white middle class: Topics by Science.gov

Sample records for white middle class

3 CFR - White House Task Force on Middle-Class Working Families

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 3 The President 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false White House Task Force on Middle-Class Working... Task Force on Middle-Class Working Families Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and... times. To these ends, I hereby direct the following: Section 1. White House Task Force on Middle-Class...
White Middle Class Identities and Urban Schooling

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Devine, Dympna; Savage, Mike; Ingram, Nicola

2012-01-01

The authors review "White middle class identities and urban schooling," by D. Reay, G. Crozier and D. James. This book focuses on the perspectives of white middle-class parents who make "against"-the-grain school choices for their children in urban England. It provides key insights into the dynamics of class practising that are…
The Collective Construction of Middle-Class White Womanhood: Investigations of Teaching and Teacher Professionalization in a Diverse Elementary School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yoon, Irene H.

2011-01-01

This dissertation investigates how the intersections of race, class, and gender operate in the everyday teaching and professional norms of middle-class White women teachers--particularly in schools such as the one in this study, where a majority of middle-class, White women teachers serve predominantly low-income, racially and ethnically diverse…
Racial ideology and explanations for health inequalities among middle-class whites.

PubMed

Muntaner, C; Nagoshi, C; Diala, C

2001-01-01

Middle-class whites' explanations for racial inequalities in health can have a profound impact on the type of questions addressed in epidemiology and public health research. These explanations also constitute a subset of white racial ideology (i.e., racism) that in itself powerfully affects the health of non-whites. This study begins to examine the nature of attributions for racial inequalities in health among university students who by definition are likely to be involved in the research, policy, and service professions (the upper middle class). Investigation of the degree to which middle-class whites attribute racial inequalities in cardiovascular health (between themselves and African Americans, American Indians, or Asian Americans) to biological, social, or lifestyle factors reveals that whites tend to attribute their own health to lifestyle choice and to biology rather than to social factors. These results suggest that contemporary middle-class whites' "self-serving" explanations for racial inequalities in health are comprised of two beliefs: implicit biologism (race is an attribute of organisms rather than a social relation) and liberal belief in self-determination, choice, and individual responsibility--some of the core lay beliefs of the worldview that sustains neoliberal capitalism. Contemporary white middle-class explanations for racial inequalities in health appear to include assumptions that justify class inequality. Liberal approaches to racism in public health are bound to miss a key component of racial ideology that is currently used to justify racial and class inequalities.
"He Was a Bit of a Delicate Thing": White Middle-Class Boys, Gender, School Choice and Parental Anxiety

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Katya; Jamieson, Fiona; Hollingworth, Sumi

2008-01-01

This paper examines the impact of gender on white middle-class parents' anxiety about choosing inner-city comprehensives and their children's subsequent experiences within school, particularly in relation to social mixing. Drawing on interview data from an ESRC funded study of white middle-class parents whose children attend inner-city…
The persistence of white flight in middle-class suburbia.

PubMed

Kye, Samuel H

2018-05-01

Scholars have continued to debate the extent to which white flight remains racially motivated or, in contrast, the result of socioeconomic concerns that proxy locations of minority residence. Using 1990-2010 census data, this study contributes to this debate by re-examining white flight in a sample of both poor and middle-class suburban neighborhoods. Findings fail to provide evidence in support of the racial proxy hypothesis. To the contrary, for neighborhoods with a larger non-white presence, white flight is instead more likely in middle-class as opposed to poorer neighborhoods. These results not only confirm the continued salience of race for white flight, but also suggest that racial white flight may be motivated to an even greater extent in middle-class, suburban neighborhoods. Theoretically, these findings point to the decoupling of economic and racial residential integration, as white flight may persist for groups even despite higher levels of socioeconomic attainment. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Protect and Survive: "Whiteness" and the Middle-Class Family in Civil Defence Pedagogies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Preston, John

2008-01-01

"Civil defence pedagogies" normalise continuous emergency through educational channels such as school, community and adult education. Using critical whiteness studies, and critiques of white supremacy from critical race theory, as a conceptual base, the protection of whiteness, and particularly the white middle-class family, is considered to be…
White against White: School Desegregation and the Revolt of Middle America

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rubin, Lillian B.

1976-01-01

Presents a sketch of two groups, one lower middle class and conservative, the other upper middle class and liberal, who squared off to fight the battle of desegregation in the schools of Richmond, California. (Author/RK)
White Middle-Class Privilege: Social Class Bias and Implications for Training and Practice

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Liu, William Ming; Pickett, Theodore, Jr.; Ivey, Allen E.

2007-01-01

Social class, classism, and privilege and their relationship to counseling have been given insufficient attention. This article defines and explores White middle-class privilege; it proffers support for its integration in a multicultural competency, as well as its intersection with race and other dimensions of multiculturalism and privilege.…
White Middle Class Identities and Urban Schooling. Identity Studies in the Social Sciences

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reay, Diane; Crozier, Gill; James, David

2011-01-01

This book examines experiences and implications of "against-the-grain" school choices, where white middle class families choose ordinary and "low performing" secondary schools for their children. It offers a unique view of identity formation, taking in matters like family history, locality and whiteness.
A Study of the Communicative Abilities of Disadvantaged Children. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Osser, Harry; And Others

The purpose of this series of four studies was to precisely describe the code and dialect features of the speech of both lower class Negro children and middle class white children. In the first study, 16 white middle class (WMC) children were compared to 16 Negro lower class (NLC) children on both an imitation and a comprehension task. The WMC…
Making It Work for Their Children: White Middle-Class Parents and Working-Class Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Crozier, Gill; Reay, Diane; James, David

2011-01-01

The white middle-class parents who chose to send their children to urban comprehensives largely rejected engaging in the usual competitiveness for educational success. Nevertheless the parents in our study still found themselves wittingly or otherwise captured by that same discourse. Their children are high achievers and are regarded as a valuable…
Working-Poor Mothers and Middle-Class Others: Psychosocial Considerations in Home-School Relations and Research

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Stephanie

2007-01-01

This article draws from a three-year ethnographic study of girls and their mothers in a high-poverty, predominantly white community. Informed by critical and feminist theories of social class, I present four cases that highlight psychosocial tensions within the mother-daughter-teacher-researcher triangle and argue that white, middle-class female…
Intersections of Ethnicity and Social Class in Provider Advice Regarding Reproductive Health

PubMed Central

Downing, Roberta A.; LaVeist, Thomas A.; Bullock, Heather E.

2007-01-01

Objectives. We examined how ethnicity and social class influence women’s perceptions of reproductive health care. Of primary interest was assessing whether health care providers are perceived as advising low-income women, particularly women of color, to limit their childbearing and to what extent they feel they are discouraged by providers from having future children. Methods. Ethnically diverse, low-income (n=193) and middle-class women (n=146) completed a questionnaire about their pregnancy-related health care experiences. Results. Logistic regression analyses revealed that low-income women of color experienced greater odds of being advised to limit their childbearing than did middle-class White women. A separate model demonstrated that low-income Latinas reported greater odds of being discouraged from having children than did middle-class White women. Conclusions. Low-income women of color were more likely to report being advised to limit their childbearing and were more likely to describe being discouraged from having children than were middle-class White women. More research is needed regarding how ethnicity and social class impact women’s experiences with reproductive health care. PMID:17761569
Living in the city: school friendships, diversity and the middle classes.

PubMed

Vincent, Carol; Neal, Sarah; Iqbal, Humera

2018-06-01

Much of the literature on the urban middle classes describes processes of both affiliation (often to the localities) and disaffiliation (often from some of the non-middle-class residents). In this paper, we consider this situation from a different position, drawing on research exploring whether and how children and adults living in diverse localities develop friendships with those different to themselves in terms of social class and ethnicity. This paper focuses on the interviews with the ethnically diverse, but predominantly white British, middle-class parent participants, considering their attitudes towards social and cultural difference. We emphasize the importance of highlighting inequalities that arise from social class and its intersection with ethnicity in analyses of complex urban populations. The paper's contribution is, first, to examine processes of clustering amongst the white British middle-class parents, particularly in relation to social class. Second, we contrast this process, and its moments of reflection and unease, with the more deliberate and purposeful efforts of one middle-class, Bangladeshi-origin mother who engages in active labour to facilitate relationships across social and ethnic difference. © London School of Economics and Political Science 2017.
There Goes the Neighborhood: Hip Hop Creepin' on a Come Up at the U

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Campbell, Kermit E.

2007-01-01

This article offers a critical perspective on the default mode of freshman composition instruction, that is, its traditionally middle-class and white racial orientation. Although middle-classness and whiteness have been topics of critical interest among compositionists in recent years, perhaps the most effective challenge to this hegemony in…
The Relation of Verbal and Nonverbal Encoding to Serial Recall Performance in Middle and Lower Class Children.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lacher, Miriam R.

Effects of lower versus middle class parental occupation, verbal intelligence, and action content of pictured stimuli upon nonverbal serial recall were investigated in white first-graders attending a semi-rural elementary school in southeastern Michigan. Forty lower class and 20 middle class children, (half boys and half girls) were grouped on the…
Pre-Teacher Case Study Analysis of Teaching Life and Earth Science in Multicultural Middle School Classes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McGinnis, J. Randy

Intending teachers in two science education methods classes (Fall Quarter, n=27; Spring Quarter, n=21) read and discussed a qualitative study describing science teaching and learning in a culturally diverse middle school. The two primary participants in the qualitative study were a white female veteran life science teacher and a white male…
Seeking a "Critical Mass": Middle-Class Parents' Collective Engagement in City Public Schooling

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Posey-Maddox, Linn; Kimelberg, Shelley McDonough; Cucchiara, Maia

2016-01-01

A growing body of literature has begun to explore the individual identities, motivations, and school choices of middle-class, typically white, parents who choose to reside in socioeconomically and racially mixed central city neighborhoods. Drawing on qualitative research in three US cities, we argue that a focus on middle-class parents' collective…
Maternal Child-Rearing Patterns and Children's Scholastic Achievement in Different Groups.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Logan, Richard D.

The purpose of this study was to examine the general proposition that different maternal child-rearing pattern-types (permissive or restrictive) are associated with high scholastic achievement in elementary school children from four different class-culture groupings (black middle-class, black working-class, white middle-class, and white…

White Middle-Class Parents, Identities, Educational Choice and the Urban Comprehensive School: Dilemmas, Ambivalence and Moral Ambiguity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Crozier, Gill; Reay, Diane; James, David; Jamieson, Fiona; Beedell, Phoebe; Hollingworth, Sumi; Williams, Katya

2008-01-01

At a time when the public sector and state education (in the United Kingdom) is under threat from the encroaching marketisation policy and private finance initiatives, our research reveals white middle-class parents who in spite of having the financial opportunity to turn their backs on the state system are choosing to assert their commitment to…
White Working Class Achievement: An Ethnographic Study of Barriers to Learning in Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Demie, Feyisa; Lewis, Kirstin

2011-01-01

This study aims to examine the key barriers to learning to raise achievement of White British pupils with low-income backgrounds. The main findings suggest that the worryingly low-achievement levels of many White working class pupils have been masked by the middle class success in the English school system and government statistics that fail to…
Attitudes toward Diversity and the School Choice Process: Middle-Class Parents in a Segregated Urban Public School District

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kimelberg, Shelley McDonough; Billingham, Chase M.

2013-01-01

White flight from urban public schools has been well documented, but little attention has been paid to middle-class reinvestment in urban schools. This article combines findings from interviews with middle-class parents of Boston Public School students with demographic data from the city's public elementary schools to examine the motivations of…
The Achievement Ideology and Whiteness: "Achieving Whiteness" or "Achieving Middle Class?"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Allen, Ricky Lee

Over the past few decades, social reproduction theorists have criticized achievement ideology as a dominant and dominating myth that hides the true nature of class immobility. Social reproductionists' primary criticism of achievement ideology is that it blinds the working class, regardless of race or gender, to the possibilities of collective…
Examination of the Predictors of Latent Class Typologies of Bullying Involvement among Middle School Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lovegrove, Peter J.; Henry, Kimberly L.; Slater, Michael D.

2012-01-01

This study employs latent class analysis to construct bullying involvement typologies among 3,114 students (48% male, 58% White) in 40 middle schools across the United States. Four classes were constructed: victims (15%); bullies (13%); bully/victims (13%); and noninvolved (59%). Respondents who were male and participated in fewer conventional…
A Qualitative Dissertation an Autoethnographic Inquiry into an African American, Class-Based Perspective in Educational Delivery

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anderson, Stassi Thomas

2017-01-01

Research has given us the understanding of the demographic disparity between white, largely middle class teachers and diverse lower socioeconomic school children (Grious & Silva, 2010), as teachers from the middle class society wrestle with meeting the needs of their culturally diverse students. In efforts to bridge the social and academic…
Leadership for Social Justice: It Is a Matter of Trust

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rivera-McCutchen, Rosa L.; Watson, Terri N.

2014-01-01

This case highlights the challenges faced by the principal of Forest Middle/Senior High School. In the surrounding school community, White middle-class families are increasingly opting to send their children to private schools. Within the school, critical incidents between White teachers and Black and Latino/a teachers and students mirror the…
Performance Characteristics of Middle-Class and Lower-Class Preschool Children on the Stanford-Binet, 1960 Revision.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meyer, William J.; Goldstein, David

The relative difficulty levels of Stanford-Binet items between the ages of four and six among prekindergarten Head Start children were studied. A comparison sample of prekindergarten white middle class children was included to evaluate the age norms on a culturally typical sample of children and to assess performance on the Binet as it might…
A High School Mathematics Teacher Tacking through the Middle Way: Toward a Critical Postmodern Autoethnography in Mathematics Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wamsted, John Oliver

2013-01-01

The "urban" mathematics classroom has become an increasingly polarized site, one where many middle-class White teachers attempt to bridge the divide between themselves and their relatively economically disadvantaged, non-White students. With its mania for high-stakes testing, current education policy has intensified the importance of…
The White Majority: Between Poverty and Affluence.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Howe, Louise Kapp, Ed.

Contents of this book include: "Introduction," Louise Kapp Howe; "The revolt of the white lower-middle class," Pete Hamill; "Life with Cappelli on $101 a week," Harvey Aronson; "Blue-collar marriages and families," Mirra Komarovsky; "Working-class youth: alienation without an image," William Simon and John H. Gagnon; "Greasers, Dupers and Hippies:…
To Have and to Have Not: The Socioeconomics of Charter Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bancroft, Kim

2009-01-01

This year-long ethnographic study analyzed three California charter middle schools: one served mostly low-income, urban African American students; the second served students from working class Latino families; and the third served a middle class, predominantly White suburb. The study illustrates how socioeconomic context of a charter school's…
Oppositional Culture Theory and the Delusion of Colorblindness

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berlowitz, Marvin J.; Hutchins, Brandi N.; Jenkins, Derrick J.; Mussman, Mark P.; Schneider, Carri A.

2006-01-01

Oppositional culture theory is a widely accepted explanation for disparities in academic performance between middle class Whites and middle class African Americans. The authors make the case that oppositional culture theory has its roots in cultural deficit theory popularized in the early 1960s and present a significant body of evidence to refute…
Value Preferences are More Strongly Associated With Social Class Than With Sex or Race. Illinois Studies of the Economically Disadvantaged, Technical Report Number 17.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Malpass, Roy S.; Symonds, John D.

Preferences for 92 values, obtained from a survey of cross-cultural studies of values, were obtained from two separate and geographically distant sets of groups consisting of black and white males and females of lower- and middle-Class status. The middle-class black population was of insufficient size to include, however. Value preferences were…
The White Adolescent's Drug Odyssey.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lipton, Douglas S.; Marel, Rozanne

1980-01-01

Presents a "typical" case history of a White middle-class teenager who becomes involved with marihuana and subsequently begins to abuse other drugs. Sociological findings from other research are interspersed in the anecdotal account. (GC)
Defining Social Class Across Time and Between Groups.

PubMed

Cohen, Dov; Shin, Faith; Liu, Xi; Ondish, Peter; Kraus, Michael W

2017-11-01

We examined changes over four decades and between ethnic groups in how people define their social class. Changes included the increasing importance of income, decreasing importance of occupational prestige, and the demise of the "Victorian bargain," in which poor people who subscribed to conservative sexual and religious norms could think of themselves as middle class. The period also saw changes (among Whites) and continuity (among Black Americans) in subjective status perceptions. For Whites (and particularly poor Whites), their perceptions of enhanced social class were greatly reduced. Poor Whites now view their social class as slightly but significantly lower than their poor Black and Latino counterparts. For Black respondents, a caste-like understanding of social class persisted, as they continued to view their class standing as relatively independent of their achieved education, income, and occupation. Such achievement indicators, however, predicted Black respondents' self-esteem more than they predicted self-esteem for any other group.
Speech Recognition Scores of White and Black Student-Teacher Listeners for Black and White First Grade Speakers. Final Technical Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nober, E. Harris; Seymour, Harry N.

In order to investigate the possible consequences of dialectical differences in the classroom setting relative to the low income black and white first grade child and the prospective white middle-class teacher, 25 black and 25 white university listeners yielded speech recognition scores for 48 black and 48 white five-year-old urban school-children…
Crossing the Class and Color Lines: From Public Housing to White Suburbia.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rubinowitz, Leonard S.; Rosenbaum, James E.

In 1976, thousands of low-income African Americans, mostly women and children, began to move out of the public housing developments of Chicago, Illinois, to the mostly white middle class suburbs. These families were part of the Gautreaux program, one of the largest court-ordered desegregation efforts in the United States. This book tells the story…
Constructing Identities: The Ethno-National and Nationalistic Identities of White and Turkish Students in Two English Secondary Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Faas, Daniel

2008-01-01

This article investigates how 15-year-old white and Turkish students in two Inner London comprehensive schools, one in a predominantly working-class area (Millroad School) and the other in a more middle-class environment (Darwin School), construct their identities. Drawing on mainly qualitative data from documentary sources, focus groups and…
Breakin' down Whiteness in Antiracist Teaching: Introducing Critical Whiteness Pedagogy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Matias, Cheryl E.; Mackey, Janiece

2016-01-01

Because of the changing nature of race the role of antiracist teaching is a forever-evolving process. Acknowledging that the majority of the U.S. teaching force, from K-12 to teacher education in institutions of higher education, are white middle-class females, it becomes imperative to unveil pedagogical applications of critical whiteness studies.…
Vocational Solutions to Youth Problems; The Persistent Frustrations of the American Experience.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grubb, W. Norton; Lazerson, Marvin

1981-01-01

The authors contend that career education reforms in the United States educational system have stratified the school system and separated lower-class and minority youth from White, middle-class youth. (CT)

The Effect of Pupils' Race, Class, Test Scores, and Classroom Behavior on the Academic Expectancies of Southern and Non-Southern White Teachers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Long, Barbara H.; Henderson, Edmund H.

This investigation of the causal dynamics of teacher expectancies is carried out in an artificial setting, making use of contrived stimulus children. Characteristics of stimulus persons were varied in a 2 by 2 factorial design. Pupil characteristics included race (black or white) and class (lower or middle). Different groups of subjects rated each…
Improving Reading and Language Arts Skills of At-Risk First Graders through Direct Instruction of Print Awareness, Phoneme Awareness, and Phonological Processing.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bump, Sandra K.; Swedberg, Trina L.; Yates, Carol R.

This report describes a program to improve reading and language arts skills. The targeted population consisted of students in 2 first grade classrooms (average class size 25) from a midwestern elementary school in a predominantly white, middle to upper-middle class neighborhood. Data documenting the problem was obtained from the previous year's…
Cultural Capital as Whiteness? Examining Logics of Ethno-Racial Representation and Resistance

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wallace, Derron

2018-01-01

There is a significant, longstanding tradition in British sociological research that renders cultural capital synonymous with whiteness. This article suggests that one substantive factor that contributes to the enduring relationship between whiteness and cultural capital is the paucity of research on the Black and ethnic minority middle classes.…
Longitudinal Linkages between Sibling Relationships and Adjustment from Middle Childhood through Adolescence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kim, Ji-Yeon; McHale, Susan M.; Crouter, Ann C.; Osgood, D. Wayne

2007-01-01

The links between changes in sibling conflict and intimacy and changes in perceived peer social competence and depression symptoms were examined from middle childhood through adolescence. Participants were mothers, fathers and first- and second-born siblings from 197 White, working/middle class, two-parent families. Peer competence peaked in …
Developmental and Individual Differences in Girls' Sex-Typed Activities in Middle Childhood and Adolescence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McHale, Susan M.; Shanahan, Lilly; Updegraff, Kimberly A.; Crouter, Ann C.; Booth, Alan

2004-01-01

Girls' time in sex-typed leisure activities was studied across 2 years in middle childhood (n=98, M=8.2 years in Year 1), early adolescence (n=106, M=11.7 years), and middle adolescence (n=86, M=14.9 years). In annual home interviews, White middle-class girls, mothers, and fathers rated their gendered attitudes, interests, and personality…
Racial Attitudes Among White Kindergarten Children From Three Different Environments.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Orost, Jean H.

This research was initiated to determine whether the extent of a white child's first-hand contacts with black peers would influence his attitudes toward blacks. The subjects, 49 white, middle to upper class kindergarten children, all from two-parent homes with mothers who did not work outside the home, were divided into three groups: (A) children…
The International Baccalaureate Middle Years Programme and Its Effect on Students in Poverty

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kobylinski-Fehrman, Margaret Julia

2013-01-01

The achievement gap between middle class white students and black or Hispanic students living in low income households continues to be a persistent problem in education even ten years since the authorization of No Child Left Behind in 2001. This study examined the International Baccalaureate Middle Years Programme and how students from low income…
Race, class, gender, and American environmentalism.

Treesearch

Dorceta E. Taylor

2002-01-01

This paper examines the environmental experiences of middle and working class whites and people of color in the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries. It examines their activism and how their environmental experiences influenced the kinds of discourses they developed. The paper posits that race, class, and gender had profound effects on people's...
Relationship between Social Class and Racial Prejudice on Home Management Skills among Black Americans.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilson, Catherine Walker

The relationship of social class and racial prejudice to the home management skills of black Americans was the focus of this study. A questionnaire (a copy of which appears in an appendix) was used to interview a sample of 100 people divided into four subgroups: low social class blacks, low social class whites, middle social class blacks, and…
Black and White Children's Perceptions of the Intent and Values in Specific Adult and Child Oriented Television Commercials.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Donohue, Thomas R.; And Others

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of television advertising on different types of children--specifically, the cognitive responses and extra-product expectations fostered by television commercials in both white and black children. The subjects, 52 middle-class white children and 30 inner-city black children ranging in age from…
Personality Characteristics of Black Youth: A Cross-Cultural Investigation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Enrico E.

1979-01-01

Black adolescent girls of low socioeconomic status described themselves more favorably on the Adjective Check List than did Black and White middle-class adolescents. American and Jamaican Blacks described themselves similarly and differed similarly from White American conterparts, supporting the influence of a common cultural heritage for Blacks.…
Comment on the Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Levin, Michael; And Others

1994-01-01

Michael Levin argues that data from the study are consistent with a black/white IQ difference that is significantly genetic. Richard Lynn maintains that adoption by middle-class, white families has no effect on intelligence. Waldman, Weinberg, and Scarr respond to these criticisms and support the original conclusions. (SLD)
Citizenship, Diversity and Distance Learning: Videoconferencing in Connecticut.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sembor, Edward C.

1997-01-01

Profiles a videoconference that brought together two seventh-grade classes in Connecticut. Over several days, white, middle-class, rural students discussed topical issues with urban black students. Topics raised included diversity, politics, gun control and local issues. Includes students' responses to the program. (MJP)
Crossing Borders: The Role of Discourse Diversity in Multicultural Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ayers, Rick

2014-01-01

In today's complex, multicultural world, discourses and language vernaculars are more diverse than ever. Educational institutions often privilege the historically dominant vernacular (such as white middle-class English which is sometimes called "Standard English"). This language bias disadvantages students form working class and…
The Reporter's Control of News.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Powell, Cheryl Riley

A recent study profiles the American journalist as young, male, white, educated, and coming from a solid middle- or upper-middle-class background. Women and minority groups are grossly underrepresented in the field of journalism. Other studies present parallels between the topics that are selected as newsworthy and the characteristics of those who…
Let US Tell YOU! South Asian, Muslim Girls Tell Tales about Physical Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stride, Annette

2014-01-01

Background: Within physical education (PE) research in England, the focus on gender issues has predominantly been concerned with White, middle class, non-disabled girls' experiences, marginalizing girls falling outside these parameters. Purpose: Drawing on "middle ground" thinking, using Hill Collins' matrix of domination and…
Rank in Self-Defense Forces and risk factors for atherosclerotic disease.

PubMed

Sakuta, Hidenari; Suzuki, Takashi

2005-10-01

Socioeconomic status is associated with prevalence of and risk for atherosclerotic disease. We investigated the relationship between rank in the Self-Defense Forces (SDFs) and risk factors for atherosclerotic disease among middle-aged, male, SDFs personnel. Subjects were classified into five groups according to their ranks in the SDFs, i.e., class 1 (lowest, n = 289), class 2 (low, n = 170), class 3 (middle, n = 229), class 4 (high, n = 197), and class 5 (highest, n = 89). Low rank was associated with current cigarette smoking, alcohol abstaining, and poorer vegetable consumption. It was also associated with prevalence of type 2 diabetes, elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase activity, and high white blood cell counts. Prevalence of obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, or hyperuricemia was not associated with rank in this population. Rank may be regarded as one of the markers that reflect individual health states among middle-aged male personnel.
An Analysis of Section 529 College Savings and Prepaid Tuition Plans. A Report Prepared by the Department of Treasury for the White House Task Force on Middle Class Working Families

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

US Department of the Treasury, 2009

2009-01-01

Making college education more affordable is a central goal of the Obama Administration and has been a focus of Vice-President Biden's Taskforce on the Middle Class. To that end, the Task Force asked U.S. Treasury Department to prepare this report on how to make Section 529 college savings plans a more effective and reliable tool for families to…
Cultural Competency Instruction in a 3D Virtual World

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Steed, Robin

2009-01-01

Approximately one third of the population of Louisiana is African American. According to federal reports, Blacks in Louisiana receive a poorer quality of healthcare compared to the White population. Occupational therapy is a profession of predominately White, middle class females who report in surveys that they are not adequately prepared to…
Evaluating the Absent Presence: The Professor's Body at Tenure and Promotion

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fisanick, Christina

2006-01-01

In this article, the author addresses how the professor's body is perceived and how those perceptions influence promotion and tenure decisions. She observes that many writers have argued that the "normal professor body" is white, male, middle-class, middle-aged, able, heterosexual, and thin, which also describes the "normal body" in American…

White Collar Vocationalism: The Rise of Commercial Education in Ontario and British Columbia, 1870-1920.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jackson, Nancy S.; Gaskell, Jane S.

1987-01-01

Origins of commercial education in nineteenth-century middle-class schooling are traced and examined in relation to the vocational reform movement of the twentieth century. Areas explored include gender, class, and impact of school reform on competition between private and public business educators. (CJH)
The Role of Critical Reflection in Teacher Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shandomo, Hibajene M.

2010-01-01

The majority of the teacher candidates in my methods classes come from a background that is different from the primarily African American students at my professional development school. Because these teacher candidates continue to be predominantly White middle-class females, the gap between their cultural comfort zone and their students' cultural…
Poor Women in Psychological Research: Shut Up and Shut Out.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reid, Pamela Trotman

1993-01-01

Raises the issue of recognizing the diversity of poor women in psychological research, focusing on the need to disentangle ethnicity and class and the limitations of adopting a middle-class white perspective. Possible causes of exclusion in addition to racism and suggestions for achieving feminist goals are considered. (SLD)
The Hidden Injuries of Class.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sennett, Richard; Cobb, Jonathan

The book examines the effect of class barriers on blue collar workers by mirroring occupational/ethnic backgrounds of the white manual-laboring population in the Boston area through urban anthropological observations as well as 150 in-depth interviews conducted in 1969-70. It mainly reflects the experience of middle-aged, third generation American…
Beyond "Because I Said So!" Three Early Childhood Teachers Challenge the Research on the Disciplinary Beliefs and Strategies of Individuals from Working-Class Minority Backgrounds

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilgus, Gay

2006-01-01

Research literature suggests that adults from working-class minority backgrounds demonstrate authoritarian and coercive tendencies in their choices of disciplinary strategies when compared with adults from middle-class, "white", "Anglo", or "North American" backgrounds. However, in a recent study in New York City,…
A Developmental Shift in Black-White Differences in Depressive Affect across Adolescence and Early Adulthood: The Influence of Early Adult Social Roles and Socio-Economic Status

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jager, Justin

2011-01-01

This study examined Black-White differences in growth of depressive affect using a longitudinal sample of middle-class, suburban U.S. subjects (n = 956) that spanned from adolescence to early adulthood. Specifically, this study examined whether Black-White differences in growth of depressive affect shift over time, and the extent to which that…
Class advantages and disadvantages are not so Black and White: intersectionality impacts rank and selves.

PubMed

Brannon, Tiffany N; Higginbotham, Gerald D; Henderson, Kyshia

2017-12-01

At the intersection of race and class the consequences of being working-class or middle-class are not so Black and White. Rather, established and emerging research suggests that race/ethnicity and social class intersect to differentially afford benefits and burdens. For instance, racial/ethnic minorities often do not reap the social, psychological or economic benefits of higher social class; yet, in some key life domains (e.g. health and mortality) racial/ethnic minorities in the U.S. seem to be buffered from some burdens of lower social class. We integrate empirical evidence to suggest that such differential advantages and disadvantages along racial lines reflect that social class exists alongside, rather than separate from, race/ethnicity as two distinct yet intersecting sources of rank and in turn selves. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ethno beauty: practices of beautification among urban muslim middle-class women in Surabaya

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Listyani, RH; Sadewo, FX S.; Legowo, M.

2018-01-01

This research examines practices of beautification by urban middle-class Muslim women using an ethnomethodology approach. Several theories are employed in this research including the theory of consumption (leisure class), sociology of body, middle-class theory and the concept of modern Islam. Results indicate that the beautiful concept according to Muslim middle-class urban women is white skin without stains, face without wrinkles, nose sharp, eyelashes and thick eyebrows and red lips. To be said to be beautiful, they took various efforts through beauty treatment, diet, fashion and dress up. In this study also revealed that their goal to self-care is pride and recognition in front of other fellow female friends and to happy partner (husband). This shows that the consumption through the body (fashions, diets, make up) and consumption around the body (beauty treatments) represent symbolic and material ways of positioning themselves within contemporary society - thus becoming ‘visible’. The implications of this research are this study is expected to contribute information and enrich the repertoire of social science especially sociology also for the development of research on body and beauty.
The Social Adjustment of Neighborhood and Bused Children.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Willie, Charles V.

A study was conducted during the 1964-65 school year to determine the kinds of social adaptation made by inner-city black children who were bused to two middle-class, predominantly white elementary schools and by white students new to the same schools. Two-way social adjustment ratings (from students and teachers) were obtained on about half of…
Reform with Reinvestment: Values and Tensions in Gentrifying Urban Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Siegel-Hawley, Genevieve; Thachik, Stefani; Bridges, Kimberly

2017-01-01

As cities across the country experience an influx of White and middle- to upper-class residents, new opportunities for the integration of urban schools emerge. Yet crucial challenges persist even when equity and inclusion are a focus for new stakeholders. This article explores the story of a largely White group of parents committed to investing in…
Patterns of Alcohol Consumption among Suburban Adolescent Black High School Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beck, Kenneth H.; Zannis, Marie

1992-01-01

Surveyed 392 African-American and 1,173 white students in middle class, suburban high school. Compared to whites, African Americans reported drinking smaller quantities of alcohol less frequently, were more likely to be nondrinkers and to report never having been drunk; and were less likely to drive while drunk or to use alcohol for relief of…
The urban child: getting ready for failure

Treesearch

Lois Mark Stalvey

1977-01-01

This paper is the result of my personal experiences in Philadelphia's predominantly black public schools, both as a white parent of three children and as a volunteer teacher. It mentions the benefits to our white middle-class children from their 12 years in these schools, but also describes the far-different treatment of their black classmates - much of which is...
Black Acculturation into White Middle-Class: Who and at What Costs?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Steward, Robbie J.; Jackson, James

This study examines the impact of world view and perceived personal competencies on feelings of alienation of black second-semester freshmen on a predominantly white university campus. Forty of the 120 18-year-old, American-born black freshmen volunteered as participants. Twenty-four females and 16 males completed the following instruments: (1)…
The Experiences of African American Physical Education Teacher Candidates at Secondary Urban Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sato, Takahiro; Fisette, Jennifer; Walton, Theresa

2013-01-01

Presently, most physical education teachers in the United States are White Americans and from middle class families. In fact, 83% of all teachers in public schools are White Americans, whereas approximately 10% of all African American teachers are representative of all teachers in the United States. A student might feel cultural dissonance that…
Further Mothering: Reconceptualizing White Women Educators' Work with Black Youth

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brockenbrough, Ed

2014-01-01

As the percentage of youth of color in the nation's public schools continues to increase, so, too, does the urgency of preparing a predominantly white, female, middle class teaching force to work with racially and culturally diverse youth. Drawing upon an ethnographic study of an urban, youth-serving HIV/AIDS prevention and supports center, this…
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF STANDARD ENGLISH SPEECH PATTERNS IN THE BALTIMORE CITY PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

GARVEY, CATHERINE; MCFARLANE, PAUL T.

LANGUAGE PATTERNS OF BALTIMORE FIFTH-GRADERS FROM FOUR DISADVANTAGED, INNER-CITY ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS--TWO WHITE AND TWO NEGRO--AND FROM ONE WHITE MIDDLE-CLASS SUBURBAN SCHOOL WERE EXAMINED (1) TO IDENTIFY SUBGROUPS WHOSE LANGUAGE BEHAVIOR DIFFERS SYSTEMATICALLY FROM EACH OTHER AND FROM STANDARD ENGLISH, (2) TO GATHER INFORMATION ON THE LANGUAGE…
Sex-Role Stereotypes and Behaviors in Young Children: Inservice Teacher Training.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schau, Candace Garrett; Busch, Judith W.

This report examines the results of a study designed to compare various aspects of sex role development among upper middle, middle, and lower class white and Spanish language heritage children in three different preschool daycare centers. The 168 children studied ranged in age from 30 months to six-and-a-half years. Measuring instruments were…
Longitudinal Course and Family Correlates of Sibling Relationships from Childhood through Adolescence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kim, Ji-Yeon; McHale, Susan M.; Osgood, D. Wayne; Crouter, Ann C.

2006-01-01

Changes in sibling intimacy and conflict were charted from middle childhood through adolescence, and family structure and relationship correlates of change were examined. Participants were mothers, fathers, and firstborn (M=11.82 years at Time 1) and secondborn (M=9.22 years) siblings from 200 White, working/middle class, 2-parent families.…
TV and Zines: Media and the Construction of Gender for Early Adolescents.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blair, Heather A.; Sanford, Kathy

1999-01-01

Research involving junior high school students in a white upper-middle class suburban community in western Canada examined how television and magazines influenced teenagers' gender identity, how girls and boys dealt with these influences, and how advertising reinforced patriarchal structures presented by media. Single-sex classes may provide a…
The Roots of Cultural Diversity Among American Women.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lamphere, Louise

As we reach the mid-point of the 1970's, we find women in many different positions: working and non-working, middle-class and working class, urban and rural, black and white. There are women with strong ethnic ties or religious orientations, first generation city dwellers and suburbanites. Three factors -- increased female labor force…

Innovations in Teaching Race and Class Inequality: "Bittersweet Candy" and "The Vanishing Dollar"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harlow, Roxanna

2009-01-01

Instructors teaching students about social inequality, especially sexism and racism, often face some degree of student resistance. Opposition is particularly strong when students are from a white, middle to upper class background. As Haddad and Lieberman (2002) remark, "Students from privileged backgrounds lack personal experience with structures…
Value Preferences Associated With Social Class, Sex, and Race

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Malpass, Roy S.; Symonds, John D.

1974-01-01

Preferences for 92 values were measured for 10 groups of black and white males and females of lower and middle class status in two geographically distinct settings in the United States. Factor analysis showed five shared value composites: (1) the good life, (2) pleasant working companions, (3) balance and adjustment; (4) artistic creativity, and…
Small Boys Worst Victims of Divorce.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

USA Today, 1979

1979-01-01

Summarizes the findings of a five-year study into the impact of divorce on White middle-class preschool children in their mothers' custody. The adjustment problems and conflicts between mother and son are emphasized. (SJL)
So It "Became White Activists Fighting for Integration?" Community Organizations, Intersectional Identities, and Education Reform

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sampson, Carrie R.

2017-01-01

Community-based organizations have long influenced education reforms, and urban areas are especially vulnerable to community work that transcends racial and economic boundaries. The purpose of this study is to explore how The League of Women Voters of Las Vegas Valley, a mostly White, middle-upper-class women's organization, worked to pursue one…
Teaching Eskimo Culture to Eskimo Students: A Special Program for Secondary Schools in Bristol Bay.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Holthaus, Gary H.

Eskimo youth in Bristol Bay, Alaska, caught between the clash of native and white cultures, have difficulty identifying with either culture. The curriculum in Indian schools in the area, geared primarily to white middle-class standards, is not relevant to the students, Textbooks and standardized tests, based on experiences common to a white…
Working toward an Inclusive School Culture: A University-Secondary School Collaborative Model of Reflective Practice.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

O'Keefe, Joseph M.

Since the mid-1960s, some affluent white schools, both public and private, have made efforts to welcome low-income students of color into their student bodies. However, studies of these efforts have usually ignored the complex and deep ambivalence experienced by many young people of color in white middle-class institutions. This paper attempts to…
Pathways to Teaching: An Examination of Black Females' Pursuits of Careers as K-12 Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Farinde, Abiola A.; LeBlanc, Jennifer K.; Otten, Amanda S.

2015-01-01

White, female, middle-class teachers dominate the education field. As a result, Black female teachers are underrepresented in the teaching field. Statistically, Black female teachers represent 7.7% of the United States teaching force, while White female teachers make up over 60% of the American teaching workforce. With the aim of diversifying the…
The Work Calls for Men: The Social Construction of Professionalism and Professional Education for Librarianship

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stauffer, Suzanne M.

2016-01-01

The leaders of the library profession in the United States in the 19th century were white, middle-class, college-educated men. They attempted to construct librarianship in the United States as an equivalent profession to the other white, masculine professions of their day. They also created education for librarianship in the same mold. They…
The Development of Gendered Interests and Personality Qualities from Middle Childhood through Adolescence: A Biosocial Analysis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McHale, Susan M.; Kim, Ji-Yeon; Dotterer, Aryn M.; Crouter, Ann C.; Booth, Alan

2009-01-01

This study charted the development of gendered personality qualities and activity interests from age 7 to age 19 in 364 first- and second-born siblings from 185 White, middle/working-class families, assessed links between time in gendered social contexts (with mother, father, female peers, and male peers) and gender development, and tested whether…
Pubertal Effects on Adjustment in Girls: Moving from Demonstrating Effects to Identifying Pathways

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Graber, Julia A.; Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne; Warren, Michelle P.

2006-01-01

The present investigation examines mediated pathways from pubertal development to changes in depressive affect and aggression. Participants were 100 white girls who were between the ages of 10 and 14 (M=12.13, SD=0.80); girls were from well-educated, middle-to upper-middle class families, and attended private schools in a major northeastern urban…
Links Between Sex-Typed Time Use in Middle Childhood and Gender Development in Early Adolescence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McHale, Susan M.; Kim, Ji-Yeon; Whiteman, Shawn; Crouter, Ann C.

2004-01-01

The authors studied sex-typing in the kinds (e.g., sports, handicrafts) and social contexts (same- vs. other-sex companions) of children's free time activities, and the links between sex-typed activities and gender development over 2 years. Participants were 200 White, working- and middle-class children (103 girls, 97 boys; mean age = 10.86…
Challenging the Dichotomy between "Urban" and "Suburban" in Educational Discourse and Policy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Posey-Maddox, Linn

2016-01-01

This article builds a case for nuanced conceptualizations of "urban" and "-suburban" educational contexts and issues. The author analyzes data across two studies--one of upper-middle-class White parents with children in Chicago public schools, and the other of Black low-income and working-class parents who moved from Chicago to…
"No tempo de Zicartola": Locating Cultural Mediation and Social Change, 1963-65

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dietrich, Elise M.

2017-01-01

In 1960s Rio de Janeiro, the Brazilian white middle class embraced the samba music written by working-class blacks as a source of authentic national culture. Cultural mediators, or individuals that bridged sociocultural spheres and negotiated the terms in which work was produced and circulated, were essential to samba's mainstream acceptance. This…
Collaborating with Urban Youth to Address Gaps in Teacher Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Tara M.; Rodriguez, Louie F.

2017-01-01

Research shows that many of the predominantly White and middle-class teachers are unprepared to teach an urban public school population increasingly comprised of low-income children of color. Lack of cultural competencies, low expectations of and lack of caring for students, and racial/ethnic, linguistic, and class biases are all cited as barriers…
Trading Stories: Middle-Class White Women Teachers and the Creation of Collective Narratives about Students and Families in a Diverse Elementary School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yoon, Irene H.

2016-01-01

Background/Context: Collaboration is increasingly part of teachers' professional learning and continuous improvement of teaching practice. However, there is little exploration of how teachers' racial, gender, and social class identities influence their collaboration with colleagues and, in turn, their teaching and professional learning.…
General and Specific Self-Esteem in Late Adolescent Students: Race x Gender x SES Effects.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Richman, Charles L.; And Others

Self-concept formation has long been considered the most significant developmental milestone of adolescence. To assess the effects of gender, race, and social class on the general and area-specific self-esteem of late adolescents, 195 eleventh grade students, divided according gender, race (black, white), and social class (low, middle, high) were…
Beyond Beethoven and the Boyz: Women's Music in Relation to History and Culture

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scott, Britain; Harrassowitz, Christiane

2004-01-01

The typical music history or appreciation class teaches students to analyze musical elements and think generally about the aesthetics of historical periods but rarely encourages them to consider why the overwhelming majority of the composers discussed are white, European, middle- and upper-class men. Courses on popular music often discuss jazz and…
Examination of the Predictors of Latent Class Typologies of Bullying Involvement among Middle School Students

PubMed Central

LOVEGROVE, PETER J.; HENRY, KIMBERLY L.; SLATER, MICHAEL D.

2012-01-01

This study employs latent class analysis to construct bullying involvement typologies among 3114 students (48% male, 58% White) in 40 middle schools across the U.S. Four classes were constructed: victims (15%); bullies (13%); bully-victims (13%); and noninvolved (59%). Respondents who were male and participated in fewer conventional activities were more likely to be members of the victims class. Students who were African-American and reported being less successful at school had a higher likelihood of membership in the bullies class. Bully-victims shared characteristics with bullies and victims: Students with more feelings of anger toward others and a higher tendency toward sensation-seeking had a higher likelihood of membership in the bullies and bully-victims classes, whereas lower levels of social inclusion was associated with membership in the victims and bully-victims classes. PMID:22606069
Challenging the Black Church Narrative: Race, Class, and Homosexual Attitudes.

PubMed

Irizarry, Yasmiyn A; Perry, Ravi K

2018-01-01

In recent years, scholars have pointed to the Black church as the driving force behind Blacks' more conservative lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) attitudes. Although evidence suggests a robust association between religiosity and LGBT attitudes, contemporary scholarship has not examined the role of class or the extent to which religiosity actually explains these trends. Using the 2004-2014 waves of the General Social Survey, we find that class moderates in the effect of race on negative LGBT attitudes, resulting in a noticeably larger gap between middle-class Blacks and Whites than in the top or the bottom of the class distribution. Although religiosity and moralization explain a portion of racial differences in homosexual attitudes across class groups, we find that neither fully accounts for the more conservative attitudes of the Black middle class. We conclude by discussing the shortcomings of these narratives for understanding Blacks' more conservative LGBT attitudes.
A Critical Interrogation of Privilege, Race, Class, and Power in a University Faculty-Urban Community Relationship

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Noel, Jana

2010-01-01

I am the Coordinator of the Urban Teacher Education Center, a teacher preparation program located at a very low income, culturally diverse elementary school that serves children from two neighborhood public housing projects. As a White, middle-class, Ph.D. educated, female, I must consistently consider how people in the neighborhoods may take a…

Intersecting Realities: A Novice's Attempts to Use Critical Literacy to Access Her Students' Figured Worlds

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Saunders, Jane M.

2012-01-01

Research suggests that while students in public schools in the U.S. are becoming increasingly diverse in terms of race, ethnicity, class, and culture, the pool of prospective teachers is made up largely of White, middle-class women. The demographic imperative indicates that this trend will remain stable for the foreseeable future, reinforcing the…
Assessing Child Rearing Style in Ecological Settings: Its Relation to Culture, Social Class, Early Age Intervention and Scholastic Achievement.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Portes, Pedro R.; And Others

Fifty-four middle and lower class, black and white adolescents were observed interacting with their mothers during a discussion of seven child rearing problems. Maternal references to a range of disciplinary measures were identified, analyzed, and related to the subjects' scholastic performances. A factor analysis of process measures confirmed…
The Jensen Controversy: II. Cultural Myopia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cameron, Howard K.

1970-01-01

Recommends moratorium on testing minority group members with existing standardized measuring instruments, a reassessment of the validity of standardized tests and an appraisal of testing practices with minority groups whose cultural backgrounds vary significantly from that of the middle class white norm. (Author)
Disordered Eating in Women of Color.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Root, Maria P. P.

1990-01-01

Therapists who assume that eating disorders affect only White middle class females may fail to detect such problems in Blacks and other minority patients. Therapists are encouraged to be more culturally sensitive in treating minority patients for these and other problems. (DM)
Tuskegee Institute in the 1920's

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marable, Manning

1977-01-01

During the time of Marcus Garvey, the Harlem Renaissance and Southern black labor militancy, Tuskegee perpetuated a conservative social philosophy. This contradictory legacy set the stage for a confrontation between the black middle class of Tuskegee and a white racist society. (Author/GC)
Making a Good Victoria Sponge Cake: Schooling Empire, Class, Gender and Sexuality

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chapman, Valerie-Lee

2005-01-01

How do we communicate our work to our students and our friends who don't speak in the same academic tongues as we do? Using critical personal narrative, and a nice homely metaphor, rather than poststructuralese, I explain what happens to a body in education, and how power works to produce it, say, as white, imperial, middle class and heterosexual.…
Feminist Theories and Media Studies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Steeves, H. Leslie

1987-01-01

Discusses the assumptions that ground radical, liberal, and socialist feminist theoretical frameworks, and reviews feminist media research. Argues that liberal feminism speaks only to White, heterosexual, middle and upper class women and is incapable of addressing most women's concerns. Concludes that socialist feminism offers the greatest…
Inner-City Schools Get More Custodial Teachers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Campbell, Lloyd P.; Williamson, John A.

1978-01-01

In comparison to a group in White, middle class schools, the Pupil Control Ideology Inventory (PCI) indicated that student teachers in ghetto-type schools were more custodial even before their student teaching. The supervising teacher was not a major factor in attitude change. (SJL)
Modeling Compassion in Critical, Justice-Oriented Teacher Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Conklin, Hilary Gehlbach

2008-01-01

As the work of teacher education becomes increasingly focused on the challenges of helping mostly white, monolingual, middle-class prospective teachers become compassionate, successful teachers of racially, culturally, linguistically, economically, and academically diverse students, some teacher educators struggle to find compassion for the…
Motivational Maturity and Helping Behavior

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haymes, Michael; Green, Logan

1977-01-01

Maturity in conative development (type of motivation included in Maslow's needs hierarchy) was found to be predictive of helping behavior in middle class white male college students. The effects of safety and esteem needs were compared, and the acceptance of responsibility was also investigated. (GDC)
How Culture Influences Teacher Self-Reflective Problem Solving Behavior and Self-Efficacy: Experiences of White Female Teachers Working through Relationship with Black Students in a Mid-Western American City

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tolson, Bonnie Lynn

2013-01-01

Teachers make a difference. White female middle-class teachers represent 84 percent of Americas' teachers. How does culture influence the self-reflective problem-solving behaviors of urban teachers? Urban schools fail youth by opening the doors for a mass exodus. The problem solving behavior of urban teachers may contribute to the student exodus…
Beyond Language: Teacher Education and English Learners

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tilley-Lubbs, Gresilda

2012-01-01

At the author's institution, the majority of preservice teachers pursuing a master's degree in education curriculum and instruction are White middle-class students, so preparing them to be reflective practitioners with adequate knowledge, skills, and dispositions to teach English learners, whose cultural perspectives often differ significantly…
Longitudinal linkages between sibling relationships and adjustment from middle childhood through adolescence.

PubMed

Kim, Ji-Yeon; McHale, Susan M; Crouter, Ann C; Osgood, D Wayne

2007-07-01

The links between changes in sibling conflict and intimacy and changes in perceived peer social competence and depression symptoms were examined from middle childhood through adolescence. Participants were mothers, fathers and first- and second-born siblings from 197 White, working/middle class, two-parent families. Peer competence peaked in early adolescence and then declined; depression symptoms were high in middle childhood and, for girls, in middle adolescence. Controlling for parent-offspring relationships and sibling and parent adjustment, increases in sibling conflict were linked to increases in depression symptoms, and increases in sibling intimacy were linked to increases in peer competence and, for girls, decreases in depression symptoms. Copyright 2007 APA.
An In-Progress Research Report of Perceptual-Cognitive Development of Young Black Children in Three Cultures

PubMed Central

Powell, Gloria Johnson; Gaines, Rosslyn

1982-01-01

This paper examines a study of perceptual-cognitive development among black children from three cultures. The study investigates patterns of perceptual and cognitive functioning as a transaction among developmental, genetic, environmental, cultural, and child-rearing variables. The samples consisted of four and eight year olds from three distinct groups: (1) white and black middle socio-economic status (SES) children from the US; (2) lower and middle SES children from St. Kitts in the Caribbean; and (3) middle SES children from Nigeria. The research paradigm permits a cross-cultural comparison of three samples of middle-class, urban, English-speaking, black children in relation to six areas of perceptual-cognitive development, four anthropometric, and three physiological measures. Because of the inclusion of a white sample, the interactions of SES, race, culture, nutritional status, proximity to the equator, and physical growth and development can be correlated with the performance of black children on perceptual-cognitive tasks. Results of data analyzed thus far are reported and implications are discussed. PMID:7120449
The Sex Composition of Selective Colleges and Gender Differences in Career Aspirations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bressler, Marvin; Wendell, Peter

1980-01-01

Selective single-sex colleges provide a more favorable environment than comparable coeducational institutions for influencing White, middle-class, academically capable undergraduates of both sexes to disregard conventional occupational prescriptions based on gender. Sexually segregated academic settings are instrumental in reducing male-female…
School Readiness Factor Analyzed.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brenner, Anton; Scott, Leland H.

This paper is an empirical statistical analysis and interpretation of data relating to school readiness previously examined and reported on a theoretical basis. A total of 118 white, middle class children from six consecutive kindergarten groups in Dearborn, Michigan were tested with seven instruments, evaluated in terms of achievement, ability,…
Parental Involvement in Adolescent Romantic Relationships: Patterns and Correlates

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kan, Marni L.; McHale, Susan M.; Crouter, Ann C.

2008-01-01

This study examined dimensions of mothers' and fathers' involvement in adolescents' romantic relationships when offspring were age 17. Using cluster analysis, parents from 105 White, working and middle class families were classified as positively involved, negatively involved, or autonomy-oriented with respect to their adolescents' romantic…
Career Management and Women.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jelinek, Mariann

Until recently, research on management and careers typically examined white, middle-class male subjects. Patterns, norms, and career problems brought to light by this research are not necessarily applicable to wider populations. When studies on women did appear, at first they were typically more polemical than scientific; they sought to prove…
Community and Inquiry: Journey of a Science Teacher

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goldberg, Jennifer; Welsh, Kate

2009-01-01

In this case study, we examine a teacher's journey, including reflections on teaching science, everyday classroom interaction, and their intertwined relationship. The teacher's reflections include an awareness of being "a White middle-class born and raised teacher teaching other peoples' children." This awareness was enacted in the science…
Sibling Similarities and Differences in Time Use: A Pattern-Analytic, Within-Family Approach

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shanahan, Lilly; Kim, Ji-Yeon; McHale, Susan M.; Crouter, Ann C.

2007-01-01

Similarities and differences in adolescent siblings' free time activities were investigated. Firstborns and second-borns from 181 predominantly White, working, and middle-class families reported on their time use and sibling relationships. Their parents reported on their socioeconomic status and neighborhood characteristics. Cluster analysis…

Evaluating the Multicultural Curriculum: Student's Perspectives.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jeffcoate, Robert

1981-01-01

Reports results of a case study which evaluated middle-school students' responses to a cultural awareness unit on India. The class consisted of one Jamaican, ten Indians, and seven English students. Privately taped discussions indicate that the teacher's methods led white students to believe that their views were inadmissable in the classroom. (KC)
Nineteenth Century Women and Reform: The Women's National Indian Association.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mathes, Valerie Sherer

1990-01-01

Beginning in 1879, the Women's National Indian Association, an organization of educated upper- and middle-class white women, sought to better the lot of American Indians by publicizing their mistreatment and encouraging their assimilation. The organization focused particularly on educating Indian women to the Victorian female role. (SV)
Research on Women of Color: From Ignorance to Awareness.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reid, Pamela Trotman; Kelly, Elizabeth

1994-01-01

Discusses the issue that women of color are dealt with as anomalies in psychological research, noting that research paradigms are actually focused on White, middle-class populations. It examines the methodological and theoretical transformations that have occurred in the literature and evaluates the extent to which researchers have successfully…
The Eastern Seaboard Community-Junior College President.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sawyer, Thomas Harrison

A questionnaire was sent to 282 presidents of eastern seaboard public and private two-year institutions to investigate a variety of personal and professional characteristics. Study findings, based on 204 returned questionnaires, indicated that these presidents were predominately white males, married, from middle-class families with the Ed.D.…
Psychological Testing of Black People; A Position Paper.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dent, Harold E.; Williams, Robert L.

The psychological testing of blacks and other minorities inflicts dehumanization upon them by subjecting them to culturally-biased examinations. These tests are defended on "scientific" grounds, although it is evident that they are simply a form of institutionalized racism. Standardized tests of intelligence reflect a middle-class white bias that…
Assessing, Packaging, and Delivery: Tests, Testing, and Race

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mackler, Bernard; Holman, Dana

1976-01-01

The issues of culture-free and culture-fair tests for elementary school children are explored by examining specific tests and the testing situation. Investigators examined the problem of group intelligence testing vs. individual testing and conclude that tests still reflect White American middle socioeconomic class values and experiences. (HS)
Crying Behavior and the "Nonviolent" Leboyer Method of Delivery.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hamilton, Joan Safran

This paper reports on a 3-month longitudinal study comparing the crying behavior of a group of babies delivered by the "nonviolent" Leboyer method with a control group delivered by traditional methods. Subjects were 24 white, middle class infants delivered by minimally medicated, multiparous and primiparous mothers. Fourteen newborns…
Dismantling a Community Timeline

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dingerson, Leigh

2007-01-01

The New Orleans Public Schools is a struggling district of 63,000 students. The district's student population has been decreasing over the past decade. Most of the city's white families have retreated to neighboring parishes or put their children in private schools. Middle-class and professional African-American families rely heavily on the city's…
Children's Death Concepts and Ethnicity.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wass, Hannelore; Towry, Betty J.

1980-01-01

Relationships between death concepts of Black and White children and their racial status were examined. Lower-middle-class elementary children completed a four-item questionnaire on death. Most children defined death as the end of living and listed physical causes as the explanation of death. In general, children's death concepts were similar.…
Adolescent Civic and Political Engagement: Associations between Domain-Specific Judgments and Behavior

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Metzger, Aaron; Smetana, Judith G.

2009-01-01

Judgments and justifications for different forms of civic involvement and their associations with organized and civic behavior were examined in 312 middle-class primarily White adolescents (M = 17.01 years). Adolescents applied moral, conventional, and personal criteria to distinguish involvement in community service, standard political, social…
Elaboration and Autonomy Support in Low-Income Mothers' Reminiscing: Links to Children's Autobiographical Narratives

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leyva, Diana; Reese, Elaine; Grolnick, Wendy; Price, Carrie

2008-01-01

Maternal elaboration and autonomy support during reminiscing facilitate middle-class children's autobiographical narrative skills. In this study, low-income Hispanic, White, and Black mothers' elaboration and autonomy support in reminiscing were examined in relation to children's joint and independent autobiographical narratives and engagement.…
Educational Challenges of the 1980's.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wegmann, Robert G.

Education will have to face fewer students and less money in the next decade. The white middle class migration to the suburbs will cause greater concentrations of minority students in the large cities, intensifying the problems caused by non-English speaking students, and the increasingly isolated socioeconomic environment. Projections for…
Ethnicity in the American University System.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Claerbaut, David

This paper examines the current state of ethnicity in the American university system, using the sociological paradigms applicable to majority-minority relations in its analysis. The English scholasticist-elite concept from which the American concept of higher education grew, focuses on white middle class cultural interests, and arises out of a…
Inadvertent Exemplars: Life History Portraits of Two Socially Just Principals

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scanlan, Martin

2012-01-01

This study creates life history portraits of two White middle-class native-English-speaking principals demonstrating commitments to social justice in their work in public elementary schools serving disproportionately high populations of students who are marginalized by poverty, race, and linguistic heritage. Through self-reported life histories of…
A Longitudinal Examination of the Bidirectional Links between Academic Achievement and Parent-Adolescent Conflict

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dotterer, Aryn M.; Hoffman, Lesa; Crouter, Ann C.; McHale, Susan M.

2008-01-01

We examined reciprocal associations between parent-adolescent conflict and academic achievement over a 2-year period. Participants were mothers, fathers, and adolescents from predominantly White, working and middle class families (N = 168). After accounting for previous academic achievement, parent-adolescent conflict predicted relative declines…
Closing the Education Gap: A Mayo Clinic Approach to Academic Achievement.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sang, Herb A.

Despite recent efforts to provide equal education, agreement exists that blacks, females, and disadvantaged students as a group are outperformed in mathematics and science by white middle-class students. To help disadvantaged students, the Duval County Public Schools (Jacksonville, Florida) have developed a "Mayo Clinic" approach to…
Day care quality and children's free play activities.

PubMed

Vandell, D L; Powers, C P

1983-07-01

Social and nonsocial behavior of white, middle-class preschoolers in high, moderate, and low quality day care centers were contrasted. Children in high quality centers were more likely to interact positively with adults, while children in lower quality programs were more likely to engage in solitary play and aimless wandering.
Of Kin and Community

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Villanueva, Victor

2011-01-01

Hispanics in an overwhelmingly white organization will gather together, women of whatever "race" in male-dominated situations, poor people among the middle class. They find those with whom they believe they have a cultural or economic kinship and act accordingly. The author shares how he found a personal community in his professional organization.
A Mother's Humiliation: School Organizational Violence toward Latina Mothers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Monzo, Lilia D.

2013-01-01

This paper examines how Latina mothers experience violence in schools through everyday interactions with those positioned with greater power in our society. Drawing on Bourdieu's concept of symbolic violence, the article discusses how deficit perspectives held toward Latina mothers and the privileging of White, middle-class frames result in…
An Examination of Perceived Constraints to Outdoor Recreation

Treesearch

G.T. Green; J.M. Bowker; X. Wang; H.K. Cordell; Cassandra Y. Johnson

2009-01-01

This study examines whether different social and marginalized groups in American society (minorities, women, rural dwellers, immigrants, low income, less educated) perceive more constraints or barriers to outdoor recreation participation than White middle-class males. Logistic regressions were applied to data from the National Survey on Recreation and the Environment...

Sex Role Orientation Across the Adult Life Span.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zaks, Peggy M.; And Others

It was hypothesized that four different "life lines" would affect sex role orientations, specifically intimacy, parenting, grandparenting, and work. Subjects were 74 men and 43 women, white, upper middle class with a mean education level of 14 years. Each participant completed a demographic questionnaire, the Bem Sex Role Inventory, a…
Effecting Educational Change Through Ethnographic Research.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gibson, Margaret A.

A study in progress investigating cultural and structural factors which affect educational opportunities for white middle-class and Punjabi immigrants in a California high school is reported. In the two-and one-half years since the project began, researchers have interviewed a broad range of students, parents, teachers, and administrators. The…
Piagetian Cognitive Development and Primary Process Thinking in Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wulach, James S.

1977-01-01

Thirty-seven middle-class white children, ages 5-8, were tested on eight Piagetian tasks and the Rorschach test, and divided into preoperational, transitional, and concrete operational groups. Measures of primary process vs. secondary process thinking were found to be related to the Piagetian stages of development. (GDC)
Psycholinguistic Approach to Reading (PAR).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cajon Valley Union School District, El Cajon, CA.

This program, included in "Effective Reading Programs...," sees 1675 children in kindergarten through grade eight, most of whom are white middle-class children from a small city. The emphasis in this program is on increasing comprehension by teaching words in context. The strategies require the children to use their intuitive knowledge…
Sustaining white homonormativity: the kids are all right as public pedagogy.

PubMed

Kennedy, Tammie M

2014-01-01

At a time when lesbian families are experiencing more acceptance, gaining membership into mainstream society often depends on diluting any kind of queer sensibility that might challenge the centrality of white, neoliberal, middle-class values. Although many queer scholars have traced the link between "normativity" and gay and lesbian representations, few have noted how whiteness operates in these depictions. Building on the analyses forwarded by scholarship on white normativity and homonormativity, this article explores how the representation of a lesbian family in the movie The Kids Are All Right promotes white homonormativity to appeal to a mainstream audience. Interrogating Kids… at the intersection of same-sex families and white homonormativity reveals how the film's appeal to universality invokes hegemonic racial hierarchies that mask the ways "normal" conceals power and liberatory progress.
An examination of single-gender and coeducational classes: Their impact on the academic achievement of middle school students enrolled in mathematics and science at selected schools in Georgia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elam, Jeanette H.

The purpose of this study was to compare the academic performance of students enrolled in coeducational instruction and single-gender instruction. Within this framework, the researcher examined class type, gender, and racial/ethnicity using the sixth grade CRCT scores of selected students in the areas of mathematics and science. The fifth-grade mathematics and science scores for the same population were used to control for prior knowledge. This study examined the academic achievement of students based on class type, gender, and racial/ethnicity in relation to academic achievement. The study included the CRCT scores for mathematics and science of 6th-grade students at the middle school level who were tested during the 2007--2008 school year. Many studies conducted in the past have stressed females performed better in mathematics and science, while others have stated males performed better in the same areas. Yet, other studies have found conflicting results. A large Australian study (1996), compared the academic performance of students at single-gender and coeducational schools. The conclusion of this study indicated that both males and females who were educated in single-gender classrooms scored significantly higher than did males and females in coeducational classes. A study conducted by Graham Able (2003) documented superior academic performance of students in single-gender schools, after controlling for socioeconomic class and other variables. Able's most significant finding was that the advantage of single-gender schooling was greater for males in terms of academic results than for females. This directly contradicted the educational myth that males performed better in classrooms if females were present. The sample in this study consisted of CRCT scores for 304 sixth-grade students from four different middle schools. Due to the racial composition of the sample, the study only focused on black and white students. School 1 and School 2 involved single-gender instruction while Schools 3 and School 4 involved coeducational instruction. A sample of eighty students was taken from each of the middle schools with single-gender instruction and a sample of 72 students was taken from each of the middle schools with coeducational instruction. Prior to conducting the study, an extensive application was filed with the local board of education to request permission to conduct research in the county. This process involved a detail description of the sample, sampling procedures, sample size, staff members, grade levels, and background information for the study. The major findings in this study indicated that the coeducational students outperformed the single-gender students and the white students outperformed the black students. This study confirmed that white coeducational students performed significantly higher than the black coeducational students. It was also documented through this study that there was no significant difference between the performance of the single-gender black students and the single-gender white students. In contrast to the Australian study (1996), this study indicated that the coeducational students were outperforming the single-gender students. In comparison to the 2003 study by Able, the findings of this study showed single-gender instruction was greater for females in terms of higher academic achievement than for males. INDEX WORDS. Coeducational, Single-gender, Middle school students
Hawaiian Nonverbal Communication: Two Classroom Applications.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anthony, Alberta Pualani

Although there are only about 2,000 active speakers of the Hawaiian language, there exists a coherent system of nonverbal behavior which can be identified as Hawaiian and which contrasts sharply with middle class white American behavior. Teachers of Hawaiian children should be aware of this in order to avoid potential misunderstandings in the…
Education in the United States: Is It a Black Problem?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Comeaux, Eddie; Jayakumar, Uma M.

2007-01-01

This review offers a critical analysis of John Ogbu's "Black American Students in an Affluent Suburb: A study of academic disengagement." In his study, Ogbu explains the Black-White achievement gap as one born from the cultural attitudes held by Black middle-class students toward academics. Despite Ogbu's intent to further the scholarly…
Family Interaction and Cognitive Style: Situation and Cross-Sex Effects.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dreyer, Albert S.

This study was designed to examine the family interaction differentiating the families of field dependent and field independent children. A total of 300 white, middle class, kindergarten children were tested with the Portable Rod and Frame Test and the Children.s Embedded Figures Test and were classified as field dependent or field independent…
Identity and Intersectionality: The Critical Autoethnography of a "Transplant" Teacher in Hawai'i

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perih, Nicholas

2017-01-01

Teacher identity has emerged as a topic amongst contemporary researchers to inform, impact, and reform professional practice in light of the unique challenges presented within education in the United States. A homogeneous teaching population, which remains overwhelmingly White and middle class, must address a demographic and cultural divide…
Parents and Infants: An Interactive Network. I. Introduction.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yarrow, Leon J.

This symposium introduction outlines the first phase of an investigation of the mother-father-infant triad as an interactive system, influencing both parent attitudes and behaviors and child development. The focus of the research was on the early determinants of parental behavior. Subjects were 67 middle class, white parents and their first-born…
Factors Contributing to Preservice Teachers' Beliefs about Diversity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kahn, Laurie G.; Lindstrom, Lauren; Murray, Christopher

2014-01-01

The cultural makeup of educational professionals in the United States does not necessarily represent the students that walk through the front doors of the school each day. The majority of teaching professionals identify as White, female, heterosexual, and middle-class with little to no experience working with diverse populations; thus the cultural…
The Development and Implementation of an Absentee Improvement Program.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Callahan, Robert K.

For decades, educators have been concerned with the problem of truancy. Accordingly, this report focuses on an absentee improvement program at a rural, lower-middle class, predominantly white elementary school with 722 students that had a history of high truancy, as verified by teachers, the administration, the school counselor, staff, and…
Unmasking Vandalism: A Case of Social Justice Leadership Complexities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gill, Hartej

2013-01-01

Waterfront Elementary School is located in a very affluent neighbourhood in a large urban multicultural school district. The school has some diversity in terms of its student population, but the majority of the students are White and come from upper middle-class families. Ms. Courtney Williams, the principal of the school was transferred to…
Values and Self Esteem in Three Generations of Men and Women.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Antonucci, Toni; And Others

Intergenerational differences within the family were examined through an exploration of values in three-generation intra-family triads. Subjects (N=180) were 30 male and 30 female white middle class triads. Each triad consisted of a son, father, paternal grandfather or daughter, mother, maternal grandmother. Generation ranges were: youngest, 17-23…
Assessment of American Indian Children as Measured by the SON-R and WISC-III.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Curran, Lisa; And Others

A major criticism of standardized intelligence tests is their improper use in measuring the intellectual competence of culturally diverse children. Factors which complicate the issue are the definition of intelligence, content bias in intelligence tests, and the interpretation of test scores between white middle class children and children of…
Creating Culturally Relevant Alzheimer's Support Groups for Racial and Ethnic Minorities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Henderson, Joseph Neil

Although data indicate that Alzheimer's disease occurs among all racial and ethnic populations, the Alzheimer's disease support group system is used nationally primarily by white, middle-class caregivers. Developing a model ethnic-specific support group for Hispanics requires delineation of formal and informal health care networks in the ethnic…
Speaking out: Perspectives of Gay and Lesbian Practitioners in Outdoor Education in the UK

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barnfield, Daniel; Humberstone, Barbara

2008-01-01

Outdoor education has been shaped historically and culturally by many influences. Physically challenging activities out of doors have been appropriated by a number of traditions. These include militaristic, educational and developmental ideologies. Arguably, central to these ideologies are heterosexual, white middle class values. While women have…
Does Maternal Employment Following Childbirth Support or Inhibit Low-Income Children's Long-Term Development?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Coley, Rebekah Levine; Lombardi, Caitlin McPherran

2013-01-01

This study assessed whether previous findings linking early maternal employment to lower cognitive and behavioral skills among middle-class and White children generalized to other groups. Using a representative sample of urban, low-income, predominantly African American and Hispanic families ("n" = 444), ordinary least squares regression…
School-based Parents' Groups--A Politics of Voice and Representation?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vincent, Carol; Martin, Jane

2000-01-01

Considers discussion-based parents' forums at two British secondary schools. Each school has attracted an elite group of white, middle-class professional women with limited decision-making power that remains unconnected to the wider parent body. It is difficult for controversial parental issues to be heard. (Contains 39 references.) (MLH)

The Crisis in Black and Black.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hutchinson, Earl Ofari

These essays explore why the historic conflict between blacks and whites in the United States has become a crisis that divides many African Americans. The changing racial dynamic is not marked by conflicts. between the black middle class and the poor, black men and women, the black intellectual elite and rappers, black politicians and the urban…
The Expression of Distress by Children Receiving Medical Treatment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ballard, Brenda D.; Gipson, Martin

The nature of children's distress reactions to medical treatment is examined in terms of age and sex differences and initial normative data are provided. Predominately white, middle class children, ages 1 to 11, were observed while receiving allergy treatment injections. Males were observed on 453 injection occasions while females were observed on…
Activist Rhetorics and American Higher Education, 1885-1937.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kates, Susan

This book is a history of the rhetorical instruction generated by educators who taught at three institutions founded to serve middle-class White women, African Americans, and workers in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. A detailed overview is provided of the curricula produced by Mary Augusta Jordan (Smith…
Clusters and Correlates of Experiences with Parents and Peers in Early Adolescence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kan, Marni L.; McHale, Susan M.

2007-01-01

This study used a person-oriented approach to examine links between adolescents' experiences with parents and peers. Cluster analysis classified 361, White, working- and middle-class youth (mean age = 12.16 years) based on mothers' and fathers' reports of parental acceptance and adolescents' reports of perceived peer competence. Three patterns…
Some Correlates of Imaginative Play in Preschoolers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Singer, Dorothy G.; Singer, Jerome L.

This study examined the ways in which the spontaneous imaginative play and other social behaviors of 3- and 4-year-old children are affected by the frequency and patterns of their television viewing. The subjects were 141 children from predominantly white middle class homes. Pretesting was done to get an estimate of IQ (Peabody Picture Vocabulary…
THE INTERPLAY OF SOME EGO FUNCTIONS IN SIX YEAR OLD CHILDREN.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

LOVINGER, SOPHIE L.

IN A PROGRAM DESIGNED TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SELF-CONCEPT, SENSE-OF-COMPETENCE, READING ACHIEVEMENT, AND DEPENDENCE IN KINDERGARTEN AND FIRST GRADE CHILDREN, 110 MIDDLE CLASS, WHITE KINDERGARTEN CHILDREN FROM THE NEW YORK CITY AREA WERE TESTED AND RATED DURING THEIR KINDERGARTEN AND FIRST GRADE YEARS. THE TESTS AND RATING SCALES…
Social Justice in Outdoor Experiential Education: A State of Knowledge Review

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Warren, Karen; Roberts, Nina S.; Breunig, Mary; Alvarez, M. Antonio G.

2014-01-01

Outdoor experiential education has often been critiqued for its White, male, middle/upper-class, able-bodied history, thereby causing professionals and programs to consider issues of social justice. This state of knowledge paper will review the literature on social and environmental justice, identify gaps in current social justice literature and…
Childrearing Fathers in Intact Families With Preschoolers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Radin, Norma

Few empirical studies have specifically examined antecedents and consequences of reversing childrearing roles. A sample of 59 white, intact, middle-class families with a preschool-aged child, 32 with boys and 27 with girls, was studied. Also explored were the father's sex-role orientation and selected paternal behaviors and attitudes. It was found…
Intercultural Awareness in Rural Title 1 Elementary School Teaching Practices

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leventhal, Mary Wilson

2012-01-01

The purpose of the study was to examine cultural dissonance between teachers and students with its implications for student achievement in a rural Title 1 elementary school. Most U.S. teachers share a White, monolingual, middle-class, female teaching culture that is a mismatch with their increasingly multicultural student population. That problem…
Othered Voices: Asylum-Seeking Mothers and Early Years Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Whitmarsh, Judy

2011-01-01

Strengthening the home-school partnership is a strategy to raise achievement levels and to engage "hard-to-reach" parents with education in the UK, however this political ideal has been critiqued as exclusive and based on a white, middle class model. This article explores how six asylum-seeking mothers manage their children's early years…
The Normative Context of Advice as Social Support.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goldsmith, Daena J.; Fitch, Kristine

1997-01-01

Documents the multiple goals and implications of advice among white, middle-class, college students. Identifies three dilemmas of seeking, receiving, and giving advice: (1) advice may be seen as helpful or as "butting-in"; (2) advice may be experienced as honest or supportive; and (3) seeking and taking advice may enact respect and…
Nationalism, Nuclear Policy and Children in Cold War America.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stephens, Sharon

1997-01-01

Theorizes the place of children in America's "Cold War Consensus" of the 1950s-60s. Counterposes dominant Cold War images of abstract, generic children (inevitably white middle class) to actual children most vulnerable to risks associated with nuclear weapons production and testing. Concludes that in various ways, these children were all…
Parenting Styles and Conceptions of Parental Authority during Adolescence.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smetana, Judith G.

1995-01-01

Reports of parenting styles were assessed in 100 mostly white, middle-class, 6th, 8th, and 10th graders and their parents. Adolescents viewed their parents as more permissive and more authoritarian than parents viewed themselves, whereas parents viewed themselves as more authoritative than did adolescents. Differences were primarily over the…
Parent Involvement in Urban Charter Schools: A New Paradigm or the Status Quo?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Joanna; Wohlstetter, Priscilla

2009-01-01

Decades of research point to the benefits of parent involvement in education. Research has also shown that white, middle-class parents are disproportionately involved. Charter schools, as schools of choice, have been assumed to have fewer involvement barriers for minority and low-income parents, but a 2007 survey of charter leaders found that…
Parent Involvement in Urban Charter Schools: New Strategies for Increasing Participation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Joanna; Wohlstetter, Priscilla; Kuzin, Chuan Ally; De Pedro, Kris

2011-01-01

Decades of research point to the benefits of parent involvement in education. However, research has also shown that White, middle-class parents are disproportionately involved. Charter schools, as schools of choice, have been assumed to have fewer involvement barriers for minority and low-income parents, but a 2007 survey of charter leaders found…
Planning and Management in the Face of the Changing Demographic Picture.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hodgkinson, Harold L.

Demographic trends promise to force sweeping changes on postsecondary higher education, particularly the inevitable steady decline in 18-year-olds and the birthrate decline since the early 1960's in the white middle class. The decline in public confidence in American institutions is also a factor to be considered in educational planning. In…
Producing Spatial Words Is Not Enough: Understanding the Relation between Language and Spatial Cognition

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Hilary E.; Vlach, Haley A.; Simmering, Vanessa R.

2017-01-01

Prior research has investigated the relation between children's language and spatial cognition by assessing the quantity of children's spatial word production, with limited attention to the context in which children use such words. This study tested whether 4-year-olds children's (N = 41, primarily white middle class) adaptive use of task-relevant…
Using Case Studies to Explore Teacher Candidates' Intellectual, Cultural, and Moral Dispositions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schussler, Deborah L.; Bercaw, Lynne A.; Stooksberry, Lisa M.

2008-01-01

This article describes a case study constructed by the authors based on the journal entry of Jackie, a white, upper-middle class student teacher in secondary social studies, to examine how candidates in two teacher education courses were inclined to think through a specific teaching situation. Specifically, the authors examined how candidates drew…
Girls Who Perceive Themselves as Competent: Some Antecedents and Correlates

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baruch, Grace K.

1976-01-01

Self-perceptions of competence of white, middle-class fifth- and tenth-grade girls were examined in relation to (a) maternal variables and (b) self-esteem and anticipated role pattern (career aspirations and desired family size). Subjects were 79 fifth-graders and 51 of their mothers, and 49 tenth-graders and 38 of their mothers. Results are…
Race and Ideology: A Research Note Measuring Liberalism and Conservatism in Black America.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Seltzer, Richard; Smith, Robert C.

1985-01-01

Analysis of 1982 data indicates that Blacks are much more liberal than Whites on issues of government spending to improve social conditions, on military spending, and on sociocultural issues. There is little support for the idea that the new college educated middle class Black might constitute an emerging conservative constituency. (GC)

The Impact of Schools on Learning: Inner-City Children in Suburban Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mahan, Thomas W.; Mahan, Aline M.

1971-01-01

Hypotheses tested were that the average achievement level of the classroom is a determining factor in achievement of urban minority group children and that social acceptance of the urban minority child by white middle class peers is related to academic achievement. Results using urban and suburban schools supported the hypotheses. (Author/CG)
Multidimensional Aspects of Young Children's Sex-Role Development.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schau, Candace Garrett; Busch, Judith Wilde

This article reports a study in which a sample of 89 White and 34 Spanish-language heritage children from ages 2 1/2 to 6 1/2 from the lower- and middle-classes responded to two cognitive measures (classification skill and gender knowledge), three verbal sex-typing measures (occupations, toys, and peer behaviors), and a behavioral sex-typing…
Overcoming Learned Helplessness: Managerial Strategies for the 1990s.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Arnhold, Rose Marie; Razak, W. Nevell

1991-01-01

Discusses problems of work force quality in the United States in the 1990s, strategies for managerial response to these problems, and sources of employee resistance to change. Notes that business and industry may be forced to hire minorities and women with orientations to self and work different from those held by white middle-class men.…
Citizens and/or Consumers: Mutations in the Construction of Concepts and Practices of School Choice

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilkins, Andrew

2010-01-01

Recent research on school choice highlights the tendency among some White, middle-class parents to engage with discourses of community responsibility and ethnic diversity as part of their responsibility and duty as choosers and who therefore exercise choice in ways that undercut the individualistic and self-interested character framing…
The Influence of Family Climate and Family Process on Child Development.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bell, Linda G.; Bell, David C.

This study investigates the relationship between the degree of individuation in families and the personality development of adolescent family members. A subsample of 30 white, middle-class families were chosen for analysis from a larger sample of 99 families. Fifteen families from the subsample had adolescent girls who scored high, and fifteen had…
Achievement, Activity Choice, and Self-Perception from Early to Late Adolescence.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Huntsinger, Carol S.; Jose, Paul E.; Shutay, Jeanette; Boelcke, Kristin

Most research on adolescents has been conducted with white, middle-class adolescents, which has created a lack of differentiation among the majority and minority cultures in the United States. To correct this, adolescents from two cultural groups at two points in time were studied so as to see how their trajectories differ in terms of academic…
The Development of Trait Explanations and Self-Evaluations in the Academic and Social Domains.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Benenson, Joyce F.; Dweck, Carol S.

1986-01-01

Subjects of this study were 144 White, middle-class children in kindergarten, first, second, and fourth grades. Children were interviewed individually about their explanations for both academic and social outcomes and their evaluations of their own outcomes. Self-evaluations became less positive in both domains and less similar across domains with…
From Mistress to Servant: Downward Mobility among Brazilian Immigrants in New York City.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Margolis, Maxine L.

1990-01-01

Examines the lives of New York's new Brazilian immigrants, typically undocumented, White middle class refugees from hyperinflation, who find temporary work as maids, gogo dancers, busboys, and waiters. Finds that most are disheartened by their change in status; predicts that many will decide that their future lies in this country. (DM)
Exploring an In-Service Staff Development System for Classroom Teachers in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Classrooms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heiligenstein, Janna X.

2010-01-01

Population data across the nation demonstrates the growing number of students in public schools who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, while public school data reflects a teacher population that is mainly white, middle class and female. While new teacher programs are beginning to respond to this diversity, in-service…
Education Futurism and the Mexican-American Student.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bane, Mary E.

Since today's education is strictly white middle class with little diversion to other ethnic cultures, the Mexican American student finds that it is not relevant to his being or his present day situation. Compounding the problem is that the Mexican American has to deal with the existence of two cultures--one of his parents which he maintains at…
Rural Dislocated Women in Career Transition: The Importance of Supports and Strategies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McAtee, Atticia B.; Benshoff, James M.

2006-01-01

Job loss researchers have focused on the physical and mental well being of White working and middle class men, their families, friends, and coworkers to with immediate reemployment as the outcome. This study focused on low-income rural women dislocated workers and their decision to enroll in community college for retraining or seek immediate…
Effortful Control Moderates Bidirectional Effects between Children's Externalizing Behavior and Their Mothers' Depressive Symptoms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Choe, Daniel E.; Olson, Sheryl L.; Sameroff, Arnold J.

2014-01-01

This study examined bidirectional associations between mothers' depressive symptoms and children's externalizing behavior and whether they were moderated by preschool-age effortful control and gender. Mothers and teachers reported on 224 primarily White, middle-class children at ages 3, 5, and 10. Effortful control was assessed via…
Imitation by Second-Borns in Adult-Sibling Dyads.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hodapp, Albert F.; LaVoie, Joseph C.

Five- to seven-year-old second-born children from white, middle-class, intact families were the subjects for this study. Older siblings served as role model for each child, and the parent surrogate models were selected from a pool and trained to act as the child's real parent. The imitation task emphasized verbal, postural, and motor responses of…
A Bourdieuian Analysis of Teachers' Changing Dispositions towards Social Justice: The Limitations of Practicum Placements in Pre-Service Teacher Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mills, Carmen

2013-01-01

As populations in contemporary Western societies grow increasingly diverse, preparing predominantly White middle-class pre-service teachers to better understand and work with difference productively has become increasingly critical. Historically, however, teacher education programs have aimed to address diversity with add-on or piecemeal…
Legal Rights, Local Wrongs: When Community Control Collides with Educational Equity. SUNY Series, Restructuring and School Change.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Welner, Kevin G.

This book challenges fundamental assumptions about the opportunities for equity-minded educational reform, using data from case studies of districts nationwide and their experiences with court-ordered detracking. The case studies show how white, upper middle class parents exercised a disproportionate amount of power in local school policy making…
Looking White and Middle-Class: Stereoscopic Imagery and Technology in the Early Twentieth-Century United States

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Malin, Brenton J.

2007-01-01

This essay explores a series of discourses surrounding the images of the early twentieth-century stereoscope, focusing on Underwood & Underwood of Ottawa, Kansas, and the Keystone View Company, of Meadville, Pennsylvania. By publishing images of particular geographic areas and historical events, as well as compendium volumes that included…
Feminism and Cultural Studies in Composition: Locating Women and Men in College Writing Courses

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perry, Merry G.

2006-01-01

Merry Perry teaches English courses (both writing and literature) where the majority of the students are white, middle class, and conservative. Perry begins the article by saying that in such an academic environment, her most challenging task is not teaching grammar, punctuation, or editing skills, but challenging these students to think about and…
Discourses of Volunteer/Service Work and Their Discontents: Border Crossing, Construction of Hierarchy, and Paying Dues

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Doerr, Neriko Musha

2017-01-01

This article examines four discourses of volunteer/service work--charity, leisure, citizenship, and border crossing--in terms of how they construct relationships between those who serve and those who are served. Specifically, it analyzes the discourse of border crossing, which assumes White middle-class students crossing a border to work in…
Responses to Children's Sadness: Mothers' and Fathers' Unique Contributions and Perceptions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cassano, Michael C.; Zeman, Janice L.; Sanders, Wesley M.

2014-01-01

Parental socialization of children's sadness was examined through self-report, spouse report, and a parent-child sadness discussion task. A total of 79 two-parent, predominantly White, middle-class families participated with one child in grades 2-5 (44 sons; M = 9 years, 8 months). Analyses revealed that mothers and fathers respond differently to…
Serving the Information Needs of the International and Minority Students at the Small College Library: A Librarian's View.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Burhans, Skip

International and minority students often pose additional challenges due to cultural, linguistic, or socio-economic differences with the mostly white, middle class, highly educated (and predominantly female) public service librarians with whom they come into contact. Such differences can range from minor speech/articulation problems to major…

The Effect of Tutoring and Mentoring on Student Success in Single-Parent Middle Class African American Households

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Green, Lachelle Yavette

2013-01-01

Evidence suggests that African American male students from single mother households may face more challenges than white male students in obtaining educational success in terms of graduation and test performance. This association has been generated from previous studies that identified themes of poverty, parents' lack of education, absent…
Looking for Asian butch-dykes: exploring filmic representations of East Asian butch-dykes in Donna Lee's Enter the Mullet.

PubMed

Lin, Hui-Ling

2009-01-01

Asian butch-dykes have been overlooked in analyses of Chinese cinema, studies that often concentrate on "feminized" transgender roles. This article examines cinematic representations of Asian butch-dykes through film analysis of Enter the Mullet (2004), a five-minute short, and in-depth interviews with the filmmaker, Donna Lee, a Chinese-Canadian in Vancouver. Lee's film is inspired by Enter the Dragon (1973), starring Bruce Lee, the most recognized icon of Asian masculinity. Combining with the mullet hairstyle, which is often associated with White working-class, the filmmaker introduces viewers to the hybrid masculinity of Asian butch-dykes. The article argues that Asian female masculinity can be a strategic means of destabilizing the hegemony of White-male-middle-class masculinity.
Family Income at the Bottom and at the Top: Income Sources and Family Characteristics

PubMed Central

Raffalovich, Lawrence E.; Monnat, Shannon M.; Tsao, Hui-shien

2009-01-01

Attention has recently been focused on wealth as a source of long-term economic security and on wealth ownership as a crucial aspect of the racial economic divisions in the United States. This literature, however has been concerned primarily with the wealth gap between poor and middle-class families, and between the white and black middle class. In this paper, we investigate the incomes of families at the top and bottom of the family income distribution. We examine the sources of income and the demographic characteristics of these high-income and low-income families using family level data from the 1988-2003 Current Population Surveys. We find that, at the bottom of the distribution, transfer income is the major income source; in particular, income from social security, supplemental security, and public assistance. At the top, employment income is the largest component of family income. Non-white, female, and non-married householders are disproportionately located at the bottom of the family income distribution. These families consist of both young and old adults, with high-school educations or less, in low-level service occupations. Many are disabled, many are retired. Householders at the top of the income distribution are typically male, white, and married. Householders and spouses at the top are typically middle-age, with college educations, employed in professional service and managerial occupations. We find that wealth is not an important source of income for families at the highest percentiles. The highest income families during this period in the U.S. were not a “property elite”: their income is mostly from employment. We speculate, however, that they will join the “property elite” later in the life-course as they retire and receive income from their investments. PMID:20161570
Family Income at the Bottom and at the Top: Income Sources and Family Characteristics.

PubMed

Raffalovich, Lawrence E; Monnat, Shannon M; Tsao, Hui-Shien

2009-12-01

Attention has recently been focused on wealth as a source of long-term economic security and on wealth ownership as a crucial aspect of the racial economic divisions in the United States. This literature, however has been concerned primarily with the wealth gap between poor and middle-class families, and between the white and black middle class. In this paper, we investigate the incomes of families at the top and bottom of the family income distribution. We examine the sources of income and the demographic characteristics of these high-income and low-income families using family level data from the 1988-2003 Current Population Surveys.We find that, at the bottom of the distribution, transfer income is the major income source; in particular, income from social security, supplemental security, and public assistance. At the top, employment income is the largest component of family income. Non-white, female, and non-married householders are disproportionately located at the bottom of the family income distribution. These families consist of both young and old adults, with high-school educations or less, in low-level service occupations. Many are disabled, many are retired. Householders at the top of the income distribution are typically male, white, and married. Householders and spouses at the top are typically middle-age, with college educations, employed in professional service and managerial occupations.We find that wealth is not an important source of income for families at the highest percentiles. The highest income families during this period in the U.S. were not a "property elite": their income is mostly from employment. We speculate, however, that they will join the "property elite" later in the life-course as they retire and receive income from their investments.
People vs. Object Orientation in Preschool Boys and Girls.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jennings, Kay D.

This study was undertaken to explore the cultural stereotype that boys are more object-oriented and girls are more people-oriented. A total of 38 white, middle class, preschool children were observed during their free play hour at nursery school when a variety of people and objects were freely available to them. Each child was observed with a time…
Transforming Science Learning and Student Participation in Sixth Grade Science: A Case Study of a Low-Income, Urban, Racial Minority Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tan, Edna; Calabrese Barton, Angela

2010-01-01

Recent criticisms of the goal of "science for all" with regard to minority students have alluded to the onerous culture of school science characterized by white, middle-class values that eschew personal everyday science experiences and nontraditional funds of knowledge, in addition to alienating science instruction. Using critically-oriented,…
Domesticating Physics: Introductory Physics Textbooks for Women in Home Economics in the United States, 1914-1955

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Behrman, Joanna

2017-01-01

Technologies such as electrical appliances entered American households on a large scale only after many decades of promotion to the public. The genre of "household physics" textbooks was one such form of promotion that was directed towards assumed white, female and largely middle-class home economics students. Published from the 1910s to…
Alcohol, Drugs, and Sex: Are Kids as Bad as We Think They Are?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Frymier, Jack

This paper discusses the results of a Phi Delta Kappa study (1996) of core values in the schools, focusing on student and teacher perceptions of alcohol and drug use and sexual behavior among high school students. The study involved 2,125 teachers and 2,429 students. About three-fourths of the students were white, Catholic, middle-class, and…
Membership in a Devalued Social Group and Emotional Well-Being: Developing a Model of Personal Self-Esteem, Collective Self-Esteem, and Group Socialization.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Katz, Jennifer; Joiner, Thomas E., Jr.; Kwon, Paul

2002-01-01

Tested a theoretical model that linked membership in a devalued social group to emotional health. Surveyed white, middle-to-upper-class undergraduate students regarding personal and collective self-esteem (by gender), attitudes and behaviors associated with female socialization, and emotional distress. Results supported the direct effect of each…
Building on Windows and Mirrors: Encouraging the Disruption of "Single Stories" through Children's Literature

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tschida, Christina M.; Ryan, Caitlin L.; Ticknor, Anne Swenson

2014-01-01

When mostly white, middle class, female undergraduate preservice students enter social studies, reading, and language arts methods courses, they usually have not yet been asked to think critically about the curriculum they will be responsible for teaching. One of the primary conduits for sending messages to students about themselves and the world…
The Learning and Practice of Preservice Teachers in an Urban School-University Partnership: The Struggle to Enact Culturally Responsive Pedagogy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stairs, Andrea J.

2010-01-01

This paper reports on an interpretive, collective case study that examined preservice teacher learning and practice in an urban school-university partnership. Multiple data sources were collected from 55 predominantly White middle-class preservice teachers at a predominantly Black and Latino high school, including pre- and post-surveys,…
Sex Differences in Verbal Interaction Patterns of Mothers and Their Preschool Children.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tennis, Gay H.

This study examines patterns of mother/child verbal interactions during task performance for differences related to the sex and locus of control (LOC) of the child. Subjects were 40 pairs of white, middle-class mothers and their children. The children--20 boys and 20 girls--were divided equally among first- and later-born 4- and 5-year olds. The…
How I Learned to Love Athletic Recruits

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sacken, Mike

2008-01-01

The author does not think of himself as a logical candidate to help first-generation college athletes graduate. He is 59 and middle class, not a former athlete or a first-generation college graduate, and obviously not hip. More to the point, he is white and Texas-born, and he attended segregated schools his whole student life. He was even at the…
Happiness: When Does It Lead to Self-Indulgence and When Does It Lead to Self-Denial?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perry, Louise C.; And Others

1985-01-01

Confirmed the hypothesis that happiness leads to self-indulgence when children have no reason to believe that excessive self-gratification is morally wrong but that happiness promotes self-denial when children fear that excessive self-gratification violates a moral rule. Results with 112 White, middle-class, Australian children ages four to five…
The Critical Shapes of Body Image: The Role of Culture and Family in the Production of Eating Disorders.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haworth-Hoeppner, Susan

2000-01-01

Explores how the family mediates cultural ideas about thinness, and considers how these messages are conveyed to family members. Discusses open-ended interviews with 32 White, middle-class women on the topic of body image and eating problems. Determined that a critical family environment, coercive parental control, and a dominating discourse on…
Examining the Types of Social Support and the Actual Sources of Support in Older Chinese and Korean Immigrants

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wong, Sabrina T.; Yoo, Grace J.; Stewart, Anita L.

2005-01-01

This study explored social support domains and actual sources of support for older Chinese and Korean immigrants and compared them to the traditional domains based on mainly White, middle class populations. Fifty-two older Cantonese and Korean speaking immigrants participated in one of eight focus groups. We identified four similar domains:…
Evaluation of Cognitive Development with Piaget-Type Tests: Study of Young Bright, Average, and Retarded Children. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DeVries, Rheta

A study was conducted to clarify a number of issues related to Piaget's theory of invariant sequantiality in child cognitive development. Ss were 143 middle-class white children of bright, average and retarded psychometric abilities (measured by performance on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test). Bright and average Ss were chronologically aged…
"Boys Will Be Boys": What Do Early Childhood Teachers Have to Do with It?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bhana, Deevia

2009-01-01

This paper focuses on the ways in which a selected group of early childhood teachers in grades one and two, located in a predominantly white middle-class context in Durban, South Africa ascribe meaning to young boys they teach. The study finds that early childhood teachers are bearers of masculinity and incorporate taken-for-granted assumptions of…
Trait Judgments of Stay-at-Home and Employed Parents: A Function of Social Role and/or Shifting Standards?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bridges, Judith S.; Etaugh, Claire; Barnes-Farrell, Janet

2002-01-01

Primarily middle class, white college students read brief descriptions of stay-at-home or employed mothers or fathers, estimated how often they performed several parenting behaviors, and rated them on communion and parenting effectiveness. Respondents estimated more parenting behaviors for mothers than fathers in both roles, gave stay-at-home…
"Give a Brotha a Break!": The Experiences and Dilemmas of Middle-Class African American Male Students in White Suburban Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gordon, Beverly M.

2012-01-01

Background/Context: Today, in the era of the first African American president, approximately one third of all African Americans live in suburban communities, and their children are attending suburban schools. Although most research on the education of African American students, particularly males, focuses on their plight in urban schooling, what…

Now I Am NObody, See Me for Who I Am: The Paradox of Performativity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rich, Emma; Evans, John

2009-01-01

This paper draws on data collected from young white middle class women experiencing eating disorders to highlight what we refer to as the paradox of performativity in schools. In interviews with these young women on their schooling experiences, their narratives convey both a critique of the social conditions of their schooling and their subjugated…
Developmental Changes and Interrelationships Among Role-Taking, Moral Judgments and Children's Sharing.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Olejnik, Anthony B.

This study investigated the interrelationships among the development of role-taking skills, moral judgments, and sharing behavior of boys and girls in K-3. A total of 160 lower middle class white children (20 boys and 20 girls from each grade) participated in the study. Data were collected on four measures: (1) sharing candy with a friend, (2)…
Ideology and Personality: Aspects of Identity Formation in Adolescents with Strong Attitudes Toward Sex-Role Equalitarianism

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kirsch, Patricia Ann; And Others

1976-01-01

Adolescents with strong attitudes for and against the sex role ideology of the Women's Movement were administered a Q-sort to study flexibility-rigidity and independence-dependence. The results showed that beliefs in equalitarian sex role behaviors are significantly related to aspects of identity formation in white middle class adolescent boys and…
The Role of Community and School Groups in School Desegregation: Strategies for Crisis and Change.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Patton, Richard H.; Laue, James H.

This manual was designed for community and school groups to aid them in clarifying their goals and selecting strategies for resolving issues related to school desegregation. After a brief review of the law, Part 1 reviews the major issues involved in the school desegregation process: quality education, white flight, middle-class minority flight,…
The Effects of Mode of Presentation on Encoding Processes in Children's Short-Term Memory.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Corsale, Kathleen

The purpose of this study was to determine whether children as young as second-graders could encode categorically within an abstract evaluative dimension. The study uses mode of stimulus presentation (auditory or visual) as an independent variable. The subjects were 40 white middle class children from grades 2, 4, and 6, who were randomly assigned…
Crossing Cultures--Third World Women. A Book of Materials, Activities, and Ideas for the Classroom Teacher.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Valiant, Sharon

This resource bibliography includes and briefly discusses activities and instructional materials on the lives of women in the non-European/non-white world, suitable for use in elementary and secondary school rooms. The books, films, and other materials give a sampling of ideas and contributions often overlooked in middle-class America (for…
Much Ado about a "Fine Dessert": The Cultural Politics of Representing Slavery in Children's Literature

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thomas, Ebony Elizabeth; Reese, Debbie; Horning, Kathleen T.

2016-01-01

When selecting and evaluating historical children's literature, there are many questions that must be considered. For example, who will be reading the book? Is the imagined young reader of these historical stories a White, middle class cisgender heterosexual, able-bodied student who was born in the United States, or are child readers from all…
Psychoeducational Assessment and Intervention for Ethnic Minority Children: Evidence-Based Approaches

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Graves, Scott L., Jr., Ed.; Blake, Jamilia J., Ed.

2016-01-01

School-based mental health professionals receive extensive training in assessment and treatment techniques with children. However, most of this training is based on research with white, middle-class populations, whose experiences are hardly universal. In the next decade, ethnic minority students are projected to become the numerical majority in…
Race, Power, and Equity in a Multiethnic Urban Elementary School with a Dual-Language "Strand" Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Palmer, Deborah

2010-01-01

Dual-language education is often lauded for providing high-caliber bilingual instruction in an integrated classroom. This is complicated, however, when a dual-language program does not include all members of a school community. This article examines a "strand" dual-language program that attracts middle-class white students to a predominantly black…
Pills, Thrills and Bellyaches: Case Studies of Prescription Pill Use and Misuse among Marijuana/Blunt Smoking Middle Class Young Women.

PubMed

Bardhi, Flutura; Sifaneck, Stephen J; Johnson, Bruce D; Dunlap, Eloise

2007-01-01

Recent survey research has documented important increases during the 2000s in the misuse and abuse of several prescription drugs (Vicodin, Percocet, Codeine, Dilaudid, Xanax, Klonopin, Valium, Ativan, Adderall, Ritalin, among others). This article focuses upon the patterns of pill use and misuse among young women who are middle-class white and college-educated, and they are also experienced marijuana users who report recreational consumption of other illegal drugs. The ethnographic data provides insights about various ways and reasons that such prescription pill misuse occurs among 12 college-educated, (upper) middle-class, white/Asian women in their 20s who were involved in a major ethnographic study of marijuana and blunts. Three patterns of pill use were observed: recreational; quasi-medical; and legal medical; shifts among these patterns of pill use was common. Few reported that their pill use interfered with their conventional jobs and lifestyles; they concealed such use from their employers and coworkers, and from non-using friends and family members. None reported contacts with police nor seeking treatment specifically for their pill misuse. Many reported misusing prescription pills in conjunction with illegal drugs (marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy) and alcohol. Pills were used as a way to enhance the euphoric effects of other drugs, as well as a way to avoid the negative side effects of illegal drugs. Some reported pill use as a means for reducing expenditures (and use of) alcohol and cocaine. The implications suggest a hidden subpopulation of prescription pill misusers among regular users of marijuana and other illegal drugs. Future research should include users and misusers of various pills to better understand how prescriptions pills interact with illegal drug use patterns.
Pills, Thrills and Bellyaches: Case Studies of Prescription Pill Use and Misuse among Marijuana/Blunt Smoking Middle Class Young Women

PubMed Central

Bardhi, Flutura; Sifaneck, Stephen J.; Johnson, Bruce D.; Dunlap, Eloise

2008-01-01

Recent survey research has documented important increases during the 2000s in the misuse and abuse of several prescription drugs (Vicodin, Percocet, Codeine, Dilaudid, Xanax, Klonopin, Valium, Ativan, Adderall, Ritalin, among others). This article focuses upon the patterns of pill use and misuse among young women who are middle-class white and college-educated, and they are also experienced marijuana users who report recreational consumption of other illegal drugs. The ethnographic data provides insights about various ways and reasons that such prescription pill misuse occurs among 12 college-educated, (upper) middle-class, white/Asian women in their 20s who were involved in a major ethnographic study of marijuana and blunts. Three patterns of pill use were observed: recreational; quasi-medical; and legal medical; shifts among these patterns of pill use was common. Few reported that their pill use interfered with their conventional jobs and lifestyles; they concealed such use from their employers and coworkers, and from non-using friends and family members. None reported contacts with police nor seeking treatment specifically for their pill misuse. Many reported misusing prescription pills in conjunction with illegal drugs (marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy) and alcohol. Pills were used as a way to enhance the euphoric effects of other drugs, as well as a way to avoid the negative side effects of illegal drugs. Some reported pill use as a means for reducing expenditures (and use of) alcohol and cocaine. The implications suggest a hidden subpopulation of prescription pill misusers among regular users of marijuana and other illegal drugs. Future research should include users and misusers of various pills to better understand how prescriptions pills interact with illegal drug use patterns. PMID:19081798
The personal is professional: Connecting white urban middle school science teachers' biographies to their teaching of all students

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oey, Esther Ruth

The purpose of this study was to examine if and in what ways white, urban middle school science teachers use experiences of being marginalized or feeling different to connect to students coming from backgrounds unlike their own---especially students who are racially, culturally, linguistically and otherwise different from them, the school culture and the dominant society. Personal biography was used to frame this study. Data consisted of structured and semi-structured interviews and classroom observations of one female and two male science teachers gathered over one academic year. Results indicated that experiences with difference may be used to inform teachers' practices, but personal biography alone was insufficient to enable the teachers to reflect on their experiences with race, class, gender, and difference. Also, attending to emotions appeared to be an important factor in helping students develop cognitive skills in science classrooms.
Race, Isolation, and Exclusion: What Early Childhood Teacher Educators Need to Know about the Experiences of Pre-Service Teachers of Color

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cheruvu, Ranita; Souto-Manning, Mariana; Lencl, Tara; Chin-Calubaquib, Marisa

2015-01-01

Historically, in the United States, early childhood teacher education has been a discursive space dominated by White, English-monolingual, middle class perspectives. By and large, this space has remained unexamined even as the field acknowledges the need for more early childhood teachers of color. This study seeks to gain insights into the…
Effects of Age and Prior Help on "Altruistic Lying".

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greenglass, Esther R.

1971-01-01

This study examines the extent to which the younger (8 years old) and preadolescent (12 years old) child engage in altruistic lying for a peer who is dependent on the child for help in the form of lying behavior. Subjects were 56 Canadian, white, middle class boys. An ostensible peer gave half of the subjects help in winning a prize. The other 28…
Social Studies Teacher Education in an Era of "Haves" and "Have Nots."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Myers, Charles B.

Serious concerns are being raised by the poor and uneducated underclass in the United States. Four main points are given which expand upon these concerns. (1) The affluent and middle class white U.S. population does not have enough interest and commitment to the poor and undereducated population to pay the price it will take to educate the U.S.…
Making Cultural Connections for African American Children under Six: Affirming Culture through Literature and the Arts.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gayle-Evans, Guda

The school system in the United States was established as, and remains, an expression of the white, middle-class values dominant in the society. The "melting pot" theory, with its emphasis on assimilation and the reduction of differences has been held by many for a long time. In the schools, however, this emphasis tends to cause feelings…
A Classroom of Her Own: How New Teachers Develop Instructional, Professional, and Cultural Competence.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cattani, Dana Haight

This book, a commentary on becoming a teacher, presents a set of essays based on observations of a group of young, white, middle class female teachers learning what it means to be alone at the head of the classroom. It presents a textured picture of the development of competence. The picture is organized around the complications of ordinary life…
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEGRO INFANTS. IX, STUDIES ON WEIGHT, HEIGHT, PELVIC BREADTH, HEAD AND CHEST CIRCUMFERENCES DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

SCOTT, ROLAND B.; AND OTHERS

THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS SIZE AND GROWTH VELOCITY DATA COLLECTED DURING A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF 111 NORMAL, HEALTHY NEGRO INFANTS FROM LOWER-MIDDLE-CLASS FAMILIES. DATA WERE OBTAINED FROM BIRTH RECORDS AND MEASUREMENTS TAKEN DURING ROUTINE PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS. WHEN THIS NEGRO SAMPLE WAS COMPARED WITH WHITE INFANTS IN SIMILAR STUDIES IT WAS FOUND…
An Analysis of Sixth Grade Pupil's Ability to Use Context Clues in Science and Social Studies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Olson, Arthur V.

The ability of sixth-grade students to use context clues for identifying unknown words in science and social studies reading materials and the types of context clues most frequently used are examined. The 30 subjects from three white, middle-class urban schools missed 50 percent or more of the words on a prevocabulary test. The subjects read two…
Human Capital in Hartford Public Schools: Rethinking How to Attract, Develop, and Retain Effective Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Council on Teacher Quality, 2009

2009-01-01

Connecticut has the largest achievement gap in the country, an unacceptable disparity in achievement of children who are poor and/or minority with children who are middle class and/or white. Hartford, its capital city, is the site of some of the state's most concentrated poverty and racial isolation. All but a small percentage of the district's…

Interaction with an Infant by Preschoolers: An Attempt to Modify the Sex Difference.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blakemore, Judith E. O.

To determine whether modeling of infant care by males would increase young boys' interest in babies, a study was conducted with up to 34 white, middle-class children who attended a university day care center and who ranged in age from 2 to 6 years. Procedures involved 3 days of pretest data collection, 4 weeks of treatment presentation, and 3…
Using "To Kill a Mockingbird" as a Conduit for Teaching about the School-to-Prison Pipeline

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maher, Steffany Comfort

2013-01-01

The author primarily teaches traditional high school English texts in a largely white, middle-class school, but the method she uses allows her to address important issues relevant to students. One unit she teaches is an investigation of the criminal justice system and a variety of issues related to the school-to-prison pipeline. A crucial text…
Cardiovascular risk factors in multi-ethnic middle school students: the HEALTHY primary prevention trial.

PubMed

Willi, S M; Hirst, K; Jago, R; Buse, J; Kaufman, F; El Ghormli, L; Bassin, S; Elliot, D; Hale, D E

2012-06-01

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of an integrated, multi-component, school-based intervention programme on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among a multi-ethnic cohort of middle school students. HEALTHY was a cluster randomized, controlled, primary prevention trial. Middle school was the unit of randomization and intervention. Half of the schools were assigned to an intervention programme consisting of changes in the total school food environment and physical education classes, enhanced by educational outreach and behaviour change activities and promoted by a social marketing campaign consisting of reinforcing messages and images. Outcome data reported (anthropometrics, blood pressure and fasting lipid levels) were collected on a cohort of students enrolled at the start of 6th grade (∼11-12 years old) and followed to end of 8th grade (∼13-14 years old). Forty-two middle schools were enrolled at seven field centres; 4363 students provided both informed consent and CVD data at baseline and end of study. The sample was 52.7% female, 54.5% Hispanic, 17.6% non-Hispanic Black, 19.4% non-Hispanic White and 8.5% other racial/ethnic combinations, and 49.6% were categorized as overweight or obese (body mass index ≥ 85th percentile) at baseline. A significant intervention effect was detected in the prevalence of hypertension in non-Hispanic Black and White males. The intervention produced no significant changes in lipid levels. The prevalence of some CVD risk factors is high in minority middle school youth, particularly males. A multi-component, school-based programme achieved only modest reductions in these risk factors; however, promising findings occurred in non-Hispanic Black and White males with hypertension. © 2012 The Authors. Pediatric Obesity © 2012 International Association for the Study of Obesity.
Cultural models of self and social class disparities at organizational gateways and pathways.

PubMed

Townsend, Sarah Sm; Truong, Mindy

2017-12-01

Attaining a college degree has traditionally been assumed to be key to upward social and professional mobility. However, college graduates from working-class backgrounds achieve less career success in professional, white-collar workplaces compared to those from middle-class backgrounds. Using a cultural models approach, we examine how the independent cultural beliefs and practices promoted by professional organizations disadvantage people from working-class backgrounds, who espouse interdependent beliefs and practices. Our review illustrates how this disadvantage can manifest in two ways. First, despite relative equality in objective qualifications, it can occur at organizational gateways (e.g., interview and hiring decisions). Second, even after people from working-class backgrounds gain access to an organization, it can occur along organizational pathways (e.g., performance evaluations and assignment to high-profile tasks). Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Embracing Resistance at the Margins: First-Generation Latino Students' Testimonios on Dual/Concurrent Enrollment High School Programs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Turner, Michelle R.

2010-01-01

Despite moderate gains in equal educational opportunities over the past 60 years, low-income students of color continue to lag behind their middle-class, White peers. This is particularly true for first-generation Latina/o students who: (a) have the highest K-12 drop-out rate than any other ethnic group in U.S. schools; (b) are underrepresented in…
A Pedagogy of Pain: New Directions for World Language Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ennser-Kananen, Johanna

2016-01-01

As I am writing this piece, I am highly aware of my privilege as a White, middle class, European woman. I have never had to flee my home, justify my existence, or fear for my life. Although stories of human suffering deeply affect me, my pain is not the pain of those who feel it on their own bodies, minds, lands, and families. I offer this piece…
Gender, the City and the Politics of Schooling: Towards a Collective Biography of Women "Doing Good" as Public Moralists in Victorian London

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Martin, Jane

2005-01-01

This article tells the stories of four middle class, white, English women whose participation in educational policy making is little known: Annie Leigh Browne (1851-1936), Margaret MacDonald (1870-1911), Hilda Miall-Smith (born 1861) and Honnor Morten (1861-1913). In doing so, it provides a perspective on the circumstances that enabled or…
Taking Place and Mapping Space: How Pre-Service Art Education Students' Visual Narratives of Field Experiences in Urban/Inner-City Schools Reveal a Spatial Knowing of Place

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sutters, Justin Peter

2012-01-01

This doctoral study concerns itself with how primarily White, suburban, middle-class Art Education pre-service students are prepared in academia to teach in urban/inner-city schools. As a researcher, student-teaching supervisor, Cooperating teacher, and public school Art Educator, the author examines the shifting demographics of public education…
From Field Days to Olympic Gold: How Black Women Revitalized Track and Field in the United States

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gilreath, Erin Lea; Zupin, Dagny; Judge, Lawrence W.

2017-01-01

The sport of track and field in the United States has a storied but tumultuous past, especially in women's collegiate athletics. In the late 19th century, it was enjoyed by women at elite colleges in the form of a "field day," but would have trouble surpassing that level, among middle class Whites especially. This hurdle in large part…
The Effects of Sex, Structure, and Social Interaction on Preschoolers' Make-Believe in a Naturalistic Setting.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brenner, Mark

This study examined the effects of sex, structure, and social interaction on 18 white middle class children, nine boys and nine girls, attending a daycare center. The children were observed over a 6-week period during a 2 1/2-hour free-play time. Results showed that both sexes equally apportion all types of free-play time behavior, show the same…
Gender Differences in Anxiety Trajectories from Middle to Late Adolescence

PubMed Central

Ohannessian, Christine McCauley; Milan, Stephanie; Vannucci, Anna

2016-01-01

Although developmental trajectories of anxiety symptomatology have begun to be explored, most research has focused on total anxiety symptom scores during childhood and early adolescence, using racially/ethnically homogenous samples. Understanding the heterogeneous courses of anxiety disorder symptoms during middle to late adolescence has the potential to clarify developmental risk models of anxiety and to inform prevention programs. Therefore, this study specifically examined gender differences in developmental trajectories of anxiety disorder symptoms (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder) from middle to late adolescence in a diverse community sample (N=1,000; 57% female; 65% White), assessed annually over two years. Latent growth curve modeling revealed that girls exhibited a slight linear decrease in generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder symptoms, whereas boys exhibited a stable course. These models suggested that one trajectory was appropriate for panic disorder symptoms in both girls and boys. Growth mixture models indicated the presence of four latent generalized anxiety disorder symptom trajectory classes: low increasing, moderate decreasing slightly, high decreasing, and very high decreasing rapidly. Growth mixture models also suggested the presence of five latent social anxiety disorder symptom trajectory classes: a low stable trajectory class and four classes that were qualitatively similar to the latent generalized anxiety disorder trajectories. For both generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder symptoms, girls were significantly more likely than boys to be in trajectory classes characterized by moderate or high initial symptoms that subsequently decreased over time. These findings provide novel information regarding the developmental course of anxiety disorder symptoms in adolescents. PMID:27889856
Examining the Draft Debate.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-07-01

against conscription, and we believe them. A devotee of free- market economics is almost driven to ask, "What arguments can possibly be made in favor of...youth who are employed full time in the labor market . The report’s more detailed findings include the following: Two measures of socioeconomic...morale boosting power of upper middle class whites strike us as more than a little patronizing. We do need to maintain an adequate quality mix of Army
Violent Content in Television: Effect of Cognitive Style and Age in Mediating Children's Aggressive Responses.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thomas, Sally A.

A study was conducted to investigate the impact certain cognitive styles or structures have in mediating the influence of aggressive television on young boys. Ss were 143 white middle class boys: 36 were 5 1/2-year-old kindergarteners; 30 were 6 1/2-year-old first graders; 36 were 7 1/2-year-old second graders; and 41 were 8 1/2-year-old third…
When Mothers and Fathers Are Seen as Disproportionately Valuing Achievements: Implications for Adjustment Among Upper Middle Class Youth

PubMed Central

Ciciolla, Lucia; Curlee, Alexandria S.; Karageorge, Jason; Luthar, Suniya S.

2016-01-01

High achievement expectations and academic pressure from parents have been implicated in rising levels of stress and reduced well-being among adolescents. In this study of affluent, middle-school youth, we examined how perceptions of parents' emphasis on achievement (relative to prosocial behavior) influenced youth's psychological adjustment and school performance, and examined perceived parental criticism as a possible moderator of this association. The data were collected from 506 (50% female) middle school students from a predominately white, upper-middle-class community. Students reported their perceptions of parents' values by rank ordering a list of achievement- and prosocial-oriented goals based on what they believed was most valued by their mothers and fathers for them (the child) to achieve. The data also included students' reports of perceived parental criticism, internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and self-esteem, as well as school-based data on grade point average and teacher-reported classroom behavior. Person-based analyses revealed six distinct latent classes based on perceptions of both mother and father emphases on achievement. Class comparisons showed a consistent pattern of healthier child functioning, including higher school performance, higher self-esteem, and lower psychological symptoms, in association with low to neutral parental achievement emphasis, whereas poorer child functioning was associated with high parental achievement emphasis. In variable-based analyses, interaction effects showed elevated maladjustment when high maternal achievement emphasis coexisted with high (but not low) perceived parental criticism. Results of the study suggest that to foster early adolescents' well-being in affluent school settings, parents focus on prioritizing intrinsic, prosocial values that promote affiliation and community, at least as much as, or more than, they prioritize academic performance and external achievement; and strive to limit the amount of criticism and pressure they place on their children. PMID:27830404
Links between sex-typed time use in middle childhood and gender development in early adolescence.

PubMed

McHale, Susan M; Kim, Ji-Yeon; Whiteman, Shawn; Crouter, Ann C

2004-09-01

The authors studied sex-typing in the kinds (e.g., sports, handicrafts) and social contexts (same- vs. other-sex companions) of children's free time activities, and the links between sex-typed activities and gender development over 2 years. Participants were 200 White, working- and middle-class children (103 girls, 97 boys; mean age = 10.86 years). In annual home interviews, children rated their self-esteem, gender role attitudes and sex-typed personality qualities, academic interests, and school grades. During 7 nightly phone interviews each year, children reported on their activities. Boys were more sex-typed than girls in their peer activities, and children were least sex-typed in their activities with siblings. Sex-typed activities in middle childhood predicted individual differences in gender development in early adolescence. Copyright 2004 American Psychological Association
A Look at a Comparative Study of the Socio-Dramatic Play Ability of High Socio-Economic Status Black Kindergarten Children and High Socio-Economic Status White Kindergarten Children Conducted by Vivian A. Anderson.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Farrar, Margaret M.

This paper presents a review of research studies and theories involving sociodramatic play and its effect on the learning power of middle class children. Discussion centers on definitions, criteria, and principles of play, and ways for teachers to identify and encourage sociodramatic play in the classroom. Play, and especially sociodramatic play,…
Selected Patterns of Interference in Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication Between Black and White Middle Class Cultures. Reference Pamphlets on Intercultural Communication, No.2. Human Relations in Cultural Context, Series C: Teacher Training Materials.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Condon, E. C., Ed.; Freundlich, Joyce

Verbal and nonverbal patterns of communication found in the black community are discussed in this paper. They have been selected on the basis of their potential as interference factors in intergroup communication. A section on black language describes and explains the following categories: rapping, running it down, jiving, shucking, copping a…
Spatial Variations of Crime in Wisconsin: A Macroscale, Multivariate Analysis.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-01

i L ; : -- . o++ + ... -, 35 Reiman’s Pyrrhic Defeat Theory (1979, pp. 17-18). Since the laws do prohibit corporate and white-collar crimes, Reiman ...not a con- scious conspiracy, Reiman reasons that the middle class identification of crime with the poor, and the failure of the system, actually...34Factorial Ecology: An Extended Definition, Survey, and Critique of the Field," Economic Geo- graph , June Supplement: 220-233. Reiman , Jeffrey H. 1979. The
Kids Identifying and Defeating Stroke (KIDS): development and implementation of a multiethnic health education intervention to increase stroke awareness among middle school students and their parents.

PubMed

Mullen Conley, Kathleen; Juhl Majersik, Jennifer; Gonzales, Nicole R; Maddox, Katherine E; Pary, Jennifer K; Brown, Devin L; Moyé, Lemuel A; Espinosa, Nina; Grotta, James C; Morgenstern, Lewis B

2010-01-01

The Kids Identifying and Defeating Stroke (KIDS) project is a 3-year prospective, randomized, controlled, multiethnic school-based intervention study. Project goals include increasing knowledge of stroke signs and treatment and intention to immediately call 911 among Mexican American (MA) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) middle school students and their parents. This article describes the design, implementation, and interim evaluation of this theory-based intervention. Intervention students received a culturally appropriate stroke education program divided into four 50-minute classes each year during the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. Each class session also included a homework assignment that involved the students' parents or other adult partners. Interim-test results indicate that this educational intervention was successful in improving students' stroke symptom and treatment knowledge and intent to call 911 upon witnessing a stroke compared with controls. The authors conclude that this school-based educational intervention to reduce delay time to hospital arrival for stroke shows early promise.
Public foetal images and the regulation of middle-class pregnancy in the online media: a view from South Africa.

PubMed

Macleod, Catriona; Howell, Simon

2015-01-01

Ultrasonography images and their derivatives have been taken up in a range of 'public' spaces, including medical textbooks, the media, anti-abortion material, advertising, the Internet and public health facilities. Feminists have critiqued the personification of the foetus, the bifurcation of the woman's body and the reduction of the pregnant woman to a disembodied womb. What has received less attention is how these images frequently intersect with race, class, gender and heteronormativity in the creation of idealised and normative understandings of pregnancy. This paper focuses on the discursive positioning of pregnant women as 'mothers' and foetuses as 'babies' in online media targeted at a South African audience, where race and class continue to intersect in complex ways. We show how the ontologically specific understandings of 'mummies' and 'babies' emerge through the use of foetal images to construct specific understandings of the 'ideal' pregnancy. In the process, pregnant women are made responsible for ensuring that their pregnancy conforms to these ideals, which includes the purchasing of the various goods advertised by the websites. Not only does this point to a commodification of pregnancy, but also serves to reinforce a cultural understanding of White, middle-class pregnancy as constituting the normative 'correct' form of pregnancy.

A Longitudinal Examination of the Bi-Directional Links between Academic Achievement and Parent-Adolescent Conflict.

PubMed

Dotterer, Aryn M; Hoffman, Lesa; Crouter, Ann C; McHale, Susan M

2008-06-01

We examined reciprocal associations between parent-adolescent conflict and academic achievement over a two-year period. Participants were mothers, fathers, and adolescents from predominantly White, working and middle class families ( N = 168). After accounting for previous academic achievement, parent-adolescent conflict predicted relative declines in academic achievement two years later. After controlling for relationship quality at Time 1, lower math grades predicted relative increases in parent-adolescent conflict two years later among families with less education.
A Longitudinal Examination of the Bi-Directional Links between Academic Achievement and Parent-Adolescent Conflict

PubMed Central

Dotterer, Aryn M.; Hoffman, Lesa; Crouter, Ann C.; McHale, Susan M.

2014-01-01

We examined reciprocal associations between parent-adolescent conflict and academic achievement over a two-year period. Participants were mothers, fathers, and adolescents from predominantly White, working and middle class families (N = 168). After accounting for previous academic achievement, parent-adolescent conflict predicted relative declines in academic achievement two years later. After controlling for relationship quality at Time 1, lower math grades predicted relative increases in parent-adolescent conflict two years later among families with less education. PMID:25544791
But I like PE: factors associated with enjoyment of physical education class in middle school girls.

PubMed

Barr-Anderson, Daheia J; Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne; Schmitz, Kathryn H; Ward, Dianne S; Conway, Terry L; Pratt, Charlotte; Baggett, Chris D; Lytle, Leslie; Pate, Russell R

2008-03-01

The current study examined associations between physical education (PE) class enjoyment and sociodemographic, personal, and perceived school environment factors among early adolescent girls. Participants included 1,511 sixth-grade girls who completed baseline assessments for the Trial of Activity in Adolescent Girls, with 50% indicating they enjoyed PE class a lot. Variables positively associated with PE class enjoyment included physical activity level, perceived benefits of physical activity, self-efficacy for leisure time physical activity, and perceived school climate for girls' physical activity as influenced by teachers, while body mass index was inversely associated with PE class enjoyment. After adjusting for all variables in the model, PE class enjoyment was significantly greater in Blacks than in Whites. In model testing, with mutual adjustment for all variables, self-efficacy was the strongest correlate of PE class enjoyment, followed by perceived benefits, race/ethnicity, and teachers' support for girls' physical activity, as compared to boys, at school. The overall model explained 11% of the variance in PE class enjoyment. Findings suggest that efforts to enhance girls' self-efficacy and perceived benefits and to provide a supportive PE class environment that promotes gender equality can potentially increase PE class enjoyment among young girls.
A Rebuttal to Jack Niemonen's "Whither the White Working Class?"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Khanna, Nikki; Harris, Cherise A.

2015-01-01

Prof. Niemonen claims that the concept of white privilege is "anti-sociological" and "mask[s] complex race-class interactions." He highlights the importance of including social class in discussions of white privilege but focuses exclusively on the white working class, neglecting how race and social class also intersect for…
"Not a good look": Impossible Dilemmas for Young Women Negotiating the Culture of Intoxication in the United Kingdom.

PubMed

Bailey, Lin; Griffin, Christine; Shankar, Avi

2015-05-01

This paper investigates young women's alcohol consumption in the United Kingdom within a widespread culture of intoxication in relation to recent debates about postfeminism and contemporary femininity. Young women are faced with an "impossible dilemma," arising from the contradiction between a hedonistic discourse of alcohol consumption and postfeminist discourse around attaining and maintaining the "right" form of hypersexual heterosexual femininity. Drawing on a recent interview study with 24 young white working-class and middle-class women in the South-West of England, we explore how young women inhabit the dilemmas of contemporary femininity in youth drinking cultures, striving to achieve the "right" form of hypersexual femininity and an "optimum" level of drunkenness.
Kids Identifying and Defeating Stroke (KIDS): Development and Implementation of a Multi-Ethnic Health Education Intervention to Increase Stroke Awareness Among Middle School Students and Their Parents

PubMed Central

Conley, Kathleen M; Majersik, Jennifer; Gonzales, Nicole R; Maddox, Katherine E; Pary, Jennifer K; Brown, Devin L; Moyé, Lemuel A; Espinosa, Nina; Grotta, James C; Morgenstern, Lewis B

2009-01-01

The KIDS (Kids Identifying and Defeating Stroke) Program is a three-year prospective, randomized, controlled, multiethnic school-based intervention study. Program goals include increasing knowledge of stroke signs and treatment and intention to immediately call 911 among Mexican American (MA) and non-Hispanic white (NHW) middle school students and their parents. This article describes the design, implementation and interim evaluation of this theory-based intervention. Intervention students received a culturally appropriate stroke education program divided into four 50-minute classes each year during the 6th, 7th, and 8th grades. Each class session also included a homework assignment that involved the students’ parents or other adult partners. Interim-test results indicate that this educational intervention was successful in improving students’ stroke symptom and treatment knowledge and intent to call 911 upon witnessing a stroke compared with controls (p<0.001). We conclude that this school-based educational intervention to reduce delay time to hospital arrival for stroke shows early promise. PMID:18332150
Factors impacting the assessment of maternal culpability in cases of alleged fetal abuse.

PubMed

McCoy, Monica L

2003-01-01

These studies explored attitudes toward maternal culpability in cases of alleged fetal abuse. In experiment one, general culpability for the use of various substances during pregnancy was assessed as well as the impact of other potentially relevant factors. One hundred and twenty students completed the survey. Participants overwhelmingly supported treating drug use by pregnant women as a criminal offense. With regard to the assessment of more specific questions, the lack of consensus regarding what factors effect culpability is striking. Experiment two examined the possible impact of the mothers' race (White or Black) and social class (Poor or Middle class) on the assessment of culpability. One hundred and sixty-four community members responded to a survey sent to randomly selected persons in upstate South Carolina. The results indicate that at least in response to a brief, written, case scenario, neither race nor social class make a large impact on participants' sanction recommendations.
A Tale of Two Classes: The Black Poor and the Black Middle Class.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lewin, Arthur

1991-01-01

To understand the African-American family, the African-American poor and middle class must be investigated. Extra costs mean that it is much harder for African Americans to reach the middle class. Ways to improve the economic status of African-American families and to increase the middle class are discussed. (SLD)
Shades of White: Identity Status, Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Xenophobia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kumar, Revathy; Seay, Nancy; Karabenick, Stuart

2011-01-01

Social identity, cultural socialization, intergroup contact hypothesis and group threat theories were used to examine White middle school adolescents' beliefs and attitudes toward Middle Eastern peers (Chaldeans). Ten focus group interviews in each of five Midwestern schools supported the hypothesized relationships between White majority/minority…
White Teachers' Reactions to the Racial Treatment of Middle-School Black Boys

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Battle, Stefan

2017-01-01

This qualitative exploratory study, informed by grounded theory, used questionnaires and unstructured interviews based on fictionalized vignettes to examine urban, public, middle-school White teachers' attitudes about middle-school Black boys, questioning whether and how such attitudes might influence classroom interactions. Twenty-four…
Self-Education, Class and Gender in Edwardian Britain: Women in Lower Middle Class Families

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sutherland, Gillian

2015-01-01

Once societies embarked on programmes of mass education home schooling became essentially a middle-class project and remains so. This paper looks at the educational experiences of some lower middle class women at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries for whom the resources of the middle-class home were simply not available. It…
Major salivary gland flow rates in young and old, generally healthy African Americans and whites.

PubMed Central

Jones, R. E.; Ship, J. A.

1995-01-01

Saliva is essential to maintain and preserve oral health. Previous studies of primarily white populations demonstrated that salivary gland flow rates are age-stable in healthy adults, but there are little data on African Americans of different ages. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between age, gender, and race in unstimulated and stimulated parotid and submandibular salivary gland flow rates and to evaluate subjective responses to questions regarding salivary dysfunction. Sixty generally healthy, middle socioeconomic class African Americans and whites between the ages of 20 to 40 and 60 to 80 years were evaluated. The results indicate, in general, that objective and subjective measurements of major salivary gland flow rates are independent of age, gender, and race. Further studies are required using larger populations. These results suggest that signs and symptoms of dry mouth in the elderly regardless of race or gender should not be considered a normal sequela of aging. PMID:7897685
But I Like PE: Factors Associated With Enjoyment of Physical Education Class in Middle School Girls

PubMed Central

Barr-Anderson, Daheia J.; Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne; Schmitz, Kathryn H.; Ward, Dianne S.; Conway, Terry L.; Pratt, Charlotte; Baggett, Chris D.; Lytle, Leslie; Pate, Russell R.

2008-01-01

The current study examined associations between physical education (PE) class enjoyment and sociodemographic, personal, and perceived school environment factors among early adolescent girls. Participants included 1,511 sixth-grade girls who completed baseline assessments for the Trial of Activity in Adolescent Girls, with 50% indicating they enjoyed PE class a lot. Variables positively associated with PE class enjoyment included physical activity level, perceived benefits of physical activity, self-efficacy for leisure time physical activity, and perceived school climate for girls' physical activity as influenced by teachers, while body mass index was inversely associated with PE class enjoyment. After adjusting for all variables in the model, PE class enjoyment was significantly greater in Blacks than in Whites. In model testing, with mutual adjustment for all variables, self-efficacy was the strongest correlate of PE class enjoyment, followed by perceived benefits, race/ethnicity, and teacher's support for girls' physical activity, as compared to boys, at school. The overall model explained 11% of the variance in PE class enjoyment. Findings suggest that efforts to enhance girls' self-efficacy and perceived benefits and to provide a supportive PE class environment that promotes gender equality can potentially increase PE class enjoyment among young girls. PMID:18431947
Possible causes of socioeconomic and ethnic differences in seat belt use among high school students.

PubMed

Shin, D; Hong, L; Waldron, I

1999-09-01

This study has assessed seat belt use and factors which may influence seat belt use among high school students from three types of schools. The inner city schools had high proportions of African American and Hispanic American students from low income families, whereas the middle class school and private schools had high proportions of non-Hispanic white students from middle class families with college educated parents. Students from the inner city schools reported less seat belt use than students from the middle class school or private schools. Our analyses evaluated several hypotheses concerning possible reasons why inner city youth had lower rates of seat belt use. In accord with the social influences hypothesis, inner city youth reported lower rates of parental seat belt use and less often being told by parents to use their seat belts, and our regression results indicate that less parental modeling and encouragement of seat belt use was an important cause of inner city youth's lower rates of seat belt use. Our other hypotheses received weaker support, but we did find evidence for two hypothesized differences in attitudes which influence seat belt use. Specifically, inner city youth were more likely to agree with the statement, 'there is no point in wearing seat belts since you have no control over your fate or destiny', and inner city youth attributed less importance to safety concerns as a motivation for seat belt use. These attitudes appeared to contribute to lower rates of seat belt use by inner city youth.
Association of socioeconomic stratification with plasmatic markers of lipoperoxidation and antioxidants in Venezuelan school-age children.

PubMed

Ruiz-Fernández, Nelina; Bosch, Virgilio; Giacopini, Maria Isabel

2016-12-30

To establish association between socioeconomic status and plasmatic markers of lipoperoxidation and antioxidants in Venezuelan school-age children from the middle-class and in critical poverty. Cross-sectional study with a sample of 114 school-age children (aged 7-9). The socioeconomic status, dietary intake of macro and micro-nutrients, weight, height, lipid profile, indicators of lipid peroxidation and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were determined. The daily average intake of energy, carbohydrates and vitamin A, and the percentage of energy obtained from carbohydrates was significantly higher in middle-class children compared to critical poverty children ( p <0.05). The circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein ( p <0.001) and the susceptibility of low density lipoproteins and very low density lipoproteins to oxidation in vitro ( p <0.05) were significantly higher in middle-class children, while the critical poverty children showed significantly lower levels of Vitamin C and E in plasma ( p <0.05). Non-enzymatic antioxidant levels were frequently deficient in both strata. The concentrations of circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein (OR: 1.09, CI 95% : 1.016-1.179; p = 0.017) and Vitamin C (OR: 3.21, CI 95% : 1.104-9.938; p = 0.032) were associated to the socioeconomic status independently of gender, family history of premature coronary artery disease, triglicerides, Vitamin C and E dietary intake and count of white blood cells. The socioeconomic status was associated to circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein and Vitamin C in Venezuelan school-age children, The results suggested the need to improve the dietary intake of antioxidants in both studied socioeconomic groups.
Social class and body weight among Chinese urban adults: the role of the middle classes in the nutrition transition.

PubMed

Bonnefond, Céline; Clément, Matthieu

2014-07-01

While a plethoric empirical literature addresses the relationship between socio-economic status and body weight, little is known about the influence of social class on nutritional outcomes, particularly in developing countries. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the analysis of the social determinants of adult body weight in urban China by taking into account the influence of social class. More specifically, we propose to analyse the position of the Chinese urban middle class in terms of being overweight or obese. The empirical investigations conducted as part of this research are based on a sample of 1320 households and 2841 adults from the China Health and Nutrition Survey for 2009. For the first step, we combine an economic approach and a sociological approach to identify social classes at household level. First, households with an annual per capita income between 10,000 Yuan and the 95th income percentile are considered as members of the middle class. Second, we strengthen the characterization of the middle class using information on education and employment. By applying clustering methods, we identify four groups: the elderly and inactive middle class, the old middle class, the lower middle class and the new middle class. For the second step, we implement an econometric analysis to assess the influence of social class on adult body mass index and on the probability of being overweight or obese. We use multinomial treatment regressions to deal with the endogeneity of the social class variable. Our results show that among the four subgroups of the urban middle class, the new middle class is the only one to be relatively well-protected against obesity. We suggest that this group plays a special role in adopting healthier food consumption habits and seems to be at a more advanced stage of the nutrition transition. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
"I Want to Do the Right Thing but What Is It?": White Teachers' Experiences with African American Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Henfield, Malik S.; Washington, Ahmad R.

2012-01-01

This qualitative study examines 26 White middle school teachers' perceptions of their experiences in a predominantly White middle school with a growing African American student population. Utilizing in-depth focus group interviews, teachers elaborated on their experiences with navigating racial, ethnic and cultural boundaries as they attempted to…
Comparison of personal characteristics, tobacco use, and health states in Chaldean, Arab American, and non-Middle Eastern White adults.

PubMed

Jamil, H; Templin, T; Fakhouri, M; Rice, V H; Khouri, R; Fakhouri, H; Al-Omran, Hasan; Al-Fauori, Ibrahim; Baker, Omar

2009-08-01

This study compared and contrasted personal characteristics, tobacco use (cigarette and water pipe smoking), and health states in Chaldean, Arab American and non-Middle Eastern White adults attending an urban community service center. The average age was 39.4 (SD = 14.2). The three groups differed significantly (P < .006) on ethnicity, age, gender distribution, marital status, language spoken, education, employment, and annual income. Current cigarette smoking was highest for non-Middle Eastern White adults (35.4%) and current water pipe smoking was highest for Arab Americans (3.6%). Arab Americans were more likely to smoke both cigarettes and the narghile (4.3%). Health problems were highest among former smokers in all three ethnic groups. Being male, older, unmarried, and non-Middle Eastern White predicted current cigarette smoking; being Arab or Chaldean and having less formal education predicted current water pipe use.
77 FR 37362 - Implementation of the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012; Establishment of a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-21

...] Implementation of the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012; Establishment of a Public Safety... public safety answering points (PSAPs) as required by the ``Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act... Objectives of, the Proposed Rules 21. The ``Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012'' requires...
Psychosocial aspects of women's lives: work, family, and life cycle issues.

PubMed

Shrier, Diane K

2003-09-01

Over the past century and continuing to evolve into the twenty-first century, there have been dramatic changes in work and personal/family lives within the United States. These changes, though strongly affecting men and children, have impacted most dramatically on women's lives, particularly white, middle-class women. Psychiatrists and other mental health clinicians need to be aware of the scope and nature of these changes and to recognize that their own personal experiences and values might differ from those of women of different generations as well as different socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds.

A Descriptive Qualitative Study Exploring Teacher and Parental Perceptions of African-American Middle School Male Students Related to Mathematics Performance

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fowler, Crystal Nicole

2013-01-01

This qualitative descriptive case study explored the perceptions of parents and teachers of the academic achievement gap in mathematics between African-American middle school males and their White counterparts. Ten parents, both African-American and White, with students attending middle school in the Cherokee County School District and 5 teachers…
Early Talk About the Past Revisited: Affect in Working-Class and Middle-Class Children's Co-Narrations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Burger, Lisa K.; Miller, Peggy J.

1999-01-01

Investigated personal storytelling among young working-class and middle-class children, observing them at home at age 2; age 6 and 3; and under-one year. Analysis of generic properties, narrative content, and emotion talk revealed a complex configuration of similarities and differences. Differentiation between working-class and middle-class…
Making the Invisible More Visible: Home Literacy Practices of Middle-Class and Working-Class Families.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McCarthey, Sarah J.

1997-01-01

Interviews with eight families showed that literacy materials and goals for using literacy differed between middle and working class families, with middle class families drawing on more resources to learn about the child's classroom. However, all families expressed value for literacy activities, challenging the myth that working-class families do…
Social Class Differences in Adolescents' Socio-political Opinions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berg, Nancy Eisenberg; Mussen, Paul

1976-01-01

A questionnaire containing eight scales--criminal treatment, equal opportunity, domestic welfare, civil liberties; foreign aid, taxes and labor, liberalism, and humanitarianism--was administered to adolescents of upper middle class and lower middle class backgrounds; more socio-economically favored than lower middle class adolescents gave liberal,…
Association of socioeconomic stratification with plasmatic markers of lipoperoxidation and antioxidants in Venezuelan school-age children

PubMed Central

Bosch, Virgilio; Giacopini, Maria Isabel

2016-01-01

Abstract Objetive: To establish association between socioeconomic status and plasmatic markers of lipoperoxidation and antioxidants in Venezuelan school-age children from the middle-class and in critical poverty. Methods: Cross-sectional study with a sample of 114 school-age children (aged 7-9). The socioeconomic status, dietary intake of macro and micro-nutrients, weight, height, lipid profile, indicators of lipid peroxidation and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were determined. Results: The daily average intake of energy, carbohydrates and vitamin A, and the percentage of energy obtained from carbohydrates was significantly higher in middle-class children compared to critical poverty children (p <0.05). The circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein (p <0.001) and the susceptibility of low density lipoproteins and very low density lipoproteins to oxidation in vitro (p <0.05) were significantly higher in middle-class children, while the critical poverty children showed significantly lower levels of Vitamin C and E in plasma (p <0.05). Non-enzymatic antioxidant levels were frequently deficient in both strata. The concentrations of circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein (OR: 1.09, CI 95%: 1.016-1.179; p= 0.017) and Vitamin C (OR: 3.21, CI 95%: 1.104-9.938; p= 0.032) were associated to the socioeconomic status independently of gender, family history of premature coronary artery disease, triglicerides, Vitamin C and E dietary intake and count of white blood cells. Conclusion: The socioeconomic status was associated to circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein and Vitamin C in Venezuelan school-age children, The results suggested the need to improve the dietary intake of antioxidants in both studied socioeconomic groups. PMID:28293041
The Impact Of Middle Class Consumption On Democratization In Northeast Asia

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-03-01

middle-class Koreans. This consumption disparity caused the structurally disadvantaged working-class Koreans to join national protests that ultimately...inequality and a mobility-restraining household registration system. There exists a key political tension around structurally disadvantaged Chinese migrant...lower middle-class Koreans. This consumption disparity caused the structurally disadvantaged working-class Koreans to join national protests that
Received ethnic-racial socialization messages and youths' academic and behavioral outcomes: examining the mediating role of ethnic identity and self-esteem.

PubMed

Hughes, Diane; Witherspoon, Dawn; Rivas-Drake, Deborah; West-Bey, Nia

2009-04-01

The authors examined relationships between cultural socialization and preparation for bias and youth outcomes. Using data from 805 African American and White early adolescents attending school in an integrated middle-class suburban school district in the northeastern United States, the authors hypothesized that ethnic affirmation and self-esteem would mediate relations between ethnic-racial socialization and more distal academic and behavioral outcomes. Cultural socialization was positively associated with academic and behavioral outcomes, and these associations were partially mediated by ethnic affirmation and self-esteem. Preparation for bias was associated with more negative academic outcomes, and these relationships were fully mediated by ethnic affirmation and self-esteem. Relationships of preparation for bias to youth outcomes were generally stronger for White compared with African American youths. The risks and benefits of different socialization messages for youths in various ecological contexts are discussed.
Making the middle classes on shifting ground? Residential status, performativity and middle-class subjectivities in contemporary London.

PubMed

Benson, Michaela; Jackson, Emma

2017-06-01

This paper argues that shifts in access to housing - both in relation to rental and ownership - disrupt middle-class reproduction in ways that fundamentally influence class formation. While property ownership has had a long association with middle-class identities, status and distinction, an increasingly competitive rental market alongside inflated property prices has impacted on expectations and anxieties over housing futures. In this paper, we consider two key questions: (1) What happens to middle-class identities under the conditions of this wider structural change? (2) How do the middle classes variously manoeuvre within this? Drawing on empirical research conducted in London, we demonstrate that becoming an owner-occupier may be fractured along lines of class but also along the axes of age, wealth and timing, particularly as this relates to the housing market. It builds on understandings of residential status and place as central to the formation of class, orienting this around the recognition of both people and place as mutable, emphasizing that changing economic and social processes generate new class positionalities and strategies for class reproduction. We argue that these processes are writ large in practices of belonging and claims to place, with wider repercussions within the urban landscape. © London School of Economics and Political Science 2017.
The Effects of Tai Chi Practice With Asynchronous Music on Compliance and Fall-Related Risk Factors in Middle-Aged and Older Women: A Pilot Study.

PubMed

Du, Yan; Roberts, Penny; Xu, Qingwen

2016-03-07

This study examined whether practicing Tai Chi (TC) along with music can maximize the effects of TC on compliance and fall-related risk factors (Dynamic Gait Index and fear of falling). A convenient sample was recruited in a community senior center. Eighteen women aged 50 to 84 years (9 White, 9 Black) were block randomly assigned to a TC in silence (TC + S; n = 6) or a TC with music (TC + M; n = 12) class. Thirteen participants (4 in TC + S group, 9 in TC + M group) with completed pre- and posttests were included in the final analysis. Paired t tests were conducted to examine changes within groups over time and analysis of covariance was used to assess group differences. After 15 weeks of intervention, balance increased in both groups with significantly higher benefits in the TC + M group (p < .05). Fear of falling scores improved in TC + M group and compliance rate was higher in this group. Practicing TC + M may help increase adherence in White and Black middle-aged and older women, and maximize the effects of TC on fall-related risk factors. Studies with more rigorous study design, including musical considerations, are warranted. © The Author(s) 2016.
Strategic Note-Taking for Middle-School Students with Learning Disabilities in Science Classes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boyle, Joseph R.

2010-01-01

While today's teachers use a variety of teaching methods in middle-school science classes, lectures and note-taking still comprise a major portion of students' class time. To be successful in these classes, middle-school students need effective listening and note-taking skills. Students with learning disabilities (LD) are poor note-takers, which…
78 FR 59806 - Establishment of Class E Airspace; White Mountain, AK

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-30

...-1185; Airspace Docket No. 12-AAL-8] Establishment of Class E Airspace; White Mountain, AK AGENCY... airspace at White Mountain Airport, White Mountain, AK, to accommodate aircraft using new Area Navigation..., Airport, White Mountain, AK (77 FR 75598). Interested parties were invited to participate in this...
Class Construction: White Working-Class Student Identity in the New Millennium

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Freie, Carrie

2007-01-01

"Class Construction" explores class, racial, and gender identity construction among white, working-class students. Delving into River City High School, Freie asks what happens to the adolescent children of working-class families when economic changes such as globalization and technological advancements have altered the face of working-class jobs.…
Impact of telecommunication technologies on the middle class formation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khusnullova, A.; Absalyamova, S.; Sakhapov, R.; Mukhametgalieva, Ch

2017-12-01

The article is devoted to the study of the impact of the information economy on the formation of the middle class. The paper identifies factors contributing to the increase in the share of the middle class in the transition to the information economy. The positive synergetic influence of telecommunication technologies on the formation of the middle class is considered through a possibility of using virtual spaces for labor and educational activities, a possibility of obtaining high returns in the form of dividends on intellectual capital, a qualitative change in the structure of needs, an access to new types of information services, etc. Authors develop a complex model of research of the middle class in the information economy, differing from those available using an expanded list of criteria. In addition to such widely used criteria as income level, level of education and self-identification, the criterion "degree of involvement in the information society" was introduced. The study substantiates that the transition to the information economy made an access to information and communication technologies one of the most significant criteria for social differentiation of society. On the basis of the model, an econometric estimate of the middle class has been carried out, which makes it possible to reveal the share of the middle class in modern society, dynamics of its development, as well as multicollinearity between spending on education, the Gini coefficient, access to information and telecommunication technologies and the size of the middle class.
Downward Mobility from the Middle Class: Waking up from the American Dream

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Acs, Gregory

2011-01-01

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this report finds that a middle-class upbringing does not guarantee the same status over the course of a lifetime. One third of Americans raised in the middle class, defined here as those between the 30th and 70th percentiles of the income distribution, fall out of the middle as adults.…
A Reinterpretation of the Writings of Frazier on the Black Middle Class.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Landry, Bart

1978-01-01

A careful review of all of E. Franklin Frazier's writings dealing with the Black middle class will put into perspective the distorted view many people have regarding his criticism in "Black Bourgeoisie" of the attitudes and behavior of the Black middle class. (EB)
The Making of the Black Middle Class.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Collins, Sharon M.

1983-01-01

Examines Black occupational mobility and factors that have influenced the growth of the Black middle class since the 1960s. Argues that the Black middle class occupies a fragile market position because Black mobility depends on fluctuating government policy rather than on free market factors. (Author/MJL)
Beyond the Schoolyard: The Contributions of Parenting Logics, Financial Resources, and Social Institutions to the Social Class Gap in Structured Activity Participation.

PubMed

Bennett, Pamela R; Lutz, Amy; Jayaram, Lakshmi

2012-01-01

We investigate cultural and structural sources of class differences in youth activity participation with interview, survey, and archival data. We find working- and middle-class parents overlap in parenting logics about participation, though differ in one respect: middle-class parents are concerned with customizing children's involvement in activities, while working-class parents are concerned with achieving safety and social mobility for children through participation. Second, because of financial constraints, working-class families rely on social institutions for participation opportunities, but few are available. Schools act as an equalizing institution by offering low-cost activities, allowing working-class children to resemble middle-class youth in school activities, but they remain disadvantaged in out-of-school activities. School influences are complex, however, as they also contribute to class differences by offering different activities to working- and middle-class youth. Findings raise questions about the extent to which differences in participation reflect class culture rather than the objective realities parents face.
Beyond the Schoolyard: The Contributions of Parenting Logics, Financial Resources, and Social Institutions to the Social Class Gap in Structured Activity Participation

PubMed Central

Bennett, Pamela R.; Lutz, Amy; Jayaram, Lakshmi

2014-01-01

We investigate cultural and structural sources of class differences in youth activity participation with interview, survey, and archival data. We find working- and middle-class parents overlap in parenting logics about participation, though differ in one respect: middle-class parents are concerned with customizing children’s involvement in activities, while working-class parents are concerned with achieving safety and social mobility for children through participation. Second, because of financial constraints, working-class families rely on social institutions for participation opportunities, but few are available. Schools act as an equalizing institution by offering low-cost activities, allowing working-class children to resemble middle-class youth in school activities, but they remain disadvantaged in out-of-school activities. School influences are complex, however, as they also contribute to class differences by offering different activities to working- and middle-class youth. Findings raise questions about the extent to which differences in participation reflect class culture rather than the objective realities parents face. PMID:25328250
Social-class differences in self-concept clarity and their implications for well-being

PubMed Central

Na, Jinkyung; Chan, Micaela Y.; Lodi-Smith, Jennifer; Park, Denise C.

2017-01-01

A consistent/stable sense of the self is more valued in middle-class contexts than working-class contexts; hence we predicted that middle-class individuals would have higher SCC than working-class individuals. It is further expected that SCC would be more important to one’s well-being among middle-class individuals than among working-class individuals. Supporting these predictions, SCC was positively associated with higher social-class. Moreover, although SCC was associated with higher life satisfaction and better mental health, the association significantly attenuated among working-class individuals. In addition, SCC was not associated with physical health and its association with physical health did not interact with social class. PMID:27114215
Early talk about the past revisited: affect in working-class and middle-class children's co-narrations.

PubMed

Burger, L K; Miller, P J

1999-02-01

This study contributes to our understanding of sociocultural variation in children's early storytelling by comparing co-narrations produced by children and their families from two European-American communities, one working-class and one middle-class. Six children from each community were observed in their homes at 2;6 and 3;0 years of age, yielding a corpus of nearly 400 naturally-occurring co-narrations of past experience. Analyses of generic properties, content, and emotion talk revealed a complex configuration of similarities and differences. Working-class and middle-class families produced co-narrations that were similar in referential/evaluative functions and temporal structure, with a preponderance of positive content. Working-class families produced twice as many co-narrations as their middle-class counterparts, produced more negative emotion talk, and used more dramatic language for conveying negative emotional experience. These findings suggest that (1) differentiation between working-class and middle-class communities in the content of early narratives may occur primarily with respect to negative experience and (2) researchers need to go beyond emotion state terms in order to accurately represent sociocultural variation in personal storytelling.

Questions of Degree? Middle-Class Rejection of Higher Education and Intra-Class Differences in Educational Decision-Making

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morrison, Andrew

2011-01-01

This article is an analysis of middle-class rejection of higher education. The author uses accounts of the educational decision-making of three female students, all identified to be from broadly middle-class backgrounds, from within full-time vocational further education in the United Kingdom, as a means to consider two issues. First, the author…
Expectations of Developmental Milestones by Middle Class Parents and College Freshmen.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Treiber, Frank A.; And Others

It has generally been assumed that lower socioeconomic status teenage parents are atypical in their expectations about child development compared to other parental groups. However there is little information available concerning the expectations of middle class parents. Middle class nonparent teenagers (N=50) and two parental groups (participants…
The Specter of Divorce: Views From Working- and Middle-Class Cohabitors

PubMed Central

Miller, Amanda J.; Sassler, Sharon; Kusi-Appouh, Dela

2012-01-01

Young Americans increasingly express apprehension about their ability to successfully manage intimate relationships. Partially in response, cohabitation has become normative over the past few decades. Little research, however, examines social class distinctions in how emerging adults perceive challenges to sustaining intimate unions. We examine cohabitors’ views of divorce and how these color their sentiments regarding marriage. Data are from in-depth interviews with 122 working- and middle-class cohabitors. More than two thirds of respondents mentioned concerns with divorce. Working-class women, in particular, view marriage less favorably than do their male and middle-class counterparts, in part because they see marriage as hard to exit and are reluctant to assume restrictive gender roles. Middle-class cohabitors are more likely to have concrete wedding plans and believe that marriage signifies a greater commitment than does cohabitation. These differences in views of marriage and divorce may help explain the bifurcation of cohabitation outcomes among working- and middle-class cohabitors. PMID:22822285
Hidden student voice: A curriculum of a middle school science class heard through currere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crooks, Kathleen Schwartz

Students have their own lenses through which they view school science and the students' views are often left out of educational conversations which directly affect the students themselves. Pinar's (2004) definition of curriculum as a 'complicated conversation' implies that the class' voice is important, as important as the teacher's voice, to the classroom conversation. If the class' voice is vital to classroom conversations, then the class, consisting of all its students, must be allowed to both speak and be heard. Through a qualitative case study, whereby the case is defined as a particular middle school science class, this research attempts to hear the 'complicated conversation' of this middle school science class, using currere as a framework. Currere suggests that one's personal relationship to the world, including one's memories, hopes, and dreams, should be the crux of education, rather than education being primarily the study of facts, concepts, and needs determined by an 'other'. Focus group interviews were used to access the class' currere: the class' lived experiences of science, future dreams of science, and present experiences of science, which was synthesized into a new understanding of the present which offered the class the opportunity to be fully educated. The interview data was enriched through long-term observation in this middle school science classroom. Analysis of the data collected suggests that a middle school science class has rich science stories which may provide insights into ways to engage more students in science. Also, listening to the voice of a science class may provide insight into discussions about science education and understandings into the decline in student interest in science during secondary school. Implications from this research suggest that school science may be more engaging for this middle school class if it offers inquiry-based activities and allows opportunities for student-led research. In addition, specialized academic and career advice in early middle school may be able to capitalize on this class' positive perspective toward science. Further research may include using currere to hear the voices of middle school science classes with more diverse demographic qualities.
A cross-sectional survey to assess the effect of socioeconomic status on the oral hygiene habits

PubMed Central

Oberoi, Sukhvinder Singh; Sharma, Gaurav; Oberoi, Avneet

2016-01-01

Background: It is widely accepted that there are socioeconomic inequalities in oral health. A socioeconomic gradient is found in a range of clinical and self-reported oral health outcomes. Aim: The present study was conducted to assess the differences in oral hygiene practices among patients from different socioeconomic status (SES) visiting the Outpatient Department of the Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from June to October 2014 to assess the effect of SES on the oral hygiene habits. The questionnaire included the questions related to the demographic profile and assessment of the oral hygiene habits of the study population. Results: Toothbrush and toothpaste were being used significantly (P < 0.05) more by lower middle class (84.4%) and upper middle class (100.0%). A significantly higher frequency of cleaning teeth (twice a day) was reported among the lower middle class (17.2%) and upper middle class (21.5%). The majority (34.3%) of the study population changed their toothbrush once in 3 months. The cleaning of tongue was reported by patients belonging to the upper middle (62.0%), lower middle (52.1%), and upper lower class (30.0%). The use of tongue cleaner was reported to be significantly (P < 0.05) more among upper middle (10.1%) class patients. A significantly higher number of patients from the lower class (81.3%) never visited a dentist. Conclusion: The oral hygiene practices of the patients from upper and lower middle class was found to be satisfactory whereas it was poor among patients belonging to lower and upper lower class. PMID:29242690
Perceived weight discrimination in the CARDIA study: differences by race, sex, and weight status.

PubMed

Dutton, Gareth R; Lewis, Tené T; Durant, Nefertiti; Halanych, Jewell; Kiefe, Catarina I; Sidney, Stephen; Kim, Yongin; Lewis, Cora E

2014-02-01

To examine self-reported weight discrimination and differences based on race, sex, and BMI in a biracial cohort of community-based middle-aged adults. Participants (3,466, mean age = 50 years, mean BMI = 30 kg/m²) of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study who completed the 25-year examination of this epidemiological investigation in 2010-2011 were reported. The sample included normal weight, overweight, and obese participants. CARDIA participants are distributed into four race-sex groups, with about half being African-American and half White. Participants completed a self-reported measure of weight discrimination. Among overweight/obese participants, weight discrimination was lowest for White men (12.0%) and highest for White women (30.2%). The adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for weight discrimination in those with class 2/3 obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m²) versus the normal-weight was most pronounced: African American men, 4.59 (1.71-12.34); African American women, 7.82 (3.57-17.13); White men, 6.99 (2.27-21.49); and White women, 18.60 (8.97-38.54). Being overweight (BMI = 25-29.9 kg/m²) vs. normal weight was associated with increased discrimination in White women only: 2.10 (1.11-3.96). Novel evidence for a race-sex interaction on perceived weight discrimination, with White women more likely to report discrimination at all levels of overweight and obesity was provided. Pychosocial mechanisms responsible for these differences deserve exploration. Copyright © 2013 The Obesity Society.
How African American, Middle Class Parents Learn and Enact a Racism Resistant Critical Race Achievement Ideology in Their Adolescents in Gifted and AP Classes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fisher, Tracey Simmons

2015-01-01

The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine African American, middle class parents' facilitation of an academic achievement ideology that is racism-resistant in their adolescent offspring in AP and Gifted Education classrooms. Three research questions guided the study: (1) how do African American, middle class parents come to acquire or…
Teachers in Class

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Van Galen, Jane

2008-01-01

In this article, I argue for a closer read of the daily "class work" of teachers, as posited by Reay, 1998. In developing exploratory class portraits of four teachers who occupy distinctive social positions (two from working-class homes now teaching upper-middle-class children and two from upper-middle-class homes now teaching poor children), I…
Teachers Closing the Discipline Gap in an Urban Middle School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Monroe, Carla R.

2009-01-01

This study focuses on student discipline as related to the perceptions, work, and backgrounds of effective Black and White teachers. The article expands current knowledge by reporting findings from a case study of 4 teachers (2 African Americans and 2 Whites) employed in an urban, predominately African American middle school. Interviews, field…
Teachers in the 'Hood: Hollywood's Middle-Class Fantasy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bulman, Robert C.

2002-01-01

Asserts that the urban-high-school film genre (in which a classroom of socially troubled, low-achieving students is transformed by the singular efforts of an outside middle class teacher or principal) reinforces the "culture of poverty" thesis, representing the fantasies that suburban middle class America has about life in urban high…
Social-class differences in self-concept clarity and their implications for well-being.

PubMed

Na, Jinkyung; Chan, Micaela Y; Lodi-Smith, Jennifer; Park, Denise C

2018-06-01

A consistent/stable sense of the self is more valued in middle-class contexts than working-class contexts; hence, we predicted that middle-class individuals would have higher self-concept clarity than working-class individuals. It is further expected that self-concept clarity would be more important to one's well-being among middle-class individuals than among working-class individuals. Supporting these predictions, self-concept clarity was positively associated with higher social class. Moreover, although self-concept clarity was associated with higher life satisfaction and better mental health, the association significantly attenuated among working-class individuals. In addition, self-concept clarity was not associated with physical health and its association with physical health did not interact with social class.
Reliability and agreement in student ratings of the class environment.

PubMed

Nelson, Peter M; Christ, Theodore J

2016-09-01

The current study estimated the reliability and agreement of student ratings of the classroom environment obtained using the Responsive Environmental Assessment for Classroom Teaching (REACT; Christ, Nelson, & Demers, 2012; Nelson, Demers, & Christ, 2014). Coefficient alpha, class-level reliability, and class agreement indices were evaluated as each index provides important information for different interpretations and uses of student rating scale data. Data for 84 classes across 29 teachers in a suburban middle school were sampled to derive reliability and agreement indices for the REACT subscales across 4 class sizes: 25, 20, 15, and 10. All participating teachers were White and a larger number of 6th-grade classes were included (42%) relative to 7th- (33%) or 8th- (23%) grade classes. Teachers were responsible for a variety of content areas, including language arts (26%), science (26%), math (20%), social studies (19%), communications (6%), and Spanish (3%). Coefficient alpha estimates were generally high across all subscales and class sizes (α = .70-.95); class-mean estimates were greatly impacted by the number of students sampled from each class, with class-level reliability values generally falling below .70 when class size was reduced from 25 to 20. Further, within-class student agreement varied widely across the REACT subscales (mean agreement = .41-.80). Although coefficient alpha and test-retest reliability are commonly reported in research with student rating scales, class-level reliability and agreement are not. The observed differences across coefficient alpha, class-level reliability, and agreement indices provide evidence for evaluating students' ratings of the class environment according to their intended use (e.g., differentiating between classes, class-level instructional decisions). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).
Lifting the Hood: Lifelong Learning and Young, White, Provincial Working-Class Masculinities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Quinn, Jocey; Thomas, Liz; Slack, Kim; Casey, Lorraine; Thexton, Wayne; Noble, John

2006-01-01

Young, white, provincial working-class men are portrayed as a threat to lifelong learning goals. They are least likely to enter university and most likely to drop out. However, white provincial masculinities are neglected in debates on gender and lifelong learning. This article uses a UK-wide study of working-class "drop-out" to explore…
Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on the myelin sheath ultrastructure of myelinated fibers in the white matter of middle-aged ovariectomized rats.

PubMed

He, Qi; Luo, Yanmin; Lv, Fulin; Xiao, Qian; Chao, Fenglei; Qiu, Xuan; Zhang, Lei; Gao, Yuan; Xiu, Yun; Huang, Chunxia; Tang, Yong

2018-04-01

The effects of estrogen replacement therapy (ORT) on white matter and the myelin sheath ultrastructure in the white matter of middle-aged ovariectomized (OVX) rats were investigated in this study. Middle-aged rats were ovariectomized and divided into a placebo replacement (OVX + O) group and an estrogen replacement (OVX + E) group. Then, the Morris water maze, electron microscope techniques, and stereological methods were used to investigate the effects of ORT on spatial learning capacity, white matter volume and the myelin sheath ultrastructure in the white matter. We found that the spatial learning capacity of the OVX + E rats was significantly improved compared with that of the OVX + O rats. When compared with that of OVX + O rats, the total volume of the myelin sheaths in the white matter of the OVX + E rats was significantly increased by 27%, and the difference between the outer perimeter and inner perimeter of the myelin sheaths of the white matter in the OVX + E rats increased significantly by 12.6%. The myelinated fibers with mean diameters of 1.2-1.4 μm were significantly longer (46.1%) in the OVX + E rats; the difference between the mean diameter of myelinated fibers and the mean diameter of axons (0-0.4 μm) was significantly increased by 21.6% in the OVX + E rats. These results suggested that ORT had positive protective effects on the spatial learning ability and on the myelin sheath ultrastructure in the white matter of middle-aged OVX rats. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are white evangelical Protestants lower class? A partial test of church-sect theory.

PubMed

Schwadel, Philip

2014-07-01

Testing hypotheses derived from church-sect theory and contemporary research about changes in evangelical Protestants' social status, I use repeated cross-sectional survey data spanning almost four decades to examine changes in the social-class hierarchy of American religious traditions. While there is little change in the social-class position of white evangelical Protestants from the early 1970s to 2010, there is considerable change across birth cohorts. Results from hierarchical age-period-cohort models show: (1) robust, across-cohort declines in social-class differences between white evangelical Protestants and liberal Protestants, affiliates of "other" religions, and the unaffiliated, (2) stability in social-class differences between white evangelical Protestants and moderate, Pentecostal, and nondenominational Protestants, (3) moderate across-cohort growth in social-class differences between white evangelical Protestants and Catholics, and (4) these patterns vary across indicators of social class. The findings in this article provide partial support for church-sect theory as well as other theories of social change that emphasize the pivotal role of generations. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
RACE-SPECIFIC TRANSITION PATTERNS AMONG ALCOHOL USE CLASSES IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS

PubMed Central

Dauber, Sarah E.; Paulson, James F.; Leiferman, Jenn A.

2010-01-01

We used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine transitions among alcohol use classes in 2225 White and African American adolescent girls, and race differences in predictors of transition into and out of problematic drinking classes. Latent class analysis confirmed four classes for White girls and three for AA girls, defined in a previous study. Latent transition analysis revealed more stable abstainers and decreasing alcohol use among AA girls, and more increasing alcohol use among White girls, though stable abstainers were the largest group among both races. Increasing use was predicted by delinquency, academic misbehavior, substance use, and peer support for White girls, and by older age and delinquency for AA girls. Decreasing use was predicted by older age and depressive symptoms for White girls, and by family relationship quality and substance use for AA girls. Study limitations and implications of findings are discussed. PMID:20708254
Apart Together: "Girl Talk" and "Boy Talk" Classes at an Urban Middle School.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Calderwood, Patricia E

1998-01-01

The influence of two subgroups (male and female) on their larger middle-school community are examined. Participant observation of two single-sex classes in an urban middle school reveals both negative and positive effects. The classes differed in organization, goals, sense of community, and actual or potential fracturing or strengthening effects.…
Youth Transitions to Urban, Middle-Class Marriage in Indonesia: Faith, Family and Finances

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nilan, Pam

2008-01-01

This paper examines a timely topic in international youth studies--the transition to (middle-class) marriage--in a developing country, Indonesia. While early marriage in Indonesia is still common in rural areas and marriage itself remains almost universal, these trends are moving into reverse for urban, tertiary-educated middle-class young people.…
Identify the Cracks; That's Where the Light Slips In: The Narratives of Latina/o Bilingual Middle-Class Youth

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lapayese, Yvette V.

2016-01-01

In this qualitative study, I examine the intersections of learner identity, power, and language through the experiences and insights of Latina/o 2nd-generation middle-class children who occupy a unique positionality between the discourses surrounding bilingual education. Through narrative inquiry, emerging bilingual middle-class students actualize…
The Emerging Black Middle Class: Single and Living Alone

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marsh, Kris; Darity, William A., Jr.; Cohen, Philip N.; Casper, Lynne M.; Salters, Danielle

2007-01-01

The literature on the black middle class has focused predominantly on married-couple families with children, reflecting a conception of the black middle class as principally composed of this family type. If that conception is correct, then declining rates of marriage and childrearing would imply a decline in the presence and vitality of the black…

Health literacy instrument in family medicine: the "newest vital sign" ease of use and correlates.

PubMed

Shah, Lisa Ciccarelli; West, Patricia; Bremmeyr, Katazryna; Savoy-Moore, Ruth T

2010-01-01

Health literacy has been defined as the ability to obtain, process, and understand the basic information needed to make appropriate health decisions. Half of adults lack the health literacy skills needed for our complex health care environment. In 2005, Weiss et al introduced the Newest Vital Sign (NVS), an instrument that can be used to quickly assess health literacy. The purpose of this study was to determine the acceptability and timeliness of using the NVS to measure the level of health literacy in various suburban, urban, and rural primary care settings. A secondary purpose was to determine the influence of taking a health class on one's level of health literacy. In this cross-sectional design, adults were recruited from 4 primary care settings and student athletes were recruited during preparticipation sports physicals. The NVS was administered and health literacy rates were compared with known trends. A subset of 50 patients was timed during test administration, and refusals were logged throughout. The adults and the athletes were analyzed separately. One thousand fourteen patients (including athletes) agreed to participate (response rate, 97.5%). Average time needed to complete the NVS was 2.63 minutes. Of the adults tested, 48.1% demonstrated adequate health literacy. In logistic regression analysis, younger age, more formal education, health class participation, and body mass index were positive predictors of adequate health literacy among adults. An interaction term was used for gender/race, with white women used as the comparator. The gender/race odds ratio negatively affected literacy, with white men at 0.497 (95% CI, 0.328-0.753), non-white women at 0.177 (95% CI, 0.111-0.282), and non-white men at 0.210 (95% CI, 0.110-0.398). Among the participating middle- and high-school athletes, 59.7% had adequate health literacy. In logistic regression of this population, body mass index was a positive predictor whereas gender/race was a negative predictor. The NVS revealed health literacy status in less than 3 minutes, was widely accepted, and provided results comparable to more extensive literacy tests. Particularly, taking a health education class was associated with higher levels of health literacy among adults.
Self-Concept and Drug Addiction: A Controlled Study of White, Middle-Socioeconomic Status Addicts.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lindblad, Richard A.

This study investigated the questions of whether addicts have more negative self-attitudes than their matched controls, and if they do, whether the constructs of self theory are able to explain the differences. Subjects were selected from white middle socioeconomic status (WMSES) narcotic addicts being treated under the Narcotic Addict…
Barriers and Bridges to Positive Cross-Ethnic Relations: African American and White Parent Socialization Beliefs and Practices.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hamm, Jill V.

2001-01-01

Using interviews and focus groups, lower and middle socioeconomic status (SES) African American parents and middle SES white parents discussed their objectives regarding cross-ethnic relations and how they helped their children forge positive cross-ethnic relations. The groups relied on different methods to promote socialization. Parents' efforts…
Teaching about Race and Class in Early American Literature

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mazurek, Raymond A.

2009-01-01

Before the 2008 presidential election, when an African American friend asked him whether he thought whites would vote for Barack Obama, the author found himself answering by going back to the 17th century, to the invention of the white race as a buffer class to keep those at the bottom divided, and the way that his own white working-class people…
Evaluation of arch form between Vietnamese and North American Caucasians using 3-dimensional virtual models.

PubMed

Trang, Vu Thi Thu; Park, Jae Hyun; Bayome, Mohamed; Shastry, Shruti; Mellion, Alex; Kook, Yoon-Ah

2015-01-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the three-dimensional (3D) morphologic differences in the mandibular arch of Vietnamese and North American White subjects. The sample included 113 Vietnamese subjects (41 Class I, 37 Class II and 35 Class III) and 96 White subjects (29 Class I, 30 Class II and 37 Class III). The samples were regrouped according to arch form types (tapered, ovoid, and square) to compare the frequency distribution of the three arch forms between ethnic groups in each angle classification. The facial axis point of each tooth was digitized on 3D virtual models. Four linear and two ratio variables were measured. In comparing arch dimensions, the intercanine and intermolar widths were wider in Vietnamese than in Whites (p < 0.001, p = 0.042, respectively). In the White group, there was even frequency distribution of the three arch forms. However, in the Vietnamese group, the square arch form was the most frequent followed by tapered and ovoid arch forms. The arch forms of Whites were narrower than Vietnamese. In North American Whites, the distribution of the arch form types showed similar frequency. In Vietnamese, the square arch form was more frequent.
Voices of Teacher Candidates of Color on White Race Evasion: "I Worried about My Safety!"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Amos, Yukari Takimoto

2016-01-01

This qualitative study investigated the negative impacts minority teacher candidates receive from white teacher candidates in a required multicultural education class. The findings reveal that four teacher candidates of color had difficulty positioning themselves among the overwhelming silencing power of whiteness in the class. The white students…
Sex Workers, Fem Queens, and Cross-Dressers: Differential Marginalizations and HIV Vulnerabilities Among Three Ethnocultural Male-to-Female Transgender Communities in New York City.

PubMed

Hwahng, Sel Julian; Nuttbrock, Larry

2007-12-01

This article describes 3 distinct ethnocultural male-to-female transgender communities in New York City: the low-income African American/Black and Latina(o) House Ball community; low-income, often undocumented immigrant Asian sex workers; and middle-class White cross-dressers. These communities are highly socially isolated from each other and are more connected to their ethnocultural contexts than to an abstract and shared transgender identity. Whereas previous research either has viewed male-to-female transgender people as one monolithic group or has separated them into abstract racial categories unconnected to their communities and lifestyles, this article positions them within specific social networks, cultures, neighborhoods, and lifestyles. With regard to HIV vulnerabilities, violence, and rape, House Ball community members seemed to engage in the riskiest form of survival sex work, whereas Asian sex workers seemed to engage in moderate-risk survival sex work. White cross-dressers seemed to engage in very low-risk recreational sex work.
Age Differences Explain Social Class Differences in Students' Friendship at University: Implications for Transition and Retention

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rubin, Mark; Wright, Chrysalis L.

2015-01-01

The present research tested the hypotheses that (a) working-class students have fewer friends at university than middle-class students and (b) this social class difference occurs because working-class students tend to be older than middle-class students. A sample of 376 first-year undergraduate students from an Australian university completed an…
78 FR 10099 - Implementation of the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012; Establishment of a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-13

... of the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012; Establishment of a Public Safety... establish a do-not-call registry for public safety answering points (PSAP) and prohibit the use of automatic... amended rules are necessary to implement the enforcement provisions of the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job...
Languages Discourses in Australian Middle-Class Schools: Parent and Student Perspectives

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wright, Jan; Cruickshank, Ken; Black, Stephen

2018-01-01

Much of the literature on social class and language study in schools argues that for middle-class parents and their children, languages are chosen for their capacity to offer forms of distinction that provide an edge in the global labour market. In this paper, we draw on data collected from interviews with parents and children in middle-class…
Understanding the Home-School Interface in a Culturally Diverse Family

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schulz, Melissa M.; Kantor, Rebecca

2005-01-01

We present the cases of two families from the same middle-class community and conclude that home and school are more connected for some students and families than for others, even in the middle class where seamlessness is assumed. Home and school are more closely aligned for middle-class European-American students who read at home, engage in…
Measuring Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Knowledge and Perceptions of Risk in Middle-Class African Americans

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Spears, Erica C.; Guidry, Jeffrey J.; Harvey, Idethia S.

2018-01-01

There is a paucity in the literature examining the African American middle-class. Most studies of African Americans and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) have concentrated on lower-SES individuals, or make no distinction between African Americans of varying socio-economic positions. Middle-class African Americans are vulnerable in ways often…
Race-Specific Transition Patterns among Alcohol Use Classes in Adolescent Girls

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dauber, Sarah E.; Paulson, James F.; Leiferman, Jenn A.

2011-01-01

We used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine transitions among alcohol use classes in 2225 White and African American adolescent girls, and race differences in predictors of transition into and out of problematic drinking classes. Latent class analysis confirmed four classes for White girls and three for AA…
49 CFR 172.446 - CLASS 9 label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the six white spaces between them. The lower half of the label must be white with the class number “9... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false CLASS 9 label. 172.446 Section 172.446... SECURITY PLANS Labeling § 172.446 CLASS 9 label. (a) Except for size and color, the “CLASS 9...
Furthering the understanding of parent-child relationships: A nursing scholarship review series. Part 4: Parent-child relationships at risk

PubMed Central

Anderson, Lori S.; Riesch, Susan K.; Pridham, Karen A.; Lutz, Kristin F.; Becker, Patricia T.

2011-01-01

Purpose The purpose of this integrative review is to synthesize nursing scholarship on parent-child relationships considered fragile because of parent/child’s chronic condition or occurrence within a risky context. Conclusions Most reviewed studies demonstrated negative effects of risk conditions on parent-child relationships and documented importance of child, parent, and contextual variables. Studies were predominately single investigations. Varying theoretical perspectives complicated interpretation. Mainly White, middle-class, and small samples limited generalizability. Important areas for further research were identified. Practice Implications Nurse researchers identified factors that may interfere with the parent-child relationship. Nurses are in a position to support families under these circumstances. PMID:20367782
[Possibilities of the pharmacological correction of adaptive reactions of human organism in short-term moving from middle to high altitude].

PubMed

Kundashev, U K; Zurdinov, A Z; Barchukov, V G

2014-01-01

It was assessed the efficacy of drugs belonging to the class of actoprotectors and antihypoxants, which are prescribed for short-term adaptation of the human organism moving from middle altitude (1670 m) to high altitude (3750 m). Volunteers stayed at the middle altitude for 15 days before moving to the high altitude. Prior to climbing, upon arrival at high altitude, and on the 3rd day, the state of the CNS, cardiovascular system, red and white blood growth, and some indices of the energy exchange metabolism were assessed. Drugs or placebo were administered in tablets after the first testing (one hour before moving to high altitude), upon arrival at altitude (next day, after breakfast), and on the third day (one hour before last testing). It is established that a combination of metaprote and ladasten (in doses of 0.125 and 0.1 g, respectively) favors acceleration of the short-term adaptation, which is manifested by the improved tolerance of physical activity at high altitude and the acceleration of white and red blood growth. In case of the combined administration of both actoprotectors, the adaptive reactions of tolerance and blood system were more pronounced in comparison to the administration of hypoxen (0.5 g) alone. A distinguishing feature of the reaction of the human organism upon taking the combination of actoprotectors was that adaptation of the energy supply system (judging from metabolites studied) already took place in the first hours of staying at high altitudes, while the adaptation upon taking 0.5 g hypoxen was observed on the 3rd day and the adaptive reactions in placebo group were still developing on the 3rd day.
Sleep Duration and White Matter Quality in Middle-Aged Adults

PubMed Central

Yaffe, Kristine; Nasrallah, Ilya; Hoang, Tina D.; Lauderdale, Diane S.; Knutson, Kristen L.; Carnethon, Mercedes R.; Launer, Lenore J.; Lewis, Cora E.; Sidney, Stephen

2016-01-01

Study Objectives: Sleep duration has been associated with risk of dementia and stroke, but few studies have investigated the relationship between sleep duration and brain MRI measures, particularly in middle age. Methods: In a prospective cohort of 613 black and white adults (mean age = 45.4 years) enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, participants reported typical sleep duration, dichotomized into moderate sleep duration (> 6 to ≤ 8 h) and short sleep duration (≤ 6 h) at baseline (2005–2006). Five years later, we obtained brain MRI markers of white matter including fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, and white matter hyperintensities. Results: Compared to moderate sleepers, short sleepers had an elevated ratio of white matter hyperintensities to normal tissue in the parietal region (OR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.47, 3.61) adjusted for age, race/sex, education, hypertension, stroke/TIA, depression, smoking status, and physical activity. White matter diffusivity was also higher, approximately a 0.2 standard deviation difference, in frontal, parietal, and temporal white matter regions, among those reporting shorter sleep duration in (P < 0.05 for all). Conclusions: Short sleep duration was associated with worse markers of white matter integrity in midlife. These mid-life differences in white matter may underlie the link between poor sleep and risk of dementia and stroke. Citation: Yaffe K, Nasrallah I, Hoang TD, Lauderdale DS, Knutson KL, Carnethon MR, Launer LJ, Lewis CE, Sidney S. Sleep duration and white matter quality in middle-aged adults. SLEEP 2016;39(9):1743–1747. PMID:27397561
Media Access and the Radical Right: Public Access to "Race and Reason."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rendahl, Stephen

Tom Metzger and his white supremacist movement, the White Aryan Resistance, attempt to build support with working class whites and youth to create white working class solidarity and racial separation. Metzger uses videotapes as one of the methods of bringing his racist and conspiratorial message to his audience. One such vehicle is "Race and…
Dollar for Dollar: Racial and ethnic inequalities in health and health-related outcomes among persons with very high income.

PubMed

Wilson, Kanetha B; Thorpe, Roland J; LaVeist, Thomas A

2017-03-01

Racial and ethnic disparities in health have been well-documented, and low SES is widely considered to be a driver of this relationship. However, the race-social class-health interrelationship is complex, as several studies have found race disparities between racial/ethnic minorities and whites at middle- income levels. Research on higher income persons is complicated by the lack of data for persons with incomes about $75,000. Most national datasets collect income data in categories with the highest income category being $75,000 and above. In our study, we examined racial/ethnic disparities in health status and behaviors among persons of very high income, reported income of $175,000 or above per year. Data are from the Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys (MEPS). Our findings revealed health disparities in 10 of the 16 health-related outcomes selected. African Americans were most dissimilar to whites at this income and with disadvantages on 6 health outcomes relative to whites. While results also showed some disparities for Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans relative to whites, these groups were advantaged, relative to whites on several health outcomes. Our findings indicate that income does not fully explain racial/ethnic disparities in health. Most public interventions are targeted to low income persons. However, public health interventions should target minority individuals of very high income as well, especially African Americans. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Lessons from White Lake - Connecting Students to their Community through Environmental Stewardship

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tate, Susan

2014-05-01

White Lake and its surrounding community have been negatively affected by shoreline degradation and wildlife habitat loss caused primarily by historical logging practices, and reduced water quality from industrial pollution and storm water runoff. This led to the lake being identified as a Great Lakes Area of Concern by the United States Environmental Protection Agency three decades ago. Local community partners have worked diligently in recent years to reverse habitat loss, and repair damaged ecosystems. The "H2O White Lake" (Healthy Habitats On White Lake) project has involved over seven hundred middle school students in grades six through eight over the course of the last five years. Students begin by researching the environmental history of the watershed and then they monitor six tributaries of the lake for nutrient pollution and habitat degradation. Students use the field experience as a community inventory to identify stewardship needs, for which they then identify solutions that take into account land usage and community behaviors. Class projects have focused on stream bank restoration, storm water management, eradication of invasive species, shoreline clean-up, and community outreach and education. This year, the project culminated in the first ever White Lake Environmental Film Festival, for which students had the opportunity to create their own short documentary. This multiple year place based education project allows students to apply their classroom studies of surface water and groundwater dynamics to an authentic, real-world situation, conduct themselves as scientists, and feel valuable through connections with community partners.

Social Class and Mass Environmental Beliefs: A Reconsideration.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Buttel, Frederick H.; Flinn, William L.

The previous literature on the socioeconomic correlates of environmental concern places great stress on the middle class being more supportive of environmental agendas than the working or lower socioeconomic class. The authors believe that methodological problems in this research and the theoretical implications of the middle class generalization…
Buying into the Computer Age: A Look at the Hispanic Middle Class.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilhelm, Anthony G.

The Tomas Rivera Policy Institute conducted focus groups in the summer of 1997 to gain insight into why there is a gap in computer ownership between Hispanic middle-class families and non-Hispanic families of the same middle class income bracket (between 25 and 50 thousand dollars). Results from 6 focus groups of 15 to 20 heads of household each…
Indian Middle Class Makes Mission Out of Sending Children to College: Primary Focus on Engineering, Medical Studies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Honawar, Vaishali

2005-01-01

In India, putting a child through engineering or medical college is, for many middle-class families, a life's mission in a way that is almost unknown in the United States. Though middle-class families in India have long steered their children into professions like engineering and medicine, the trend has taken off over the past decade. It's been…
Review of "Incomplete: How Middle Class Schools Aren't Making the Grade". Think Tank Review

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baker, Bruce D.

2011-01-01

"Incomplete: How Middle Class Schools Aren't Making the Grade" is a new report from Third Way, a Washington, D.C.-based policy think tank. The report aims to convince parents, taxpayers and policymakers that they should be as concerned about middle-class schools not making the grade as they are about the failures of the nation's large, poor, urban…
Between the National and the International: Ethnography of Language Ideologies in a Middle-Class Community in China

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yu, Hua

2016-01-01

This paper explores a key dilemma of the Chinese middle class as it appears in their apparent adherence to official language policy despite their lack of direct knowledge of that policy. Using fieldwork data from Hangzhou, I show that a group of middle-class parents worked together to build an "Ancient Way Academy" for their children to…
White-matter functional networks changes in patients with schizophrenia.

PubMed

Jiang, Yuchao; Luo, Cheng; Li, Xuan; Li, Yingjia; Yang, Hang; Li, Jianfu; Chang, Xin; Li, Hechun; Yang, Huanghao; Wang, Jijun; Duan, Mingjun; Yao, Dezhong

2018-04-13

Resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) is a useful technique for investigating the functional organization of human gray-matter in neuroscience and neuropsychiatry. Nevertheless, most studies have demonstrated the functional connectivity and/or task-related functional activity in the gray-matter. White-matter functional networks have been investigated in healthy subjects. Schizophrenia has been hypothesized to be a brain disorder involving insufficient or ineffective communication associated with white-matter abnormalities. However, previous studies have mainly examined the structural architecture of white-matter using MRI or diffusion tensor imaging and failed to uncover any dysfunctional connectivity within the white-matter on rsfMRI. The current study used rsfMRI to evaluate white-matter functional connectivity in a large cohort of ninety-seven schizophrenia patients and 126 healthy controls. Ten large-scale white-matter networks were identified by a cluster analysis of voxel-based white-matter functional connectivity and classified into superficial, middle and deep layers of networks. Evaluation of the spontaneous oscillation of white-matter networks and the functional connectivity between them showed that patients with schizophrenia had decreased amplitudes of low-frequency oscillation and increased functional connectivity in the superficial perception-motor networks. Additionally, we examined the interactions between white-matter and gray-matter networks. The superficial perception-motor white-matter network had decreased functional connectivity with the cortical perception-motor gray-matter networks. In contrast, the middle and deep white-matter networks had increased functional connectivity with the superficial perception-motor white-matter network and the cortical perception-motor gray-matter network. Thus, we presumed that the disrupted association between the gray-matter and white-matter networks in the perception-motor system may be compensated for through the middle-deep white-matter networks, which may be the foundation of the extensively disrupted connections in schizophrenia. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The impact of occupation according to income on depressive symptoms in South Korean individuals: Findings from the Korean Welfare Panel Study.

PubMed

Kim, Woorim; Park, Eun-Cheol; Lee, Tae-Hoon; Ju, Yeong Jun; Shin, Jaeyong; Lee, Sang Gyu

2016-05-01

In South Korea, societal perceptions on occupation are distinct, with people favouring white collar jobs. Hence both occupation type and income can have mental health effects. To examine the relationship between occupational classification and depression, along with the combined effect of occupational classification and household income. Data were from the Korean Welfare Panel Study (KOWEPS), 2010-2013. A total of 4,694 economically active participants at baseline were followed. Association between occupational classification and depression, measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale 11, was investigated using the linear mixed effects model. Blue collar (β: 0.3871, p = .0109) and sales and service worker groups (β: 0.3418, p = .0307) showed higher depression scores than the white collar group. Compared to the white collar high-income group, white collar low income, blue collar middle income, blue collar middle-low income, blue collar low income, sales and service middle-high income, sales and service middle-low income and sales and service low-income groups had higher depression scores. Occupational classification is associated with increasing depression scores. Excluding the highest income group, blue collar and sales and service worker groups exhibit higher depression scores than their white collar counterparts, implying the importance of addressing these groups. © The Author(s) 2016.
Skin Color, Life Changes, and Anti-White Attitudes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ransford, H. Edward

1970-01-01

Concludes that the skin color of Negroes is only a strong predictor of anti-white system" feelings among working-class and lower-class persons, those with no social contacts with whites, and those who feel powerless to exert control through institutional channels. (DM)
Improving the Success of Middle Grade Students. Middle School Matters Program No. 2

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Belfanz, Robert; Rodriguez, Gina; Brasiel, Sarah J.

2013-01-01

A student's experience in the middle grades is a selection of classes they go through in a day. If they experience inconsistent expectations across those classes, they and the school will struggle to achieve high outcomes. Middle grade students need to have common behavioral and academic expectations, recognitions, and consequences throughout the…
The sources of political orientations in post-industrial society: social class and education revisited.

PubMed

Van de Werfhorst, Herman G; de Graaf, Nan Dirk

2004-06-01

This paper studies the impact of social class and education on political orientation. We distinguish the 'old' middle class from a new class of social/cultural specialists. However, the difference in their political orientation may especially be related to the level and field of education; the new middle class is more highly educated and often in fields of study that extensively address social competencies, characteristics independently affecting political outcomes. Analyses on Dutch data showed that education is more important in the prediction of 'cultural' liberal issues than social class. Economically-oriented issues are more strongly affected by social class. This means that interests of the new middle class are served by liberal standpoints relating to a strong government and income redistribution policies, but not relating to cultural issues.
Hegemonic developments: the new Indian middle class, gendered subalterns, and diasporic returnees in the event of neoliberalism.

PubMed

Bhatt, Amy; Murty, Madhavi; Ramamurthy, Priti

2010-01-01

The "new middle class" as a political construct is valuable for feminist theorizations of international political economy, particularly those concerned with development. The rise of the new middle class is usually juxtaposed with neoliberalism, so we offer a new theorization of neoliberalism-as-event and analyze an array of new-middle-class signs and subjects in India. Questioning the repetition of the figure of the new Indian woman in resolving the sociotemporal and spatiotemporal paradoxes of the nation, we argue, first, that the figure of the subaltern woman is a necessary counter to the new Indian woman. The arrival of the gendered subaltern on the national stage is celebrated through discourses that articulate and disarticulate the subaltern woman and bear the traces of subaltern struggles. Her gendered body constitutes the line between who can be new middle class and at the vanguard of neoliberal development and who cannot. Second, we argue that new-middle-class formation is taking place in the households of diasporic returnees through class practices that involve speaking to and for domestic servants. Returnees hold in tension urges to encourage class mobility and to discipline their servants through neoliberal governmentalities that draw on global discourses of corporate responsibility, professionalism, and empowerment. These development scripts are interspersed with reflections on the poor material conditions of domestic service work. The implications of this article for feminist theorizations of international political economy are methodological, analytical, and political.
Prevalence and correlates of initiation of smoking behavior among preteen black and white children.

PubMed

Ahmed, Nasar U; Ahmed, Noushin S; Semenya, Kofi A; Elzey, Jared D; Larson, Celia; Bennett, C Ray; Hinds, Joseph E

2004-02-01

This study estimated smoking prevalence and identified factors associated with initiation among preteens in Nashville, TN. An anonymous, self-administrated questionnaire was given to 238 fifth- and sixth-graders in a middle-class neighborhood school. The mean age at initiation was 8.5 years (range 6-11 years). Overall, 10.5% of students had ever smoked; 16.1% of blacks and 9.3% of whites. Eighty-six percent continued to smoke. Black sixth-graders smoked (26.9%) four times the rate of black fifth-graders and 2.5 times that of white sixth-graders. Relatives initiated 78% of blacks while friends initiated 68% of whites. One-quarter of smokers got their cigarettes at home. Regular attendees of religious services had a lower smoking rate (6.9% versus 16.4%; p=0.01). Smoking rates decreased with increased knowledge of risks (p=0.00001). Among smokers, none believed that smoking is a risk factor for heart disease, 96% did not believe that smoking has any short-term health effects or is a risk factor for stroke. Few ever-smokers had a complete understanding of the health risks. Targeted messages and curriculum should be developed to teach preteens about the short- and long-term dangers of smoking. Clinicians can play a major role in educating their clients about the risks of smoking.
Prevalence and correlates of initiation of smoking behavior among preteen black and white children.

PubMed Central

Ahmed, Nasar U.; Ahmed, Noushin S.; Semenya, Kofi A.; Elzey, Jared D.; Larson, Celia; Bennett, C. Ray; Hinds, Joseph E.

2004-01-01

This study estimated smoking prevalence and identified factors associated with initiation among preteens in Nashville, TN. An anonymous, self-administrated questionnaire was given to 238 fifth- and sixth-graders in a middle-class neighborhood school. The mean age at initiation was 8.5 years (range 6-11 years). Overall, 10.5% of students had ever smoked; 16.1% of blacks and 9.3% of whites. Eighty-six percent continued to smoke. Black sixth-graders smoked (26.9%) four times the rate of black fifth-graders and 2.5 times that of white sixth-graders. Relatives initiated 78% of blacks while friends initiated 68% of whites. One-quarter of smokers got their cigarettes at home. Regular attendees of religious services had a lower smoking rate (6.9% versus 16.4%; p=0.01). Smoking rates decreased with increased knowledge of risks (p=0.00001). Among smokers, none believed that smoking is a risk factor for heart disease, 96% did not believe that smoking has any short-term health effects or is a risk factor for stroke. Few ever-smokers had a complete understanding of the health risks. Targeted messages and curriculum should be developed to teach preteens about the short- and long-term dangers of smoking. Clinicians can play a major role in educating their clients about the risks of smoking. PMID:14977279
Similarities and Differences of Preferred Traits in Character Education Programs by Ethnicity and Class According to Parents, Faculty/Staff, and Students at Two Middle Schools in California

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boen, Jennifer

2010-01-01

This study provides two perspectives on the various character traits provided by character education programs by comparing the voices of minority and lower-lower middle class stakeholders with those of upper middle class stakeholders. The literature on the values and virtues based approaches to moral development and character education were…
Effects of Same-Sex versus Coeducational Physical Education on the Self-Perceptions of Middle and High School Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lirgg, Cathy D.

1993-01-01

Students from coeducational classes were assigned to a same-sex or a new coeducational physical education class for a 10-lesson unit of basketball. Group and individual analyses indicated that middle school students preferred same-sex classes, whereas high school students preferred coeducational classes. (SM)
Economic development: the middle class and international migration in the Dominican Republic.

PubMed

Bray, D

1984-01-01

"The Dominican Republic is classified as one of a group of Latin American and Caribbean countries whose international migratory flows appear to be primarily composed of the urban middle class, rather than the rural poor. It is argued that Dominican middle class international migration has emerged as a partial solution to a political economic crisis that was dramatized by the April Revolution of 1965 and deepened through the 1970s with the failure of industrialization strategies to generate significant changes in the class structure." excerpt
Comparison of arch forms between Egyptian and North American white populations.

PubMed

Bayome, Mohamed; Sameshima, Glenn T; Kim, Yoonji; Nojima, Kunihiko; Baek, Seung-Hak; Kook, Yoon-Ah

2011-03-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphologic differences in the mandibular arches of Egyptian and North American white subjects. The sample included 94 Egyptian subjects (35 Class I, 32 Class II, and 27 Class III) and 92 white subjects (37 Class I, 29 Class II, and 26 Class III). The subjects were grouped according to arch form types (tapered, ovoid, and square) to compare their frequency distribution between ethnic groups in each Angle classification. The most facial portions of 13 proximal contact areas were digitized on scanned images of mandibular casts to estimate the corresponding clinical bracket point for each tooth. Four linear and 2 proportional measurements were taken. In comparing arch dimensions, intermolar width was narrower in Egyptians than in the whites (P = 0.001). There was an even frequency distribution of the 3 arch forms in the Egyptian group. On the other hand, the most frequent arch form was ovoid followed by tapered and square in the white group; the square arch form was significantly less frequent than the tapered and ovoid arch forms (P = 0.029). The arch forms of Egyptians are narrower than those of whites. The distribution of the arch form types in Egyptians showed similar frequency, but the square arch form was less frequent in whites. It is recommended to select narrower archwires from the available variations to suit many Egyptian patients. Copyright © 2011 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Combined effects of education level and perceived social class on self-rated health and life satisfaction: Results of Korean labor and income panel study wave 8-wave 15.

PubMed

Kim, Jae-Hyun; Yoo, Ki-Bong; Park, Eun-Cheol; Lee, Sang Gyu; Kim, Tae Hyun

2015-11-02

To examine the combined effects of education level and perceived social class on self-rated health and life satisfaction in South Korea. We used data drawn from the 8 to 15th wave of the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS). Using wave 8 at baseline, data included 11,175 individuals. We performed a longitudinal analysis at baseline estimating the prevalence of self-rated health and life satisfaction among individuals by education level (high, middle, and low education level) and perceived social class (high, middle, and low social class). For self-rated health, odds ratio (OR) of individuals with low education and low perceived social class was 0.604 times lower (95% CI: 0.555-0.656) and the OR of individuals with low education and middle perceived social class was 0.853 time lower (95% CI: 0.790-0.922) when compared to individuals with high education and high perceived social class. For life satisfaction, OR of individuals with low education and low perceived social class was 0.068 times lower (95% CI: 0.063-0.074) and the OR of individuals with middle education and middle perceived social class was 0.235 time lower (95% CI: 0.221-0.251) compared to individuals with high education and high perceived social class. This study shows that the combined effects of education level and perceived social class associated with self-rated health and life satisfaction. Our study suggests increasing education level and perceived social class. Additionally, it will be important to develop multi-dimensional measurement tools including education level and subjective social class.
What If All the Children in My Class Are White? Anti-Bias/Multicultural Education with White Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Derman-Sparks, Louise; Ramsey, Patricia G.

2005-01-01

In anti-bias/multicultural workshops and in discussions with early childhood teachers over the past two decades, "What if all the children in my class are white?" has been one of the most frequently asked questions. Almost always posed by white teachers, it echoes the persistent confusion about the purposes of anti-bias/multicultural education for…
Narrating the 1980s and 1990s: Voices of Poor and Working-Class White and African American Men.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Weis, Lois; Fine, Michelle

1996-01-01

The divergent views of poor and working-class African-American and White men regarding the causes of their current condition are presented. Different "biographies of race" encourage African-American men to blame the economy and racism but White men to blame Black males for the economic plight of White men. The ways in which the two…

Unlearning Racism: The Classroom as Community.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dozier, Judy Massey

A female African American educator with dreadlocks in a class of predominantly white college students begins each semester by warning students that the terms "black" and "white" will be used regularly. She also points out factors that might inhibit speaking in class, such as white students' fears that awkward phrasing of their…
"One can't shake off the women": images of sport and gender in Punch, 1901-10.

PubMed

Constanzo, Marilyn

2002-01-01

Examining the manner in which the popular press portrayed middle-class Edwardian women's activity in sport provides insight into the social liberation of English women. The popular middle-class British journal Punch included thousands of images of sportswomen. Despite the misogynistic satirizing of inept women, Punch's cartoons and articles depict distinct changes in women's behavior and social expectations that are linked to their increasing involvement in sport. By engaging in sport, women unconsciously challenged and permanently altered the pervasive middle-class Victorian ideology. The contents of Punch suggests that middle-class women's participation in sport, though perhaps begun in a conservative manner, completely altered and expanded their social role and changed the traditional image of womanhood.
Social Class and Social Action: The Middle-Class Bias of Democratic Theory in Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schutz, Aaron

2008-01-01

Background: This article examines the emergence of the middle and working classes in America and describes key characteristics of these cultures as they manifest themselves today. It then explores the effects of social class on our conceptions of democracy. Purpose: To help educators understand the relationship between social action strategies and…
Race/Ethnicity and Social Capital among Middle- and Upper-Middle-Class Elementary School Families: A Structural Equation Model

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Caldas, Stephen J.; Cornigans, Linda

2015-01-01

This study used structural equation modeling to conduct a first and second order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of a scale developed by McDonald and Moberg (2002) to measure three dimensions of social capital among a diverse group of middle- and upper-middle-class elementary school parents in suburban New York. A structural path model was…
US Mortality: Influence of Race, Geography and Cardiovascular Risk Among Participants in the Population-Based REGARDS Cohort.

PubMed

Limdi, Nita A; Howard, Virginia J; Higginbotham, John; Parton, Jason; Safford, Monika M; Howard, George

2016-12-01

We evaluated whether differences in cardiovascular risk factors, as assessed by the Framingham risk scores for stroke and cardiovascular disease (FSRS and FCRS), contributed to disparities in all-cause mortality across race and regional strata of USA. Race-region-specific FSRS and FCRS scores were computed for 30,086 REGARDS participants who were recruited between January 2003 and October 2007. They were divided across six regions of the "Eight Americas" and then compared after adjusting for race and sex. Kaplan-Meier curves and hazard ratios for all-cause mortality were estimated between regions, first adjusted for age and sex, and then for the risk scores. After adjustment for age, sex, FCRS, and FSRS, there was no difference in mortality among Middle-America Whites versus Low-Income White. However, mortality was lower among Middle-America Blacks (-23 %; p = 0.06) and High-Risk Urban Blacks (-24 %; p = 0.01) compared to Southern Low-Income Rural Blacks. Compared to Middle-American Whites, mortality was higher among Middle-America Blacks (+39 %; p < 0.001), High-Risk Urban Blacks (+35 %; p < 0.001) and Southern Low-Income Rural Blacks (+85 %; p < 0.001). Accounting for cardiovascular risk unmasked a greater disparity in mortality between Blacks and Whites and among Southern Rural Blacks compared to Middle-America Blacks and High-Risk Urban Blacks.
Woodbridge Middle School: Getting Better Together

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Principal Leadership, 2012

2012-01-01

This article features Woodbridge Middle School, a middle school in Woodbridge, Virginia, which has always celebrated a tradition of excellence. Today's Woodbridge Middle School in no way resembles the school that existed in 2005. Then, the students were mostly White and few qualified for the free and reduced-price meals program; today, there is no…
Middle Class Dropouts: Myths and Observations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Balfour, Mary J.; Harris, Linda Hall

1979-01-01

Observations about middle class high school dropouts are reported by staff of Project SAIL (Student Advocates Inspire Learning), an intensive special program involving peer and individual counseling. (CL)
Disparities in Prevalence of Cardiometablic Risk Factors in Rural, Urban-Poor, and Urban-Middle Class Women in India.

PubMed

Mohan, Indu; Gupta, Rajeev; Misra, Anoop; Sharma, Krishna Kumar; Agrawal, Aachu; Vikram, Naval K; Sharma, Vinita; Shrivastava, Usha; Pandey, Ravindra M

2016-01-01

Urbanization is an important determinant of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. To determine location-based differences in CVD risk factors in India we performed studies among women in rural, urban-poor and urban middle-class locations. Population-based cross-sectional studies in rural, urban-poor, and urban-middle class women (35-70 y) were performed at multiple sites. We evaluated 6853 women (rural 2616, 5 sites; urban-poor 2008, 4 sites; urban middle-class 2229, 11 sites) for socioeconomic, lifestyle, anthropometric and biochemical risk factors. Descriptive statistics are reported. Mean levels of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-hip ratio (WHR), systolic BP, fasting glucose and cholesterol in rural, urban-poor and urban-middle class women showed significantly increasing trends (ANOVAtrend, p <0.001). Age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes and risk factors among rural, urban-poor and urban-middle class women, respectively was, diabetes (2.2, 9.3, 17.7%), overweight BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (22.5, 45.6, 57.4%), waist >80 cm (28.3, 63.4, 61.9%), waist >90 cm (8.4, 31.4, 38.2%), waist hip ratio (WHR) >0.8 (60.4, 90.7, 88.5), WHR>0.9 (13.0, 44.3, 56.1%), hypertension (31.6, 48.2, 59.0%) and hypercholesterolemia (13.5, 27.7, 37.4%) (Mantel Haenszel X2 ptrend <0.01). Inverse trend was observed for tobacco use (41.6, 19.6, 9.4%). There was significant association of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes with overweight and obesity (adjusted R2 0.89-0.99). There are significant location based differences in cardiometabolic risk factors in India. The urban-middle class women have the highest risk compared to urban-poor and rural.
Disparities in Prevalence of Cardiometablic Risk Factors in Rural, Urban-Poor, and Urban-Middle Class Women in India

PubMed Central

Mohan, Indu; Gupta, Rajeev; Misra, Anoop; Sharma, Krishna Kumar; Agrawal, Aachu; Vikram, Naval K.; Sharma, Vinita; Shrivastava, Usha; Pandey, Ravindra M.

2016-01-01

Objective Urbanization is an important determinant of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. To determine location-based differences in CVD risk factors in India we performed studies among women in rural, urban-poor and urban middle-class locations. Methods Population-based cross-sectional studies in rural, urban-poor, and urban-middle class women (35–70y) were performed at multiple sites. We evaluated 6853 women (rural 2616, 5 sites; urban-poor 2008, 4 sites; urban middle-class 2229, 11 sites) for socioeconomic, lifestyle, anthropometric and biochemical risk factors. Descriptive statistics are reported. Results Mean levels of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-hip ratio (WHR), systolic BP, fasting glucose and cholesterol in rural, urban-poor and urban-middle class women showed significantly increasing trends (ANOVAtrend, p <0.001). Age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes and risk factors among rural, urban-poor and urban-middle class women, respectively was, diabetes (2.2, 9.3, 17.7%), overweight BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (22.5, 45.6, 57.4%), waist >80 cm (28.3, 63.4, 61.9%), waist >90 cm (8.4, 31.4, 38.2%), waist hip ratio (WHR) >0.8 (60.4, 90.7, 88.5), WHR>0.9 (13.0, 44.3, 56.1%), hypertension (31.6, 48.2, 59.0%) and hypercholesterolemia (13.5, 27.7, 37.4%) (Mantel Haenszel X2 ptrend <0.01). Inverse trend was observed for tobacco use (41.6, 19.6, 9.4%). There was significant association of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes with overweight and obesity (adjusted R2 0.89–0.99). Conclusions There are significant location based differences in cardiometabolic risk factors in India. The urban-middle class women have the highest risk compared to urban-poor and rural. PMID:26881429
Beyond a state-centric approach to urban informality: Interactions between Delhi's middle class and the informal service sector.

PubMed

Schindler, Seth

2017-03-01

This article presents original research on relations between middle-class residents and informal-sector workers in Delhi, India. It shows how middle-class associations used their consumption preferences as well as relationships with local authorities to legitimize the work of street hawkers and waste workers. These findings suggest that the toleration of informality can be traced to governance regimes comprised of both state and non-state powerbrokers.
Rosiglitazone Promotes White Matter Integrity and Long-Term Functional Recovery After Focal Cerebral Ischemia.

PubMed

Han, Lijuan; Cai, Wei; Mao, Leilei; Liu, Jia; Li, Peiying; Leak, Rehana K; Xu, Yun; Hu, Xiaoming; Chen, Jun

2015-09-01

Oligodendrogenesis is essential for white matter repair after stroke. Although agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ confer neuroprotection in models of cerebral ischemia, it is not known whether this effect extends to white matter protection. This study tested the hypothesis that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ agonist rosiglitazone enhances oligodendrogenesis and improves long-term white matter integrity after ischemia/reperfusion. Male adult C57/BL6 mice (25-30 g) were subjected to 60-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. Rosiglitazone (3 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally once daily for 14 days beginning 2 hours after reperfusion. Sensorimotor and cognitive functions were evaluated ≤21 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Immunostaining was used to assess infarct volume, myelin loss, and microglial activation. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected for measurements of proliferating NG2(+) oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and newly generated adenomatous polyposis coli(+) oligodendrocytes. Mixed glial cultures were used to confirm the effect of rosiglitazone on oligodendrocyte differentiation and microglial polarization. Rosiglitazone significantly reduced brain tissue loss, ameliorated white matter injury, and improved sensorimotor and cognitive functions for at least 21 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Rosiglitazone enhanced OPC proliferation and increased the numbers of newly generated mature oligodendrocytes after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Rosiglitazone treatment also reduced the numbers of Iba1(+)/CD16(+) M1 microglia and increased the numbers of Iba1(+)/CD206(+) M2 microglia after stroke. Glial culture experiments confirmed that rosiglitazone promoted oligodendrocyte differentiation, perhaps by promoting microglial M2 polarization. Rosiglitazone treatment improves long-term white matter integrity after cerebral ischemia, at least, in part, by promoting oligodendrogenesis and facilitating microglial polarization toward the beneficial M2 phenotype. © 2015 American Heart Association, Inc.
Adolescent civic and political engagement: associations between domain-specific judgments and behavior.

PubMed

Metzger, Aaron; Smetana, Judith G

2009-01-01

Judgments and justifications for different forms of civic involvement and their associations with organized and civic behavior were examined in 312 middle-class primarily White adolescents (M = 17.01 years). Adolescents applied moral, conventional, and personal criteria to distinguish involvement in community service, standard political, social movement, and social gathering activities. Males judged standard political involvement to be more obligatory and important than did females, who judged community service to be more obligatory and important than did males. For each form of civic involvement, greater involvement was associated with more positive judgments and fewer personal justifications. Structural equation modeling indicated that adolescents' judgments about specific types of civic involvement were associated with similar forms of civic behaviors.
Family Patterns of Gender Role Attitudes

PubMed Central

Marks, Jaime; Bun, Lam Chun; McHale, Susan M.

2012-01-01

Study goals were to identify family patterns of gender role attitudes, to examine the conditions under which these patterns emerged, and to assess the implications of gender attitude patterns for family conflict. Participants were mothers, fathers, and first- and second-born adolescents from 358 White, working and middle-class US families. Results of cluster analysis revealed three gender role attitude patterns: egalitarian parents and children, traditional parents and children, and a divergent pattern, with parents more traditional and children more egalitarian. Mixed-model ANOVAs indicated that these family patterns were related to socioeconomic status, parents' time spent in gendered household tasks and with children, and the gender constellation of the sibling dyad. The traditional family group reported the most family conflict. PMID:22308059
Patrons of massage parlors: some facts and figures.

PubMed

Simpson, M; Schill, T

1977-11-01

A survey of 183 patrons of a massage parlor in Illinois indicated that the typical customer is a 35-year-old married white male from out of town with 13 years of education who is employed in a lower- or middle-class job and goes to church on Sunday. He reports having had a variety of heterosexual experiences in the past, has come to the parlor because of lack of sexual partner at this particular time or because of curiosity, will come to orgasm during the genital massage, and will find it sexually satisfying. He is likely to have high self-esteem, consider himself personally and sexually adjusted, consider his value system liberal, and to be somewhat sympathetic to the goals of the women's rights movement.
Quality characteristics of U.S. soft white and club wheat

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

U.S. soft white wheat from the Pacific Northwest states of Washington, Oregon and Idaho is a premium quality, versatile soft wheat. Soft White wheat (SWW) is comprised of winter and spring-sown varieties; spike morphology further delineates the class into ‘common’ (lax) and club sub-classes. The reg...
7 CFR 810.1402 - Definition of other terms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) Classes. There are four classes of sorghum: Sorghum, Tannin sorghum, White sorghum, and Mixed sorghum. (1... and not more than 3.0 percent Tannin sorghum. The pericarp color of this class may appear white, yellow, red, pink, orange or bronze. (2) Tannin sorghum. Sorghum which has a pigmented testa (subcoat...
7 CFR 810.1402 - Definition of other terms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

...) Classes. There are four classes of sorghum: Sorghum, Tannin sorghum, White sorghum, and Mixed sorghum. (1... and not more than 3.0 percent Tannin sorghum. The pericarp color of this class may appear white, yellow, red, pink, orange or bronze. (2) Tannin sorghum. Sorghum which has a pigmented testa (subcoat...
Maternal employment and overweight among Hispanic children of immigrants and children of natives.

PubMed

Baker, Elizabeth; Balistreri, Kelly Stamper; Van Hook, Jennifer

2009-06-01

This research examines the relationship between maternal employment and child overweight among fifth grade Hispanic and non-Hispanic white children. Data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten (ECLS-K) cohort fifth grade sample (N = 4,360) were analyzed. OLS regression models were estimated predicting percentile BMI as a function of maternal employment, ethnicity, parental nativity status, income, and the interactions of employment, ethnicity/nativity, and income. Among Hispanic children of immigrants, maternal employment is associated with lower percentile BMI and this association strengthens at higher levels of income. Among Hispanic children of natives and non-Hispanic whites, maternal employment is beneficial (i.e. associated with lower percentile BMI) among low-income children but detrimental among high-income children, but this pattern is significantly greater in strength for Hispanics than non-Hispanic whites. Thus, maternal employment is associated with worse health outcomes only in the case of Hispanic children of natives, and maternal employment is associated with the best outcomes for Hispanic children of mothers from high-income families. We speculate that among children of immigrants, maternal employment may signify and/or accelerate assimilation towards middle- or upper-class American values of healthy weight and body size. Diet, meal regularity and supervision, and childcare did not mediate the relationship between maternal employment and overweight.
Maternal Employment and Overweight Among Hispanic Children of Immigrants and Children of Natives

PubMed Central

Balistreri, Kelly Stamper; Van Hook, Jennifer

2012-01-01

This research examines the relationship between maternal employment and child overweight among fifth grade Hispanic and non-Hispanic white children. Data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten (ECLS-K) cohort fifth grade sample (N = 4,360) were analyzed. OLS regression models were estimated predicting percentile BMI as a function of maternal employment, ethnicity, parental nativity status, income, and the interactions of employment, ethnicity/nativity, and income. Among Hispanic children of immigrants, maternal employment is associated with lower percentile BMI and this association strengthens at higher levels of income. Among Hispanic children of natives and non-Hispanic whites, maternal employment is beneficial (i.e. associated with lower percentile BMI) among low-income children but detrimental among high-income children, but this pattern is significantly greater in strength for Hispanics than non-Hispanic whites. Thus, maternal employment is associated with worse health outcomes only in the case of Hispanic children of natives, and maternal employment is associated with the best outcomes for Hispanic children of mothers from high-income families. We speculate that among children of immigrants, maternal employment may signify and/or accelerate assimilation towards middle- or upper-class American values of healthy weight and body size. Diet, meal regularity and supervision, and childcare did not mediate the relationship between maternal employment and overweight. PMID:17963041
Blood cell counting and classification by nonflowing laser light scattering method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Ye; Zhang, Zhenxi; Yang, Xinhui; Jiang, Dazong; Yeo, Joon Hock

1999-11-01

A new non-flowing laser light scattering method for counting and classifying blood cells is presented. A linear charge- coupled device with 1024 elements is used to detect the scattered light intensity distribution of the blood cells. A pinhole plate is combined with the CCD to compete the focusing of the measurement system. An isotropic sphere is used to simulate the blood cell. Mie theory is used to describe the scattering of blood cells. In order to inverse the size distribution of blood cells from their scattered light intensity distribution, Powell method combined with precision punishment method is used as a dependent model method for measurement red blood cells and blood plates. Non-negative constraint least square method combined with Powell method and precision punishment method is used as an independent model for measuring white blood cells. The size distributions of white blood cells and red blood cells, and the mean diameter of red blood cells are measured by this method. White blood cells can be divided into three classes: lymphocytes, middle-sized cells and neutrocytes according to their sizes. And the number of blood cells in unit volume can also be measured by the linear dependence of blood cells concentration on scattered light intensity.

Cognitive Performance and Competence Characteristics of Lower- and Middle-Class Preschool Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goldstein, David; And Others

1978-01-01

Reports two experiments to assess the usefulness of an alternative position to the "deficit hypothesis" and the "differences hypothesis," namely, that environmental/situational factors attenuate the performance of lower-class children, but that their competence, while genotypically equivalent to that of middle-class children,…
Making Class Size Work in the Middle Grades

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tienken, C. H.; Achilles, C. M.

2006-01-01

Most research on the positive effects of class-size reduction (CSR) has occurred in the elementary level (Word, Johnston, Bain, Fulton, Zaharias, Lintz, Achilles, Folger, & Breda, 1990; Molnar, Smith, Zahorik, Palmer, Halbach, & Ehrle, 1999). Is CSR an important variable in improving education in the middle grades? Can small classes be…
Rebels Without a Cause? Socialization and Subcultural Style among the Children of the New Middle Classes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aggleton, Peter J.; Whitty, Geoff

1985-01-01

A study of upper-middle-class college students in England who responded with "resistance" to their schooling showed that the students' challenges do not constitute effective resistances to prevailing patterns of class or gender relations, i.e., their challenges are not transformative. (RM)
What Do Mothers Say? Korean Mothers' Perceptions of Children's Participation in Extra-Curricular Musical Activities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cho, Eun

2015-01-01

A recent study of Korean middle-class mothers' perceptions and parenting practices associated with children's participation in musical activities reported unique forms of musical parenting, which closely correspond with previous studies of concerted cultivation in Western middle-class families. Are these unique patterns exclusive to middle-class…
Parental Involvement among Middle-Income Latino Parents Living in a Middle-Class Community

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Inoa, Rafael

2017-01-01

Parental involvement has often shared a positive correlation with student academic achievement. To better understand parental involvement dynamics among middle-class Latino families, in-depth parent interviews were conducted among 21 such parents. Results from this study which add to the educational literature include high levels of academic…
Recent Shifts on Aid by Elite Colleges Signal New Push To Help the Middle Class.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gose, Ben

1998-01-01

Several elite private colleges have announced additional financial aid sources for middle class students, because enrollment patterns suggested previous policies attracted proportionately more low- and high-income than middle-income students. One college feels the new policy encourages families to save for college. Critics say the institutions are…
Gender differences in immigrant health: the case of Mexican and Middle Eastern immigrants.

PubMed

Read, Jen'nan Ghazal; Reynolds, Megan M

2012-03-01

This article draws on theories of gender inequality and immigrant health to hypothesize differences among the largest immigrant population, Mexicans, and a lesser known population of Middle Easterners. Using data from the 2000-2007 National Health Interview Surveys, we compare health outcomes among immigrants to those among U.S.-born whites and assess gender differences within each group. We find an immigrant story and a gender story. Mexican and Middle Eastern immigrants are healthier than U.S.-born whites, and men report better health than women regardless of nativity or ethnicity. We identify utilization of health care as a primary mechanism that contributes to both patterns. Immigrants are less likely than U.S.-born whites to interact with the health care system, and women are more likely to do so than men. Thus, immigrant and gender health disparities may partly reflect knowledge of health status rather than actual health.
Beyond a state-centric approach to urban informality: Interactions between Delhi’s middle class and the informal service sector

PubMed Central

Schindler, Seth

2016-01-01

This article presents original research on relations between middle-class residents and informal-sector workers in Delhi, India. It shows how middle-class associations used their consumption preferences as well as relationships with local authorities to legitimize the work of street hawkers and waste workers. These findings suggest that the toleration of informality can be traced to governance regimes comprised of both state and non-state powerbrokers. PMID:28232753
Israel versus Hezbollah 2006: Assessing Israeli Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-02-13

Century Air Force, CSAF White Paper, 27 December 2007. 27 Pressman , Jeremy. Middle East Brief: The United States and the Israel-Hezbollah. Walthan...Divining Victory, 5. 41 Pressman , Jeremy, Middle East Brief: The United States and the Israel-Hezbollah, Crown Center for Middle East Studies
Duration and Degree of Weight Gain and Incident Diabetes in Younger Versus Middle-Aged Black and White Adults: ARIC, CARDIA, and the Framingham Heart Study.

PubMed

Wei, Gina S; Coady, Sean A; Reis, Jared P; Carnethon, Mercedes R; Coresh, Josef; D'Agostino, Ralph B; Goff, David C; Jacobs, David R; Selvin, Elizabeth; Fox, Caroline S

2015-11-01

To determine whether duration and degree of weight gain are differentially associated with diabetes risk in younger versus middle-aged black and white adults. We combined data from three cohort studies: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC), Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA), and the Framingham Heart Study. A total of 17,404 participants (56% women; 21% black) were stratified by baseline age (younger: ≥30 and <45 years; middle-aged: ≥45 and <60 years) and examined for incident diabetes (median follow-up 9 years). Duration and degree of gain in BMI were calculated as "BMI-years" above one's baseline BMI. Diabetes incidence per 1,000 person-years in the younger and middle-aged groups was 7.2 (95% CI 5.7, 8.7) and 24.4 (22.0, 26.8) in blacks, respectively, and 3.4 (2.8, 4.0) and 10.5 (9.9, 11.2) in whites, respectively. After adjusting for sex, baseline BMI and other cardiometabolic factors, and age and race interaction terms, gains in BMI-years were associated with higher risk of diabetes in the younger compared with middle-aged groups: hazard ratios for 1-unit increase in log BMI-years in younger versus middle-aged blacks were 1.18 (P = 0.02) and 1.02 (P = 0.39), respectively (P for interaction by age-group = 0.047), and in whites were 1.35 (P < 0.001) and 1.11 (P < 0.001), respectively (P for interaction by age-group = 0.008). Although middle-aged adults have higher rates of diabetes, younger adults are at greater relative risk of developing diabetes for a given level of duration and degree of weight gain. © 2015 by the American Diabetes Association. Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered.
Integrated, Marginal, and Resilient: Race, Class, and the Diverse Experiences of White First-Generation College Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stuber, Jenny Marie

2011-01-01

While first-generation college students are "at risk", the majority "do" persist. Using in-depth interviews with 28 white college students I ask: How do white, first-generation, working-class students understand their college experiences, especially in terms of their academic, social, and cultural adjustment? Moreover, what kinds of factors seem…
Alternative Fuels Data Center: Vehicle Search

Science.gov Websites

Compare (up to 5) About The Data Refine Your Search Fuel/Technology White plus All Fuels Biodiesel (B20 - LNG Hybrid Class/Type White plus All Classes/Types Sedan/Wagon Truck SUV Van Step Van Vocational/Cab -Duty White plus All Manufacturers Acura Audi BMW BYD Motors Buick Cadillac Chevrolet Chrysler Dodge
Young women struggling for an identity.

PubMed

Dickerson, Victoria C

2004-09-01

In this article, I propose that many young women in today's world are facing an intense internal struggle to find their identity, and that this struggle is an effect of what they experience as enormous pressure to achieve certain goals. My belief is that, in the contemporary atmosphere of postfeminism in which women seemingly have many more options, the young adult woman experiences these options as expectations. The effect of these demands is an enormous self-doubt where women feel worthless, unimportant, and often unable to go forward in their lives. This article focuses on the stories of 3 young women and their struggles: a 25-year-old White middle-class woman whose obsessive longing to find the "right" man leads to eating difficulties; a 23-year-old lesbian, also White, who is just graduating from college and believes that she is terminally depressed; and a 29-year-old Chinese American woman who has fought anxiety and chronic fatigue for most of her adult life. How they find their way clearly exemplifies both the struggle and the road to success--overcoming self-doubt and challenging the expectations that create the conditions for it.
Sex Workers, Fem Queens, and Cross-Dressers: Differential Marginalizations and HIV Vulnerabilities Among Three Ethnocultural Male-to-Female Transgender Communities in New York City

PubMed Central

Hwahng, Sel Julian; Nuttbrock, Larry

2008-01-01

This article describes 3 distinct ethnocultural male-to-female transgender communities in New York City: the low-income African American/Black1 and Latina(o) House Ball community; low-income, often undocumented immigrant Asian sex workers; and middle-class White cross-dressers. These communities are highly socially isolated from each other and are more connected to their ethnocultural contexts than to an abstract and shared transgender identity. Whereas previous research either has viewed male-to-female transgender people as one monolithic group or has separated them into abstract racial categories unconnected to their communities and lifestyles, this article positions them within specific social networks, cultures, neighborhoods, and lifestyles. With regard to HIV vulnerabilities, violence, and rape, House Ball community members seemed to engage in the riskiest form of survival sex work, whereas Asian sex workers seemed to engage in moderate-risk survival sex work. White cross-dressers seemed to engage in very low-risk recreational sex work.2 PMID:19079558
Nova Eruptions from Radio to Gamma-raysÃ³with AAVSO Data in the Middle (Abstract)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mukai, K.; Kafka, S.; Chomiuk, L.; Li, R.; Finzell, T.; Linford, J.; Sokoloski, J.; Nelson, T.; Rupen, M.; Mioduszewski, A.; Weston, J.

2018-06-01

(Abstract only) Novae are among the longest-known class of optical transients. In recent years, V1369 Cen in the south reached magnitude 3.3 in late 2013, and had repeated (but not periodic) cycles of re-brightening. Earlier in 2013, V339 Del almost reached magnitude 4.0 during the northern summer. An expanding ball of gas, at about 10,000 K, expelled by a nuclear explosion on the surface of a white dwarf, can explain much of the visible light outputs of novae. But these spectacular visible light displays turn out to be just a small part of the show. Novae are also transient objects in the radio through gamma-raysÃ³in addition to the warm, visible light-emitting gas, we need cold dust particles that emit in the infra-red, 10 million degree shock-heated gas that emits hard X-rays, and the exposed surface of the nuclear-burning white dwarf that emits soft X-rays. Last but not least, we need an exotic process of particle acceleration to explain the gamma-rays and some radio data.
Racism in Trump's America: reflections on culture, sociology, and the 2016 US presidential election.

PubMed

Bobo, Lawrence D

2017-11-01

Despite much positive change in the post civil rights era, U.S. notions of racism and white supremacy remain powerful elements of American culture. The adaptability and enduring power of these forces can be seen in the emergence of a new historical epoch best describe as the era of Laissez Faire Racism. Prevalent attitudes among white Americans, certain theoretical arguments and hypotheses in American sociology, as well the election of Donald Trump rest upon the on-going operation of racism. In particular, I attribute Trump's electoral success to three critical dilemmas of race that defined contours of the 2016 presidential election: (1) worsening economic inequality in the presence of rapidly changing ethno-racial demography; (2) intensified political partisanship in the presence of well-institutionalized racially coded campaign strategies and rhetoric; and (3) the failure of the Clinton campaign to simultaneously champion the interests of working and middle class families and galvanize the previously powerful multiracial Obama coalition. I speculate on how to forge more effective multiracial coalitions in the future. © London School of Economics and Political Science 2017.
Expand male contraceptive services by offering no-scalpel vasectomies.

PubMed

1998-03-01

The no-scalpel vasectomy was developed in China by surgeon Shunqiang Li of the Chongqing Family Planning Scientific Research Institute and has been used in China since 1974. The approach was introduced in the US in 1988 and now comprises about 33% of the 500,000 vasectomies performed annually in the country. No-scalpel vasectomy is faster to perform than conventional vasectomy and it involves no incision, no stitches, less chance of bleeding and other complications, and a shorter recovery time. The procedure takes 15-20 minutes in a doctor's office and the patient feels no pain. No-scalpel vasectomy is better accepted by patients and needs to be offered to a broader population. Vasectomy in the US has traditionally been chosen by White middle- to upper-middle-class men. A recent study of a 2-year national program sponsored by AVSC International, however, found that low-income and minority men will choose the sterilization method when there are adequate providers, funding assistance, and the service is marketed to them. The no-scalpel approach can be learned through hands-on training from a provider skilled in the technique.
Grandfather caregivers: race and ethnic differences in poverty.

PubMed

Keene, Jennifer R; Prokos, Anastasia H; Held, Barbara

2012-01-01

We use data from the 2006 American Community Survey to examine race and ethnic differences in the effects of marital status and co-residence of the middle generation on the likelihood of poverty among grandfathers who have primary responsibility for co-resident grandchildren (N = 3,379). Logistic regression results indicate that race/ethnicity and household composition are significant predictors of poverty for grandfather caregivers: non-Hispanic white grandfathers, those who are married, and those with a co-resident middle generation are the least likely to be poor. The effects of race/ethnicity, marital status, and the presence of a middle generation are, however, contingent upon one another. Specifically, the negative effect of being married is lower among grandfathers who are Hispanic, African American, non-Hispanic, and non-Hispanics of other race/ethnic groups compared to whites. In addition, having a middle generation in the home has a larger negative effect on poverty for race/ethnic minority grandfathers than for non-Hispanic whites. Finally, the combined effects of marriage and a middle generation vary across race/ethnic group and are associated with lower chances of poverty among some groups compared with others. We use the theory of cumulative disadvantage to interpret these findings and suggest that race/ethnicity and household composition are synergistically related to economic resources for grandfather caregivers.
Rural N(SO) and German middle-class mothers' interaction with their 3- and 6-month-old infants: A longitudinal cross-cultural analysis.

PubMed

Lamm, Bettina; Gudi, Helene; Fassbender, Ina; Freitag, Claudia; Graf, Frauke; Goertz, Claudia; Spangler, Sibylle; Teubert, Manuel; Knopf, Monika; Lohaus, Arnold; Schwarzer, Gudrun; Keller, Heidi

2015-08-01

This study aims to analyze culture-specific development of maternal interactional behavior longitudinally. Rural Cameroonian Nso mothers (n = 72) and German middle-class mothers (n = 106) were observed in free-play interactions with their 3- and 6-month-old infants. Results reveal the expected shift from a social to a nonsocial focus only in the German middle-class mothers' play interactions but not the rural Nso mothers' play. Nso mothers continue their proximal interactional style with a focus on body contact and body stimulation, whereas German middle-class mothers prefer a distal style of interaction with increasing object-centeredness. These cultural differences are in line with broader cultural models and become more accentuated as the infants grow older. (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).
COMMUNICATION OF INFORMATION IN THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CLASSROOM.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DEUTSCH, MARTIN; AND OTHERS

IT IS NOT YET KNOWN HOW THE EXTENT OF LANGUAGE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LOWER CLASS CHILDREN AND TEACHERS WITH MIDDLE CLASS TRAINING AND, FOR THE MOST PART, WITH MIDDLE CLASS BACKGROUNDS, INFLUENCES CLASSROOM COMMUNICATION. AN EVALUATION WAS MADE OF THE EXPRESSIVE LINGUISTIC SKILLS AND SPEECH CONTENT OF CHILDREN OF DIFFERENT AGES, RACES, AND SOCIAL…

Adolescent Drug Use in a Southern, Middle-Class Metropolitan High School.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chandler, Joyce; Page, Richard

1991-01-01

Examined patterns of drug use among southern, metropolitan, middle to upper-middle class high school students (n=240). Found that alcohol use was much more prevalent than was marijuana use. There was little evidence that many students had ever used cocaine in any form, depressants, phencyclidine (PCP), or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).(NB)
The Efficacy of ClassWide Peer Tutoring in Middle Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kamps, Debra M.; Greenwood, Charles; Arreaga-Mayer, Carmen; Veerkamp, Mary Baldwin; Utley, Cheryl; Tapia, Yolanda; Bowman-Perrott, Lisa; Bannister, Harriett

2008-01-01

The majority of research on the efficacy of ClassWide Peer Tutoring (CWPT) is based on research with urban elementary students (Rohrbeck, Ginsberg-Block, Fantuzzo, & Miller, 2003), with much less research in middle schools. This study investigated CWPT with 975 middle school students in 52 classrooms, grades 6 through 8, over a three-year period.…
Racializing white drag.

PubMed

Rhyne, Ragan

2004-01-01

While drag is primarily understood as a performance of gender, other performative categories such as race, class, and sexuality create drag meaning as well. Though other categories of identification are increasingly understood as essential elements of drag by performers of color, whiteness remains an unmarked category in the scholarship on drag performances by white queens. In this paper, I argue that drag by white queens must be understood as a performance of race as well as gender and that codes of gender excess are specifically constructed through the framework of these other axes of identity. This essay asks whether white performance by white queens necessarily reinscribes white supremacy through the performance of an unmarked white femininity, or might drag performance complicate (though not necessarily subvert) categories of race as well as gender? In this essay, I will suggest that camp drag performances, through the deployment of class as a crucial category of performative femininity, might indeed be a key site through which whiteness is denaturalized and its power challenged. Specifically, I will read on camp as a politicized mode of race, class and gender performance, focusing on the intersections of these categories of identity in the drag performance of Divine.
Land before coal: class and regional development in southeast Kentucky

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pudup, M.B.

1987-01-01

At the turn of the century southeast Kentucky's economy was transformed from household subsistence farming and manufacturing to industrial coal production. During prior decades the economy had lapsed into subsistence, failing to generate demands for local industry, and blocking export-oriental development. Three county case studies reveal each possessed a resident middle class whose social bases were large property ownership, control over local commerce, and dominance of county politics. The emergence and constitution of the local middle class is explained in terms of longevity, kinship, and the political economic localisms endemic to the southern United States. Although it did not becomemore » a regional capitalist vanguard, the local middle class nonetheless became essential in the local edifice of capitalism by investing in county seat commercial and service industries and by continuing its control of local politics. The middle class also facilitated the capitalization of mountain resources. Case studies illuminate this role, distinguish among categories of resource investors, and describe geographical outcomes of capital investment.« less
Values under seige in Mexico: strategies for sheltering traditional values from change.

PubMed

Hubbell, L J

1993-01-01

The adverse economic conditions of inflation and falling oil prices over the late 1970s and 1980s in Mexico forced many middle-class married women out of the home and into the workplace in order to help the family maintain its socioeconomic standing. Although this phenomenon ran directly against the traditional Mexican cultural construction of gender and family, many Uruapan middle-class couples had no alternative and rationalized the change by concealing, reinterpreting, or not directly challenging traditional values. Sections discuss the dilemma of middle-class families, Mexican middle-class adaptation to wives' employment, strategies for existing change in values, and the open acceptance of changed values. The author's comments and conclusions are based largely upon interviews with 16 married women of the period. It is concluded that even though the middle class resists them, changes have taken place over the past 20 years in the acceptance of married women in the workplace, the sharing of domestic work, fertility control, and equality between spouses in family decision making. It remains to be seen, however, whether these women will stop working and return to their formerly exclusive roles of wives and mothers if and when economic conditions improve in Mexico.
The correlation of urban heat island in tropical middle-class housing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wazir, Zuber Angkasa

2017-11-01

A very limited number of green and sustainable construction studies have explored factors related to Urban Heat Island (UHI) in tropical middle-class housing. This paper aimed to investigate the correlation of Urban Heat Island in tropical middle-class housing in three urban housing for middle-class residents of Palembang, which were Taman Sari Kenten, TOP Jakabaring, and Talang Kelapa. Samples consisted of 125 Taman Sari Kenten housing, 27 Talang Kelapa housing, and 12 TOP Jakabaring housing. Independent variables were the resident density, socioeconomic status, house location, roof type, green area ratio, weather, time, air conditioner, pro-environment institution, and NEP scale. The Analytic method included correlation and regression. We identified that all housing had different UHI profiles where Taman Sari Kenten had the highest UHI (4.17 K), followed by Talang Kelapa (2.66 K) and TOP Jakabaring (0.66 K) against temperature in measuring station nearby, owned by BMKG (National Meteorological Station). UHI correlated with the resident density, roof type, green area ratio, weather, time, and air conditioner. The results should add to the design of ideal housing in the tropical climate for middle-class residents, focusing on its ability to mitigate Urban Heat Island.
Learning to See: The Development of Race and Class Consciousness in White Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ullucci, Kerri

2011-01-01

This is a study of White teachers and their identity development. Using a qualitative approach steeped in the tenants of critical race theory and storytelling, this study investigated how White teachers learn about race, class and diversity in meaningful ways, with a close eye on the role their own personal histories played in their development.…
The White Working Class, Racism and Respectability: Victims, Degenerates and Interest-Convergence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gillborn, David

2010-01-01

This paper argues that race and class inequalities cannot be fully understood in isolation: their intersectional quality is explored through an analysis of how the White working class were portrayed in popular and political discourse during late 2008 (the timing is highly significant). While global capitalism reeled on the edge of financial…
Complicating the "soccer mom:"the cultural politics of forming class-based identity, distinction, and necessity.

PubMed

Swanson, Lisa

2009-06-01

Using Pierre Bourdieu's theories of social class differentiation and class reproduction, this paper provides an analysis of class-based identity politics in contemporary suburban America. Through a critical ethnography of the emergent, American, upper-middle-class "soccer mom" phenomenon, this study contributes to a growing body of research that interrogates class-based, cultural practices of status differentiation. As part of a larger; longitudinal ethnographic study, this paper specifically focuses on the ways in which women, who are driven by upper-middle-class habitus, contest and construct their identity as mothers of young, soccer-playing children.
The Middle Class Is Key to a Better-Educated Nation: A Stronger Middle Class Is Associated with Better Educational Outcomes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Madland, David; Bunker, Nick

2011-01-01

Education is key to America's economic success as technological change and global competition increase exponentially. Unfortunately, where once the nation was atop the world academically, today American students rank in the middle of the pack. Not surprisingly, business leaders and the American public are concerned about the quality of American…
What Middle School Students Need from Their General Music Class (and How We Can Help)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Davis, Virginia Wayman

2011-01-01

The middle school general music class is a course that holds many possibilities and challenges. In this research-based article, teachers are encouraged to "teach for transfer," to create worthwhile learning activities that prepare students for music making in the adult community. Three needs of the middle school music student are discussed:…
The Efficacy of Differentiated Instruction in Meeting the Needs of Gifted Middle School Learners

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Light, Julie K.

2012-01-01

The research site is a middle school in a K-12 suburban public school district with heterogeneously grouped (mixed ability) middle school language arts, social studies, and science classes. It has been determined that the academic needs of its gifted or highly talented learners in these classes need to be better met. This action science research…
Honourable Mobility or Shameless Entitlement? Habitus and Graduate Employment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Abrahams, Jessie

2017-01-01

This article explores the contrasting predispositions of a group of working-class and middle-class undergraduates to using nepotism to gain advantage in the labour market. Drawing upon a Bourdieusian framework, it is argued that the middle-class students, whose habitus was aligned to the field, were more likely to express a willingness to utilise…
Education and the Reconstitution of Social Class in England

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ainley, Patrick

2013-01-01

This paper extends the work of Gamble, who followed Marx in seeing a reconstitution of the reserve army of labour as a key function of capitalist crisis, but it suggests a wider class reformation that includes what can be called the middle-working/working-middle class. Education and training to all levels are deeply implicated in this class…
Actively Engaging Middle School Readers: One Teacher's Story

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hammon, Amber; Hess, Carol

2004-01-01

This article discusses the story of a middle school teacher and her reading class frustrations. She faces the reality that her class of 23 students hates reading, despite her enthusiasm and attempts to motivate them. However, she discovered that the literacy program she was using was not the way she had been taught in her preservice classes or the…
"It All depends...": Middle School Teachers Evaluate Single-Sex Classes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Spielhagen, Frances R.

2011-01-01

This mixed-methods study explored the effectiveness of single-sex classes according to key stakeholders in this educational reform--the teachers who choose or are hired to teach in single-sex classes and schools. Specifically, this study examined the on-the-ground experiences of middle school teachers as they attempted to implement a relatively…
Social Mix, Schooling and Intersectionality: Identity and Risk for Black Middle Class Families

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ball, Stephen J.; Rollock, Nicola; Vincent, Carol; Gillborn, David

2013-01-01

This paper addresses some particular aspects of the complex intersections between race and social class. It is based upon data collected as part of a two-year Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) funded project exploring the "Educational Strategies of the Black Middle Classes" (BMC). ("The Educational Strategies of the Black…
How Does the Trajectory of Multimorbidity Vary Across Black, White, and Mexican Americans in Middle and Old Age?

PubMed Central

Liang, Jersey; Bennett, Joan M.; Xu, Xiao; Ye, Wen

2011-01-01

Objectives. This research examines intra- and interpersonal differences in multiple chronic conditions reported by Americans aged 51 and older for a period up to 11 years. It focuses on how changes in multimorbidity vary across White, Black, and Mexican Americans. Methods. Data came from 17,517 respondents of the Health and Retirement Study (1995–2006) with up to 5 repeated observations. Hierarchical linear models were employed to analyze ethnic variations in temporal changes of reported comorbidities. Findings. Middle-aged and older Americans have on average nearly 2 chronic diseases at the baseline, which increased to almost 3 conditions in 11 years. White Americans differ from Black and Mexican Americans in terms of level and rate of change of multimorbidity. Mexican Americans demonstrate lower initial levels and slower accumulation of comorbidities relative to Whites. In contrast, Blacks showed an elevated level of multimorbidity throughout the 11-year period of observation, although their rate of change slowed relative to Whites. Discussion. These results suggest that health differences between Black Americans and other ethnic groups including White and Mexican Americans persist in the trajectory of multimorbidity even when population heterogeneity is adjusted. Further research is needed concerning the impact of health disadvantages and differential mortality that may have occurred before middle age as well as exploring the role of nativity, the nature of self-reported diseases, and heterogeneity underlying the average trajectory of multimorbidity for ethnic elders. PMID:21968384
Punk and Middle-Class Values: A Content Analysis.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lamy, Philip; Levin, Jack

1985-01-01

Compares periodical articles representing the "Punk" movement with articles from the "Reader's Digest" and the 1960s hippie movement. Concludes that the punk movement is more expressive and less instrumental than its middle-class counterpart. (KH)
Feminist Physics Education: Deconstructed Physics and Students' Multiple Subjectivities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jammula, Diane Crenshaw

Physics is one of the least diverse sciences; in the U.S. in 2010, only 21% of bachelors degrees in physics were awarded to women, 2.5% to African Americans, and 4% to Hispanic Americans (AIP, 2012). Though physics education reform efforts supporting interactive engagement have doubled students' learning gains (Hake, 1998), gender and race gaps persist (Brewe et al., 2010; Kost, Pollock, & Finkelstein, 2009). When students' subjectivities align with presentations of physics, they are more likely to develop positive physics identities (Hughes, 2001). However, both traditional and reformed physics classrooms may present physics singularly as abstract, elite, and rational (Carlone, 2004). Drawing from feminist science, I argue that binaries including abstract / concrete, elite / accessible, and rational / emotional are hierarchal and gendered, raced and classed. The words on the left define conventional physics and are associated with middle class white masculinity, while the words on the right are associated with femininity or other, and are often missing or delegitimized in physics education, as are females and minorities. To conceptualize a feminist physics education, I deconstructed these binaries by including the words on the right as part of doing physics. I do not imply that women and men think differently, but that broadening notions of physics may allow a wider range of students to connect with the discipline. I used this conceptual framework to modify a popular reformed physics curriculum called Modeling Instruction (Hestenes, 1987). I taught this curriculum at an urban public college in an introductory physics course for non-science majors. Twenty-three students of diverse gender, race, ethnic, immigrant and class backgrounds enrolled. I conducted an ethnography of the classroom to learn how students negotiate their subjectivities to affiliate with or alienate from their perceptions of physics, and to understand how classroom experiences exacerbate or ameliorate differences in achievement, participation and feelings towards physics. Findings show how students (dis)connect with physics in both stereotypical and atypical ways; for example, one student drew from a classed identity to reject physics (e.g. "working was always in my DNA, but school is never really for me") and another student related his classed and gendered work as a mechanic to learn physics. Traditional aspects of the physics curriculum privileged discourse, performances, and epistemology associated with middle class white masculinity. The statement "I might nit pick it because I did it my way" is characteristic of competitive, assertive, self-interested discourse during problem presentations, taken up by male and female students. However, students engaged in other ways of doing physics that were personal, emotional, caring, inclusive and collaborative. A male student wrote, "Everyone is engaging and I feel that this class is like a family." Some students developed positive physics identities as they redefined physics: "When I experience physics on my own in anytime in a day or week, I feel like a physics person." Implications include interrogating beliefs about physics and students, and examining one's own practices such that the "smog of bias" (Kost-Smith, Pollock, & Finkelstein, 2010) may be demystified.

Growth classification systems for red fir and white fir in northern California

Treesearch

George T. Ferrell

1983-01-01

Selected crown and bole characteristics were predictor variables in growth classification equations developed for California red fir, Shasta red fir, and white fir in northern California. Individual firs were classified on the basis of percent basal area increment (PCTBAI ) as Class 1 (≤ 1 pct), Class 2 (> 1 pct and ≤ 3 pct), or Class 3 (> 3...
Does Maternal Employment Following Childbirth Support or Inhibit Low-Income Children’s Long-Term Development?

PubMed Central

Coley, Rebekah Levine; Lombardi, Caitlin McPherran

2012-01-01

This study assessed whether previous findings linking early maternal employment to lower cognitive and behavioral skills among middle class and White children generalized to other groups. Using a representative sample of urban, low-income, predominantly African American and Hispanic families (n = 444), OLS regression and propensity score matching models assessed links between maternal employment in the two years after childbearing and children’s functioning at age 7. Children whose mothers were employed early, particularly in their first 8 months, showed enhanced socio-emotional functioning compared to peers whose mother remained nonemployed. Protective associations emerged for both part time and full time employment, and were driven by African American children, with neutral effects for Hispanics. Informal home-based child care also heightened positive links. PMID:22931466
Effortful Control Moderates Bidirectional Effects Between Children’s Externalizing Behavior and their Mothers’ Depressive Symptoms

PubMed Central

Choe, Daniel Ewon; Olson, Sheryl L.; Sameroff, Arnold J.

2013-01-01

This study examined bidirectional associations between mothers’ depressive symptoms and children’s externalizing behavior and whether they were moderated by preschool-age effortful control and gender. Mothers and teachers reported on 224 primarily White, middle-class children at ages 3, 5, and 10. Effortful control was assessed via behavioral battery and mother ratings. Structural equation modeling indicated that maternal depressive symptoms at child age 3 predicted more externalizing behavior at age 10 among children with low effortful control and among boys. Externalizing behavior at age 3 predicted fewer depressive symptoms at the age 10 assessments among mothers of children with high effortful control. Boys with suboptimal self-regulation exposed to high levels of maternal depressive symptoms were at greatest risk for school-age behavioral problems. PMID:23668713
"A tempest in a cocktail glass": mothers, alcohol, and television, 1977-1996.

PubMed

Golden, J

2000-06-01

This article examines the portrayal of pregnancy and alcohol in thirty-six national network evening news broadcasts (ABC, CBS, NBC). Early coverage focused on white, middle-class women, as scientific authorities and government officials warned against drinking during pregnancy. After 1987, however, women who drank during pregnancy were depicted as members of minority groups and as a danger to society. The thematic transition began before warning labels appeared on alcoholic beverages and gained strength from official government efforts to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome. The greatest impetus for the revised discourse, however, was the eruption of a "moral panic" over crack cocaine use. By linking fetal harm to substance abuse, the panic suggested it was in the public's interest to control the behavior of pregnant women.
The sociocultural context of emotion socialization in African American families.

PubMed

Labella, Madelyn H

2018-02-01

The current paper systematically reviews empirical research on parental emotion socialization in African American families, addressing gaps in a literature that has historically focused on White middle class samples. Of the 1210 studies screened, 329 were inspected, 280 were excluded, and 49 were included. Studies addressed emotion-related beliefs and attitudes, emotion expressiveness, discussion of emotion, and responses to children's emotion. Mixed findings are interpreted in light of sociocultural factors. An emerging body of research suggests that the celebration and restriction of children's emotions coexist closely in African American families, perhaps reflecting the joint influence of traditional Afro-cultural values and the historical context of slavery and discrimination. Methodological issues are identified and future directions for research and practice are discussed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Physiotherapy - a feminine profession.

PubMed

Short, S D

1986-01-01

The female-dominated professions in health care are not as powerful as the male-dominated medical profession. This paper suggests that the key factor in shaping the discrepancies in pay, status and power between medicine and the female-dominated professions is gender. It is argued that physiotherapy developed as a profession for middle-class women and that family responsibilities continue to take priority over professional responsibilities for the majority of physiotherapists. Physiotherapy enjoys higher occupational prestige than social work, speech therapy, occupational therapy and nursing and it is suggested that physiotherapy has achieved this status through recruitment of women from middle and upper middle class backgrounds. The history of physiotherapy is the history of a middle class feminine profession. Copyright © 1986 Australian Physiotherapy Association. Published by . All rights reserved.
Body mass index and mobility limitations: An analysis of middle-aged and older Black, Hispanic, and White women in the U.S.

PubMed

Sharma, Andy

2018-06-16

While the Body Mass Index (BMI) did not change significantly for men from 2005 to 2014 in the United States, women exhibited an upward linear trend. Hispanic and Black women, in particular, showed a dramatic increase. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the association between BMI and mobility limitations for non-institutionalised middle-aged and older Black, Hispanic, and White women. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health model was applied to a sample of 2865 Black, 1846 Hispanic, and 9721 White women categorised as middle-aged and older (i.e., at least 50 years of age) from the 2010 and 2014 Rand Health and Retirement Study. A random effects ordered logit was employed. After accounting for personal/activity characteristics, the analyses revealed Black women with greater BMI were associated with a higher likelihood for mobility limitations with an odds ratio of 1.11 [1.06-1.16, 95% CI]. A significant association was also found for Hispanic women with an odds ratio of 1.16 [1.11-1.23, 95% CI] and White women with an odds ratio of 1.16 [1.13-1.19, 95% CI]. Even after accounting for the possibility of endogeneity, BMI remained robust. Higher-levels of BMI were associated with an increased probability for mobility limitations for Black, Hispanic, and White middle-aged and older women. Those with a vigorous exercise regimen were less likely to be in this category across all ranges of BMI. These results are useful for prioritising minority health policy, particularly given the limited amount of existing research in this specific area. Copyright © 2018 Asia Oceania Association for the Study of Obesity. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Middle-Class Mothers' Passionate Attachment to School Choice: Abject Objects, Cruel Optimism and Affective Exploitation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leyton, Daniel; Rojas, María Teresa

2017-01-01

This paper is based on a qualitative study about middle-class mothers' experiences of school choice in Chile. It draws on Butler, Berlant and Hardt's work on affects, and on feminist contributions to the intersection between school choice, social class and mothering. These contributions help us deepen our understanding of school choice as both a…
Photographs and Classroom Response Systems in Middle School Astronomy Classes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lee, Hyunju; Feldman, Allan

2015-01-01

In spite of being readily available, photographs have played a minor and passive role in science classes. In our study, we present an active way of using photographs in classroom discussions with the use of a classroom response system (CRS) in middle school astronomy classes to teach the concepts of day-night and seasonal change. In this new…
How Tweens View Single-Sex Classes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Spielhagen, Frances R.

2006-01-01

Spielhagen reports on her interviews with students in Hudson Valley Middle School, a middle school in a rural district in upstate New York that has offered voluntary single-sex classes for three years. The 24 6th, 7th, and 8th graders whom she interviewed had chosen to take all-boy or all-girl academic classes for at least one year. All Hudson…
Analysis of rice purchase decision on rice consumer in Bandung city

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kusno, K.; Imannurdin, A.; Syamsiyah, N.; Djuwendah, E.

2018-03-01

This study was conducted at three kinds of purchase location which were traditional market, rice kiosk, and supermarket in Bandung City, with survey data of 108 respondents which were selected by systematic random sampling. The aim of this study is to (1) identify consumer characteristics, (2) identify which atribute is considered by consumer in buying rice, and (3) analyze the relationship between purchase decision and income class. Data were analyzed by descriptive analysis and Chi Square test. The results showed most consumers in the traditional market were middle-educated and lower middle-income, at the rice kiosk, the consumer were generally middle-educated and middle-income, and in the supermarkets, the majority were high-educated and upper middle-income consumers. “Kepulenan” be the first priority of most consumers, but for the lower-middle class, the main priority was price. Thus, in case of scarcity and rice price increase, the government should immediately arrange market operations which targeting to lower-middle class consumers. There was a significant relationship between (1) the quality of rice consumed, (2) the frequency of rice purchase per month, and (3) attitudes toward rice price increase; each with the income class. Although the price of rice increase, consumers of middle and upper-middle were remain loyal to the quality of rice they consumed. This indicates rice market in Bandung city is an ideal market for premium rice so that traders and producers are expected to maintain the quality of rice, such as keep using superior seeds and applying good cultivation based on Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) rules.
Causal effects of socioeconomic status on central adiposity risks: Evidence using panel data from urban Mexico.

PubMed

Levasseur, Pierre

2015-07-01

Associated with overweight, obesity and chronic diseases, the nutrition transition process reveals important socioeconomic issues in Mexico. Using panel data from the Mexican Family Life Survey, the purpose of the study is to estimate the causal effect of household socioeconomic status (SES) on nutritional outcomes among urban adults. We divide the analysis into two steps. First, using a mixed clustering procedure, we distinguish four socioeconomic classes based on income, educational and occupational dimensions: (i) a poor class; (ii) a lower-middle class; (iii) an upper-middle class; (iv) a rich class. Second, using an econometric framework adapted to our study (the Hausman-Taylor estimator), we measure the impact of belonging to these socioeconomic groups on individual anthropometric indicators, based on the body-mass index (BMI) and the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Our results make several contributions: (i) we show that a new middle class, rising out of poverty, is the most exposed to the risks of adiposity; (ii) as individuals from the upper class seem to be fatter than individuals from the upper-middle class, we can reject the assumption of an inverted U-shaped relationship between socioeconomic and anthropometric status as commonly suggested in emerging economies; (iii) the influence of SES on central adiposity appears to be particularly strong for men. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Embeddedness of White Fragility within White Pre-Service Principals' Reflections on White Privilege

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hines, Mack T., III

2016-01-01

This study analyzes the prevalence of white fragility within the six white, pre-service principals' online responses to readings about white privilege. Six white, pre-service principals were asked to provide commentary to class readings on the relevance of white privilege to their preparation for future positions as principals. The findings showed…
Sex differences in obesity, dietary habits, and physical activity among urban middle-class Bangladeshis.

PubMed

Saquib, Juliann; Saquib, Nazmus; Stefanick, Marcia L; Khanam, Masuma Akter; Anand, Shuchi; Rahman, Mahbubur; Chertow, Glenn M; Barry, Michele; Ahmed, Tahmeed; Cullen, Mark R

2016-07-01

The sustained economic growth in Bangladesh during the previous decade has created a substantial middle-class population, who have adequate income to spend on food, clothing, and lifestyle management. Along with the improvements in living standards, has also come negative impact on health for the middle class. The study objective was to assess sex differences in obesity prevalence, diet, and physical activity among urban middle-class Bangladeshi. In this cross-sectional study, conducted in 2012, we randomly selected 402 adults from Mohammedpur, Dhaka. The sampling technique was multi-stage random sampling. We used standardized questionnaires for data collection and measured height, weight, and waist circumference. Mean age (standard deviation) was 49.4 (12.7) years. The prevalence of both generalized (79% vs. 53%) and central obesity (85% vs. 42%) were significantly higher in women than men. Women reported spending more time watching TV and spending less time walking than men (p<.05); however, men reported a higher intake of unhealthy foods such as fast food and soft drinks. We conclude that the prevalence of obesity is significantly higher in urban middle-class Bangladeshis than previous urban estimates, and the burden of obesity disproportionately affects women. Future research and public health efforts are needed to address this severe obesity problem and to promote active lifestyles.
Middle-class mythology and the Houdini disappearing act: health care and jobs joined at the hip.

PubMed

Ehrle, Lynn Howard; Cleveland, Robert W

2010-01-01

Myths have long legs. Once they become integrated into the cultural ethos they are almost impossible to dislodge. The Middle Class Myth is a case in point. Spoken of in reverential terms, the conventional wisdom holds that the U.S. economy is driven by a vast middle class, anchoring its consumer-driven system of goods and services. But contrary to frequent statements by pundits, politicians, and many economists, the middle class has actually disappeared. Another commonly held myth--that the United States has the best health care system in the world--is perpetuated by medical leaders and the mainstream media. Despite huge worker layoffs causing 50 million to be without health insurance, and millions more who are underinsured, the myth persists. A third myth, one currently in vogue among media pundits and politicians, is that health care and jobs are two separate issues and policymakers can deal with them as unrelated to each other, when in reality they are inextricably interwoven--the connective tissue of a physically and mentally robust workforce. The authors use Census Bureau after-tax income and Federal Reserve data to demonstrate that the middle class has disappeared, leaving millions of Americans with little disposable income, meager savings, and no health care safety net.
Emerging trends in Chinese healthcare: the impact of a rising middle class.

PubMed

Chang, Joyce; Wood, David; Xiaofeng, Jia; Gifford, Blair

2008-01-01

In this report, the authors examine a major phenomenon in the Chinese healthcare marketplace: the explosion of a vigorous and demanding middle class and its impact on the future directions the industry should pursue. Little is known about the expectations of the middle class regarding their healthcare needs other than through anecdotal or informal sources. The views of the middle class are shaped by a variety of influences which include exposure through direct personal contact with international healthcare facilities when traveling abroad or indirectly through increased exposure to the entertainment industry with its abundance of hospital and medical dramas. In addition to a general increased international awareness arising from more advanced education, the perspective of the middle class consumer is also shaped by the reality of what is currently available in China and what is realistic to expect. This report addresses this lack of factual data through an extensive survey of middle class consumers in three major cities in China: Beijing, Shanghai and Chengdu. The survey took a practical and pragmatic approach to exploring this issue. No attempt was made in this study to explain why the consumer feels the way they do about their healthcare expectations. The purpose was simply to outline what expectations the middle class have for the healthcare marketplace in China. In some respects the results are not surprising. They are the expectations that people have in any country, any where. They expect greater privacy and dignity in the care-giving process. They want to be more involved in the decisions that are made regarding their care. They would prefer a personal, private physician as opposed to a revolving door of faces they will never see a second time. They rely strongly on family and friends to advise them on their choice of provider. They expect clean, well-maintained facilities, efficient systems and courteous personnel. In other respects, the conclusions are not necessarily expected. They feel strongly that their hospital or provider of care should be located in a residential area. They are willing in some circumstances to pay more for their care in order to meet their expectations but not significantly more. Despite acknowledging that many of the facets of care they seek such as greater respect for privacy and a generally perceived more positive attitude in the care-giving process are found in foreign physicians, middle class consumers do not express a strong preference for foreign physicians but opt instead for Chinese physicians. In conclusion, the results provide an insight into the expectations held by middle class Chinese of their healthcare providers and outlines a direction for future healthcare development.
Whither the White Working Class? A Comment on Khanna and Harris, "Discovering Race in a 'Post-Racial' World: Teaching Race through Primetime Television"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Niemonen, Jack

2015-01-01

Even though I recognize the value of using the mass media to teach sociological concepts and reveal racial biases, I caution against the use of classroom exercises that are developed solely in the context of whiteness studies. Overarching statements of white privilege mask complex race-class interactions generally and the mass media's…
Considering Gendered Careers: The Influence of Resilient Mothers and Sisters upon White Working-Class Young Women

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Freie, Carrie

2010-01-01

This article explores the identity development of a group of white working-class adolescent girls as they consider their futures after high school. Attention is paid to themes of gender and social class as well as the impact of a deindustrialised economy. Despite the fact that few of their parents graduated from college, the girls expressed a…
Are clerical workers proletarian? A case study of the Australian Public Service.

PubMed

Matheson, Craig

2007-12-01

This paper explores whether clerical workers have been proletarianized by using the Australian Public Service (APS) as a case study. It shows that before the late 1980s the market, work and status situations of APS clerks were predominantly proletarian since they were typified by limited career prospects, low skill requirements, restricted autonomy; low organizational status and estrangement from senior management. This proletarian class situation was reflected in an order taker's culture of informality, cynicism, hedonism and alienation. Since the late 1980s however technological change and workplace restructuring have markedly reduced the number of unskilled and lower paid jobs in the APS, thereby belying widespread predictions of deskilling. I conclude that proletarianization is more likely to have arisen from a decline in the status of clerical work during the course of the twentieth century rather than from a process of deskilling. Notwithstanding the fact that their class situations were predominantly proletarian, most clerks have identified as middle class. We can attribute this not only to the fact that their class situations differ from those of manual workers, as noted by Lockwood, but also to a widespread tendency to identify as middle class, the tendency of many female clerks to base their class identity on their husband's occupation and the fact that popular stereotypes tend to equate class with occupation. It is difficult to decide if clerks are proletarian since 1. Their class situations display a mixture of proletarian and middle-class characteristics 2. They exhibit diverse class identities, social origins, marriage partners and cultural attributes and 3. They occupy different positions on different aspects of inequality. We are therefore unable to allocate them en bloc to a single uniform class. I conclude that while a minority of clerks are proletarian most are better described as middle class.
Downward economic mobility and preterm birth: an exploratory study of Chicago-born upper class White mothers.

PubMed

Collins, James W; Rankin, Kristin M; David, Richard J

2015-07-01

A paucity of published data exists on the factors underlying the relatively poor birth outcome of non-Hispanic White women in the United States. To determine whether downward economic mobility is a risk factor for preterm birth (<37 weeks, PTB) among upper class-born White women. Stratified and multilevel logistic regression analyses were performed on an Illinois transgenerational dataset of non-Hispanic White infants (1989-1991) and their women (1956-1976) with appended US census income information. The study sample was restricted to singleton births of Chicago-born upper-class (defined by early-life residence in affluent neighborhoods) non-Hispanic White women. Upper class-born White women (n = 4,891) who did not experience downward economic mobility by the time of delivery had a PTB rate of 5.4 %. Those women who experienced slight (n = 5,112), moderate (n = 2,158), or extreme (n = 339) downward economic mobility had PTB rates of 6.5, 8.5, and 10.1 %, respectively; RR (95 % CI) = 1.2 (1.0-4.0), 1.6 (1.3-1.9), and 1.9 (1.3-2.6), respectively. Maternal downward economic mobility was also associated with an increased prevalence of biologic, medical, and behavioral risk factors. Interestingly, the relationship between moderate to extreme downward mobility and preterm birth was stronger among former low birth weight (<2500 g, LBW) than non-LBW women: 2.8 (1.4-5.8) versus 1.6 (1.3-1.9), respectively. In multilevel logistic regression models, the adjusted odds ratio of preterm birth for former LBW and non-LBW women who experienced any downward mobility (compared to those women with lifelong upper class status) equaled 2.4 (1.1-5.3) and 1.1 (1.0-1.1), respectively. Downward economic mobility is associated with an increased risk of preterm birth among upper class-born White urban women; this phenomenon is strongest among former low birth weight women.

Middle-Class Families and School Choice: Freedom versus Equity in the Context of a "Local Education Market"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reinoso, Antonio Olmedo

2008-01-01

This article analyses the impact of social class on the process of school choice in Spain from the viewpoint of middle-class families. This practice must be seen in the framework of the new social context generated by the information society. The article begins by briefly describing changes in school choice policies in Spain. For a wider…
Will Being Involved in Calculating Their Own Participation Points Make Middle School Learners Better Class Participants in My Spanish Class?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cunningham, Lisa

2008-01-01

Middle schoolers are developing skills for learning. Part of those skills is learning how to be an active participant in class and take control over their classroom behavior. Students who are not actively listening or participating are not internally motivated to learn the material. It was my hope that by reflecting upon their participation each…
The Successful Educational Journeys of American Indian Women: Forming Aspirations for Higher Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Andrade, Maureen Snow

2014-01-01

American Indians (AIs) have lower higher education enrollment and completion rates than Whites and most minority groups. AI women, however, participate at higher rates than AI men, White women, and White men. Research has not examined what contributes to their higher education aspirations. This study explored the middle and high school experiences…
Quantity, Type, and Correlates of Physical Activity among American Middle Eastern University Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kahan, David

2009-01-01

The prevalence of hypokinetic disease among persons of Middle Eastern heritage is higher than whites and research on American young adults of this population is limited. Therefore 214 tertiary students of Middle Eastern descent self-reported their physical activity (PA) over a 1-week monitoring period using pedometers and daily activity logs.…
The Cycle of Violence and Disconnection among Rural Middle School Students: Teacher Disconnection as a Consequence of Violence.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Karcher, Michael J.

2002-01-01

Examined the relationship between early violent behavior and connectedness in middle school, surveying predominantly white, rural middle school students. After accounting for parenting practices, which explained most of the variance in violence and connectedness, results indicated that students who had engaged in violence were more likely to…
"Advanced Classes? They're Only for White Kids": How One Kansas School Is Changing the Face of Honors and Advanced Placement Courses

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kerr, Roberta

2014-01-01

The purpose of this study was to obtain an accurate picture of minority student enrollment in honors and advanced placement (AP) classes at Wichita (Kansas) High School East and to develop a plan of action to close the achievement gap between White and non-White students. Prior to this study there was no clear, concise data to move this discussion…
The effect of class size in grades K-3 on adult earnings, employment, and disability status: evidence from a multi-center randomized controlled trial.

PubMed

Wilde, Elizabeth Ty; Finn, Jeremy; Johnson, Gretchen; Muennig, Peter

2011-11-01

Early education interventions have been forwarded as a means for reducing social disparities in income and health in adulthood. We explore whether a successful early education intervention, which occurred between 1985 and 1989, improved the employment rates, earnings and health of blacks relative to whites through 2008. We used data from Project STAR (Student Teacher Achievement Ratio), a four-year multi-center randomized controlled trial of reduced class sizes in Tennessee involving 11,601 students. Students were initially randomized within 79 schools to classes with 22-25 or 13-17 students. We linked subject records to Social Security Administration (SSA) earnings and disability data collected between 1997 and 2008-when the majority of subjects were between the ages of 18 and 28. We focused our analysis on annual, rather than cumulative, measures of earnings and employment because educational attainment after high school might reduce earnings through age 23. We considered three or more years of statistically significant positive (or negative) annual impacts to be a meaningful effect. Project STAR improved cognition and high school graduation rates. These benefits were primarily realized among low-income and minority students. These early education benefits did not translate into reduced disability claims in adulthood for treated subjects. However, exposure to small class size increased employment for blacks, and increased earnings for black males (p<0.05). Exposure to small classes also led to an increase in earnings for white males. However, white females exposed to small classes experienced a net decline in earnings and employment across the later years of follow up (p<0.05), offsetting any gains by white males. Exposure to small class size in grades K-3 appears to improve earnings and employment for black males and earnings for white males, while reducing employment and earnings among white females.
Stripped Red Giants - Helium Core White Dwarf Progenitors and their sdB Siblings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heber, U.

2017-03-01

Some gaps in the mosaic of binary star evolution have recently been filled by the discoveries of helium-core white dwarf progenitors (often called extremely low mass (ELM) white dwarfs) as stripped cores of first-giant branch objects. Two varieties can be distinguished. One class is made up by SB1 binaries, companions being white dwarfs as well. Another class, the so-called EL CVn stars, are composite spectrum binaries, with A-Type companions. Pulsating stars are found among both classes. A riddle is posed by the apparently single objects. There is a one-to-one correspondence of the phenomena found for these new classes of star to those observed for sdB stars. In fact, standard evolutionary scenarios explain the origin of sdB stars as red giants that have been stripped close to the tip of first red giant branch. A subgroup of subluminous B stars can also be identified as stripped helium-cores of red giants. They form an extension of the ELM sequence to higher temperatures. Hence low mass white dwarfs of helium cores and sdB stars in binaries are close relatives in terms of stellar evolution.
Time to Confront Willis's Lads with a Ballet Class? A Case Study of Educational Orthodoxy and White Working-Class Boys

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ashley, Martin

2009-01-01

This is a retrospective study tracing the longer term effects on identity and aspiration of white working-class boys from an area of high social deprivation. The boys were members of an acclaimed boys' dance company and have been retrospectively interviewed as young men in their twenties. Documentary and film material dating from the time they…
Social class and family size as determinants of attributed machismo, femininity, and family planning: a field study in two South American communities.

PubMed

Nicassio, P M

1977-12-01

A study was conducted to determine the way in which stereotypes of machismo and femininity are associated with family size and perceptions of family planning. A total of 144 adults, male and female, from a lower class and an upper middle class urban area in Colombia were asked to respond to photographs of Colombian families varying in size and state of completeness. The study illustrated the critical role of sex-role identity and sex-role organization as variables having an effect on fertility. The lower-class respondents described parents in the photographs as significantly more macho or feminine because of their children than the upper-middle-class subjects did. Future research should attempt to measure when this drive to sex-role identity is strongest, i.e., when men and women are most driven to reproduce in order to "prove" themselves. Both lower- and upper-middle-class male groups considered male dominance in marriage to be directly linked with family size. Perceptions of the use of family planning decreased linearly with family size for both social groups, although the lower-class females attributed more family planning to spouses of large families than upper-middle-class females. It is suggested that further research deal with the ways in which constructs of machismo and male dominance vary between the sexes and among socioeconomic groups and the ways in which they impact on fertility.
Translating Bourdieu: cultural capital and the English middle class in historical perspective.

PubMed

Gunn, Simon

2005-03-01

This article examines the ways in which Pierre Bourdieu's work on culture and cultural capital can be applied to the study of the English middle class in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Drawing on a wide historical literature, the article argues for the significance of culture as a constitutive element of middle-class identities in England since 1800. It goes on to examine Bourdieu's ideas of 'objectivated', 'instutionalized' and 'incorporated' cultural capital, in the context of family, inheritance, education and the body. The article identifies changes in the historical forms which cultural capital has taken and emphasizes the importance of analysing family processes of intergenerational transmission.
Grandmotherhood: Contemporary Meaning among African American Middle-Class Grandmothers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Timberlake, Elizabeth M.; Chipungu, Sandra Stukes

1992-01-01

Explored how contemporary middle-class African American grandmothers perceived themselves in relation to their children. Found moderate relationship between values of 100 grandchildren to 100 grandmothers, timing of role assumption, and current situational context. Values included expansion of self; morality or altruism; power, influence, or…
Trends in social inequality in physical inactivity among Danish adolescents 1991-2014.

PubMed

Johnsen, N F; Toftager, M; Melkevik, O; Holstein, B E; Rasmussen, M

2017-12-01

The aim of this study was to investigate social inequality in physical inactivity among adolescents from 1991 to 2014 and to describe any changes in inequality during this period. The analyses were based on data from the Danish part of the HBSC study, which consists of seven comparable cross-sectional studies of nationally representative samples of 11-15-year old adolescents. The available data consisted of weekly time (hours) spent on vigorous physical activity and parental occupation from 30,974 participants. In summary, 8.0% of the adolescents reported to be physically inactive, i.e. spend zero hours of vigorous leisure time physical activity per week. The proportion of physically inactive adolescents was 5.4% in high social class and 7.8% and 10.8%, respectively, in middle and low social class. The absolute social inequality measured as prevalence difference between low and high social class did not change systematically across the observation period from 1991 to 2014. Compared to high social class, OR (95% CI) for physical inactivity was 1.48 (1.32-1.65) in middle social class and 2.18 (1.92-2.47) in lower social class. This relative social inequality was similar in the seven data collection waves (p=0.971). Although the gap in physical inactivity between social classes does not seem to be widening in Danish adolescents, there are still considerable differences in the activity levels between high, middle and low social class adolescents. Consequently, there is a need for a targeted physical activity intervention among adolescents from low (and middle) social class.
The effects of occupational class transitions on hypertension: racial disparities among working-age men.

PubMed Central

Waitzman, N J; Smith, K R

1994-01-01

OBJECTIVES. This study was undertaken to examine how the interaction between occupational class transitions and race affects the incidence of hypertension. METHODS. A cohort of 1982 men (183 Black), ages 25 to 55, received a baseline medical exam between 1971 and 1975 and a follow-up between 1982 and 1984. Logistic regressions were estimated for hypertension at follow-up controlling for hypertension at baseline, other risk factors associated with blood pressure, and interaction terms identifying specific occupational class transitions among Blacks and Whites. The occupational class matrix was based largely on scores of US Census Bureau occupations from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. RESULTS. Relative to Whites who remained in professional and technical jobs between baseline and follow-up, Blacks and Whites who remained in lower occupational classes or made specific transitions--notably into the lowest class--had significantly higher incidence rates of hypertension. These differences were greater among Blacks, who are also more concentrated in and less likely to move upward from the lower end of the occupational class matrix. CONCLUSIONS. Widening racial disparities in high blood pressure over the period of study may be partly attributable to characteristics associated with occupational class position and dynamics. PMID:8203691
Race, Class, and the Attributional Process.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Graham, Sandra; Long, Anna

1986-01-01

Two experiments were performed to examine the process of attributional thinking in Black and White children who differed in social class. Blacks did not display a less adaptive attributional pattern than did whites following actual performance on exams, and no differences existed in children's understanding of the meaning of causes. (Author/LMO)
Sex differences in obesity, dietary habits, and physical activity among urban middle-class Bangladeshis

PubMed Central

Saquib, Juliann; Saquib, Nazmus; Stefanick, Marcia L.; Khanam, Masuma Akter; Anand, Shuchi; Rahman, Mahbubur; Chertow, Glenn M.; Barry, Michele; Ahmed, Tahmeed; Cullen, Mark R.

2016-01-01

Background The sustained economic growth in Bangladesh during the previous decade has created a substantial middle-class population, who have adequate income to spend on food, clothing, and lifestyle management. Along with the improvements in living standards, has also come negative impact on health for the middle class. The study objective was to assess sex differences in obesity prevalence, diet, and physical activity among urban middle-class Bangladeshi. Methods In this cross-sectional study, conducted in 2012, we randomly selected 402 adults from Mohammedpur, Dhaka. The sampling technique was multi-stage random sampling. We used standardized questionnaires for data collection and measured height, weight, and waist circumference. Results Mean age (standard deviation) was 49.4 (12.7) years. The prevalence of both generalized (79% vs. 53%) and central obesity (85% vs. 42%) were significantly higher in women than men. Women reported spending more time watching TV and spending less time walking than men (p<.05); however, men reported a higher intake of unhealthy foods such as fast food and soft drinks. Conclusions We conclude that the prevalence of obesity is significantly higher in urban middle-class Bangladeshis than previous urban estimates, and the burden of obesity disproportionately affects women. Future research and public health efforts are needed to address this severe obesity problem and to promote active lifestyles. PMID:27610059
Racial Discourse in Predominantly White Classrooms: A Phenomenological Study of Teachers' Lived Experiences Discussing Race

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lee-Nichols, Mary Elizabeth

2012-01-01

This dissertation examines the lived experiences of white middle school teachers in predominantly white rural communities as they discuss race and race issues with students. Using methods of descriptive phenomenology, interviews were conducted with teachers to explore what it was like for them to talk about race in classrooms comprised of only…
Body Dissatisfaction and Characteristics of Disordered Eating among Black and White Early Adolescent Girls and Boys

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jung, Jaehee; Forbes, Gordon B.

2013-01-01

Multiple measures of body dissatisfaction and behaviors associated with disordered eating were studied in 258 White girls, 223 White boys, 106 Black girls, and 82 Black boys. All participants were unpaid volunteers between the ages of 12 and 15 attending six middle schools in Delaware and Maryland. On two self-ideal figure drawing discrepancy…
Balsam Fir Dominant Species Under Rethinned Northern White-Cedar

Treesearch

William F. Johnston

1972-01-01

A 20-year thinning study in a Wisconsin swamp stand of middle-aged northern white-cedar indicates that advance tree reproduction and shrubs grow little under after a second thinning to less than 150 square feet of basal area per acre. Balsam fir will probably dominate this undergrowth, particularly if the area is used heavily by snowshoe hare or white-tailed deer....
Effects of same-sex versus coeducational physical education on the self-perceptions of middle and high school students.

PubMed

Lirgg, C D

1993-09-01

The purpose of this field experiment was to investigate the effects of attending either a coeducational or a same-sex physical education class on several self-perception variables. Middle and high school youth who had previously been in coeducational classes were assigned to either a same-sex or a new coeducational physical education class for a 10-lesson unit of basketball. Analyses were conducted at both the group and the individual levels. Self-perception variables examined included perceived self-confidence of learning basketball, perceived usefulness of basketball, and perceived gender-appropriateness of basketball. Results of hierarchical linear model group level analyses indicated that the variability in groups for self-confidence could be explained by grade, class type, and the interaction between gender and class type. At the individual level, multivariate results showed that, after the unit, males in coeducational classes were significantly more confident in their ability to learn basketball than males in same-sex classes. Also, males in same-sex classes decreased in confidence from pretreatment to posttreatment. Perceived usefulness of basketball emerged as the strongest predictor of self-confidence for learning basketball for both genders. In general, middle school students preferred same-sex classes, whereas high school students preferred coeducational classes.

The Role Behavioral Adjustment Plays in Placing Middle School Students "At Risk" of Academic Failure.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Flynn, Timothy M.

The role of behavioral adjustment in placing middle school students at risk academically is examined using 23 middle school teachers' and 378 parents' ratings of 389 children (53 percent blacks and 47 percent whites) on Conner's Parent Rating Scale and Conner's Teacher Rating Scale. The average rating on the scales for both sets of ratings is…
Cultural and School-Grade Differences in Korean and White American Children's Narrative Skills

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Meesook

2003-03-01

A great deal of ethnographic research describes different communicative styles in Asian and Western countries. Asian cultures emphasise the listener's role in assuring successful communication, whereas Western cultures place the responsibility primarily on the speaker. This pattern suggests that Asian children may develop higher-level receptive skills and Western children may develop higher-level expressive skills. However, the language of children in formal education may develop in certain ways regardless of cultural influences. The present study quantifies the cultural and school-grade differences in language abilities reflected in middle-class Korean and white American children's story-telling and story-listening activities. Thirty-two Korean first- and fourth-grade children and their American counterparts were individually asked to perform two tasks: one producing a story from a series of pictures, and one involving listening to and then retelling a story. The individual interview was transcribed in their native languages and analysed in terms of ambiguity of reference, the number of causal connectors, the amount of information, and the number of central and peripheral idea units that were included in the story retelling. The data provided some empirical evidence for the effects of culture and school education in children's language acquisition.
Parental socialization of sadness regulation in middle childhood: the role of expectations and gender.

PubMed

Cassano, Michael C; Zeman, Janice L

2010-09-01

The authors of this study investigated mothers' and fathers' socialization of their children's sadness. The particular focus was an examination of how socialization practices changed when parents' expectancies concerning their child's sadness management abilities were violated. Methods included an experimental manipulation and direct observation of parent-child interactions in 62 families of White, middle-class children in 3rd and 4th grades. Families were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions. After parents were provided with a description of normative child behavior on a sadness-induction task, feedback was manipulated such that parents in the control condition were told their child had demonstrated typical regulation while parents in the violated-expectancy condition were informed their child did not manage sadness as well as peers. The hypothesis that violated expectancies influence socialization processes was supported, with greater evidence emerging for fathers than mothers. In certain circumstances within the violated-expectancy condition, there was more parental similarity in socialization practices than in the control condition. Further, mother-father comparisons indicated differences in socialization as a function of parent and child gender that were generally consistent with gender stereotypes.
A method for predicting DCT-based denoising efficiency for grayscale images corrupted by AWGN and additive spatially correlated noise

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rubel, Aleksey S.; Lukin, Vladimir V.; Egiazarian, Karen O.

2015-03-01

Results of denoising based on discrete cosine transform for a wide class of images corrupted by additive noise are obtained. Three types of noise are analyzed: additive white Gaussian noise and additive spatially correlated Gaussian noise with middle and high correlation levels. TID2013 image database and some additional images are taken as test images. Conventional DCT filter and BM3D are used as denoising techniques. Denoising efficiency is described by PSNR and PSNR-HVS-M metrics. Within hard-thresholding denoising mechanism, DCT-spectrum coefficient statistics are used to characterize images and, subsequently, denoising efficiency for them. Results of denoising efficiency are fitted for such statistics and efficient approximations are obtained. It is shown that the obtained approximations provide high accuracy of prediction of denoising efficiency.
Family and Individual Patterns in a Group of Middle-Class Dropout Youths.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Franklin, Cynthia

1992-01-01

Examined individual behavioral characteristics and family patterns of 102 middle-class dropout youths. Found that adolescents had variety of disorders, most notably substance abuse disorders, conduct disorders, and adjustment disorders. Many had been victimized through physical abuse, sexual abuse, and chronic family dysfunction. Parental…
Literacy Messages, the Messenger and the Receiver.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fagan, William T.

The message about general literacy standards in Canada (as reported in the Southam Literacy Survey) is that approximately five million Canadians are illiterate. The validity of this message must be challenged because a group of middle-class Canadians with middle-class values established the criteria for being "literate" and felt that all…
Child Abuse by the Middle Class? A Study of Professionals in India.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Segal, Uma A.

1995-01-01

Interviews with 319 middle-class professionals in India found that 57% reported using "acceptable" violence in rearing their children, whereas 42% engaged in "abusive" violence and almost 3% admitted to employing "extreme" violence. Correlations between parental attitudes and/or expectations and the use of different…
"Mugging Up" versus "Exposure": International Schools and Social Mobility in Hyderabad, India

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gilbertson, Amanda

2014-01-01

Drawing on 12 months of fieldwork in Hyderabad, India, this paper describes the emergence of "international" schools that are only accessible to upper-middle class and elite families and provide forms of cultural capital increasingly important for middle-class employment--"communication skills", "open-mindedness" and…
Middle Class Education Strategies and Residential Segregation in Athens

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maloutas, Thomas

2007-01-01

This paper uses census data to investigate educational inequality in different types of residential areas in Athens, focusing on drop-out rates from secondary education, access to higher education and to particular degrees within it. The unequal socio-spatial distribution of educational attainment is linked to antagonistic middle class education…
Middle-Class Mothers on Urban School Selection in Gentrifying Areas

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roberts, Amy; Lakes, Richard D.

2016-01-01

This study examined middle-class mothers' engagement in urban school selection as residents of two gentrifying neighborhoods in Atlanta, Georgia. Gentrifiers levy social capital when activating or exercising agency and create social networks that valorize child-rearing concerns through exchange of information. Thirty mothers with children under…
Using Pseudozoids to Teach Classification and Phylogeny to Middle School Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Freidenberg, Rolfe Jr.; Kelly, Martin G.

2004-01-01

This research compared the outcomes of teaching middle school students two different methods of classification and phylogeny. Two classes were randomly selected and taught using traditional methods of instruction. Three classes were taught using the "Pseudozoid" approach, where students learned to classify, develop and read dichotomous keys, and…
Well-Connected: Exploring Parent Social Networks in a Gentrifying School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cappelletti, Gina A.

2017-01-01

The enrollment and engagement of middle-class families in historically low-income urban public schools can generate school improvements, including increased resources and expanded extracurricular programming. At the same time, prior research has highlighted the marginalization of low-income parents as one consequence of middle-class parent…
Developmental Trajectories of Subjective Social Status.

PubMed

Goodman, Elizabeth; Maxwell, Sarah; Malspeis, Susan; Adler, Nancy

2015-09-01

Subjective social status (SSS), a person's sense of their (or for youth, abstract their family's) position in the socioeconomic hierarchy, is strongly related to health in adults but not health in adolescence. Understanding this developmental discrepancy requires first understanding the developmental trajectory of SSS. The objective of this study was to identify the number and shape of SSS trajectories as adolescents transition to adulthood and explore if trajectory membership affects health. Using data from 7436 assessments from the Princeton School District Study, a decade long cohort study of non-Hispanic black and white youth, latent class growth models with 3 to 7 SSS trajectories were developed. Model fit, trajectory structure, and shape were used to guide optimal model selection. Using this optimal model, the associations of trajectory membership with BMI and depressive symptoms in young adulthood were explored. The 5-class model was optimal. In this model, trajectories were persistent high (7.8%),mid–high (32.2%), middle (43.4%), low–lower (7.4%), and high–low (9.1%). Non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity, lower household income, and low parent education were associated with membership in this high–low trajectory. High–low trajectory membership was associated with higher BMI and depressive symptoms in non-Hispanic white subjects but was not associated with depressive symptoms. It was associated with lower BMI only after adjustment for BMI in adolescence in non-Hispanic black subjects. SSS is relatively stable in adolescence and the transition to adulthood, and it generally reflects objective markers of social advantage. However, socially disadvantaged youth with high SSS in early adolescence may be at increased health risk.
The social competence of Latino kindergartners and growth in mathematical understanding.

PubMed

Galindo, Claudia; Fuller, Bruce

2010-05-01

We know that social competence contributes to young children's adaptation to, and cognitive learning within, classroom settings. Yet initial evidence is mixed on the social competencies that Latino children bring to kindergarten and the extent to which these skills advance cognitive growth. Building from ecocultural and developmental-risk theory, this paper shows children's social competence to be adaptive to the normative expectations and cognitive requirements of culturally bounded settings in both the home and classroom. Latino socialization in the home may yield social competencies that teachers value rather than reflect "risk factors" that constrain children's school readiness. We draw on the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, kindergarten cohort (N = 19,590) to detail 5 social competencies at entry to school--self-control, interpersonal skills, approaches to learning, internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors--and to examine variability among Latino subgroups. We then test the extent to which baseline variation in social competence accounts for children's cognitive growth during the kindergarten year. We find that Latino children from poor, but not middle-class, families display weaker social competencies vis-à-vis White children (all relationships p < or = .05). Social competence levels contribute to Latino children's cognitive growth, which is shaped most strongly by positive approaches to learning. The disparities in competencies observed for Latino children from poor families, relative to White children, are significant yet much smaller than gaps in baseline levels of mathematical understanding. We discuss how the consonance or mismatch between competencies acquired at home and those valued by teachers must consider cultural differences, social-class position, and variation among diverse Latino subgroups. 2010 APA, all rights reserved
Influence of socioeconomic factors and race on birth outcomes in urban Milwaukee.

PubMed

Ward, Trina C Salm; Mori, Naoyo; Patrick, Timothy B; Madsen, Mary K; Cisler, Ron A

2010-10-01

A national study found that infants born in low socioeconomic areas had the worst infant mortality rates (IMRs) and the highest racial disparity. Racial disparities in birth outcomes are also evident in the city of Milwaukee, with African American infants at 3 times greater the risk than white infants. This study was conducted to examine the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) and race on birth outcomes in the city of Milwaukee. Milwaukee ZIP codes were stratified into lower, middle, and upper SES groups. IMR, low birth weight, and preterm birth rates by race were analyzed by SES group for the years 2003 to 2007. The overall IMR for the lower, middle, and upper SES groups were 12.4, 10.7, and 7.7, respectively. The largest racial disparity in IMR (3.1) was in the middle SES group, versus lower (1.6) and upper (1.8) SES groups. The overall percent of low birth weight infants for the lower, middle, and upper SES groups was 10.9%, 9.5%, and 7.5%, respectively. Racial disparity ratios in low birth weight were 2.0, 1.9, and 1.9 for lower, middle and upper SES groups. The overall percent of preterm birth was 15.4%, 13.2%, and 10.6% of births within the lower, middle, and upper SES groups, respectively, with a disparity ratio of 1.6 across all SES groups. For all outcomes, African American infants born in the upper SES group fared the same or worse than white infants born in the lower SES group. Although higher SES appeared to have a protective effect for whites in Milwaukee, it did not have the same protective effect for African Americans.
White Working-Class Male Narratives of "Loyalty to Self" in Discourses of Aspiration

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stahl, Garth

2016-01-01

This paper intends to show the processes and identity negotiations of white working-class boys surrounding their own learner-identity within a "raising aspirations" rhetoric. The current dominant neoliberal discourse, which prioritizes a view of aspiration that is competitive, economic, and status-based, shapes the subjectivities of…
Exploring the Phenomenology of Whiteness in a Swedish Preschool Class

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schwarz, Eva; Lindqvist, Beatriz

2018-01-01

This article explores how constructions of identity, race and difference permeate and are challenged in a Swedish preschool class. The study is informed by theories of phenomenology and critical whiteness. Data are drawn from a larger ethnographic study conducted in an ethnically diverse preschool. The purpose of the study was to explore how…
Raising the Achievement of White Working Class Pupils: Good Practice in Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lewis, Kirstin; Demie, Feyisa

2015-01-01

This research identifies strategies that schools have used to raise achievement among white working class pupils in multiracial schools. The methodological approach comprises case studies of schools and focus group interviews to ascertain the views of teachers, parents and children about strategies that worked to raise achievement. The study…
Pointing with Power or Creating with Chalk

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rudow, Sasha R.; Finck, Joseph E.

2015-01-01

This study examines the attitudes of students on the use of PowerPoint and chalk/white boards in college science lecture classes. Students were asked to complete a survey regarding their experiences with PowerPoint and chalk/white boards in their science classes. Both multiple-choice and short answer questions were used. The multiple-choice…
A First-Year White Teacher Working with Children of Color: An Investigation into the Meaning of "Trial by Fire."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marx, Sherry

The idea that a white teacher working predominantly with children of color might have problems because of the inability to understand where the students are coming from or because of racial/ethnic biases is supported in various branches of educational literature. This study investigates a first-year white teacher working in a middle school where…

In the Middle: Factors Affecting a Black Male's Decision to Join a Traditionally White Fraternity at a Large Diverse Institution

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Winkler, Matthew J.

2014-01-01

The purpose of this qualitative study is to examine the pre-college factors, attitudes, and experiences of black men who joined traditionally white fraternities (TWFs) at large public predominantly white institutions (PWIs) over approximately the past four decades. These factors, with special emphasis on issues of identity, self- and group-esteem,…
A Diverse Family of Host-Defense Peptides (Piscidins) Exhibit Specialized Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Protozoal Activities in Fishes.

PubMed

Salger, Scott A; Cassady, Katherine R; Reading, Benjamin J; Noga, Edward J

2016-01-01

Conventional antibiotics and other chemical-based drugs are currently one of the most common methods used to control disease-related mortality in animal agriculture. Use of the innate immune system to decrease disease related mortalities is a novel alternative to conventional drugs. One component of the innate immune system is the host-defense peptides, also known as antimicrobial peptides. Host-defense peptides are typically small, amphipathic, α-helical peptides with a broad-spectrum of action against viral, bacterial, fungal, and/or protozoal pathogens. Piscidins are host-defense peptides first discovered in the hybrid striped bass (white bass, Morone chrysops, x striped bass, M. saxatilis). In this paper we identify four new piscidin isoforms in the hybrid striped bass and describe their tissue distributions. We also determine the progenitor species of origin of each piscidin (orthology) and propose a revised nomenclature for this newly described piscidin family based on a three class system. The Class I piscidins (22 amino acids in length; striped bass and white bass piscidin 1 and piscidin 3) show broad-spectrum activity against bacteria and ciliated protozoans, while the Class III piscidins (55 amino acids in length; striped bass and white bass piscidin 6 and striped bass piscidin 7) primarily show anti-protozoal activity. The Class II piscidins (44-46 amino acids in length; striped bass and white bass piscidin 4 and white bass piscidin 5) have a level of activity against bacteria and protozoans intermediate to Classes I and III. Knowledge of piscidin function and activity may help in the future development of disease-resistant lines of striped bass and white bass that could be used to produce superior hybrids for aquaculture.
Latent Classes of Substance Use Among American Indian and White Students Living on or Near Reservations, 2009-2013.

PubMed

Stanley, Linda R; Swaim, Randall C

2018-01-01

American Indian adolescents who reside on or near reservations report higher levels of substance use than adolescents in other racial/ethnic groups. Little research has addressed patterns of use, which have important implications for prevention and treatment planning. The objective of our study was to describe substance use among a large, population-based sample of American Indian and white students who lived on or near reservations. We obtained data from 4964 students in grades 7-12 attending 46 schools on or near reservations throughout the United States during 4 academic years (2009-2013). Measures assessed current substance use for alcohol, heavy drinking, marijuana, cigarettes, inhalants, and other drugs. We used latent class analysis to identify patterns of substance use by grade group (grades 7-8 and grades 9-12) and race (American Indian or white). For American Indians in both grade groups, we found 4 classes of substance use (in order of size): (1) nonusers; (2) marijuana and cigarette users; (3) alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette users; and (4) polysubstance users. For white students, we found 2 classes (nonusers and polysubstance users) among younger students and 4 classes (nonusers; alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette users; alcohol and cigarette users; and polysubstance users) among older students. We found significant differences in substance use patterns, especially at younger ages, between reservation American Indian students and white students attending the same schools. Combinations of substances used by American Indian adolescents were most likely to include marijuana, as compared with alcohol for white adolescents. Identifying subpopulations of users allows the design of interventions that will more efficiently and effectively address prevention and treatment needs of groups of individuals than would a one-size-fits-all approach.
At S.C. School, Behavior Is One of the Basics: A Charleston Middle School Joins the Growing Number Nationwide That Use PBIS Strategies to Teach

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shah, Nirvi

2012-01-01

Learning "how to be a Haut Gap student" is one of the basics at Charleston's Haut Gap Middle School. Along with reading, science, and mathematics classes, every student at Haut Gap Middle School takes a course in how to be a Haut Gap student. For most students, the class is 40 minutes a day for nine weeks. But it can last 18 weeks for…
Trends in overweight among women differ by occupational class: results from 33 low- and middle-income countries in the period 1992-2009.

PubMed

Lopez-Arana, S; Avendano, M; van Lenthe, F J; Burdorf, A

2014-01-01

There has been an increase in overweight among women in low- and middle-income countries but whether these trends differ for women in different occupations is unknown. We examined trends by occupational class among women from 33 low- and middle-income countries in four regions. Cross-national study with repeated cross-sectional demographic health surveys. Height and weight were assessed at least twice between 1992 and 2009 in 248,925 women aged 25-49 years. Interviews were conducted to assess occupational class, age, place of residence, educational level, household wealth index, parity, age at first birth and breastfeeding. We used logistic and linear regression analyses to assess the annual percent change in overweight (body mass index >25 kg m(-2)) by occupational class. The prevalence of overweight ranged from 2.2% in Nepal in 1992-1997 to 75% in Egypt in 2004-2009. In all the four regions, women working in agriculture had consistently lower prevalence of overweight, while women from professional, technical, managerial as well as clerical occupational classes had higher prevalence. Although the prevalence of overweight increased in all the occupational classes in most regions, women working in agriculture and production experienced the largest increase in overweight over the study period, while women in higher occupational classes experienced smaller increases. To illustrate, overweight increased annually by 0.5% in Latin America and the Caribbean and by 0.7% in Sub-Saharan Africa among women from professional, technical and managerial classes, as compared with 2.8% and 3.7%, respectively, among women in agriculture. The prevalence of overweight has increased in most low- and middle-income countries, but women working in agriculture and production have experienced larger increases than women in higher occupational classes.
Features of Home Environments Associated with Children's School Success.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Martini, Mary

1995-01-01

Examines middle-class child-rearing philosophies and practices and their effect on children's academic success. Suggests that middle-class parenting practices reflect a coherent set of cultural beliefs about the relation of the individual to the group and about the parents' role in bringing children into the group. Suggests that these beliefs…
Fathering to Ensure Child's Success: What Urban Indian Fathers Do?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sriram, Rajalakshmi; Sandhu, Gurprit Kaur

2013-01-01

In a globalizing urban India, middle-class parents are extremely anxious about their child's success and future in a competitive world. In this context, the present article attempts to capture middle-class educated Indian fathers' thoughts, feelings, and contributions in ensuring children's success, through primary research conducted in the city…
Politics, Religion and Morals: The Symbolism of Public Schooling for the Urban Middle-Class Identity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rowe, Emma E.

2016-01-01

Research points to sections of the middle-class repopulating the "ordinary" urban public school and whilst there are key differences in how they are navigating public school choices, from "seeking a critical mass" to resisting traditional methods of choice and going "against-the-grain", or collectively campaigning for…
Improving Secondary School Students' Achievement using Intrinsic Motivation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Albrecht, Erik; Haapanen, Rebecca; Hall, Erin; Mantonya, Michelle

2009-01-01

This report describes a program for increasing students' intrinsic motivation in an effort to increase academic achievement. The targeted population consisted of secondary level students in a middle to upper-middle class suburban area. The students of the targeted secondary level classes appeared to be disengaged from learning due to a lack of…
Socialization Environments of Chinese and Euro-American Middle-Class Babies: Parenting Behaviors, Verbal Discourses and Ethnotheories

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Keller, Heidi; Abels, Monika; Borke, Jorn; Lamm, Bettina; Su, Yanjie; Wang, Yifang; Lo, Wingshan

2007-01-01

Children's socialization environments reflect cultural models of parenting. In particular, Euro-American and Chinese families have been described as following different socialization scripts. The present study assesses parenting behaviors as well as parenting ethnotheories with respect to three-month-old babies in middle-class families in Los…
Parental Involvement and University Graduate Employment in China

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Liu, Dian

2016-01-01

In the expanded higher education in China, middle-class students are found to have better access to job information than their underprivileged counterparts; they also gain better jobs in the labour market. Researchers have turned to social capital theory to explain this phenomenon, claiming that middle-class students with wider social network and…
"The Cosby Show": The View from the Black Middle Class.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Inniss, Leslie B.; Feagin, Joe R.

1995-01-01

Examines the black middle-class response to "The Cosby Show." The study asked about the portrayal of blacks in the media, but did not specifically ask about "The Cosby Show." Results from 100 respondents revealed two significant aspects: that the show renders black problems as irrelevant and that it fosters hope and optimism…
Inclusion Professional Development Model and Regular Middle School Educators

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Royster, Otelia; Reglin, Gary L.; Losike-Sedimo, Nonofo

2014-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of a professional development model on regular education middle school teachers' knowledge of best practices for teaching inclusive classes and attitudes toward teaching these classes. There were 19 regular education teachers who taught the core subjects. Findings for Research Question 1…
Middle School Choreography Class: Two Parallel but Different Worlds

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Minton, Sandra

2007-01-01

This research explored how middle school students construct meaning from their dance-making experiences in comparison to the meaning attached to these experiences by an outside observer, the researcher. An interpretive methodology was used to study two nine-week-long dance classes taught at a private K-12 school. Eleven students enrolled in the…
7 CFR 28.413 - Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.413 Section 28.413... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.413 Middling Light Spotted Color. Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is between Middling...
7 CFR 28.413 - Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.413 Section 28.413... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.413 Middling Light Spotted Color. Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is between Middling...
7 CFR 28.413 - Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.413 Section 28.413... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.413 Middling Light Spotted Color. Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is between Middling...
7 CFR 28.413 - Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.413 Section 28.413... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.413 Middling Light Spotted Color. Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is between Middling...
7 CFR 28.413 - Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.413 Section 28.413... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.413 Middling Light Spotted Color. Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is between Middling...
Intergroup Stereotypes of Working Class Blacks and Whites: Implications for Stereotype Threat.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Niemann, Yolanda Flores; O'Connor, Elizabeth; McClorie, Randall

1998-01-01

Examined stereotypes of urban blacks and whites at a flea market with 68 black respondents, and at another flea market with 20 white respondents. Cluster-analysis results show that blacks have a relatively complex, multidimensional representation of themselves and of whites, while whites seem to have a more simplistic and negative view of blacks.…

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