacement formulation of the wave equation is usually used instead of the popular velocity-stress formulation. However, inversion schemes rely on the adjoint equations, which are quite different for the velocity-stress formulation than for the displacement formulation. In this paper, we apply the adjoint state method to the isotropic viscoelastic wave equation in the velocity-stress formulation based on the generalized standard linear solid rheology. By applying linear transformations to the wave equation before deriving the adjoint state equations, we obtain two symmetric sets of partial differential equations for the forward and adjoint variables. The resulting sets of equations only differ by a sign change and can be solved by the same numerical implementation. We also investigate the crosstalk between parameter classes (velocity and attenuation) of the viscoelastic equation. More specifically, we show that the attenuation levels can be used to recover the quality factors of P and S waves, but that they are very sensitive to velocity errors. Finally, we present a synthetic example of viscoelastic FWI in the context of monitoring CO2 geological sequestration. We show that FWI based on our formulation can indeed recover P- and S-wave velocities and their attenuation levels when attenuation is high enough. Both changes in velocity and attenuation levels recovered with FWI can be used to track the CO2 plume during and after injection. Further studies are required to evaluate the performance of viscoelastic FWI on real data.

Digital Data Acquisition for Laser Radar for Vibration Analysis

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-06-01

and the resulting signal is a function of the relative phase of the two waves , which changes as the target vibrates. The relative phase is inversely...light crosses the medium in a direction perpendicular to the acoustic waves , a modulated optical wave front will result. A standing acoustic wave in the...mean that the frequency can be up or down-shifted, depending on the orientation of the AOM, or the direction of the traveling acoustic waves . An

CMR assessment of the left ventricle apical morphology in subjects with unexplainable giant T-wave inversion and without apical wall thickness ≥15 mm.

PubMed

Wu, Bailin; Lu, Minjie; Zhang, Yan; Song, Bo; Ling, Jian; Huang, Jinghan; Yin, Gang; Lan, Tian; Dai, Linlin; Song, Lei; Jiang, Yong; Wang, Hao; He, Zuoxiang; Lee, Jongmin; Yong, Hwan Seok; Patel, Mehul B; Zhao, Shihua

2017-02-01

Patients with unexplainable giant T-wave inversion in the precordial leads and apical wall thickness <15 mm have been reported. These patients cannot be diagnosed as apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AHCM) according to the current criteria. The objective of this study was to evaluate the apical morphological features of this type of patients using cardiac magnetic resonance. Institutional ethics approval and written informed consent were obtained. A total of 60 subjects with unexplainable giant T-wave inversion and 76 healthy volunteers were prospectively enrolled in the study. The segmented left ventricular (LV) wall thickness was measured according to the American Heart Association 17-segmented model. The apical angle (apA) as well as the regional variations in LV wall thickness was analysed. Considerable variation in LV wall thickness in normals was observed with progressive thinning from the base to apex (male and female, P < 0.01). The apical thickness of subjects with giant T-wave inversion was 8.10 ± 1.67 mm in male, which is thicker than that of controls (4.14 ± 1.17 mm, P < 0.01). In female, the apical thickness was also significantly different from controls (5.85 ± 2.16 vs. 2.99 ± 0.65 mm, P < 0.01). Compared with normals, the apA decreased significantly in male (87.44 ± 13.86 vs.115.03 ± 9.90°, P < 0.01) and female (90.69 ± 8.84 vs. 110.07 ± 13.58°, P < 0.01) subjects, respectively. Although the absolute thickness of apical wall was below the current diagnostic criteria of AHCM, the apical morphological features of subjects with unexplainable giant T-wave inversion were significantly different from normals. Whether these subjects should be included into a preclinical scope of AHCM needs further investigations. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2016. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

The ZH ratio method for long-period seismic data: inversion for S-wave velocity structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yano, Tomoko; Tanimoto, T.; Rivera, L.

2009-10-01

The particle motion of surface waves, in addition to phase and group velocities, can provide useful information for S-wave velocity structure in the crust and upper mantle. In this study, we applied a new method to retrieve velocity structure using the ZH ratio, the ratio between vertical and horizontal surface amplitudes of Rayleigh waves. Analysing data from the GEOSCOPE network, we measured the ZH ratios for frequencies between 0.004 and 0.05 Hz (period between 20 and 250s) and inverted them for S-wave velocity structure beneath each station. Our analysis showed that the resolving power of the ZH ratio is limited and final solutions display dependence on starting models; in particular, the depth of the Moho in the starting model is important in order to get reliable results. Thus, initial models for the inversion need to be carefully constructed. We chose PREM and CRUST2.0 in this study as a starting model for all but one station (ECH). The eigenvalue analysis of the least-squares problem that arises for each step of the iterative process shows a few dominant eigenvalues which explains the cause of the inversion's initial-model dependence. However, the ZH ratio is unique in having high sensitivity to near-surface structure and thus provides complementary information to phase and group velocities. Application of this method to GEOSCOPE data suggest that low velocity zones may exist beneath some stations near hotspots. Our tests with different starting models show that the models with low-velocity anomalies fit better to the ZH ratio data. Such low velocity zones are seen near Hawaii (station KIP), Crozet Island (CRZF) and Djibuti (ATD) but not near Reunion Island (RER). It is also found near Echery (ECH) which is in a geothermal area. However, this method has a tendency to produce spurious low velocity zones and resolution of the low velocity zones requires further careful study. We also performed simultaneous inversions for volumetric perturbation and discontinuity-depth perturbation. While its formulation and inversion were straightforward, there seemed to be a difficult trade-off problem between volumetric perturbation and discontinuity-depth perturbation.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SHOCK WAVES RESULTING FROM THE IMPACT OF HIGH VELOCITY MISSILES ON ANIMAL TISSUES

PubMed Central

Harvey, E. Newton; McMillen, J. Howard

1947-01-01

The spark shadowgram method of studying shock waves is described. It has been used to investigate the properties of such waves produced by the impact of a high velocity missile on the surface of water. The method can be adapted for study of behavior of shock waves in tissue by placing the tissue on a water surface or immersing it in water. Spark shadowgrams then reveal waves passing from tissue to water or reflected from tissue surfaces. Reflection and transmission of shock waves from muscle, liver, stomach, and intestinal wall are compared with reflection from non-living surfaces such as gelatin gel, steel, plexiglas, cork, and air. Because of its heterogeneous structure, waves transmitted by tissue are dispersed and appear as a series of wavelets. When the accoustical impedance (density x wave velocity) of a medium is less than that in which the wave is moving, reflection will occur with inversion of the wave; i.e., a high pressure wave will become a low pressure wave. This inversion occurs at an air surface and is illustrated by shadowgrams of reflection from stomach wall, from a segment of colon filled with gas, and from air-filled rubber balloons. Bone (human skull and beef ribs) shows good reflection and some transmission of shock waves. When steel is directly hit by a missile, clearly visible elastic waves pass from metal to water, but a similar direct hit on bone does not result in elastic waves strong enough to be detected by a spark shadowgram. PMID:19871617

Imaging ultrasonic dispersive guided wave energy in long bones using linear radon transform.

PubMed

Tran, Tho N H T; Nguyen, Kim-Cuong T; Sacchi, Mauricio D; Le, Lawrence H

2014-11-01

Multichannel analysis of dispersive ultrasonic energy requires a reliable mapping of the data from the time-distance (t-x) domain to the frequency-wavenumber (f-k) or frequency-phase velocity (f-c) domain. The mapping is usually performed with the classic 2-D Fourier transform (FT) with a subsequent substitution and interpolation via c = 2πf/k. The extracted dispersion trajectories of the guided modes lack the resolution in the transformed plane to discriminate wave modes. The resolving power associated with the FT is closely linked to the aperture of the recorded data. Here, we present a linear Radon transform (RT) to image the dispersive energies of the recorded ultrasound wave fields. The RT is posed as an inverse problem, which allows implementation of the regularization strategy to enhance the focusing power. We choose a Cauchy regularization for the high-resolution RT. Three forms of Radon transform: adjoint, damped least-squares, and high-resolution are described, and are compared with respect to robustness using simulated and cervine bone data. The RT also depends on the data aperture, but not as severely as does the FT. With the RT, the resolution of the dispersion panel could be improved up to around 300% over that of the FT. Among the Radon solutions, the high-resolution RT delineated the guided wave energy with much better imaging resolution (at least 110%) than the other two forms. The Radon operator can also accommodate unevenly spaced records. The results of the study suggest that the high-resolution RT is a valuable imaging tool to extract dispersive guided wave energies under limited aperture. Copyright © 2014 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Inverse multipath fingerprinting for millimeter wave V2I beam alignment.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2017-05-01

Efficient beam alignment is a crucial component in millimeter wave systems with analog beamforming, especially in fast-changing vehicular settings. This paper uses the vehicles position (e.g., available via GPS) to query the multipath fingerprint ...

Detection of sinkholes or anomalies using full seismic wave fields.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2013-04-01

This research presents an application of two-dimensional (2-D) time-domain waveform tomography for detection of embedded sinkholes and anomalies. The measured seismic surface wave fields were inverted using a full waveform inversion (FWI) technique, ...

Diagnostic Characteristics of Submesoscale Coastal Surface Currents

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soh, Hyun Sup; Kim, Sung Yong

2018-03-01

Submesoscale kinetic energy (KE) spectra and fluxes at the length scales ranging from 2 to 25 km are estimated from hourly and O(1) km-scale coastal surface current maps observed from shore-based high-frequency radars off southern San Diego. The one-dimensional wave number-domain KE spectra of the surface currents have decay slopes between k-2 and k-3 at a wave number (k) of 0.5 km-1. The KE spectra exhibit anisotropy associated with anisotropic circulation, which is constrained by the shoreline and bottom bathymetry. Moreover, the KE spectra exhibit weak seasonality related to the regional submesoscale eddies and low-frequency circulation with weak seasonal variability. The estimated KE fluxes are categorized into four cases of purely forward cascades and inverse cascades at all wave numbers, inverse-then-forward cascades with a single zero-crossing within the range of wave numbers (0.04 to 0.5 km-1), and residuals, which account for approximately 33%, 39%, 19%, and 9% of the total number of realizations, respectively. An injection scale where forward enstrophy cascade and inverse energy cascade occur is estimated to be 5 to 10 km from the cases of the inverse-then-forward cascade, which is consistent with the length scales of the regional submesoscale eddies. Thus, the regional submesoscale processes are initiated by surface frontogenesis due to the weak seasonal low-frequency surface circulation and topography-related currents, then maintained by baroclinic instabilities associated with the seasonal mixed layer and O(10) km-scale submesoscale eddies with weak seasonal variability.

Inversion of the perturbation GPS-TEC data induced by tsunamis in order to estimate the sea level anomaly.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rakoto, Virgile; Lognonné, Philippe; Rolland, Lucie; Coïsson, Pierdavide; Drilleau, Mélanie

2017-04-01

Large underwater earthquakes (Mw > 7) can transmit part of their energy to the surrounding ocean through large sea-floor motions, generating tsunamis that propagate over long distances. The forcing effect of tsunami waves on the atmosphere generate internal gravity waves which produce detectable ionospheric perturbations when they reach the upper atmosphere. Theses perturbations are frequently observed in the total electron content (TEC) measured by the multi-frequency Global navigation Satellite systems (GNSS) data (e.g., GPS,GLONASS). In this paper, we performed for the first time an inversion of the sea level anomaly using the GPS TEC data using a least square inversion (LSQ) through a normal modes summation modeling technique. Using the tsunami of the 2012 Haida Gwaii in far field as a test case, we showed that the amplitude peak to peak of the sea level anomaly inverted using this method is below 10 % error. Nevertheless, we cannot invert the second wave arriving 20 minutes later. This second wave is generaly explain by the coastal reflection which the normal modeling does not take into account. Our technique is then applied to two other tsunamis : the 2006 Kuril Islands tsunami in far field, and the 2011 Tohoku tsunami in closer field. This demonstrates that the inversion using a normal mode approach is able to estimate fairly well the amplitude of the first arrivals of the tsunami. In the future, we plan to invert in real the TEC data in order to retrieve the tsunami height.

Ultrasonic guided wave tomography for wall thickness mapping in pipes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Willey, Carson L.

Corrosion and erosion damage pose fundamental challenges to operation of oil and gas infrastructure. In order to manage the life of critical assets, plant operators must implement inspection programs aimed at assessing the severity of wall thickness loss (WTL) in pipelines, vessels, and other structures. Maximum defect depth determines the residual life of these structures and therefore represents one of the key parameters for robust damage mitigation strategies. In this context, continuous monitoring with permanently installed sensors has attracted significant interest and currently is the subject of extensive research worldwide. Among the different monitoring approaches being considered, significant promise is offered by the combination of guided ultrasonic wave technology with the principles of model based inversion under the paradigm of what is now referred to as guided wave tomography (GWT). Guided waves are attractive because they propagate inside the wall of a structure over a large distance. This can yield significant advantages over conventional pulse-echo thickness gage sensors that provide insufficient area coverage -- typically limited to the sensor footprint. While significant progress has been made in the application of GWT to plate-like structures, extension of these methods to pipes poses a number of fundamental challenges that have prevented the development of sensitive GWT methods. This thesis focuses on these challenges to address the complex guided wave propagation in pipes and to account for parametric uncertainties that are known to affect model based inversion and which are unavoidable in real field applications. The main contribution of this work is the first demonstration of a sensitive GWT method for accurately mapping the depth of defects in pipes. This is achieved by introducing a novel forward model that can extract information related to damage from the complex waveforms measured by pairs of guided wave transducers mounted on the pipe. An inversion method that iteratively uses the forward model is then developed to form a map of wall thickness for the entire pipe section comprised between two ring arrays of ultrasonic transducers that encircle the pipe. It is shown that time independent parametric uncertainties relative to the pipe manufacturing tolerances, transducers position, and ultrasonic properties of the material of the pipe can be minimized through a differential approach that is aimed at determining the change in state of the pipe relative to a reference condition. On the other hand, time dependent parametric uncertainties, such as those caused by temperature variations, can be addressed by exploiting the spatial diversity of array measurements and the non-contact nature of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs). The range of possible applications of GWT to pipes is investigated through theoretical and numerical studies aimed at developing an understanding of how the performance of GWT varies depending on damage morphology, pipe geometry, and array configuration.

Imaging of the internal structure of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from radiotomography CONSERT Data (Rosetta Mission) through a full 3D regularized inversion of the Helmholtz equations on functional spaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barriot, Jean-Pierre; Serafini, Jonathan; Sichoix, Lydie; Benna, Mehdi; Kofman, Wlodek; Herique, Alain

We investigate the inverse problem of imaging the internal structure of comet 67P/ Churyumov-Gerasimenko from radiotomography CONSERT data by using a coupled regularized inversion of the Helmholtz equations. A first set of Helmholtz equations, written w.r.t a basis of 3D Hankel functions describes the wave propagation outside the comet at large distances, a second set of Helmholtz equations, written w.r.t. a basis of 3D Zernike functions describes the wave propagation throughout the comet with avariable permittivity. Both sets are connected by continuity equations over a sphere that surrounds the comet. This approach, derived from GPS water vapor tomography of the atmosphere,will permit a full 3D inversion of the internal structure of the comet, contrary to traditional approaches that use a discretization of space at a fraction of the radiowave wavelength.

High resolution 3-D shear wave velocity structure in South China from surface wave tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ning, S.; Guo, Z.; Chen, Y. J.

2017-12-01

Using continuous data from a total of 638 seismic stations, including 484 from CEArray between 2008 and 2013 and 154 from SINOPROBE between 2014 and 2015, we perform both ambient noise and earthquake Rayleigh wave tomography across South China. Combining Rayleigh wave phase velocity between 6and 40s periods from ambient noise tomography and Rayleigh wave phase velocity between 20and 140s from teleseismic two-plane-wave tomography, we obtain phase velocity maps between 6 and140 s periods. We then invert Rayleigh wave phase velocity to construct a 3-D shear wave velocity structure of South China by Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. Similar to other inversion results, our results correspond topography well. Moreover, our results also reveal that velocity structure of the eastern South China in mantle depth is similar to eastern North China, the core of the western South China, Sichuan Block (SB),still exists thick lithosphere. However, owing to much more data employed and some data quality control techniques in this research, our results reveal more detailed structures. Along Qinling-Dabie Orogenic Belt (QDOB), North-South Gravity Lineament (NSGL) and the Sichuan-Yunnan Rhombic Block (SYRB), there are obvious high speed anomalies in depths of 10-20 km, which possibly imply ancient intrusions. Moreover, it seems that Tancheng-Lujiang Fault Zone (TLFZ) has already cut through QDOB, forming a deep fracture cutting through the crust of the whole China continent. Although SB still exists thick lithosphere, there are indications for thermal erosion. At the same time, the lithosphere of the central SYRB seems to be experiencing delamination process, obviously forming a barrier to prevent the hot Tibetan Plateau (TP) mantle material from flowing further southeast. Upwelling hot mantle material possibly triggered by this delamination process might be the cause of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province. There exists an intercontinental low velocity layer in the crust of the TP, which not only extend to the northern part, but the whole SYRB, and further rifle through the vast region between the SYRB and the SB. Its scope corresponds well with topography high in there, which forms a strong evidence for the Lower Crustal Flow model in Eastern Tibet claimed by Royden et al. (Science, 1997).

Formation of quasiparallel Alfven solitons

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hamilton, R. L.; Kennel, C. F.; Mjolhus, E.

1992-01-01

The formation of quasi-parallel Alfven solitons is investigated through the inverse scattering transformation (IST) for the derivative nonlinear Schroedinger (DNLS) equation. The DNLS has a rich complement of soliton solutions consisting of a two-parameter soliton family and a one-parameter bright/dark soliton family. In this paper, the physical roles and origins of these soliton families are inferred through an analytic study of the scattering data generated by the IST for a set of initial profiles. The DNLS equation has as limiting forms the nonlinear Schroedinger (NLS), Korteweg-de-Vries (KdV) and modified Korteweg-de-Vries (MKdV) equations. Each of these limits is briefly reviewed in the physical context of quasi-parallel Alfven waves. The existence of these limiting forms serves as a natural framework for discussing the formation of Alfven solitons.

Density reconstruction in multiparameter elastic full-waveform inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Min'ao; Yang, Jizhong; Dong, Liangguo; Liu, Yuzhu; Huang, Chao

2017-12-01

Elastic full-waveform inversion (EFWI) is a quantitative data fitting procedure that recovers multiple subsurface parameters from multicomponent seismic data. As density is involved in addition to P- and S-wave velocities, the multiparameter EFWI suffers from more serious tradeoffs. In addition, compared with P- and S-wave velocities, the misfit function is less sensitive to density perturbation. Thus, a robust density reconstruction remains a difficult problem in multiparameter EFWI. In this paper, we develop an improved scattering-integral-based truncated Gauss-Newton method to simultaneously recover P- and S-wave velocities and density in EFWI. In this method, the inverse Gauss-Newton Hessian has been estimated by iteratively solving the Gauss-Newton equation with a matrix-free conjugate gradient algorithm. Therefore, it is able to properly handle the parameter tradeoffs. To give a detailed illustration of the tradeoffs between P- and S-wave velocities and density in EFWI, wavefield-separated sensitivity kernels and the Gauss-Newton Hessian are numerically computed, and their distribution characteristics are analyzed. Numerical experiments on a canonical inclusion model and a modified SEG/EAGE Overthrust model have demonstrated that the proposed method can effectively mitigate the tradeoff effects, and improve multiparameter gradients. Thus, a high convergence rate and an accurate density reconstruction can be achieved.

Deep structure of the Alborz Mountains by joint inversion of P receiver functions and dispersion curves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rastgoo, Mehdi; Rahimi, Habib; Motaghi, Khalil; Shabanian, Esmaeil; Romanelli, Fabio; Panza, Giuliano F.

2018-04-01

The Alborz Mountains represent a tectonically and seismically active convergent boundary in the Arabia - Eurasia collision zone, in western Asia. The orogenic belt has undergone a long-lasted tectono-magmatic history since the Cretaceous. The relationship between shallow and deep structures in this complex tectonic domain is not straightforward. We present a 2D velocity model constructed by the assemblage of 1D shear wave velocity (Vs) models from 26 seismic stations, mainly distributed along the southern flank of the Alborz Mountains. The shear wave velocity structure has been estimated beneath each station using joint inversion of P-waves receiver functions and Rayleigh wave dispersion curves. A substantiation of the Vs inversion results sits on the modeling of Bouguer gravity anomaly data. Our velocity and density models show low velocity/density anomalies in uppermost mantle of western and central Alborz at a depth range of ∼50-100 km. In deeper parts of the uppermost mantle (depth range of 100-150 km), a high velocity/density anomaly is located beneath most of the Mountain range. The spatial pattern of these low and high velocity/density structures in the upper mantle is interpreted as the result of post collisional delamination of lower part of the western and central Alborz lithosphere.

A spherical harmonic approach for the determination of HCP texture from ultrasound: A solution to the inverse problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lan, Bo; Lowe, Michael J. S.; Dunne, Fionn P. E.

2015-10-01

A new spherical convolution approach has been presented which couples HCP single crystal wave speed (the kernel function) with polycrystal c-axis pole distribution function to give the resultant polycrystal wave speed response. The three functions have been expressed as spherical harmonic expansions thus enabling application of the de-convolution technique to enable any one of the three to be determined from knowledge of the other two. Hence, the forward problem of determination of polycrystal wave speed from knowledge of single crystal wave speed response and the polycrystal pole distribution has been solved for a broad range of experimentally representative HCP polycrystal textures. The technique provides near-perfect representation of the sensitivity of wave speed to polycrystal texture as well as quantitative prediction of polycrystal wave speed. More importantly, a solution to the inverse problem is presented in which texture, as a c-axis distribution function, is determined from knowledge of the kernel function and the polycrystal wave speed response. It has also been explained why it has been widely reported in the literature that only texture coefficients up to 4th degree may be obtained from ultrasonic measurements. Finally, the de-convolution approach presented provides the potential for the measurement of polycrystal texture from ultrasonic wave speed measurements.

Spatial Variation of Surface Wave Q and Body Wave t* in North America

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hwang, Y.; Ritsema, J.

2007-12-01

We estimate the spatial variation of the seismic parameter t* using teleseismic (30°--90°) P wave recordings of about 300 deep (> 200 km) earthquakes at broadband stations in North America. We determine the P wave spectral ratio Rij for about 600,000 station pairs i-j with high signal-to-noise ratio P wave signals. The linear fit to lnRij between f= 0.1--1.0 Hz is measured to estimate differential Δt* assuming that lnRij is proportional to π fΔt* (e.g., Aki and Richards, 1980). The measurements are inverted for t* at each station by least-squares inversion. Preliminary inversions indicate that the variation of t* correlate with the tectonic terrains of North America. Predominantly low values of t* are obtained for stations in the Canadian Shield and high t* values in the North American Cordillera. This variation is similar to Q variations inferred from global surface wave amplitude data (e.g., Dalton and Ekström, 2006), suggesting that intrinsic attenuation is the common cause. We will discuss the robustness of our t* estimates (including the effects of scattering on P wave ratios) and make a detailed comparison with surface wave Q maps.

Modeling temperature inversion in southeastern Yellow Sea during winter 2016

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pang, Ig-Chan; Moon, Jae-Hong; Lee, Joon-Ho; Hong, Ji-Seok; Pang, Sung-Jun

2017-05-01

A significant temperature inversion with temperature differences larger than 3°C was observed in the southeastern Yellow Sea (YS) during February 2016. By analyzing in situ hydrographic profiles and results from a regional ocean model for the YS, this study examines the spatiotemporal evolution of the temperature inversion and its connection with wind-induced currents in winter. Observations reveal that in winter, when the northwesterly wind prevails over the YS, the temperature inversion occurs largely at the frontal zone southwest of Korea where warm/saline water of a Kuroshio origin meets cold/fresh coastal water. Our model successfully captures the temperature inversion observed in the winter of 2016 and suggests a close relation between northwesterly wind bursts and the occurrence of the large inversion. In this respect, the strong northwesterly wind drove cold coastal water southward in the upper layer via Ekman transport, which pushed the water mass southward and increased the sea level slope in the frontal zone in southeastern YS. The intensified sea level slope propagated northward away from the frontal zone as a shelf wave, causing a northward upwind flow response along the YS trough in the lower layer, thereby resulting in the large temperature inversion. Diagnostic analysis of the momentum balance shows that the westward pressure gradient, which developed with shelf wave propagation along the YS trough, was balanced with the Coriolis force in accordance with the northward upwind current in and around the inversion area.

Transfer matrix approach to the persistent current in quantum rings: Application to hybrid normal-superconducting rings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nava, Andrea; Giuliano, Rosa; Campagnano, Gabriele; Giuliano, Domenico

2016-11-01

Using the properties of the transfer matrix of one-dimensional quantum mechanical systems, we derive an exact formula for the persistent current across a quantum mechanical ring pierced by a magnetic flux Φ as a single integral of a known function of the system's parameters. Our approach provides exact results at zero temperature, which can be readily extended to a finite temperature T . We apply our technique to exactly compute the persistent current through p -wave and s -wave superconducting-normal hybrid rings, deriving full plots of the current as a function of the applied flux at various system's scales. Doing so, we recover at once a number of effects such as the crossover in the current periodicity on increasing the size of the ring and the signature of the topological phase transition in the p -wave case. In the limit of a large ring size, resorting to a systematic expansion in inverse powers of the ring length, we derive exact analytic closed-form formulas, applicable to a number of cases of physical interest.

Crust and Upper Mantle Structure from Joint Inversion of Body Wave and Gravity Data (Postprint). Annual Report 1

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-10

Basin, China , the crust and subduction zone beneath western Colombia, and a thermally active region within Utah in the central United States...Burlacu, R., Rowe, C., and Y. Yang (2009). Joint geophysical imaging of the geothermal sites in the Utah area using seismic body waves, surface waves and

Seismic inversion for incoming sedimentary sequence in the Nankai Trough margin off Kumano Basin, southwest Japan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Naito, K.; Park, J.

2012-12-01

The Nankai Trough off southwest Japan is one of the best subduction-zone to study megathrust earthquake mechanism. Huge earthquakes have been repeated in the cycle of 100-150 years in the area, and in these days the next emergence of the earthquake becomes one of the most serious issue in Japan. Therefore, detailed descriptions of geological structure are urgently needed there. IODP (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program) have investigated this area in the NanTroSEIZE science plan. Seismic reflection, core sampling and borehole logging surveys have been executed during the NanTroSEIZE expeditions. Core-log-seismic data integration (CLSI) is useful for understanding the Nankai seismogenic zone. We use the seismic inversion method to do the CLSI. The seismic inversion (acoustic impedance inversion, A.I. inversion) is a method to estimate rock physical properties using seismic reflection and logging data. Acoustic impedance volume is inverted for seismic data with density and P-wave velocity of several boreholes with the technique. We use high-resolution 3D multi-channel seismic (MCS) reflection data obtained during KR06-02 cruise in 2006, and measured core sample properties by IODP Expeditions 322 and 333. P-wave velocities missing for some core sample are interpolated by the relationship between acoustic impedance and P-wave velocity. We used Hampson-Russell software for the seismic inversion. 3D porosity model is derived from the 3D acoustic impedance model to figure out rock physical properties of the incoming sedimentary sequence in the Nankai Trough off Kumano Basin. The result of our inversion analysis clearly shows heterogeneity of sediments; relatively high porosity sediments on the shallow layer of Kashinosaki Knoll, and distribution of many physical anomaly bands on volcanic and turbidite sediment layers around the 3D MCS survey area. In this talk, we will show 3D MCS, acoustic impedance, and porosity data for the incoming sedimentary sequence and discuss its possible implications for the Nankai seismogenic behavior.

Scaling of plane-wave functions in statistically optimized near-field acoustic holography.

PubMed

Hald, Jørgen

2014-11-01

Statistically Optimized Near-field Acoustic Holography (SONAH) is a Patch Holography method, meaning that it can be applied in cases where the measurement area covers only part of the source surface. The method performs projections directly in the spatial domain, avoiding the use of spatial discrete Fourier transforms and the associated errors. First, an inverse problem is solved using regularization. For each calculation point a multiplication must then be performed with two transfer vectors--one to get the sound pressure and the other to get the particle velocity. Considering SONAH based on sound pressure measurements, existing derivations consider only pressure reconstruction when setting up the inverse problem, so the evanescent wave amplification associated with the calculation of particle velocity is not taken into account in the regularized solution of the inverse problem. The present paper introduces a scaling of the applied plane wave functions that takes the amplification into account, and it is shown that the previously published virtual source-plane retraction has almost the same effect. The effectiveness of the different solutions is verified through a set of simulated measurements.

Microcomputer Simulation of a Fourier Approach to Optical Wave Propagation

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-06-01

and transformed input in transform domain). 44 Figure 21. SHFTOUTPUT1 ( inverse transform of product of Bessel filter and transformed input). . . . 44...Figure 22. SHFT OUTPUT2 ( inverse transform of product of ,derivative filter and transformed input).. 45 Figure 23. •tIFT OUTPUT (sum of SHFTOUTPUT1...52 Figure 33. SHFT OUTPUT1 at time slice 1 ( inverse transform of product of Bessel filter and transformed input) .... ............. ... 53

Mantle plumes and hotspot geochemistry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jackson, M. G.; Becker, T. W.; Konter, J.

2017-12-01

Ever improving global seismic models, together with expanding databases of mantle derived hotspot lavas, herald advances that relate the geochemistry of hotspots with low seismic shear-wave velocity conduits (plumes) in the mantle. Early efforts linked hotspot geochemistry with deep mantle large low velocity provinces (LLVPs) [1]. More recently, Konter and Becker (2012) [2] observed that the proportion of the C mantle component (inferred from Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes) in hotspot lavas shows an inverse relationship with seismic S-wave velocity anomalies in the shallow mantle (200 km) beneath each hotspot. They proposed that these correlations should also be made based on 3He/4He. Thus, we compare 3He/4He versus seismic S-wave velocity anomalies at 200 km depth. We find that plume-fed hotspots with the highest maximum 3He/4He (i.e., which host more of the C component) have higher hotspot buoyancy fluxes and overlie regions of lower seismic S-wave velocity (interpreted to relate to hotter mantle temperatures) at 200 km depth than hotspots that have only low 3He/4He [3]. This result complements recent work that shows an inverse relationship between maximum 3He/4He and seismic S-wave velocity anomalies in the mantle beneath the western USA [4]. The relationship between 3He/4He, shallow mantle seismic S-wave velocity anomalies, and buoyancy flux is most easily explained by a model where hotter plumes are more buoyant and entrain more of a deep, dense high 3He/4He reservoir than cooler plumes that underlie low 3He/4He hotspots. If the high 3He/4He domain is denser than other mantle components, it will be entrained only by the hottest, most buoyant plumes [3]. Such a deep, dense reservoir is ideally suited to preserving early-formed Hadean domains sampled in modern plume-fed hotspots. An important question is whether, like 3He/4He, seismic S-wave velocity anomalies in the mantle are associated with distinct heavy radiogenic isotopic compositions. C signatures are related to hot mantle upwellings, but are geochemically enriched (EM) and HIMU mantle signatures observed in oceanic hotspots associated with such upwellings? We will present new constraints on this and similar problems. [1] Castillo (1988) Nature 336. [2] Konter and Becker (2012) G-cubed 13. [3] Jackson et al. (2017), Nature 542. [4] Crossey et al. (2016), EPSL 435.

3D shallow velocity model in the area of Pozzo Pitarrone, NE flank of Mt. Etna Volcano, by using SPAC array method.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zuccarello, Luciano; Paratore, Mario; La Rocca, Mario; Ferrari, Ferruccio; Messina, Alfio; Contrafatto, Danilo; Galluzzo, Danilo; Rapisarda, Salvatore

2016-04-01

In volcanic environment the propagation of seismic signals through the shallowest layers is strongly affected by lateral heterogeneity, attenuation, scattering, and interaction with the free surface. Therefore tracing a seismic ray from the recording site back to the source is a complex matter, with obvious implications for the source location. For this reason the knowledge of the shallow velocity structure may improve the location of shallow volcano-tectonic earthquakes and volcanic tremor, thus contributing to improve the monitoring of volcanic activity. This work focuses on the analysis of seismic noise and volcanic tremor recorded in 2014 by a temporary array installed around Pozzo Pitarrone, NE flank of Mt. Etna. Several methods permit a reliable estimation of the shear wave velocity in the shallowest layers through the analysis of stationary random wavefield like the seismic noise. We have applied the single station HVSR method and SPAC array method to seismic noise to investigate the local shallow structure. The inversion of dispersion curves produced a shear wave velocity model of the area reliable down to depth of about 130 m. We also applied the Beam Forming array method in the 0.5 Hz - 4 Hz frequency range to both seismic noise and volcanic tremor. The apparent velocity of coherent tremor signals fits quite well the dispersion curve estimated from the analysis of seismic noise, thus giving a further constrain on the estimated velocity model. Moreover, taking advantage of a borehole station installed at 130 m depth in the same area of the array, we obtained a direct estimate of the P-wave velocity by comparing the borehole recordings of local earthquakes with the same event recorded at surface. Further insight on the P-wave velocity in the upper 130 m layer comes from the surface reflected wave visible in some cases at the borehole station. From this analysis we obtained an average P-wave velocity of about 1.2 km/s, in good agreement with the shear wave velocity found from the analysis of seismic noise. To better constrain the inversion we used the HVSR computed at each array station, which also give a lateral extension to the final 3D velocity model. The obtained results indicate that site effects in the investigate area are quite homogeneous among the array stations.

Wave propagation in elastic and damped structures with stabilized negative-stiffness components

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drugan, W. J.

2017-09-01

Effects on wave propagation achievable by introduction of a negative-stiffness component are investigated via perhaps the simplest discrete repeating element that can remain stable in the component's presence. When the system is elastic, appropriate tuning of the stabilized component's negative stiffness introduces a no-pass zone theoretically extending from zero to an arbitrarily high frequency, tunable by a mass ratio adjustment. When the negative-stiffness component is tuned to the system's stability limit and a mass ratio is sufficiently small, the system restricts propagation to waves of approximately a single arbitrary frequency, adjustable by tuning the stiffness ratio of the positive-stiffness components. The elastic system's general solutions are closed-form and transparent. When damping is added, the general solutions are still closed-form, but so complex that they do not clearly display how the negative stiffness component affects the system's response and how it should best be tuned to achieve desired effects. Approximate solutions having these features are obtained via four perturbation analyses: one for long wavelengths; one for small damping; and two for small mass ratios. The long-wavelengths solution shows that appropriate tuning of the negative-stiffness component can prevent propagation of long-wavelength waves. The small damping solution shows that the zero-damping low-frequency no-pass zone remains, while waves that do propagate are highly damped when a mass ratio is made small. Finally, very interesting effects are achievable at the full system's stability limit. For small mass ratios, the wavelength range of waves prohibited from propagation can be adjusted, from all to none, by tuning the system's damping: When one mass ratio is small, all waves with wavelengths larger than an arbitrary damping-adjusted value can be prohibited from propagation, while when the inverse of this mass ratio is small, all waves with wavelengths outside an arbitrary single adjustable value or range of values can be prohibited from propagation. All of the approximate solutions' analytically-transparent predictions are confirmed by the exact solution. The conclusions are that a stabilized tuned negative-stiffness component greatly enhances control of wave propagation in a purely elastic system, and when adjustable damping is added, even further control is facilitated.

Limitations of Dower's inverse transform for the study of atrial loops during atrial fibrillation.

PubMed

Guillem, María S; Climent, Andreu M; Bollmann, Andreas; Husser, Daniela; Millet, José; Castells, Francisco

2009-08-01

Spatial characteristics of atrial fibrillatory waves have been extracted by using a vectorcardiogram (VCG) during atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the VCG is usually not recorded in clinical practice and atrial loops are derived from the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). We evaluated the suitability of the reconstruction of orthogonal leads from the 12-lead ECG for fibrillatory waves in AF. We used the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt diagnostic ECG database, which contains 15 simultaneously recorded signals (12-lead ECG and three Frank orthogonal leads) of 13 patients during AF. Frank leads were derived from the 12-lead ECG by using Dower's inverse transform. Derived leads were then compared to true Frank leads in terms of the relative error achieved. We calculated the orientation of AF loops of both recorded orthogonal leads and derived leads and measured the difference in estimated orientation. Also, we investigated the relationship of errors in derivation with fibrillatory wave amplitude, frequency, wave residuum, and fit to a plane of the AF loops. Errors in derivation of AF loops were 68 +/- 31% and errors in the estimation of orientation were 35.85 +/- 20.43 degrees . We did not find any correlation among these errors and amplitude, frequency, or other parameters. In conclusion, Dower's inverse transform should not be used for the derivation of orthogonal leads from the 12-lead ECG for the analysis of fibrillatory wave loops in AF. Spatial parameters obtained after this derivation may differ from those obtained from recorded orthogonal leads.

S-Wave Velocity Structure of the Taiwan Chelungpu Fault Drilling Project (TCDP) Site Using Microtremor Array Measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Cheng-Feng; Huang, Huey-Chu

2015-10-01

The Taiwan Chelungpu Fault Drilling Project (TCDP) drilled a 2-km-deep hole 2.4 km east of the surface rupture of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake ( M w 7.6), near the town of Dakeng. Geophysical well logs at the TCDP site were run over depths ranging from 500 to 1,900 m to obtain the physical properties of the fault zones and adjacent damage zones. These data provide good reference material for examining the validity of velocity structures using microtremor array measurement; therefore, we conduct array measurements for a total of four arrays at two sites near the TCDP drilling sites. The phase velocities at frequencies of 0.2-5 Hz are calculated using the frequency-wavenumber ( f- k) spectrum method. Then the S-wave velocity structures are estimated by employing surface wave inversion techniques. The S-wave velocity from the differential inversion technique gradually increases from 1.52 to 2.22 km/s at depths between 585 and 1,710 m. This result is similar to those from the velocity logs, which range from 1.4 km/s at a depth of 597 m to 2.98 km/s at a depth of 1,705 m. The stochastic inversion results are similar to those from the seismic reflection methods and the lithostratigraphy of TCDP-A borehole, comparatively. These results show that microtremor array measurement provides a good tool for estimating deep S-wave velocity structure.

Elastic-wave-mode separation in TTI media with inverse-distance weighted interpolation involving position shading

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jian; Meng, Xiaohong; Zheng, Wanqiu

2017-10-01

The elastic-wave reverse-time migration of inhomogeneous anisotropic media is becoming the hotspot of research today. In order to ensure the accuracy of the migration, it is necessary to separate the wave mode into P-wave and S-wave before migration. For inhomogeneous media, the Kelvin-Christoffel equation can be solved in the wave-number domain by using the anisotropic parameters of the mesh nodes, and the polarization vector of the P-wave and S-wave at each node can be calculated and transformed into the space domain to obtain the quasi-differential operators. However, this method is computationally expensive, especially for the process of quasi-differential operators. In order to reduce the computational complexity, the wave-mode separation of mixed domain can be realized on the basis of a reference model in the wave-number domain. But conventional interpolation methods and reference model selection methods reduce the separation accuracy. In order to further improve the separation effect, this paper introduces an inverse-distance interpolation method involving position shading and uses the reference model selection method of random points scheme. This method adds the spatial weight coefficient K, which reflects the orientation of the reference point on the conventional IDW algorithm, and the interpolation process takes into account the combined effects of the distance and azimuth of the reference points. Numerical simulation shows that the proposed method can separate the wave mode more accurately using fewer reference models and has better practical value.

Comparison of the Effect of Horizontal Vibrations on Interfacial Waves in a Two-Layer System of Inviscid Liquids to Effective Gravity Inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pimenova, Anastasiya V.; Goldobin, Denis S.; Lyubimova, Tatyana P.

2018-02-01

We study the waves at the interface between two thin horizontal layers of immiscible liquids subject to high-frequency tangential vibrations. Nonlinear governing equations are derived for the cases of two- and three-dimensional flows and arbitrary ratio of layer thicknesses. The derivation is performed within the framework of the long-wavelength approximation, which is relevant as the linear instability of a thin-layers system is long-wavelength. The dynamics of equations is integrable and the equations themselves can be compared to the Boussinesq equation for the gravity waves in shallow water, which allows one to compare the action of the vibrational field to the action of the gravity and its possible effective inversion.

S-Matrix to potential inversion of low-energy α-12C phase shifts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cooper, S. G.; Mackintosh, R. S.

1990-10-01

The IP S-matrix to potential inversion procedure is applied to phase shifts for selected partial waves over a range of energies below the inelastic threshold for α-12C scattering. The phase shifts were determined by Plaga et al. Potentials found by Buck and Rubio to fit the low-energy alpha cluster resonances need only an increased attraction in the surface to accurately reproduce the phase-shift behaviour. Substantial differences between the potentials for odd and even partial waves are necessary. The surface tail of the potential is postulated to be a threshold effect.

On increasing stability in the two dimensional inverse source scattering problem with many frequencies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Entekhabi, Mozhgan Nora; Isakov, Victor

2018-05-01

In this paper, we will study the increasing stability in the inverse source problem for the Helmholtz equation in the plane when the source term is assumed to be compactly supported in a bounded domain Ω with a sufficiently smooth boundary. Using the Fourier transform in the frequency domain, bounds for the Hankel functions and for scattering solutions in the complex plane, improving bounds for the analytic continuation, and the exact observability for the wave equation led us to our goals which are a sharp uniqueness and increasing stability estimate when the wave number interval is growing.

tomo3d: a new 3-D joint refraction and reflection travel-time tomography code for active-source seismic data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meléndez, A.; Korenaga, J.; Sallares, V.; Ranero, C. R.

2012-12-01

We present the development state of tomo3d, a code for three-dimensional refraction and reflection travel-time tomography of wide-angle seismic data based on the previous two-dimensional version of the code, tomo2d. The core of both forward and inverse problems is inherited from the 2-D version. The ray tracing is performed by a hybrid method combining the graph and bending methods. The graph method finds an ordered array of discrete model nodes, which satisfies Fermat's principle, that is, whose corresponding travel time is a global minimum within the space of discrete nodal connections. The bending method is then applied to produce a more accurate ray path by using the nodes as support points for an interpolation with beta-splines. Travel time tomography is formulated as an iterative linearized inversion, and each step is solved using an LSQR algorithm. In order to avoid the singularity of the sensitivity kernel and to reduce the instability of inversion, regularization parameters are introduced in the inversion in the form of smoothing and damping constraints. Velocity models are built as 3-D meshes, and velocity values at intermediate locations are obtained by trilinear interpolation within the corresponding pseudo-cubic cell. Meshes are sheared to account for topographic relief. A floating reflector is represented by a 2-D grid, and depths at intermediate locations are calculated by bilinear interpolation within the corresponding square cell. The trade-off between the resolution of the final model and the associated computational cost is controlled by the relation between the selected forward star for the graph method (i.e. the number of nodes that each node considers as its neighbors) and the refinement of the velocity mesh. Including reflected phases is advantageous because it provides a better coverage and allows us to define the geometry of those geological interfaces with velocity contrasts sharp enough to be observed on record sections. The code also offers the possibility of including water-layer multiples in the modeling, which is useful whenever these phases can be followed to greater offsets than the primary ones. This increases the amount of information available from the data, yielding more extensive and better constrained velocity and geometry models. We will present synthetic results from benchmark tests for the forward and inverse problems, as well as from more complex inversion tests for different inversions possibilities such as one with travel times from refracted waves only (i.e. first arrivals) and one with travel-times from both refracted and reflected waves. In addition, we will show some preliminary results for the inversion of real 3-D OBS data acquired off-shore Ecuador and Colombia.

CSAMT Data Processing with Source Effect and Static Corrections, Application of Occam's Inversion, and Its Application in Geothermal System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hamdi, H.; Qausar, A. M.; Srigutomo, W.

2016-08-01

Controlled source audio-frequency magnetotellurics (CSAMT) is a frequency-domain electromagnetic sounding technique which uses a fixed grounded dipole as an artificial signal source. Measurement of CSAMT with finite distance between transmitter and receiver caused a complex wave. The shifted of the electric field due to the static effect caused elevated resistivity curve up or down and affects the result of measurement. The objective of this study was to obtain data that have been corrected for source and static effects as to have the same characteristic as MT data which are assumed to exhibit plane wave properties. Corrected CSAMT data were inverted to reveal subsurface resistivity model. Source effect correction method was applied to eliminate the effect of the signal source and static effect was corrected by using spatial filtering technique. Inversion method that used in this study is the Occam's 2D Inversion. The results of inversion produces smooth models with a small misfit value, it means the model can describe subsurface conditions well. Based on the result of inversion was predicted measurement area is rock that has high permeability values with rich hot fluid.

A multiwave range test for obstacle reconstructions with unknown physical properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Potthast, Roland; Schulz, Jochen

2007-08-01

We develop a new multiwave version of the range test for shape reconstruction in inverse scattering theory. The range test [R. Potthast, et al., A `range test' for determining scatterers with unknown physical properties, Inverse Problems 19(3) (2003) 533-547] has originally been proposed to obtain knowledge about an unknown scatterer when the far field pattern for only one plane wave is given. Here, we extend the method to the case of multiple waves and show that the full shape of the unknown scatterer can be reconstructed. We further will clarify the relation between the range test methods, the potential method [A. Kirsch, R. Kress, On an integral equation of the first kind in inverse acoustic scattering, in: Inverse Problems (Oberwolfach, 1986), Internationale Schriftenreihe zur Numerischen Mathematik, vol. 77, Birkhauser, Basel, 1986, pp. 93-102] and the singular sources method [R. Potthast, Point sources and multipoles in inverse scattering theory, Habilitation Thesis, Gottingen, 1999]. In particular, we propose a new version of the Kirsch-Kress method using the range test and a new approach to the singular sources method based on the range test and potential method. Numerical examples of reconstructions for all four methods are provided.

Common Structure in Different Physical Properties: Electrical Conductivity and Surface Waves Phase Velocity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mandolesi, E.; Jones, A. G.; Roux, E.; Lebedev, S.

2009-12-01

Recently different studies were undertaken on the correlation between diverse geophysical datasets. Magnetotelluric (MT) data are used to map the electrical conductivity structure behind the Earth, but one of the problems in MT method is the lack in resolution in mapping zones beneath a region of high conductivity. Joint inversion of different datasets in which a common structure is recognizable reduces non-uniqueness and may improve the quality of interpretation when different dataset are sensitive to different physical properties with an underlined common structure. A common structure is recognized if the change of physical properties occur at the same spatial locations. Common structure may be recognized in 1D inversion of seismic and MT datasets, and numerous authors show that also 2D common structure may drive to an improvement of inversion quality while dataset are jointly inverted. In this presentation a tool to constrain MT 2D inversion with phase velocity of surface wave seismic data (SW) is proposed and is being developed and tested on synthetic data. Results obtained suggest that a joint inversion scheme could be applied with success along a section profile for which data are compatible with a 2D MT model.

Optical wave turbulence and the condensation of light

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bortolozzo, Umberto; Laurie, Jason; Nazarenko, Sergey; Residori, Stefania

2009-11-01

In an optical experiment, we report a wave turbulence regime that, starting with weakly nonlinear waves with randomized phases, shows an inverse cascade of photons towards the lowest wavenumbers. We show that the cascade is induced by a six-wave resonant interaction process and is characterized by increasing nonlinearity. At low wavenumbers the nonlinearity becomes strong and leads to modulational instability developing into solitons, whose number is decreasing further along the beam.

Quantifying the Uncertainties and Multi-parameter Trade-offs in Joint Inversion of Receiver Functions and Surface Wave Velocity and Ellipticity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, C.; Lekic, V.

2016-12-01

When constraining the structure of the Earth's continental lithosphere, multiple seismic observables are often combined due to their complementary sensitivities.The transdimensional Bayesian (TB) approach in seismic inversion allows model parameter uncertainties and trade-offs to be quantified with few assumptions. TB sampling yields an adaptive parameterization that enables simultaneous inversion for different model parameters (Vp, Vs, density, radial anisotropy), without the need for strong prior information or regularization. We use a reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (rjMcMC) algorithm to incorporate different seismic observables - surface wave dispersion (SWD), Rayleigh wave ellipticity (ZH ratio), and receiver functions - into the inversion for the profiles of shear velocity (Vs), compressional velocity (Vp), density (ρ), and radial anisotropy (ξ) beneath a seismic station. By analyzing all three data types individually and together, we show that TB sampling can eliminate the need for a fixed parameterization based on prior information, and reduce trade-offs in model estimates. We then explore the effect of different types of misfit functions for receiver function inversion, which is a highly non-unique problem. We compare the synthetic inversion results using the L2 norm, cross-correlation type and integral type misfit function by their convergence rates and retrieved seismic structures. In inversions in which only one type of model parameter (Vs for the case of SWD) is inverted, assumed scaling relationships are often applied to account for sensitivity to other model parameters (e.g. Vp, ρ, ξ). Here we show that under a TB framework, we can eliminate scaling assumptions, while simultaneously constraining multiple model parameters to varying degrees. Furthermore, we compare the performance of TB inversion when different types of model parameters either share the same or use independent parameterizations. We show that different parameterizations can lead to differences in retrieved model parameters, consistent with limited data constraints. We then quantitatively examine the model parameter trade-offs and find that trade-offs between Vp and radial anisotropy might limit our ability to constrain shallow-layer radial anisotropy using current seismic observables.

P-wave velocity model of mud volcano on the continental slope of the Canadian Beaufort Sea from frequency-domain full waveform inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jang, U. G.; Kang, S. G.; Hong, J. K.; Jin, Y. K.; Dallimore, S.; Riedel, M.; Paull, C. K.

2017-12-01

2014 Expedition ARA05C was a multidisciplinary undertaking conducted in the Canadian Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean on the Korean ice breaker IBRV ARAON from August 30 to September 19, 2014. The program was carried out as collaboration between the Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), Department of Fisheries and Ocean (DFO) with participation by Bremen University (BARUM). During this expedition, multi-channel seismic (MCS) data were acquired on the outer continental shelf and upper slope of the Canadian Beaufort Sea, totaling 20 lines with 1,000 line-kilometers from September 1 to September 13, 2014. Three MCS survey lines was designed to cross the three submarine mud volcanoes found in the slope at approximate water depth of 290 m, 460 m and 740 m. Submarine mud volcanoes are seafloor structures with positive topography formed by a combination of mud eruption, gas emission, and water seepage from the subsurface. MCS data will allow image subsurface structures of mud volcanoes as identification of fluid migration pathways, however, imaging its subsurface structure is difficult by using conventional seismic data processing procedure, because it is seismically characterized by acoustically transparent facies. Full waveform inversion (FWI) is non-linear data-fitting procedure to estimate the physical properties of the subsurface by minimizing the difference between the observed and modelled data. FWI uses the two-wave wave equation to compute forward/backward wavefield to calculate the gradient direction, therefore it can derive more detailed velocity model beyond travel-time tomography techniques, which use only the kinematics of seismic data, by additional information provided by the amplitude and phase of the seismic waveform. In this study, we suggest P-wave structure of mud volcanos, which were inverted by 2D acoustic FWI. It will be useful to understand the characterization of mud volcanoes on the slope of Canadian Beaufort Sea.

Waveform inversion of mantle Love waves: The born seismogram approach

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tanimoto, T.

1983-01-01

Normal mode theory, extended to the slightly laterally heterogeneous Earth by the first-order Born approximation, is applied to the waveform inversion of mantle Love waves (200-500 sec) for the Earth's lateral heterogeneity at l=2 and a spherically symmetric anelasticity (Q sub mu) structure. The data are from the Global Digital Seismograph Network (GDSN). The l=2 pattern is very similar to the results of other studies that used either different methods, such as phase velocity measurements and multiplet location measurements, or a different data set, such as mantle Rayleigh waves from different instruments. The results are carefully analyzed for variance reduction and are most naturally explained by heterogeneity in the upper 420 km. Because of the poor resolution of the data set for the deep interior, however, a fairly large heterogeneity in the transition zones, of the order of up to 3.5% in shear wave velocity, is allowed. It is noteworthy that Love waves of this period range can not constrain the structure below 420 km and thus any model presented by similar studies below this depth are likely to be constrained by Rayleigh waves (spheroidal modes) only.

Waveform inversion of mantle Love waves - The Born seismogram approach

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tanimoto, T.

1984-01-01

Normal mode theory, extended to the slightly laterally heterogeneous earth by the first-order Born approximation, is applied to the waveform inversion of mantle Love waves (200-500 sec) for the earth's lateral heterogeneity at l = 2 and a spherically symmetric anelasticity (Q sub mu) structure. The data are from the Global Digital Seismograph Network (GDSN). The l = 2 pattern is very similar to the results of other studies that used either different methods, such as phase velocity measurements and multiplet location measurements, or a different data set, such as mantle Rayleigh waves from different instruments. The results are carefully analyzed for variance reduction and are most naturally explained by heterogeneity in the upper 420 km. Because of the poor resolution of the data set for the deep interior, however, a fairly large heterogeneity in the transition zones, of the order of up to 3.5 percent in shear wave velocity, is allowed. It is noteworthy that Love waves of this period range can not constrain the structure below 420 km and thus any model presented by similar studies below this depth are likely to be constrained by Rayleigh waves (spheroidal modes) only.

Double-Difference Global Adjoint Tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Orsvuran, R.; Bozdag, E.; Lei, W.; Tromp, J.

2017-12-01

The adjoint method allows us to incorporate full waveform simulations in inverse problems. Misfit functions play an important role in extracting the relevant information from seismic waveforms. In this study, our goal is to apply the Double-Difference (DD) methodology proposed by Yuan et al. (2016) to global adjoint tomography. Dense seismic networks, such as USArray, lead to higher-resolution seismic images underneath continents. However, the imbalanced distribution of stations and sources poses challenges in global ray coverage. We adapt double-difference multitaper measurements to global adjoint tomography. We normalize each DD measurement by its number of pairs, and if a measurement has no pair, as may frequently happen for data recorded at oceanic stations, classical multitaper measurements are used. As a result, the differential measurements and pair-wise weighting strategy help balance uneven global kernel coverage. Our initial experiments with minor- and major-arc surface waves show promising results, revealing more pronounced structure near dense networks while reducing the prominence of paths towards cluster of stations. We have started using this new measurement in global adjoint inversions, addressing azimuthal anisotropy in upper mantle. Meanwhile, we are working on combining the double-difference approach with instantaneous phase measurements to emphasize contributions of scattered waves in global inversions and extending it to body waves. We will present our results and discuss challenges and future directions in the context of global tomographic inversions.

The joint inversion of phase dispersion curves and receiver functions at the margin of East European Craton

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chrapkiewicz, Kajetan; Wilde-Piórko, Monika; Polkowski, Marcin

2017-04-01

For the first time a joint inversion of Rayleigh-wave phase velocity dispersion curves and P receiver functions has been applied to study the south-western margin of East European Craton (EEC) in Poland. The area of investigation lies in the vicinity of Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ) regarded as the most prominent lithospheric boundary in Europe separating the Precambrian EEC from assemblage of Phanerozoic-accreted terranes (e.g. Pharaoh, 1999). While the sedimentary and crystalline crust of EEC's margin has been precisely recognized with the borehole and refraction data compilation (Grad et al., 2016), the structure of lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) underneath remains poorly understood. To address this issue, the passive seismic experiment „13 BB Star" (2013-2016) was carried out in northern Poland - just at the margin of EEC. For each station of „13 BB Star" network we obtained a credible 1-D shear-wave velocity model with linearized damped least-squares inversion (Herrmann, 2013) down to the depth of 250 km. The joint inversion of receiver functions and surface-wave dispersion curves has proved to be a natural approach when inferring the nature of cratonic LAB (e.g. Bodin et al., 2014). It's sensitive to both absolute velocities and sharp discontinuities and thus provides a better vertical resolution compared to surface wave data alone. The results indicate the presence of steady 4 per cent grow in the shear-wave velocity between 120 and 180 km depth and gradual 6 per cent drop over 180-220 km depth range. The latter may be interpreted as the LAB with depth and absolute-velocity change similar to those reported for other cratons (Kind et al., 2012). National Science Centre Poland provided financial support for this work by NCN grant DEC-2011/02/A/ST10/00284.

Importance of a 3D forward modeling tool for surface wave analysis methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pageot, Damien; Le Feuvre, Mathieu; Donatienne, Leparoux; Philippe, Côte; Yann, Capdeville

2016-04-01

Since a few years, seismic surface waves analysis methods (SWM) have been widely developed and tested in the context of subsurface characterization and have demonstrated their effectiveness for sounding and monitoring purposes, e.g., high-resolution tomography of the principal geological units of California or real time monitoring of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano. Historically, these methods are mostly developed under the assumption of semi-infinite 1D layered medium without topography. The forward modeling is generally based on Thomson-Haskell matrix based modeling algorithm and the inversion is driven by Monte-Carlo sampling. Given their efficiency, SWM have been transfered to several scale of which civil engineering structures in order to, e.g., determine the so-called V s30 parameter or assess other critical constructional parameters in pavement engineering. However, at this scale, many structures may often exhibit 3D surface variations which drastically limit the efficiency of SWM application. Indeed, even in the case of an homogeneous structure, 3D geometry can bias the dispersion diagram of Rayleigh waves up to obtain discontinuous phase velocity curves which drastically impact the 1D mean velocity model obtained from dispersion inversion. Taking advantages of high-performance computing center accessibility and wave propagation modeling algorithm development, it is now possible to consider the use of a 3D elastic forward modeling algorithm instead of Thomson-Haskell method in the SWM inversion process. We use a parallelized 3D elastic modeling code based on the spectral element method which allows to obtain accurate synthetic data with very low numerical dispersion and a reasonable numerical cost. In this study, we choose dike embankments as an illustrative example. We first show that their longitudinal geometry may have a significant effect on dispersion diagrams of Rayleigh waves. Then, we demonstrate the necessity of 3D elastic modeling as a forward problem for the inversion of dispersion curves.

The upper mantle structure of the central Rio Grande rift region from teleseismic P and S wave travel time delays and attenuation

USGS Publications Warehouse

Slack, P.D.; Davis, P.M.; Baldridge, W.S.; Olsen, K.H.; Glahn, A.; Achauer, U.; Spence, W.

1996-01-01

The lithosphere beneath a continental rift should be significantly modified due to extension. To image the lithosphere beneath the Rio Grande rift (RGR), we analyzed teleseismic travel time delays of both P and S wave arrivals and solved for the attenuation of P and S waves for four seismic experiments spanning the Rio Grande rift. Two tomographic inversions of the P wave travel time data are given: an Aki-Christofferson-Husebye (ACH) block model inversion and a downward projection inversion. The tomographic inversions reveal a NE-SW to NNE-SSW trending feature at depths of 35 to 145 km with a velocity reduction of 7 to 8% relative to mantle velocities beneath the Great Plains. This region correlates with the transition zone between the Colorado Plateau and the Rio Grande rift and is bounded on the NW by the Jemez lineament, a N52??E trending zone of late Miocene to Holocene volcanism. S wave delays plotted against P wave delays are fit with a straight line giving a slope of 3.0??0.4. This correlation and the absolute velocity reduction imply that temperatures in the lithosphere are close to the solidus, consistent with, but not requiring, the presence of partial melt in the mantle beneath the Rio Grande rift. The attenuation data could imply the presence of partial melt. We compare our results with other geophysical and geologic data. We propose that any north-south trending thermal (velocity) anomaly that may have existed in the upper mantle during earlier (Oligocene to late Miocene) phases of rifting and that may have correlated with the axis of the rift has diminished with time and has been overprinted with more recent structure. The anomalously low-velocity body presently underlying the transition zone between the core of the Colorado Plateau and the rift may reflect processes resulting from the modern (Pliocene to present) regional stress field (oriented WNW-ESE), possibly heralding future extension across the Jemez lineament and transition zone.

Constraining the Size and Depth of a Shallow Crustal Magma Body at Newberry Volcano Using P-Wave Tomography and Finite-Difference Waveform Modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beachly, M. W.; Hooft, E. E.; Toomey, D. R.; Waite, G. P.

2011-12-01

Imaging magmatic systems improves our understanding of magma ascent and storage in the crust and contributes to hazard assessment. Seismic tomography reveals crustal magma bodies as regions of low velocity; however the ability of delay-time tomography to detect small, low-velocity bodies is limited by wavefront healing. Alternatively, crustal magma chambers have been identified from secondary phases including P and S wave reflections and conversions. We use a combination of P-wave tomography and finite-difference waveform modeling to characterize a shallow crustal magma body at Newberry Volcano, central Oregon. Newberry's eruptions are silicic within the central caldera and mafic on its periphery suggesting a central silicic magma storage system. The system may still be active with a recent eruption ~1300 years ago and a drill hole temperature of 256° C at only 932 m depth. A low-velocity anomaly previously imaged at 3-5 km beneath the caldera indicates either a magma body or a fractured pluton. With the goal of detecting secondary arrivals from a magma chamber beneath Newberry Volcano, we deployed a line of densely-spaced (~300 m), three-component seismometers that recorded a shot of opportunity from the High Lava Plains Experiment in 2008. The data record a secondary P-wave arrival originating from beneath the caldera. In addition we combine travel-time data from our 2008 experiment with data collected in the 1980's by the USGS for a P-wave tomography inversion to image velocity structure to 6 km depth. The inversion includes 16 active sources, 322 receivers and 1007 P-wave first arrivals. The tomography results reveal a high-velocity, ring-like anomaly beneath the caldera ring faults to 2 km depth that surrounds a shallow low-velocity region. Beneath 2.5 km high-velocity anomalies are concentrated east and west of the caldera. A central low-velocity body lies below 3 km depth. Tomographic inversions of synthetic data suggest that the central low-velocity body beneath 3 km depth is not well resolved and that, for example, an unrealistically large low-velocity body with a volume up to 72 km3 at 40% velocity reduction (representing 30±7% partial melt) could be consistent with the observed travel-times. We use the tomographically derived velocity structure to construct 2D finite difference models and include synthetic low-velocity bodies in these models to test various magma chamber geometries and melt contents. Waveform modeling identifies the observed secondary phase as a transmitted P-wave formed by delaying and focusing P-wave energy through the low-velocity region. We will further constrain the size and shape of the low-velocity region by comparing arrival times and amplitudes of observed and synthetic primary and secondary phases. Secondary arrivals provide compelling evidence for an active crustal magmatic system beneath Newberry volcano and demonstrate the ability of waveform modeling to constrain the nature of magma bodies beyond the limits of seismic tomography.

Analytical study and numerical solution of the inverse source problem arising in thermoacoustic tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Holman, Benjamin R.

In recent years, revolutionary "hybrid" or "multi-physics" methods of medical imaging have emerged. By combining two or three different types of waves these methods overcome limitations of classical tomography techniques and deliver otherwise unavailable, potentially life-saving diagnostic information. Thermoacoustic (and photoacoustic) tomography is the most developed multi-physics imaging modality. Thermo- and photo- acoustic tomography require reconstructing initial acoustic pressure in a body from time series of pressure measured on a surface surrounding the body. For the classical case of free space wave propagation, various reconstruction techniques are well known. However, some novel measurement schemes place the object of interest between reflecting walls that form a de facto resonant cavity. In this case, known methods cannot be used. In chapter 2 we present a fast iterative reconstruction algorithm for measurements made at the walls of a rectangular reverberant cavity with a constant speed of sound. We prove the convergence of the iterations under a certain sufficient condition, and demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm in numerical simulations. In chapter 3 we consider the more general problem of an arbitrarily shaped resonant cavity with a non constant speed of sound and present the gradual time reversal method for computing solutions to the inverse source problem. It consists in solving back in time on the interval [0, T] the initial/boundary value problem for the wave equation, with the Dirichlet boundary data multiplied by a smooth cutoff function. If T is sufficiently large one obtains a good approximation to the initial pressure; in the limit of large T such an approximation converges (under certain conditions) to the exact solution.

Implications inferred from anisotropy parameter of proton distributions related to EMIC waves in the inner magnetosphere.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Noh, S. J.; Lee, D. Y.

2017-12-01

In the classic theory of wave-particle resonant interaction, anisotropy parameter of proton distribution is considered as an important factor to determine an instability such as ion cyclotron instability. The particle distribution function is often assumed to be a bi-Maxwellian distribution, for which the anisotropy parameter can be simplified to temperature anisotropy (T⊥/T∥-1) independent of specific energy of particles. In this paper, we studied the proton anisotropy related to EMIC waves using the Van Allen Probes observations in the inner magnetosphere. First, we found that the real velocity distribution of protons is usually not expressed with a simple bi-Maxwellian distribution. Also, we calculated the anisotropy parameter using the exact formula defined by Kennel and Petschek [1966] and investigated the linear instability criterion of them. We found that, for majority of the EMIC wave events, the threshold anisotropy condition for proton cyclotron instability is satisfied in the expected range of resonant energy. We further determined the parallel plasma beta and its inverse relationship with the anisotropy parameter. The inverse relationship exists both during the EMIC wave times and non-EMIC wave times, but with different slopes. Based on this result, we demonstrate that the parallel plasma beta can be a critical factor that determines occurrence of EMIC waves.

Transdimensional inversion of scattered body waves for 1D S-wave velocity structure - Application to the Tengchong volcanic area, Southwestern China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Mengkui; Zhang, Shuangxi; Bodin, Thomas; Lin, Xu; Wu, Tengfei

2018-06-01

Inversion of receiver functions is commonly used to recover the S-wave velocity structure beneath seismic stations. Traditional approaches are based on deconvolved waveforms, where the horizontal component of P-wave seismograms is deconvolved by the vertical component. Deconvolution of noisy seismograms is a numerically unstable process that needs to be stabilized by regularization parameters. This biases noise statistics, making it difficult to estimate uncertainties in observed receiver functions for Bayesian inference. This study proposes a method to directly invert observed radial waveforms and to better account for data noise in a Bayesian formulation. We illustrate its feasibility with two synthetic tests having different types of noises added to seismograms. Then, a real site application is performed to obtain the 1-D S-wave velocity structure beneath a seismic station located in the Tengchong volcanic area, Southwestern China. Surface wave dispersion measurements spanning periods from 8 to 65 s are jointly inverted with P waveforms. The results show a complex S-wave velocity structure, as two low velocity zones are observed in the crust and uppermost mantle, suggesting the existence of magma chambers, or zones of partial melt. The upper magma chambers may be the heart source that cause the thermal activity on the surface.

Inverse mirror plasma experimental device (IMPED) - a magnetized linear plasma device for wave studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bose, Sayak; Chattopadhyay, P. K.; Ghosh, J.; Sengupta, S.; Saxena, Y. C.; Pal, R.

2015-04-01

In a quasineutral plasma, electrons undergo collective oscillations, known as plasma oscillations, when perturbed locally. The oscillations propagate due to finite temperature effects. However, the wave can lose the phase coherence between constituting oscillators in an inhomogeneous plasma (phase mixing) because of the dependence of plasma oscillation frequency on plasma density. The longitudinal electric field associated with the wave may be used to accelerate electrons to high energies by exciting large amplitude wave. However when the maximum amplitude of the wave is reached that plasma can sustain, the wave breaks. The phenomena of wave breaking and phase mixing have applications in plasma heating and particle acceleration. For detailed experimental investigation of these phenomena a new device, inverse mirror plasma experimental device (IMPED), has been designed and fabricated. The detailed considerations taken before designing the device, so that different aspects of these phenomena can be studied in a controlled manner, are described. Specifications of different components of the IMPED machine and their flexibility aspects in upgrading, if necessary, are discussed. Initial results meeting the prerequisite condition of the plasma for such study, such as a quiescent, collisionless and uniform plasma, are presented. The machine produces δnnoise/n <= 1%, Luniform ~ 120 cm at argon filling pressure of ~10-4 mbar and axial magnetic field of B = 1090 G.

Unexpected Occurrence of Mesospheric Frontal Gravity Wave Events Over South Pole (90°S)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pautet, P.-D.; Taylor, M. J.; Snively, J. B.; Solorio, C.

2018-01-01

Since 2010, Utah State University has operated an infrared Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole station to investigate the upper atmosphere dynamics and temperature deep within the vortex. A surprising number of "frontal" gravity wave events (86) were recorded in the mesospheric OH(3,1) band intensity and rotational temperature images (typical altitude of 87 km) during four austral winters (2012-2015). These events are gravity waves (GWs) characterized by a sharp leading wave front followed by a quasi-monochromatic wave train that grows with time. A particular subset of frontal gravity wave events has been identified in the past (Dewan & Picard, 1998) as "bores." These are usually associated with wave ducting within stable mesospheric inversion layers, which allow them to propagate over very large distances. They have been observed on numerous occasions from low-latitude and midlatitude sites, but to date, very few have been reported at high latitudes. This study provides new analyses of the characteristics of frontal events at high latitudes and shows that most of them are likely ducted. The occurrence of these frontal GW events over this isolated region strongly supports the existence of horizontally extensive mesospheric thermal inversion layers over Antarctica, leading to regions of enhanced stability necessary for GW trapping and ducting.

Extracting transient Rayleigh wave and its application in detecting quality of highway roadbed

USGS Publications Warehouse

Liu, J.; Xia, J.; Luo, Y.; Li, X.; Xu, S.; ,

2004-01-01

This paper first explains the tau-p mapping method of extracting Rayleigh waves (LR waves) from field shot gathers. It also explains a mathematical model of physical character parameters of quality of high-grade roads. This paper then discusses an algorithm of computing dispersion curves using adjacent channels. Shear velocity and physical character parameters are obtained by inversion of dispersion curves. The algorithm using adjacent channels to calculating dispersion curves eliminates average effects that exist by using multi-channels to obtain dispersion curves so that it improves longitudinal and transverse resolution of LR waves and precision of non-invasive detection, and also broadens its application fields. By analysis of modeling results of detached computation of the ground roll and real examples of detecting density and pressure strength of a high-grade roadbed, and by comparison of shallow seismic image method with borehole cores, we concluded that: 1 the abnormal scale and configuration obtained by LR waves are mostly the same as the result of shallow seismic image method; 2 an average relative error of density obtained from LR waves inversion is 1.6% comparing with borehole coring; 3 transient LR waves in detecting density and pressure strength of a high-grade roadbed is feasible and effective.

Asymmetric band diagrams in photonic crystals with a spontaneous nonreciprocal response

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prudêncio, Filipa R.; Matos, Sérgio A.; Paiva, Carlos R.

2015-06-01

We study the propagation of electromagnetic waves in layered photonic crystals formed by materials with a spontaneous nonreciprocal response, such as Tellegen (axion) media or topological insulators. Surprisingly, it is proven that stratified Tellegen photonic crystals that break simultaneously the space inversion and time-reversal symmetries have always symmetric dispersion diagrams. Interestingly, we show that by combining chiral and nonreciprocal materials the photonic band diagrams can exhibit a spectral asymmetry such that ω (k )≠ω (-k ) . Furthermore, it is demonstrated that in some conditions two juxtaposed Tellegen medium layers have an electromagnetic response analogous to that of a biased ferrite slab.

Modeling Kelvin Wave Cascades in Superfluid Helium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boffetta, G.; Celani, A.; Dezzani, D.; Laurie, J.; Nazarenko, S.

2009-09-01

We study two different types of simplified models for Kelvin wave turbulence on quantized vortex lines in superfluids near zero temperature. Our first model is obtained from a truncated expansion of the Local Induction Approximation (Truncated-LIA) and it is shown to possess the same scalings and the essential behaviour as the full Biot-Savart model, being much simpler than the later and, therefore, more amenable to theoretical and numerical investigations. The Truncated-LIA model supports six-wave interactions and dual cascades, which are clearly demonstrated via the direct numerical simulation of this model in the present paper. In particular, our simulations confirm presence of the weak turbulence regime and the theoretically predicted spectra for the direct energy cascade and the inverse wave action cascade. The second type of model we study, the Differential Approximation Model (DAM), takes a further drastic simplification by assuming locality of interactions in k-space via using a differential closure that preserves the main scalings of the Kelvin wave dynamics. DAMs are even more amenable to study and they form a useful tool by providing simple analytical solutions in the cases when extra physical effects are present, e.g. forcing by reconnections, friction dissipation and phonon radiation. We study these models numerically and test their theoretical predictions, in particular the formation of the stationary spectra, and closeness of numerics for the higher-order DAM to the analytical predictions for the lower-order DAM.

Marked surface inversions and wind shear: A safety risk for departing aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Korhonen, O.

1983-01-01

Marked surface inversions occur most frequently in dry continental climates, where low atmospheric humidity allows heat transfer by long wave thermal radiation. In the northern latitudes, surface inversions reach their maximum intensity during the winter, when the incoming Sun's radiation is negligible and radiative cooling is dominant during the long nights. During winter, air mass boundaries are sharp, which causes formation of marked surface inversions. The existence of these inversions and sharp boundaries increase the risk of wind shear. The information should refer to marked inversions exceeding a temperature difference of 10 deg C up to 1000 feet. The need to determine the temperature range over which he information is operationally needed and the magnitude of the inversion required before a notification to pilots prior to departure is warranted are outlined.

Anisotropy in the Australasian upper mantle from Love and Rayleigh waveform inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Debayle, Eric; Kennett, B. L. N.

2000-12-01

Records of both Rayleigh and Love waves have been analyzed to determine the pattern of anisotropy in the Australasian region. The approach is based on a two-stage inversion. Starting from a smooth PREM model with transverse isotropy about a vertical symmetry axis, the first step is an inversion of the waveforms of surface waves to produce path specific one-dimensional (1-D) upper mantle models. Under the assumption that the 1-D models represent averages along the paths, the results from 1584 Love and Rayleigh wave seismograms are combined in a tomographic inversion to provide a representation of three-dimensional structure for wavespeed heterogeneities and anisotropy. Polarization anisotropy with SH faster than SV is retrieved in the upper 200-250 km of the mantle for most of Precambrian Australia. In this depth interval, significant lateral variations in the level of polarization anisotropy are present. Locally, the anisotropy can be large, reaching an extreme value of 9% that is difficult to reconcile with current mineralogical models. However, the discrepancy may be explained in part by the presence of strong lateral heterogeneities along the path, or by effects introduced by the simplifying assumption of transverse isotropy for each path. The consistency between the location of polarization and azimuthal anisotropy in depth suggests that both observations share a common origin. The observation of polarization anisotropy down to at least 200 km supports a two-layered anisotropic model as constrained by the azimuthal anisotropy of SV waves. In the upper layer, 150 km thick, anisotropy would be related to past deformation frozen in the lithosphere while in the lower layer, anisotropy would reflect present day deformation due to plate motion.

The analysis on the characteristics of North Korea 6th nuclear test, collapse and induced earthquakes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, J. H.; Park, Y. K.; Kim, T. S.; Kim, G.; Cho, C.; Kim, I.

2017-12-01

North Korea(NK) has conducted the 6th Underground Nuclear Test(UNT) with the one order bigger magnitude than previous ones on 3 Sep. 2017. By using correlated waveform comparison the estimated epicenter of the 6th NK UNT was estimated at 41.3020N 129.0795E located about 200 m toward northern direction from the previous 5th NK UNT site. The body wave magnitude was calculated as mb 5.7 through our routine process measuring the maximum amplitude of P wave in the higher frequency over 1 Hz using stations around the Korean peninsula, however, this could be underestimated in the case that the source energy spectra of UNT radiated dominantly in the lower frequency below 1 Hz. Considering source spectra of the 6th NK UNT, we applied to P wave the 2nd order Butterworth bandpass filter between 0.1 and 1 Hz and measured that the amplitude ratio of 6th/5th UNT. Instead of 6 7 ratio from the raw P waves, the filtered amplitude ratio resulted in 10 12 at several stations. After cross check of the amplitude ratio in bandpass filtered method to the previous NK UNT we finalized the magnitude of the 6th NK UNT as mb 6.1. The collapse earthquake has happened after the 6th NK UNT about 8 minutes 32 seconds and the epicenter estimated to be located around the UNT site within 1 km. The similarity of wave forms to that of the two mine collapse cases in South Korea and moment tensor inversion indicated the source mechanism was very similar to the mine collapse. Three earthquakes were detected and analyzed locations and magnitudes, we thought these earthquakes were induced from the accumulated tectonic stress by the NK UNT. The collapse event's wave forms are very different from those of the induced earthquakes.

Detection of sinkholes or anomalies using full seismic wave fields : phase II.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2016-08-01

A new 2-D Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) software code was developed to characterize layering and anomalies beneath the ground surface using seismic testing. The software is capable of assessing the shear and compression wave velocities (Vs and Vp) fo...

Guided wave tomography in anisotropic media using recursive extrapolation operators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Volker, Arno

2018-04-01

Guided wave tomography is an advanced technology for quantitative wall thickness mapping to image wall loss due to corrosion or erosion. An inversion approach is used to match the measured phase (time) at a specific frequency to a model. The accuracy of the model determines the sizing accuracy. Particularly for seam welded pipes there is a measurable amount of anisotropy. Moreover, for small defects a ray-tracing based modelling approach is no longer accurate. Both issues are solved by applying a recursive wave field extrapolation operator assuming vertical transverse anisotropy. The inversion scheme is extended by not only estimating the wall loss profile but also the anisotropy, local material changes and transducer ring alignment errors. This makes the approach more robust. The approach will be demonstrated experimentally on different defect sizes, and a comparison will be made between this new approach and an isotropic ray-tracing approach. An example is given in Fig. 1 for a 75 mm wide, 5 mm deep defect. The wave field extrapolation based tomography clearly provides superior results.

Expanding the frontiers of waveform imaging with Salvus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Afanasiev, M.; Boehm, C.; van Driel, M.; Krischer, L.; Fichtner, A.

2017-12-01

Mechanical waves are natural harbingers of information. From medical ultrasound to the normal modes of Sun, wave motion is often our best window into the character of some underlying continuum. For over a century, geophysicists have been using this window to peer deep into the Earth, developing techniques that have gone on to underlie much of world's energy economy. As computers and numerical techniques have become more powerful over the last several decades, seismologists have begun to scale back classical simplifying approximations of wave propagation physics. As a result, we are now approaching the ideal of `full-waveform inversion'; maximizing the aperture of our window by taking the full complexity of wave motion into account.Salvus is a modern high-performance software suite which aims to bring recent developments in geophysical waveform inversion to new and exciting domains. In this short presentation we will look at the connections between these applications, with examples from non-destructive testing, medical imaging, seismic exploration, and (extra-) planetary seismology.

Generation of Optical Vortices by Nonlinear Inverse Thomson Scattering at Arbitrary Angle Interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taira, Yoshitaka; Katoh, Masahiro

2018-06-01

We theoretically verify that optical vortices carrying orbital angular momentum are generated in various astrophysical situations via nonlinear inverse Thomson scattering. Arbitrary angle collisions between relativistic electrons and circularly polarized strong electromagnetic waves are treated. We reveal that the higher harmonic components of scattered photons carry well-defined orbital angular momentum under a specific condition that the Lorentz factor of the electron is much larger than the field strength parameter of the electromagnetic wave. Our study indicates that optical vortices in a wide frequency range from radio waves to gamma-rays are naturally generated in environments where high-energy electrons interact with circularly polarized strong electromagnetic waves at various interaction angles. Optical vortices should be a new multi-messenger member carrying information concerning the physical circumstances of their sources, e.g., the magnetic and radiation fields. Moreover, their interactions with matter via their orbital angular momenta may play an important role in the evolution of matter in the universe.

High velocity anomaly beneath the Deccan volcanic province: Evidence from seismic tomography

USGS Publications Warehouse

Iyer, H.M.; Gaur, V.K.; Rai, S.S.; Ramesh, D.S.; Rao, C.V.R.; Srinagesh, D.; Suryaprakasam, K.

1989-01-01

Analysis of teleseismic P-wave residuals observed at 15 seismograph stations operated in the Deccan volcanic province (DVP) in west central India points to the existence of a large, deep anomalous region in the upper mantle where the velocity is a few per cent higher than in the surrounding region. The seismic stations were operated in three deployments together with a reference station on precambrian granite at Hyderabad and another common station at Poona. The first group of stations lay along a west-northwesterly profile from Hyderabad through Poona to Bhatsa. The second group roughly formed an L-shaped profile from Poona to Hyderabad through Dharwar and Hospet. The third group of stations lay along a northwesterly profile from Hyderabad to Dhule through Aurangabad and Latur. Relative residuals computed with respect to Hyderabad at all the stations showed two basic features: a large almost linear variation from approximately +1s for teleseisms from the north to-1s for those from the southeast at the western stations, and persistance of the pattern with diminishing magnitudes towards the east. Preliminary ray-plotting and three-dimensional inversion of the P-wave residual data delineate the presence of a 600 km long approximately N-S trending anomalous region of high velocity (1-4% contrast) from a depth of about 100 km in the upper mantle encompassing almost the whole width of the DVP. Inversion of P-wave relative residuals reveal the existence of two prominent features beneath the DVP. The first is a thick high velocity zone (1-4% faster) extending from a depth of about 100 km directly beneath most of the DVP. The second feature is a prominent low velocity region which coincides with the westernmost part of the DVP. A possible explanation for the observed coherent high velocity anomaly is that it forms the root of the lithosphere which coherently translates with the continents during plate motions, an architecture characteristic of precambrian shields. The low velocity zone appears to be related to the rift systems (anomaly 28, 65 Ma) which provided the channel for the outpouring of Deccan basalts at the close of the Cretaceous period. ?? 1989 Indian Academy of Sciences.

Towards Seismic Tomography Based Upon Adjoint Methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tromp, J.; Liu, Q.; Tape, C.; Maggi, A.

2006-12-01

We outline the theory behind tomographic inversions based on 3D reference models, fully numerical 3D wave propagation, and adjoint methods. Our approach involves computing the Fréchet derivatives for tomographic inversions via the interaction between a forward wavefield, propagating from the source to the receivers, and an `adjoint' wavefield, propagating from the receivers back to the source. The forward wavefield is computed using a spectral-element method (SEM) and a heterogeneous wave-speed model, and stored as synthetic seismograms at particular receivers for which there is data. We specify an objective or misfit function that defines a measure of misfit between data and synthetics. For a given receiver, the differences between the data and the synthetics are time reversed and used as the source of the adjoint wavefield. For each earthquake, the interaction between the regular and adjoint wavefields is used to construct finite-frequency sensitivity kernels, which we call event kernel. These kernels may be thought of as weighted sums of measurement-specific banana-donut kernels, with weights determined by the measurements. The overall sensitivity is simply the sum of event kernels, which defines the misfit kernel. The misfit kernel is multiplied by convenient orthonormal basis functions that are embedded in the SEM code, resulting in the gradient of the misfit function, i.e., the Fréchet derivatives. The misfit kernel is multiplied by convenient orthonormal basis functions that are embedded in the SEM code, resulting in the gradient of the misfit function, i.e., the Fréchet derivatives. A conjugate gradient algorithm is used to iteratively improve the model while reducing the misfit function. Using 2D examples for Rayleigh wave phase-speed maps of southern California, we illustrate the construction of the gradient and the minimization algorithm, and consider various tomographic experiments, including source inversions, structural inversions, and joint source-structure inversions. We also illustrate the characteristics of these 3D finite-frequency kernels based upon adjoint simulations for a variety of global arrivals, e.g., Pdiff, P'P', and SKS, and we illustrate how the approach may be used to investigate body- and surface-wave anisotropy. In adjoint tomography any time segment in which the data and synthetics match reasonably well is suitable for measurement, and this implies a much greater number of phases per seismogram can be used compared to classical tomography in which the sensitivity of the measurements is determined analytically for specific arrivals, e.g., P. We use an automated picking algorithm based upon short-term/long-term averages and strict phase and amplitude anomaly criteria to determine arrivals and time windows suitable for measurement. For shallow global events the algorithm typically identifies of the order of 1000~windows suitable for measurement, whereas for a deep event the number can reach 4000. For southern California earthquakes the number of phases is of the order of 100 for a magnitude 4.0 event and up to 450 for a magnitude 5.0 event. We will show examples of event kernels for both global and regional earthquakes. These event kernels form the basis of adjoint tomography.

Characterization of a viscoelastic heterogeneous object with an effective model by nonlinear full waveform inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mesgouez, A.

2018-05-01

The determination of equivalent viscoelastic properties of heterogeneous objects remains challenging in various scientific fields such as (geo)mechanics, geophysics or biomechanics. The present investigation addresses the issue of the identification of effective constitutive properties of a binary object by using a nonlinear and full waveform inversion scheme. The inversion process, without any regularization technique or a priori information, aims at minimizing directly the discrepancy between the full waveform responses of a bi-material viscoelastic cylindrical object and its corresponding effective homogeneous object. It involves the retrieval of five constitutive equivalent parameters. Numerical simulations are performed in a laboratory-scale two-dimensional configuration: a transient acoustic plane wave impacts the object and the diffracted fluid pressure, solid stress or velocity component fields are determined using a semi-analytical approach. Results show that the retrieval of the density and of the real parts of both the compressional and the shear wave velocities have been carried out successfully regarding the number and location of sensors, the type of sensors, the size of the searching space, the frequency range of the incident plane pressure wave, and the change in the geometric or mechanical constitution of the bi-material object. The retrieval of the imaginary parts of the wave velocities can reveal in some cases the limitations of the proposed approach.

Seismic tomography of Basse-Terre volcanic island, Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles, using earthquake travel times and noise correlations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barnoud, Anne; Coutant, Olivier; Bouligand, Claire; Massin, Frédérick; Stehly, Laurent

2015-04-01

We image the volcanic island of Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles, using both earthquake travel times and noise correlations. (1) A new earthquake catalog was recently compiled for the Lesser Antilles by the CDSA/OVSG/IPGP (Massin et al., EGU General Assembly 2014) and allows us to perform classical travel time tomography to obtain smooth 3D body wave velocity models. The geometrical configuration of the volcanic arc controls the resolution of the model in our zone of interest. (2) Surface wave tomography using noise correlations was successfully applied to volcanoes (Brenguier et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007). We use seismic noise recorded at 16 broad-band stations and 9 short-period stations from Basse-Terre over a period of six years (2007-2012). For each station pair, we extract a dispersion curve from the noise correlation to get surface wave velocity models. The inversion of the dispersion curves produces a 3D S-wave velocity model of the island. The spatial distribution of seismic stations accross the island is highly heterogeneous, leading to higher resolution near the dome of the Soufrière of Guadeloupe volcano. Resulting velocity models are compared with densities obtained by 3D inversion of gravimetric data (Barnoud et al., AGU Fall Meeting 2013). Further work should include simultaneous inversion of seismic and gravimetric datasets to overcome resolution limitations.

Upper mantle structure beneath southern African cratons from seismic finite-frequency P- and S-body wave tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Youssof, M.; Thybo, H.; Artemieva, I. M.; Levander, A.

2015-06-01

We present a 3D high-resolution seismic model of the southern African cratonic region from teleseismic tomographic inversion of the P- and S-body wave dataset recorded by the Southern African Seismic Experiment (SASE). Utilizing 3D sensitivity kernels, we invert traveltime residuals of teleseismic body waves to calculate velocity anomalies in the upper mantle down to a 700 km depth with respect to the ak135 reference model. Various resolution tests allow evaluation of the extent of smearing effects and help defining the optimum inversion parameters (i.e., damping and smoothness) for regularizing the inversion calculations. The fast lithospheric keels of the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons reach depths of 300-350 km and 200-250 km, respectively. The paleo-orogenic Limpopo Belt is represented by negative velocity perturbations down to a depth of ˜ 250 km, implying the presence of chemically fertile material with anomalously low wave speeds. The Bushveld Complex has low velocity down to ˜ 150 km, which is attributed to chemical modification of the cratonic mantle. In the present model, the finite-frequency sensitivity kernels allow to resolve relatively small-scale anomalies, such as the Colesberg Magnetic Lineament in the suture zone between the eastern and western blocks of the Kaapvaal Craton, and a small northern block of the Kaapvaal Craton, located between the Limpopo Belt and the Bushveld Complex.

Evaluation of concrete cover by surface wave technique: Identification procedure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Piwakowski, Bogdan; Kaczmarek, Mariusz; Safinowski, Paweł

2012-05-01

Concrete cover degradation is induced by aggressive agents in ambiance, such as moisture, chemicals or temperature variations. Due to degradation usually a thin (a few millimeters thick) surface layer has porosity slightly higher than the deeper sound material. The non destructive evaluation of concrete cover is vital to monitor the integrity of concrete structures and prevent their irreversible damage. In this paper the methodology applied by the classical technique used for ground structure recovery called Multichanel Analysis of Surface Waves is discussed as the NDT tool in civil engineering domain to characterize the concrete cover. In order to obtain the velocity as a function of sample depth the dispersion of surface waves is used as an input for solving inverse problem. The paper describes the inversion procedure and provides the practical example of use of developed system.

An analysis of the role of drift waves in equatorial spread F

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Labelle, J.; Kelley, M. C.; Seyler, C. E.

1986-01-01

An account is given of results of rocket measurements of the wave number spectrum of equatorial spread F irregularities, with emphasis on wavelengths less than 100 m. The measurements were made from two sounding rockets launched from Peru as part of Project Condor. The Condor density fluctuation spectra display a break at a wavelength near 100 m, identical to that found in the PLUMEX experiment (Kelley et al., 1982). The Condor data also confirm a subrange in which the density and the wave potential obey the Boltzmann relation - a strong indication of the presence of low-frequency electrostatic waves with finite wavelength parallel to the magnetic field, perhaps low-frequency drift waves as proposed by Kelley et al. The Condor data are also consistent with the previous conjecture that drift waves only exist above 300 km altitude. To investigate the difference in spectra observed over two altitude ranges, the data must be fitted to a form for the power spectrum taken from Keskinen and Ossakow (1981). The fitted spectrum, along with empirically determined growth and dissipation rates, is used to calculate the energy pumped into the spectrum at long wavelengths as well as the energy dissipated at shorter wavelengths. It is found that the energy is balanced by classical collisional effects in the low-altitude case, but energy balance in the high-altitude case requires an enhanced dissipation of about 500 times that due to classical diffusion. The model is consistent with, but does not uniquely imply, an inverse cascade of drift wave turbulence in equatorial spread F.

Applying Wave (registered trademark) to Build an Air Force Community of Interest Shared Space

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-08-01

Performance. It is essential that an inverse transform be defined for every transform, or else the query mediator must be smart enough to figure out how...to invert it. Without an inverse transform , if an incoming query constrains on the transformed attribute, the query mediator might generate a query...plan that is horribly inefficient. If you must code a custom transformation function, you must also code the inverse transform . Putting the

Characterization of an Explosion Source in a Complex Medium by Modeling and Wavelet Domain Inversion

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-01

1 2. Mechanisms on Scattering due to an Explosive Source...the S wave at the tunnel. TRA has great potential for determining the seismic source properties. 2 2. Mechanisms on Scattering due to an Explosive...and prominent SH and Love waves. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the generation of these transverse waves. 2.2 Objectives of This

Acoustic parametric pumping of spin waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keshtgar, Hedyeh; Zareyan, Malek; Bauer, Gerrit E. W.

2014-11-01

Recent experiments demonstrated generation of spin currents by ultrasound. We can understand this acoustically induced spin pumping in terms of the coupling between magnetization and lattice waves. Here we study the parametric excitation of magnetization by longitudinal acoustic waves and calculate the acoustic threshold power. The induced magnetization dynamics can be detected by the spin pumping into an adjacent normal metal that displays the inverse spin Hall effect.

Estimation of viscoelastic parameters in Prony series from shear wave propagation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jung, Jae-Wook; Hong, Jung-Wuk, E-mail: j.hong@kaist.ac.kr, E-mail: jwhong@alum.mit.edu; Lee, Hyoung-Ki

2016-06-21

When acquiring accurate ultrasonic images, we must precisely estimate the mechanical properties of the soft tissue. This study investigates and estimates the viscoelastic properties of the tissue by analyzing shear waves generated through an acoustic radiation force. The shear waves are sourced from a localized pushing force acting for a certain duration, and the generated waves travel horizontally. The wave velocities depend on the mechanical properties of the tissue such as the shear modulus and viscoelastic properties; therefore, we can inversely calculate the properties of the tissue through parametric studies.

Analysis of the Hessian for Inverse Scattering Problems. Part 1: Inverse Shape Scattering of Acoustic Waves

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-01

in giving us of a copy of his habilitation thesis, without which this article would not have been possible. We also thank Prof. Karsten Eppler for...John Wiley & Sons, 1983. [19] Andreas Kirsch. Generalized boundary value- and control problems for the Helmholtz equation. Habilitation thesis, 1984

Viscoacoustic anisotropic full waveform inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qu, Yingming; Li, Zhenchun; Huang, Jianping; Li, Jinli

2017-01-01

A viscoacoustic vertical transverse isotropic (VTI) quasi-differential wave equation, which takes account for both the viscosity and anisotropy of media, is proposed for wavefield simulation in this study. The finite difference method is used to solve the equations, for which the attenuation terms are solved in the wavenumber domain, and all remaining terms in the time-space domain. To stabilize the adjoint wavefield, robust regularization operators are applied to the wave equation to eliminate the high-frequency component of the numerical noise produced during the backward propagation of the viscoacoustic wavefield. Based on these strategies, we derive the corresponding gradient formula and implement a viscoacoustic VTI full waveform inversion (FWI). Numerical tests verify that our proposed viscoacoustic VTI FWI can produce accurate and stable inversion results for viscoacoustic VTI data sets. In addition, we test our method's sensitivity to velocity, Q, and anisotropic parameters. Our results show that the sensitivity to velocity is much higher than that to Q and anisotropic parameters. As such, our proposed method can produce acceptable inversion results as long as the Q and anisotropic parameters are within predefined thresholds.

Spectral-element simulations of wave propagation in complex exploration-industry models: Imaging and adjoint tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luo, Y.; Nissen-Meyer, T.; Morency, C.; Tromp, J.

2008-12-01

Seismic imaging in the exploration industry is often based upon ray-theoretical migration techniques (e.g., Kirchhoff) or other ideas which neglect some fraction of the seismic wavefield (e.g., wavefield continuation for acoustic-wave first arrivals) in the inversion process. In a companion paper we discuss the possibility of solving the full physical forward problem (i.e., including visco- and poroelastic, anisotropic media) using the spectral-element method. With such a tool at hand, we can readily apply the adjoint method to tomographic inversions, i.e., iteratively improving an initial 3D background model to fit the data. In the context of this inversion process, we draw connections between kernels in adjoint tomography and basic imaging principles in migration. We show that the images obtained by migration are nothing but particular kinds of adjoint kernels (mainly density kernels). Migration is basically a first step in the iterative inversion process of adjoint tomography. We apply the approach to basic 2D problems involving layered structures, overthrusting faults, topography, salt domes, and poroelastic regions.

Dynamic cycling in atrial size and flow during obstructive apnoea.

PubMed

Pressman, Gregg S; Cepeda-Valery, Beatriz; Codolosa, Nicolas; Orban, Marek; Samuel, Solomon P; Somers, Virend K

2016-01-01

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease. However, acute cardiovascular effects of repetitive airway obstruction are poorly understood. While past research used a sustained Mueller manoeuver to simulate OSA we employed a series of gasping efforts to better simulate true obstructive apnoeas. This report describes acute changes in cardiac anatomy and flow related to sudden changes in intrathoracic pressure. 26 healthy, normal weight participants performed 5-6 gasping efforts (target intrathoracic pressure -40 mm Hg) while undergoing Doppler echocardiography. 14 participants had sufficient echocardiographic images to allow comparison of atrial areas during the manoeuver with baseline measurements. Mitral and tricuspid E-wave and A-wave velocities postmanoeuver were compared with baseline in all participants. Average atrial areas changed little during the manoeuver, but variance in both atrial areas was significantly greater than baseline. Further, an inverse relationship was noted with left atrial collapse and right atrial enlargement at onset of inspiratory effort. Significant inverse changes were noted in Doppler flow when comparing the first beat postmanoeuver (pMM1) with baseline. Mitral E-wave velocity increased 9.1 cm/s while tricuspid E-wave velocity decreased 7.0 cm/s; by the eighth beat postmanoeuver (pMM8) values were not different from baseline. Mitral and tricuspid A-wave velocities were not different from baseline at pMM1, but both were significantly higher by pMM8. Repetitive obstructive apnoeas produce dynamic, inverse changes in atrial size and Doppler flow across the atrioventricular valves. These observations have important implications for understanding the pathophysiology of OSA.

Ultrasound viscoelasticity assessment using an adaptive torsional shear wave propagation method

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ouared, Abderrahmane; Kazemirad, Siavash; Montagnon, Emmanuel

2016-04-15

Purpose: Different approaches have been used in dynamic elastography to assess mechanical properties of biological tissues. Most techniques are based on a simple inversion based on the measurement of the shear wave speed to assess elasticity, whereas some recent strategies use more elaborated analytical or finite element method (FEM) models. In this study, a new method is proposed for the quantification of both shear storage and loss moduli of confined lesions, in the context of breast imaging, using adaptive torsional shear waves (ATSWs) generated remotely with radiation pressure. Methods: A FEM model was developed to solve the inverse wave propagationmore » problem and obtain viscoelastic properties of interrogated media. The inverse problem was formulated and solved in the frequency domain and its robustness to noise and geometric constraints was evaluated. The proposed model was validated in vitro with two independent rheology methods on several homogeneous and heterogeneous breast tissue-mimicking phantoms over a broad range of frequencies (up to 400 Hz). Results: Viscoelastic properties matched benchmark rheology methods with discrepancies of 8%–38% for the shear modulus G′ and 9%–67% for the loss modulus G″. The robustness study indicated good estimations of storage and loss moduli (maximum mean errors of 19% on G′ and 32% on G″) for signal-to-noise ratios between 19.5 and 8.5 dB. Larger errors were noticed in the case of biases in lesion dimension and position. Conclusions: The ATSW method revealed that it is possible to estimate the viscoelasticity of biological tissues with torsional shear waves when small biases in lesion geometry exist.« less

The Origin and Mantle Dynamics of Quaternary Intraplate Volcanism in Northeast China From Joint Inversion of Surface Wave and Body Wave

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Zhen; Wang, Kai; Yang, Yingjie; Tang, Youcai; John Chen, Y.; Hung, Shu-Huei

2018-03-01

We present a 3-D model of NE China by joint inversion of body and surface waves. The joint inversion significantly improves the resolution at shallow depths compared with body wave tomography alone and provides seismic evidence for the origin of Quaternary volcanism in NE China. Our model reveals that the mantle upwelling beneath the Changbaishan volcano originates from the transition zone and extends up to 60 km, and spreads at the base of the lithosphere with the upwelling head 5 times wider than the raising tail in the lower upper mantle. However, low velocities beneath the Halaha and Abaga volcanoes in the Xingmeng belt are confined to depths shallower than 150 km, suggesting that magmatism in the Xingmeng belt is more likely caused by localized asthenospheric upwelling at shallow depths rather than from the common deep source. A small-scale sublithospheric mantle convection may control the spatial and temporal distribution of Quaternary magmatism in NE China; that is, the upwelling beneath the Changbaishan volcano triggers the downwelling beneath the southern Songliao basin, where the high velocity imaged extends to 300 km. The downwelling may further induce localized upwelling in the surrounding areas, such as the Halaha and Abaga volcanoes. Thanks to the joint constraints from both surface and body waves, we can estimate the dimension of the convection cell. The convection cell is located between 42°N and 45°N, spreads around 500 km in the W-E direction measured from the distance between centers of downwelling and upwelling, and extends to 300 km vertically.

Shear wave velocity variation across the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, from receiver function inversion

USGS Publications Warehouse

Bannister, S.; Bryan, C.J.; Bibby, H.M.

2004-01-01

The Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), New Zealand is a region characterized by very high magma eruption rates and extremely high heat flow, which is manifest in high-temperature geothermal waters. The shear wave velocity structure across the region is inferred using non-linear inversion of receiver functions, which were derived from teleseismic earthquake data. Results from the non-linear inversion, and from forward synthetic modelling, indicate low S velocities at ???6- 16 km depth near the Rotorua and Reporoa calderas. We infer these low-velocity layers to represent the presence of high-level bodies of partial melt associated with the volcanism. Receiver functions at other stations are complicated by reverberations associated with near-surface sedimentary layers. The receiver function data also indicate that the Moho lies between 25 and 30 km, deeper than the 15 ?? 2 km depth previously inferred for the crust-mantle boundary beneath the TVZ. ?? 2004 RAS.

Permittivity and conductivity parameter estimations using full waveform inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Serrano, Jheyston O.; Ramirez, Ana B.; Abreo, Sergio A.; Sadler, Brian M.

2018-04-01

Full waveform inversion of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data is a promising strategy to estimate quantitative characteristics of the subsurface such as permittivity and conductivity. In this paper, we propose a methodology that uses Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) in time domain of 2D GPR data to obtain highly resolved images of the permittivity and conductivity parameters of the subsurface. FWI is an iterative method that requires a cost function to measure the misfit between observed and modeled data, a wave propagator to compute the modeled data and an initial velocity model that is updated at each iteration until an acceptable decrease of the cost function is reached. The use of FWI with GPR are expensive computationally because it is based on the computation of the electromagnetic full wave propagation. Also, the commercially available acquisition systems use only one transmitter and one receiver antenna at zero offset, requiring a large number of shots to scan a single line.

High-frequency Rayleigh-wave method

USGS Publications Warehouse

Xia, J.; Miller, R.D.; Xu, Y.; Luo, Y.; Chen, C.; Liu, J.; Ivanov, J.; Zeng, C.

2009-01-01

High-frequency (???2 Hz) Rayleigh-wave data acquired with a multichannel recording system have been utilized to determine shear (S)-wave velocities in near-surface geophysics since the early 1980s. This overview article discusses the main research results of high-frequency surface-wave techniques achieved by research groups at the Kansas Geological Survey and China University of Geosciences in the last 15 years. The multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) method is a non-invasive acoustic approach to estimate near-surface S-wave velocity. The differences between MASW results and direct borehole measurements are approximately 15% or less and random. Studies show that simultaneous inversion with higher modes and the fundamental mode can increase model resolution and an investigation depth. The other important seismic property, quality factor (Q), can also be estimated with the MASW method by inverting attenuation coefficients of Rayleigh waves. An inverted model (S-wave velocity or Q) obtained using a damped least-squares method can be assessed by an optimal damping vector in a vicinity of the inverted model determined by an objective function, which is the trace of a weighted sum of model-resolution and model-covariance matrices. Current developments include modeling high-frequency Rayleigh-waves in near-surface media, which builds a foundation for shallow seismic or Rayleigh-wave inversion in the time-offset domain; imaging dispersive energy with high resolution in the frequency-velocity domain and possibly with data in an arbitrary acquisition geometry, which opens a door for 3D surface-wave techniques; and successfully separating surface-wave modes, which provides a valuable tool to perform S-wave velocity profiling with high-horizontal resolution. ?? China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) and Springer-Verlag GmbH 2009.

The correlation between the amplitude of Osborn wave and core body temperature.

PubMed

Omar, Hesham R; Camporesi, Enrico M

2015-08-01

Several reports illustrate an inverse correlation between the Osborn wave (J wave) amplitude and core body temperature. We attempted to study the strength of this correlation. We reviewed all articles reporting hypothermic J waves from 1950-2014 for patient demographics, core body temperature in Celsius (°C), amplitude of the J wave in millimeters (mm), lead with the highest amplitude of J wave, presence of acidosis, PO2, electrolytes and outcome. In cases with more than one electrocardiogram (ECG), the respective core body temperature and J wave amplitude of each ECG were recorded. The main study outcome is to evaluate the correlation between the J wave amplitude and core body temperature in the admission ECG. We have also examined the strength of this relationship in cases with more than one ECG. We attempted to find the most frequent lead that recorded the highest amplitude of the J wave in addition to the correlation between the amplitude of J wave and pH. We found 64 articles comprising a total of 68 cases. When analyzing only cases with more than one reported ECG, there was a strong inverse correlation (r = - 0.682, p<0.001) between J wave amplitude and body temperature: however, when analyzing admission ECG of all cases, the correlation was only moderate (r = - 0.410, p<0.001). The lead with the highest amplitude of the J wave was V4 (44% of the cases, p<0.001) followed by V3 (23.7% of the cases, p<0.001). The amplitude of the J wave in the admission ECG of hypothermic patients may not accurately predict the core body temperature. © The European Society of Cardiology 2014.

Wind Retrieval using Marine Radars

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-30

utilized to remove the 180° directional ambiguity in SAR wave retrieval ( Engen and Johnson, 1995). We have observed a strong dependency of the...1629–1642, Sep 2007. Engen , G., and H. Johnson, “SAR ocean wave inversion using image cross spectra”, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 33

Viscoelastic characterization of dispersive media by inversion of a general wave propagation model in optical coherence elastography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zvietcovich, Fernando; Rolland, Jannick P.; Grygotis, Emma; Wayson, Sarah; Helguera, Maria; Dalecki, Diane; Parker, Kevin J.

2018-02-01

Determining the mechanical properties of tissue such as elasticity and viscosity is fundamental for better understanding and assessment of pathological and physiological processes. Dynamic optical coherence elastography uses shear/surface wave propagation to estimate frequency-dependent wave speed and Young's modulus. However, for dispersive tissues, the displacement pulse is highly damped and distorted during propagation, diminishing the effectiveness of peak tracking approaches. The majority of methods used to determine mechanical properties assume a rheological model of tissue for the calculation of viscoelastic parameters. Further, plane wave propagation is sometimes assumed which contributes to estimation errors. To overcome these limitations, we invert a general wave propagation model which incorporates (1) the initial force shape of the excitation pulse in the space-time field, (2) wave speed dispersion, (3) wave attenuation caused by the material properties of the sample, (4) wave spreading caused by the outward cylindrical propagation of the wavefronts, and (5) the rheological-independent estimation of the dispersive medium. Experiments were conducted in elastic and viscous tissue-mimicking phantoms by producing a Gaussian push using acoustic radiation force excitation, and measuring the wave propagation using a swept-source frequency domain optical coherence tomography system. Results confirm the effectiveness of the inversion method in estimating viscoelasticity in both the viscous and elastic phantoms when compared to mechanical measurements. Finally, the viscoelastic characterization of collagen hydrogels was conducted. Preliminary results indicate a relationship between collagen concentration and viscoelastic parameters which is important for tissue engineering applications.

Enabling real-time ultrasound imaging of soft tissue mechanical properties by simplification of the shear wave motion equation.

PubMed

Engel, Aaron J; Bashford, Gregory R

2015-08-01

Ultrasound based shear wave elastography (SWE) is a technique used for non-invasive characterization and imaging of soft tissue mechanical properties. Robust estimation of shear wave propagation speed is essential for imaging of soft tissue mechanical properties. In this study we propose to estimate shear wave speed by inversion of the first-order wave equation following directional filtering. This approach relies on estimation of first-order derivatives which allows for accurate estimations using smaller smoothing filters than when estimating second-order derivatives. The performance was compared to three current methods used to estimate shear wave propagation speed: direct inversion of the wave equation (DIWE), time-to-peak (TTP) and cross-correlation (CC). The shear wave speed of three homogeneous phantoms of different elastic moduli (gelatin by weight of 5%, 7%, and 9%) were measured with each method. The proposed method was shown to produce shear speed estimates comparable to the conventional methods (standard deviation of measurements being 0.13 m/s, 0.05 m/s, and 0.12 m/s), but with simpler processing and usually less time (by a factor of 1, 13, and 20 for DIWE, CC, and TTP respectively). The proposed method was able to produce a 2-D speed estimate from a single direction of wave propagation in about four seconds using an off-the-shelf PC, showing the feasibility of performing real-time or near real-time elasticity imaging with dedicated hardware.

Inverse scattering in 1-D nonhomogeneous media and recovery of the wave speed

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aktosun, Tuncay; Klaus, Martin; van der Mee, Cornelis

1992-04-01

The inverse scattering problem for the 1-D Schrödinger equation d2ψ/dx2 + k2ψ= k2P(x)ψ + Q(x)ψ is studied. This equation is equivalent to the 1-D wave equation with speed 1/√1-P(x) in a nonhomogeneous medium where Q(x) acts as a restoring force. When Q(x) is integrable with a finite first moment, P(x)<1 and bounded below and satisfies two integrability conditions, P(x) is recovered uniquely when the scattering data and Q(x) are known. Some explicitly solved examples are provided.

Ultra-low velocity zones beneath the Philippine and Tasman Seas revealed by a trans-dimensional Bayesian waveform inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pachhai, Surya; Dettmer, Jan; Tkalčić, Hrvoje

2015-11-01

Ultra-low velocity zones (ULVZs) are small-scale structures in the Earth's lowermost mantle inferred from the analysis of seismological observations. These structures exhibit a strong decrease in compressional (P)-wave velocity, shear (S)-wave velocity, and an increase in density. Quantifying the elastic properties of ULVZs is crucial for understanding their physical origin, which has been hypothesized either as partial melting, iron enrichment, or a combination of the two. Possible disambiguation of these hypotheses can lead to a better understanding of the dynamic processes of the lowermost mantle, such as, percolation, stirring and thermochemical convection. To date, ULVZs have been predominantly studied by forward waveform modelling of seismic waves that sample the core-mantle boundary region. However, ULVZ parameters (i.e. velocity, density, and vertical and lateral extent) obtained through forward modelling are poorly constrained because inferring Earth structure from seismic observations is a non-linear inverse problem with inherent non-uniqueness. To address these issues, we developed a trans-dimensional hierarchical Bayesian inversion that enables rigorous estimation of ULVZ parameter values and their uncertainties, including the effects of model selection. The model selection includes treating the number of layers and the vertical extent of the ULVZ as unknowns. The posterior probability density (solution to the inverse problem) of the ULVZ parameters is estimated by reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling that employs parallel tempering to improve efficiency/convergence. First, we apply our method to study the resolution of complex ULVZ structure (including gradually varying structure) by probabilistically inverting simulated noisy waveforms. Then, two data sets sampling the CMB beneath the Philippine and Tasman Seas are considered in the inversion. Our results indicate that both ULVZs are more complex than previously suggested. For the Philippine Sea data, we find a strong decrease in S-wave velocity, which indicates the presence of iron-rich material, albeit this result is accompanied with larger parameter uncertainties than in a previous study. For the Tasman Sea data, our analysis yields a well-constrained S-wave velocity that gradually decreases with depth. We conclude that this ULVZ represents a partial melt of iron-enriched material with higher melt content near its bottom.

Finite frequency shear wave splitting tomography: a model space search approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mondal, P.; Long, M. D.

2017-12-01

Observations of seismic anisotropy provide key constraints on past and present mantle deformation. A common method for upper mantle anisotropy is to measure shear wave splitting parameters (delay time and fast direction). However, the interpretation is not straightforward, because splitting measurements represent an integration of structure along the ray path. A tomographic approach that allows for localization of anisotropy is desirable; however, tomographic inversion for anisotropic structure is a daunting task, since 21 parameters are needed to describe general anisotropy. Such a large parameter space does not allow a straightforward application of tomographic inversion. Building on previous work on finite frequency shear wave splitting tomography, this study aims to develop a framework for SKS splitting tomography with a new parameterization of anisotropy and a model space search approach. We reparameterize the full elastic tensor, reducing the number of parameters to three (a measure of strength based on symmetry considerations for olivine, plus the dip and azimuth of the fast symmetry axis). We compute Born-approximation finite frequency sensitivity kernels relating model perturbations to splitting intensity observations. The strong dependence of the sensitivity kernels on the starting anisotropic model, and thus the strong non-linearity of the inverse problem, makes a linearized inversion infeasible. Therefore, we implement a Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique in the inversion procedure. We have performed tests with synthetic data sets to evaluate computational costs and infer the resolving power of our algorithm for synthetic models with multiple anisotropic layers. Our technique can resolve anisotropic parameters on length scales of ˜50 km for realistic station and event configurations for dense broadband experiments. We are proceeding towards applications to real data sets, with an initial focus on the High Lava Plains of Oregon.

Children's Understanding of the Arithmetic Concepts of Inversion and Associativity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Robinson, Katherine M.; Ninowski, Jerilyn E.; Gray, Melissa L.

2006-01-01

Previous studies have shown that even preschoolers can solve inversion problems of the form a + b - b by using the knowledge that addition and subtraction are inverse operations. In this study, a new type of inversion problem of the form d x e [divided by] e was also examined. Grade 6 and 8 students solved inversion problems of both types as well…

Time-reversal and Bayesian inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Debski, Wojciech

2017-04-01

Probabilistic inversion technique is superior to the classical optimization-based approach in all but one aspects. It requires quite exhaustive computations which prohibit its use in huge size inverse problems like global seismic tomography or waveform inversion to name a few. The advantages of the approach are, however, so appealing that there is an ongoing continuous afford to make the large inverse task as mentioned above manageable with the probabilistic inverse approach. One of the perspective possibility to achieve this goal relays on exploring the internal symmetry of the seismological modeling problems in hand - a time reversal and reciprocity invariance. This two basic properties of the elastic wave equation when incorporating into the probabilistic inversion schemata open a new horizons for Bayesian inversion. In this presentation we discuss the time reversal symmetry property, its mathematical aspects and propose how to combine it with the probabilistic inverse theory into a compact, fast inversion algorithm. We illustrate the proposed idea with the newly developed location algorithm TRMLOC and discuss its efficiency when applied to mining induced seismic data.

Effect of Faraday rotation on the circular polarization of the Crab Nebula

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gerver, M. J.

1974-01-01

The effect of Faraday rotation on the circular polarization of an electromagnetic wave propagating through a magnetized plasma is calculated for various limits of the plasma and wave parameters appropriate to a 30-Hz wave in the Crab Nebula. It is shown that a static magnetic field of the proper geometry and only a few times stronger than the wave field can reduce the circular polarization of the nonlinear inverse Compton radiation to a value below the observed upper limit.-

Secondary Generation of Mountain Waves in the Stratosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Woods, Bryan K.

Secondary generation of mountain waves was documented using in situ aircraft data from the Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX). Mountain waves propagating from the Sierra Nevada generated secondary waves due to stratospheric wave breaking. The seminal Eliassen and Palm (1961) relation of mountain wave energy and momentum fluxes is observationally verified for the first time. One case of reversed wave fluxes in the stratosphere is shown to be the result of multiscale secondary waves propagating down from the stratosphere. The Tropopause Inversion Layer (TIL) is shown to be capable of serving as a wave duct trapping such secondary waves. Simple idealized 2D simulations are shown to reproduce secondary wave patterns that bare striking resemblance to those observed in T-REX. However, 3D simulations are shown to fail to reproduce realistic secondary waves.

Three-Dimensional Anisotropic Acoustic and Elastic Full-Waveform Seismic Inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Warner, M.; Morgan, J. V.

2013-12-01

Three-dimensional full-waveform inversion is a high-resolution, high-fidelity, quantitative, seismic imaging technique that has advanced rapidly within the oil and gas industry. The method involves the iterative improvement of a starting model using a series of local linearized updates to solve the full non-linear inversion problem. During the inversion, forward modeling employs the full two-way three-dimensional heterogeneous anisotropic acoustic or elastic wave equation to predict the observed raw field data, wiggle-for-wiggle, trace-by-trace. The method is computationally demanding; it is highly parallelized, and runs on large multi-core multi-node clusters. Here, we demonstrate what can be achieved by applying this newly practical technique to several high-density 3D seismic datasets that were acquired to image four contrasting sedimentary targets: a gas cloud above an oil reservoir, a radially faulted dome, buried fluvial channels, and collapse structures overlying an evaporate sequence. We show that the resulting anisotropic p-wave velocity models match in situ measurements in deep boreholes, reproduce detailed structure observed independently on high-resolution seismic reflection sections, accurately predict the raw seismic data, simplify and sharpen reverse-time-migrated reflection images of deeper horizons, and flatten Kirchhoff-migrated common-image gathers. We also show that full-elastic 3D full-waveform inversion of pure pressure data can generate a reasonable shear-wave velocity model for one of these datasets. For two of the four datasets, the inclusion of significant transversely isotropic anisotropy with a vertical axis of symmetry was necessary in order to fit the kinematics of the field data properly. For the faulted dome, the full-waveform-inversion p-wave velocity model recovers the detailed structure of every fault that can be seen on coincident seismic reflection data. Some of the individual faults represent high-velocity zones, some represent low-velocity zones, some have more-complex internal structure, and some are visible merely as offsets between two regions with contrasting velocity. Although this has not yet been demonstrated quantitatively for this dataset, it seems likely that at least some of this fine structure in the recovered velocity model is related to the detailed lithology, strain history and fluid properties within the individual faults. We have here applied this technique to seismic data that were acquired by the extractive industries, however this inversion scheme is immediately scalable and applicable to a much wider range of problems given sufficient quality and density of observed data. Potential targets range from shallow magma chambers beneath active volcanoes, through whole-crustal sections across plate boundaries, to regional and whole-Earth models.

Rayleigh-wave dispersive energy imaging and mode separating by high-resolution linear Radon transform

USGS Publications Warehouse

Luo, Y.; Xu, Y.; Liu, Q.; Xia, J.

2008-01-01

In recent years, multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) has been increasingly used for obtaining vertical shear-wave velocity profiles within near-surface materials. MASW uses a multichannel recording approach to capture the time-variant, full-seismic wavefield where dispersive surface waves can be used to estimate near-surface S-wave velocity. The technique consists of (1) acquisition of broadband, high-frequency ground roll using a multichannel recording system; (2) efficient and accurate algorithms that allow the extraction and analysis of 1D Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves; (3) stable and efficient inversion algorithms for estimating S-wave velocity profiles; and (4) construction of the 2D S-wave velocity field map.

AKNS eigenvalue spectrum for densely spaced envelope solitary waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Slunyaev, Alexey; Starobor, Alexey

2010-05-01

The problem of the influence of one envelope soliton to the discrete eigenvalues of the associated scattering problem for the other envelope soliton, which is situated close to the first one, is discussed. Envelope solitons are exact solutions of the integrable nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS). Their generalizations (taking into account the background nonlinear waves [1-4] or strongly nonlinear effects [5, 6]) are possible candidates to rogue waves in the ocean. The envelope solitary waves could be in principle detected in the stochastic wave field by approaches based on the Inverse Scattering Technique in terms of ‘unstable modes' (see [1-3]), or envelope solitons [7-8]. However, densely spaced intense groups influence the spectrum of the associated scattering problem, so that the solitary trains cannot be considered alone. Here we solve the initial-value problem exactly for some simplified configurations of the wave field, representing two closely placed intense wave groups, within the frameworks of the NLS equation by virtue of the solution of the AKNS system [9]. We show that the analogues of the level splitting and the tunneling effects, known in quantum physics, exist in the context of the NLS equation, and thus may be observed in application to sea waves [10]. These effects make the detecting of single solitary wave groups surrounded by other nonlinear wave groups difficult. [1]. A.L. Islas, C.M. Schober (2005) Predicting rogue waves in random oceanic sea states. Phys. Fluids 17, 031701-1-4. [2]. A.R. Osborne, M. Onorato, M. Serio (2005) Nonlinear Fourier analysis of deep-water random surface waves: Theoretical formulation and and experimental observations of rogue waves. 14th Aha Huliko's Winter Workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii. [3]. C.M. Schober, A. Calini (2008) Rogue waves in higher order nonlinear Schrödinger models. In: Extreme Waves (Eds.: E. Pelinovsky & C. Kharif), Springer. [4]. N. Akhmediev, A. Ankiewicz, M. Taki (2009) Waves that appear from nowhere and disappear without a trace. Phys. Lett. A 373, 675-678. [5]. A.I. Dyachenko, V.E. Zakharov (2008) On the formation of freak waves on the surface of deep water. JETP Lett. 88 (5), 307-311. [6]. A.V. Slunyaev (2009) Numerical simulation of "limiting" envelope solitons of gravity waves on deep water. JETP 109, 676-686. [7]. A. Slunyaev, E. Pelinovsky, and C. Guedes Soares (2005) Modeling freak waves from the North Sea. Appl. Ocean Res. 27, 12-22. [8]. A. Slunyaev (2006) Nonlinear analysis and simulations of measured freak wave time series. Eur. J. Mech. B / Fluids 25, 621-635. [9]. M.J. Ablowitz, D.J. Kaup, A.C. Newell, H. Segur (1974) The inverse scattering transform - Fourier analysis for nonlinear problems. Stud. Appl. Math. 53, 249-315. [10]. A.V. Starobor (2009) Interpretation of the inverse scattering data for the analysis of wave groups on water surface. Bachelor degree thesis. N. Novgorod State University, in Russian.

The exploration technology and application of sea surface wave

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Y.

2016-12-01

In order to investigate the seismic velocity structure of the shallow sediments in the Bohai Sea of China, we conduct a shear-wave velocity inversion of the surface wave dispersion data from a survey of 12 ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) and 377 shots of a 9000 inch3 air gun. With OBS station spacing of 5 km and air gun shot spacing of 190 m, high-quality Rayleigh wave data were recorded by the OBSs within 0.4 5 km offset. Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion for the fundamental mode and first overtone in the frequency band of 0.9 3.0 Hz were retrieved with the phase-shift method and inverted for the shear-wave velocity structure of the shallow sediments with a damped iterative least-square algorithm. Pseudo 2-D shear-wave velocity profiles with depth to 400 m show coherent features of relatively weak lateral velocity variation. The uncertainty in shear-wave velocity structure was also estimated based on the pseudo 2-D profiles from 6 trial inversions with different initial models, which suggest a velocity uncertainty < 30 m/s for most parts of the 2-D profiles. The layered structure with little lateral variation may be attributable to the continuous sedimentary environment in the Cenozoic sedimentary basin of the Bohai Bay basin. The shear-wave velocity of 200 300 m/s in the top 100 m of the Bohai Sea floor may provide important information for offshore site response studies in earthquake engineering. Furthermore, the very low shear-wave velocity structure (200 700 m/s) down to 400 m depth could produce a significant travel time delay of 1 s in the S wave arrivals, which needs to be considered to avoid serious bias in S wave traveltime tomographic models.

Inversion of ocean-bottom seismometer (OBS) waveforms for oceanic crust structure: a synthetic study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Xueyan; Wang, Yanbin; Chen, Yongshun John

2016-08-01

The waveform inversion method is applied—using synthetic ocean-bottom seismometer (OBS) data—to study oceanic crust structure. A niching genetic algorithm (NGA) is used to implement the inversion for the thickness and P-wave velocity of each layer, and to update the model by minimizing the objective function, which consists of the misfit and cross-correlation of observed and synthetic waveforms. The influence of specific NGA method parameters is discussed, and suitable values are presented. The NGA method works well for various observation systems, such as those with irregular and sparse distribution of receivers as well as single receiver systems. A strategy is proposed to accelerate the convergence rate by a factor of five with no increase in computational complexity; this is achieved using a first inversion with several generations to impose a restriction on the preset range of each parameter and then conducting a second inversion with the new range. Despite the successes of this method, its usage is limited. A shallow water layer is not favored because the direct wave in water will suppress the useful reflection signals from the crust. A more precise calculation of the air-gun source signal should be considered in order to better simulate waveforms generated in realistic situations; further studies are required to investigate this issue.

Modeling the 16 September 2015 Chile tsunami source with the inversion of deep-ocean tsunami records by means of the r - solution method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Voronina, Tatyana; Romanenko, Alexey; Loskutov, Artem

2017-04-01

The key point in the state-of-the-art in the tsunami forecasting is constructing a reliable tsunami source. In this study, we present an application of the original numerical inversion technique to modeling the tsunami sources of the 16 September 2015 Chile tsunami. The problem of recovering a tsunami source from remote measurements of the incoming wave in the deep-water tsunameters is considered as an inverse problem of mathematical physics in the class of ill-posed problems. This approach is based on the least squares and the truncated singular value decomposition techniques. The tsunami wave propagation is considered within the scope of the linear shallow-water theory. As in inverse seismic problem, the numerical solutions obtained by mathematical methods become unstable due to the presence of noise in real data. A method of r-solutions makes it possible to avoid instability in the solution to the ill-posed problem under study. This method seems to be attractive from the computational point of view since the main efforts are required only once for calculating the matrix whose columns consist of computed waveforms for each harmonic as a source (an unknown tsunami source is represented as a part of a spatial harmonics series in the source area). Furthermore, analyzing the singular spectra of the matrix obtained in the course of numerical calculations one can estimate the future inversion by a certain observational system that will allow offering a more effective disposition for the tsunameters with the help of precomputations. In other words, the results obtained allow finding a way to improve the inversion by selecting the most informative set of available recording stations. The case study of the 6 February 2013 Solomon Islands tsunami highlights a critical role of arranging deep-water tsunameters for obtaining the inversion results. Implementation of the proposed methodology to the 16 September 2015 Chile tsunami has successfully produced tsunami source model. The function recovered by the method proposed can find practical applications both as an initial condition for various optimization approaches and for computer calculation of the tsunami wave propagation.

An attempt to estimate isotropic and anisotropic lateral structure of the Earth by spectral inversion incorporating mixed coupling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oda, Hitoshi

2005-02-01

We present a way to calculate free oscillation spectra for an aspherical earth model, which is constructed by adding isotropic and anisotropic velocity perturbations to the seismic velocity parameters of a reference earth model, and examine the effect of the velocity perturbations on the free oscillation spectrum. Lateral variations of the velocity perturbations are parametrized as an expansion in generalized spherical harmonics. We assume weak hexagonal anisotropy for the seismic wave anisotropy in the upper mantle, where the hexagonal symmetry axes are horizontally distributed. The synthetic spectra show that the velocity perturbations cause not only strong self-coupling among singlets of a multiplet but also mixed coupling between toroidal and spheroidal multiplets. Both the couplings give rise to an amplitude anomaly on the vertical component spectrum. In this study, we identify the amplitude anomaly resulting from the mixed coupling as quasi-toroidal mode. Excitation of the quasi-toroidal mode by a vertical strike-slip fault is largest on nodal lines of the Rayleigh wave, decreases with increasing azimuth angle and becomes smallest on loop lines. This azimuthal dependence of the spectral amplitude is quite similar to the Love wave radiation pattern. In addition, the amplitude spectrum of the quasi-toroidal mode is more sensitive to the anisotropic velocity perturbation than to the isotropic velocity perturbation. This means that the mode spectrum allowing for the mixed-coupling effect may provide constraints on the anisotropic lateral structure as well as the isotropic lateral structure. An inversion method, called mixed-coupling spectral inversion, is devised to retrieve the isotropic and anisotropic velocity perturbations from the free oscillation spectra incorporating the quasi-toroidal mode. We confirm that the spectral inversion method correctly recovers the isotropic and anisotropic lateral structure. Moreover introducing the mixed-coupling effect in the spectral inversion makes it possible to estimate the odd-order lateral structure, which cannot be determined by the conventional spectral inversion, which takes no account of the mixed coupling. Higher order structure is biased by the mixed coupling when the conventional spectral inversion is applied to the amplitude spectra incorporating the mixed coupling.

Robust state preparation in quantum simulations of Dirac dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Xue-Ke; Deng, Fu-Guo; Lamata, Lucas; Muga, J. G.

2017-02-01

A nonrelativistic system such as an ultracold trapped ion may perform a quantum simulation of a Dirac equation dynamics under specific conditions. The resulting Hamiltonian and dynamics are highly controllable, but the coupling between momentum and internal levels poses some difficulties to manipulate the internal states accurately in wave packets. We use invariants of motion to inverse engineer robust population inversion processes with a homogeneous, time-dependent simulated electric field. This exemplifies the usefulness of inverse-engineering techniques to improve the performance of quantum simulation protocols.

A method of inversion of satellite magnetic anomaly data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mayhew, M. A.

1977-01-01

A method of finding a first approximation to a crustal magnetization distribution from inversion of satellite magnetic anomaly data is described. Magnetization is expressed as a Fourier Series in a segment of spherical shell. Input to this procedure is an equivalent source representation of the observed anomaly field. Instability of the inversion occurs when high frequency noise is present in the input data, or when the series is carried to an excessively high wave number. Preliminary results are given for the United States and adjacent areas.

Reconstruction of the sea surface elevation from the analysis of the data collected by a wave radar system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ludeno, Giovanni; Soldovieri, Francesco; Serafino, Francesco; Lugni, Claudio; Fucile, Fabio; Bulian, Gabriele

2016-04-01

X-band radar system is able to provide information about direction and intensity of the sea surface currents and dominant waves in a range of few kilometers from the observation point (up to 3 nautical miles). This capability, together with their flexibility and low cost, makes these devices useful tools for the sea monitoring either coastal or off-shore area. The data collected from wave radar system can be analyzed by using the inversion strategy presented in [1,2] to obtain the estimation of the following sea parameters: peak wave direction; peak period; peak wavelength; significant wave height; sea surface current and bathymetry. The estimation of the significant wave height represents a limitation of the wave radar system because of the radar backscatter is not directly related to the sea surface elevation. In fact, in the last period, substantial research has been carried out to estimate significant wave height from radar images either with or without calibration using in-situ measurements. In this work, we will present two alternative approaches for the reconstruction of the sea surface elevation from wave radar images. In particular, the first approach is based on the basis of an approximated version of the modulation transfer function (MTF) tuned from a series of numerical simulation, following the line of[3]. The second approach is based on the inversion of radar images using a direct regularised least square technique. Assuming a linearised model for the tilt modulation, the sea elevation has been reconstructed as a least square fitting of the radar imaging data[4]. References [1]F. Serafino, C. Lugni, and F. Soldovieri, "A novel strategy for the surface current determination from marine X-band radar data," IEEE Geosci.Remote Sens. Lett., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 231-235, Apr. 2010. [2]Ludeno, G., Brandini, C., Lugni, C., Arturi, D., Natale, A., Soldovieri, F., Serafino, F. (2014). Remocean System for the Detection of the Reflected Waves from the Costa Concordia Ship Wreck. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 7(7). [3]Nieto Borge, J., Rodriguez, G.R., Hessner, K., González, P.I., (2004). Inversion of Marine Radar Images for Surface Wave Analysis. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 21, 1291-1300. [4] Fucile, F., Ludeno, G., Serafino, F.,Bulian, G., Soldovieri, F., Lugni, C. "Some challenges in recovering wave features from a wave radar system". Paper submitted to the International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE, Rhodes 2016

The distribution of seismic velocities and attenuation in the earth. Ph.D. Thesis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hart, R. S.

1977-01-01

Estimates of the radial distribution of seismic velocities and density and of seismic attenuation within the earth are obtained through inversion of body wave, surface wave, and normal mode data. The effect of attenuation related dispersion on gross earth structure, and on the reliability of eigenperiod identifications is discussed. The travel time baseline discrepancies between body waves and free oscillation models are examined and largely resolved.

Joint inversion of surface wave dispersion and receiver functions for crustal structure in Oklahoma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Hao

The surge in seismicity in Oklahoma starting in 2008 raises questions about the actual locations of the earthquakes in the upper crust. The key to answering this is an improved crustal model that explains as many observations as possible. Love and Rayleigh wave dispersion, teleseismic P-wave receiver functions and some unique transverse motions observed at distances less than 100 km that are characteristics of rays reverberating in a basin provide data to derive the crustal model. The surface wave dispersion data set consists of over 300,000 Love/Rayleigh phase/group values obtained from ambient noise cross-correlation of BH channels of the 133 Transportable Array (TA) stations of Earthscope to periods as short as 2 seconds. Station coverage is dense enough to perform the tomography on a 25*25 km grid that should be able to image shallow geological structures. In addition, receiver functions were obtained using teleseismic data recorded from 3 US Geological Survey Networks (GS) stations and 6 Oklahoma Seismic Network (OK) stations from 2011 to 2014. The 1-D S-wave velocity models derived by the joint inversion of surface wave dispersion and receiver functions with geological constraints are tested by fitting the independent transverse seismograms. This test also provides constraints on the earthquake depths in relation to the geological structure.

Acquisition and processing pitfall with clipped traces in surface-wave analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Lingli; Pan, Yudi

2016-02-01

Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) is widely used in estimating near-surface shear (S)-wave velocity. In the MASW method, generating a reliable dispersion image in the frequency-velocity (f-v) domain is an important processing step. A locus along peaks of dispersion energy at different frequencies allows the dispersion curves to be constructed for inversion. When the offsets are short, the output seismic data may exceed the dynamic ranges of geophones/seismograph, as a result of which, peaks and (or) troughs of traces will be squared off in recorded shot gathers. Dispersion images generated by the raw shot gathers with clipped traces would be contaminated by artifacts, which might be misidentified as Rayleigh-wave phase velocities or body-wave velocities and potentially lead to incorrect results. We performed some synthetic models containing clipped traces, and analyzed amplitude spectra of unclipped and clipped waves. The results indicate that artifacts in the dispersion image are dependent on the level of clipping. A real-world example also shows how clipped traces would affect the dispersion image. All the results suggest that clipped traces should be removed from the shot gathers before generating dispersion images, in order to pick accurate phase velocities and set reasonable initial inversion models.

Joint Inversion of 1-Hz GPS Data and Strong Motion Records for the Rupture Process of the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake: Objectively Determining Relative Weighting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Z.; Kato, T.; Wang, Y.

2015-12-01

The spatiotemporal fault slip history of the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake, Japan, is obtained by the joint inversion of 1-Hz GPS waveforms and near-field strong motion records. 1-Hz GPS data from GEONET is processed by GAMIT/GLOBK and then a low-pass filter of 0.05 Hz is applied. The ground surface strong motion records from stations of K-NET and Kik-Net are band-pass filtered for the range of 0.05 ~ 0.3 Hz and integrated once to obtain velocity. The joint inversion exploits a broader frequency band for near-field ground motions, which provides excellent constraints for both the detailed slip history and slip distribution. A fully Bayesian inversion method is performed to simultaneously and objectively determine the rupture model, the unknown relative weighting of multiple data sets and the unknown smoothing hyperparameters. The preferred rupture model is stable for different choices of velocity structure model and station distribution, with maximum slip of ~ 8.0 m and seismic moment of 2.9 × 1019 Nm (Mw 6.9). By comparison with the single inversion of strong motion records, the cumulative slip distribution of joint inversion shows sparser slip distribution with two slip asperities. One common slip asperity extends from the hypocenter southeastward to the ground surface of breakage; another slip asperity, which is unique for joint inversion contributed by 1-Hz GPS waveforms, appears in the deep part of fault where very few aftershocks are occurring. The differential moment rate function of joint and single inversions obviously indicates that rich high frequency waves are radiated in the first three seconds but few low frequency waves.

True amplitude wave equation migration arising from true amplitude one-way wave equations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yu; Zhang, Guanquan; Bleistein, Norman

2003-10-01

One-way wave operators are powerful tools for use in forward modelling and inversion. Their implementation, however, involves introduction of the square root of an operator as a pseudo-differential operator. Furthermore, a simple factoring of the wave operator produces one-way wave equations that yield the same travel times as the full wave equation, but do not yield accurate amplitudes except for homogeneous media and for almost all points in heterogeneous media. Here, we present augmented one-way wave equations. We show that these equations yield solutions for which the leading order asymptotic amplitude as well as the travel time satisfy the same differential equations as the corresponding functions for the full wave equation. Exact representations of the square-root operator appearing in these differential equations are elusive, except in cases in which the heterogeneity of the medium is independent of the transverse spatial variables. Here, we address the fully heterogeneous case. Singling out depth as the preferred direction of propagation, we introduce a representation of the square-root operator as an integral in which a rational function of the transverse Laplacian appears in the integrand. This allows us to carry out explicit asymptotic analysis of the resulting one-way wave equations. To do this, we introduce an auxiliary function that satisfies a lower dimensional wave equation in transverse spatial variables only. We prove that ray theory for these one-way wave equations leads to one-way eikonal equations and the correct leading order transport equation for the full wave equation. We then introduce appropriate boundary conditions at z = 0 to generate waves at depth whose quotient leads to a reflector map and an estimate of the ray theoretical reflection coefficient on the reflector. Thus, these true amplitude one-way wave equations lead to a 'true amplitude wave equation migration' (WEM) method. In fact, we prove that applying the WEM imaging condition to these newly defined wavefields in heterogeneous media leads to the Kirchhoff inversion formula for common-shot data when the one-way wavefields are replaced by their ray theoretic approximations. This extension enhances the original WEM method. The objective of that technique was a reflector map, only. The underlying theory did not address amplitude issues. Computer output obtained using numerically generated data confirms the accuracy of this inversion method. However, there are practical limitations. The observed data must be a solution of the wave equation. Therefore, the data over the entire survey area must be collected from a single common-shot experiment. Multi-experiment data, such as common-offset data, cannot be used with this method as currently formulated. Research on extending the method is ongoing at this time.

Constrained inversion as a hypothesis testing tool, what can we learn about the lithosphere?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moorkamp, Max; Stewart, Fishwick; Jones, Alan G.

2017-04-01

Inversion of geophysical data constrained by a reference model is typically used to guide the inversion of low resolution data towards a geologically plausible solution. For example, a migrated seismic section can provide the location of lithological boundaries for potential field inversions. Here we consider the inversion of long-period magnetotelluric data constrained by models generated through surface wave inversion. In this case, we do not consider the surface wave model inherently better in any sense and want to guide the magnetotelluric inversion towards this model, but we want to test the hypothesis that both datasets can be explained by models with similar structure. If the hypothesis test is successful, i.e. we can fit the observations with a conductivity model with structural similarity to the seismic model, we have found an alternative explanation compared to the individual inversion and can use the differences to learn about the resolution of the magnetotelluric data and can improve our interpretation. Conversely, if the test refutes our hypothesis of coincident structure, we have found features in the models that are sensed fundamentally different by both methods which is potentially instructive on the nature of the anomalies. We use a MT dataset acquired in central Botswana over the Okwa terrane and the adjacent Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe Cratons together with a tomographic model for the region to illustrate and test this approach. Here, various conductive structures have been identified that bridge the Moho. Furthermore, the thickness of the lithosphere inferred from the different methods differs. In both cases the question is in how far this is a result of the ill-posed nature of inversion and in how far these differences can be reconciled. Thus this dataset is an ideal test case for our hypothesis testing approach. Finally, we will demonstrate how we can use the results of the constrained inversion to extract conductivity-velocity relationships in the region and gain further insight into the composition and thermal structure of the lithosphere.

The Effect of Flow Velocity on Waveform Inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, D.; Shin, S.; Chung, W.; Ha, J.; Lim, Y.; Kim, S.

2017-12-01

The waveform inversion is a velocity modeling technique that reconstructs accurate subsurface physical properties. Therefore, using the model in its final, updated version, we generated data identical to modeled data. Flow velocity, like several other factors, affects observed data in seismic exploration. Despite this, there is insufficient research on its relationship with waveform inversion. In this study, the generated synthetic data considering flow velocity was factored in waveform inversion and the influence of flow velocity in waveform inversion was analyzed. Measuring the flow velocity generally requires additional equipment. However, for situations where only seismic data was available, flow velocity was calculated by fixed-point iteration method using direct wave in observed data. Further, a new waveform inversion was proposed, which can be applied to the calculated flow velocity. We used a wave equation, which can work with the flow velocities used in the study by Käser and Dumbser. Further, we enhanced the efficiency of computation by applying the back-propagation method. To verify the proposed algorithm, six different data sets were generated using the Marmousi2 model; each of these data sets used different flow velocities in the range 0-50, i.e., 0, 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50. Thereafter, the inversion results from these data sets along with the results without the use of flow velocity were compared and analyzed. In this study, we analyzed the results of waveform inversion after flow velocity has been factored in. It was demonstrated that the waveform inversion is not affected significantly when the flow velocity is of smaller value. However, when the flow velocity has a large value, factoring it in the waveform inversion produces superior results. This research was supported by the Basic Research Project(17-3312, 17-3313) of the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources(KIGAM) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning of Korea.

Implementing wavelet inverse-transform processor with surface acoustic wave device.

PubMed

Lu, Wenke; Zhu, Changchun; Liu, Qinghong; Zhang, Jingduan

2013-02-01

The objective of this research was to investigate the implementation schemes of the wavelet inverse-transform processor using surface acoustic wave (SAW) device, the length function of defining the electrodes, and the possibility of solving the load resistance and the internal resistance for the wavelet inverse-transform processor using SAW device. In this paper, we investigate the implementation schemes of the wavelet inverse-transform processor using SAW device. In the implementation scheme that the input interdigital transducer (IDT) and output IDT stand in a line, because the electrode-overlap envelope of the input IDT is identical with the one of the output IDT (i.e. the two transducers are identical), the product of the input IDT's frequency response and the output IDT's frequency response can be implemented, so that the wavelet inverse-transform processor can be fabricated. X-112(0)Y LiTaO(3) is used as a substrate material to fabricate the wavelet inverse-transform processor. The size of the wavelet inverse-transform processor using this implementation scheme is small, so its cost is low. First, according to the envelope function of the wavelet function, the length function of the electrodes is defined, then, the lengths of the electrodes can be calculated from the length function of the electrodes, finally, the input IDT and output IDT can be designed according to the lengths and widths for the electrodes. In this paper, we also present the load resistance and the internal resistance as the two problems of the wavelet inverse-transform processor using SAW devices. The solutions to these problems are achieved in this study. When the amplifiers are subjected to the input end and output end for the wavelet inverse-transform processor, they can eliminate the influence of the load resistance and the internal resistance on the output voltage of the wavelet inverse-transform processor using SAW device. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Backus-Gilbert inversion of travel time data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, L. E.

1972-01-01

Application of the Backus-Gilbert theory for geophysical inverse problems to the seismic body wave travel-time problem is described. In particular, it is shown how to generate earth models that fit travel-time data to within one standard error and having generated such models how to describe their degree of uniqueness. An example is given to illustrate the process.

Inverse scattering transform analysis of rogue waves using local periodization procedure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Randoux, Stéphane; Suret, Pierre; El, Gennady

2016-07-01

The nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) stands out as the dispersive nonlinear partial differential equation that plays a prominent role in the modeling and understanding of the wave phenomena relevant to many fields of nonlinear physics. The question of random input problems in the one-dimensional and integrable NLSE enters within the framework of integrable turbulence, and the specific question of the formation of rogue waves (RWs) has been recently extensively studied in this context. The determination of exact analytic solutions of the focusing 1D-NLSE prototyping RW events of statistical relevance is now considered as the problem of central importance. Here we address this question from the perspective of the inverse scattering transform (IST) method that relies on the integrable nature of the wave equation. We develop a conceptually new approach to the RW classification in which appropriate, locally coherent structures are specifically isolated from a globally incoherent wave train to be subsequently analyzed by implementing a numerical IST procedure relying on a spatial periodization of the object under consideration. Using this approach we extend the existing classifications of the prototypes of RWs from standard breathers and their collisions to more general nonlinear modes characterized by their nonlinear spectra.

Inverse scattering transform analysis of rogue waves using local periodization procedure

PubMed Central

Randoux, Stéphane; Suret, Pierre; El, Gennady

2016-01-01

The nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) stands out as the dispersive nonlinear partial differential equation that plays a prominent role in the modeling and understanding of the wave phenomena relevant to many fields of nonlinear physics. The question of random input problems in the one-dimensional and integrable NLSE enters within the framework of integrable turbulence, and the specific question of the formation of rogue waves (RWs) has been recently extensively studied in this context. The determination of exact analytic solutions of the focusing 1D-NLSE prototyping RW events of statistical relevance is now considered as the problem of central importance. Here we address this question from the perspective of the inverse scattering transform (IST) method that relies on the integrable nature of the wave equation. We develop a conceptually new approach to the RW classification in which appropriate, locally coherent structures are specifically isolated from a globally incoherent wave train to be subsequently analyzed by implementing a numerical IST procedure relying on a spatial periodization of the object under consideration. Using this approach we extend the existing classifications of the prototypes of RWs from standard breathers and their collisions to more general nonlinear modes characterized by their nonlinear spectra. PMID:27385164

SAW Synthesis With IDTs Array and the Inverse Filter: Toward a Versatile SAW Toolbox for Microfluidics and Biological Applications.

PubMed

Riaud, Antoine; Baudoin, Michael; Thomas, Jean-Louis; Bou Matar, Olivier

2016-10-01

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are versatile tools to manipulate fluids at small scales for microfluidics and biological applications. A nonexhaustive list of operations that can be performed with SAW includes sessile droplet displacement, atomization, division, and merging but also the actuation of fluids embedded in microchannels or the manipulation of suspended particles. However, each of these operations requires a specific design of the wave generation system, the so-called interdigitated transducers (IDTs). Depending on the application, it might indeed be necessary to generate focused or plane, propagating or standing, and aligned or shifted waves. Furthermore, the possibilities offered by more complex wave fields such as acoustical vortices for particle tweezing and liquid twisting cannot be explored with classical IDTs. In this paper, we show that the inverse filter technique coupled with an IDTs array enables us to synthesize all classical wave fields used in microfluidics and biological applications with a single multifunctional platform. It also enables us to generate swirling SAWs, whose potential for the on-chip synthesis of tailored acoustical vortices has been demonstrated lately. The possibilities offered by this platform are illustrated by performing many operations successively on sessile droplets with the same system.

Elastic and anelastic structure of the lowermost mantle beneath the Western Pacific using waveform inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Konishi, K.; Deschamps, F.; Fuji, N.

2015-12-01

We investigate quasi-2D elastic and anelastic structure of the lowermost mantle beneath the Western Pacific by inverting S and ScS waveforms. The transverse component data were obtained from F-net for 32 deep sources beneath Tonga and Fiji, filtered between 12.5 and 200 s. We observe a regional variation of S and ScS arrival times and amplitude ratio, according to which we divide our region of interest into four sub-regions and perform 1D waveform inversion for S-wave velocity and Qμ value simultaneously. We find S-shaped structure of S-wave velocity beneath the whole region with sub-regional variation of S-wave velocity peak depths, which can explain regional difference in travel times. Qμ structure varies with sub-regions as well, but the physical interpretation has not yet done.

The direct and inverse problems of an air-saturated poroelastic cylinder submitted to acoustic radiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ogam, Erick; Fellah, Z. E. A.

2011-09-01

A wave-fluid saturated poroelastic structure interaction model based on the modified Biot theory (MBT) and plane-wave decomposition using orthogonal cylindrical functions is developed. The model is employed to recover from real data acquired in an anechoic chamber, the poromechanical properties of a soft cellular melamine cylinder submitted to an audible acoustic radiation. The inverse problem of acoustic diffraction is solved by constructing the objective functional given by the total square of the difference between predictions from the MBT interaction model and diffracted field data from experiment. The faculty of retrieval of the intrinsic poromechanical parameters from the diffracted acoustic fields, indicate that a wave initially propagating in a light fluid (air) medium, is able to carry in the absence of mechanical excitation of the specimen, information on the macroscopic mechanical properties which depend on the microstructural and intrinsic properties of the solid phase.

Medium change based image estimation from application of inverse algorithms to coda wave measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhan, Hanyu; Jiang, Hanwan; Jiang, Ruinian

2018-03-01

Perturbations worked as extra scatters will cause coda waveform distortions; thus, coda wave with long propagation time and traveling path are sensitive to micro-defects in strongly heterogeneous media such as concretes. In this paper, we conduct varied external loads on a life-size concrete slab which contains multiple existing micro-cracks, and a couple of sources and receivers are installed to collect coda wave signals. The waveform decorrelation coefficients (DC) at different loads are calculated for all available source-receiver pair measurements. Then inversions of the DC results are applied to estimate the associated distribution density values in three-dimensional regions through kernel sensitivity model and least-square algorithms, which leads to the images indicating the micro-cracks positions. This work provides an efficiently non-destructive approach to detect internal defects and damages of large-size concrete structures.

A 3-D crustal and uppermost mantle model of the western US from receiver functions and surface wave dispersion derived from ambient noise and teleseismic earthquakes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shen, W.; Schulte-Pelkum, V.; Ritzwoller, M. H.

2011-12-01

The joint inversion of surface wave dispersion and receiver functions was proven feasible on a station by station basis more than a decade ago. Joint application to a large number of stations across a broad region such as western US is more challenging, however, because of the different resolutions of the two methods. Improvements in resolution in surface wave studies derived from ambient noise and array-based methods applied to earthquake data now allow surface wave dispersion and receiver functions to be inverted simultaneously across much of the Earthscope/USArray Transportable Array (TA), and we have developed a Monte-Carlo procedure for this purpose. As a proof of concept we applied this procedure to a region containing 186 TA stations in the intermountain west, including a variety of tectonic settings such as the Colorado Plateau, the Basin and Range, the Rocky Mountains, and the Great Plains. This work has now been expanded to encompass all TA stations in the western US. Our approach includes three main components. (1) We enlarge the Earthscope Automated Receiver Survey (EARS) receiver function database by adding more events within a quality control procedure. A back-azimuth-independent receiver function and its associated uncertainties are constructed using a harmonic stripping algorithm. (2) Rayleigh wave dispersion curves are generated from the eikonal tomography applied to ambient noise cross-correlation data and Helmoholtz tomography applied to teleseismic surface wave data to yield dispersion maps from 8 sec to 80 sec period. (3) We apply a Metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm to invert for the average velocity structure beneath each station. Simple kriging is applied to interpolate to the discrete results into a continuous 3-D model. This method has now been applied to over 1,000 TA stations in the western US. We show that the receiver functions and surface wave dispersion data can be reconciled beneath more than 80% of the stations using a smooth parameterization of both crustal and uppermost mantle structure. After the inversion, a 3-D model for the crust and uppermost mantle to a depth of 150 km is constructed for this region. Compared with using surface wave data alone, uncertainty in crustal thickness is much lower and as a result, the lower crustal velocity is better constrained given a smaller depth-velocity trade-off. The new 3-D model including Moho depth with attendant uncertainties provides the basis for further analysis on radial anisotropy and geodynamics in the western US, and also forms a starting point for other seismological studies such as body wave tomography and receiver function CCP analysis.

An Effective Method for Inversion of Elastic Impedance for Shallow Sediments and Its Application to Gas Hydrate-Bearing Sediments

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lee, Myung W.

2006-01-01

Elastic properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediments (GHBS) are important for identifying and quantifying gas hydrate as well as discriminating the effects of free gas on velocity from that due to overpressure. Elastic properties of GHBS sediments can be estimated from elastic inversion using the elastic impedance. The accuracy of elastic inversion can be increased by using the predicted S-wave velocity (Vs) in the parameter k, which is k = (Vs / Vp)2. However, when Vs is less than about 0.6 kilometer per second, the inversion is inaccurate, partly because of the difficulty in accurately predicting low S-wave velocities and partly because of the large error associated with small k values. A new formula that leads to estimates of only the high-frequency part of velocity is proposed by decomposing Vs into low- and high-frequency parts. This new inversion formula is applied to a variety of well logs, and the results demonstrate its effectiveness for all ranges of Vs as long as the deviation of Vs from the low-frequency part of Vs is small. For GHBS, the deviation of Vs from the low-frequency part of Vs can be large for moderate to high gas hydrate saturations. Therefore, the new formula is not effective for elastic inversion for GHBS unless the gas hydrate effect is incorporated into the low-frequency part of Vs. For inversion of GHBS with Vs greater than about 0.6 kilometer per second, the original formulation is preferable.

Interfacial waves generated by gravity currents in two-layer fluid.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Leary, A.; Parker, D.; Peakall, J.; Ross, A.; Knippertz, P.; Marsham, J.

2012-04-01

The mesoscale convective systems of the West African Monsoon have a huge energetic impact on the surrounding environment. Energy is radiated away from these systems by internal waves formed by the vigorous movements of air mass at their core, propagating over long range in the existence of a suitable waveguide. Gravity currents formed by convective downdrafts are an exceedlingly common phenomenon around the monsoon, covering significant distances on the continental scale. The initiation of solitary waves and bores by gravity currents incident on a marine or nocturnal inversion is well documented, the Morning Glory of Northern Australia being a well known and spectacular example. The interior of the African continent exhibits a further mechanism for the propagation of wave energy, with the environment of the Sahara often characterised by a deep convective boundary layer topped by a well mixed residual layer. This suggests a simple laboratory analogy for the idealised study of deep moist convection at the edge of the monsoon; that of a gravity current generated by lock release into a two layer fluid. This work looks specifically at the waves generated on the interface, especially with regard to their amplitude and propagation speed relative to the current. A series of simple experiments have been performed in the laboratory and combined with data from previous work. In addition to improving the basic dynamical understanding of the idealised problem the aim of these experiments is to examine whether there exist regions in the bulk parameter space in which waves are generated that are fast and of large amplitude. That is, were this an appropriate analog for the atmosphere, under which conditions are waves produced that would favour the initiation of subsequent convection? Ultimately this work aims to bring together research from fluid dynamics, field observations and numerical modelling to explore the phenomena of the convective environment of the Sahel. This fundamental work is a small part of efforts initiated in the AMMA* project to further understand the West African Monsoon. * African Monsoon and Multidisciplinary Analyses

A macroscopic plasma Lagrangian and its application to wave interactions and resonances

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peng, Y. K. M.

1974-01-01

The derivation of a macroscopic plasma Lagrangian is considered, along with its application to the description of nonlinear three-wave interaction in a homogeneous plasma and linear resonance oscillations in a inhomogeneous plasma. One approach to obtain the Lagrangian is via the inverse problem of the calculus of variations for arbitrary first and second order quasilinear partial differential systems. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the given equations to be Euler-Lagrange equations of a Lagrangian are obtained. These conditions are then used to determine the transformations that convert some classes of non-Euler-Lagrange equations to Euler-Lagrange equation form. The Lagrangians for a linear resistive transmission line and a linear warm collisional plasma are derived as examples. Using energy considerations, the correct macroscopic plasma Lagrangian is shown to differ from the velocity-integrated low Lagrangian by a macroscopic potential energy that equals twice the particle thermal kinetic energy plus the energy lost by heat conduction.

Probabilistic source mechanism estimation based on body-wave waveforms through shift and stack algorithm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Massin, F.; Malcolm, A. E.

2017-12-01

Knowing earthquake source mechanisms gives valuable information for earthquake response planning and hazard mitigation. Earthquake source mechanisms can be analyzed using long period waveform inversion (for moderate size sources with sufficient signal to noise ratio) and body-wave first motion polarity or amplitude ratio inversion (for micro-earthquakes with sufficient data coverage). A robust approach that gives both source mechanisms and their associated probabilities across all source scales would greatly simplify the determination of source mechanisms and allow for more consistent interpretations of the results. Following previous work on shift and stack approaches, we develop such a probabilistic source mechanism analysis, using waveforms, which does not require polarity picking. For a given source mechanism, the first period of the observed body-waves is selected for all stations, multiplied by their corresponding theoretical polarity and stacked together. (The first period is found from a manually picked travel time by measuring the central period where the signal power is concentrated, using the second moment of the power spectral density function.) As in other shift and stack approaches, our method is not based on the optimization of an objective function through an inversion. Instead, the power of the polarity-corrected stack is a proxy for the likelihood of the trial source mechanism, with the most powerful stack corresponding to the most likely source mechanism. Using synthetic data, we test our method for robustness to the data coverage, coverage gap, signal to noise ratio, travel-time picking errors and non-double couple component. We then present results for field data in a volcano-tectonic context. Our results are reliable when constrained by 15 body-wavelets, with gap below 150 degrees, signal to noise ratio over 1 and arrival time error below a fifth of the period (0.2T) of the body-wave. We demonstrate that the source scanning approach for source mechanism analysis has similar advantages to waveform inversion (full waveform data, no manual intervention, probabilistic approach) and similar applicability to polarity inversion (any source size, any instrument type).

Inversion for Double-Layer Anisotropy in the Mantle Beneath the Middle America and Izu-Bonin Subduction Zones

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuo, B. Y.

2017-12-01

We measured shear wave splitting for the intraslab events in the Middle America and Izu-Bonin subduction zones recorded at Pacific stations to infer the anisotropic structure in the subslab mantle. The receiver-side anisotropy is accounted for by considering both azimuthal anisotropy determined by SKS splitting and radial anisotropy given in global tomographic model, although the latter does not change the overall pattern of subslab anisotropy. By removing the anisotropy effects from both receiver and source sides, the initial polarization directions (p) of the shear waves used were recovered, most of which are in reasonable agreement with that predicted form the CMT solutions. For both subduction zones, the polarization-splitting plots strongly suggest the presence of two layers of anisotropy. To constrain the two-layer model, we perform inversions which minimize the misfit in both the splitting parameters and p. In the MASZ, the best model contains an upper layer with the fast direction in parallel with the absolute plate motion of the Cocos plate and a lower layer 40-60 degree clockwise from the APM. The delay times are 1.5 and 1.9 s respectively. The interference of the double layer produced dts in excess of 3 s at a certain range of p. The SKS splitting were also inverted for a two-layer model, yielding similar splitting characters and the clockwise rotation. We are investigating why this rotation takes place and how this observation is related to the dynamics of the asthenosphere.

Multi-photon transitions and Rabi resonance in continuous wave EPR.

PubMed

Saiko, Alexander P; Fedaruk, Ryhor; Markevich, Siarhei A

2015-10-01

The study of microwave-radiofrequency multi-photon transitions in continuous wave (CW) EPR spectroscopy is extended to a Rabi resonance condition, when the radio frequency of the magnetic-field modulation matches the Rabi frequency of a spin system in the microwave field. Using the non-secular perturbation theory based on the Bogoliubov averaging method, the analytical description of the response of the spin system is derived for all modulation frequency harmonics. When the modulation frequency exceeds the EPR linewidth, multi-photon transitions result in sidebands in absorption EPR spectra measured with phase-sensitive detection at any harmonic. The saturation of different-order multi-photon transitions is shown to be significantly different and to be sensitive to the Rabi resonance. The noticeable frequency shifts of sidebands are found to be the signatures of this resonance. The inversion of two-photon lines in some spectral intervals of the out-of-phase first-harmonic signal is predicted under passage through the Rabi resonance. The inversion indicates the transition from absorption to stimulated emission or vice versa, depending on the sideband. The manifestation of the primary and secondary Rabi resonance is also demonstrated in the time evolution of steady-state EPR signals formed by all harmonics of the modulation frequency. Our results provide a theoretical framework for future developments in multi-photon CW EPR spectroscopy, which can be useful for samples with long spin relaxation times and extremely narrow EPR lines. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Joint 3-D tomographic imaging of Vp, Vs and Vp/Vs and hypocenter relocation at Sinabung volcano, Indonesia from November to December 2013

USGS Publications Warehouse

Nugraha, Andri Dian; Indrastuti, Novianti; Kusnandar, Ridwan; Gunawan, Hendra; McCausland, Wendy A.; Aulia, Atin Nur; Harlianti, Ulvienin

2018-01-01

We conducted travel time tomography using P- and S-wave arrival times of volcanic-tectonic (VT) events that occurred between November and December 2013 to determine the three-dimensional (3D) seismic velocity structure (Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs) beneath Sinabung volcano, Indonesia in order to delineate geological subsurface structure and to enhance our understanding of the volcanism itself. This was a time period when phreatic explosions became phreatomagmatic and then magma migrated to the surface forming a summit lava dome. We used 4846 VT events with 16,138 P- and 16,138 S-wave arrival time phases recorded by 6 stations for the tomographic inversion. The relocated VTs collapse into three clusters at depths from the surface to sea level, from 2 to 4 km below sea level, and from 5 to 8.5 km below sea level. The tomographic inversion results show three prominent regions of high Vp/Vs (~ 1.8) beneath Sinabung volcano at depths consistent with the relocated earthquake clusters. We interpret these anomalies as intrusives associated with previous eruptions and possibly surrounding the magma conduit, which we cannot resolve with this study. One anomalous region might contain partial melt, at sea level and below the eventual eruption site at the summit. Our results are important for the interpretation of a conceptual model of the “plumbing system” of this hazardous volcano.

Inverse Compton Scattered Merger-nova: Late X-Ray Counterpart of Gravitational-wave Signals from NS–NS/BH Mergers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ai, Shunke; Gao, He

2018-01-01

The recent observations of GW170817 and its electromagnetic (EM) counterparts show that double neutron star mergers could lead to rich and bright EM emissions. Recent numerical simulations suggest that neutron star and neutron star/black hole (NS–NS/BH) mergers would leave behind a central remnant surrounded by a mildly isotropic ejecta. The central remnant could launch a collimated jet and when the jet propagates through the ejecta, a mildly relativistic cocoon would be formed and the interaction between the cocoon and the ambient medium would accelerate electrons via external shock in a wide angle, so that the merger-nova photons (i.e., thermal emission from the ejecta) would be scattered into higher frequency via an inverse Compton (IC) process when they propagate through the cocoon shocked region. We find that the IC scattered component peaks at the X-ray band and it will reach its peak luminosity on the order of days (simultaneously with the merger-nova emission). With current X-ray detectors, such a late X-ray component could be detected out to 200 Mpc, depending on the merger remnant properties. It could serve as an important electromagnetic counterpart of gravitational-wave signals from NS–NS/BH mergers. Nevertheless, simultaneous detection of such a late X-ray signal and the merger-nova signal could shed light on the cocoon properties and the concrete structure of the jet.

Direct manipulation of wave amplitude and phase through inverse design of isotropic media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Y.; Vial, B.; Horsley, S. A. R.; Philbin, T. G.; Hao, Y.

2017-07-01

In this article we propose a new design methodology allowing us to control both amplitude and phase of electromagnetic waves from a cylindrical incident wave. This results in isotropic materials and does not resort to transformation optics or its quasi-conformal approximations. Our method leads to two-dimensional isotropic, inhomogeneous material profiles of permittivity and permeability, to which a general class of scattering-free wave solutions arise. Our design is based on the separation of the complex wave solution into amplitude and phase. We give two types of examples to validate our methodology.

A new inversion algorithm for HF sky-wave backscatter ionograms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Jing; Ni, Binbin; Lou, Peng; Wei, Na; Yang, Longquan; Liu, Wen; Zhao, Zhengyu; Li, Xue

2018-05-01

HF sky-wave backscatter sounding system is capable of measuring the large-scale, two-dimensional (2-D) distributions of ionospheric electron density. The leading edge (LE) of a backscatter ionogram (BSI) is widely used for ionospheric inversion since it is hardly affected by any factors other than ionospheric electron density. Traditional BSI inversion methods have failed to distinguish LEs associated with different ionospheric layers, and simply utilize the minimum group path of each operating frequency, which generally corresponds to the LE associated with the F2 layer. Consequently, while the inversion results can provide accurate profiles of the F region below the F2 peak, the diagnostics may not be so effective for other ionospheric layers. In order to resolve this issue, we present a new BSI inversion method using LEs associated with different layers, which can further improve the accuracy of electron density distribution, especially the profile of the ionospheric layers below the F2 region. The efficiency of the algorithm is evaluated by computing the mean and the standard deviation of the differences between inverted parameter values and true values obtained from both vertical and oblique incidence sounding. Test results clearly manifest that the method we have developed outputs more accurate electron density profiles due to improvements to acquire the profiles of the layers below the F2 region. Our study can further improve the current BSI inversion methods on the reconstruction of 2-D electron density distribution in a vertical plane aligned with the direction of sounding.

Parametrization study of the land multiparameter VTI elastic waveform inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, W.; Plessix, R.-É.; Singh, S.

2018-06-01

Multiparameter inversion of seismic data remains challenging due to the trade-off between the different elastic parameters and the non-uniqueness of the solution. The sensitivity of the seismic data to a given subsurface elastic parameter depends on the source and receiver ray/wave path orientations at the subsurface point. In a high-frequency approximation, this is commonly analysed through the study of the radiation patterns that indicate the sensitivity of each parameter versus the incoming (from the source) and outgoing (to the receiver) angles. In practice, this means that the inversion result becomes sensitive to the choice of parametrization, notably because the null-space of the inversion depends on this choice. We can use a least-overlapping parametrization that minimizes the overlaps between the radiation patterns, in this case each parameter is only sensitive in a restricted angle domain, or an overlapping parametrization that contains a parameter sensitive to all angles, in this case overlaps between the radiation parameters occur. Considering a multiparameter inversion in an elastic vertically transverse isotropic medium and a complex land geological setting, we show that the inversion with the least-overlapping parametrization gives less satisfactory results than with the overlapping parametrization. The difficulties come from the complex wave paths that make difficult to predict the areas of sensitivity of each parameter. This shows that the parametrization choice should not only be based on the radiation pattern analysis but also on the angular coverage at each subsurface point that depends on geology and the acquisition layout.

Anticorrelation of X-ray bright points with sunspot number, 1970-1978

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Golub, L.; Davis, J. M.; Krieger, A. S.

1979-01-01

Soft X-ray observations of the solar corona over the period 1970-1978 show that the number of small short-lived bipolar magnetic features (X-ray bright points) varies inversely with the sunspot index. During the entire period from 1973 to 1978 most of the magnetic flux emerging at the solar surface appeared in the form of bright points. In 1970, near the peak of solar cycle 20, the contributions from bright points and from active regions appear to be approximately equal. These observations strongly support an earlier suggestion that the solar cycle may be characterized as an oscillator in wave-number space with relatively little variation in the average total rate of flux emergence.

Studies of acoustic emission from point and extended sources

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sachse, W.; Kim, K. Y.; Chen, C. P.

1986-01-01

The use of simulated and controlled acoustic emission signals forms the basis of a powerful tool for the detailed study of various deformation and wave interaction processes in materials. The results of experiments and signal analyses of acoustic emission resulting from point sources such as various types of indentation-produced cracks in brittle materials and the growth of fatigue cracks in 7075-T6 aluminum panels are discussed. Recent work dealing with the modeling and subsequent signal processing of an extended source of emission in a material is reviewed. Results of the forward problem and the inverse problem are presented with the example of a source distributed through the interior of a specimen.

Solution of some types of differential equations: operational calculus and inverse differential operators.

PubMed

Zhukovsky, K

2014-01-01

We present a general method of operational nature to analyze and obtain solutions for a variety of equations of mathematical physics and related mathematical problems. We construct inverse differential operators and produce operational identities, involving inverse derivatives and families of generalised orthogonal polynomials, such as Hermite and Laguerre polynomial families. We develop the methodology of inverse and exponential operators, employing them for the study of partial differential equations. Advantages of the operational technique, combined with the use of integral transforms, generating functions with exponentials and their integrals, for solving a wide class of partial derivative equations, related to heat, wave, and transport problems, are demonstrated.

Dynamic cycling in atrial size and flow during obstructive apnoea

PubMed Central

Pressman, Gregg S; Cepeda-Valery, Beatriz; Codolosa, Nicolas; Orban, Marek; Samuel, Solomon P; Somers, Virend K

2016-01-01

Objective Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease. However, acute cardiovascular effects of repetitive airway obstruction are poorly understood. While past research used a sustained Mueller manoeuver to simulate OSA we employed a series of gasping efforts to better simulate true obstructive apnoeas. This report describes acute changes in cardiac anatomy and flow related to sudden changes in intrathoracic pressure. Methods and results 26 healthy, normal weight participants performed 5–6 gasping efforts (target intrathoracic pressure −40 mm Hg) while undergoing Doppler echocardiography. 14 participants had sufficient echocardiographic images to allow comparison of atrial areas during the manoeuver with baseline measurements. Mitral and tricuspid E-wave and A-wave velocities postmanoeuver were compared with baseline in all participants. Average atrial areas changed little during the manoeuver, but variance in both atrial areas was significantly greater than baseline. Further, an inverse relationship was noted with left atrial collapse and right atrial enlargement at onset of inspiratory effort. Significant inverse changes were noted in Doppler flow when comparing the first beat postmanoeuver (pMM1) with baseline. Mitral E-wave velocity increased 9.1 cm/s while tricuspid E-wave velocity decreased 7.0 cm/s; by the eighth beat postmanoeuver (pMM8) values were not different from baseline. Mitral and tricuspid A-wave velocities were not different from baseline at pMM1, but both were significantly higher by pMM8. Conclusions Repetitive obstructive apnoeas produce dynamic, inverse changes in atrial size and Doppler flow across the atrioventricular valves. These observations have important implications for understanding the pathophysiology of OSA. PMID:27127636

Three Dimensional Modeling of the Attenuation Structure in the Part of the Kumaon Himalaya, India Using Strong Motion Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Joshi, A.; LAL, S.

2017-12-01

Attenuation property of the medium determines the amplitude of seismic waves at different locations during an earthquake. Attenuation can be defined by the inverse of the parameter known as quality factor `Q' (Knopoff, 1964). It has been observed that the peak ground acceleration in the strong motion accelerogram is associated with arrival of S-waves which is controlled mainly by the shear wave attenuation characteristics of the medium. In the present work attenuation structure is obtained using the modified inversion algorithm given by Joshi et al. (2010). The modified inversion algorithm is designed to provide three dimensional attenuation structure of the region at different frequencies. A strong motion network is installed in the Kumaon Himalaya by the Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee under a major research project sponsored by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. In this work the detailed three dimensional shear wave quality factor has been determined for the Kumaon Himalaya using strong motion data obtained from this network. In the present work 164 records from 26 events recorded at 15 stations located in an area of 129 km x 62 km has been used. The shear wave attenuation structure for the Kumaon Himalaya has been calculated by dividing the study region into 108 three dimensional rectangular blocks of size 22 km x 11 km x 5 km. The input to the inversion algorithm is the acceleration spectra of S wave identified from each record. A total of 164 spectra from equal number of accelerograms with sampling frequency of .024 Hz is used as an input to the algorithms. A total of 2048 three dimensional attenuation structure is obtained upto frequency of 50 Hz. The obtained structure at various frequencies is compared with the existing geological models in the region and it is seen that the obtained model correlated well with the geological model of the region. References: Joshi, A., Mohanty, M., Bansal, A. R., Dimri, V. P. and Chadha, R. K., 2010, Use of spectral acceleration data for determination of three dimensional attenuation structure in the Pithoragarh region of Kumaon Himalaya, J Seismol., 14, 247-272. Knopoff, L., 1964, Q, Reviews of Geophysics, 2, 625-660.

Lithospheric structure beneath the extinct ridge of South China Sea: Constraints from Rayleigh wave phase velocity tomography using OBS data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, T.; Le, B. M.; passive-Source Seismic Team, S.

2016-12-01

What would happen when a mid-ocean-ridge stops spreading? Global occurrences of such ridges appear to indicate that magmatic activities had continued for million years after ridges were abandoned and often formed seamount chains over ridges. The extinct ridge and the seamount chain at the South China Sea represent one classic example of such ridges. To understand this unique process and the lithospheric and deep mantle structure, we carry out a Rayleigh wave phase velocity tomography using data from a passive-source OBS array experiment in South China Sea from 2012 to 2013. We correct OBS clock errors by using Scholte waves retrieved through cross-correlating hydrophone records of each OBS pair. 60 regional and teleseismic events with high quality Rayleigh waves are selected and their dispersion curves at the OBS array are used to inverse the phase velocities of periods from 15 s to 100 s. The shear wave velocity model derived from phase velocities of all periods shows a strong low-velocity zone situated beneath the seamounts starting at about 30 km depth. The lithosphere thickness of the extinct ridge inferred from this model provide insights on the cooling process and magmatism at this unique oceanic setting. In addition, our model images the tear of the subducting South China Sea plate beneath the Manila trench and Luzon island, which is clearly generated by the subduction of the extinct ridge and overriding seamounts.

Inversion of residual stress profiles from ultrasonic Rayleigh wave dispersion data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mora, P.; Spies, M.

2018-05-01

We investigate theoretically and with synthetic data the performance of several inversion methods to infer a residual stress state from ultrasonic surface wave dispersion data. We show that this particular problem may reveal in relevant materials undesired behaviors for some methods that could be reliably applied to infer other properties. We focus on two methods, one based on a Taylor-expansion, and another one based on a piecewise linear expansion regularized by a singular value decomposition. We explain the instabilities of the Taylor-based method by highlighting singularities in the series of coefficients. At the same time, we show that the other method can successfully provide performances which only weakly depend on the material.

High-Resolution Seismic Velocity and Attenuation Models of the Caucasus-Caspian Region

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-09-30

region is part of the Alpine-Himalayan collision belt and is an area of complex structure accompanied by large variations in seismic wave velocities...velocity structure is developed using teleseismic receiver functions and surface waves. Joint inversion of surface wave group dispersion curves...Caucasus and the thinnest is in the Arabian Plate. Thin crust is also observed near the Caspian. The lithospheric mantle in the Greater Caucasus and the

Development and Application of a Three-dimensional Seismo-acoustic Coupled-mode Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-09-30

of coral reef fish need to locate a reef , and sound emanating from reefs may act as a cue to guide them. Using acoustic data collected from Bahia...approximate the solution to the wave equation. RELATED PROJECTS Geoacoustic inversion in three-dimensional environments The goal of this project is...shear wave speed Under this project an laboratory measurements the compressional and shear wave speeds and attenuations in coarse and fine grained

Progress report on lithium-related geologic investigations in Bolivia

USGS Publications Warehouse

Davis, J.R.; Howard, K.A.; Rettig, S.L.; Smith, R.L.; Ericksen, G.E.; Risacher, Francois; Alarcon, Hugo; Morales, Ricardo

1982-01-01

The September 1, 1981, Samoa Islands Region earthquake occurred at the extreme northern end of the Tonga arc in a region where the Pacific plate may be disjointed along a hinge fault. In the last 50 years, magnitude 7 or greater earthquakes have occurred in this region on the average of once every six years, but four 7+ events have now occurred within the last six years. The mainshock was preceded about two hours earlier by a foreshock that was used as a calibration event for the Joint Epicenter Determination relocation of the mainshock and nearby seismicity occurring within a period seven months prior to and one week after the mainshock. The foreshock, better-located events of the prior seismicity, and most aftershocks are concentrated in a group near the mainshock epicenter, but several more distant aftershocks suggest that the aftershock zone may have been as large as 125 km in length and trended about S35?E. Identification of depth phases from a full suite of broadband records gives source depths of 25-3km for the mainshock and 29.5?3 km for the foreshock using a JB earth model. Source parameters were determined for the mainshock utilizing WWSSN analog and GDSN digital data. The preferred fault plane solution based on P-wave first motion data is a south by southwesterly steeply dipping normal fault, remarkably similar to the mechanism reported by Johnson and Molnar (1972) for the nearby earthquake of April 20, 196B. A waveform inversion technique described by Sipkin (1982), when applied to long-period P waveforms, gives an 'average' point source solution for a purely deviatoric moment rate tensor at a preferred source depth of 22 km. Very similar results were obtained from long-period GDSN body-wave and mantle-wave data using a centroid-moment tensor inversion technique described in Dziewonski, and others (1981). Both techniques provide solutions very close to a double couple source with a south by southwesterly shallow-dipping normal fault mechanism. To obtain the scalar mantle wave moment, GDSN vertical and transverse records 20,000 see in length were processed as described by Buland and Taggart (1981). Averaging all the data from Rayleigh and Love waves yields an estimate of 3.8 x 10^27 dyne-cm (as compared to about 1.9 x 10^27 from body-wave moment tensor inversions) or a moment magnitude (Mr) of 7.6. For the portion of the waveform analysed (50-5B sec), the body-wave inversion performed by Sipkin gives a source time function of duration approximately 28 sec with two peaks in activity. Simultaneous analysis of short-period records, and broadband ground displacements and velocities, a method described by Harvey and Choy (1982) and Choy and Boatwright (1981) revealed a complex rupture consisting of two subevents, of about the same moment, separated in time by about 25 sec, and with durations of about 25 sec each. The two peaks in activity resolved by the body-wave moment tensor inversion correspond to the first of these subevents.

Las Vegas Basin Seismic Response Project: Measured Shallow Soil Velocities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luke, B. A.; Louie, J.; Beeston, H. E.; Skidmore, V.; Concha, A.

2002-12-01

The Las Vegas valley in Nevada is a deep (up to 5 km) alluvial basin filled with interlayered gravels, sands, and clays. The climate is arid. The water table ranges from a few meters to many tens of meters deep. Laterally extensive thin carbonate-cemented lenses are commonly found across parts of the valley. Lenses range beyond 2 m in thickness, and occur at depths exceeding 200 m. Shallow seismic datasets have been collected at approximately ten sites around the Las Vegas valley, to characterize shear and compression wave velocities in the near surface. Purposes for the surveys include modeling of ground response to dynamic loads, both natural and manmade, quantification of soil stiffness to aid structural foundation design, and non-intrusive materials identification. Borehole-based measurement techniques used include downhole and crosshole, to depths exceeding 100 m. Surface-based techniques used include refraction and three different methods involving inversion of surface-wave dispersion datasets. This latter group includes two active-source techniques, the Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) method and the Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) method; and a new passive-source technique, the Refraction Mictrotremor (ReMi) method. Depths to halfspace for the active-source measurements ranged beyond 50 m. The passive-source method constrains shear wave velocities to 100 m depths. As expected, the stiff cemented layers profoundly affect local velocity gradients. Scale effects are evident in comparisons of (1) very local measurements typified by borehole methods, to (2) the broader coverage of the SASW and MASW measurements, to (3) the still broader and deeper resolution made possible by the ReMi measurements. The cemented layers appear as sharp spikes in the downhole datasets and are problematic in crosshole measurements due to refraction. The refraction method is useful only to locate the depth to the uppermost cemented layer. The surface-wave methods, on the other hand, can process velocity inversions. With the broader coverage of the active-source surface wave measurements, through careful inversion that takes advantage of prior information to the greatest extent possible, multiple, shallow, stiff layers can be resolved. Data from such broader-coverage methods also provide confidence regarding continuity of the cemented layers. For the ReMi measurements, which provide the broadest coverage of all methods used, the more generalized shallow profile is sometimes characterized by a strong stiffness inversion at a depth of approximately 10 m. We anticipate that this impedance contrast represents the vertical extent of the multiple layered deposits of cemented media.

Algorithms and Architectures for Elastic-Wave Inversion Final Report CRADA No. TC02144.0

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Larsen, S.; Lindtjorn, O.

2017-08-15

This was a collaborative effort between Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC as manager and operator of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Schlumberger Technology Corporation (STC), to perform a computational feasibility study that investigates hardware platforms and software algorithms applicable to STC for Reverse Time Migration (RTM) / Reverse Time Inversion (RTI) of 3-D seismic data.

A Brief Historical Introduction to Solitons and the Inverse Scattering Transform--A Vision of Scott Russell

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Debnath, Lokenath

2007-01-01

This paper deals with a brief introduction to major remarkable discoveries of the "soliton" and the "inverse scattering transform" in the 1960s. The discovery of the soliton (or the solitary waves) began with the famous physical experiments of the Scottish Engineer and Naval Architect John Scott Russell in the Glasgow-Edinburgh…

Wavefield reconstruction inversion with a multiplicative cost function

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

da Silva, Nuno V.; Yao, Gang

2018-01-01

We present a method for the automatic estimation of the trade-off parameter in the context of wavefield reconstruction inversion (WRI). WRI formulates the inverse problem as an optimisation problem, minimising the data misfit while penalising with a wave equation constraining term. The trade-off between the two terms is balanced by a scaling factor that balances the contributions of the data-misfit term and the constraining term to the value of the objective function. If this parameter is too large then it implies penalizing for the wave equation imposing a hard constraint in the inversion. If it is too small, then this leads to a poorly constrained solution as it is essentially penalizing for the data misfit and not taking into account the physics that explains the data. This paper introduces a new approach for the formulation of WRI recasting its formulation into a multiplicative cost function. We demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the additive cost function when the trade-off parameter is appropriately scaled in the latter, when adapting it throughout the iterations, and when the data is contaminated with Gaussian random noise. Thus this work contributes with a framework for a more automated application of WRI.

Towards a Full Waveform Ambient Noise Inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sager, K.; Ermert, L. A.; Boehm, C.; Fichtner, A.

2015-12-01

Noise tomography usually works under the assumption that the inter-station ambient noise correlation is equal to a scaled version of the Green's function between the two receivers. This assumption, however, is only met under specific conditions, for instance, wavefield diffusivity and equipartitioning, zero attenuation, etc., that are typically not satisfied in the Earth. This inconsistency inhibits the exploitation of the full waveform information contained in noise correlations regarding Earth structure and noise generation. To overcome this limitation we attempt to develop a method that consistently accounts for noise distribution, 3D heterogeneous Earth structure and the full seismic wave propagation physics in order to improve the current resolution of tomographic images of the Earth. As an initial step towards a full waveform ambient noise inversion we develop a preliminary inversion scheme based on a 2D finite-difference code simulating correlation functions and on adjoint techniques. With respect to our final goal, a simultaneous inversion for noise distribution and Earth structure, we address the following two aspects: (1) the capabilities of different misfit functionals to image wave speed anomalies and source distribution and (2) possible source-structure trade-offs, especially to what extent unresolvable structure could be mapped into the inverted noise source distribution and vice versa.

Lithospheric Structure of Arabia from the Joint Inversion of P- and S-wave Receiver Functions and Dispersion Velocities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Julia, Jordi; Al-Amri, Abdullah; Pasyanos, Michael; Rodgers, Arthur; Matzel, Eric; Nyblade, Andrew

2013-04-01

Seismic imaging of the lithosphere under the Arabian shield and platform is critical to help answer important geologic questions of regional and global interest. The Arabian Shield can be regarded as an amalgamation of several arcs and microplates of Proterozoic age that culminated in the accretion of the Arabian portion of Gondwana during the Pan-African event at ~550 Ma and the role of important geologic features observed on the surface - such as the lineaments and shear zones separating the Proterozoic terrains in the shield - is not completely understood. Also, current models of Precambrian crustal evolution predict that Proterozoic terranes are underlain by fertile (FeO-rich) cratonic roots that should promote the production of mafic magmas and underplating of the Arabian shield terranes, and the shield contains Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic rocks related to the early stages of the Red Sea formation that might also be related to plume-related lithospheric "erosion". In order to better understand these relationships, we are developing new velocity models of litospheric structure for the Arabian shield and platform from the joint inversion of up to four seismic data sets: P-wave receiver functions, S-wave receiver functions, dispersion velocities from surface-waves, and dispersion velocities from ambient-noise cross-correlations. The joint inversion combines constraints on crustal thickness from P-wave receiver functions, constraints on lithospheric thickness from S-wave receiver functions and constraints on S-velocity and S-velocity gradients from dispersion velocities to produce detailed S-velocity profiles under single recording stations. We will present S-velocity profiles for a number of permanent stations operated by the Saudi Geological Survey and the King ing Abdulaziz Center for Science and Technology as well as stations from past temporary deployments and discuss the implications of the velocity models regarding composition and tectonics of the Arabian shield and platform.

Crustal and uppermost mantle S-wave velocity below the East European Craton in northern Poland from the inversion of ambient-noise records

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lepore, Simone; Polkowski, Marcin; Grad, Marek

2018-02-01

The P-wave velocities (V p) within the East European Craton in Poland are well known through several seismic experiments which permitted to build a high-resolution 3D model down to 60 km depth. However, these seismic data do not provide sufficient information about the S-wave velocities (V s). For this reason, this paper presents the values of lithospheric V s and P-wave-to-S-wave velocity ratios (V p/V s) calculated from the ambient noise recorded during 2014 at "13 BB star" seismic array (13 stations, 78 midpoints) located in northern Poland. The 3D V p model in the area of the array consists of six sedimentary layers having total thickness within 3-7 km and V p in the range 1.85.3 km/s, a three-layer crystalline crust of total thickness 40 km and V p within 6.15-7.15 km/s, and the uppermost mantle, where V p is about 8.25 km/s. The V s and V p/V s values are calculated by the inversion of the surface-wave dispersion curves extracted from the noise cross correlation between all the station pairs. Due to the strong velocity differences among the layers, several modes are recognized in the 0.021 Hz frequency band: therefore, multimodal Monte Carlo inversions are applied. The calculated V s and V p/V s values in the sedimentary cover range within 0.992.66 km/s and 1.751.97 as expected. In the upper crust, the V s value (3.48 ± 0.10 km/s) is very low compared to the starting value of 3.75 ± 0.10 km/s. Consequently, the V p/V s value is very large (1.81 ± 0.03). To explain that the calculated values are compared with the ones for other old cratonic areas.

Near Surface Seismic Hazard Characterization in the Presence of High Velocity Contrasts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gribler, G.; Mikesell, D.; Liberty, L. M.

2017-12-01

We present new multicomponent surface wave processing techniques that provide accurate characterization of near-surface conditions in the presence of large lateral or vertical shear wave velocity boundaries. A common problem with vertical component Rayleigh wave analysis in the presence of high contrast subsurface conditions is Rayleigh wave propagation mode misidentification due to an overlap of frequency-phase velocity domain dispersion, leading to an overestimate of shear wave velocities. By using the vertical and horizontal inline component signals, we isolate retrograde and prograde particle motions to separate fundamental and higher mode signals, leading to more accurate and confident dispersion curve picks and shear wave velocity estimates. Shallow, high impedance scenarios, such as the case with shallow bedrock, are poorly constrained when using surface wave dispersion information alone. By using a joint inversion of dispersion and horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) curves within active source frequency ranges (down to 3 Hz), we can accurately estimate the depth to high impedance boundaries, a significant improvement compared to the estimates based on dispersion information alone. We compare our approach to body wave results that show comparable estimates of bedrock topography. For lateral velocity contrasts, we observe horizontal polarization of Rayleigh waves identified by an increase in amplitude and broadening of the horizontal spectra with little variation in the vertical component spectra. The horizontal spectra offer a means to identify and map near surface faults where there is no topographic or clear body wave expression. With these new multicomponent active source seismic data processing and inversion techniques, we better constrain a variety of near surface conditions critical to the estimation of local site response and seismic hazards.

Finite-difference modeling and dispersion analysis of high-frequency love waves for near-surface applications

USGS Publications Warehouse

Luo, Y.; Xia, J.; Xu, Y.; Zeng, C.; Liu, J.

2010-01-01

Love-wave propagation has been a topic of interest to crustal, earthquake, and engineering seismologists for many years because it is independent of Poisson's ratio and more sensitive to shear (S)-wave velocity changes and layer thickness changes than are Rayleigh waves. It is well known that Love-wave generation requires the existence of a low S-wave velocity layer in a multilayered earth model. In order to study numerically the propagation of Love waves in a layered earth model and dispersion characteristics for near-surface applications, we simulate high-frequency (>5 Hz) Love waves by the staggered-grid finite-difference (FD) method. The air-earth boundary (the shear stress above the free surface) is treated using the stress-imaging technique. We use a two-layer model to demonstrate the accuracy of the staggered-grid modeling scheme. We also simulate four-layer models including a low-velocity layer (LVL) or a high-velocity layer (HVL) to analyze dispersive energy characteristics for near-surface applications. Results demonstrate that: (1) the staggered-grid FD code and stress-imaging technique are suitable for treating the free-surface boundary conditions for Love-wave modeling, (2) Love-wave inversion should be treated with extra care when a LVL exists because of a lack of LVL information in dispersions aggravating uncertainties in the inversion procedure, and (3) energy of high modes in a low-frequency range is very weak, so that it is difficult to estimate the cutoff frequency accurately, and "mode-crossing" occurs between the second higher and third higher modes when a HVL exists. ?? 2010 Birkh??user / Springer Basel AG.

A forward model and conjugate gradient inversion technique for low-frequency ultrasonic imaging.

PubMed

van Dongen, Koen W A; Wright, William M D

2006-10-01

Emerging methods of hyperthermia cancer treatment require noninvasive temperature monitoring, and ultrasonic techniques show promise in this regard. Various tomographic algorithms are available that reconstruct sound speed or contrast profiles, which can be related to temperature distribution. The requirement of a high enough frequency for adequate spatial resolution and a low enough frequency for adequate tissue penetration is a difficult compromise. In this study, the feasibility of using low frequency ultrasound for imaging and temperature monitoring was investigated. The transient probing wave field had a bandwidth spanning the frequency range 2.5-320.5 kHz. The results from a forward model which computed the propagation and scattering of low-frequency acoustic pressure and velocity wave fields were used to compare three imaging methods formulated within the Born approximation, representing two main types of reconstruction. The first uses Fourier techniques to reconstruct sound-speed profiles from projection or Radon data based on optical ray theory, seen as an asymptotical limit for comparison. The second uses backpropagation and conjugate gradient inversion methods based on acoustical wave theory. The results show that the accuracy in localization was 2.5 mm or better when using low frequencies and the conjugate gradient inversion scheme, which could be used for temperature monitoring.

Validation of the inverse pulse wave transit time series as surrogate of systolic blood pressure in MVAR modeling.

PubMed

Giassi, Pedro; Okida, Sergio; Oliveira, Maurício G; Moraes, Raimes

2013-11-01

Short-term cardiovascular regulation mediated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system has been investigated by multivariate autoregressive (MVAR) modeling, providing insightful analysis. MVAR models employ, as inputs, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and respiratory waveforms. ECG (from which HR series is obtained) and respiratory flow waveform (RFW) can be easily sampled from the patients. Nevertheless, the available methods for acquisition of beat-to-beat SBP measurements during exams hamper the wider use of MVAR models in clinical research. Recent studies show an inverse correlation between pulse wave transit time (PWTT) series and SBP fluctuations. PWTT is the time interval between the ECG R-wave peak and photoplethysmography waveform (PPG) base point within the same cardiac cycle. This study investigates the feasibility of using inverse PWTT (IPWTT) series as an alternative input to SBP for MVAR modeling of the cardiovascular regulation. For that, HR, RFW, and IPWTT series acquired from volunteers during postural changes and autonomic blockade were used as input of MVAR models. Obtained results show that IPWTT series can be used as input of MVAR models, replacing SBP measurements in order to overcome practical difficulties related to the continuous sampling of the SBP during clinical exams.

Probing flexible thermoplastic thin films on a substrate using ultrasonic waves to retrieve mechanical moduli and density: Inverse problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lazri, H.; Ogam, E.; Amar, B.; Fellah, Z. E. A.; Sayoud, N.; Boumaiza, Y.

2018-05-01

Flexible, supple thermoplastic thin films (PVB and PET) placed on elastic substrates were probed using ultrasonic waves to identify their mechanical moduli and density. The composite medium immersed in a fluid host medium (water) was excited using a 50 Mhz transducer operating at normal incidence in reflection mode. Elastic wave propagation data from the stratified medium was captured in the host medium as scattered field. These data were used along with theoretical fluid-solid interaction forward models for stratified-media developed using elasticity theory, to solve an inverse problem for the recovery of the model parameters of the thin films. Two configurations were modeled, one considering the substrate as a semi-infinite elastic medium and the second the substrate having a finite thickness and flanked by a semi-infinite host medium. Transverse slip for the sliding interface between the films and substrate was chosen. This was found to agree with the experiments whereby the thin films were just placed on the substrate without bonding. The inverse problems for the recovery of the mechanical parameters were successful in retrieving the thin films’ parameters under the slip boundary condition. The possible improvements to the new method for the characterization of thin films are discussed.

Seismicity and structure of Akutan and Makushin Volcanoes, Alaska, using joint body and surface wave tomography

DOE PAGES

Syracuse, E. M.; Maceira, M.; Zhang, H.; ...

2015-02-18

Joint inversions of seismic data recover models that simultaneously fit multiple constraints while playing upon the strengths of each data type. Here, we jointly invert 14 years of local earthquake body wave arrival times from the Alaska Volcano Observatory catalog and Rayleigh wave dispersion curves based upon ambient noise measurements for local V p, V s, and hypocentral locations at Akutan and Makushin Volcanoes using a new joint inversion algorithm.The velocity structure and relocated seismicity of both volcanoes are significantly more complex than many other volcanoes studied using similar techniques. Seismicity is distributed among several areas beneath or beyond themore » flanks of both volcanoes, illuminating a variety of volcanic and tectonic features. The velocity structures of the two volcanoes are exemplified by the presence of narrow high-V p features in the near surface, indicating likely current or remnant pathways of magma to the surface. A single broad low-V p region beneath each volcano is slightly offset from each summit and centered at approximately 7 km depth, indicating a potential magma chamber, where magma is stored over longer time periods. Differing recovery capabilities of the Vp and Vs datasets indicate that the results of these types of joint inversions must be interpreted carefully.« less

Surface wave tomography of the European crust and upper mantle from ambient seismic noise

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

LU, Y.; Stehly, L.; Paul, A.

2017-12-01

We present a high-resolution 3-D Shear wave velocity model of the European crust and upper mantle derived from ambient seismic noise tomography. In this study, we collect 4 years of continuous vertical-component seismic recordings from 1293 broadband stations across Europe (10W-35E, 30N-75N). We analyze group velocity dispersion from 5s to 150s for cross-correlations of more than 0.8 million virtual source-receiver pairs. 2-D group velocity maps are estimated using adaptive parameterization to accommodate the strong heterogeneity of path coverage. 3-D velocity model is obtained by merging 1-D models inverted at each pixel through a two-step data-driven inversion algorithm: a non-linear Bayesian Monte Carlo inversion, followed by a linearized inversion. Resulting S-wave velocity model and Moho depth are compared with previous geophysical studies: 1) The crustal model and Moho depth show striking agreement with active seismic imaging results. Moreover, it even provides new valuable information such as a strong difference of the European Moho along two seismic profiles in the Western Alps (Cifalps and ECORS-CROP). 2) The upper mantle model displays strong similarities with published models even at 150km deep, which is usually imaged using earthquake records.

Receiver function structure beneath a broad-band seismic station in south Sumatra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

MacPherson, K. A.; Hidayat, D.; Goh, S.

2010-12-01

We estimated the one-dimensional velocity structure beneath a broad-band station in south Sumatra by the forward modeling and inversion of receiver functions. Station PMBI belongs to the GEOFON seismic network maintained by GFZ-Potsdam, and at a longitude of 104.77° and latitude of -2.93°, sits atop the south Sumatran basin. This station is of interest to researchers at the Earth Observatory of Singapore, as data from it and other stations in Sumatra and Singapore will be incorporated into a regional velocity model for use in seismic hazard analyses. Three-component records from 193 events at teleseismic distances and Mw ≥ 5.0 were examined for this study and 67 records were deemed to have sufficient signal to noise characteristics to be retained for analysis. Observations are primarily from source zones in the Bougainville trench with back-azimuths to the east-south-east, the Japan and Kurile trenches with back-azimuths to the northeast, and a scattering of observations from other azimuths. Due to the level of noise present in even the higher-quality records, the usual frequency-domain deconvolution method of computing receiver functions was ineffective, and a time-domain iterative deconvolution was employed to obtain usable wave forms. Receiver functions with similar back-azimuths were stacked in order to improve their signal to noise ratios. The resulting wave forms are relatively complex, with significant energy being present in the tangential components, indicating heterogeneity in the underlying structure. A dip analysis was undertaken but no clear pattern was observed. However, it is apparent that polarities of the tangential components were generally reversed for records that sample the Sunda trench. Forward modeling of the receiver functions indicates the presence of a near-surface low-velocity layer (Vp≈1.9 km/s) and a Moho depth of ~31 km. Details of the crustal structure were investigated by employing time-domain inversions of the receiver functions. General features of those velocity models providing a good fit to the waveform include an approximately one kilometer thick near-surface low-velocity zone, a high-velocity layer over a velocity inversion at mid-crustal depths, and a crust-mantle transition at depths between 30 km and 34 km.

Imaging hydraulic fractures at Median Tectonic Line, Japan using multiply generated and scattered tube waves in a shallow VSP experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Minato, Shohei; Ghose, Ranajit; Tsuji, Takeshi; Ikeda, Michiharu; Onishi, Kozo

2016-04-01

Tube waves are low frequency guided waves that propagate along a fluid-filled borehole. The analysis of tube waves is a promising approach to image and characterize hydraulic fractures intersecting a borehole. It exploits tube waves generated by an external seismic wavefield which compresses fractures and injects fluid into the borehole. It also utilizes the attenuation of tube waves due to fluid exchange between the fracture and the borehole, which creates scattered waves (reflection and transmission). Conventional approaches consider tube waves due to a single fracture. However, when the spacing between multiple fractures is short relative to the wavelength of the tube waves, the generated and scattered tube waves interfere with each other, making it difficult to isolate the effect of a single fracture. The analysis of closely spaced fractures is important in highly fractured areas, such as a fault zone. In this study, we explore the possibility of prediction and utilization of generated and scattered tube waves due to multiple fractures. We derive a new integral equation of the full tube wavefield using 1D wavefield representation theory incorporating nonwelded interfaces. We adapt the recent developments in modeling tube wave generation/scattering at a fracture. In these models, a fracture is represented as a parallel wall or a thin poloelastic layer. This allowed us to consider the effects of a dynamic fracture aperture with fracture compliances and the permeability. The representation also leads to a new imaging method for the hydraulic fractures, using multiply-generated and scattered tube waves. This is achieved by applying an inverse operator to the observed tube waves, which focuses the tube waves to the depth where they are generated and/or scattered. The inverse operator is constructed by a tube wave Green's function with a known propagation velocity. The Median Tectonic Line (MTL) is the most significant fault in Japan, extending NE-SW for over 1000 km across the Japanese Islands. We observed multiple tube waves in a P-wave VSP experiment in a 250 m deep, vertical borehole located on the MTL at Shikoku, Japan. The borehole televiewer and the core studies show that below 40 m depth, the Sambagawa metamorphic rocks contain highly fractured zones which consist of more than 100 open fractures and more than 30 cataclasites. We predict the full tube wavefield using the values of fracture depth and thickness known from the borehole televiewer. We model the open fractures as parallel-wall fractures and the cataclasites as thin poroelastic layers. Furthermore, we estimate the depth of the hydraulic fractures by applying the inverse operator. The results show that the tube waves could be generated and scattered at these permeable structures. Our preliminary results also indicate the possibility that the effect of the open fractures is more dominant in the generation and scattering of tube waves than that of the cataclasites in this field. The formulation and the results presented in this study and the following discussion will be useful in analysis of tube waves in highly fractured zones, in order to localize and characterize hydraulic fractures.

Seismic structure of the European upper mantle based on adjoint tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Hejun; Bozdağ, Ebru; Tromp, Jeroen

2015-04-01

We use adjoint tomography to iteratively determine seismic models of the crust and upper mantle beneath the European continent and the North Atlantic Ocean. Three-component seismograms from 190 earthquakes recorded by 745 seismographic stations are employed in the inversion. Crustal model EPcrust combined with mantle model S362ANI comprise the 3-D starting model, EU00. Before the structural inversion, earthquake source parameters, for example, centroid moment tensors and locations, are reinverted based on global 3-D Green's functions and Fréchet derivatives. This study consists of three stages. In stage one, frequency-dependent phase differences between observed and simulated seismograms are used to constrain radially anisotropic wave speed variations. In stage two, frequency-dependent phase and amplitude measurements are combined to simultaneously constrain elastic wave speeds and anelastic attenuation. In these two stages, long-period surface waves and short-period body waves are combined to simultaneously constrain shallow and deep structures. In stage three, frequency-dependent phase and amplitude anomalies of three-component surface waves are used to simultaneously constrain radial and azimuthal anisotropy. After this three-stage inversion, we obtain a new seismic model of the European curst and upper mantle, named EU60. Improvements in misfits and histograms in both phase and amplitude help us to validate this three-stage inversion strategy. Long-wavelength elastic wave speed variations in model EU60 compare favourably with previous body- and surface wave tomographic models. Some hitherto unidentified features, such as the Adria microplate, naturally emerge from the smooth starting model. Subducting slabs, slab detachments, ancient suture zones, continental rifts and backarc basins are well resolved in model EU60. We find an anticorrelation between shear wave speed and anelastic attenuation at depths < 100 km. At greater depths, this anticorrelation becomes relatively weak, in agreement with previous global attenuation studies. Furthermore, enhanced attenuation is observed within the mantle transition zone beneath the North Atlantic Ocean. Consistent with typical radial anisotropy in 1-D reference models, the European continent is dominated by features with a radially anisotropic parameter ξ > 1, indicating predominantly horizontal flow within the upper mantle. In addition, subduction zones, such as the Apennines and Hellenic arcs, are characterized by vertical flow with ξ < 1 at depths greater than 150 km. We find that the direction of the fast anisotropic axis is closely tied to the tectonic evolution of the region. Averaged radial peak-to-peak anisotropic strength profiles identify distinct brittle-ductile deformation in lithospheric strength beneath oceans and continents. Finally, we use the `point-spread function' to assess image quality and analyse trade-offs between different model parameters.

Nearshore Bathymetric Change Resolved by Depth Inversions, Sonic Altimeters, and In-Situ Surveys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brodie, K. L.; Palmsten, M. L.; Hesser, T.; Dickhudt, P.; Ladner, H.; Elgar, S.; Raubenheimer, B.; Penko, A.

2016-12-01

Video-based remote sensing of shoaling and breaking surface gravity waves combined with a depth-inversion algorithm, cBathy, may be able to provide bathymetry information with high spatial and temporal resolution in the nearshore (Holman et al., 2013, JGR, Vol 118). Although the accuracy of cBathy has been assessed in low-wave conditions when coincident in-situ surveys are available, it has not been tested for many conditions with significant wave height > 1.5 m. During high wave conditions, the use of linear wave theory in the depth-inversion algorithm may result in estimates of water depth that are too deep. Here, measurements from an in-situ array of sonic altimeters and from frequent watercraft surveys are used to assess the ability of cBathy to estimate the spatio-temporal evolution of the seafloor during a range of wave conditions at a micro-tidal sandy beach in Duck, NC. Observations were collected continuously from 14 October to 01 November 2015 with 8 altimeters in 1.5 to 4 m water depth on 2 cross-shore transects separated by 75 m in the alongshore during waves that ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 m. Nearshore bathymetry was alongshore variable, with a crescentic bar that attached to the shoreline along one transect and was 150 m offshore along the other transect. Sand levels changed by as much as 1 m in some locations. Additional measurements were collected with 3 altimeters on a single cross-shore transect for 6 months, with wave heights from 0.3 to 5.0 m and sand level fluctuations of up to 1 m in a single day. Initial comparisons with surveys show cBathy RMSE and bias are of similar magnitude to prior studies. Although cBathy resolves the large-scale spatial morphology of the sandbar, when Hs > 1.3 m cBathy estimates of the sandbar location are 10 to 50 m onshore of the surveyed location. cBathy uncertainty estimates were a poor representation of actual errors when compared with the surveys. Six-month-long time series of altimeter data will be used to assess cBathy's performance during large wave conditions, and altimeter and survey data will be used to assess the spatial and temporal scales of change that can be resolved with cBathy. Funded by USACE, ASAALT, NRL, and ASD(R&E).

The tropical tropopause inversion layer: variability and modulation by equatorial waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pilch Kedzierski, Robin; Matthes, Katja; Bumke, Karl

2016-09-01

The tropical tropopause layer (TTL) acts as a transition layer between the troposphere and the stratosphere over several kilometers, where air has both tropospheric and stratospheric properties. Within this region, a fine-scale feature is located: the tropopause inversion layer (TIL), which consists of a sharp temperature inversion at the tropopause and the corresponding high static stability values right above, which theoretically affect the dispersion relations of atmospheric waves like Rossby or inertia-gravity waves and hamper stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE). Therefore, the TIL receives increasing attention from the scientific community, mainly in the extratropics so far. Our goal is to give a detailed picture of the properties, variability and forcings of the tropical TIL, with special emphasis on small-scale equatorial waves and the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO).We use high-resolution temperature profiles from the COSMIC satellite mission, i.e., ˜ 2000 measurements per day globally, between 2007 and 2013, to derive TIL properties and to study the fine-scale structures of static stability in the tropics. The situation at near tropopause level is described by the 100 hPa horizontal wind divergence fields, and the vertical structure of the QBO is provided by the equatorial winds at all levels, both from the ERA-Interim reanalysis.We describe a new feature of the equatorial static stability profile: a secondary stability maximum below the zero wind line within the easterly QBO wind regime at about 20-25 km altitude, which is forced by the descending westerly QBO phase and gives a double-TIL-like structure. In the lowermost stratosphere, the TIL is stronger with westerly winds. We provide the first evidence of a relationship between the tropical TIL strength and near-tropopause divergence, with stronger (weaker) TIL with near-tropopause divergent (convergent) flow, a relationship analogous to that of TIL strength with relative vorticity in the extratropics.To elucidate possible enhancing mechanisms of the tropical TIL, we quantify the signature of the different equatorial waves on the vertical structure of static stability in the tropics. All waves show, on average, maximum cold anomalies at the thermal tropopause, warm anomalies above and a net TIL enhancement close to the tropopause. The main drivers are Kelvin, inertia-gravity and Rossby waves. We suggest that a similar wave modulation will exist at mid- and polar latitudes from the extratropical wave modes.

Analysis of the Hessian for Inverse Scattering Problems. Part 3. Inverse Medium Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves in Three Dimensions

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-08-01

small data noise and model error, the discrete Hessian can be approximated by a low-rank matrix. This in turn enables fast solution of an appropriately...implication of the compactness of the Hessian is that for small data noise and model error, the discrete Hessian can be approximated by a low-rank matrix. This...probability distribution is given by the inverse of the Hessian of the negative log likelihood function. For Gaussian data noise and model error, this

A fixed energy fixed angle inverse scattering in interior transmission problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Lung-Hui

2017-06-01

We study the inverse acoustic scattering problem in mathematical physics. The problem is to recover the index of refraction in an inhomogeneous medium by measuring the scattered wave fields in the far field. We transform the problem to the interior transmission problem in the study of the Helmholtz equation. We find an inverse uniqueness on the scatterer with a knowledge of a fixed interior transmission eigenvalue. By examining the solution in a series of spherical harmonics in the far field, we can determine uniquely the perturbation source for the radially symmetric perturbations.

Sensitivity analyses of acoustic impedance inversion with full-waveform inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yao, Gang; da Silva, Nuno V.; Wu, Di

2018-04-01

Acoustic impedance estimation has a significant importance to seismic exploration. In this paper, we use full-waveform inversion to recover the impedance from seismic data, and analyze the sensitivity of the acoustic impedance with respect to the source-receiver offset of seismic data and to the initial velocity model. We parameterize the acoustic wave equation with velocity and impedance, and demonstrate three key aspects of acoustic impedance inversion. First, short-offset data are most suitable for acoustic impedance inversion. Second, acoustic impedance inversion is more compatible with the data generated by density contrasts than velocity contrasts. Finally, acoustic impedance inversion requires the starting velocity model to be very accurate for achieving a high-quality inversion. Based upon these observations, we propose a workflow for acoustic impedance inversion as: (1) building a background velocity model with travel-time tomography or reflection waveform inversion; (2) recovering the intermediate wavelength components of the velocity model with full-waveform inversion constrained by Gardner’s relation; (3) inverting the high-resolution acoustic impedance model with short-offset data through full-waveform inversion. We verify this workflow by the synthetic tests based on the Marmousi model.

Joint inversion of phase velocity dispersion and H/V ratio curves from seismic noise recordings using a genetic algorithm, considering higher modes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parolai, S.; Picozzi, M.; Richwalski, S. M.; Milkereit, C.

2005-01-01

Seismic noise contains information on the local S-wave velocity structure, which can be obtained from the phase velocity dispersion curve by means of array measurements. The H/V ratio from single stations also contains information on the average S-wave velocity and the total thickness of the sedimentary cover. A joint inversion of the two data sets therefore might allow constraining the final model well. We propose a scheme that does not require a starting model because of usage of a genetic algorithm. Furthermore, we tested two suitable cost functions for our data set, using a-priori and data driven weighting. The latter one was more appropriate in our case. In addition, we consider the influence of higher modes on the data sets and use a suitable forward modeling procedure. Using real data we show that the joint inversion indeed allows for better fitting the observed data than using the dispersion curve only.

Time-delayed behaviors of transient four-wave mixing signal intensity in inverted semiconductor with carrier-injection pumping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Zhenhua; Gao, Shen; Xiang, Bowen

2016-01-01

An analytical expression of transient four-wave mixing (TFWM) in inverted semiconductor with carrier-injection pumping was derived from both the density matrix equation and the complex stochastic stationary statistical method of incoherent light. Numerical analysis showed that the TFWM decayed decay is towards the limit of extreme homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadenings in atoms and the decaying time is inversely proportional to half the power of the net carrier densities for a low carrier-density injection and other high carrier-density injection, while it obeys an usual exponential decay with other decaying time that is inversely proportional to half the power of the net carrier density or it obeys an unusual exponential decay with the decaying time that is inversely proportional to a third power of the net carrier density for a moderate carrier-density injection. The results can be applied to studying ultrafast carrier dephasing in the inverted semiconductors such as semiconductor laser amplifier and semiconductor optical amplifier.

Imaging the Fine-Scale Structure of the San Andreas Fault in the Northern Gabilan Range with Explosion and Earthquake Sources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xin, H.; Thurber, C. H.; Zhang, H.; Wang, F.

2014-12-01

A number of geophysical studies have been carried out along the San Andreas Fault (SAF) in the Northern Gabilan Range (NGR) with the purpose of characterizing in detail the fault zone structure. Previous seismic research has revealed the complex structure of the crustal volume in the NGR region in two-dimensions (Thurber et al., 1996, 1997), and there has been some work on the three-dimensional (3D) structure at a coarser scale (Lin and Roecker, 1997). In our study we use earthquake body-wave arrival times and differential times (P and S) and explosion arrival times (only P) to image the 3D P- and S-wave velocity structure of the upper crust along the SAF in the NGR using double-difference (DD) tomography. The earthquake and explosion data types have complementary strengths - the earthquake data have good resolution at depth and resolve both Vp and Vs structure, although only where there are sufficient seismic rays between hypocenter and stations, whereas the explosions contribute very good near-surface resolution but for P waves only. The original dataset analyzed by Thurber et al. (1996, 1997) included data from 77 local earthquakes and 8 explosions. We enlarge the dataset with 114 more earthquakes that occurred in the study area, obtain improved S-wave picks using an automated picker, and include absolute and cross-correlation differential times. The inversion code we use is the algorithm tomoDD (Zhang and Thurber, 2003). We assess how the P and S velocity models and earthquake locations vary as we alter the inversion parameters and the inversion grid. The new inversion results show clearly the fine-scale structure of the SAF at depth in 3D, sharpening the image of the velocity contrast from the southwest side to the northeast side.

Acoustic parameters inversion and sediment properties in the Yellow River reservoir

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Chang-Zheng; Yang, Yong; Wang, Rui; Yan, Xiao-Fei

2018-03-01

The physical properties of silt in river reservoirs are important to river dynamics. Unfortunately, traditional techniques yield insufficient data. Based on porous media acoustic theory, we invert the acoustic parameters for the top river-bottom sediments. An explicit form of the acoustic reflection coefficient at the water-sediment interface is derived based on Biot's theory. The choice of parameters in the Biot model is discussed and the relation between acoustic and geological parameters is studied, including that between the reflection coefficient and porosity and the attenuation coefficient and permeability. The attenuation coefficient of the sound wave in the sediments is obtained by analyzing the shift of the signal frequency. The acoustic reflection coefficient at the water-sediment interface is extracted from the sonar signal. Thus, an inversion method of the physical parameters of the riverbottom surface sediments is proposed. The results of an experiment at the Sanmenxia reservoir suggest that the estimated grain size is close to the actual data. This demonstrates the ability of the proposed method to determine the physical parameters of sediments and estimate the grain size.

Two-dimensional fast marching for geometrical optics.

PubMed

Capozzoli, Amedeo; Curcio, Claudio; Liseno, Angelo; Savarese, Salvatore

2014-11-03

We develop an approach for the fast and accurate determination of geometrical optics solutions to Maxwell's equations in inhomogeneous 2D media and for TM polarized electric fields. The eikonal equation is solved by the fast marching method. Particular attention is paid to consistently discretizing the scatterers' boundaries and matching the discretization to that of the computational domain. The ray tracing is performed, in a direct and inverse way, by using a technique introduced in computer graphics for the fast and accurate generation of textured images from vector fields. The transport equation is solved by resorting only to its integral form, the transport of polarization being trivial for the considered geometry and polarization. Numerical results for the plane wave scattering of two perfectly conducting circular cylinders and for a Luneburg lens prove the accuracy of the algorithm. In particular, it is shown how the approach is capable of properly accounting for the multiple scattering occurring between the two metallic cylinders and how inverse ray tracing should be preferred to direct ray tracing in the case of the Luneburg lens.

Extreme wave formation in unidirectional sea due to stochastic wave phase dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Rui; Balachandran, Balakumar

2018-07-01

The authors consider a stochastic model based on the interaction and phase coupling amongst wave components that are modified envelope soliton solutions to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. A probabilistic study is carried out and the resulting findings are compared with ocean wave field observations and laboratory experimental results. The wave height probability distribution obtained from the model is found to match well with prior data in the large wave height region. From the eigenvalue spectrum obtained through the Inverse Scattering Transform, it is revealed that the deep-water wave groups move at a speed different from the linear group speed, which justifies the inclusion of phase correction to the envelope solitary wave components. It is determined that phase synchronization amongst elementary solitary wave components can be critical for the formation of extreme waves in unidirectional sea states.

Shear wave velocity structure in North America from large-scale waveform inversions of surface waves

USGS Publications Warehouse

Alsina, D.; Woodward, R.L.; Snieder, R.K.

1996-01-01

A two-step nonlinear and linear inversion is carried out to map the lateral heterogeneity beneath North America using surface wave data. The lateral resolution for most areas of the model is of the order of several hundred kilometers. The most obvious feature in the tomographic images is the rapid transition between low velocities in the technically active region west of the Rocky Mountains and high velocities in the stable central and eastern shield of North America. The model also reveals smaller-scale heterogeneous velocity structures. A high-velocity anomaly is imaged beneath the state of Washington that could be explained as the subducting Juan de Fuca plate beneath the Cascades. A large low-velocity structure extends along the coast from the Mendocino to the Rivera triple junction and to the continental interior across the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Its shape changes notably with depth. This anomaly largely coincides with the part of the margin where no lithosphere is consumed since the subduction has been replaced by a transform fault. Evidence for a discontinuous subduction of the Cocos plate along the Middle American Trench is found. In central Mexico a transition is visible from low velocities across the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) to high velocities beneath the Yucatan Peninsula. Two elongated low-velocity anomalies beneath the Yellowstone Plateau and the eastern Snake River Plain volcanic system and beneath central Mexico and the TMVB seem to be associated with magmatism and partial melting. Another low-velocity feature is seen at depths of approximately 200 km beneath Florida and the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The inversion technique used is based on a linear surface wave scattering theory, which gives tomographic images of the relative phase velocity perturbations in four period bands ranging from 40 to 150 s. In order to find a smooth reference model a nonlinear inversion based on ray theory is first performed. After correcting for the crustal thickness the phase velocity perturbations obtained from the subsequent linear waveform inversion for the different period bands are converted to a three-layer model of S velocity perturbations (layer 1, 25-100 km; layer 2, 100-200 km) layer 3, 200-300 km). We have applied this method on 275 high-quality Rayleigh waves recorded by a variety of instruments in North America (IRIS/USGS, IRIS/IDA, TERRAscope, RSTN). Sensitivity tests indicate that the lateral resolution is especially good in the densely sampled western continental United States, Mexico, and the Gulf of Mexico.

2D Seismic Imaging of Elastic Parameters by Frequency Domain Full Waveform Inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brossier, R.; Virieux, J.; Operto, S.

2008-12-01

Thanks to recent advances in parallel computing, full waveform inversion is today a tractable seismic imaging method to reconstruct physical parameters of the earth interior at different scales ranging from the near- surface to the deep crust. We present a massively parallel 2D frequency-domain full-waveform algorithm for imaging visco-elastic media from multi-component seismic data. The forward problem (i.e. the resolution of the frequency-domain 2D PSV elastodynamics equations) is based on low-order Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method (P0 and/or P1 interpolations). Thanks to triangular unstructured meshes, the DG method allows accurate modeling of both body waves and surface waves in case of complex topography for a discretization of 10 to 15 cells per shear wavelength. The frequency-domain DG system is solved efficiently for multiple sources with the parallel direct solver MUMPS. The local inversion procedure (i.e. minimization of residuals between observed and computed data) is based on the adjoint-state method which allows to efficiently compute the gradient of the objective function. Applying the inversion hierarchically from the low frequencies to the higher ones defines a multiresolution imaging strategy which helps convergence towards the global minimum. In place of expensive Newton algorithm, the combined use of the diagonal terms of the approximate Hessian matrix and optimization algorithms based on quasi-Newton methods (Conjugate Gradient, LBFGS, ...) allows to improve the convergence of the iterative inversion. The distribution of forward problem solutions over processors driven by a mesh partitioning performed by METIS allows to apply most of the inversion in parallel. We shall present the main features of the parallel modeling/inversion algorithm, assess its scalability and illustrate its performances with realistic synthetic case studies.

Azimuthal Seismic Amplitude Variation with Offset and Azimuth Inversion in Weakly Anisotropic Media with Orthorhombic Symmetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pan, Xinpeng; Zhang, Guangzhi; Yin, Xingyao

2018-01-01

Seismic amplitude variation with offset and azimuth (AVOaz) inversion is well known as a popular and pragmatic tool utilized to estimate fracture parameters. A single set of vertical fractures aligned along a preferred horizontal direction embedded in a horizontally layered medium can be considered as an effective long-wavelength orthorhombic medium. Estimation of Thomsen's weak-anisotropy (WA) parameters and fracture weaknesses plays an important role in characterizing the orthorhombic anisotropy in a weakly anisotropic medium. Our goal is to demonstrate an orthorhombic anisotropic AVOaz inversion approach to describe the orthorhombic anisotropy utilizing the observable wide-azimuth seismic reflection data in a fractured reservoir with the assumption of orthorhombic symmetry. Combining Thomsen's WA theory and linear-slip model, we first derive a perturbation in stiffness matrix of a weakly anisotropic medium with orthorhombic symmetry under the assumption of small WA parameters and fracture weaknesses. Using the perturbation matrix and scattering function, we then derive an expression for linearized PP-wave reflection coefficient in terms of P- and S-wave moduli, density, Thomsen's WA parameters, and fracture weaknesses in such an orthorhombic medium, which avoids the complicated nonlinear relationship between the orthorhombic anisotropy and azimuthal seismic reflection data. Incorporating azimuthal seismic data and Bayesian inversion theory, the maximum a posteriori solutions of Thomsen's WA parameters and fracture weaknesses in a weakly anisotropic medium with orthorhombic symmetry are reasonably estimated with the constraints of Cauchy a priori probability distribution and smooth initial models of model parameters to enhance the inversion resolution and the nonlinear iteratively reweighted least squares strategy. The synthetic examples containing a moderate noise demonstrate the feasibility of the derived orthorhombic anisotropic AVOaz inversion method, and the real data illustrate the inversion stabilities of orthorhombic anisotropy in a fractured reservoir.

Arterial wave reflection and subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction.

PubMed

Russo, Cesare; Jin, Zhezhen; Takei, Yasuyoshi; Hasegawa, Takuya; Koshaka, Shun; Palmieri, Vittorio; Elkind, Mitchell Sv; Homma, Shunichi; Sacco, Ralph L; Di Tullio, Marco R

2011-03-01

Increased arterial wave reflection is a predictor of cardiovascular events and has been hypothesized to be a cofactor in the pathophysiology of heart failure. Whether increased wave reflection is inversely associated with left-ventricular (LV) systolic function in individuals without heart failure is not clear. Arterial wave reflection and LV systolic function were assessed in 301 participants from the Cardiovascular Abnormalities and Brain Lesions (CABL) study using two-dimensional echocardiography and applanation tonometry of the radial artery to derive central arterial waveform by a validated transfer function. Aortic augmentation index (AIx) and wasted energy index (WEi) were used as indices of wave reflection. LV systolic function was measured by LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Mitral annulus peak systolic velocity (Sm), peak longitudinal strain and strain rate were measured. Participants with history of coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, LVEF less than 50% or wall motion abnormalities were excluded. Mean age of the study population was 68.3 ± 10.2 years (64.1% women, 65% hypertensive). LV systolic function by TDI was lower with increasing wave reflection, whereas LVEF was not. In multivariate analysis, TDI parameters of LV longitudinal systolic function were significantly and inversely correlated to AIx and WEi (P values from 0.05 to 0.002). In a community cohort without heart failure and with normal LVEF, an increased arterial wave reflection was associated with subclinical reduction in LV systolic function assessed by novel TDI techniques. Further studies are needed to investigate the prognostic implications of this relationship.

A ground-base Radar network to access the 3D structure of MLT winds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stober, G.; Chau, J. L.; Wilhelm, S.; Jacobi, C.

2016-12-01

The mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) is a highly variable atmospheric region driven by wave dynamics at various scales including planetary waves, tides and gravity waves. Some of these propagate through the MLT into the thermosphere/ionosphere carrying energy and momentum from the middle atmosphere into the upper atmosphere. To improve our understanding of the wave energetics and momentum transfer during their dissipation it is essential to characterize their space time properties. During the last two years we developed a new experimental approach to access the horizontal structure of wind fields at the MLT using a meteor radar network in Germany, which we called MMARIA - Multi-static Multi-frequency Agile Radar for Investigation of the Atmosphere. The network combines classical backscatter meteor radars and passive forward scatter radio links. We present our preliminary results using up to 7 different active and passive radio links to obtain horizontally resolved wind fields applying a statistical inverse method. The wind fields are retrieved with 15-30 minutes temporal resolution on a grid with 30x30 km horizontal spacing. Depending on the number of observed meteors, we are able to apply the wind field inversion at heights between 84-94 km. The horizontally resolved wind fields provide insights of the typical horizontal gravity wave length and the energy cascade from large scales to small scales. We present first power spectra indicating the transition from the synoptic wave scale to the gravity wave scale.

Wave modulation of the extratropical tropopause inversion layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pilch Kedzierski, Robin; Matthes, Katja; Bumke, Karl

2017-03-01

This study aims to quantify how much of the observed strength and variability in the zonal-mean extratropical tropopause inversion layer (TIL) comes from the modulation of the temperature field and its gradients around the tropopause by planetary- and synoptic-scale waves. By analyzing high-resolution observations, it also puts other TIL enhancing mechanisms into context.Using gridded Global Positioning System radio occultation (GPS-RO) temperature profiles from the COSMIC mission (2007-2013), we are able to extract the extratropical wave signal by a simplified wavenumber-frequency domain filtering method and quantify the resulting TIL enhancement. By subtracting the extratropical wave signal, we show how much of the TIL is associated with other processes, at mid- and high latitudes, for both hemispheres and all seasons.The transient and reversible modulation by planetary- and synoptic-scale waves is almost entirely responsible for the TIL in midlatitudes. This means that wave-mean flow interactions, inertia-gravity waves and the residual circulation are of minor importance for the strength and variability in the midlatitude TIL.At polar regions, the extratropical wave modulation is dominant for the TIL strength as well, but there is also a clear fingerprint from sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) and final warmings in both hemispheres. Therefore, polar vortex breakups are partially responsible for the observed polar TIL strength in winter (if SSWs occur) and spring. Also, part of the polar summer TIL strength cannot be explained by extratropical wave modulation.We suggest that our wave modulation mechanism integrates several TIL enhancing mechanisms proposed in previous literature while robustly disclosing the overall outcome of the different processes involved. By analyzing observations only, our study identifies which mechanisms dominate the extratropical TIL strength and their relative contribution. It remains to be determined, however, which roles the different planetary- and synoptic-scale wave types play within the total extratropical wave modulation of the TIL, as well as what causes the observed amplification of extratropical waves near the tropopause.

P-Wave Velocity Tomography from Local Earthquakes in Western Mexico

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ochoa-Chávez, Juan A.; Escudero, Christian R.; Núñez-Cornú, Francisco J.; Bandy, William L.

2016-10-01

In western Mexico, the subduction of the Rivera and Cocos plates beneath the North America plate has deformed and fragmented the overriding plate, forming several structural rifts and crustal blocks. To obtain a reliable subsurface image of the continental crust and uppermost mantle in this complex area, we used P-wave arrivals of local earthquakes along with the Fast Marching Method tomography technique. We followed an inversion scheme consisting of (1) the use of a high-quality earthquake catalog and corrected phase picks, (2) the selection of earthquakes using a maximum location error threshold, (3) the estimation of an improved 1-D reference velocity model, and (4) the use of checkerboard testing to determine the optimum configuration of the velocity nodes and inversion parameters. Surprisingly, the tomography results show a very simple δVp distribution that can be described as being controlled by geologic structures formed during two stages of the separation of the Rivera and Cocos plates. The earlier period represents the initial stages of the separation of the Rivera and Cocos plates beneath western Mexico; the later period represents the more advanced stage of rifting where the Rivera and Cocos plates had separated sufficiently to allow melt to accumulate below the Colima Volcanic complex. During the earlier period (14 or 10-1.6 Ma), NE-SW-oriented structures/lineaments (such as the Southern Colima Rift) were formed as the two plates separated. During the second period (1.6 Ma to the present), the deformation is attributed to magma, generated within and above the tear zone between the Rivera and Cocos plates, rising beneath the region of the Colima Volcanic Complex. The rising magma fractured the overlying crust, forming a classic triple-rift junction geometry. This triple-rift system is confined to the mid- to lower crust perhaps indicating that this rifting process is still in an early stage. This fracturing, along with fluid circulation and associated heat advection within the fractures, can easily explain the observed distribution of δVp, as well as many of the results of previous seismological studies. Also surprisingly, we find no evidence at deep crustal depths to support either a trenchward migration of the volcanic arc or toroidal asthenospheric flow through the slab tears bounding the Jalisco Block to the NW and SE.

Nonlinear Waves.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-02-01

in Multi- dimensions II, P.M. Santini and A.S. Fokas, preprint INS#67, 1986. The Recursion Operator of the Kadomtsev - Petviashvili Equation and the...solitons, multidimensional inverse problems, Painleve equations , direct linearizations of certain nonlinear wave equations , DBAR problems, Riemann...the Navy is (a) the recent discovery that many of the equations describing ship hydrodynamics in channels of finite depth obey nonlinear equations

Addendum to foundations of multidimensional wave field signal theory: Gaussian source function

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baddour, Natalie

2018-02-01

Many important physical phenomena are described by wave or diffusion-wave type equations. Recent work has shown that a transform domain signal description from linear system theory can give meaningful insight to multi-dimensional wave fields. In N. Baddour [AIP Adv. 1, 022120 (2011)], certain results were derived that are mathematically useful for the inversion of multi-dimensional Fourier transforms, but more importantly provide useful insight into how source functions are related to the resulting wave field. In this short addendum to that work, it is shown that these results can be applied with a Gaussian source function, which is often useful for modelling various physical phenomena.

Formal integration of controlled-source and passive seismic data: Utilization of the CD-ROM experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rumpfhuber, E.; Keller, G. R.; Velasco, A. A.

2005-12-01

Many large-scale experiments conduct both controlled-source and passive deployments to investigate the lithospheric structure of a targeted region. Many of these studies utilize each data set independently, resulting in different images of the Earth depending on the data set investigated. In general, formal integration of these data sets, such as joint inversions, with other data has not been performed. The CD-ROM experiment, which included both 2-D controlled-source and passive recording along a profile extending from southern Wyoming to northern New Mexico serves as an excellent data set to develop a formal integration strategy between both controlled source and passive experiments. These data are ideal to develop this strategy because: 1) the analysis of refraction/wide-angle reflection data yields Vp structure, and sometimes Vs structure, of the crust and uppermost mantle; 2) analysis of the PmP phase (Moho reflection) yields estimates of the average Vp of the crust for the crust; and 3) receiver functions contain full-crustal reverberations and yield the Vp/Vs ratio, but do not constrain the absolute P and S velocity. Thus, a simple form of integration involves using the Vp/Vs ratio from receiver functions and the average Vp from refraction measurements, to solve for the average Vs of the crust. When refraction/ wide-angle reflection data and several receiver functions nearby are available, an integrated 2-D model can be derived. In receiver functions, the PS conversion gives the S-wave travel-time (ts) through the crust along the raypath traveled from the Moho to the surface. Since the receiver function crustal reverberation gives the Vp/Vs ratio, it is also possible to use the arrival time of the converted phase, PS, to solve for the travel time of the direct teleseismic P-wave through the crust along the ray path. Raytracing can yield the point where the teleseismic wave intersects the Moho. In this approach, the conversion point is essentially a pseudo-shotpoint, thus the converted arrival at the surface can be jointly modeled with refraction data using a 3-D inversion code. Employing the combined CD-ROM data sets, we will be investigating the joint inversion results of controlled source data and receiver functions.

An adaptive Bayesian inversion for upper-mantle structure using surface waves and scattered body waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eilon, Zachary; Fischer, Karen M.; Dalton, Colleen A.

2018-07-01

We present a methodology for 1-D imaging of upper-mantle structure using a Bayesian approach that incorporates a novel combination of seismic data types and an adaptive parametrization based on piecewise discontinuous splines. Our inversion algorithm lays the groundwork for improved seismic velocity models of the lithosphere and asthenosphere by harnessing the recent expansion of large seismic arrays and computational power alongside sophisticated data analysis. Careful processing of P- and S-wave arrivals isolates converted phases generated at velocity gradients between the mid-crust and 300 km depth. This data is allied with ambient noise and earthquake Rayleigh wave phase velocities to obtain detailed VS and VP velocity models. Synthetic tests demonstrate that converted phases are necessary to accurately constrain velocity gradients, and S-p phases are particularly important for resolving mantle structure, while surface waves are necessary for capturing absolute velocities. We apply the method to several stations in the northwest and north-central United States, finding that the imaged structure improves upon existing models by sharpening the vertical resolution of absolute velocity profiles, offering robust uncertainty estimates, and revealing mid-lithospheric velocity gradients indicative of thermochemical cratonic layering. This flexible method holds promise for increasingly detailed understanding of the upper mantle.

Complex Modeling of the Seismic Structure of the Trans-European Suture Zone's Margin from Receiver Function Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilde-Piorko, M.; Chrapkiewicz, K.; Lepore, S.; Polkowski, M.; Grad, M.

2016-12-01

The Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ) is one of the most prominent suture zones in Europe separating the young Paleozoic Platform from the much older Precambrian East European Craton. The data recorded by "13 BB Star" broadband seismic stations (Grad et al., 2015) are analyzed to investigate the crustal and upper mantle structure of the margin of the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ) in northern Poland. Receiver function (RF) locally provides the signature of sharp seismic discontinuities and information about the shear wave (S-wave) velocity distribution beneath the seismic station. Recorded seismograms are rotated from ZNE to LQT system with method using the properties of RF (Wilde-Piórko, 2015). Different techniques of receiver function interpretation are applied, including 1-D inversion of RF, 1-D forward modeling of RF, 2.5D forward modeling of RF, 1-D join inversion of RF and dispersion curves of surface wave, to find the best S-wave velocity model of the TESZ margin. A high-resolution 3D P-wave velocity model in the area of Poland (Grad et al. 2016) are used as a starting model. National Science Centre Poland provided financial support for this work by NCN grant DEC-2011/02/A/ST10/00284.

Crustal shear wave velocity structure in the northeastern Tibet based on the Neighbourhood algorithm inversion of receiver functions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Zhenbo; Xu, Tao; Liang, Chuntao; Wu, Chenglong; Liu, Zhiqiang

2018-03-01

The northeastern (NE) Tibet records and represents the far-field deformation response of the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates in the Cenozoic time. Over the past two decades, studies have revealed the existence of thickened crust in the NE Tibet, but the thickening mechanism is still in debate. We deployed a passive-source seismic profile with 22 temporary broad-band seismic stations in the NE Tibet to investigate the crustal shear wave velocity structure in this region. We selected 288 teleseismic events located in the west Pacific subduction zone near Japan with similar ray path to calculate P-wave receiver functions. Neighbourhood algorithm method is applied to invert the shear wave velocity beneath stations. The inversion result shows a low-velocity zone (LVZ) is roughly confined to the Songpan-Ganzi block and Kunlun mountains and extends to the southern margin of Gonghe basin. Considering the low P-wave velocity revealed by the wide-angle reflection-refraction seismic experiment and high ratio of Vp/Vs based on H-κ grid searching of the receiver functions in this profile, LVZ may be attributed to partial melting induced by temperature change. This observation appears to be consistent with the crustal ductile deformation in this region derived from other geophysical investigations.

An adaptive Bayesian inversion for upper mantle structure using surface waves and scattered body waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eilon, Zachary; Fischer, Karen M.; Dalton, Colleen A.

2018-04-01

We present a methodology for 1-D imaging of upper mantle structure using a Bayesian approach that incorporates a novel combination of seismic data types and an adaptive parameterisation based on piecewise discontinuous splines. Our inversion algorithm lays the groundwork for improved seismic velocity models of the lithosphere and asthenosphere by harnessing the recent expansion of large seismic arrays and computational power alongside sophisticated data analysis. Careful processing of P- and S-wave arrivals isolates converted phases generated at velocity gradients between the mid-crust and 300 km depth. This data is allied with ambient noise and earthquake Rayleigh wave phase velocities to obtain detailed VS and VP velocity models. Synthetic tests demonstrate that converted phases are necessary to accurately constrain velocity gradients, and S-p phases are particularly important for resolving mantle structure, while surface waves are necessary for capturing absolute velocities. We apply the method to several stations in the northwest and north-central United States, finding that the imaged structure improves upon existing models by sharpening the vertical resolution of absolute velocity profiles, offering robust uncertainty estimates, and revealing mid-lithospheric velocity gradients indicative of thermochemical cratonic layering. This flexible method holds promise for increasingly detailed understanding of the upper mantle.

Bathymetric mapping of submarine sand waves using multiangle sun glitter imagery: a case of the Taiwan Banks with ASTER stereo imagery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Hua-guo; Yang, Kang; Lou, Xiu-lin; Li, Dong-ling; Shi, Ai-qin; Fu, Bin

2015-01-01

Submarine sand waves are visible in optical sun glitter remote sensing images and multiangle observations can provide valuable information. We present a method for bathymetric mapping of submarine sand waves using multiangle sun glitter information from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer stereo imagery. Based on a multiangle image geometry model and a sun glitter radiance transfer model, sea surface roughness is derived using multiangle sun glitter images. These results are then used for water depth inversions based on the Alpers-Hennings model, supported by a few true depth data points (sounding data). Case study results show that the inversion and true depths match well, with high-correlation coefficients and root-mean-square errors from 1.45 to 2.46 m, and relative errors from 5.48% to 8.12%. The proposed method has some advantages over previous methods in that it requires fewer true depth data points, it does not require environmental parameters or knowledge of sand-wave morphology, and it is relatively simple to operate. On this basis, we conclude that this method is effective in mapping submarine sand waves and we anticipate that it will also be applicable to other similar topography types.

Seismic imaging of the geothermal area in Tarutung (Sumatra, Indonesia): Comparison of local earthquake and ambient noise tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muksin, Muksin; Bauer, Klaus; Haberland, Christian; Ryberg, Trond

2013-04-01

A joint German-Indonesian research initiative is conducted to support the geothermal energy development in Indonesia, where one important aspect is exploration technology. An almost unexplored region located in northern Sumatra (Indonesia) was chosen to develop and demonstrate an integrated exploration strategy which includes structural geology, active seismics, passive seismology, and magnetotelluric investigations. The geothermal potential at this site is mainly determined by the Sumatran fault system and its interplay with young volcanism associated with subduction zone processes. Within the passive seismology study, a temporary network of 42 stations was installed around the city of Tarutung running over a period of 10 month from May 2011 until February 2012. The Sumatran fault was covered at the center of the network, and stations were distributed within a radius of 20 km with spacings of about 5 km on average. The collected data allow for the 3D imaging of seismic velocities and intrinsic attenuation, high resolution relocalisation of seismicity, determination of fault plane solutions, and analysis of ambient noise generated surface waves. The general objective is to integrate the final results with other geoscientific data and interpretations and to develop a conceptual model for the geothermal system of the target region. In the presentation we will focuss on a comparison of local earthquake tomography and ambient noise surface wave inversion. We applied HYPO71 to locate events and found 2,586 events within the network and relocate 809 events having gap angle less than 180 degrees by using VELEST and determined the 1D Vp and Vp/Vs models forming the starting models of the subsequent 3D inversion. SIMUL2000 code was used to invert for Vp and Vp/Vs as well as the intrinsic attenuation for P waves (Qp). For the ambient noise tomography we cross-correlated the daily vertical component recordings for all available station pairs in the 40 station array. Surface wave travel times were picked and inverted using the Fast Marching Surface-wave Tomography (FMST) method. The Vp structure images the geometry of the basins while high Vp/Vs and low Qp are associated with hot fluid pathway originated below the Sumatran fault. We examine the comparison of the results of the Vp/Vs and Qp with the ambient noise tomography to investigate the potential for combining both approach to study geothermal systems.

Comparison of different statistical methods for estimation of extreme sea levels with wave set-up contribution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kergadallan, Xavier; Bernardara, Pietro; Benoit, Michel; Andreewsky, Marc; Weiss, Jérôme

2013-04-01

Estimating the probability of occurrence of extreme sea levels is a central issue for the protection of the coast. Return periods of sea level with wave set-up contribution are estimated here in one site : Cherbourg in France in the English Channel. The methodology follows two steps : the first one is computation of joint probability of simultaneous wave height and still sea level, the second one is interpretation of that joint probabilities to assess a sea level for a given return period. Two different approaches were evaluated to compute joint probability of simultaneous wave height and still sea level : the first one is multivariate extreme values distributions of logistic type in which all components of the variables become large simultaneously, the second one is conditional approach for multivariate extreme values in which only one component of the variables have to be large. Two different methods were applied to estimate sea level with wave set-up contribution for a given return period : Monte-Carlo simulation in which estimation is more accurate but needs higher calculation time and classical ocean engineering design contours of type inverse-FORM in which the method is simpler and allows more complex estimation of wave setup part (wave propagation to the coast for example). We compare results from the two different approaches with the two different methods. To be able to use both Monte-Carlo simulation and design contours methods, wave setup is estimated with an simple empirical formula. We show advantages of the conditional approach compared to the multivariate extreme values approach when extreme sea-level occurs when either surge or wave height is large. We discuss the validity of the ocean engineering design contours method which is an alternative when computation of sea levels is too complex to use Monte-Carlo simulation method.

Globally Convergent Numerical Methods for Coefficient Inverse Problems

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-23

backgrounds. Probing radiations are usually thought as electric and acoustic waves for the first two applications and light originated by lasers in...fundamental laws of physics. Electric , acoustic or light scattering properties of both unknown targets and the backgrounds are described by coefficients of...with the back-reflected data here, Army applications are quite feasible. The 2-D inverse problem of the determination of the unknown electric

Joint time/frequency-domain inversion of reflection data for seabed geoacoustic profiles and uncertainties.

PubMed

Dettmer, Jan; Dosso, Stan E; Holland, Charles W

2008-03-01

This paper develops a joint time/frequency-domain inversion for high-resolution single-bounce reflection data, with the potential to resolve fine-scale profiles of sediment velocity, density, and attenuation over small seafloor footprints (approximately 100 m). The approach utilizes sequential Bayesian inversion of time- and frequency-domain reflection data, employing ray-tracing inversion for reflection travel times and a layer-packet stripping method for spherical-wave reflection-coefficient inversion. Posterior credibility intervals from the travel-time inversion are passed on as prior information to the reflection-coefficient inversion. Within the reflection-coefficient inversion, parameter information is passed from one layer packet inversion to the next in terms of marginal probability distributions rotated into principal components, providing an efficient approach to (partially) account for multi-dimensional parameter correlations with one-dimensional, numerical distributions. Quantitative geoacoustic parameter uncertainties are provided by a nonlinear Gibbs sampling approach employing full data error covariance estimation (including nonstationary effects) and accounting for possible biases in travel-time picks. Posterior examination of data residuals shows the importance of including data covariance estimates in the inversion. The joint inversion is applied to data collected on the Malta Plateau during the SCARAB98 experiment.

Global moment tensor computation at GFZ Potsdam

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saul, J.; Becker, J.; Hanka, W.

2011-12-01

As part of its earthquake information service, GFZ Potsdam has started to provide seismic moment tensor solutions for significant earthquakes world-wide. The software used to compute the moment tensors is a GFZ-Potsdam in-house development, which uses the framework of the software SeisComP 3 (Hanka et al., 2010). SeisComP 3 (SC3) is a software package for seismological data acquisition, archival, quality control and analysis. SC3 is developed by GFZ Potsdam with significant contributions from its user community. The moment tensor inversion technique uses a combination of several wave types, time windows and frequency bands depending on magnitude and station distance. Wave types include body, surface and mantle waves as well as the so-called 'W-Phase' (Kanamori and Rivera, 2008). The inversion is currently performed in the time domain only. An iterative centroid search can be performed independently both horizontally and in depth. Moment tensors are currently computed in a semi-automatic fashion. This involves inversions that are performed automatically in near-real time, followed by analyst review prior to publication. The automatic results are quite often good enough to be published without further improvements, sometimes in less than 30 minutes from origin time. In those cases where a manual interaction is still required, the automatic inversion usually does a good job at pre-selecting those traces that are the most relevant for the inversion, keeping the work required for the analyst at a minimum. Our published moment tensors are generally in good agreement with those published by the Global Centroid-Moment-Tensor (GCMT) project for earthquakes above a magnitude of about Mw 5. Additionally we provide solutions for smaller earthquakes above about Mw 4 in Europe, which are normally not analyzed by the GCMT project. We find that for earthquakes above Mw 6, the most robust automatic inversions can usually be obtained using the W-Phase time window. The GFZ earthquake bulletin is located at http://geofon.gfz-potsdam.de/eqinfo For more information on the SeisComP 3 software visit http://www.seiscomp3.org

Left dominant arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: a morbid association of ventricular arrhythmias and unexplained infero-lateral T-wave inversion.

PubMed

Protonotarios, Alexandros; Patrianakos, Alexandros; Spanoudaki, Elpida; Kochiadakis, Georgios; Michalodimitrakis, Emmanouel; Vardas, Panagiotis

2013-01-01

Left-dominant arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is a subtype of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy characterized by early predominant left ventricular involvement. Α 34-year-old man presented with palpitations and a history of frequent ventricular extrasystoles of both LBBB and RBBB configuration. Cardiac workup revealed repolarization abnormalities at infero-lateral leads in the absence of diagnostic structural/functional alterations or obstructive coronary artery disease. Six months later he died suddenly. Histopathology was diagnostic for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy affecting predominantly the left ventricle at subepicardial/midwall myocardial layers. Thus, ventricular arrhythmias accompanied by unexplained infero-lateral T-wave inversion should warn of a possible morbid association underlying left-dominant arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.