49 CFR 214.507 - Required safety equipment for new on-track roadway maintenance machines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...) A seat for each operator, except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section; (2) A safe and secure position with handholds, handrails, or a secure seat for each roadway worker transported on the machine... windshield wipers are incompatible with the windshield material; (5) A machine braking system capable of...

49 CFR 214.507 - Required safety equipment for new on-track roadway maintenance machines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...) A seat for each operator, except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section; (2) A safe and secure position with handholds, handrails, or a secure seat for each roadway worker transported on the machine... windshield wipers are incompatible with the windshield material; (5) A machine braking system capable of...

49 CFR 214.507 - Required safety equipment for new on-track roadway maintenance machines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...) A seat for each operator, except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section; (2) A safe and secure position with handholds, handrails, or a secure seat for each roadway worker transported on the machine... windshield wipers are incompatible with the windshield material; (5) A machine braking system capable of...

Test and Evaluation Report of the IMED Volumetric Infusion Pump Model 960A

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-02-01

tested Ambient tempera- ture was out of test lim- its. Windshield anti-ice X Pitot heat X Vent blower X Windshield wiper X Heater X APU X Generator #1 X...Patterson John A. Dellinger, Air Force Base, OH 45433 Southwest Research Institute P. 0. Box 28510 Henry L. Taylor San Antonio, TX 78284 Director

Effect of topical rebamipide on goblet cells in the lid wiper of human conjunctiva

PubMed Central

Kase, Satoru; Shinohara, Toshiya; Kase, Manabu; Ishida, Susumu

2017-01-01

It has been demonstrated that topical administration of rebamipide, which is an antiulcer agent, increases the mucin level of the tear film and ameliorates ocular surface conditions such as lid wiper epitheliopathy. The aim of the present study was to analyze the changes in goblet cell number, cell proliferation, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) induced by topical rebamipide addition to the lid wiper of humans. A total of 30 eyelid tissue samples were obtained during involutional entropion surgeries, fixed in paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and divided into two groups: Rebamipide or non-rebamipide. The tissues in the rebamipide group were obtained from patients who had a medical history of topical rebamipide use prior to surgery. The number of goblet cells was counted under light microscopy. A total of 22 eyelid tissue samples were further examined using immunohistochemistry with anti-Ki-67 and anti-EGFR antibodies to evaluate cell proliferation and EGFR expression, respectively. Histologically, the lid wiper and palpebral conjunctiva were clearly identified in the tissues. The number of goblet cells was significantly higher in the rebamipide group compared with the non-rebamipide group (P=0.0367). There was no significant difference in lid wiper cell proliferation between the rebamipide and non-rebamipide groups. Immunohistochemistry revealed that EGFR levels in the lid wiper epithelial cells were significantly higher in the rebamipide group compared with the non-rebamipide group (P=0.0237). These results suggest that topical rebamipide application increases the number of goblet cells in the lid wiper, which in turn upregulates the expression of EGFR. These findings may be clinically relevant and provide a therapeutic basis for the treatment of ocular disease such as dry eye and lid wiper epitheliopathy. PMID:28587435

Effect of topical rebamipide on goblet cells in the lid wiper of human conjunctiva.

PubMed

Kase, Satoru; Shinohara, Toshiya; Kase, Manabu; Ishida, Susumu

2017-06-01

It has been demonstrated that topical administration of rebamipide, which is an antiulcer agent, increases the mucin level of the tear film and ameliorates ocular surface conditions such as lid wiper epitheliopathy. The aim of the present study was to analyze the changes in goblet cell number, cell proliferation, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) induced by topical rebamipide addition to the lid wiper of humans. A total of 30 eyelid tissue samples were obtained during involutional entropion surgeries, fixed in paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and divided into two groups: Rebamipide or non-rebamipide. The tissues in the rebamipide group were obtained from patients who had a medical history of topical rebamipide use prior to surgery. The number of goblet cells was counted under light microscopy. A total of 22 eyelid tissue samples were further examined using immunohistochemistry with anti-Ki-67 and anti-EGFR antibodies to evaluate cell proliferation and EGFR expression, respectively. Histologically, the lid wiper and palpebral conjunctiva were clearly identified in the tissues. The number of goblet cells was significantly higher in the rebamipide group compared with the non-rebamipide group (P=0.0367). There was no significant difference in lid wiper cell proliferation between the rebamipide and non-rebamipide groups. Immunohistochemistry revealed that EGFR levels in the lid wiper epithelial cells were significantly higher in the rebamipide group compared with the non-rebamipide group (P=0.0237). These results suggest that topical rebamipide application increases the number of goblet cells in the lid wiper, which in turn upregulates the expression of EGFR. These findings may be clinically relevant and provide a therapeutic basis for the treatment of ocular disease such as dry eye and lid wiper epitheliopathy.

Variable resistance constant tension and lubrication device. [using oil-saturated leather wiper

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, H. J. (Inventor)

1974-01-01

A variable resistance device is described which includes a cylindrical housing having elongated resistance wires. A movable arm having a supporting block carried on the outer end is rotatably carried by the cylindrical housing. An arcuate steel spring member is pivotally supported by the movable arm. A leather wiper member is carried adjacent to one end of the spring steel member, and an electrically conductive surface is carried adjacent to the other end. The supporting block maintains the spring steel member in compression so that a constant pressure is applied to the conductive end of the spring steel member and the leather wiper. The leather wiper is saturated with a lubricating oil for maintaining the resistance wire clean as the movable arm is manipulated.

Lid wiper microvascular responses as an indicator of contact lens discomfort

PubMed Central

Deng, Zhihong; Wang, Jianhua; Jiang, Hong; Fadli, Zohra; Liu, Che; Tan, Jia; Zhou, Jin

2016-01-01

Purpose To analyze quantitatively the alterations in the microvascular network of the upper tarsal conjunctiva, lid wiper, and bulbar conjunctiva relative to ocular discomfort after contact lens wear. Design A prospective, cross-over clinical study. Methods Functional slit-lamp biomicroscopy (FSLB) was used to image the microvascular network of the upper tarsal conjunctiva, lid wiper, and bulbar conjunctiva. The microvascular network was automatically segmented, and fractal analyses were performed to yield the fractal dimension (Dbox) that represented vessel density. Sixteen healthy subjects (nine female and seven male) with an average age of 35.5 ± 6.7 years old (mean ± standard deviation) were recruited. The right eye was imaged at 9 AM and 3 PM at the first visit (Day 1) when the subject was not wearing contact lenses. During the second visit (Day 2), the right eye was fit with a contact lens for 6 h. Microvascular imaging was performed before (at 9 AM) and after lens wear (at 3 PM). Ocular comfort was rated using a 50-point visual analogue scale before and after 6 h of lens wear, and its relationships with microvascular parameters were analyzed. Results There were no significant differences in Dbox among the upper tarsal conjunctiva, lid wiper, and bulbar conjunctiva among the measurements at 9 AM (Day 1 and Day 2) and 3 PM (Day 1) when the subjects were not wearing the lenses (P > 0.05), whereas after 6 h of lens wear, the microvascular network densities were increased in all three of these locations. Dbox of the lid wiper increased from 1.411 ± 0.116 to 1.548 ± 0.079 after 6 h of contact lens wear (P < 0.01). Dbox of the tarsal conjunctiva was 1.731 ± 0.026 at baseline and increased to 1.740 ± 0.030 (P < 0.05). Dbox of the bulbar conjunctiva increased from 1.587 ± 0.059 to 1.632 ± 0.060 (P < 0.001). The decrease in ocular discomfort was strongly related to the Dbox change in the lid wiper (r = 0.61, P < 0.05). There were no correlations between the

Space Shuttle Orbiter windshield bird impact analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Edelstein, Karen S.; Mccarty, Robert E.

1988-01-01

The NASA Space Shuttle Orbiter's windshield employs three glass panes separated by air gaps. The brittleness of the glass offers much less birdstrike energy-absorption capability than the laminated polycarbonate windshields of more conventional aircraft; attention must accordingly be given to the risk of catastrophic bird impact, and to methods of strike prevention that address bird populations around landing sites rather than the modification of the window's design. Bird populations' direct reduction, as well as careful scheduling of Orbiter landing times, are suggested as viable alternatives. The question of birdstrike-resistant glass windshield design for hypersonic aerospacecraft is discussed.

14 CFR 29.1307 - Miscellaneous equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Equipment General § 29.1307 Miscellaneous equipment. The... arrangement for electrical circuits other than ignition. (c) Hand fire extinguishers. (d) A windshield wiper...

49 CFR 571.219 - Standard No. 219; Windshield zone intrusion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... contact with the windshield, shall penetrate the protected zone template, affixed according to S6, to a... simultaneously contacts the inner surface of the windshield glazing and the surface of the instrument panel... surface of the windshield. (c) The locus of lines forming a 45° angle with the outer surface of the...

49 CFR 214.507 - Required safety equipment for new on-track roadway maintenance machines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... glass, or other material with similar properties, if the machine is designed with a windshield. Each new... wipers or suitable alternatives that provide the machine operator an equivalent level of vision if...

Flow field survey near the rotational plane of an advanced design propeller on a JetStar airplane

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Walsh, K. R.

1985-01-01

An investigation was conducted to obtain upper fuselage surface static pressures and boundary layer velocity profiles below the centerline of an advanced design propeller. This investigation documents the upper fuselage velocity flow field in support of the in-flight acoustic tests conducted on a JetStar airplane. Initial results of the boundary layer survey show evidence of an unusual flow disturbance, which is attributed to the two windshield wiper assemblies on the aircraft. The assemblies were removed, eliminating the disturbances from the flow field. This report presents boundary layer velocity profiles at altitudes of 6096 and 9144 m (20,000 and 30,000 ft) and Mach numbers from 0.6 to 0.8, and it investigated the effects of windshield wiper assemblies on these profiles. Because of the unconventional velocity profiles that were obtained with the assemblies mounted, classical boundary layer parameters, such as momentum and displacement thicknesses, are not presented. The effects of flight test variables (Mach number and angles of attack and sideslip) and an advanced design propeller on boundary layer profiles - with the wiper assemblies mounted and removed - are presented.

Rationale for windshield glass system specification requirements for shuttle orbiter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hayashida, K.; King, G. L.; Tesinsiky, J.; Wittenburg, D. R.

1972-01-01

A preliminary procurement specification for the space shuttle orbiter windshield pane, and some of the design considerations and rationale leading to its development are presented. The windshield designer is given the necessary methods and procedures for assuring glass pane structural integrity by proof test. These methods and procedures are fully developed for annealed and thermally tempered aluminosilicate, borosilicate, and soda lime glass and for annealed fused silica. Application of the method to chemically tempered glass is considered. Other considerations are vision requirements, protection against bird impact, hail, frost, rain, and meteoroids. The functional requirements of the windshield system during landing, ferrying, boost, space flight, and entry are included.

Silver-nanoparticle-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering wiper for the detection of dye adulteration of medicinal herbs.

PubMed

Li, Dan; Zhu, Qingxia; Lv, Diya; Zheng, Binxing; Liu, Yanhua; Chai, Yifeng; Lu, Feng

2015-08-01

By using a silver nanoparticle wiper as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate, a highly sensitive, convenient, and rapid platform for detecting dye adulteration of medicinal herbs was obtained. Commercially available filter paper was functionalized with silver nanoparticles to transform it into the flexible wiper. This device was found to collect dye molecules with unprecedented ease. Experiments were performed to optimize various factors such as the type of wiper used, the wetting reagent, and the wetting/wiping mode and time. Excellent wiper performance was observed in the detection of the simulated adulteration of samples with dyes at various concentrations. The limits of detection for nine dyes, including 10(-6) g/mL for malachite green, 10(-7) g/mL for Rhodamine 6G, and 5 × 10(-8) g/mL for methylene blue, were discerned. The results of this investigation show that this proposed method is potentially highly advantageous for field-based applications. Graphical Abstract Schematic diagram illustrating the fabrication of the paper-based SERS substrate, sample collection process on a herb and SERS examination with the portable Raman spectrometer.

Assessment of Operational Progress of NASA Langley Developed Windshield and Microphone for Infrasound

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-01

Assessment of Operational Progress of NASA Langley Developed Windshield and Microphone for Infrasound by W.C. Kirkpatrick Alberts, II...Windshield and Microphone for Infrasound W.C. Kirkpatrick Alberts, II, Stephen M. Tenney, and John M. Noble Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate...2013 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Assessment of Operational Progress of NASA Langley Developed Windshield and Microphone for Infrasound 5a. CONTRACT

Numerical Investigation on Head and Brain Injuries Caused by Windshield Impact on Riders Using Electric Self-Balancing Scooters

PubMed Central

Zheng, Yanting; Shen, Ming; Yang, Xianfeng

2018-01-01

To investigate head-brain injuries caused by windshield impact on riders using electric self-balancing scooters (ESS). Numerical vehicle ESS crash scenarios are constructed by combining the finite element (FE) vehicle model and multibody scooter/rider models. Impact kinematic postures of the head-windshield contact under various impact conditions are captured. Then, the processes during head-windshield contact are reconstructed using validated FE head/laminated windshield models to assess the severity of brain injury caused by the head-windshield contact. Governing factors, such as vehicle speed, ESS speed, and the initial orientation of ESS rider, have nontrivial influences over the severity of a rider's brain injuries. Results also show positive correlations between vehicle speed and head-windshield impact speeds (linear and angular). Meanwhile, the time of head-windshield contact happens earlier when the vehicle speed is faster. According to the intensive study, windshield-head contact speed (linear and angular), impact location on the windshield, and head collision area are found to be direct factors on ESS riders' brain injuries during an impact. The von Mises stress and shear stress rise when relative contact speed of head-windshield increases. Brain injury indices vary widely when the head impacting the windshield from center to the edge or impacting with different areas. PMID:29770161

14 CFR 125.213 - Miscellaneous equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... provided for transferring an instrument from its primary operating system to an alternative system, the...) A windshield wiper or equivalent for each pilot station. (c) A power supply and distribution system... distribution system fails. The use of common elements in the system may be approved if the Administrator finds...

14 CFR 125.213 - Miscellaneous equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... provided for transferring an instrument from its primary operating system to an alternative system, the...) A windshield wiper or equivalent for each pilot station. (c) A power supply and distribution system... distribution system fails. The use of common elements in the system may be approved if the Administrator finds...

14 CFR 125.213 - Miscellaneous equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... provided for transferring an instrument from its primary operating system to an alternative system, the...) A windshield wiper or equivalent for each pilot station. (c) A power supply and distribution system... distribution system fails. The use of common elements in the system may be approved if the Administrator finds...

14 CFR 125.213 - Miscellaneous equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... provided for transferring an instrument from its primary operating system to an alternative system, the...) A windshield wiper or equivalent for each pilot station. (c) A power supply and distribution system... distribution system fails. The use of common elements in the system may be approved if the Administrator finds...

14 CFR 125.213 - Miscellaneous equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... provided for transferring an instrument from its primary operating system to an alternative system, the...) A windshield wiper or equivalent for each pilot station. (c) A power supply and distribution system... distribution system fails. The use of common elements in the system may be approved if the Administrator finds...

An Investigation of the Drag of Windshields in the 8-Foot High-Speed Wind Tunnel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Robinson, Russell G.; Delano, James B.

1939-01-01

The drag of closed-cockpit and transport-type windshields was determined from tests made at speeds from 200 to 440 miles per hour in the NACA 8-foot high-speed wind tunnel. This speed range corresponds to a test Reynolds number range of 2,510,000 to 4,830,000 based on the mean aerodynamic chord of the full-span model (17.29 inches). The shapes of the windshield proper, the hood, and the tail fairing were systematically varied to include common types and a refined design. Transport types varied from a reproduction of a current type to a completely faired windshield. The results show that the drag of windshields of the same frontal area, on airplanes of small to medium size, may account for 15% of the airplane drag or may be reduced to 1%. Optimum values are given for windshield and tail-fairing lengths; the effect, at various radii is shown. The longitudinal profile of a windshield is shown to be most important and the transverse profile, to be much less important. The effects of retaining strips, of steps for telescoping hoods, and of recessed windows are determined. The results show that the drag of transport-type windshields may account for 21% of the fuselage drag or may be reduced to 2%.

Design, Test, and Acceptance Criteria for Helicopter Transparent Enclosures

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-11-01

point is a mass center of gravity at a specified station. Flight Path 24 YVertical Acceleration Pitching Acceleration N 2-51g = 1.89 rad/sec 2 Figure 59...rubber wiper blades would otherwise be incapable of abrading ntost windshield meterials . Aaratus The apparatus consisted of a specimen holding fixture

Experimental Marvin Windshield Effects on Precipitation Records in Leadville, Colorado

USGS Publications Warehouse

Jarrett, Robert D.; Crow, Loren W.

1988-01-01

An evaluation of the Leadville, Colorado, precipitation records that include a reported record-breaking storm (and flood) at higher elevations in the Rocky Mountains has indicated that the use of an experimental Marvin windshield (designed to decrease the effects of wind on precipitation-gage catchment of snow during winter) resulted in substantially overregistered summer precipitation for 1919 to 1938. The July monthly precipitation for these years was over-registered by an average of 157 percent of the long-term July monthly precipitation at Leadville. The cause of the overregistration of precipitation was the almost 4-foot-top-diameter cone-shaped windshield that had the effect of 'funneling' hail and rain splash into the rain gage. Other nearby precipitation gages, which did not use this Marvin windshield, did not have this trend of increased precipitation for the same period. Streamflow records from the Leadville area also do not indicate an increase in streamflow from 1919 to 1938.

Automobile windshield washer fluid: A potential source of transmission for Legionella.

PubMed

Schwake, David Otto; Alum, Absar; Abbaszadegan, Morteza

2015-09-01

Epidemiological evidence suggesting driving cars to be a risk factor for legionellosis has prompted public health studies to investigate vehicle windshield washer fluid as a novel transmission source of this disease. The goal of the current study was to investigate whether or not windshield washer fluid could serve as a potential source of transmission for Legionella. A wide variation in the survival of L. pneumophila was observed when incubated in different washer fluids at 25 and 37 °C, however, one brand tested supported Legionella survival similar to or greater than sterilized deionized water. In addition, 1 L of tap water contained in a washer fluid reservoir was able to support population growth and survival of Legionella for several months. In a field study examining the windshield washer fluid of 12 elementary school buses, Legionella were detected from 84% of samples at a high concentration of 8.1×10(4) CFU/mL. Culturable cells were also detected in aerosolized washer fluid during washer fluid spray. By demonstrating survival in certain windshield washer fluids, growth within washer fluid reservoirs, and the presence of viable cells in bus washer fluid spray, we have provided evidence suggesting the potential for a novel route of Legionella exposure. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Development Of HUD Combiner For Automotive Windshield Application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hattori, Akimasa; Makita, Kensuke; Okabayashi, Shigeru

1989-12-01

The head-up display system (HUM) has been developed for the windshield of Nissan Motor's passenger car, '88 model of Silvia (240SX) and '89 model of Maxima. HUD consists of a projector with high brightness VFT and a combiner which is a light-selective reflective film applied on the surface of ' e windshield. The system provides nice display legibility of speed in a three-digit reap at the position more than one meter far from driver's eye even under the bright sunlight. In this report, we present the optical properties and manufacturing process of the advanced combiner. The combiner has to have high transmittance as well as high reflectance so that a driver can see both foreground object and display reading at the same time. The optical design for the combiner is based on the concepts: (a) Visible light transmittance has to be 70% or more in accordance with a legal requirement, and (b) taking both peak wavelengths of Vim' and sensitivity characteristics of human eyes into consideration, 530nm of wave length is chosen as a reflective light. The combiner consists of a dielectric thin layer of Ti02-Si02 system. Its basic structure is decided by simulation with matrix method of the resultant waves. The coating film is applied on the restricted area of the forth surface of laminated windshield by newly developed solgel printing process using a metal alkoxide solution with a relatively long storage life.

Improved Airplane Windshields to Provide Vision in Stormy Weather

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Clay, William C

1935-01-01

This report presents the results of wind tunnel tests to determine possible improvements in the design of airplane windshields, particularly with respect to the pilot's vision from the cabin in stormy weather.

A Method for Calculating the Heat Required for Windshield Thermal Ice Prevention Based on Extensive Flight Tests in Natural Icing Conditions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, Alun R; Holdaway, George H; Steinmetz, Charles P

1947-01-01

An equation is presented for calculating the heat flow required from the surface of an internally heated windshield in order to prevent the formation of ice accretions during flight in specified icing conditions. To ascertain the validity of the equation, comparison is made between calculated values of the heat required and measured values obtained for test windshields in actual flights in icing conditions. The test windshields were internally heated and provided data applicable to two common types of windshield configurations; namely the V-type and the type installed flush with the fuselage contours. These windshields were installed on a twin-engine cargo airplane and the icing flights were conducted over a large area of the United States during the winters of 1945-46 and 1946-47. In addition to the internally heated windshield investigation, some test data were obtained for a windshield ice-prevention system in which heated air was discharged into the windshield boundary layer. The general conclusions resulting from this investigation are as follows: 1) The amount of heat required for the prevention of ice accretions on both flush- and V-type windshields during flight in specified icing conditions can be calculated with a degree of accuracy suitable for design purposes. 2) A heat flow of 2000 to 2500 Btu per hour per square foot is required for complete and continuous protection of a V-type windshield in fight at speeds up to 300 miles per hour in a moderate cumulus icing condition. For the same degree of protection and the same speed range, a value of 1000 Btu per hour per square foot suffices in a moderate stratus icing condition. 3) A heat supply of 1000 Btu per hour per square foot is adequate for a flush windshield located well aft of the fuselage stagnation region, at speeds up to 300 miles per hour, for flight in both stratus and moderate cumulus icing conditions. 4) The external air discharge system of windshield thermal ice prevention is thermally

Assessment of Levels of Ultraviolet A Light Protection in Automobile Windshields and Side Windows.

PubMed

Boxer Wachler, Brian S

2016-07-01

Ultraviolet A (UV-A) light is associated with the risks of cataract and skin cancer. To assess the level of UV-A light protection in the front windshields and side windows of automobiles. In this cross-sectional study, 29 automobiles from 15 automobile manufacturers were analyzed. The outside ambient UV-A radiation, along with UV-A radiation behind the front windshield and behind the driver's side window of all automobiles, was measured. The years of the automobiles ranged from 1990 to 2014, with an average year of 2010. The automobile dealerships were located in Los Angeles, California. Amount of UV-A blockage from windshields and side windows. The average percentage of front-windshield UV-A blockage was 96% (range, 95%-98% [95% CI, 95.7%-96.3%]) and was higher than the average percentage of side-window blockage, which was 71% (range, 44%-96% [95% CI, 66.4%-75.6%]). The difference between these average percentages is 25% (95% CI, 21%-30% [P < .001]). A high level of side-window UV-A blockage (>90%) was found in 4 of 29 automobiles (13.8%). The level of front-windshield UV-A protection was consistently high among automobiles. The level of side-window UV-A protection was lower and highly variable. These results may in part explain the reported increased rates of cataract in left eyes and left-sided facial skin cancer. Automakers may wish to consider increasing the degree of UV-A protection in the side windows of automobiles.

Comparing a spray boom to a roller-wiper system for a single-passenger four-wheeler

Treesearch

James D. Haywood; Richard Hallman

1992-01-01

The ability of spray booms and carpet-covered roller-wipers mounted on four-wheelers to apply herbicides on pine plantings sites was tested with the following treatments: spray boom application of 0.31 kg (0.69 lb) acid equivalent glyphosate with 0.08 kg (0.18 lb) active ingredient sulfometuron in 215 liters of water/ha (23 gallons/acre) and roller-wiping the...

The wiper model: avalanche dynamics in an exclusion process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Politi, Antonio; Romano, M. Carmen

2013-10-01

The exclusion-process model (Ciandrini et al 2010 Phys. Rev. E 81 051904) describing traffic of particles with internal stepping dynamics reveals the presence of strong correlations in realistic regimes. Here we study such a model in the limit of an infinitely fast translocation time, where the evolution can be interpreted as a ‘wiper’ that moves to dry neighbouring sites. We trace back the existence of long-range correlations to the existence of avalanches, where many sites are dried at once. At variance with self-organized criticality, in the wiper model avalanches have a typical size equal to the logarithm of the lattice size. In the thermodynamic limit, we find that the hydrodynamic behaviour is a mixture of stochastic (diffusive) fluctuations and increasingly coherent periodic oscillations that are reminiscent of a collective dynamics.

An Investigation of the Drag of Windshields in the 8-foot High-Speed Wind Tunnel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Robinson, Russell G; Delano, James B

1942-01-01

Report presents the results of tests made to determine the drag of closed-cockpit and transport-type windshields. The tests were made at speeds corresponding to a Mach number range of approximately 0.25 to 0.58 in the NACA 8-foot high-speed wind tunnel. This speed range corresponds to a test Reynolds number range of 2,510,000 to 4,830,000 based on the mean aerodynamic chord of the full-span model (17.29 in.). The shapes of the windshield proper, the hood, and the tail fairing were systematically varied to include common types and refined design.

Teaching "The Lesson of Satire": Using "The Wipers Times" to Build an Enquiry on the First World War

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Mary; Massey, Carolyn

2014-01-01

"Blackadder for real" is how the British journalist and broadcaster, Ian Hislop, characterised "The Wipers Time", the newspaper published on the front line by members of the 12th Battalion Sherwood, and recently brought to a new audience in Hislop's BBC dramatisation. Mary Brown and Carolyn Massey were immediately struck by the…

77 FR 71163 - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Windshield Zone Intrusion

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-29

...-models pre-standard and post-standard. The report found no measurable or determinable weight or cost per... determined that there are two ongoing regulatory developments that could influence vehicle designs by putting... vehicles. As a result, the agency believes that vehicle designs with regard to the hood and windshield are...

The lid wiper and muco-cutaneous junction anatomy of the human eyelid margins: an in vivo confocal and histological study

PubMed Central

Knop, Erich; Knop, Nadja; Zhivov, Andrey; Kraak, Robert; Korb, Donald R; Blackie, Caroline; Greiner, Jack V; Guthoff, Rudolf

2011-01-01

The inner border of the eyelid margin is critically important for ocular surface integrity because it guarantees the thin spread of the tear film. Its exact morphology in the human is still insufficiently known. The histology in serial sections of upper and lower lid margins in whole-mount specimens from 10 human body donors was compared to in vivo confocal microscopy of eight eyes with a Heidelberg retina-tomograph (HRT II) and attached Rostock cornea module. Behind the posterior margin of the Meibomian orifices, the cornified epidermis stopped abruptly and was replaced by a continuous layer of para-keratinized (pk) cells followed by discontinuous pk cells. The pk cells covered the muco-cutaneous junction (MCJ), the surface of which corresponded to the line of Marx (0.2–0.3 mm wide). Then a stratified epithelium with a conjunctival structure of cuboidal cells, some pk cells, and goblet cells formed an epithelial elevation of typically about 100 μm initial thickness (lid wiper). This continued for 0.3–1.5 mm and formed a slope. The MCJ and lid wiper extended all along the lid margin from nasal to temporal positions in the upper and lower lids. Details of the epithelium and connective tissue were also detectable using the Rostock cornea module. The human inner lid border has distinct zones. Due to its location and morphology, the epithelial lip of the lid wiper appears a suitable structure to spread the tear film and is distinct from the MCJ/line of Marx. Better knowledge of the lid margin appears important for understanding dry eye disease and its morphology can be analysed clinically by in vivo confocal microscopy. PMID:21413985

49 CFR 571.103 - Standard No. 103; Windshield defrosting and defogging systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... concrete pavement (or other surface with equivalent coefficient of surface friction) at a specified speed... defogging system which operates either by applying heat to the windshield or by dehumidifying the air inside... equipped with a heating system other than a heat exchanger type that uses the engine's coolant as a means...

49 CFR 571.103 - Standard No. 103; Windshield defrosting and defogging systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... concrete pavement (or other surface with equivalent coefficient of surface friction) at a specified speed... defogging system which operates either by applying heat to the windshield or by dehumidifying the air inside... equipped with a heating system other than a heat exchanger type that uses the engine's coolant as a means...

49 CFR 571.103 - Standard No. 103; Windshield defrosting and defogging systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... concrete pavement (or other surface with equivalent coefficient of surface friction) at a specified speed... defogging system which operates either by applying heat to the windshield or by dehumidifying the air inside... equipped with a heating system other than a heat exchanger type that uses the engine's coolant as a means...

49 CFR 571.103 - Standard No. 103; Windshield defrosting and defogging systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... concrete pavement (or other surface with equivalent coefficient of surface friction) at a specified speed... defogging system which operates either by applying heat to the windshield or by dehumidifying the air inside... system other than a heat exchanger type that uses the engine's coolant as a means to supply the heat to...

49 CFR 571.103 - Standard No. 103; Windshield defrosting and defogging systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... concrete pavement (or other surface with equivalent coefficient of surface friction) at a specified speed... defogging system which operates either by applying heat to the windshield or by dehumidifying the air inside... system other than a heat exchanger type that uses the engine's coolant as a means to supply the heat to...

Accidental cut-throat injuries from the broken windshield of an auto rickshaw: Two unusual cases.

PubMed

Swain, Rajanikanta; Dhaka, Shivani; Sharma, Munish; Bakshi, Mantaran Singh; Murty, O P; Sikary, Asit Kumar

2018-01-01

Accidental cut-throat injuries are extremely rare and usually involve a sharp-edged weapon. In this paper, two cases of a cut-throat wound to two auto-rickshaw drivers are presented where the broken windshield of the auto-rickshaws was responsible for the wounds. In both the cases, fatal incised wounds were present over the neck, cutting the soft tissue along with the major vessels. The death occurred due to exsanguination caused by neck-vessel injury in one case and trachea along with neck-vessel injury in the second case. Although the wounds on the neck initially suggested homicide, they were found to have occurred accidentally as a result of a road traffic accident involving a head-on collision of auto rickshaws. The injuries were inflicted by the shattered glass of the windshield.

Oregon's Toxic Household Products Law.

PubMed

Neumann, C M; Giffin, S; Hall, R; Henderson, M; Buhler, D R

2000-01-01

In 1991, Oregon became the first state in the U.S. to require the addition of an aversive agent to ethylene glycol-containing antifreeze and methanol-containing windshield wiper fluid. This new law, entitled "Toxic Household Products (THP) Act," was designed to reduce pediatric and animal poisonings from accidental ingestion of these two potentially lethal consumer automotive products. While not the stated intention of the law, addition of aversive agents to consumer automotive products could also reduce adult poisonings associated with intentional (suicides or alcoholics ingesting methanol-containing windshield wiper fluid) or accidental exposures. This law went into effect April 30, 1995, following settlement of a lawsuit brought by the Chemical Manufacturing Specialties Association (CSMA), a trade group representing the five largest manufacturers of ethylene glycol-based antifreeze in the U.S. This paper discusses the major policy issues that arose following the passage of Oregon's THP Act. Major provisions of the law are provided along with a discussion of CSMA's opposition to the Act's implementation. A description of the eventual settlement that was reached with CSMA as well as the major components of Oregon Health Division's (OHD) enforcement program are also highlighted. Data are presented for 1987 through 1998 on the number of exposures and severity of effects for pediatric cases (children < 6 years old) following exposure to both of these potentially lethal automotive products. However, because of the low incidence of exposures each year, these data are insufficient to draw any conclusions on the impact of the THP Act.

Anti-fog composition. [for prevention of fogging on surfaces such as space helmet visors and windshields

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Morrison, H. D.; Carmin, D. L., Jr. (Inventor)

1974-01-01

An anti-fog composition is described for the prevention of fogging on surfaces such as space helmet visors, spacecraft windows, and windshields. It is composed of a surface active agent, water, and an oil time extender.

Investigation of Drag and Pressure Distribution of Windshields at High Speeds

DTIC Science & Technology

1942-01-01

sharp nega~ive pressure .peaks.and by 10V positivs preqsuro gradisnts-o?er the tail. Of the windshields rppresonted In-figure 11, the -“ &&rne ~nea...extension of the field with Mach number. In the quantitative discus~.on of Interference, it Is convenient to consider the velocity-increment coeffl- , 19...Before the effect of Interference due to the wing and fuselage can be quantitatively estimated, the veloci- ty increments due to these bodies must be

Fracture study of windshield glass panes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yeh, H. Y.

1987-01-01

The major stresses which cause crack propagation in windshield glass panes are induced by bending moments which result from the pressure differentials across the panes. Hence the stress intensity factors for the finite plate with the semi-elliptical surface flaw and edge crack under the bending moments are examined. The results show that the crack growth will be upperbound if it is computed by using the stress intensity factor for the finite plate with the edge crack subjected to pure bending moments. Furthermore, if the ratio of crack depth to plate thickness, a/t, is within 0.3, the stress intensity factor can be conservatively assumed to be constant at the value of a/t equal to zero. A simplified equation to predict the structural life of glass panes is derived based on constant stress intensity factor. The accuracy of structural life is mainly dependent on how close the empirical parameter, m, can be estimated.

Windshield splatter analysis with the Galaxy metagenomic pipeline

PubMed Central

Kosakovsky Pond, Sergei; Wadhawan, Samir; Chiaromonte, Francesca; Ananda, Guruprasad; Chung, Wen-Yu; Taylor, James; Nekrutenko, Anton

2009-01-01

How many species inhabit our immediate surroundings? A straightforward collection technique suitable for answering this question is known to anyone who has ever driven a car at highway speeds. The windshield of a moving vehicle is subjected to numerous insect strikes and can be used as a collection device for representative sampling. Unfortunately the analysis of biological material collected in that manner, as with most metagenomic studies, proves to be rather demanding due to the large number of required tools and considerable computational infrastructure. In this study, we use organic matter collected by a moving vehicle to design and test a comprehensive pipeline for phylogenetic profiling of metagenomic samples that includes all steps from processing and quality control of data generated by next-generation sequencing technologies to statistical analyses and data visualization. To the best of our knowledge, this is also the first publication that features a live online supplement providing access to exact analyses and workflows used in the article. PMID:19819906

A Case of Blunt Trauma of the Eyeball Associated With an Inferior Oblique Muscle and an Inferior Rectus Muscle Rupture.

PubMed

Nitta, Keisuke; Kashima, Tomoyuki; Miura, Fumihide; Hiroe, Takashi; Akiyama, Hideo; Kishi, Shoji

2016-01-01

Rupture of the extraocular muscle in the absence of significant injury to the eyeball and adnexa is uncommon. The authors report a case of blunt trauma of the eyeball associated with an inferior oblique muscle and an inferior rectus muscle rupture. A 55-year-old man slipped and fell down hitting his eye on an extended windshield wiper blade. Although he had treatment in the emergency room, he complained of diplopia in the primary position 1 day postoperatively. After noticing ruptures of the inferior oblique muscle and an inferior rectus muscle during exploratory surgery, the authors carefully repaired it. Diplopia in the primary position had disappeared within 1 month after the operation and by 6 months postoperatively. The movement of the eye had almost completely recovered.

Operation Windshield and the simplification of emergency management.

PubMed

Andrews, Michael

2016-01-01

Large, complex, multi-stakeholder exercises are the culmination of years of gradual progression through a comprehensive training and exercise programme. Exercises intended to validate training, refine procedures and test processes initially tested in isolation are combined to ensure seamless response and coordination during actual crises. The challenges of integrating timely and accurate situational awareness from an array of sources, including response agencies, municipal departments, partner agencies and the public, on an ever-growing range of media platforms, increase information management complexity in emergencies. Considering that many municipal emergency operations centre roles are filled by staff whose day jobs have little to do with crisis management, there is a need to simplify emergency management and make it more intuitive. North Shore Emergency Management has accepted the challenge of making emergency management less onerous to occasional practitioners through a series of initiatives aimed to build competence and confidence by making processes easier to use as well as by introducing technical tools that can simplify processes and enhance efficiencies. These efforts culminated in the full-scale earthquake exercise, Operation Windshield, which preceded the 2015 Emergency Preparedness and Business Continuity Conference in Vancouver, British Columbia.

78 FR 35050 - Certain Windshield Wiper Devices and Components Thereof; Notice of Institution of Investigation

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-11

... notice of investigation will not be granted unless good cause therefor is shown. Failure of a respondent... constitute a waiver of the right to appear and contest the allegations of the complaint and this notice, and...

Solving Problems With SINDA/FLUINT

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

SINDA/FLUINT, the NASA standard software system for thermohydraulic analysis, provides computational simulation of interacting thermal and fluid effects in designs modeled as heat transfer and fluid flow networks. The product saves time and money by making the user's design process faster and easier, and allowing the user to gain a better understanding of complex systems. The code is completely extensible, allowing the user to choose the features, accuracy and approximation levels, and outputs. Users can also add their own customizations as needed to handle unique design tasks or to automate repetitive tasks. Applications for SINDA/FLUINT include the pharmaceutical, petrochemical, biomedical, electronics, and energy industries. The system has been used to simulate nuclear reactors, windshield wipers, and human windpipes. In the automotive industry, it simulates the transient liquid/vapor flows within air conditioning systems.

The impact of a windshield in a tipping bucket rain gauge on the reduction of losses in precipitation measurements during snowfall events

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Buisan, Samuel T.; Collado, Jose Luis; Alastrue, Javier

2016-04-01

The amount of snow available controls the ecology and hydrological response of mountainous areas and cold regions and affects economic activities including winter tourism, hydropower generation, floods and water supply. An accurate measurement of snowfall accumulation amount is critical and source of error for a better evaluation and verification of numerical weather forecast, hydrological and climate models. It is well known that the undercatch of solid precipitation resulting from wind-induced updrafts at the gauge orifice is the main factor affecting the quality and accuracy of the amount of snowfall precipitation. This effect can be reduced by the use of different windshields. Overall, Tipping Bucket Rain Gauges (TPBRG) provide a large percentage of the precipitation amount measurements, in all climate regimes, estimated at about 80% of the total of observations by automatic instruments. In the frame of the WMO-SPICE project, we compared at the Formigal-Sarrios station (Spanish Pyrenees, 1800 m a.s.l.) the measured precipitation in two heated TPBRGs, one of them protected with a single alter windshield in order to reduce the wind bias. Results were contrasted with measured precipitation using the SPICE reference gauge (Pluvio2 OTT) in a Double Fence Intercomparison Reference (DFIR). Results reported that shielded reduces undercatch up to 40% when wind speed exceeds 6 m/s. The differences when compared with the reference gauge reached values higher than 70%. The inaccuracy of these measurements showed a significant impact in nowcasting operations and climatology in Spain, especially during some heavy snowfall episodes. Also, hydrological models showed a better agreement with the observed rivers flow when including the precipitation not accounted during these snowfall events. The conclusions of this experiment will be used to take decisions on the suitability of the installation of windshields in stations characterized by a large quantity of snowfalls during the

78 FR 70575 - Certain Windshield Wipers and Components Thereof Institution of Investigation Pursuant to 19 U.S...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-26

... responses to the complaint and the notice of investigation will not be granted unless good cause therefor is... notice may be deemed to constitute a waiver of the right to appear and contest the allegations of the...

CFD analysis on effect of front windshield angle on aerodynamic drag

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abdellah, Essaghouri; Wang, Bo

2017-09-01

The external aerodynamics plays an important role in the design process of any automotive. The whole performance of the vehicle can be improved with the help of external aerodynamics. The aerodynamic analysis nowadays is implemented in the recent research in the automotive industry to achieve better cars in terms of design and efficiency. The major objective of the present work is to find out the effect of changing the angle between the engine hood and the front windshield on reducing the car air resistance. A full scale three dimensional (BMW 3 series) sedan car model was carried out using the ALIAS AUTOSTUDIO 2016 a NURBS modeling tool with high quality surfaces, only the external shape of the car was modeled while the interior was not modeled. The ANSYS 17.0 WORKBENCH software package was used to analyse the airflow around the external shape of the car - the solutions of Reynolds Average Navier Stokes (RANS) equations has been carried out using realizable k-epsilon turbulence model (which is perfectly suitable for the automated calculation process) for the given car domain. In this work, the boundary layer, mesh quality, and turbulent value simulation has been compared and discussed in the result section. Finally the optimal model was selected and the redesigned car was analysed to verify the results.

Thermal Characterization, Using the Photopyroelectric Technique, of Liquids Used in the Automobile Industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cervantes-Espinosa, L. M.; Castillo-Alvarado, F. de L.; Lara-Hernández, G.; Cruz-Orea, A.; Mendoza-Alvarez, J. G.; Valcárcel, J. P.; García-Quiroz, A.

2012-11-01

Thermal properties of liquids used in the automobile industry such as engine oil, antifreeze, and a liquid for windshield wipers were obtained using the photopyroelectric (PPE) technique. The inverse PPE configuration was used in order to obtain the thermal effusivity of the liquid samples. The theoretical equation for the PPE signal in this configuration, as a function of the incident light modulation frequency, was fitted to the experimental data in order to obtain the thermal effusivity of these samples. Also, the back PPE configuration was used to obtain the thermal diffusivity of these liquids; this thermal parameter was obtained by fitting the theoretical equation for this configuration, as a function of the sample thickness (called the thermal wave resonator cavity), to the experimental data. All measurements were done at room temperature. A complete thermal characterization of these liquids used in the automobile industry was achieved by the relationship between the obtained thermal diffusivities and thermal effusivities with their thermal conductivities and volumetric heat capacities. The obtained results are compared with the thermal properties of similar liquids.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - This view shows the tiles below the windshield on the orbiter Atlantis. A gap test is being performed on the tiles as part of return-to-flight activities. Atlantis is scheduled for mission STS-114, a return-to-flight test mission to the International Space Station.

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-11-20

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - This view shows the tiles below the windshield on the orbiter Atlantis. A gap test is being performed on the tiles as part of return-to-flight activities. Atlantis is scheduled for mission STS-114, a return-to-flight test mission to the International Space Station.

Applying a uniform layer of disinfectant by wiping.

PubMed

Cooper, D W

2000-01-01

Disinfection or sterilization often requires applying a film of liquid to a surface, frequently done by using a wiper as the applicator. The wiper must not only hold a convenient amount of liquid, it must deposit it readily and uniformly. Contact time is critical to disinfection efficacy. Evaporation can limit the contact time. To lengthen the contact time, thickly applied layers are generally preferred. The thickness of such layers can be determined by using dyes or other tracers, as long as the tracers do not significantly affect the liquid's surface tension and viscosity and thus do not affect the thickness of the applied layer. Alternatively, as done here, the thickness of the layer can be inferred from the weight loss of the wiper. Results are reported of experiments on thickness of the layers applied under various conditions. Near saturation, hydrophilic polyurethane foam wipers gave layers roughly 10 microns thick, somewhat less than expected from hydrodynamic theory, but more than knitted polyester or woven cotton. Wipers with large liquid holding capacity, refilled often, should produce more nearly uniform layers. Higher pressures increase saturation in the wiper, tending to thicken the layer, but higher pressures also force liquid from the interface, tending to thin the layer, so the net result could be thicker or thinner layers, and there is likely to be an optimal pressure.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Front Windshield Sticker Reminder in Reducing Texting while Driving in Young Adults

PubMed Central

Eriksson, Sven; Metcalf, David

2016-01-01

Texting while driving is a dangerous activity that is on the rise in the United States (U.S.). Since 2011 there has been a 17% increase in the number of people injured in a motor vehicle crash involving a distracted driver. Bans on the act of texting and driving have already taken place in 46 states in the U.S., but studies have shown that they are ineffective. An unstudied method of reducing texting while driving is sticker reminders. Sticker reminders have already been proven to be an effective intervention in the realm of driver safety; one study found that a “Buckle-Up” dashboard sticker doubled the use of safety belts by front seat passengers. In this study, 104 medical students aged 21 - 29, from the University of Central Florida (UCF) College of Medicine were randomly divided into two groups, an interventional group receiving a “Drive in the Moment” windshield sticker, and a control group not receiving the sticker. Both groups took a pre- and post-survey that recorded self-reported texting and driving frequency. The results showed that the sticker intervention significantly reduced reported rates of sending texts while driving, reading texts while driving, and using social media while driving (p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that a novel sticker-intervention could potentially serve as a point of attack when addressing the growing and dangerous texting while driving the epidemic. PMID:27555989

Experimental study and finite element analysis of wind-induced vibration of modal car based on fluid-structure interaction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tao, Li-li; Du, Guang-sheng; Liu, Li-ping; Liu, Yong-hui; Shao, Zhu-feng

2013-02-01

The wind-induced vibration of the front windshield concerns the traffic safety and the aerodynamic characteristics of cars. In this paper, the numerical simulation and the experiment are combined to study the wind-induced vibrations of the front windshield at different speeds of a van-body model bus. The Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) model is used for the finite element analysis of the vibration characteristics of the front windshield glass in the travelling process, and the wind-induced vibration response characteristics of the glass is obtained. A wind-tunnel experiment with an eddy current displacement sensor is carried out to study the deformation of the windshield at different wind speeds, and to verify the numerical simulation results. It is shown that the windshield of the model bus windshield undergoes a noticeable deformation as the speed changes, and from the deformation curve obtained, it is seen that in the accelerating process, the deformation of the glass increases as the speed increases, and with the speed being stablized, it also tends to a certain value. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the safety design of the windshield and the body.

49 CFR 393.60 - Glazing in specified openings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION Glazing and Window Construction § 393.60 Glazing in specified openings. (a) Glazing material. Glazing material used in windshields, windows, and doors on a motor vehicle.... (d) Coloring or tinting of windshields and windows. Coloring or tinting of windshields and the...

75 FR 71369 - Airworthiness Directives; Bombardier, Inc. Model DHC-8-102, -103, -106, -201, -202, -301, -311...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-23

... loss of the windshield during flight. Also, water could leak into the cockpit and cause either a... structural degradation possibly leading to the loss of the windshield during flight. Also, water could leak... possibly leading to the loss of the windshield during flight. Also, water could leak into the cockpit and...

Unloading Characteristics of Sand-drift in Wind-shallow Areas along Railway and the Effect of Sand Removal by Force of Wind

PubMed Central

Cheng, Jian-jun; Xin, Guo-Wei; Zhi, Ling-yan; Jiang, Fu-qiang

2017-01-01

Wind-shield walls decrease the velocity of wind-drift sand flow in transit. This results in sand accumulating in the wind-shadow zone of both windshield wall and track line, causing severe sand sediment hazard. This study reveals the characteristics of sand accumulation and the laws of wind-blown sand removal in the wind-shadow areas of three different types of windshield walls, utilizing three-dimensional numerical simulations and wind tunnel experiments and on-site sand sediment tests. The results revealed the formation of apparent vortex and acceleration zones on the leeward side of solid windshield walls. For uniform openings, the vortex area moved back and narrowed. When bottom-opening windshield walls were adopted, the track-supporting layer at the step became a conflux acceleration zone, forming a low velocity vortex zone near the track line. At high wind speeds, windshield walls with bottom-openings achieved improved sand dredging. Considering hydrodynamic mechanisms, the flow field structure on the leeward side of different types of windshield structures is a result of convergence and diffusion of fluids caused by an obstacle. This convergence and diffusion effect of air fluid is more apparent at high wind velocities, but not obvious at low wind velocities. PMID:28120915

77 FR 24643 - Airworthiness Directives; The Boeing Company Airplanes

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-25

... airplanes. This proposed AD was prompted by a report of in-flight fracture of the right windshield (window 1..., followed by the fracture of the inner pane of the first officer's windshield (right window 1). This... (J5 terminal) at the left and right flight deck window 1 windshield, and corrective actions if...

Household cleaning product-related injuries treated in US emergency departments in 1990-2006.

PubMed

McKenzie, Lara B; Ahir, Nisha; Stolz, Uwe; Nelson, Nicolas G

2010-09-01

The goal was to examine comprehensively the patterns and trends of household cleaning product-related injuries among children treated in US emergency departments. Through use of the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database, cases of unintentional, nonfatal, household cleaning product-related injuries were selected by using product codes for drain cleaners, ammonia, metal polishes/tarnish removers, turpentine, dishwasher detergents, acids, swimming pool chemicals, oven cleaners, pine oil cleaners/disinfectants, laundry soaps/detergents, toilet bowl products, abrasive cleaners, general-purpose household cleaners, noncosmetic bleaches, windshield wiper fluids, caustic agents, lye, wallpaper cleaners, room deodorizers/fresheners, spot removers, and dishwashing liquids. Products were categorized according to major toxic ingredients, mode of action, and exposure. An estimated 267 269 children

Spontaneous Blinking from a Tribological Viewpoint.

PubMed

Pult, Heiko; Tosatti, Samuele G P; Spencer, Nicholas D; Asfour, Jean-Michel; Ebenhoch, Michael; Murphy, Paul J

2015-07-01

The mechanical forces between the lid wiper and the ocular surface, and between a contact lens and the lid wiper, are reported to be related to dry eye symptoms. Furthermore, the mechanical forces between these sliding partners are assumed to be related to the ocular signs of lid-wiper epitheliopathy (LWE) and lid-parallel conjunctival folds (LIPCOF). Recent literature provides some evidence that a contact lens with a low coefficient of friction (CoF) improves wearing comfort by reducing the mechanical forces between the contact lens surface and the lid wiper. This review discusses the mechanical forces during spontaneous blinks from a tribological perspective, at both low and high sliding velocities, in a healthy subject. It concludes that the coefficient of friction of the ocular surfaces appears to be strongly comparable to that of hydrophilic polymer brushes at low sliding velocity, and that, with increased sliding velocity, there is no wear at the sliding partners' surfaces thanks to the presence of a fluid film between the two sliding partners. In contrast, in the case of dry eye, the failure to maintain a full fluid film lubrication regime at high blinking speeds may lead to increased shear rates, resulting in deformation and wear of the sliding pairs. These shear rates are most likely related to tear film viscosity. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Development of a Portable Sensitive Equipment Decontamination System. Volume 2: Activated Carbon Fiber Wipe

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-05-01

absorption. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) was employed to measure absorption of HD and GD into the nylon fabric. TGA is an analytical tool useful in...Chromatography Analysis 26 4.4.5.1 Mass Removed by Wiper at Room Temperature 26 4.4.6 Chemical Agent Mass Removed by Wiper at Elevated and Reduced...Temperature Tests 71 5.9 Vapor Analysis of Spent Wipe 78 5.10 Wiping Efficacy and Complex Geometries 82 5.11 Spray and Wipe Tests 84 5.12 Effect of

30. Engine controls and valve gear, looking aft on main ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

30. Engine controls and valve gear, looking aft on main (promenade) deck level. Threaded admission valve lift rods (two at immediate left of chronometer) permit adjustment of valve timing in lower and upper admission valves of cylinder (left rod controls lower valve, right rod upper valve). Valve rods are lifted by jaw-like "wipers" during operation. Exhaust valve lift rods and wipers are located to right of chronometer. Crank at extreme right drives valve wiper shaft when engaged to end of eccentric rod, shown under "Crank Indicator" dial. Pair of handles to immediate left of admission valve rods control condenser water valves; handles to right of exhaust valve rods control feedwater flow to boilers from pumps. Gauges indicate boiler pressure (left) and condenser vacuum (right); "Crank Indicator" on wall aids engineer in keeping engine crank off "dead-center" at stop so that engine may be easily restarted. - Steamboat TICONDEROGA, Shelburne Museum Route 7, Shelburne, Chittenden County, VT

Solder dross removal apparatus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Webb, Winston S. (Inventor)

1990-01-01

An automatic dross removal apparatus is disclosed for removing dross from the surface of a solder bath in an automated electric component handling system. A rotatable wiper blade is positioned adjacent the solder bath which skims the dross off of the surface prior to the dipping of a robot conveyed component into the bath. An electronic control circuit causes a motor to rotate the wiper arm one full rotational cycle each time a pulse is received from a robot controller as a component approaches the solder bath.

MULTIPLIER CIRCUIT

DOEpatents

Chase, R.L.

1963-05-01

An electronic fast multiplier circuit utilizing a transistor controlled voltage divider network is presented. The multiplier includes a stepped potentiometer in which solid state or transistor switches are substituted for mechanical wipers in order to obtain electronic switching that is extremely fast as compared to the usual servo-driven mechanical wipers. While this multiplier circuit operates as an approximation and in steps to obtain a voltage that is the product of two input voltages, any desired degree of accuracy can be obtained with the proper number of increments and adjustment of parameters. (AEC)

14 CFR 91.527 - Operating in icing conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Large and Turbine..., windshield, stabilizing or control surface; to a powerplant installation; or to an airspeed, altimeter, rate... each rotor blade, propeller, windshield, wing, stabilizing or control surface, and each airspeed...

78 FR 13463 - Airworthiness Directives; The Boeing Company Airplanes

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-28

..., December 12, 2012), currently requires repetitive inspections of electrical heat terminals on the left and... windshield with a windshield equipped with different electrical connections, which would terminate the.... * * * * * Issued in Renton, Washington, on February 15, 2013. Kalene C. Yanamura, Acting Manager, Transport...

14 CFR 91.527 - Operating in icing conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., windshield, stabilizing or control surface; to a powerplant installation; or to an airspeed, altimeter, rate of climb, or flight attitude instrument system or wing, except that takeoffs may be made with frost... each rotor blade, propeller, windshield, wing, stabilizing or control surface, and each airspeed...

14 CFR 91.527 - Operating in icing conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., windshield, stabilizing or control surface; to a powerplant installation; or to an airspeed, altimeter, rate of climb, or flight attitude instrument system or wing, except that takeoffs may be made with frost... each rotor blade, propeller, windshield, wing, stabilizing or control surface, and each airspeed...

14 CFR 91.527 - Operating in icing conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., windshield, stabilizing or control surface; to a powerplant installation; or to an airspeed, altimeter, rate of climb, or flight attitude instrument system or wing, except that takeoffs may be made with frost... each rotor blade, propeller, windshield, wing, stabilizing or control surface, and each airspeed...

77 FR 46803 - Notice of Receipt of Petition for Decision That Nonconforming 2005 Chevrolet Suburban Multi...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-06

... Transmission Braking Effect, 103 Windshield Defrosting and Defogging Systems, 104 Windshield Wiping and Washing..., 113 Hood Latch System, 114 Theft Protection, 116 Motor Vehicle Brake Fluids, Standard No. 118 Power-Operated Window, Partition, and Roof Panel Systems, 119 New Pneumatic Tires for Vehicles other than...

Solder dross removal apparatus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Webb, Winston S. (Inventor)

1992-01-01

An automatic dross removal apparatus (10) is disclosed for removing dross from the surface of a solder bath (22) in an automated electric component handling system. A rotatable wiper blade (14) is positioned adjacent the solder bath (22) which skims the dross off of the surface prior to the dipping of a robot conveyed component into the bath. An electronic control circuit (34) causes a motor (32) to rotate the wiper arm (14) one full rotational cycle each time a pulse is received from a robot controller (44) as a component approaches the solder bath (22).

78 FR 8961 - Special Conditions: Embraer S.A., Model EMB-550 Airplane; Hydrophobic Coatings in Lieu of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-07

..., airflow over the windshield may be necessary to remove moisture, but may not be adequate to maintain a... be necessary to remove moisture from the windshield, may not be adequate to maintain a sufficiently... dependent on water droplet size for effective precipitation removal. For example, precipitation in the form...

76 FR 24343 - Airworthiness Directives; Bombardier, Inc. Model DHC-8-101, -102, -103, -106, -201, -202, -301...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-02

... structural degradation possibly leading to the loss of the windshield during flight. Also, water could leak... during flight. Also, water could leak into the cockpit and cause either a malfunction or failure of the... the windshield during flight. Also, water could leak into the cockpit and cause either a malfunction...

77 FR 5990 - Special Conditions: Learjet Inc., Model LJ-200-1A10 Airplane, Pilot-Compartment View Through...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-07

... airflow to maintain a clear-vision area. The heavy rain and high speed conditions specified in the current... to maintain a sufficiently clear area of the windshield in low-speed flight or during surface... airflow disturbance or separation on the windshield could cause failure to maintain a clear-vision area on...

78 FR 41280 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-10

... Transportation (DOT). ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for certain... left-hand and right-hand sides of the continuity fittings at the front windshield lower framing on a... cracking on the left- hand and right-hand sides of the windshield central lower node continuity fittings...

76 FR 1996 - Airworthiness Directives; M7 Aerospace LP (Type Certificate Previously Held by Fairchild Aircraft...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-12

... manufacturer of inner glass ply fracture. We are issuing this AD to detect and correct damage to the cockpit...: Discussion We received reports from the windshield manufacturer of inner glass ply fractures found on 19... reports from the windshield manufacturer of inner glass ply fracture. We are issuing this AD to detect and...

Modeling of Passive Forces of Machine Tool Covers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kolar, Petr; Hudec, Jan; Sulitka, Matej

The passive forces acting against the drive force are phenomena that influence dynamical properties and precision of linear axes equipped with feed drives. Covers are one of important sources of passive forces in machine tools. The paper describes virtual evaluation of cover passive forces using the cover complex model. The model is able to compute interaction between flexible cover segments and sealing wiper. The result is deformation of cover segments and wipers which is used together with measured friction coefficient for computation of cover total passive force. This resulting passive force is dependent on cover position. Comparison of computational results and measurement on the real cover is presented in the paper.

Windshield washer fluid

MedlinePlus

... tests Chest x-ray CT (computerized tomography, or advanced imaging) scan EKG (electrocardiogram, or heart tracing) Fluids ... Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics . 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; ...

78 FR 17750 - Parts and Accessories Necessary for Safe Operation; Exemption Renewal for DriveCam, Inc.

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-22

... of video event recorders at the top of the windshields on commercial motor vehicles (CMVs). Motor carriers may continue to use the video event recorders mounted in the windshield area to increase safety... DriveCam applied for an exemption from 49 CFR 393.60(e)(1) to allow the use of video event recorders on...

Volumetric, dashboard-mounted augmented display

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kessler, David; Grabowski, Christopher

2017-11-01

The optical design of a compact volumetric display for drivers is presented. The system displays a true volume image with realistic physical depth cues, such as focal accommodation, parallax and convergence. A large eyebox is achieved with a pupil expander. The windshield is used as the augmented reality combiner. A freeform windshield corrector is placed at the dashboard.

Earth Observations taken by the Expedition 27 Crew

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-04-25

ISS027-E-016922 (25 April 2011) --- River deltas and Lake Ayakum in China (Tibet) are featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 27 crew member on the International Space Station. The Tibetan Plateau contains numerous lakes that dot an otherwise arid landscape. Lake Ayakum is located near the northern boundary of the Plateau to the southeast of the Kunlun Mountains. While many of the small glacier- and snowmelt-fed streams that cross the Tibetan Plateau eventually give rise to major Southeast Asian rivers including the Mekong and Yangtze, some empty into saline lakes such as Lake Ayakum. This detailed photograph highlights two river deltas (upper left and lower right) formed along the southwestern shoreline of the lake. When sediments build up to the point that a river can no longer flow over them, it will jump to a new channel position and begin the process anew. Scientists have noted that, over geologic time, the channels tend to sweep back and forth ? similar to the motion of an automobile windshield wiper ? to form the typical semi-circular or fan shape of the delta. Gray to tan surfaces of both deltas indicate prior positions of their respective river channels; the uniform coloration and smooth texture suggest that they are relatively old and are now inactive. In contrast, the younger and currently active delta surfaces can be recognized by reddish-brown sediment and clearly visible river channels. Lateral channel migration is particularly evident in the approximately eight-kilometer-wide active delta area at upper left. The reddish coloration of the actively depositing sediment may indicate a change from the sources that formed the older parts of the deltas (or indicate weathering and soil formation on the older deposits), or an episodic input of dust or other material to the river catchments.

Conference on Aerospace Transparent Materials and Enclosures Held in San Diego, California on 9-13 August 1993. Volume 1.

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-03-01

existing baseline aircraft requirements which were modified based on updated threat Information, lessons learned, and composite mission profiles. Composite ...BIRD IMPACT RESISTANT COMPOSITE WINDSHIELD FRAME DEVELOPMENT S. Hargis, SM-ALCITIEC McClellan Air Force Base 0. J. Stenger University of Dayton 190 T... composite windshield frame with an arch consisting of Slaminated S-2 glass fabric and stainless steel sheets in an epoxy matrix has -. been successfully

Helicopter Transparent Enclosures. Volume 1. Design Handbook

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-01-01

Armour Research Foundation, "Engineering Design Factors for Laminated Aircraft Windshields, Part 2," WADC-TR-53-99, Wright Air Devel- opment Center...77L~i- -- - -- References .. l,. Islir~ger, Armour Research Foundation, "Engineering Design Factors for Laminated Aircraft Windshields, Parts 1 ahd I...of having separate heating and forming devices, often used with acrylic, will rarely be feasible with polycarbonates. 29.7 Forming Methods Drape

46 CFR 10.109 - Classification of endorsements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...) Machinist; (viii) Pumpman; (ix) Deck engine mechanic; and (x) Engineman. (4) Lifeboatman. (5) Wiper. (6...). (4) Chief engineer. (5) Second engineer officer. (6) Officer in charge of an engineering watch in a...

Limited Artificial and Natural Icing Tests Production UH-60A Helicopter (Re-Evaluation).

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-08-01

parameters , and definitions of icing types and severities are presented in appendix D. 2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION GENERAL 9. Artificial and natural icing flight...anti-ice off, the system may be reactivated by cycling the appropriate windshield anti-ice switch. The windshield anti-ice system is fully operational...is off, then the fault monitor illuminates the respective PWR light on its front panel. The light informs the crew that further action is requied to

49 CFR 591.5 - Declarations required for importation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... roads and thus is not a motor vehicle subject to the Federal motor vehicle safety, bumper, and theft... such as mirrors, wipers, or tire and rim assemblies, or minor finishing operations such as painting...

49 CFR 591.5 - Declarations required for importation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... roads and thus is not a motor vehicle subject to the Federal motor vehicle safety, bumper, and theft... such as mirrors, wipers, or tire and rim assemblies, or minor finishing operations such as painting...

49 CFR 591.5 - Declarations required for importation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... roads and thus is not a motor vehicle subject to the Federal motor vehicle safety, bumper, and theft... such as mirrors, wipers, or tire and rim assemblies, or minor finishing operations such as painting...

49 CFR 591.5 - Declarations required for importation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... roads and thus is not a motor vehicle subject to the Federal motor vehicle safety, bumper, and theft... such as mirrors, wipers, or tire and rim assemblies, or minor finishing operations such as painting...

49 CFR 591.5 - Declarations required for importation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... roads and thus is not a motor vehicle subject to the Federal motor vehicle safety, bumper, and theft... such as mirrors, wipers, or tire and rim assemblies, or minor finishing operations such as painting...

Evaluation of the Impact Computer Program as a Linear Design Tool for Bird-Resistant Aircraft Transparencies.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-03-01

Pressure on a Flat Plate, Arnold Engineering Development Center, Arnold Air Force Station, Tennessee 37389, AEDC-TR-79-14. 28. G. B. Thomas , Calculus and...Equation (6) was then 0.00177 sec. The average impact force from Equation (7) was 23,245 lb. The bird impact force-time history (28) G. B. Thomas ... Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Addison- Wesley, 1965. 60 Parallel to C Windshield N is unit vector B normal to windshieldNN panel at target point ... 4C

Road weather and the connected vehicle : improving road weather awareness.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-01-01

Good drivers know what is happening in and around their vehicles, but today they are not alone in sensing the roadway environment. Right now, many vehicles collect information on vehicle conditions (lights, wipers, etc.), ambient temperature, and atm...

Challenges to the Transition of IPMC Artificial Muscle Actuators to Practical Application

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Leary, Sean; Oguro, Keisuke; Tadokoro, Satoshi; Harrison, Joycelyn; Smith, Joseph; Su, Ji

1999-01-01

Ion-exchange membrane metallic composites (IPMC), which were first reported in 1992, are one of the electroactive materials (EAP) with potential applications as artificial muscle actuators. The recent introduction of perfluorocarboxylate-gold composite with tetra-n-butylammonium and Lithium cations instead of sodium made the most significant improvement of the material electroactivity. Under less than 3 volts, IPMC with the new constituents is capable of bending beyond a complete loop. Taking into account the fact that IMPC materials do not induce a significant force, the authors are extensively seeking applications for these bending EAP. Some of the applications that were demonstrated include dust-wiper, catheter guide, miniature motor, robotic-gripper, micro-manipulator, etc. Generally, space applications are the most demanding in terms of operating conditions, robustness and durability, and the co-authors of this paper are jointly addressing the associated challenges. Specifically, a dust-wiper is being developed for the Nanorover's infrared camera window of the MUSES-CN mission. This joint NASA and the Japanese space agency mission, is scheduled to be launch from Kagoshima, Japan, in January 2002, to explore the surface of a small near-Earth asteroid. Several issues that are critical to the operation of IPMC are addressed including the operation in vacuum, low temperatures, and the effect of the electromechanical characteristic of the IPMC on its actuation capability. Highly efficient IPMC materials, mechanical modeling, unique elements and protective coating were introduced by the authors and are making a high probability the success of the IPMC actuated dust-wiper.

Pedestrian Injuries By Source: Serious and Disabling Injuries in US and European Cases

PubMed Central

Mallory, Ann; Fredriksson, Rikard; Rosén, Erik; Donnelly, Bruce

2012-01-01

US and European pedestrian crash cases were analyzed to determine frequency of injury by body region and by the vehicle component identified as the injury source. US pedestrian data was drawn from the Pedestrian Crash Data Study (PCDS). European pedestrian data was drawn from the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS). Results were analyzed in terms of both serious injury (AIS 3+) and disabling injury estimated with the Functional Capacity Index (FCI). The results are presented in parallel for a more complete international perspective on injuries and injury sources. Lower extremity injury from bumper impact and head&face injury from windshield impact were the most frequent combinations for both serious and disabling injuries. Serious lower extremity injuries from bumper contact occurred in 43% of seriously injured pedestrian cases in US PCDS data and 35% of European GIDAS cases. Lower-extremity bumper injuries also account for more than 20% of disability in both datasets. Serious head &face injuries from windshield contact occur in 27% of PCDS and 15% of GIDAS serious injury cases. While bumper impacts primarily result in lower extremity injury and windshield impacts are most often associated with head & face injuries, the hood and hood leading edge are responsible for serious and disabling injuries to a number of different body regions. Therefore, while it is appropriate to focus on lower extremity injury when studying bumper performance and on head injury risk when studying windshield impact, pedestrian performance of other components may require better understanding of injury risk for multiple body regions. PMID:23169112

40 CFR 63.4371 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... wiper blades. Thus, it includes any cleaning material used in the web coating and printing subcategory... process operation run at atmospheric pressure would be a different operating scenario from the same dyeing process operation run under pressure. Organic HAP content means the mass of organic HAP per mass of solids...

40 CFR 63.4371 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... wiper blades. Thus, it includes any cleaning material used in the web coating and printing subcategory... process operation run at atmospheric pressure would be a different operating scenario from the same dyeing process operation run under pressure. Organic HAP content means the mass of organic HAP per mass of solids...

40 CFR 63.4371 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... wiper blades. Thus, it includes any cleaning material used in the web coating and printing subcategory... process operation run at atmospheric pressure would be a different operating scenario from the same dyeing process operation run under pressure. Organic HAP content means the mass of organic HAP per mass of solids...

40 CFR 63.4371 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... wiper blades. Thus, it includes any cleaning material used in the web coating and printing subcategory... process operation run at atmospheric pressure would be a different operating scenario from the same dyeing process operation run under pressure. Organic HAP content means the mass of organic HAP per mass of solids...

40 CFR 63.4371 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... wiper blades. Thus, it includes any cleaning material used in the web coating and printing subcategory... process operation run at atmospheric pressure would be a different operating scenario from the same dyeing process operation run under pressure. Organic HAP content means the mass of organic HAP per mass of solids...

78 FR 35604 - Foreign-Trade Zone (FTZ) 155-Calhoun/Victoria Counties, Texas; Notification of Proposed...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-13

..., shapes, grommets, clamps, hose, fittings, floor mats, gaskets, seals, insulation and lenses); v-ribbed...); compressors; fans (blades); turbochargers; air conditioners; heat exchangers; filters; windshield washer...

Robust vehicle detection under various environmental conditions using an infrared thermal camera and its application to road traffic flow monitoring.

PubMed

Iwasaki, Yoichiro; Misumi, Masato; Nakamiya, Toshiyuki

2013-06-17

We have already proposed a method for detecting vehicle positions and their movements (henceforth referred to as "our previous method") using thermal images taken with an infrared thermal camera. Our experiments have shown that our previous method detects vehicles robustly under four different environmental conditions which involve poor visibility conditions in snow and thick fog. Our previous method uses the windshield and its surroundings as the target of the Viola-Jones detector. Some experiments in winter show that the vehicle detection accuracy decreases because the temperatures of many windshields approximate those of the exterior of the windshields. In this paper, we propose a new vehicle detection method (henceforth referred to as "our new method"). Our new method detects vehicles based on tires' thermal energy reflection. We have done experiments using three series of thermal images for which the vehicle detection accuracies of our previous method are low. Our new method detects 1,417 vehicles (92.8%) out of 1,527 vehicles, and the number of false detection is 52 in total. Therefore, by combining our two methods, high vehicle detection accuracies are maintained under various environmental conditions. Finally, we apply the traffic information obtained by our two methods to traffic flow automatic monitoring, and show the effectiveness of our proposal.

Robust Vehicle Detection under Various Environmental Conditions Using an Infrared Thermal Camera and Its Application to Road Traffic Flow Monitoring

PubMed Central

Iwasaki, Yoichiro; Misumi, Masato; Nakamiya, Toshiyuki

2013-01-01

We have already proposed a method for detecting vehicle positions and their movements (henceforth referred to as “our previous method”) using thermal images taken with an infrared thermal camera. Our experiments have shown that our previous method detects vehicles robustly under four different environmental conditions which involve poor visibility conditions in snow and thick fog. Our previous method uses the windshield and its surroundings as the target of the Viola-Jones detector. Some experiments in winter show that the vehicle detection accuracy decreases because the temperatures of many windshields approximate those of the exterior of the windshields. In this paper, we propose a new vehicle detection method (henceforth referred to as “our new method”). Our new method detects vehicles based on tires' thermal energy reflection. We have done experiments using three series of thermal images for which the vehicle detection accuracies of our previous method are low. Our new method detects 1,417 vehicles (92.8%) out of 1,527 vehicles, and the number of false detection is 52 in total. Therefore, by combining our two methods, high vehicle detection accuracies are maintained under various environmental conditions. Finally, we apply the traffic information obtained by our two methods to traffic flow automatic monitoring, and show the effectiveness of our proposal. PMID:23774988

A machine learning approach for detecting cell phone usage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Beilei; Loce, Robert P.

2015-03-01

Cell phone usage while driving is common, but widely considered dangerous due to distraction to the driver. Because of the high number of accidents related to cell phone usage while driving, several states have enacted regulations that prohibit driver cell phone usage while driving. However, to enforce the regulation, current practice requires dispatching law enforcement officers at road side to visually examine incoming cars or having human operators manually examine image/video records to identify violators. Both of these practices are expensive, difficult, and ultimately ineffective. Therefore, there is a need for a semi-automatic or automatic solution to detect driver cell phone usage. In this paper, we propose a machine-learning-based method for detecting driver cell phone usage using a camera system directed at the vehicle's front windshield. The developed method consists of two stages: first, the frontal windshield region localization using the deformable part model (DPM), next, we utilize Fisher vectors (FV) representation to classify the driver's side of the windshield into cell phone usage violation and non-violation classes. The proposed method achieved about 95% accuracy with a data set of more than 100 images with drivers in a variety of challenging poses with or without cell phones.

Development of an Actively Compliant Underwater Manipulator

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-12-01

23 3.3.1 Metals .......................................... 23 3.3.2 Plastics...bladder connected to all the individual housing on JASON by plastic hoses . The JASON compensator uses Carnation Lite Mineral Oil, which also serves as a...manipulator design had been completed. 21 Spring - Elastomer BellowsHousing / Spacer Ceramic Mating Ring Shaft ,/ Carbon Wiper Scale: 2:1 Figure 3.1: John

78 FR 20388 - Notice of Receipt of Petition for Decision that Nonconforming 2007 Ford Escape Multi-Purpose...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-04

... receive confirmation that your comments were received, please enclose a stamped, self-addressed postcard..., 209 Seat Belt Assemblies, 210 Seat Belt Assembly Anchorages, 212 Windshield Mounting, 214 Side Impact...

76 FR 32391 - Notice of Receipt of Petition for Decision That Nonconforming 2007 Dodge Durango Multipurpose...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-06

... wish to receive confirmation that your comments were received, please enclose a stamped, self-addressed... Occupant Crash Protection 209 Seat Belt Assemblies, 210 Seat Belt Assembly Anchorages, 212 Windshield...

76 FR 49834 - Notice of Receipt of Petition for Decision That Nonconforming 2009 Dodge RAM 1500 Laramie Crew...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-11

... that your comments were received, please enclose a stamped, self-addressed postcard with the comments... Seat Belt Assemblies, 210 Seat Belt Assembly Anchorages, 212 Windshield Mounting, 214 Side Impact...

77 FR 51104 - Parts and Accessories Necessary for Safe Operation; Application for an Exemption From...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-23

... vehicles (CMVs). The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs) currently require antennas... the driver's field of view by devices mounted at the top of the windshield. Antennas, transponders and...

Experiments with windshields for precipitation gages

Treesearch

C. C. Warnick

1953-01-01

Under cooperative encouragement from several Federal agencies, the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Idaho has been studying the principles, development, and use of high-altitude precipitation gages. A low-speed wind tunnel has been used to study the effect of wind on the catching characteristics of model storage precipitation gages. A snow storm was...

Spotting Disaster through a Muddy Windshield

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Michaelson, Martin

2004-01-01

Weighing in at 567 pages, including 107 pages of footnotes, the 9/11 Commission Report is a metaphor for the primitive and often dysfunctional state of risk management in large organizations such as colleges and universities. President Clinton's national security adviser, Sandy Berger, told the commission that government decisions "were made from…

High-Speed Transport of Fluid Drops and Solid Particles via Surface Acoustic Waves

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Bao, Xiaoqi; Sherrit, Stewart; Badescu, Mircea; Lih, Shyh-shiuh

2012-01-01

A compact sampling tool mechanism that can operate at various temperatures, and transport and sieve particle sizes of powdered cuttings and soil grains with no moving parts, has been created using traveling surface acoustic waves (SAWs) that are emitted by an inter-digital transducer (IDT). The generated waves are driven at about 10 MHz, and it causes powder to move towards the IDT at high speed with different speeds for different sizes of particles, which enables these particles to be sieved. This design is based on the use of SAWs and their propelling effect on powder particles and fluids along the path of the waves. Generally, SAWs are elastic waves propagating in a shallow layer of about one wavelength beneath the surface of a solid substrate. To generate SAWs, a piezoelectric plate is used that is made of LiNbO3 crystal cut along the x-axis with rotation of 127.8 along the y-axis. On this plate are printed pairs of fingerlike electrodes in the form of a grating that are activated by subjecting the gap between the electrodes to electric field. This configuration of a surface wave transmitter is called IDT. The IDT that was used consists of 20 pairs of fingers with 0.4-mm spacing, a total length of 12.5 mm. The surface wave is produced by the nature of piezoelectric material to contract or expand when subjected to an electric field. Driving the IDT to generate wave at high amplitudes provides an actuation mechanism where the surface particles move elliptically, pulling powder particles on the surface toward the wavesource and pushing liquids in the opposite direction. This behavior allows the innovation to separate large particles and fluids that are mixed. Fluids are removed at speed (7.5 to 15 cm/s), enabling this innovation of acting as a bladeless wiper for raindrops. For the windshield design, the electrodes could be made transparent so that they do not disturb the driver or pilot. Multiple IDTs can be synchronized to transport water or powder over larger

77 FR 71028 - Parts and Accessories Necessary for Safe Operation; Grant of Exemption for Transecurity LLC...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-28

... Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs) currently require antennas, transponders, and similar devices to be... the driver's field of view by devices mounted at the top of the windshield. Antennas, transponders and...

Improved Vehicle Occupancy Data Collection Methods

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-04-14

This report evaluates current and emerging vehicle occupancy data collection : methodologies. Five primary methods for collecting vehicle occupancy data were : identified: the traditional roadside/windshield observation method, a recently : developed...

76 FR 73677 - Certain Wiper Blades; Institution of Investigation

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-29

... section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, 19 U.S.C. 1337, on behalf of Robert Bosch LLC of... patent''); U.S. Patent No. 6,944,905 (``the '905 patent''); U.S. Patent No. 6,973,698 (``the '698 patent... '926 patent; claims 1, 3, 4, 8, 10, 11, 13, and 15-18 of the '905 patent; claim 1 of the '698 patent...

40 CFR 426.70 - Applicability; description of the automotive glass laminating subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... resulting from the processes which laminate a plastic sheet between two layers of glass, and which prepare the glass for lamination such as cutting, bending and washing, to produce automobile windshields. ...

40 CFR 426.70 - Applicability; description of the automotive glass laminating subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... resulting from the processes which laminate a plastic sheet between two layers of glass, and which prepare the glass for lamination such as cutting, bending and washing, to produce automobile windshields. ...

40 CFR 426.70 - Applicability; description of the automotive glass laminating subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... resulting from the processes which laminate a plastic sheet between two layers of glass, and which prepare the glass for lamination such as cutting, bending and washing, to produce automobile windshields. ...

78 FR 76702 - Parts and Accessories Necessary for Safe Operation; Application for an Exemption From Volvo...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-18

... Regulations (FMCSRs) currently require antennas, transponders, and similar devices to be located not more than... the driver's field of view by devices mounted at the top of the windshield. Antennas, transponders and...

Emission characteristics of VOCs emitted from consumer and commercial products and their ozone formation potential.

PubMed

Dinh, Trieu-Vuong; Kim, Su-Yeon; Son, Youn-Suk; Choi, In-Young; Park, Seong-Ryong; Sunwoo, Young; Kim, Jo-Chun

2015-06-01

The characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from several consumer and commercial products (body wash, dishwashing detergent, air freshener, windshield washer fluid, lubricant, hair spray, and insecticide) were studied and compared. The spray products were found to emit the highest amount of VOCs (~96 wt%). In contrast, the body wash products showed the lowest VOC contents (~1.6 wt%). In the spray products, 21.6-96.4 % of the VOCs were propane, iso-butane, and n-butane, which are the components of liquefied petroleum gas. Monoterpene (C10H16) was the dominant component of the VOCs in the non-spray products (e.g., body wash, 53-88 %). In particular, methanol was present with the highest amount of VOCs in windshield washer fluid products. In terms of the number of carbon, the windshield washer fluids, lubricants, insecticides, and hair sprays comprised >95 % of the VOCs in the range C2-C5. The VOCs in the range C6-C10 were predominantly found in the body wash products. The dishwashing detergents and air fresheners contained diverse VOCs from C2 to C11. Besides comprising hazardous VOCs, VOCs from consumer products were also ozone precursors. The ozone formation potential of the consumer and commercial spray products was estimated to be higher than those of liquid and gel materials. In particular, the hair sprays showed the highest ozone formation potential.

14 CFR 23.773 - Pilot compartment view.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... side windows sufficiently large to provide the view specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section... be shown that the windshield and side windows can be easily cleared by the pilot without interruption...

Eliminating Deadbands In Resistive Angle Sensors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Salomon, Phil M.; Allen, Russell O.; Marchetto, Carl A.

1992-01-01

Proposed shaft-angle-measuring circuit provides continuous indication of angle of rotation from 0 degree to 360 degrees. Sensing elements are two continuous-rotation potentiometers, and associated circuitry eliminates deadband that occurs when wiper contact of potentiometer crosses end contacts near 0 degree position of circular resistive element. Used in valve-position indicator or similar device in which long operating life and high angular precision not required.

Fermilab Today - Classifieds

Science.gov Websites

- windshield bag and hard saddle bags- picked and mirrors, excellent condition, link with photos: https ://chicago.craigslist.org/nwc/snw/5282087989.html Contact: Kevin at 630-327-1953. Galvanized poultry netting, 24" x 150

Improved Windshield and Canopy Protection Development Program

DTIC Science & Technology

1974-06-01

Jr1-** REMARKS •• ^^^ ^^c «DUS 0^3^H¥^-C~"^ □QZ3 or TO> EO^t «ETWUEtL «JEtlO^ tD ^^JL »\\Htßw«> ^pfju-veftjPotKTEo fo\\L o/e*. fowh puyc0...j 4 : 206 ■■■..-.»..■■«y *|T* MT" mMimi ^JBfe„’fe~51ii$Qj^^A^^-.^«^..^.....,,a..^...^i&’ .’iWti^iMMtfWItitewilti ’Vt ,«ia^W^ JaJ «^te...pi—-i- ,!’"’,^t>i-^—n-—..i.■T^-.^,t^^.|.».7... —-■—■-——"""* ’■■i :r’ - "^’"^ -J - ^•- - -^ - üfi ^iii i i ■ ^ — ifa"^-^ŕ"» ifeiiaifen^.^v^.’ jaj

14 CFR 25.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... differential loads combined with critical aerodynamic pressure and temperature effects after any single failure... front of the pilots must be arranged so that, assuming the loss of vision through any one panel, one or... flight and landing. [Doc. No. 5066, 29 FR 18291, Dec. 24, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 25-23, 35 FR 5676...

14 CFR 23.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... loadings and flight loads, or compliance with the fail-safe requirements of paragraph (d) of this section... loads combined with critical aerodynamic pressure and temperature effects, after failure of any load... in front of the pilots must be arranged so that, assuming the loss of vision through any one panel...

14 CFR 25.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... differential loads combined with critical aerodynamic pressure and temperature effects after any single failure... front of the pilots must be arranged so that, assuming the loss of vision through any one panel, one or... flight and landing. [Doc. No. 5066, 29 FR 18291, Dec. 24, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 25-23, 35 FR 5676...

14 CFR 25.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... differential loads combined with critical aerodynamic pressure and temperature effects after any single failure... front of the pilots must be arranged so that, assuming the loss of vision through any one panel, one or... flight and landing. [Doc. No. 5066, 29 FR 18291, Dec. 24, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 25-23, 35 FR 5676...

14 CFR 23.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... loadings and flight loads, or compliance with the fail-safe requirements of paragraph (d) of this section... loads combined with critical aerodynamic pressure and temperature effects, after failure of any load... in front of the pilots must be arranged so that, assuming the loss of vision through any one panel...

14 CFR 23.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... loadings and flight loads, or compliance with the fail-safe requirements of paragraph (d) of this section... loads combined with critical aerodynamic pressure and temperature effects, after failure of any load... in front of the pilots must be arranged so that, assuming the loss of vision through any one panel...

14 CFR 23.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... loadings and flight loads, or compliance with the fail-safe requirements of paragraph (d) of this section... loads combined with critical aerodynamic pressure and temperature effects, after failure of any load... in front of the pilots must be arranged so that, assuming the loss of vision through any one panel...

14 CFR 25.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... differential loads combined with critical aerodynamic pressure and temperature effects after any single failure... front of the pilots must be arranged so that, assuming the loss of vision through any one panel, one or... flight and landing. [Doc. No. 5066, 29 FR 18291, Dec. 24, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 25-23, 35 FR 5676...

14 CFR 23.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... loadings and flight loads, or compliance with the fail-safe requirements of paragraph (d) of this section... loads combined with critical aerodynamic pressure and temperature effects, after failure of any load... in front of the pilots must be arranged so that, assuming the loss of vision through any one panel...

14 CFR 25.775 - Windshields and windows.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... differential loads combined with critical aerodynamic pressure and temperature effects after any single failure... front of the pilots must be arranged so that, assuming the loss of vision through any one panel, one or... flight and landing. [Doc. No. 5066, 29 FR 18291, Dec. 24, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 25-23, 35 FR 5676...

Comparative Fatigue Lives of Rubber and PVC Wiper Cylindrical Coatings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vlcek, Brian L.; Hendricks, Robert C.; Zaretsky, Erwin V.; Savage, Michael

2002-01-01

Three coating materials for rotating cylindrical-coated wiping rollers were fatigue tested in 2 Intaglio printing presses. The coatings were a hard, cross-linked, plasticized PVC thermoset (P-series); a plasticized PVC (A-series); and a hard, nitryl rubber (R-series). Both 2- and 3-parameter Weibull analyses as well as a cost-benefit analysis were performed. The mean value of life for the R-series coating is 24 and 9 times longer than the P- and A-series coatings, respectively. Both the cost and replacement rate for the R-series coating was significantly less than those for the P- and A-series coatings. At a very high probability of survival the R-series coating is approximately 2 and 6 times the lives of the P- and A-series, respectively, before the first failure occurs. Where all coatings are run to failure, using the mean (life) time between removal (MTBR) for each coating to calculate the number of replacements and costs provides qualitatively similar results to those using a Weibull analysis.

Thermal Barriers Developed for Solid Rocket Motor Nozzle Joints

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steinetz, Bruce M.; Dunlap, Patrick H., Jr.

2000-01-01

Space shuttle solid rocket motor case assembly joints are sealed with conventional O-ring seals that are shielded from 5500 F combustion gases by thick layers of insulation and by special joint-fill compounds that fill assembly splitlines in the insulation. On a number of occasions, NASA has observed hot gas penetration through defects in the joint-fill compound of several of the rocket nozzle assembly joints. In the current nozzle-to-case joint, NASA has observed penetration of hot combustion gases through the joint-fill compound to the inboard wiper O-ring in one out of seven motors. Although this condition does not threaten motor safety, evidence of hot gas penetration to the wiper O-ring results in extensive reviews before resuming flight. The solid rocket motor manufacturer (Thiokol) approached the NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field about the possibility of applying Glenn's braided fiber preform seal as a thermal barrier to protect the O-ring seals. Glenn and Thiokol are working to improve the nozzle-to-case joint design by implementing a more reliable J-leg design and by using a braided carbon fiber thermal barrier that would resist any hot gases that the J-leg does not block.

40 CFR 243.202-3 - Recommended procedures: Operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Recommended procedures: Operations. 243.202-3 Section 243.202-3 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... receive periodic vehicle safety checks, including, but not limited to, inspection of brakes, windshield...

40 CFR 243.202-3 - Recommended procedures: Operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 24 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Recommended procedures: Operations. 243.202-3 Section 243.202-3 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... receive periodic vehicle safety checks, including, but not limited to, inspection of brakes, windshield...

40 CFR 243.202-3 - Recommended procedures: Operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Recommended procedures: Operations. 243.202-3 Section 243.202-3 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... receive periodic vehicle safety checks, including, but not limited to, inspection of brakes, windshield...

40 CFR 243.202-3 - Recommended procedures: Operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Recommended procedures: Operations. 243.202-3 Section 243.202-3 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... receive periodic vehicle safety checks, including, but not limited to, inspection of brakes, windshield...

Occupational Ocular UV Exposure in Civilian Aircrew.

PubMed

Chorley, Adrian C; Baczynska, Katarzyna A; Benwell, Martin J; Evans, Bruce J W; Higlett, Michael P; Khazova, Marina; O'Hagan, John B

2016-01-01

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) increases with altitude; however, there are a number of other factors which may influence ocular exposure during flight. The aim of this study was to assess ocular UVR exposure of pilots in airline and off-shore helicopter operations on different aircraft types and to compare with exposure in a typical office environment. In-flight data were captured on equipment including a CCD array spectroradiometer on five return sector European airline flights and one transatlantic flight from London Gatwick in addition to four helicopter flights from Aberdeen Dyce airport. Further data were collected in an office environment from three workstations during summer and winter months. A wide variation in ocular UVA dose was found during flights. The main factor influencing exposure was the UVR transmission of the windshield, which fell into two distinct profile types. In an aircraft with good UVA blocking properties, ocular exposure was found to be equivalent to office exposure and did not exceed international guideline limits regardless of external conditions or flight time. Most aircraft assessed had poor UVA blocking windshields which resulted in an ocular exposure to the unprotected eye in excess of international guideline limits (up to between 4.5 to 6.5 times greater during one flight). No significant UVB dose was found. Pilots should be warned of the potential high UVA exposure during flight and advised on the use of sunglasses. A windshield labeling system would allow the pilot to tailor their eye protection practices to that particular aircraft.

77 FR 65444 - Notice of Receipt of Petition for Decision That Nonconforming 1991 Mercedes-Benz G-Class (463...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-26

... wish to receive confirmation that your comments were received, please enclose a stamped, self-addressed... Belt Assemblies, 210 Seat Belt Assembly Anchorages, 212 Windshield Mounting, 214 Side Impact Protection... standard. The petitioner also stated that the vehicles are equipped with self-tensioning combination lap...

78 FR 13754 - Notice of Receipt of Petition for Decision That Nonconforming 2004 Ford F-150 Crew Cab Trucks...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-28

..., self-addressed postcard with the comments. Note that all comments received will be posted without... Components, 207 Seating Systems, 208 Occupant Crash Protection, 209 Seat Belt Assemblies, 210 Seat Belt Assembly Anchorages, 212 Windshield Mounting, 214 Side Impact Protection, 216 Roof Crush Resistance, 219...

40 CFR 243.202-3 - Recommended procedures: Operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2012-07-01 2011-07-01 true Recommended procedures: Operations. 243.202-3 Section 243.202-3 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID... receive periodic vehicle safety checks, including, but not limited to, inspection of brakes, windshield...

Vehicle Assembly Building In The Rain

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-07-09

The NASA Vehicle Assembly Building is seen through a rain covered windshield at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Friday, July 10, 2009. NASA is set to launch the space shuttle Endeavour with the crew of STS-127 on Saturday. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)

36 CFR 1192.155 - Interior circulation, handrails and stanchions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Interior circulation, handrails and stanchions. 1192.155 Section 1192.155 Parks, Forests, and Public Property ARCHITECTURAL AND... windshield in the event of a sudden deceleration. Without restricting the vestibule space, the assist shall...

36 CFR 1192.155 - Interior circulation, handrails and stanchions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Interior circulation, handrails and stanchions. 1192.155 Section 1192.155 Parks, Forests, and Public Property ARCHITECTURAL AND... windshield in the event of a sudden deceleration. Without restricting the vestibule space, the assist shall...

49 CFR 571.205(a) - Glazing equipment manufactured before September 1, 2006 and glazing materials used in vehicles...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... vehicle windows for driver visibility, and to minimize the possibility of occupants being thrown through the vehicle windows in collisions. S3. Application. This standard applies to glazing equipment...) [Reserved] (j) Windows and doors in motor homes, except for the windshield and windows to the immediate...

Flexible Low-Mass Devices and Mechanisms Actuated by Electroactive Polymers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bar-Cohen, Y; Leary, S.; Shahinpoor, M.; Harrison, J. O.; Smith, J.

1999-01-01

Miniature, lightweight, miser actuators that operate similar to biological muscles can be used to develop robotic devices with unmatched capabilities to impact many technology areas. Electroactive polymers (EAP) offer the potential to producing such actuators and their main attractive feature is their ability to induce relatively large bending or longitudinal strain. Generally, these materials produce a relatively low force and the applications that can be considered at the current state of the art are relatively limited. This reported study is concentrating on the development of effective EAPs and the resultant enabling mechanisms employing their unique characteristics. Several EAP driven mechanisms, which emulate human hand, were developed including a gripper, manipulator arm and surface wiper. The manipulator arm was made of a composite rod with an EAP actuator consisting of a scrolled rope that is activated longitudinally by an electrostatic field. A gripper was made to serve as an end effector and it consisted of multiple bending EAP fingers for grabbing and holding such objects as rocks. An EAP surface wiper was developed to operate like a human finger and to demonstrate the potential to remove dust from optical and IR windows as well as solar cells. These EAP driven devices are taking advantage of the large actuation displacement of these materials but there is need for a significantly greater actuation force capability.

78 FR 70396 - Parts and Accessories Necessary for Safe Operation; Renewal of Exemption for Con-Way Freight, TK...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-25

... sensors lower in the windshield of a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) than is currently permitted by the... departure warning system sensors on 1,272 of its newly purchased power units. Takata and Iteris submitted nearly identical exemption applications for their lane departure warning system sensors on December 15...

49 CFR 583.7 - Procedure for determining major foreign sources of passenger motor vehicle equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., oil, blackout, phosphate rinse, windshield washer fluid, fasteners, tire assembly fluid, rivets... equipment, and the U.S. and Canada are treated together. (d) Determination of the percentage of the total... basis by— (1) Adding up the total value of all of the passenger motor vehicle equipment (regardless of...

49 CFR 583.7 - Procedure for determining major foreign sources of passenger motor vehicle equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., oil, blackout, phosphate rinse, windshield washer fluid, fasteners, tire assembly fluid, rivets... equipment, and the U.S. and Canada are treated together. (d) Determination of the percentage of the total... basis by— (1) Adding up the total value of all of the passenger motor vehicle equipment (regardless of...

49 CFR 583.7 - Procedure for determining major foreign sources of passenger motor vehicle equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., oil, blackout, phosphate rinse, windshield washer fluid, fasteners, tire assembly fluid, rivets... equipment, and the U.S. and Canada are treated together. (d) Determination of the percentage of the total... basis by— (1) Adding up the total value of all of the passenger motor vehicle equipment (regardless of...

49 CFR 583.7 - Procedure for determining major foreign sources of passenger motor vehicle equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., oil, blackout, phosphate rinse, windshield washer fluid, fasteners, tire assembly fluid, rivets... equipment, and the U.S. and Canada are treated together. (d) Determination of the percentage of the total... basis by— (1) Adding up the total value of all of the passenger motor vehicle equipment (regardless of...

76 FR 21791 - Parts and Accessories Necessary for Safe Operation; Exemption Renewal for DriveCam, Inc.

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-18

... video event recorders by May 18, 2011. The Agency will evaluate any data submitted and, if adverse... the placement of video event recorders at the top of the windshields on commercial motor vehicles (CMVs). CMVs may continue to use the video event recorders to increase safety through (1) identification...

Cardboard Houses with Wings: The Architecture of Alabama's Rural Studio

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Botz-Bornstein, Thorsten

2010-01-01

The Rural Studio, an outreach program of Auburn University, designs innovative houses for poor people living in Alabama's Hale County by using "junk" such as car windshields, carpet tiles, baled cardboard, and old license plates. The article theorizes this particular architecture in terms of Critical Regionalism, developed by…

14 CFR 125.221 - Icing conditions: Operating limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... airplane that has frost, ice, or snow adhering to any propeller, windshield, stabilizing or control surface; to a powerplant installation; or to an airspeed, altimeter, rate of climb, flight attitude instrument... is a check to make sure the wings and control surfaces are free of frost, ice, or snow. (2) The...

14 CFR 125.221 - Icing conditions: Operating limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... airplane that has frost, ice, or snow adhering to any propeller, windshield, stabilizing or control surface; to a powerplant installation; or to an airspeed, altimeter, rate of climb, flight attitude instrument... is a check to make sure the wings and control surfaces are free of frost, ice, or snow. (2) The...

14 CFR 125.221 - Icing conditions: Operating limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... airplane that has frost, ice, or snow adhering to any propeller, windshield, stabilizing or control surface; to a powerplant installation; or to an airspeed, altimeter, rate of climb, flight attitude instrument... is a check to make sure the wings and control surfaces are free of frost, ice, or snow. (2) The...

14 CFR 125.221 - Icing conditions: Operating limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... airplane that has frost, ice, or snow adhering to any propeller, windshield, stabilizing or control surface; to a powerplant installation; or to an airspeed, altimeter, rate of climb, flight attitude instrument... is a check to make sure the wings and control surfaces are free of frost, ice, or snow. (2) The...

77 FR 75699 - Petition for Waiver of Compliance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-21

..., the requirements for FRA Type I material in the forward and rearward end-facing glazing locations of the locomotive cab windshield as well as FRA Type II material in all side-facing windows of the... safety. A copy of the petition, as well as any written communications concerning the petition, is...

77 FR 67308 - Special Conditions: Embraer S.A., Model EMB-550 Airplane; Hydrophobic Coatings in Lieu of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-09

... may be necessary to remove moisture, but may not be adequate to maintain a sufficiently clear area of... remove moisture from the windshield, may not be adequate to maintain a sufficiently clear area of the... effective precipitation removal. For example, precipitation in the form of a light mist may not be...

14 CFR 121.341 - Equipment for operations in icing conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... requirements relating to ice protection, or unless an airplane is a non-transport category airplane type certificated after December 31, 1964, that has the ice protection provisions that meet section 34 of appendix A... equipped with means for the prevention or removal of ice on windshields, wings, empennage, propellers, and...

14 CFR 121.341 - Equipment for operations in icing conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... requirements relating to ice protection, or unless an airplane is a non-transport category airplane type certificated after December 31, 1964, that has the ice protection provisions that meet section 34 of appendix A... equipped with means for the prevention or removal of ice on windshields, wings, empennage, propellers, and...

14 CFR 121.341 - Equipment for operations in icing conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... requirements relating to ice protection, or unless an airplane is a non-transport category airplane type certificated after December 31, 1964, that has the ice protection provisions that meet section 34 of appendix A... equipped with means for the prevention or removal of ice on windshields, wings, empennage, propellers, and...

14 CFR 121.341 - Equipment for operations in icing conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... requirements relating to ice protection, or unless an airplane is a non-transport category airplane type certificated after December 31, 1964, that has the ice protection provisions that meet section 34 of appendix A... equipped with means for the prevention or removal of ice on windshields, wings, empennage, propellers, and...

14 CFR 121.341 - Equipment for operations in icing conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... requirements relating to ice protection, or unless an airplane is a non-transport category airplane type certificated after December 31, 1964, that has the ice protection provisions that meet section 34 of appendix A... equipped with means for the prevention or removal of ice on windshields, wings, empennage, propellers, and...

75 FR 33666 - Parts and Accessories Necessary for Safe Operation; Applications for an Exemption From Con-Way...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-14

...), and Iteris, Inc. (Iteris) regarding the placement of lane departure warning system sensors at the top... mounting of the lane departure warning system sensors near the top of the windshield, and within the swept... departure warning system would be used to alert a driver when he or she unintentionally drifts out of their...

Where Blacks Live: Race and Residence in Chicago in the 1970s.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fox, Roger; Haines, Deborah

This report attempts to answer the question "where do blacks currently live in Chicago?" and to clarify some of the housing related needs and desires of the black community and some of the patterns and forces which shape residential choice. The maps included in the report, developed using a "windshield survey," demonstrate that…

Transparent, conducting films based on metal/dielectric photonic band gaps

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bloemer, Mark J.; Scalora, Michael; D'Aguanno, G.; Bowden, Charles M.; Baglio, Salvatore; Sibilia, Concita; Centini, Marco; Bertolotti, Mario

1999-07-01

A transparent conductor has been developed based on 1D metal/dielectric photonic band gap structures. Laminated metal/dielectric filters containing 100 nm of silver have been fabricated with > 50% transmittance. Applications for transparent, conducting films include antennas embedded in windshields, electrodes on flat panel displays, electromagnetic shielding, and solar window panes.

78 FR 17749 - Parts and Accessories Necessary for Safe Operation; Exemption Renewal for Greyhound Lines, Inc.

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-22

... placement of video event recorders at the top of the windshields on its buses. Greyhound may continue to use the video event recorders to increase safety through (1) Identification and remediation of risky... applied for an exemption from 49 CFR 393.60(e)(1) to allow it to install video event [[Page 17750...

14 CFR Special Federal Aviation... - Mitsubishi MU-2B Series Special Training, Experience, and Operating Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

.... Fuselage 2. Wing 3. Empennage 4. Doors 5. Windshield and Windows C. Airplane Systems 1. Electrical Power 2... System 1. Navigation Lights 2. Anti-Collision Lights 3. Wing Inspection Lights 4. Taxi Lights 5. Landing... Operations 3. Synchronization 4. De-Ice D. Ground Checks 1. Overspeed Governor 2. SRL and Delta P/P 3. NTS...

14 CFR Special Federal Aviation... - Mitsubishi MU-2B Series Special Training, Experience, and Operating Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

.... Fuselage 2. Wing 3. Empennage 4. Doors 5. Windshield and Windows C. Airplane Systems 1. Electrical Power 2... System 1. Navigation Lights 2. Anti-Collision Lights 3. Wing Inspection Lights 4. Taxi Lights 5. Landing... Operations 3. Synchronization 4. De-Ice D. Ground Checks 1. Overspeed Governor 2. SRL and Delta P/P 3. NTS...

49 CFR 223.11 - Requirements for existing locomotives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... be equipped with certified glazing in all locomotive cab windows after June 30, 1984. (d) Each... vandalism has a locomotive cab window that is broken or damaged so that the window fails to permit good... broken or damaged window is a part of the windshield of the locomotive cab, all of the forward and...

Assessing river recreation use and perceptions of environmental quality trends on Michigan's upper Manistee River

Treesearch

Charles Nelson; Brian Valentine

2003-01-01

Through vehicle counts and windshield surveys at 43 public access points and a mail questionnaire to shoreline property owners, Michigan State University researchers estimated the recreation effort on a 55-mile stretch of Michigan's upper Manistee River from April 28 - September 3, 2001. In addition, public access point user satisfaction, perceived trends in the...

The challenging scales of the bird: Shuttle tile structural integrity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schneider, W. C.; Miller, G. J.

1985-01-01

The principal design issues, tests, and analyses required to solve the tile integrity problem on the space shuttle orbiters are addressed. Proof testing of installed tiles is discussed along with an airflow test of special tiles. Orbiter windshield tiles are considered in terms of changes necessary to ensure acceptable margins of safety for flight.

High color fidelity thin film multilayer systems for head-up display use

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsou, Yi-Jen D.; Ho, Fang C.

1996-09-01

Head-up display is gaining increasing access in automotive vehicles for indication and position/navigation purposes. An optical combiner, which allows the driver to receive image information from outside and inside of the automobile, is the essential part of this display device. Two multilayer thin film combiner coating systems with distinctive polarization selectivity and broad band spectral neutrality are discussed. One of the coating systems was designed to be located at the lower portion of the windshield. The coating reduced the exterior glare by approximately 45% and provided about 70% average see-through transmittance in addition to the interior information display. The other coating system was designed to be integrated with the sunshield located at the upper portion of the windshield. The coating reflected the interior information display while reducing direct sunlight penetration to 25%. Color fidelity for both interior and exterior images were maintained in both systems. This facilitated the display of full-color maps. Both coating systems were absorptionless and environmentally durable. Designs, fabrication, and performance of these coating systems are addressed.

Roll-to-Roll Screen Printed Radio Frequency Identification Transponder Antennas for Vehicle Tracking Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zichner, Ralf; Baumann, Reinhard R.

2013-05-01

Vehicle tracking systems based on ultra high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) technology are already introduced to control the access to car parks and corporate premises. For this field of application so-called Windshield RFID transponder labels are used, which are applied to the inside of the windshield. State of the art for manufacturing these transponder antennas is the traditional lithography/etching approach. Furthermore the performance of these transponders is limited to a reading distance of approximately 5 m which results in car speed limit of 5 km/h for identification. However, to achieve improved performance compared to existing all-purpose transponders and a dramatic cost reduction, an optimized antenna design is needed which takes into account the special dielectric and in particular metallic car environment of the tag and an roll-to-roll (R2R) printing manufacturing process. In this paper we focus on the development of a customized UHF RFID transponder antenna design, which is adopted for vehicle geometry as well as R2R screen printing manufacturing processes.

Development of Thermal Barriers For Solid Rocket Motor Nozzle Joints

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steinetz, Bruce M.; Dunlap, Patrick H., Jr.

2000-01-01

Joints in the Space Shuttle solid rocket motors are sealed by O-rings to contain combustion gases inside the rocket that reach pressures of up to 900 psi and temperatures of up to 5500 F. To provide protection for the O-rings, the motors are insulated with either phenolic or rubber insulation. Gaps in the joints leading up to the O-rings are filled with polysulfide joint-fill compounds as an additional level of protection. The current RSRM nozzle-to-case joint design incorporating primary, secondary, and wiper O-rings experiences gas paths through the joint-fill compound to the innermost wiper O-ring in about one out of every seven motors. Although this does not pose a safety hazard to the motor, it is an undesirable condition that NASA and rocket manufacturer Thiokol want to eliminate. Each nozzle-to-case joint gas path results in extensive reviews and evaluation before flights can be resumed. Thiokol and NASA Marshall are currently working to improve the nozzle-to-case joint design by implementing a more reliable J-leg design that has been used successfully in the field and igniter joint. They are also planning to incorporate the NASA Glenn braided carbon fiber thermal barrier into the joint. The thermal barrier would act as an additional level of protection for the O-rings and allow the elimination of the joint-fill compound from the joint.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Idle Reduction Related Links

Science.gov Websites

and the windshield free of snow and ice for hours without idling. Bergstrom, Inc. Bergstrom more than 12 hours of idle-free temperature control, while also providing: fuel savings (up to 2,500 configurations. Idle Free Systems, Inc. Idle Free Systems, Inc. is a provider of year-round idle elimination

32 CFR 636.10 - Hunter Army Airfield vehicle registration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) Temporary passes will be conspicuously placed on the left side of the vehicle dashboard between the... registered in one of two places: (1) Exterior, front windshield lower left corner. (2) Front, left bumper of... decal with the month on the left and the year on the right. (4) Decals will not be affixed to any other...

Winter Safety Tips for Older Adults

MedlinePlus

... smaller roads. • Stock your car with basic emergency supplies such as: – First aid kid – Blankets – Extra warm clothes – Booster cables – Windshield scraper – Shovel – Rock salt or a bag of sand or cat litter (in case your wheels get stuck) – Water and dried food or canned food (with can ...

49 CFR 223.13 - Requirements for existing cabooses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...), cabooses built or rebuilt prior to July 1, 1980, shall be equipped with certified glazing in all windows..., as a result of an act of vandalism, has a window that is broken or damaged so that the window fails... the broken window is a part of the windshield, all of the forward and rearward end facing glazing...

A Study of Transparent Plastics for use on Aircraft, Special Report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Axilrod, Benjamin M.; Kline, Gordon M.

1937-01-01

Various transparent organic plastics, including both commercially available and experimental materials, have been examined to determine their suitability for use as flexible windshields on aircraft, The properties which have been studied include light transmission, haziness, distortion, resistance to weathering, scratch and indentation hardness, impact strength, dimensional stability, resistance to water and various cleaning fluids, bursting strength at normal and low temperatures, and flammability.

49 CFR 571.212 - Standard No. 212; Windshield mounting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... forward control vehicles, walk-in van-type vehicles, or to open-body type vehicles with fold-down or... so that the weight on each axle as measured at the tire-ground interface is in proportion to its GAWR...

49 CFR 571.212 - Standard No. 212; Windshield mounting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... forward control vehicles, walk-in van-type vehicles, or to open-body type vehicles with fold-down or... so that the weight on each axle as measured at the tire-ground interface is in proportion to its GAWR...

49 CFR 571.212 - Standard No. 212; Windshield mounting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... forward control vehicles, walk-in van-type vehicles, or to open-body type vehicles with fold-down or... so that the weight on each axle as measured at the tire-ground interface is in proportion to its GAWR...

49 CFR 571.212 - Standard No. 212; Windshield mounting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... forward control vehicles, walk-in van-type vehicles, or to open-body type vehicles with fold-down or... so that the weight on each axle as measured at the tire-ground interface is in proportion to its GAWR...

49 CFR 571.212 - Standard No. 212; Windshield mounting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... forward control vehicles, walk-in van-type vehicles, or to open-body type vehicles with fold-down or... so that the weight on each axle as measured at the tire-ground interface is in proportion to its GAWR...

Resistance of Transparent Plastics to Impact

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Axilrod, Benjamin M; Kline, Gordon M

1939-01-01

The problem of developing a windshield for aircraft which will withstand the effect of bird impacts during flight is a difficult one, as an estimate of the striking energy will indicate. If the average speed of the airplane is considered to be about 200 miles per hour and that of the bird about 70 miles per hour, the speed of the bird relative to the airplane may be as great as 400 feet per second. If a 4-pound bird is involved, a maximum impact energy of approximately 10,000 foot-pounds must be dissipated. To obtain this energy in a drop test in the Washington Monument, it would be necessary to drop a 20-pound weight down the 500-foot shaft. For both theoretical and practical reasons, it is necessary to keep the mass and speed more nearly like those to be encountered. However, to get an impact of about 10,000 foot-pounds with a 4-pound falling body, it would be necessary to drop it from a height of approximately one-half mile, neglecting air resistance. These facts will indicate some of the experimental obstacles in the way of simulating bird impacts against aircraft windshields.

Electroactive Polymers as Artificial Muscles - Reality and Challenges

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bar-Cohen, Y.

2001-01-01

Electroactive Polymers (EAPs) are emerging as effective displacement actuators. These materials offer the closest resemblance of biological muscle potentially enabling unique capabilities changing the paradigm about robots construction. Under a NASA task, several EAP driven mechanisms were developed including dust wiper, gripper, and robotic arm EAP are inducing a low actuation force limiting the applications that can use their current capability. In recognition of this limitation a series of international forums were established including SPIE conference, Webhub, Newsletter, and Newsgroup. A challenge was posed to the EAP community to have an arm wrestling between robot that is equipped with EAP actuators and human.

Air-Powered Projectile Launcher

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Andrews, T.; Bjorklund, R. A.; Elliott, D. G.; Jones, L. K.

1987-01-01

Air-powered launcher fires plastic projectiles without using explosive propellants. Does not generate high temperatures. Launcher developed for combat training for U.S. Army. With reservoir pressurized, air launcher ready to fire. When pilot valve opened, sleeve (main valve) moves to rear. Projectile rapidly propelled through barrel, pushed by air from reservoir. Potential applications in seismic measurements, avalanche control, and testing impact resistance of windshields on vehicles.

Conference on Aerospace Transparent Materials and Enclosures (15th) 16- 20 January 1989. Volume 2. Sessions 6-9

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-04-01

activates the platinum addition reaction. It is important to maintain pressure prior to heating and during heating and cooling . Rate of both heating and...6,000 (17) Costs associated with the various optimization strategies as applied to the design of a laminated windshield are compared In tables 2 and 3...temperature distribution but greatly simplifies the spectral-dependent radiation transfer calculations. Also, convective heating or cooling is

High frequency scattering from a thin lossless dielectric slab. M.S. Thesis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Burgener, K. W.

1979-01-01

A solution for scattering from a thin dielectric slab is developed based on geometrical optics and the geometrical theory of diffraction with the intention of developing a model for a windshield of a small private aircraft for incorporation in an aircraft antenna code. Results of the theory are compared with experimental measurements and moment method calculations showing good agreement. Application of the solution is also addressed.

Development of Thermal Barriers for Solid Rocket Motor Nozzle Joints

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steinetz, Bruce M.; Dunlap, Patrick H., Jr.

1999-01-01

The Space Shuttle solid rocket motor case assembly joints are sealed using conventional 0-ring seals. The 5500+F combustion gases are kept a safe distance away from the seals by thick layers of insulation. Special joint-fill compounds are used to fill the joints in the insulation to prevent a direct flowpath to the seals. On a number of occasions. NASA has observed in several of the rocket nozzle assembly joints hot gas penetration through defects in the joint- fill compound. The current nozzle-to-case joint design incorporates primary, secondary and wiper (inner-most) 0-rings and polysulfide joint-fill compound. In the current design, 1 out of 7 motors experience hot gas to the wiper 0-ring. Though the condition does not threaten motor safety, evidence of hot gas to the wiper 0-ring results in extensive reviews before resuming flight. NASA and solid rocket motor manufacturer Thiokol are working to improve the nozzle-to-case joint design by implementing a more reliable J-leg design and a thermal barrier, This paper presents burn-resistance, temperature drop, flow and resiliency test results for several types of NASA braided carbon-fiber thermal barriers. Burn tests were performed to determine the time to burn through each of the thermal barriers when exposed to the flame of an oxy-acetylene torch (5500 F), representative of the 5500 F solid rocket motor combustion temperatures. Thermal barriers braided out of carbon fibers endured the flame for over 6 minutes, three times longer than solid rocket motor burn time. Tests were performed on two thermal barrier braid architectures, denoted Carbon-3 and Carbon-6, to measure the temperature drop across and along the barrier in a compressed state when subjected to the flame of an oxyacetylene torch. Carbon-3 and Carbon-6 thermal barriers were excellent insulators causing temperature drops through their diameter of up to a 2800 and 2560 F. respectively. Gas temperature 1/4" downstream of the thermal barrier were within the

SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF LEAN AS A MANAGERIAL PRINCIPLE IN HEALTH CARE: A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS FROM SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW.

PubMed

Maijala, Riikka; Eloranta, Sini; Reunanen, Tero; Ikonen, Tuija S

2018-01-01

The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the characteristics of leadership and management associated with a successful Lean thinking adaptation in healthcare. A systematic literature review was undertaken using electronic databases: PubMed, PubMed Systematic Review, ABI/INFORM, Business Source Complete, Emerald, JBI, and Cinahl. Inclusion criteria were: (i) a description of Lean management or leadership in health care, (ii) a reference to Lean thinking, (iii) a peer-reviewed original research article or a literature review, and (iv) a full text article available in English. Among the 1,754 peer-reviewed articles identified, nine original articles and three systematic reviews met the inclusion criteria. Data on informants, methods, and settings were extracted and collated. Content analysis was used to conduct a review of the nine original studies describing and analyzing the success factors of Lean adaptation. The characteristics of leadership and management were analyzed by using the concept of a managerial windshield that divides leadership and management into four ontological dimensions: activities, style, focus, and purpose, each with typical developmental stages of skills and capabilities. The current study has some limitations: some papers from the journals not indexed in the searched databases may have been overlooked and the literature searches were carried out only for a 5-year period. Considering the results using the windshield concept emphasizes the philosophy, principles, and tools of Lean thinking. Lean leadership and management factors in health care were mainly conceptualized as skills and capabilities such as problem solving, making changes occur, empowering, communicating, coaching, supporting, facilitating, being democratic, organizational learning, and organizational success, all of which represented middle-stage or advanced managerial skills and capabilities. A conceptual analysis of systematically reviewed studies of Lean leadership

Gateway: Volume 3 Number 4

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-01

applications are described, including windshield, symbols dancing trans- high- flight -time pilots (and big bud- an automobile system that permits driv...ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER Human Systems JAC 2261 Monahan Way, Bldg. 196 GWIII4 WPAFB OH> 45433-7022 9...release; distribution is unlimited. Free to public by contacting the Human Systems IAC. A 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 Words) This issue contains articles

Land Combat Systems Industry Study 2004

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-01-01

David Barnhart, Florida Air National Guard Lt Col Warren Anderson, United States Air Force Lt Col Phillip Chudoba, United States Marine Corps Mr...beginning with the current condition of GD. CURRENT CONDITION In the business world, the rearview mirror is always clearer than the windshield. Warren ... Buffett The ICAF coursework and field trips presented the study team with ample historic data for assessing the current condition of the LCS firms

Techniques for Combined Arms for Air Defense

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-07-29

loss remain in effect until communications are regained. Changes to ROE and supplemental fire control measures scheduled to go into effect after...communications are lost will be implemented as scheduled . Fire Control Orders Fire control orders are commands used to control engagements on a case...or a sleep matt over windshields (Figure 3-2). Camouflage is one of the basic weapons of war. The importance, the principles, and the techniques of

Development of driver’s assistant system of additional visual information of blind areas for Gazelle Next

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Makarov, V.; Korelin, O.; Koblyakov, D.; Kostin, S.; Komandirov, A.

2018-02-01

The article is devoted to the development of the Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) for the GAZelle NEXT car. This project is aimed at developing a visual information system for the driver integrated into the windshield racks. The developed system implements the following functions: assistance in maneuvering and parking; Recognition of road signs; Warning the driver about the possibility of a frontal collision; Control of "blind" zones; "Transparent" vision in the windshield racks, widening the field of view, behind them; Visual and sound information about the traffic situation; Control and descent from the lane of the vehicle; Monitoring of the driver’s condition; navigation system; All-round review. The scheme of action of sensors of the developed system of visual information of the driver is provided. The moments of systems on a prototype of a vehicle are considered. Possible changes in the interior and dashboard of the car are given. The results of the implementation are aimed at the implementation of the system - improved informing of the driver about the environment and the development of an ergonomic interior for this system within the new Functional Salon of the Gazelle Next vehicle equipped with a visual information system for the driver.

Flight Tests of the Head-Up Display (HUD) in DC-9-20 Ship 382, November 1968 - January 1969. IRAD Line Item Description Number D36-69-033f

DTIC Science & Technology

1970-09-14

in this report was carried out as part of an Independent Research and Development program on the contribution of the Head-Up Display to an All...through windshield. W, by partial mirror, M. and imaged at infinity by lens. L. ] 1 »hMWMMMMMHi^^Hik«ni l TABLE I. ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES USED...movement of the equipment or its components. Translational movements are unlikely to give trouble because the display format is imaged at infinity

Children enjoy visit to Stennis

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-07-27

About 200 children of employees at NASA's John C. Stennis Space Center visited the facility for annual Take Our Children to Work activities July 27. Participants enjoyed a windshield tour of the rocket engine test site and various demonstrations and presentations on such topics as cryogenics, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, computer safety and robotics. They also had an opportunity to take photos at the astronaut suit exhibit and participate in StenniSphere activities.

49 CFR 571.219 - Standard No. 219; Windshield zone intrusion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... forward control vehicles, walk-in van-type vehicles, or to open-body-type vehicles with fold-down or... tire-ground interface is in proportion to its GAWR. If the mass on any axle when the vehicle is loaded...

49 CFR 571.219 - Standard No. 219; Windshield zone intrusion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... forward control vehicles, walk-in van-type vehicles, or to open-body-type vehicles with fold-down or... tire-ground interface is in proportion to its GAWR. If the mass on any axle when the vehicle is loaded...

49 CFR 571.219 - Standard No. 219; Windshield zone intrusion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... forward control vehicles, walk-in van-type vehicles, or to open-body-type vehicles with fold-down or... tire-ground interface is in proportion to its GAWR. If the mass on any axle when the vehicle is loaded...

49 CFR 571.219 - Standard No. 219; Windshield zone intrusion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... forward control vehicles, walk-in van-type vehicles, or to open-body-type vehicles with fold-down or... tire-ground interface is in proportion to its GAWR. If the mass on any axle when the vehicle is loaded...

Windshield safety glass foreign body masquerading as a root fragment.

PubMed

Gray, S T

1994-02-01

A 42-year-old woman presented with a persistent radiopacity suggestive of an apparent root fragment after full dental clearance. This was caused by a foreign body lying within the buccal soft tissues. The foreign body was identified as a portion of soda-lime-silica glass which had penetrated during a road traffic accident but which had remained undetected for 6 years. Following its removal, further chemical analyses were undertaken to compare the radiographic characteristics of the windscreen glass in this case with other glass samples.

Electrostatic Evaluation of the ARES I FTS Antenna Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hogue, Michael D.; Calle, Carlos I.

2010-01-01

Surface resistivity and volume resistivity data show all the tested non-metallic materials of the Ares I FTS antenna assembly to be insulative. The external materials (White foam, phenolic) should be able to develop a large surface charge density upon tribocharging with ice crystal impingement. Dielectric breakdown tests on the FTS antenna housing materials show that each of the insulative materials are very resistive to electrical breakdown. The thicknesses of these materials in a nominal housing should protect the antenna from direct breakdown from external triboelectric charging potentials. Per data from the Air Force study, a maximum external electric potential in the range of 100kV can be developed on surfaces tribocharged by ice crystal impingement. Testing showed that under operational pressure ranges, this level of exterior voltage can result in a potential of about 6 kV induced on the electrically floating interior antenna vanes. Testing the vanes up to this voltage level showed that electrostatic discharges can occur between the electrically floating vanes and the center, grounded screw heads. Repeated tests with multiple invisible and visible discharges caused only superficial physical damage to the vanes. Fourier analysis of the discharge signals showed that the frequency range of credible discharges would not interfere with the nominal operation of the FTS antenna. However, due to the limited scope, short timetable, and limited funding of this study, a direct measurement of the triboelectric charge that could be generated on the Ares I antenna housing when the rocket traverses an ice cloud at supersonic speeds was not performed. Instead, data for the limited Air Force study [3] was used as input for our experiments. The Air Force data used was not collected with a sensor located to provide us with the best approximation at the geometry of the Ares I rocket, namely that of the windshield electrometer, because brush discharges to the metal frame of the

Study of confinement and sliding friction of fluids using sum frequency generation spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nanjundiah, Kumar

2007-12-01

Friction and wear are important technologically. Tires on wet roads, windshield wipers and human joints are examples where nanometer-thick liquids are confined between flexible-rigid contact interfaces. Fundamental understanding of the structure of these liquids can assist in the design of products such as artificial joints and lubricants for Micro-electromechanical systems [MEMS]. Prior force measurements have suggested an increase in apparent viscosity of confined liquid and sometimes solid-like responses. But, these have not given the state of molecules under confinement. In the present study, we have used a surface sensitive, non-linear optical technique (infrared-visible sum frequency generation spectroscopy [SFG]) to investigate molecular structure at hidden interfaces. SFG can identify chemical groups, concentration and orientation of molecules at an interface. A friction cell was developed to study sliding of a smooth elastomeric lens against a sapphire surface. Experiments were done with dry sliding as well as lubricated sliding in the presence of linear alkane liquids. SFG spectra at the alkane/sapphire interface revealed ordering of the confined alkane molecules. These were more ordered than alkane liquid, but less ordered than alkane crystal. Cooling of the confined alkane below its melting temperature [TM] led to molecular orientation that was different from that of bulk crystal next to a sapphire surface. Molecules were oriented with their symmetry axis parallel to the surface normal. In addition, the melting temperature [Tconf] under confinement for a series of linear alkanes (n =15--27) showed a surprising trend. Intermediate molecular weights showed melting point depression. The T conf values suggested that melting started at the alkane/sapphire interface. In another investigation, confinement of water between an elastomeric PDMS lens and sapphire was studied. SFG spectra at the sapphire/water/PDMS interface revealed a heterogeneous morphology. The

East Siberian Sea, Russia

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

The winter sea ice in the east Siberian Sea is looking a bit like a cracked windshield in these true-color Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images from June 16 and 23, 2002. North of the thawing tundra, the sea ice takes on its cracked, bright blue appearance as it thins, which allows the reflection of the water to show through. Numerous still-frozen lakes dot the tundra. Credit: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC

Lena River Delta and East Siberian Sea

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

The winter sea ice in the east Siberian Sea is looking a bit like a cracked windshield in these true-color Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images from June 16 and 23, 2002. North of the thawing tundra, the sea ice takes on its cracked, bright blue appearance as it thins, which allows the reflection of the water to show through. Numerous still-frozen lakes dot the tundra. Credit: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC

Predicting success with silicone-hydrogel contact lenses in new wearers.

PubMed

Best, Nigel; Drury, Laura; Wolffsohn, James S

2013-10-01

to evaluate changes in tear metrics and ocular signs induced by six months of silicone-hydrogel contact lens wear and the difference in baseline characteristics between those who successfully continued in contact lens wear compared to those that did not. Non-invasive Keratograph, Tearscope and fluorescein tear break-up times (TBUTs), tear meniscus height, bulbar and limbal hyperaemia, lid-parallel conjunctival folds (LIPCOF), phenol red thread, fluorescein and lissamine-green staining, and lid wiper epitheliopathy were measured on 60 new contact lens wearers fitted with monthly silicone-hydrogels (average age 36±14 years, 40 females). Symptoms were evaluated by the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). After six months full time contact lens wear the above metrics were re-measured on those patients still in contact lens wear (n=33). The initial measurements were also compared between the group still wearing lenses after six months and those who had ceased lens wear (n=27). There were significant changes in tear meniscus height (p=0.031), bulbar hyperaemia (p=0.011), fluorescein TBUT (p=0.027), corneal (p=0.007) and conjunctival (p=0.009) staining, LIPCOF (p=0.011) and lid wiper epitheliopathy (p=0.002) after six months of silicone-hydrogel wear. Successful wearers had a higher non-invasive (17.0±8.2s vs 12.0±5.6s; p=0.001) and fluorescein (10.7±6.4s vs 7.5±4.7s; p=0.001) TBUT than drop-outs, although OSDI (cut-off 4.2) was also a strong predictor of success. Silicone-hydrogel lenses induced significant changes in the tear film and ocular surface as well as lid margin staining. Wettability of the ocular surface is the main factor affecting contact lens drop-out. Copyright © 2013 British Contact Lens Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Infrared Database for Process Support Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bennett, K. E.; Boothe, R. E.; Burns, H. D.

2003-01-01

Process support materials' compatibility with cleaning processes is critical to ensure final hardware cleanliness and that performance requirements are met. Previous discovery of potential contaminants in process materials shows the need for incoming materials testing and establishment of a process materials database. The Contamination Control Team of the Materials, Processes, and Manufacturing (MP&M) Department at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has initiated the development of such an infrared (IR) database, called the MSFC Process Materials IR database, of the common process support materials used at MSFC. These process support materials include solvents, wiper cloths, gloves, bagging materials, etc. Testing includes evaluation of the potential of gloves, wiper cloths, and other items to transfer contamination to handled articles in the absence of solvent exposure, and the potential for solvent exposure to induce material degradation. This Technical Memorandum (TM) summarizes the initial testing completed through December 2002. It is anticipated that additional testing will be conducted with updates provided in future TMs.Materials were analyzed using two different IR techniques: (1) Dry transference and (2) liquid extraction testing. The first of these techniques utilized the Nicolet Magna 750 IR spectrometer outfitted with a horizontal attenuated total reflectance (HATR) crystal accessory. The region from 650 to 4,000 wave numbers was analyzed, and 50 scans were performed per IR spectrum. A dry transference test was conducted by applying each sample with hand pressure to the HATR crystal to first obtain a spectrum of the parent material. The material was then removed from the HATR crystal and analyzed to determine the presence of any residues. If volatile, liquid samples were examined both prior to and following evaporation.The second technique was to perform an extraction test with each sample in five different solvents.Once the scans were complete for

Comparative Assessment of Cutting Inserts and Optimization during Hard Turning: Taguchi-Based Grey Relational Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Venkata Subbaiah, K.; Raju, Ch.; Suresh, Ch.

2017-08-01

The present study aims to compare the conventional cutting inserts with wiper cutting inserts during the hard turning of AISI 4340 steel at different workpiece hardness. Type of insert, hardness, cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut are taken as process parameters. Taguchi’s L18 orthogonal array was used to conduct the experimental tests. Parametric analysis carried in order to know the influence of each process parameter on the three important Surface Roughness Characteristics (Ra, Rz, and Rt) and Material Removal Rate. Taguchi based Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) used to optimize the process parameters for individual response and multi-response outputs. Additionally, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is also applied to identify the most significant factor.

Hologram interferometry in automotive component vibration testing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brown, Gordon M.; Forbes, Jamie W.; Marchi, Mitchell M.; Wales, Raymond R.

1993-02-01

An ever increasing variety of automotive component vibration testing is being pursued at Ford Motor Company, U.S.A. The driving force for use of hologram interferometry in these tests is the continuing need to design component structures to meet more stringent functional performance criteria. Parameters such as noise and vibration, sound quality, and reliability must be optimized for the lightest weight component possible. Continually increasing customer expectations and regulatory pressures on fuel economy and safety mandate that vehicles be built from highly optimized components. This paper includes applications of holographic interferometry for powertrain support structure tuning, body panel noise reduction, wiper system noise and vibration path analysis, and other vehicle component studies.

Exploring the mechanisms of vehicle front-end shape on pedestrian head injuries caused by ground impact.

PubMed

Yin, Sha; Li, Jiani; Xu, Jun

2017-09-01

In pedestrian-vehicle accidents, pedestrians typically suffer from secondary impact with the ground after the primary contact with vehicles. However, information about the fundamental mechanism of pedestrian head injury from ground impact remains minimal, thereby hindering further improvement in pedestrian safety. This study addresses this issue by using multi-body modeling and computation to investigate the influence of vehicle front-end shape on pedestrian safety. Accordingly, a simulation matrix is constructed to vary bonnet leading-edge height, bonnet length, bonnet angle, and windshield angle. Subsequently, a set of 315 pedestrian-vehicle crash simulations are conducted using the multi-body simulation software MADYMO. Three vehicle velocities, i.e., 20, 30, and 40km/h, are set as the scenarios. Results show that the top governing factor is bonnet leading-edge height. The posture and head injury at the instant of head ground impact vary dramatically with increasing height because of the significant rise of the body bending point and the movement of the collision point. The bonnet angle is the second dominant factor that affects head-ground injury, followed by bonnet length and windshield angle. The results may elucidate one of the critical barriers to understanding head injury caused by ground impact and provide a solid theoretical guideline for considering pedestrian safety in vehicle design. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Surrogate alcohol containing methanol, social deprivation and public health in Novosibirsk, Russia.

PubMed

Neufeld, Maria; Lachenmeier, Dirk; Hausler, Thomas; Rehm, Jürgen

2016-11-01

Surrogate alcohol, i.e. alcohol not intended or not officially intended for human consumption, continues to play an important role in alcohol consumption in Russia, especially for people with alcohol dependence. Among the different types of surrogate alcohol, there are windshield washer antifreeze liquids; these products are the cheapest kinds of non-beverage alcohol available and thus likely to be used by the most deprived and marginalised groups such as homeless people with alcohol dependence. Although it is well known, that non-beverage alcohol is used for consumption by various groups in Russia, and although there are laws to prohibit the use of methanol as part of windshield washer antifreeze liquids for the very reason that such products could be used as surrogate alcohol, we detected products in retail sale which were a mix of water and methanol only. Methanol poses serious health threats including blindness and death, and there had been repeated methanol deaths from surrogate alcohol in Russia over the last years. If law-enforcement does not change for surrogate products, we can expect more methanol-resulting deaths in the most deprived and marginalized groups of people with alcohol dependence in Russia. In addition, ingredients with questionable safety profiles such as formic acid should also be prohibited in non-beverage alcohol products that are likely to be consumed as surrogate alcohol. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Portable Welder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1984-01-01

A low cost, low power, self-contained portable welding gun designed for joining thermoplastics which become soft when heated and harden when cooled was developed originally by NASA's Langley Research Center for repairing helicopter windshields. Welder has a broad range of applications for joining both thermoplastic materials in the aerospace, automotive, appliance, and construction industries. Welders portability and low power requirement allow its use on-site in any type of climate, with power supplied by a variety of portable sources.

JPRS Report, Near East & South Asia.

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-09-06

Ambar, or others would get into their cars and go for a horn-blasting spin through the settlement. Additional vehicles would gather and the...Bidya, broken windshields on the cars, and a violent spin through the Arab village. That is not what characterized our activity, Rafa’eli will now...Qiryat Arba’, by the way, the phenomena were much more severe. There, they did not always wait for a special event to send the guys for a spin through

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schaeffer, Daniel; Winter, Kyle

A water repellent developed by researchers at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory outperforms nature at its best and could open a floodgate of commercial possibilities. The super-water repellent (superhydrophobic) material, developed by John Simpson, is easy to fabricate and uses inexpensive base materials. The process could lead to the creation of a new class of water repellant products, including windshields, eyewear, clothing, building materials, road surfaces, ship hulls and self-cleaning coatings. The list of likely applications is virtually endless.

KSC-03pd0010

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-01-04

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - STS-114 Commander Eileen Collins looks over the windshield in Atlantis. She and other crew members are at KSC to take part in Crew Equipment Interface Test activities, which include checking out the payload and orbiter. STS-114 is a utilization and logistics flight (ULF-1) that will carry Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Raffaello and the External Stowage Platform (ESP-2), as well as the Expedition 7 crew, to the International Space Station. Launch is targeted for March 1, 2003.

KSC-03pd0011

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-01-04

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - STS-114 Commander Eileen Collins (foreground) checks out the windshield in Atlantis. She and other crew members are at KSC to take part in Crew Equipment Interface Test activities, which include checking out the payload and orbiter. STS-114 is a utilization and logistics flight (ULF-1) that will carry Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Raffaello and the External Stowage Platform (ESP-2), as well as the Expedition 7 crew, to the International Space Station. Launch is targeted for March 1, 2003.

Superhydrophobics

ScienceCinema

Schaeffer, Daniel; Winter, Kyle

2018-06-06

A water repellent developed by researchers at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory outperforms nature at its best and could open a floodgate of commercial possibilities. The super-water repellent (superhydrophobic) material, developed by John Simpson, is easy to fabricate and uses inexpensive base materials. The process could lead to the creation of a new class of water repellant products, including windshields, eyewear, clothing, building materials, road surfaces, ship hulls and self-cleaning coatings. The list of likely applications is virtually endless.

Logging while fishing technique results in substantial savings

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tollefsen, E.; Everett, M.

1996-12-01

During wireline logging operations, tools occasionally become stuck in the borehole and require fishing. A typical fishing job can take anywhere from 1{1/2}--4 days. In the Gulf of Mexico, a fishing job can easily cost between $100,000 and $500,000. These costs result from nonproductive time during the fishing trip, associated wiper trip and relogging the well. Logging while fishing (LWF) technology is a patented system capable of retrieving a stuck fish and completing the logging run during the same pipe descent. Completing logging operations using LWF method saves time and money. The technique also provides well information where data maymore » not otherwise have been obtained. Other benefits include reduced fishing time and an increased level of safety.« less

Materials Compatibility Testing in RSRM ODC: Free Cleaner Selection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Keen, Jill M.; Sagers, Neil W.; McCool, Alex (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

Government regulations have mandated production phase-outs of a number of solvents, including 1,1,1-trichloroethane, an ozone-depleting chemical (ODC). This solvent was used extensively in the production of the Reusable Solid Rocket Motors (RSRMs) for the Space Shuttle. Many tests have been performed to identify replacement cleaners. One major area of concern in the selection of a new cleaner has been compatibility. Some specific areas considered included cleaner compatibility with non-metallic surfaces, painted surfaces, support materials such as gloves and wipers as well as corrosive properties of the cleaners on the alloys used on these motors. The intent of this paper is to summarize the test logic, methodology, and results acquired from testing the many cleaner and material combinations.

KSC-03pd0013

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-01-04

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- STS-114 Pilot James Kelly and Commander Eileen Collins look over the windshield in Atlantis. They and other crew members are at KSC to take part in Crew Equipment Interface Test activities, which include checking out the payload and orbiter. STS-114 is a utilization and logistics flight (ULF-1) that will carry Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Raffaello and the External Stowage Platform (ESP-2), as well as the Expedition 7 crew, to the International Space Station. Launch is targeted for March 1, 2003.

Aircraft Transparency Failure and Logistical Cost Analysis. Volume I. Program Summary

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-12-01

Hours liv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (Continued) SFMC Field Maintenance Cost FMEA Failure Modes and Effect Analysis SFMS Field Maintenance Squadron FSN...3, CH-53, AND UH -1 Figure 3. Study Aircraft 10 I. 1. WINDSHIELDS 2. CANOPIES 3. WINDOWS INTERACTIVE SUPPORT SYSTEMS 1. ANTI-ICING 2. DEFOGGING 3...52,947 13,761 UH /TH-1F, 1P 73,431 73,640 Total helicopters 339,690 113,492 2.99 Bombers B-S2G 138,348 64,431 B-S2P 93,000 36,936 B-57 34,527 19,552

Rain droplet erosion mechanisms in transparent plastic materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schmitt, G. F., Jr.

1974-01-01

Tests were conducted to determine the damaging effects of rain erosion on optically transparent materials. The rotating arm test equipment used for the tests is described. Typical transparent materials such as those found in windshields, infrared windows, lasers, and television systems were tested. Nominal velocities of 400, 500, and 600 miles per hour and rainfall conditions of one inch per hour simulated rainfall were used in the tests. It was determined that an 80 percent reduction in laser transmittance can occur in plastics submitted to rain erosion. Significant results of the environmental tests are explained.

Feed mechanism and method for feeding minute items

DOEpatents

Stringer, Timothy Kent; Yerganian, Simon Scott

2012-11-06

A feeding mechanism and method for feeding minute items, such as capacitors, resistors, or solder preforms. The mechanism is adapted to receive a plurality of the randomly-positioned and randomly-oriented extremely small or minute items, and to isolate, orient, and position the items in a specific repeatable pickup location wherefrom they may be removed for use by, for example, a computer-controlled automated assembly machine. The mechanism comprises a sliding shelf adapted to receive and support the items; a wiper arm adapted to achieve a single even layer of the items; and a pushing arm adapted to push the items into the pickup location. The mechanism can be adapted for providing the items with a more exact orientation, and can also be adapted for use in a liquid environment.

Feed mechanism and method for feeding minute items

DOEpatents

Stringer, Timothy Kent [Bucyrus, KS; Yerganian, Simon Scott [Lee's Summit, MO

2009-10-20

A feeding mechanism and method for feeding minute items, such as capacitors, resistors, or solder preforms. The mechanism is adapted to receive a plurality of the randomly-positioned and randomly-oriented extremely small or minute items, and to isolate, orient, and position one or more of the items in a specific repeatable pickup location wherefrom they may be removed for use by, for example, a computer-controlled automated assembly machine. The mechanism comprises a sliding shelf adapted to receive and support the items; a wiper arm adapted to achieve a single even layer of the items; and a pushing arm adapted to push the items into the pickup location. The mechanism can be adapted for providing the items with a more exact orientation, and can also be adapted for use in a liquid environment.

Transparent actuators and robots based on single-layer superaligned carbon nanotube sheet and polymer composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Luzhuo; Weng, Mingcen; Zhang, Wei; Zhou, Zhiwei; Zhou, Yi; Xia, Dan; Li, Jiaxin; Huang, Zhigao; Liu, Changhong; Fan, Shoushan

2016-03-01

Transparent actuators have been attracting emerging interest recently, as they demonstrate potential applications in the fields of invisible robots, tactical displays, variable-focus lenses, and flexible cellular phones. However, previous technologies did not simultaneously realize macroscopic transparent actuators with advantages of large-shape deformation, low-voltage-driven actuation and fast fabrication. Here, we develop a fast approach to fabricate a high-performance transparent actuator based on single-layer superaligned carbon nanotube sheet and polymer composites. Various advantages of single-layer nanotube sheets including high transparency, considerable conductivity, and ultra-thin dimensions together with selected polymer materials completely realize all the above required advantages. Also, this is the first time that a single-layer nanotube sheet has been used to fabricate actuators with high transparency, avoiding the structural damage to the single-layer nanotube sheet. The transparent actuator shows a transmittance of 72% at the wavelength of 550 nm and bends remarkably with a curvature of 0.41 cm-1 under a DC voltage for 5 s, demonstrating a significant advance in technological performances compared to previous conventional actuators. To illustrate their great potential usage, a transparent wiper and a humanoid robot ``hand'' were elaborately designed and fabricated, which initiate a new direction in the development of high-performance invisible robotics and other intelligent applications with transparency.Transparent actuators have been attracting emerging interest recently, as they demonstrate potential applications in the fields of invisible robots, tactical displays, variable-focus lenses, and flexible cellular phones. However, previous technologies did not simultaneously realize macroscopic transparent actuators with advantages of large-shape deformation, low-voltage-driven actuation and fast fabrication. Here, we develop a fast approach to

49 CFR 571.104 - Standard No. 104; Windshield wiping and washing systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...,” of SAE Aerospace-Automotive Drawing Standards (1963) (incorporated by reference, see § 571.5... body width dimension “W116”, as defined in section E, “Ground Vehicle Practice,” of SAE Aerospace... Aerospace-Automotive Drawing Standards (1963) (incorporated by reference, see § 571.5). 95 percent eye range...

49 CFR 571.104 - Standard No. 104; Windshield wiping and washing systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., SAE Aerospace-Automotive Drawing Standards, September 1963. Glazing surface reference line means the... “W116”, as defined in section E, Ground Vehicle Practice, SAE Aerospace-Automotive Drawing Standards... Practice, SAE Aerospace-Automotive Drawing Standards, September 1963. 95 percent eye range contour means...

49 CFR 571.104 - Standard No. 104; Windshield wiping and washing systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...,” of SAE Aerospace-Automotive Drawing Standards (1963) (incorporated by reference, see § 571.5... body width dimension “W116”, as defined in section E, “Ground Vehicle Practice,” of SAE Aerospace... Aerospace-Automotive Drawing Standards (1963) (incorporated by reference, see § 571.5). 95 percent eye range...

49 CFR 571.104 - Standard No. 104; Windshield wiping and washing systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... outboard of the steering wheel centerline 0.15 times the difference between one-half of the shoulder room... frequency or speed shall be at least 45 cycles per minute regardless of engine load and engine speed. S4.1.1.3Regardless of engine speed and engine load, the highest and one lower frequency or speed shall differ by at...

49 CFR 571.104 - Standard No. 104; Windshield wiping and washing systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... difference between one-half of the shoulder room dimension and the steering wheel centerline-to-car... frequency or speed shall be at least 45 cycles per minute regardless of engine load and engine speed. S4.1.1.3Regardless of engine speed and engine load, the highest and one lower frequency or speed shall differ by at...

High brightness MEMS mirror based head-up display (HUD) modules with wireless data streaming capability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Milanovic, Veljko; Kasturi, Abhishek; Hachtel, Volker

2015-02-01

A high brightness Head-Up Display (HUD) module was demonstrated with a fast, dual-axis MEMS mirror that displays vector images and text, utilizing its ~8kHz bandwidth on both axes. Two methodologies were evaluated: in one, the mirror steers a laser at wide angles of <48° on transparent multi-color fluorescent emissive film and displays content directly on the windshield, and in the other the mirror displays content on reflective multi-color emissive phosphor plates reflected off the windshield to create a virtual image for the driver. The display module is compact, consisting of a single laser diode, off-the-shelf lenses and a MEMS mirror in combination with a MEMS controller to enable precise movement of the mirror's X- and Y-axis. The MEMS controller offers both USB and wireless streaming capability and we utilize a library of functions on a host computer for creating content and controlling the mirror. Integration with smart phone applications is demonstrated, utilizing the mobile device both for content generation based on various messages or data, and for content streaming to the MEMS controller via Bluetooth interface. The display unit is highly resistant to vibrations and shock, and requires only ~1.5W to operate, even with content readable in sunlit outdoor conditions. The low power requirement is in part due to a vector graphics approach, allowing the efficient use of laser power, and also due to the use of a single, relatively high efficiency laser and simple optics.

Application of DuPont photopolymer films to automotive holographic display

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakazawa, Norihito; Ono, Motoshi; Takeuchi, Shoichi; Sakurai, Hiromi; Hirano, Masahiro

1998-03-01

Automotive holographic head-up display (HUD) systems employing DuPont holographic photopolymer films are presented. Holographic materials for automotive application are exposed to severe environmental conditions and are required high performance. This paper describes the improvement of DuPont photopolymer films for the automotive use, critical technical issues such as optical design, external color and stray light. The holographic HUD combiner embedded in a windshield of an automobile has peculiar problems called external color. Diffraction light from holographic combiner makes its external color tone stimulative. We have introduced RGB three color recording and color simulation in order to improve the external color. A moderate external color tone was realized by the optimization in terms of wavelengths and diffraction efficiencies of the combiner hologram. The stray light called flare arises from a reflection by glass surface of windshield. We have developed two techniques to avoid the flare. First is a diffuser type trap beam guard hologram which reduces the intensity of the flare. Second is the optimization of the design of hologram so that the incident direction of flare is lower than the horizon line. As an example of automotive display a stand-alone type holographic HUD system attached on the dashboard of an automobile is demonstrated, which provides useful driving information such as route guidance. The display has a very simple optical system that consists of only a holographic combiner and a vacuum fluorescent display. Its thin body is only 35 mm high and does not obstruct driver's view. The display gives high contrast and wide image.

A novel emissive projection display (EPD) on transparent phosphor screen

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Botao; Sun, Leonard; Yu, Ge; Sun, Ted X.

2017-03-01

A new paradigm of digital projection is on the horizon, based on innovative emissive screen that are made fully transparent. It can be readily applied and convert any surface to a high image quality emissive digital display, without affecting the surface appearance. For example, it can convert any glass window or windshield to completely see-through display, with unlimited field of view and viewing angles. It also enables a scalable and economic projection display on a pitch-black emissive screen with black level and image contrast that rivals other emissive displays such as plasma display or OLED.

Conformal, Transparent Printed Antenna Developed for Communication and Navigation Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, Richard Q.; Simons, Rainee N.

1999-01-01

Conformal, transparent printed antennas have advantages over conventional antennas in terms of space reuse and aesthetics. Because of their compactness and thin profile, these antennas can be mounted on video displays for efficient integration in communication systems such as palmtop computers, digital telephones, and flat-panel television displays. As an array of multiple elements, the antenna subsystem may save weight by reusing space (via vertical stacking) on photovoltaic arrays or on Earth-facing sensors. Also, the antenna could go unnoticed on automobile windshields or building windows, enabling satellite uplinks and downlinks or other emerging high-frequency communications.

Relationship between pedestrian headform tests and injury and fatality rates in vehicle-to-pedestrian crashes in the United States.

PubMed

Mueller, Becky; Farmer, Charles; Jermakian, Jessica; Zuby, David

2013-11-01

Pedestrian protection evaluations have been developed to encourage vehicle front-end designs that mitigate the consequences of vehicle-to-pedestrian crashes. The European New Car Assessment Program (Euro NCAP) evaluates pedestrian head protection with impacts against vehicle hood, windshield, and A-pillars. The Global Technical Regulation No. 9 (GTR 9), being evaluated for U.S. regulation, limits head protection evaluations to impacts against vehicle hoods. The objective of this study was to compare results from pedestrian head impact testing to the real-world rates of fatal and incapacitating injuries in U.S. pedestrian crashes. Data from police reported pedestrian crashes in 14 states were used to calculate real-world fatal and in- capacitating injury rates for seven 2002-07 small cars. Rates were 2.17-4.04 per 100 pedestrians struck for fatal injuries and 10.45-15.35 for incapacitating injuries. Euro NCAP style pedestrian headform tests were conducted against windshield, A-pillar, and hoods of the study vehicles. When compared with pedestrian injury rates, the vehicles' Euro NCAP scores, ranging 5-10 points, showed strong negative correlations (-0.6) to injury rates, though none were statistically significant. Data from the headform impacts for each of the study vehicles were used to calculate that vehicle's predicted serious injury risk. The predicted risks from both the Euro NCAP and GTR 9 test zones showed high positive correlations with the pedestrian fatal and incapacitating injury rates, though few were statistically significant. Whether vehicle stiffness is evaluated on all components of vehicle front ends (Euro NCAP) or is limited to hoods (GTR 9), softer vehicle components correspond to a lower risk of fatality.

In-Flight Ultraviolet Radiation on Commercial Airplanes.

PubMed

Cadilhac, Pascal; Bouton, Marie-Christine; Cantegril, Monique; Cardines, Catherine; Gisquet, Alain; Kaufman, Noël; Klerlein, Michel

2017-10-01

Epidemiological studies suggest that pilots and cabin crew have higher incidences and mortality rates of cutaneous malignant melanoma than those of the general population. Exposure to UV radiation is one of the main risk factors for this type of cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of UV radiation in an airliner in flight. Measurements were taken with a three sensor-integrated electronics UV radiometer (A, B, and C) during 14 flights from July to October 2016. They were performed during daylight hours once the airliner had reached cruising altitude. We failed to find UVC radiation. The measurements detected neither UV A nor B in any parts of the cabins of the planes tested, nor in the Airbus cockpits. UVA radiation was however found in the cockpit of Boeing 777s. But UVA levels remained well below the values found at ground level and they were also strongly reduced (more than 10 times) by cockpit sun visors. Few studies have assessed the level of UV radiation in an airplane. They suggested that the cockpit windshields reduced this type of radiation to some degree (according mainly to the wavelength of the radiation and the nature of the windshield). Our study strongly confirms these results and suggests that increased incidence of melanoma and mortality by this type of illness found among pilots and airline cabin crews may not be related to in-flight UV radiation exposure.Cadilhac P, Bouton M-C, Cantegril M, Cardines C, Gisquet A, Kaufman N, Klerlein M. In-flight ultraviolet radiation on commercial airplanes. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2017; 88(10):947-951.

Method for making glass nonfogging

DOEpatents

Lord, David E.; Carter, Gary W.; Petrini, Richard R.

1979-01-01

A method for rendering glass nonfogging (to condensation fog) by sandwiching the glass between two electrodes such that the glass functions as the dielectric of a capacitor, a large alternating current (AC) voltage is applied across the electrodes for a selected time period causing the glass to absorb a charge, and the electrodes are removed. The glass absorbs a charge from the electrodes rendering it nonfogging. The glass surface is undamaged by application of the AC voltage, and normal optical properties are unaffected. This method can be applied to optical surfaces such as lenses, auto windshields, mirrors, etc., wherever condensation fog on glass is a problem.

76 FR 67207 - Certain Wiper Blades; Receipt of Complaint; Solicitation of Comments Relating to the Public Interest

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-31

... complaint names as respondents ADM21 Co., Ltd. of Korea; ADM21 Co. (North America) Ltd. of NJ; Alberee Products, Inc. of MD; API Korea Co., Ltd. of Korea; Cequent Consumer Products, Inc. of OH; Corea Autoparts Producing Corporation of South Korea; Danyang UPC Auto Parts Co., Ltd. of China; Fu-Gang Co., Ltd. of Taiwan...

A Field Data Analysis of Risk Factors Affecting the Injury Risks in Vehicle-To-Pedestrian Crashes

PubMed Central

Zhang, Guanjun; Cao, Libo; Hu, Jingwen; Yang, King H.

2008-01-01

The head, torso, and lower extremity are the most commonly injured body regions during vehicle-to-pedestrian crashes. A total of 312 cases were selected from the National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) Pedestrian Crash Data Study (PCDS) database to investigate factors affecting the likelihood of sustaining MAIS 3+, AIS 3+ head, AIS 3+ torso, and AIS 2+ lower extremity injuries during vehicle-to-pedestrian frontal crashes. The inclusion criteria were pedestrians: (a) aged 14 years or older, (b) with a height of 1.5 m and taller, and (c) who were injured in an upright standing position via vehicle frontal collision. The injury odds ratios (ORs) calculated from logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between selected injury predictors and the odds of sustaining pedestrian head, torso, and lower extremity injuries. These predictors included a crash factor (impact speed), pedestrian factors (age, gender, height, and weight), and vehicle factors (front bumper central height, front bumper lead, ground to front/top transition point height (FTTPH), and rear hood opening distance (RHOD)). Results showed that impact speed was a statistically significant predictor for head, torso, and lower extremity injury odds, as expected. Comparison of people 65 years of age and older to young adults aged 14 to 64 showed that age was also a significant predictor for torso (p<0.001, OR=23.8) and lower extremity (p=0.020, OR=2.44) injury odds, but not for head injuries (p=0.661). Vehicles with higher FTTPH and more vertical frontal structures were aggressive to pedestrians, especially regarding injuries to the torso. A very short RHOD would be more likely to lead the pedestrian to impact the windshield and windshield frame, thus increasing the head injury risk. PMID:19026237

Human-computer interface

DOEpatents

Anderson, Thomas G.

2004-12-21

The present invention provides a method of human-computer interfacing. Force feedback allows intuitive navigation and control near a boundary between regions in a computer-represented space. For example, the method allows a user to interact with a virtual craft, then push through the windshield of the craft to interact with the virtual world surrounding the craft. As another example, the method allows a user to feel transitions between different control domains of a computer representation of a space. The method can provide for force feedback that increases as a user's locus of interaction moves near a boundary, then perceptibly changes (e.g., abruptly drops or changes direction) when the boundary is traversed.

STS-112 crew during Crew Equipment Interface Test

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- During a Crew Equipment Interface Test, STS-112 Commander Jeffrey Ashby checks out the windshield on Atlantis, the designated orbiter for the mission. STS-112 is the 15th assembly flight to the International Space Station and will be ferrying the S1 Integrated Truss Structure. The S1 truss is the first starboard (right-side) truss segment, whose main job is providing structural support for the radiator panels that cool the Space Station's complex power system. The S1 truss segment also will house communications systems, external experiment positions and other subsystems. The S1 truss will be attached to the S0 truss. STS-112 is currently scheduled for launch Aug. 22, 2002.

STS-112 crew during Crew Equipment Interface Test

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- During a Crew Equipment Interface Test, STS-112 Pilot Pamela Melroy checks out the windshield on Atlantis, the designated orbiter for the mission. STS-112 is the 15th assembly flight to the International Space Station and will be ferrying the S1 Integrated Truss Structure. The S1 truss is the first starboard (right-side) truss segment, whose main job is providing structural support for the radiator panels that cool the Space Station's complex power system. The S1 truss segment also will house communications systems, external experiment positions and other subsystems. The S1 truss will be attached to the S0 truss. STS-112 is currently scheduled for launch Aug. 22, 2002.

76 FR 71865 - Special Conditions: Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation, Model GVI Airplane; Windshield Coating in...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-21

...; Special Conditions No. 25-452-SC] Special Conditions: Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation, Model GVI Airplane... Aerospace Corporation Model GVI airplane. This airplane will have a novel or unusual design feature(s..., Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation (GAC) applied for an FAA type certificate for its new Model GVI passenger...

[The application and evaluation of the system theory for community health assessment in a rural village].

PubMed

Wu, Guey-Hau; Liou, Yiing-Mei; Huang, Lian-Hua

2004-10-01

In assessing the health of a community is important to select tools appropriate to the community's characteristics. The framework for this paper is the system framework for community assessment developed by Trotter, Smith and Maurer (2000); the data were collected by windshield survey, literature review, interview, and observation. Through data analysis and the identification of the community's problem, the authors prioritize those problems in accordance with Goeppinger and Schuste's (1992) criteria. They illustrate the practicality and local applicability of this method by means of a local case. Finally, the authors evaluate the framework in terms of concept clearance, variable classification, and indicator measurement. In addition, they propose concrete suggestions for community workers to consider in the selection of assessment tools, and to enrich nursing knowledge.

Star-Shaped Crack Pattern of Broken Windows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vandenberghe, Nicolas; Vermorel, Romain; Villermaux, Emmanuel

2013-04-01

Broken thin brittle plates like windows and windshields are ubiquitous in our environment. When impacted locally, they typically present a pattern of cracks extending radially outward from the impact point. We study the variation of the pattern of cracks by performing controlled transverse impacts on brittle plates over a broad range of impact speed, plate thickness, and material properties, and we establish from experiments a global scaling law for the number of radial cracks incorporating all these parameters. A model based on Griffith’s theory of fracture combining bending elastic energy and fracture energy accounts for our observations. These findings indicate how the postmortem shape of broken samples are related to material properties and impact parameters, a procedure relevant to forensic science, archaeology, or astrophysics.

Heated Goggles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1978-01-01

The electrically heated ski goggles shown incorporate technology similar to that once used in Apollo astronauts' helmet visors, and for the same reason-providing fogfree sight in an activity that demands total vision. Defogging is accomplished by applying heat to prevent moisture condensation. Electric heat is supplied by a small battery built into the h goggles' headband. Heat is spread across the lenses by means of an invisible coating of electrically conductive metallic film. The goggles were introduced to the market last fall. They were designed by Sierracin Corporation, Sylmar, California, specialists in the field of heated transparent materials. The company produces heated windshields for military planes and for such civil aircraft as the Boeing 747, McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 TriStar.

Explicit solution techniques for impact with contact constraints

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mccarty, Robert E.

1993-01-01

Modern military aircraft transparency systems, windshields and canopies, are complex systems which must meet a large and rapidly growing number of requirements. Many of these transparency system requirements are conflicting, presenting difficult balances which must be achieved. One example of a challenging requirements balance or trade is shaping for stealth versus aircrew vision. The large number of requirements involved may be grouped in a variety of areas including man-machine interface; structural integration with the airframe; combat hazards; environmental exposures; and supportability. Some individual requirements by themselves pose very difficult, severely nonlinear analysis problems. One such complex problem is that associated with the dynamic structural response resulting from high energy bird impact. An improved analytical capability for soft-body impact simulation was developed.

Explicit solution techniques for impact with contact constraints

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McCarty, Robert E.

1993-08-01

Modern military aircraft transparency systems, windshields and canopies, are complex systems which must meet a large and rapidly growing number of requirements. Many of these transparency system requirements are conflicting, presenting difficult balances which must be achieved. One example of a challenging requirements balance or trade is shaping for stealth versus aircrew vision. The large number of requirements involved may be grouped in a variety of areas including man-machine interface; structural integration with the airframe; combat hazards; environmental exposures; and supportability. Some individual requirements by themselves pose very difficult, severely nonlinear analysis problems. One such complex problem is that associated with the dynamic structural response resulting from high energy bird impact. An improved analytical capability for soft-body impact simulation was developed.

Effect of augmentation techniques on the failure of pedicle screws under cranio-caudal cyclic loading.

PubMed

Bostelmann, Richard; Keiler, Alexander; Steiger, Hans Jakob; Scholz, Armin; Cornelius, Jan Frederick; Schmoelz, Werner

2017-01-01

load cycles until failure for augmented screws compared to the control (4030 cycles, SD 827.8 vs. 1893.3 cycles, SD 1032.1; p < 0.001). Stress X-rays revealed significant less screw toggling for the augmented screws (5.2°, SD 5.4 vs. 16.1°, SD 5.9; p < 0.001). Test group 2 showed 3653.3 (SD 934) and 3723.3 (SD 560.6) load cycles until failure for in situ and cement first augmentation. Stress X-rays revealed a screw toggling of 5.1 (SD 1.9) and 6.6 (SD 4.6) degrees for in situ and cement first augmentation techniques (p > 0.05). Augmentation of pedicle screws in general significantly increased the number of load cycles and failure load comparing to the nonaugmented control group. For the augmentation technique (cement first, in situ augmented, percutaneously application) no effect could be exhibited on the failure of the pedicle screws. By the cranio-caudal cyclic loading failure of the pedicle screws occurred by screw cut through the superior endplate and the characteristic "windshield-wiper effect", typically observed in clinical practice, could be reproduced.

A spot pattern test chart technique for measurement of geometric aberrations caused by an intervening medium—a novel method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ganesan, A. R.; Arulmozhivarman, P.; Jesson, M.

2005-12-01

Accurate surface metrology and transmission characteristics measurements have become vital to certify the manufacturing excellence in the field of glass visors, windshields, menu boards and transportation industries. We report a simple, cost-effective and novel technique for the measurement of geometric aberrations in transparent materials such as glass sheets, Perspex, etc. The technique makes use of an array of spot pattern, we call the spot pattern test chart technique, in the diffraction limited imaging position having large field of view. Performance features include variable angular dynamic range and angular sensitivity. Transparent sheets as the intervening medium introduced in the line of sight, causing aberrations, are estimated in real time using the Zernike reconstruction method. Quantitative comparative analysis between a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor and the proposed new method is presented and the results are discussed.

Meteoroids are Dangerous to Spacecraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moorhead, Althea V.

2017-01-01

Meteoroids put dents in Shuttle windows much like bouncing gravel puts dents in your car's windshield. However, meteoroids move at such high speeds that they can partly vaporize the surfaces they strike! A dust particle (smaller than a meteoroid) hit the STEREO spacecraft and produced this fountain of smaller particles. When a meteoroid breaks up, its "shrapnel" can also be dangerous. Even when meteoroids don't damage a spacecraft, they can cause problems. Here, a small meteoroid bumped a camera on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), causing wiggles in this scan of the lunar surface. Meteoroids and pieces of space junk create rough edges on the outside of the Space Station that can damage space suits. The astronauts' gloves had to be thickened to help prevent them from ripping.

Trash Compactor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1978-01-01

The electrically heated ski goggles shown incorporate technology similar to that once used in Apollo astronauts' helmet visors, and for the same reason-providing fog-free sight in an activity that demands total vision. Defogging is accomplished by applying heat to prevent moisture condensation. Electric heat is supplied by a small battery built into the h goggles' headband. Heat is spread across the lenses by means of an invisible coating of electrically conductive metallic film. The goggles were introduced to the market last fall. They were designed by Sierracin Corporation, Sylmar, California, specialists in the field of heated transparent materials. The company produces heated windshields for military planes and for such civil aircraft as the Boeing 747, McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 TriStar.

Rod pumping and proppant flowback at the Lost Hills Field

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roberts, I.G.

1995-12-31

Proppant flowback from hydraulically fractured wells can lead to sand wear on the pump barrel and plunger and increased pulling costs on rod pumped wells. Two approaches for lengthening run times of the pumps were tried. One approach was to install pumps that will allow production of a sand laden fluid. Pressure actuated plunger (PAP) pumps were field tested and showed an average increase of 81.6% in run time. These split ring wiper pumps clean the barrel of sand prior to the passing of the plunger. The other approach was to keep the sand and from entering the pumps. Whenmore » down hole filters were utilized, run life of the pumps with the filters increases 135%. Well pulling cost savings of $11.91 per well-day and $9.24 per well-day are documented for the PAP pumps and filters, respectively. Application guidelines based on the sand loading rate and gross liquid production of the wells are presented, as well as some operational experiences.« less

Reeling in the textiles at Row Clothing Enterprises

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ridgley, H.

1997-12-01

While a handful of textile processing centers in operation today can date their roots back to the turn of this century or before, Row Clothing Enterprises (Baltimore) first opened its doors in 1985. Soon after, it climbed its way to becoming one of the premier textile processing businesses in the country. And what they want most of all is usable clothing--the discards of American secondhand clothing stores. The company exports 100% of the usable clothing it recovers paying institutions as much as $150 a ton for the material. Graders also sort the material into piles headed for the mutilating, ormore » fiber-shredding, machine. While not all the material is shredded, it does provide more opportunities for resale. Whatever Row cannot resell as clothing--because it is soiled or torn--gets processed into industrial wiping cloths, if it is cotton. Clothing made from wool and polyester is sent to woolen and polyester fiber mills to be made into new clothing. While 80% of Row`s wiper market is domestic, 80% of its fiber market is overseas.« less

Determining the Effect of Material Hardness During the Hard Turning of AISI4340 Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kambagowni, Venkatasubbaiah; Chitla, Raju; Challa, Suresh

2018-05-01

In the present manufacturing industries hardened steels are most widely used in the applications like tool design and mould design. It enhances the application range of hard turning of hardened steels in manufacturing industries. This study discusses the impact of workpiece hardness, feed and depth of cut on Arithmetic mean roughness (Ra), root mean square roughness (Rq), mean depth of roughness (Rz) and total roughness (Rt) during the hard turning. Experiments have been planned according to the Box-Behnken design and conducted on hardened AISI4340 steel at 45, 50 and 55 HRC with wiper ceramic cutting inserts. Cutting speed is kept constant during this study. The analysis of variance was used to determine the effects of the machining parameters. 3-D response surface plots drawn based on RSM were utilized to set up the input-output relationships. The results indicated that the feed rate has the most significant parameter for Ra, Rq and Rz and hardness has the most critical parameter for the Rt. Further, hardness shows its influence over all the surface roughness characteristics.

Logging while fishing: An alternate method to cut and thread fishing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tollefsen, E.; Crary, S.; Flores, B.

1996-12-31

New technology has been introduced to allow completion of the wireline logging program after the tool string has become lodged in the wellbore. Charges associated with extracting a stuck tool are substantial. These charges result from the nonproductive time during the fishing trip, an associated wiper trip, and re-logging the well. The ability to continue the logging program while retrieving the logging string from the wellbore is needed. Logging While Fishing (LWF) is a hybrid of existing technologies combined with a new sub capable of severing a cable remotely. This new method is comprised of cut and thread fishing, drillpipemore » conveyed logging, and bridled tool techniques. Utilizing these techniques it is possible to complete wireline logging operations while removing a stuck tool from the wellbore. Completing logging operations using this hybrid method will save operating companies time and money. Other benefits, depending on the situation, include reduced fishing time and an increased level of safety. This application has been demonstrated on jobs in the Gulf of Mexico, North Sea, Venezuela, and Southeast Asia.« less

Asteroids and Comets Outreach Compilation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1999-01-01

Contents include various different animations in the area of Asteroids and Comets. Titles of the short animated clips are: STARDUST Mission; Asteroid Castallia Impact Simulation; Castallia, Toutatis and the Earth; Simulation Asteroid Encounter with Earth; Nanorover Technology Task; Near Earth Asteroid Tracking; Champollian Anchor Tests; Early Views of Comets; Exploration of Small Bodies; Ulysses Resource Material from ESA; Ulysses Cometary Plasma Tail Animation; and various discussions on the Hale-Bopp Comet. Animation of the following are seen: the Stardust aerogel collector grid collecting cometary dust particles, comet and interstellar dust analyzer, Wiper-shield and dust flux monitor, a navigation camera, and the return of the sample to Earth; a comparison of the rotation of the Earth to the Castallia and Tautatis Asteroids; an animated land on Tautatis and the view of the motion of the sky from its surface; an Asteroid collision with the Earth; the USAF Station in Hawaii; close-up views of asteroids; automatic drilling of the Moon; exploding Cosmic Particles; and the dropping off of the plasma tail of a comet as it travels near the sun.

Flight set 360H005 (STS-28) seals, volume 4

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Curry, Jeffrey T.

1990-01-01

The performance is assessed of the 360H005, Fifth flight, Redesigned Solid Rocket Motors (RSMR) in respect to joint sealing issues as seen from post flight inspection of the seals and sealing surfaces. The factory joint disassembly inspections have resumed for 360H005. The new factory joint grease application is in effect and now can be assessed during the disassembly process. The RSRM is illustrated consisting of capture feature field joints as is the J-joint insulation configuration. The nozzle-to-case joint design is also illustrated, which includes 100, 7/8 inch radial bolts in conjunction with a wiper O-ring and modified insulation design. The ignition system seals and a cross section of the igniter are illustrated. The configuration of all the internal nozzle joints are also shown. The postflight inspection of both motors showed the seal components to be in excellent condition except for the indentation found on the inner primary seal of the right hand inner igniter gasket, aft face. Detailed inspection results, and inspections performed by the O-ring Inspection Team are presented.

Opportunities and challenges for photonics in the automotive

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mounier, Eric; Eloy, Jean-Christophe; Jourdan, David

2005-02-01

In the future, photonics will enable the marketing of new functions in cars to make them more secure, more fuel-efficient with improved design. Today, there are already photonics devices used in cars such as HB LEDs for brake or interior lights, and optical rain sensors for automatic wipers. Moreover, optical multiplexing for multimedia applications and head-up displays are now starting to be implemented in high-end cars and some more complex devices are already at the prototyping level. This is the case for example for driver information flat panel displays or optical sensors for occupant sensing. This paper gives an overview of the current and future optical applications in cars. So far, applications of displays, lighting, security and datacom are driving the market for photonics in cars. Moreover, car design is also one of the most important market drivers in automobile. Then, photonics could also become a strategic imperative for a company in the design of new cars that will emphasize differentiation from existing competitors. Lighting could then become a signature of the car manufacturer thanks to photonics technology.

Description of a landing site indicator (LASI) for light aircraft operation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fuller, H. V.; Outlaw, B. K. E.

1976-01-01

An experimental cockpit mounted head-up type display system was developed and evaluated by LaRC pilots during the landing phase of light aircraft operations. The Landing Site Indicator (LASI) system display consists of angle of attack, angle of sideslip, and indicated airspeed images superimposed on the pilot's view through the windshield. The information is made visible to the pilot by means of a partially reflective viewing screen which is suspended directly in frot of the pilot's eyes. Synchro transmitters are operated by vanes, located at the left wing tip, which sense angle of attack and sideslip angle. Information is presented near the center of the display in the form of a moving index on a fixed grid. The airspeed is sensed by a pitot-static pressure transducer and is presented in numerical form at the top center of the display.

West shore hood canal outfall windshield survey SR 101 MP 293.5 tO 341.0

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-08-01

Western Washington's population increased dramatically during the last 40 years. The west shore of Hood Canal is now largely settled with the homes of retirees and seasonal residents. Many of these beachfront houses are connected to septic systems th...

Access to and use of research by rural nurses.

PubMed

Winters, C A; Lee, H J; Besel, J; Strand, A; Echeverri, R; Jorgensen, K P; Dea, J E

2007-01-01

The use of relevant research findings to inform clinical practice is important for nurses, regardless of setting. Although there have been studies addressing the use of research among various practitioners, little is known about how nurses in rural areas access health information (specifically research findings), nor how such findings are incorporated into daily practice. The purpose of this study was to explore rural nurses' access, use and perceived usefulness of research for rural practice. The study was conducted in a sparsely populated state located in the western part of the USA. An ethnographic method was chosen to answer the research questions for this descriptive study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 29 rural nurses from nine communities by graduate nursing students enrolled in a rural nursing course following in-class instruction and practice. Field notes taken by the students supplemented the interview data. The students' notes included a windshield survey or description of the context and location within which the participants lived and/or practiced as well as the interviewers' observations, thoughts and impressions about the research project. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Once transcribed, the interview narratives, windshield data and field notes were analyzed by the students for common themes; the students then wrote and submitted papers to the faculty addressing the themes that emerged from their interviews. The analysis conducted by the faculty members included four sources of data: transcriptions of interviews; field notes; windshield data; and students' papers. The process of identifying themes was facilitated by using the software program NUD*IST (QSR International; Melbourne, VIC, Australia). Demographic information was entered into the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS Inc; Chicago, IL, USA) to compile descriptive information about the sample. Twenty-seven female and two male nurses

Rebamipide ophthalmic suspension for the treatment of dry eye syndrome: a critical appraisal

PubMed Central

Kashima, Tomoyuki; Itakura, Hirotaka; Akiyama, Hideo; Kishi, Shoji

2014-01-01

Rebamipide was initially developed and approved for use in treating gastric ulcers and lesions associated with gastritis. Discovery of its ability to increase gastric mucin led to investigations of its effect on ocular surface mucin and the subsequent development for use in dry eye patients. Investigations have confirmed that rebamipide increases corneal and conjunctival mucin-like substances along with improving corneal and conjunctival injury. Clinically, rebamipide ophthalmic suspensions can effectively treat tear deficiency and mucin-caused corneal epithelial damage, and can restore the microstructure responsible for tear stability. Topical rebamipide has also been shown to be effective in treating other ocular surface disorders such as lagophthalmos, lid wiper epitheliopathy, and persistent corneal erosion. Rebamipide’s ability to modify epithelial cell function, improve tear stability, and suppress inflammation in the absence of any known major side effects suggest that it may be a beneficial first drug of choice for severe dry eye treatment and other ocular surface disorders. This review summarizes the history and development of this innovative dry eye treatment from its initial use as an effective stomach medication to its current use in the treatment of dry eye in Japan. PMID:24940041

In Situ Solid Particle Generator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Agui, Juan H.; Vijayakumar, R.

2013-01-01

Particle seeding is a key diagnostic component of filter testing and flow imaging techniques. Typical particle generators rely on pressurized air or gas sources to propel the particles into the flow field. Other techniques involve liquid droplet atomizers. These conventional techniques have drawbacks that include challenging access to the flow field, flow and pressure disturbances to the investigated flow, and they are prohibitive in high-temperature, non-standard, extreme, and closed-system flow conditions and environments. In this concept, the particles are supplied directly within a flow environment. A particle sample cartridge containing the particles is positioned somewhere inside the flow field. The particles are ejected into the flow by mechanical brush/wiper feeding and sieving that takes place within the cartridge chamber. Some aspects of this concept are based on established material handling techniques, but they have not been used previously in the current configuration, in combination with flow seeding concepts, and in the current operational mode. Unlike other particle generation methods, this concept has control over the particle size range ejected, breaks up agglomerates, and is gravity-independent. This makes this device useful for testing in microgravity environments.

Rebamipide ophthalmic suspension for the treatment of dry eye syndrome: a critical appraisal.

PubMed

Kashima, Tomoyuki; Itakura, Hirotaka; Akiyama, Hideo; Kishi, Shoji

2014-01-01

Rebamipide was initially developed and approved for use in treating gastric ulcers and lesions associated with gastritis. Discovery of its ability to increase gastric mucin led to investigations of its effect on ocular surface mucin and the subsequent development for use in dry eye patients. Investigations have confirmed that rebamipide increases corneal and conjunctival mucin-like substances along with improving corneal and conjunctival injury. Clinically, rebamipide ophthalmic suspensions can effectively treat tear deficiency and mucin-caused corneal epithelial damage, and can restore the microstructure responsible for tear stability. Topical rebamipide has also been shown to be effective in treating other ocular surface disorders such as lagophthalmos, lid wiper epitheliopathy, and persistent corneal erosion. Rebamipide's ability to modify epithelial cell function, improve tear stability, and suppress inflammation in the absence of any known major side effects suggest that it may be a beneficial first drug of choice for severe dry eye treatment and other ocular surface disorders. This review summarizes the history and development of this innovative dry eye treatment from its initial use as an effective stomach medication to its current use in the treatment of dry eye in Japan.

KSC-2014-1348

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-02-10

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida practice vehicle extrication training at an auto salvage yard near the center. A firefighter uses a reciprocating saw to cut through a section of the car to remove the roof. Other firefighters used axes and special tools to punch through and clear away the windshield and windows. They will use the Jaws of Life to simulate the rescue of a trapped and injured person. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations. With the completion of vehicle extrication and Jaws of Life training, the Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Daniel Casper

KSC-2014-1342

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-02-10

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida practice vehicle extrication training at an auto salvage yard near the center. The firefighters used the Jaws of Life on the vehicle to simulate the rescue of a trapped and injured person. Other equipment used includes axes, tools to punch through and clear away the windshield and windows and a hydraulic cutting tool that is used to remove the roof of a car. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations. With the completion of vehicle extrication and Jaws of Life training, the Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Daniel Casper

Promotion of Physical Activity Among Mexican-Origin Women in Texas and South Carolina: An Examination of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Environmental Factors

PubMed Central

Parra-Medina, Deborah; Hilfinger Messias, DeAnne K.

2011-01-01

Interventions to improve physical activity levels among Latinos must take into consideration the social, cultural, economic, and environmental contexts of Latino communities. We report findings of formative assessments related to Mexican-origin women’s levels of readiness, willingness, and ability to participate in regular leisure time physical activity in two diverse locations, the Texas Lower Rio Grande Valley and the South Carolina Midlands. The ENLACE project employed a Community-Based Participatory Research approach. Formative assessment activities focused on identification of community assets and resources and exploration of community members’ experiences, opinions, values, preferences, and perceived needs related to physical activity. Data sources included windshield tours, walkability assessments of local neighborhoods; community inventory exercises, focus groups, and individual interviews. Barriers to regular physical activity included the dominance of work and family responsibilities, social norms, lack of social support, social isolation, environmental constraints, economics, and low levels of personal knowledge and motivation. PMID:21731409

KSC-2014-1350

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-02-10

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida practice vehicle extrication training at an auto salvage yard near the center. Firefighters have removed the roof of the car using a special hydraulic cutting tool and reciprocating saw. Other firefighters have used axes and special tools to punch through and clear away the windshield and windows. Another firefighter uses the Jaws of Life on the car to simulate the rescue of a trapped and injured person. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations. With the completion of vehicle extrication and Jaws of Life training, the Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Daniel Casper

KSC-2014-1349

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-02-10

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida practice vehicle extrication training at an auto salvage yard near the center. Firefighters carry away the roof of the car that was removed using a special hydraulic cutting tool and reciprocating saw. Other firefighters used axes and special tools to punch through and clear away the windshield and windows. They will use the Jaws of Life to simulate the rescue of a trapped and injured person. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations. With the completion of vehicle extrication and Jaws of Life training, the Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Daniel Casper

KSC-2014-1351

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-02-10

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida practice vehicle extrication training at an auto salvage yard near the center. Two firefighters assist as another firefighter uses the Jaws of Life on the car to simulate the rescue of a trapped and injured person. A special hydraulic cutting tool and reciprocating saw were used to remove the roof of the vehicle. Other firefighters used axes and special tools to punch through and clear away the windshield and the windows. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations. With the completion of vehicle extrication and Jaws of Life training, the Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Daniel Casper

KSC-2014-1355

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-02-10

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida practice vehicle extrication training at an auto salvage yard near the center. A firefighter uses the Jaws of Life to finish removing the door from the vehicle and simulate the rescue of a trapped and injured person. A special hydraulic cutting tool and reciprocating saw were used to cut through and remove the roof. An axe and other special tools were used to punch through and clear away the windshield and windows. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations. With the completion of vehicle extrication and Jaws of Life training, the Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Daniel Casper

Optically transparent, mechanically durable, nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces enabled by spinodally phase-separated glass thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aytug, Tolga; Simpson, John T.; Lupini, Andrew R.; Trejo, Rosa M.; Jellison, Gerald E.; Ivanov, Ilia N.; Pennycook, Stephen J.; Hillesheim, Daniel A.; Winter, Kyle O.; Christen, David K.; Hunter, Scott R.; Haynes, J. Allen

2013-08-01

We describe the formation and properties of atomically bonded, optical quality, nanostructured thin glass film coatings on glass plates, utilizing phase separation by spinodal decomposition in a sodium borosilicate glass system. Following deposition via magnetron sputtering, thermal processing and differential etching, these coatings are structurally superhydrophilic (i.e., display anti-fogging functionality) and demonstrate robust mechanical properties and superior abrasion resistance. After appropriate chemical surface modification, the surfaces display a stable, non-wetting Cassie-Baxter state and exhibit exceptional superhydrophobic performance, with water droplet contact angles as large as 172°. As an added benefit, in both superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic states these nanostructured surfaces can block ultraviolet radiation and can be engineered to be anti-reflective with broadband and omnidirectional transparency. Thus, the present approach could be tailored toward distinct coatings for numerous markets, such as residential windows, windshields, specialty optics, goggles, electronic and photovoltaic cover glasses, and optical components used throughout the US military.

Optically transparent, mechanically durable, nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces enabled by spinodally phase-separated glass thin films.

PubMed

Aytug, Tolga; Simpson, John T; Lupini, Andrew R; Trejo, Rosa M; Jellison, Gerald E; Ivanov, Ilia N; Pennycook, Stephen J; Hillesheim, Daniel A; Winter, Kyle O; Christen, David K; Hunter, Scott R; Haynes, J Allen

2013-08-09

We describe the formation and properties of atomically bonded, optical quality, nanostructured thin glass film coatings on glass plates, utilizing phase separation by spinodal decomposition in a sodium borosilicate glass system. Following deposition via magnetron sputtering, thermal processing and differential etching, these coatings are structurally superhydrophilic (i.e., display anti-fogging functionality) and demonstrate robust mechanical properties and superior abrasion resistance. After appropriate chemical surface modification, the surfaces display a stable, non-wetting Cassie-Baxter state and exhibit exceptional superhydrophobic performance, with water droplet contact angles as large as 172°. As an added benefit, in both superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic states these nanostructured surfaces can block ultraviolet radiation and can be engineered to be anti-reflective with broadband and omnidirectional transparency. Thus, the present approach could be tailored toward distinct coatings for numerous markets, such as residential windows, windshields, specialty optics, goggles, electronic and photovoltaic cover glasses, and optical components used throughout the US military.

Prediction of material strength and fracture of glass using the SPHINX smooth particle hydrodynamics code

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mandell, D.A.; Wingate, C.A.

1994-08-01

The design of many military devices involves numerical predictions of the material strength and fracture of brittle materials. The materials of interest include ceramics, that are used in armor packages; glass that is used in truck and jeep windshields and in helicopters; and rock and concrete that are used in underground bunkers. As part of a program to develop advanced hydrocode design tools, the authors have implemented a brittle fracture model for glass into the SPHINX smooth particle hydrodynamics code. The authors have evaluated this model and the code by predicting data from one-dimensional flyer plate impacts into glass, andmore » data from tungsten rods impacting glass. Since fractured glass properties, which are needed in the model, are not available, the authors did sensitivity studies of these properties, as well as sensitivity studies to determine the number of particles needed in the calculations. The numerical results are in good agreement with the data.« less

Design and fabrication of semi-transparent screen based on micro-patterns for direct-view type head-up display in automobiles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Jae-Yong; Kim, Hyo-Jun; Kim, Young-Joo

2016-02-01

A semi-transparent screen with hemisphere micro-patterns was proposed and designed to enhance the brightness uniformity of the display image toward the driver for a direct-view type head-up display. The hemisphere micro-patterns were designed to consider the inclined angle of the windshield for efficient reflection and scattering toward to the driver. The density and radius of the hemisphere micro-patterns were adjusted as a function of position on the screen based on the geometrical calculation and analyzed by the commercial optical simulation tool based on a ray-tracing method. The designed hemisphere micro-patterns was fabricated by the thermal reflow method and evaluated to confirm the uniform illumination. From the results, the semi-transparent screen with variable micro-patterns shows the 91.9 % of brightness uniformity with the enhanced luminance compare to a screen without micro-patterns. A luminance of fabricated screen also shows good agreement with the simulation result to reflect the clear and bright driving information to the driver.

Methods for designing treatments to reduce interior noise of predominant sources and paths in a single engine light aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hayden, Richard E.; Remington, Paul J.; Theobald, Mark A.; Wilby, John F.

1985-01-01

The sources and paths by which noise enters the cabin of a small single engine aircraft were determined through a combination of flight and laboratory tests. The primary sources of noise were found to be airborne noise from the propeller and engine casing, airborne noise from the engine exhaust, structureborne noise from the engine/propeller combination and noise associated with air flow over the fuselage. For the propeller, the primary airborne paths were through the firewall, windshield and roof. For the engine, the most important airborne path was through the firewall. Exhaust noise was found to enter the cabin primarily through the panels in the vicinity of the exhaust outlet although exhaust noise entering the cabin through the firewall is a distinct possibility. A number of noise control techniques were tried, including firewall stiffening to reduce engine and propeller airborne noise, to stage isolators and engine mounting spider stiffening to reduce structure-borne noise, and wheel well covers to reduce air flow noise.

KSC-2014-1344

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-02-10

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida practice vehicle extrication training at an auto salvage yard near the center. Stabilizing blocks have been placed underneath the car. Firefighters practiced knocking out the windshield and windows with axes and other tools. They will use the Jaws of Life on the vehicle to simulate the rescue of a trapped and injured person. Other rescue equipment includes a hydraulic cutting tool that is used to remove the roof of a car. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations. With the completion of vehicle extrication and Jaws of Life training, the Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Daniel Casper

KSC-2014-1345

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-02-10

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida practice vehicle extrication training at an auto salvage yard near the center. A firefighter uses a special hydraulic tool to cut through the vehicle in order to remove the roof. They will use the Jaws of Life on the vehicle to simulate the rescue of a trapped and injured person. Other rescue equipment includes axes and tools to punch through and clear away windshields and windows. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations. With the completion of vehicle extrication and Jaws of Life training, the Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Daniel Casper

KSC-2014-1343

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-02-10

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida practice vehicle extrication training at an auto salvage yard near the center. Two firefighters insert blocks under the vehicle to stabilize it. They will use the Jaws of Life on the vehicle to simulate the rescue of a trapped and injured person. Other rescue equipment includes axes, tools to punch through and clear away the windshield and windows and a hydraulic cutting tool that is used to remove the roof of a car. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations. With the completion of vehicle extrication and Jaws of Life training, the Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Daniel Casper

KSC-2014-1347

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-02-10

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida practice vehicle extrication training at an auto salvage yard near the center. A firefighter uses a special hydraulic tool to cut through a section of the car to remove the roof, while other firefighters clear the windows and prepare to use the Jaws of Life to simulate the rescue of a trapped and injured person. Other rescue equipment being used includes axes and tools to punch through and clear away windshields and windows. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations. With the completion of vehicle extrication and Jaws of Life training, the Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Daniel Casper

KSC-2014-1346

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-02-10

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida practice vehicle extrication training at an auto salvage yard near the center. A firefighter uses a special hydraulic tool to cut through a section of the car to remove the roof, while other firefighters clear the windows and prepare to use the Jaws of Life to simulate the rescue of a trapped and injured person. Other rescue equipment being used includes axes and tools to punch through and clear away windshields and windows. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations. With the completion of vehicle extrication and Jaws of Life training, the Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Daniel Casper

Automotive hexband antenna for AM/FM/GPS/SDARS and AMPS/PCS1900 cell phone in an only 65 mm high housing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kammerer, J.; Reiter, L.; Lindenmeier, S.

2013-04-01

Nowadays cars are equipped frequently with typical 400 mm long active AM/FM antennas mounted on top close to the rear windshield. In [1], we presented a novel capacitive coupled helical antenna with a height of only 140 mm which performs equivalent to such an 400 mm long antenna. In the next step the antenna height has been reduced to only 56 mm in order to be placed in a low 65 mm housing in combination with other decoupled antennas. The measured results for AM/FM are close to the performance of a whip antenna of 900 mm length. The GPS and SDARS antennas are realized in a combination of two table-formed ring structures with a maximum gain for LHCP at 2339 MHz with 2.9 dBi in zenith and with 5.2 dBi in zenith for RHCP at 1575 MHz with GPS. The VSWR of the cell phone antenna is below 3 for AMPS and PCS1900.

Polymer Surface Textured with Nanowire Bundles to Repel High-Speed Water Drops.

PubMed

Li, Y P; Li, X Y; Zhu, X P; Lei, M K; Lakhtakia, A

2018-05-22

Water drops impacting windshields of high-speed trains and aircraft as well as blades in steam turbine power generators obliquely and at high speeds are difficult to repel. Impacting drops penetrate the void regions of nanotextured and microtextured superhydrophobic coatings, with this pinning resulting in the loss of drop mobility. In order to repel high-speed water drops, we nanotextured polymer surfaces with nanowire bundles separated from their neighbors by microscale void regions, with the nanowires in a bundle separated from their neighbors by nanoscale void regions. Water drops with speeds below a critical speed rebound completely. Water drops with speeds exceeding a critical speed rebound partially, but residual droplets that begin to be pinned undergo a spontaneous dewetting process and slide off. The natural oscillations of residual droplets drive this dewetting process in the interbundle void regions, resulting in a transition from the sticky Wenzel state to the slippery Cassie state without external stimuli.

Smart windows with functions of reflective display and indoor temperature-control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, I.-Hui; Chao, Yu-Ching; Hsu, Chih-Cheng; Chang, Liang-Chao; Chiu, Tien-Lung; Lee, Jiunn-Yih; Kao, Fu-Jen; Lee, Chih-Kung; Lee, Jiun-Haw

2010-02-01

In this paper, a switchable window based on cholestreric liquid crystal (CLC) was demonstrated. Under different applied voltages, incoming light at visible and infrared wavelengths was modulated, respectively. A mixture of CLC with a nematic liquid crystal and a chiral dopant selectively reflected infrared light without bias, which effectively reduced the indoor temperature under sunlight illumination. At this time, transmission at visible range was kept at high and the windows looked transparent. With increasing the voltage to 15V, CLC changed to focal conic state and can be used as a reflective display, a privacy window, or a screen for projector. Under a high voltage (30V), homeotropic state was achieved. At this time, both infrared and visible light can transmit which acted as a normal window, which permitted infrared spectrum of winter sunlight to enter the room so as to reduce the heating requirement. Such a device can be used as a switchable window in smart buildings, green houses and windshields.

Exploring the Predisposition of the Asian Eye to Development of Dry Eye.

PubMed

Craig, Jennifer P; Wang, Michael T M; Kim, Dabin; Lee, Jung Min

2016-07-01

To investigate the influence of eyelid shape on tear film quality, ocular surface characteristics and dry eye symptomatology by comparing Asian and Caucasian populations. Seventy-four age-matched participants were recruited in a cross-sectional study. Participants were classified into Asian single lid (ASL), Asian double lid (ADL), and Caucasian double lid (CDL) groups. Dry eye symptomatology, ocular surface characteristics, and tear film quality were evaluated in a single clinical session. Meibomian gland dropout was significantly greater in both the ASL and ADL groups than in the CDL group (all P<.05). A greater proportion of ASL and ADL participants exhibited incomplete blinking than CDL patients (all P<.05). There were no significant differences in tear film quality and dry eye symptomatology between the three groups (all P>.05). Exposed ocular surface area, lissamine green staining, and lid wiper epitheliopathy were significantly greater in the ADL group compared to the CDL group (all P<.05). The CDL group displayed significantly greater anterior blepharitis and lid telangiectasia grades compared to both ASL and ADL groups (all P<.05). A higher degree of meibomian gland dropout and incomplete blinking was observed in both Asian groups compared to the Caucasian group, potentially predisposing these groups to dry eye. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A rechargeable iodine-carbon battery that exploits ion intercalation and iodine redox chemistry.

PubMed

Lu, Ke; Hu, Ziyu; Ma, Jizhen; Ma, Houyi; Dai, Liming; Zhang, Jintao

2017-09-13

Graphitic carbons have been used as conductive supports for developing rechargeable batteries. However, the classic ion intercalation in graphitic carbon has yet to be coupled with extrinsic redox reactions to develop rechargeable batteries. Herein, we demonstrate the preparation of a free-standing, flexible nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped hierarchically porous graphitic carbon for iodine loading by pyrolysis of polyaniline coated cellulose wiper. We find that heteroatoms could provide additional defect sites for encapsulating iodine while the porous carbon skeleton facilitates redox reactions of iodine and ion intercalation. The combination of ion intercalation with redox reactions of iodine allows for developing rechargeable iodine-carbon batteries free from the unsafe lithium/sodium metals, and hence eliminates the long-standing safety issue. The unique architecture of the hierarchically porous graphitic carbon with heteroatom doping not only provides suitable spaces for both iodine encapsulation and cation intercalation but also generates efficient electronic and ionic transport pathways, thus leading to enhanced performance.Carbon-based electrodes able to intercalate Li + and Na + ions have been exploited for high performing energy storage devices. Here, the authors combine the ion intercalation properties of porous graphitic carbons with the redox chemistry of iodine to produce iodine-carbon batteries with high reversible capacities.

Robust vehicle detection under various environments to realize road traffic flow surveillance using an infrared thermal camera.

PubMed

Iwasaki, Yoichiro; Misumi, Masato; Nakamiya, Toshiyuki

2015-01-01

To realize road traffic flow surveillance under various environments which contain poor visibility conditions, we have already proposed two vehicle detection methods using thermal images taken with an infrared thermal camera. The first method uses pattern recognition for the windshields and their surroundings to detect vehicles. However, the first method decreases the vehicle detection accuracy in winter season. To maintain high vehicle detection accuracy in all seasons, we developed the second method. The second method uses tires' thermal energy reflection areas on a road as the detection targets. The second method did not achieve high detection accuracy for vehicles on left-hand and right-hand lanes except for two center-lanes. Therefore, we have developed a new method based on the second method to increase the vehicle detection accuracy. This paper proposes the new method and shows that the detection accuracy for vehicles on all lanes is 92.1%. Therefore, by combining the first method and the new method, high vehicle detection accuracies are maintained under various environments, and road traffic flow surveillance can be realized.

Wear resistance of hydrophobic surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martinez, MA; Abenojar, J.; Pantoja, M.; López de Armentia, S.

2017-05-01

Nature has been an inspiration source to develop artificial hydrophobic surfaces. During the latest years the development of hydrophobic surfaces has been widely researched due to their numerous ranges of industrial applications. Industrially the use of hydrophobic surfaces is being highly demanded. This is why many companies develop hydrophobic products to repel water, in order to be used as coatings. Moreover, these coating should have the appropriated mechanical properties and wear resistance. In this work wear study of a hydrophobic coating on glass is carried out. Hydrophobic product used was Sika Crystal Dry by Sika S.A.U. (Alcobendas, Spain). This product is currently used on car windshield. To calculate wear resistance, pin-on-disk tests were carried out in dry and water conditions. The test parameters were rate, load and sliding distance, which were fixed to 60 rpm, 5 N and 1000 m respectively. A chamois was used as pin. It allows to simulate a real use. The friction coefficient and loss weight were compared to determinate coating resistance

KSC-2014-1354

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-02-10

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida practice vehicle extrication training at an auto salvage yard near the center. A firefighter uses a spreader to push the dashboard away from the seat. They used the Jaws of Life to remove the door from the vehicle and simulate the rescue of a trapped and injured person. A special hydraulic cutting tool and reciprocating saw were used to cut through and remove the roof. An axe and other special tools were used to punch through and clear away the windshield and windows. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations. With the completion of vehicle extrication and Jaws of Life training, the Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Daniel Casper

Mechanical-structural investigation of chemical strengthening aluminosilicate glass through introducing phosphorus pentoxide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zeng, Huidan; Wang, Ling; Ye, Feng; Yang, Bin; Chen, Jianding; Chen, Guorong; Sun, Luyi

2016-11-01

Chemical strengthening of aluminosilicate glasses through K+-Na+ ion exchange has attracted tremendous attentions because of the accelerating demand for high strength and damage resistance glasses. However, a paramount challenge still exists to fabricate glasses with a higher strength and greater depth of ion-exchange layer. Herein, aluminosilicate glasses with different contents of P2O5 were prepared and the influence of P2O5 on the increased compressive stress and depth of ion-exchange layer was investigated by micro-Raman technique. It was noticed that the hardness, compressive stress, as well as the depth of ion-exchange layer substantially increased with an increasing concentration of P2O5 varied from 1 to 7 mol%. The obtained micro-Raman spectra confirmed the formation of relatively depolymerized silicate anions that accelerated the ion exchange. Phosphorus containing aluminosilicate glasses with a lower polymerization degree exhibited a higher strength and deeper depth of ion-exchange layer, which suggests that the phosphorus containing aluminosilicate glasses have promising applications in flat panel displays, windshields, and wafer sealing substrates.

Car glass microphones using piezoelectric transducers for external alarm detection and localization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bolzmacher, Christian; Le Guelvouit, Valentin

2015-05-01

This work describes the potential use of car windows as a long range acoustic sensing device for external alarm signals. The goal is to detect and localize siren signals (e.g. ambulances and police cars) and to alert presbycusic drivers of its presence by visual and acoustic feedback in order to improve individual mobility and increase the sense of security. The glass panes of a Renault Zoé operating as an acoustic antenna have been equipped with large 50 mm outer diameter piezoceramic rings, hidden in the lower part of the door structure and the lower part of the windshield and the rear window. The response of the glass to quasi-static signals and sweep excitation has been recorded. In general, the glass pane is acting as a high pass filter due to its inherent stiffness and provides only little damping. This effect is compensated by using a charge amplifier electronic circuit. The detection capability up to 120 m as well as a dynamic test where the car is moving towards the sound source is reported.

Robust Vehicle Detection under Various Environments to Realize Road Traffic Flow Surveillance Using an Infrared Thermal Camera

PubMed Central

Iwasaki, Yoichiro; Misumi, Masato; Nakamiya, Toshiyuki

2015-01-01

To realize road traffic flow surveillance under various environments which contain poor visibility conditions, we have already proposed two vehicle detection methods using thermal images taken with an infrared thermal camera. The first method uses pattern recognition for the windshields and their surroundings to detect vehicles. However, the first method decreases the vehicle detection accuracy in winter season. To maintain high vehicle detection accuracy in all seasons, we developed the second method. The second method uses tires' thermal energy reflection areas on a road as the detection targets. The second method did not achieve high detection accuracy for vehicles on left-hand and right-hand lanes except for two center-lanes. Therefore, we have developed a new method based on the second method to increase the vehicle detection accuracy. This paper proposes the new method and shows that the detection accuracy for vehicles on all lanes is 92.1%. Therefore, by combining the first method and the new method, high vehicle detection accuracies are maintained under various environments, and road traffic flow surveillance can be realized. PMID:25763384

Hazards of falling debris to people, aircraft, and watercraft

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cole, J.K.; Young, L.W.; Jordan-Culler, T.

1997-04-01

This report is a collection of studies performed at Sandia National Laboratories in support of Phase One (inert debris) for the Risk and Lethality Commonality Team. This team was created by the Range Safety Group of the Range Commander`s Council to evaluate the safety issues for debris generated during flight tests and to develop debris safety criteria that can be adopted by the national ranges. Physiological data on the effects of debris impacts on people are presented. Log-normal curves are developed to relate the impact kinetic energy of fragments to the probability of fatality for people exposed in standing, sitting,more » or prone positions. Debris hazards to aircraft resulting from engine ingestion or penetration of a structure or windshield are discussed. The smallest mass fragments of aluminum, steel, and tungsten that may be hazardous to current aircraft are defined. Fragment penetration of the deck of a small ship or a pleasure craft is also considered. The smallest mass fragments of aluminum, steel, or tungsten that can penetrate decks are calculated.« less

Deflectometry challenges interferometry: the competition gets tougher!

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Faber, Christian; Olesch, Evelyn; Krobot, Roman; Häusler, Gerd

2012-09-01

Deflectometric methods that are capable of providing full-field topography data for specular freeform surfaces have been around for more than a decade. They have proven successful in various fields of application, such as the measurement of progressive power eyeglasses, painted car body panels, or windshields. However, up to now deflectometry has not been considered as a viable competitor to interferometry, especially for the qualification of optical components. The reason is that, despite the unparalleled local sensitivity provided by deflectometric methods, the global height accuracy attainable with this measurement technique used to be limited to several microns over a field of 100 mm. Moreover, spurious reflections at the rear surface of transparent objects could easily mess up the measured signal completely. Due to new calibration and evaluation procedures, this situation has changed lately. We will give a comparative assessment of the strengths and - now partly revised - weaknesses of both measurement principles from the current perspective. By presenting recent developments and measurement examples from different applications, we will show that deflectometry is now heading to become a serious competitor to interferometry.

Modeling of Stone-impact Resistance of Monolithic Glass Ply Using Continuum Damage Mechanics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sun, Xin; Khaleel, Mohammad A.; Davies, Richard W.

2005-04-01

We study the stone-impact resistance of a monolithic glass ply using a combined experimental and computational approach. Instrumented stone impact tests were first carried out in controlled environment. Explicit finite element analyses were then used to simulate the interactions of the indentor and the glass layer during the impact event, and a continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model was used to describe the constitutive behavior of glass. The experimentally measured strain histories for low velocity impact served as validation of the modeling procedures. Next, stair-stepping impact experiments were performed with two indentor sizes on two glass ply thickness, and the testmore » results were used to calibrate the critical stress parameters used in the CDM constitutive model. The purpose of this study is to establish the modeling procedures and the CDM critical stress parameters under impact loading conditions. The modeling procedures and the CDM model will be used in our future studies to predict through-thickness damage evolution patterns for different laminated windshield designs in automotive applications.« less

The vasorelaxant mechanisms of methanol on isolated rat aortic rings: Involvement of ion channels and signal transduction pathways.

PubMed

Bai, Y; Zhang, Q; Yang, Z; Meng, Z; Zhao, Q

2017-10-01

It is reported that methanol is generally used as an industrial solvent, antifreeze, windshield washer fluid, cooking fuel and perfume. Methanol ingestion can lead to severe metabolic disturbances, blindness, or even death. So far, few studies about its negative effects on cardiovascular system have been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the vasoactive effect of methanol and roles of ion channels and signal transduction pathways on isolated rat aorta. The results suggested that the mechanism of methanol-induced vasorelaxation at low concentrations (<500 mM) was mediated by ATP-sensitive K + (K ATP ) and L-type Ca 2+ channels, but the mechanism at high concentrations (>600 mM) was related to K ATP , voltage-dependent K + , big-conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + , L-type Ca 2+ channels as well as prostacyclin, protein kinase C, β-adrenoceptors pathways. In addition, methanol induced a dose-dependent inhibition of vasoconstrictions caused by calcium chloride, potassium chloride, or norepinephrine. Further work is needed to investigate the relative contribution of each channel and pathway in methanol-induced vasoactive effect.

NAAMES Photo Essay

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-12-08

The C130 Hercules sports an unusually large windshield. The view it affords is typically spectacular. --- The North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) is a five year investigation to resolve key processes controlling ocean system function, their influences on atmospheric aerosols and clouds and their implications for climate. Michael Starobin joined the NAAMES field campaign on behalf of Earth Expeditions and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Office of Communications. He presented stories about the important, multi-disciplinary research being conducted by the NAAMES team, with an eye towards future missions on the NASA drawing board. This is a NAAMES photo essay put together by Starobin, a collection of 49 photographs and captions. Photo and Caption Credit: Michael Starobin NASA image use policy NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram

Coupon and Birdstrike Testing of F-111 ADBIRT Windshields Which Have Been Subjected to Simulated Pressure/Thermal Service Life

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-01

127.1 2 0.123 557416 13255 1236 **** a..** 3 0.123 726357 13571 12867 62.6 136.5 4 0.1245 644264 13554 12576 57.2 122.6 5 0.124 469424 622263 13456 13451...11075 12455 64.3 59.6 70.6 120.7 6 0.124 704379 13249 11903 53.8 118.6 7 0.107 - - 8 0.124 --.. 9 0.123 617369 13255 12361 57.6 126.3 10 0.1235

Flight set 360T004 (STS-30)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nelsen, Lowell V.

1990-01-01

The performance of 360T004, Forth Flight, Redesigned Solid Rocket Motors (RSRM) is assessed in respect to joint sealing issues as seen from post-test inspection of the seals and sealing surfaces. The factory joint disassembly inspections for this flight set were omitted. The decision was based on the rational that there is sufficient information in the present data base, and this would give H-7 refurbishment operations faster turn around time for this set of hardware. The factory joint disassembly inspections will resume for 360H005, Fifth Flight, through 360L007, Seventh Flight, due to a new grease application being in effect during the assembly process. The left hand nozzle was forced into the snubbed position upon splash down. This required unique tooling to be manufactured to perform the disassembly of the internal nozzle joints. This was completed on February 5 and 6, 1990 at the H-5 Clearfield, Utah facility. The RSRM consisting of capture feature, field joints with the J-joint insulation configuration is illustrated. The nozzle-to-case joint design, which includes 100, 7/8-inch radial bolts in conjunction with a wiper O-ring and modified insulation design is also illustrated, as is the ignition system seals and a cross section of the igniter. The configuration of all internal nozzle joints is shown.

Transparent actuators and robots based on single-layer superaligned carbon nanotube sheet and polymer composites.

PubMed

Chen, Luzhuo; Weng, Mingcen; Zhang, Wei; Zhou, Zhiwei; Zhou, Yi; Xia, Dan; Li, Jiaxin; Huang, Zhigao; Liu, Changhong; Fan, Shoushan

2016-03-28

Transparent actuators have been attracting emerging interest recently, as they demonstrate potential applications in the fields of invisible robots, tactical displays, variable-focus lenses, and flexible cellular phones. However, previous technologies did not simultaneously realize macroscopic transparent actuators with advantages of large-shape deformation, low-voltage-driven actuation and fast fabrication. Here, we develop a fast approach to fabricate a high-performance transparent actuator based on single-layer superaligned carbon nanotube sheet and polymer composites. Various advantages of single-layer nanotube sheets including high transparency, considerable conductivity, and ultra-thin dimensions together with selected polymer materials completely realize all the above required advantages. Also, this is the first time that a single-layer nanotube sheet has been used to fabricate actuators with high transparency, avoiding the structural damage to the single-layer nanotube sheet. The transparent actuator shows a transmittance of 72% at the wavelength of 550 nm and bends remarkably with a curvature of 0.41 cm(-1) under a DC voltage for 5 s, demonstrating a significant advance in technological performances compared to previous conventional actuators. To illustrate their great potential usage, a transparent wiper and a humanoid robot "hand" were elaborately designed and fabricated, which initiate a new direction in the development of high-performance invisible robotics and other intelligent applications with transparency.

Powder Bed Layer Characteristics: The Overseen First-Order Process Input

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mindt, H. W.; Megahed, M.; Lavery, N. P.; Holmes, M. A.; Brown, S. G. R.

2016-08-01

Powder Bed Additive Manufacturing offers unique advantages in terms of manufacturing cost, lot size, and product complexity compared to traditional processes such as casting, where a minimum lot size is mandatory to achieve economic competitiveness. Many studies—both experimental and numerical—are dedicated to the analysis of how process parameters such as heat source power, scan speed, and scan strategy affect the final material properties. Apart from the general urge to increase the build rate using thicker powder layers, the coating process and how the powder is distributed on the processing table has received very little attention to date. This paper focuses on the first step of every powder bed build process: Coating the process table. A numerical study is performed to investigate how powder is transferred from the source to the processing table. A solid coating blade is modeled to spread commercial Ti-6Al-4V powder. The resulting powder layer is analyzed statistically to determine the packing density and its variation across the processing table. The results are compared with literature reports using the so-called "rain" models. A parameter study is performed to identify the influence of process table displacement and wiper velocity on the powder distribution. The achieved packing density and how that affects subsequent heat source interaction with the powder bed is also investigated numerically.

Simulator evaluation of display concepts for pilot monitoring and control of space shuttle approach and landing. Phase 2: Manual flight control

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gartner, W. B.; Baldwin, K. M.

1973-01-01

A study of the display requirements for final approach management of the space shuttle orbiter vehicle is presented. An experimental display concept, providing a more direct, pictorial representation of the vehicle's movement relative to the selected approach path and aiming points, was developed and assessed as an aid to manual flight path control. Both head-up, windshield projections and head-down, panel mounted presentations of the experimental display were evaluated in a series of simulated orbiter approach sequence. Data obtained indicate that the experimental display would enable orbiter pilots to exercise greater flexibility in implementing alternative final approach control strategies. Touchdown position and airspeed dispersion criteria were satisfied on 91 percent of the approach sequences, representing various profile and wind effect conditions. Flight path control and airspeed management satisfied operationally-relevant criteria for the two-segment, power-off orbiter approach and were consistently more accurate and less variable when the full set of experimental display elements was available to the pilot. Approach control tended to be more precise when the head-up display was used; however, the data also indicate that the head-down display would provide adequate support for the manual control task.

Inactivation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus by Citric Acid and Sodium Carbonate with Deicers

PubMed Central

Hong, Jang-Kwan; You, Su-Hwa; Kim, Su-Mi; Tark, Dongseob; Lee, Hyang-Sim; Ko, Young-Joon; Seo, Min-Goo; Park, Jong-Hyeon; Kim, Byounghan

2015-01-01

Three out of five outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) since 2010 in the Republic of Korea have occurred in the winter. At the freezing temperatures, it was impossible to spray disinfectant on the surfaces of vehicles, roads, and farm premises because the disinfectant would be frozen shortly after discharge and the surfaces of the roads or machines would become slippery in cold weather. In this study, we added chemical deicers (ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, ethyl alcohol, and commercial windshield washer fluid) to keep disinfectants (0.2% citric acid and 4% sodium carbonate) from freezing, and we tested their virucidal efficacies under simulated cold temperatures in a tube. The 0.2% citric acid could reduce the virus titer 4 logs at −20°C with all the deicers. On the other hand, 4% sodium carbonate showed little virucidal activity at −20°C within 30 min, although it resisted being frozen with the function of the deicers. In conclusion, for the winter season, we may recommend the use of citric acid (>0.2%) diluted in 30% ethyl alcohol or 25% sodium chloride solvent, depending on its purpose. PMID:26319879

General Aviation Interior Noise. Part 1; Source/Path Identification

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Unruh, James F.; Till, Paul D.; Palumbo, Daniel L. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

There were two primary objectives of the research effort reported herein. The first objective was to identify and evaluate noise source/path identification technology applicable to single engine propeller driven aircraft that can be used to identify interior noise sources originating from structure-borne engine/propeller vibration, airborne propeller transmission, airborne engine exhaust noise, and engine case radiation. The approach taken to identify the contributions of each of these possible sources was first to conduct a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of an in-flight noise and vibration database acquired on a Cessna Model 182E aircraft. The second objective was to develop and evaluate advanced technology for noise source ranking of interior panel groups such as the aircraft windshield, instrument panel, firewall, and door/window panels within the cabin of a single engine propeller driven aircraft. The technology employed was that of Acoustic Holography (AH). AH was applied to the test aircraft by acquiring a series of in-flight microphone array measurements within the aircraft cabin and correlating the measurements via PCA. The source contributions of the various panel groups leading to the array measurements were then synthesized by solving the inverse problem using the boundary element model.

Precipitation Data for the Mount St. Helens Area, Washington--1981-86

USGS Publications Warehouse

Uhrich, Mark A.

1990-01-01

This report is a compilation of precipitation data from U.S. Geological Survey telemetered 'Early Flood Warning' sites near Mount St. Helens, Washington, and from telemetered hydrologic data sites in the Toutle River and Muddy River basins for the years 1981-86. It also includes precipitation data for 1981-86 from non-telemetered recording rain gages established near the debris-avalanche blockages of Spirit Lake, Coldwater Lake, and Castle Lake. Daily values (midnight to midnight) are listed by station and calendar year for 32 sites. Hourly data, where available, are presented for the storm that generated the highest peak discharge in the North Fork Toutle River each water year. Instrumentation includes 25 tipping-bucket, and 7 weighing-bucket rain gages all without windshields. The seven sites with weighing-bucket gages were the only U.S. Geological Survey sites at which snowfall was measured. Additional snowfall measurements for the same time period in the Mount St. Helens area were collected by the National Weather Service, the U.s. Soil Conservation Service, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and also are presented in this report.

Detection of vehicle parts based on Faster R-CNN and relative position information

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Mingwen; Sang, Nong; Chen, Youbin; Gao, Changxin; Wang, Yongzhong

2018-03-01

Detection and recognition of vehicles are two essential tasks in intelligent transportation system (ITS). Currently, a prevalent method is to detect vehicle body, logo or license plate at first, and then recognize them. So the detection task is the most basic, but also the most important work. Besides the logo and license plate, some other parts, such as vehicle face, lamp, windshield and rearview mirror, are also key parts which can reflect the characteristics of vehicle and be used to improve the accuracy of recognition task. In this paper, the detection of vehicle parts is studied, and the work is novel. We choose Faster R-CNN as the basic algorithm, and take the local area of an image where vehicle body locates as input, then can get multiple bounding boxes with their own scores. If the box with maximum score is chosen as final result directly, it is often not the best one, especially for small objects. This paper presents a method which corrects original score with relative position information between two parts. Then we choose the box with maximum comprehensive score as the final result. Compared with original output strategy, the proposed method performs better.

Automatic Calibration Method for Driver’s Head Orientation in Natural Driving Environment

PubMed Central

Fu, Xianping; Guan, Xiao; Peli, Eli; Liu, Hongbo; Luo, Gang

2013-01-01

Gaze tracking is crucial for studying driver’s attention, detecting fatigue, and improving driver assistance systems, but it is difficult in natural driving environments due to nonuniform and highly variable illumination and large head movements. Traditional calibrations that require subjects to follow calibrators are very cumbersome to be implemented in daily driving situations. A new automatic calibration method, based on a single camera for determining the head orientation and which utilizes the side mirrors, the rear-view mirror, the instrument board, and different zones in the windshield as calibration points, is presented in this paper. Supported by a self-learning algorithm, the system tracks the head and categorizes the head pose in 12 gaze zones based on facial features. The particle filter is used to estimate the head pose to obtain an accurate gaze zone by updating the calibration parameters. Experimental results show that, after several hours of driving, the automatic calibration method without driver’s corporation can achieve the same accuracy as a manual calibration method. The mean error of estimated eye gazes was less than 5°in day and night driving. PMID:24639620

Noise Transmission Characteristics of Damped Plexiglas Windows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gibbs, Gary P.; Buehrle, Ralph D.; Klos, Jacob; Brown, Sherilyn A.

2002-01-01

Most general aviation aircraft utilize single layer plexiglas material for the windshield and side windows. Adding noise control treatments to transparent panels is a challenging problem. In this paper, damped plexiglas windows are evaluated for replacement of conventional windows in general aviation aircraft to reduce the structure-borne and airborne noise transmitted into the interior. In contrast to conventional solid windows, the damped plexiglas window panels are fabricated using two or three layers of plexiglas with transparent viscoelastic damping material sandwiched between the layers. Results from acoustic tests conducted in the NASA Langley Structural Acoustic Loads and Transmission (SALT) facility are used to compare different designs of the damped plexiglas panels with solid windows of the same nominal thickness. Comparisons of the solid and damped plexiglas panels show reductions in the radiated sound power of up to 8 dB at low frequency resonances and as large as 4.5 dB over a 4000 Hz bandwidth. The weight of the viscoelastic treatment was approximately 1% of the panel mass. Preliminary FEM/BEM modeling shows good agreement with experimental results for radiated sound power.

Transparent self-cleaning dust shield

DOEpatents

Mazumder, Malay K.; Sims, Robert A.; Wilson, James D.

2005-06-28

A transparent electromagnetic shield to protect solar panels and the like from dust deposition. The shield is a panel of clear non-conducting (dielectric) material with embedded parallel electrodes. The panel is coated with a semiconducting film. Desirably the electrodes are transparent. The electrodes are connected to a single-phase AC signal or to a multi-phase AC signal that produces a travelling electromagnetic wave. The electromagnetic field produced by the electrodes lifts dust particles away from the shield and repels charged particles. Deposited dust particles are removed when the electrodes are activated, regardless of the resistivity of the dust. Electrostatic charges on the panel are discharged by the semiconducting film. When used in conjunction with photovoltaic cells, the power for the device may be obtained from the cells themselves. For other surfaces, such as windshields, optical windows and the like, the power must be derived from an external source. One embodiment of the invention employs monitoring and detection devices to determine when the level of obscuration of the screen by dust has reached a threshold level requiring activation of the dust removal feature.

Flexible Electrode Design: Fabrication of Freestanding Polyaniline-Based Composite Films for High-Performance Supercapacitors.

PubMed

Khosrozadeh, Ali; Darabi, Mohammad Ali; Xing, Malcolm; Wang, Quan

2016-05-11

Polyaniline (PANI) is a promising pseudocapacitance electrode material. However, its structural instability leads to low cyclic stability and limited rate capability which hinders its practical applications. In view of the limitations, flexible PANI-based composite films are developed to improve the electrochemical performance of electrode materials. We report in the research a facile and cost-effective approach for fabrication of a high-performance supercapacitor (SC) with excellent cyclic stability and tunable energy and power densities. SC electrode containing a very high mass loading of active materials is a flexible film of PANI, tissue wiper-based cellulose, graphite-based exfoliated graphite (ExG), and silver nanoparticles with potential applications in wearable electronics. The optimum preparation weight ratios of silver nitrate/aniline and ExG/aniline used in the research are estimated to be 0.18 and 0.65 (or higher), respectively. Our results show that an ultrahigh capacitance of 3.84 F/cm(2) (240.10 F/g) at a discharge rate of 5 mA can be achieved. In addition, our study shows that the power density can be increased from 1531.3 to 3000 W/kg by selecting the weight ratio of ExG/aniline to be more than 0.65, with a sacrifice in the energy density. The obtained promising electrochemical properties are found to be mainly attributed to an effective combination of PANI, ExG, cushiony cellulose scaffold, and silver as well as the porosity of the composite.

How to decrease pedestrian injuries: conceptual evolutions starting from 137 crash tests.

PubMed

Thollon, Lionel; Jammes, Christian; Behr, Michel; Arnoux, Pierre-Jean; Cavallero, Claude; Brunet, Christian

2007-02-01

The improvement of vulnerable users' protection has become an essential objective for our society. Injury assessments observed in clinical traumatology have led researchers and manufacturers to understand the mechanisms involved and to design safe vehicles (to reduce the severity of pedestrian injuries). In all, 137 crash tests between 1979 and 2004 with postmortal human subjects (PMHS) were performed at the Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics to access pedestrian protection. A retrospective analysis of these experimental tests, pedestrian/car impacts (full scale or subsystems), performed at the laboratory is thus proposed. This document focuses on injury mechanisms investigation on the evolution of the experimental approach, as well as on the vehicles' technological improvements performed by car manufacturers. The analysis of experimental results (injury assessment, kinematics, vehicle deformations, etc.) shows the complexity and variety of injury mechanisms. The injury assessment shows the need to improve lower-limb joints protection, as well as head and spine segments, because of the difficulties of surgical repair of these injuries. Experimental tests contribute to evaluate the automobile safety evolution in the field of pedestrian protection. The main induced car improvements concern considerable efforts on vehicle material behavior and their capacity to dissipate energy during shocks (replacement of the convex rigid bumpers by deformable structures, modification of the windscreen structure). They also concern the suppression of all aggressive structures for the pedestrian (spare wheel initially placed on the front part of the vehicle, protection of the heels of windscreen wiper, etc.).

Space shuttle development Motor No. 9 (DM-9), volume 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Garecht, Diane M.

1990-01-01

The results obtained during the December 23, 1987 static firing of the DM-9 test article are presented. The DM-9 full-scale static test article employed redesigned solid rocket motor (RSRM) field joint capture feature hardware with J-seal insulation configuration, and nozzle-to-case joint radial bolt design with bonded insulation configuration. The nozzle incorporated RSRM components, including a thicker cowl with involuted outer boot ring. The nozzle employed redundant and verifiable seals in all five joints, and room temperature vulcanization backfill in three joints. With very few exceptions, the DM-9 test article was flight configuration. The test was conducted under extreme weather conditions: temperature of 25 F and wind at 15 to 20 mph. Ballistics performance values were within specification requirements. The RSRM field joint (J-seal) insulation configuration functioned as predicted with no indication of hot gases reaching the capture feature O-rings. There was a blowhole in the polysulfide adhesive in the nozzle-to-case joint, but no evidence of hot gases past the wiper O-ring. Nozzle design changes appeared to perform nominally, with the exception of the outer boot ring, which suffered partial structural breakup late in the test. Field joint heaters maintained the controlling resistance temperature device temperature within the specified requirements during heater operation. The thrust vector control system operated properly. The redesigned water deluge system, temperature conditioning equipment, and other test support equipment performed as planned.

NAAMES Photo Essay

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-12-08

The immense glass windshield on the C130 affords a panoramic view of the world. This plane typically flies with a pilot, copilot and flight engineer on the flight deck, as well as an air crewman in the main cabin. --- The North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) is a five year investigation to resolve key processes controlling ocean system function, their influences on atmospheric aerosols and clouds and their implications for climate. Michael Starobin joined the NAAMES field campaign on behalf of Earth Expeditions and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Office of Communications. He presented stories about the important, multi-disciplinary research being conducted by the NAAMES team, with an eye towards future missions on the NASA drawing board. This is a NAAMES photo essay put together by Starobin, a collection of 49 photographs and captions. Photo and Caption Credit: Michael Starobin NASA image use policy NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram

Indoor to outdoor air quality associations with self-pollution implications inside passenger car cabins

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abi-Esber, L.; El-Fadel, M.

2013-12-01

In this study, in-vehicle and out-vehicle concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) are measured to assess commuter's exposure in a commercial residential area and on a highway, under three popular ventilation modes namely, one window half opened, air conditioning on fresh air intake, and air conditioning on recirculation and examine its relationship to scarcely studied parameters including self pollution, out-vehicle sample intake location and meteorological gradients. Self pollution is the intrusion of a vehicle's own engine fumes into the passenger's compartment. For this purpose, six car makes with different ages were instrumented to concomitantly monitor in- and out-vehicle PM2.5 and CO concentrations as well as meteorological parameters. Air pollution levels were unexpectedly higher in new cars compared to old cars, with in-cabin air quality most correlated to that of out-vehicle air near the front windshield. Self-pollution was observed at variable rates in three of the six tested cars. Significant correlations were identified between indoor to outdoor pressure difference and PM2.5 and CO In/Out (IO) ratios under air recirculation and window half opened ventilation modes whereas temperature and humidity difference affected CO IO ratios only under the air recirculation ventilation mode.

Metasurfaces Leveraging Solar Energy for Icephobicity.

PubMed

Mitridis, Efstratios; Schutzius, Thomas M; Sicher, Alba; Hail, Claudio U; Eghlidi, Hadi; Poulikakos, Dimos

2018-06-29

Inhibiting ice accumulation on surfaces is an energy-intensive task and is of significant importance in nature and technology where it has found applications in windshields, automobiles, aviation, renewable energy generation, and infrastructure. Existing methods rely on on-site electrical heat generation, chemicals, or mechanical removal, with drawbacks ranging from financial costs to disruptive technical interventions and environmental incompatibility. Here we focus on applications where surface transparency is desirable and propose metasurfaces with embedded plasmonically enhanced light absorption heating, using ultrathin hybrid metal-dielectric coatings, as a passive, viable approach for de-icing and anti-icing, in which the sole heat source is renewable solar energy. The balancing of transparency and absorption is achieved with rationally nanoengineered coatings consisting of gold nanoparticle inclusions in a dielectric (titanium dioxide), concentrating broadband absorbed solar energy into a small volume. This causes a > 10 °C temperature increase with respect to ambient at the air-solid interface, where ice is most likely to form, delaying freezing, reducing ice adhesion, when it occurs, to negligible levels (de-icing) and inhibiting frost formation (anti-icing). Our results illustrate an effective unexplored pathway toward environmentally compatible, solar-energy-driven icephobicity, enabled by respectively tailored plasmonic metasurfaces, with the ability to design the balance of transparency and light absorption.

A Full-Visible-Spectrum Invisibility Cloak for Mesoscopic Metal Wires.

PubMed

Kim, Sang-Woo; An, Byeong Wan; Cho, Eunjin; Hyun, Byung Gwan; Moon, Yoon-Jong; Kim, Sun-Kyung; Park, Jang-Ung

2018-06-13

Structured metals can sustain a very large scattering cross-section that is induced by localized surface plasmons, which often has an adverse effect on their use as transparent electrodes in displays, touch screens, and smart windows due to an issue of low clarity. Here, we report a broadband optical cloaking strategy for the network of mesoscopic metal wires with submicrometer to micrometer diameters, which is exploited for manufacturing and application of high-clarity metal-wires-based transparent electrodes. We prepare electrospun Ag wires with 300-1800 nm in diameter and perform a facile surface oxidation process to form Ag/Ag 2 O core/shell heterogeneous structures. The absorptive Ag 2 O shell, together with the coating of a dielectric cover, leads to the cancellation of electric multipole moments in Ag wires, thereby drastically suppressing plasmon-mediated scattering over the full visible spectrum and rendering Ag wires to be invisible. Simultaneously with the effect of invisibility, the transmittance of Ag/Ag 2 O wires is significantly improved compared to bare Ag wires, despite the formation of an absorptive Ag 2 O shell. As an application example, we demonstrate that these invisible Ag wires serve as a high-clarity, high-transmittance, and high-speed defroster for automotive windshields.

American Indians’ Family Health Concern on a Northern Plains Reservation: “Diabetes Runs Rampant Here”

PubMed Central

Martin, Donna; Yurkovich, Eleanor; Anderson, Kara

2015-01-01

Objectives The objective was to identify significant family health concerns from the perspective of adult tribal members residing in a reservation setting on the Northern Plains of the United States. Findings were used to co-create culturally appropriate strategies to address the most significant family health concern. Design and Sample A focused ethnography within a participatory framework was employed. An advisory council, comprised of seven tribal members, guided the research team. A purposive sampling technique with a snowball process was used. Twenty-one adult tribal members volunteered to participate. Measures Face-to-face, audio-recorded, semi-structured interviews were conducted and transcribed verbatim. Other data sources included field notes of approximately 100 hours of field work, windshield surveys, and a focus group. Data were analyzed using Spradley’s guidelines. Results The significant family health concern was “diabetes runs rampant here” with inter-related cognitive, emotional and behavioral responses. These responses were compounded by accumulated emotional trauma from witnessing premature deaths and severe comorbidities associated with diabetes. Contextual factors shaping “diabetes runs rampant here” were identified. Conclusion Holistic approaches are urgently needed in diabetes prevention and management programs. Implications for public health nurses are discussed and recommendations are provided for future research. PMID:26336881

Characteristics of waste automotive glasses as silica resource in ferrosilicon synthesis.

PubMed

Farzana, Rifat; Rajarao, Ravindra; Sahajwalla, Veena

2016-02-01

This fundamental research on end-of-life automotive glasses, which are difficult to recycle, is aimed at understanding the chemical and physical characteristics of waste glasses as a resource of silica to produce ferrosilicon. Laboratory experiments at 1550°C were carried out using different automotive glasses and the results compared with those obtained with pure silica. In situ images of slag-metal separation showed similar behaviour for waste glasses and silica-bearing pellets. Though X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed different slag compositions for glass and silica-bearing pellets, formation of ferrosilicon was confirmed. Synthesized ferrosilicon alloy from waste glasses and silica were compared by Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Silicon concentration in the synthesized alloys showed almost 92% silicon recovery from the silica-bearing pellet and 74-92% silicon recoveries from various waste glass pellets. The polyvinyl butyral (PVB) plastic layer in the windshield glass decomposed at low temperature and did not show any detrimental effect on ferrosilicon synthesis. This innovative approach of using waste automotive glasses as a silica source for ferrosilicon production has the potential to create sustainable pathways, which will reduce specialty glass waste in landfill. © The Author(s) 2015.

Yard flooding by irrigation canals increased the risk of West Nile disease in El Paso, Texas

PubMed Central

Cardenas, Victor M.; Jaime, Javier; Ford, Paula B.; Gonzalez, Fernando J.; Carrillo, Irma; Gallegos, Jorge E.; Watts, Douglas M.

2011-01-01

Purpose To investigate the effects of use of water from irrigation canals to flood residential yards on the risk of West Nile disease in El Paso, Texas. Methods West Nile disease confirmed cases in 2009–2010 were compared with a random sample of 50 residents of the county according to access to and use of water from irrigation canals by subjects or their neighbors, as well as geo-referenced closest distance between their home address and the nearest irrigation canal. A windshield survey of 600 meters around the study subjects’ home address recorded the presence of irrigation canals. The distance from the residence of 182 confirmed cases of West Nile disease reported in 2003–2010 to canals was compared to that of the centroids of 182 blocks selected at random. Results Cases were more likely than controls to report their neighbors flooded their yards with water from canals. Irrigation canals were more often observed in neighborhoods of cases than of controls. Using the set of addresses of 182 confirmed cases and 182 hypothetic controls the authors found a statistically significant inverse relation with risk of West Nile disease. Conclusions Flooding of yards with water from canals increased the risk of West Nile disease. PMID:21943648

Who Visits a National Park and What do They Get Out of It?: A Joint Visitor Cluster Analysis and Travel Cost Model for Yellowstone National Park

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Benson, Charles; Watson, Philip; Taylor, Garth; Cook, Philip; Hollenhorst, Steve

2013-10-01

Yellowstone National Park visitor data were obtained from a survey collected for the National Park Service by the Park Studies Unit at the University of Idaho. Travel cost models have been conducted for national parks in the United States; however, this study builds on these studies and investigates how benefits vary by types of visitors who participate in different activities while at the park. Visitor clusters were developed based on activities in which a visitor participated while at the park. The clusters were analyzed and then incorporated into a travel cost model to determine the economic value (consumer surplus) that the different visitor groups received from visiting the park. The model was estimated using a zero-truncated negative binomial regression corrected for endogenous stratification. The travel cost price variable was estimated using both 1/3 and 1/4 the wage rate to test for sensitivity to opportunity cost specification. The average benefit across all visitor cluster groups was estimated at between 235 and 276 per person per trip. However, per trip benefits varied substantially across clusters; from 90 to 103 for the "value picnickers," to 185-263 for the "backcountry enthusiasts," 189-278 for the "do it all adventurists," 204-303 for the "windshield tourists," and 323-714 for the "creature comfort" cluster group.

Yard flooding by irrigation canals increased the risk of West Nile disease in El Paso, Texas.

PubMed

Cardenas, Victor M; Jaime, Javier; Ford, Paula B; Gonzalez, Fernando J; Carrillo, Irma; Gallegos, Jorge E; Watts, Douglas M

2011-12-01

To investigate the effects of use of water from irrigation canals to flood residential yards on the risk of West Nile disease in El Paso, Texas. West Nile disease confirmed cases in 2009 through 2010 were compared with a random sample of 50 residents of the county according to access to and use of water from irrigation canals by subjects or their neighbors, as well as geo-referenced closest distance between their home address and the nearest irrigation canal. A windshield survey of 600 m around the study subjects' home address recorded the presence of irrigation canals. The distance from the residence of 182 confirmed cases of West Nile disease reported in 2003 through 2010 to canals was compared with that of the centroids of 182 blocks selected at random. Cases were more likely than controls to report their neighbors flooded their yards with water from canals. Irrigation canals were more often observed in neighborhoods of cases than of controls. Using the set of addresses of 182 confirmed cases and 182 hypothetical controls the authors found a significant, inverse relation with risk of West Nile disease. Flooding of yards with water from canals increased the risk of West Nile disease. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Dermatologic findings in 16 patients with Cockayne syndrome and cerebro-oculo-facial-skeletal syndrome.

PubMed

Frouin, Eric; Laugel, Vincent; Durand, Myriam; Dollfus, Hélène; Lipsker, Dan

2013-12-01

Cockayne syndrome (CS) and cerebro-oculo-facial-skeletal (COFS) syndrome are autosomal recessive diseases that belong to the family of nucleotide excision repair disorders. Our aim was to describe the cutaneous phenotype of patients with these rare diseases. A systematic dermatologic examination of 16 patients included in a European study of CS was performed. The patients were aged 1 to 28 years. Six patients (38%) had mutations in the Cockayne syndrome A (CSA) gene, and the remaining had Cockayne syndrome B (CSB) gene mutations. Fourteen patients were classified clinically as having CS and 2 as having COFS syndrome. Photosensitivity was present in 75% of the patients and was characterized by sunburn after brief sun exposure. Six patients developed symptoms after short sun exposure through a windshield. Six patients had pigmented macules on sun-exposed skin, but none developed a skin neoplasm. Twelve patients (75%) displayed cyanotic acral edema of the extremities. Eight patients had nail dystrophies and 7 had hair anomalies. The dermatologic findings of 16 cases of CS and COFS syndrome highlight the high prevalence of photosensitivity and hair and nail disorders. Cyanotic acral edema was present in 75% of our patients, a finding not previously reported in CS.

Cooling system for radiator and condenser of vehicles with an air conditioner and method of operating the same

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shimada, Y.; Obata, Y.; Takeoka, T.

1987-04-21

A cooling system is described for radiator and condenser of vehicles with an air conditioner having a first blower and a second blower for cooling the radiator and the condenser so as to cool the engine cooling water and so as to condense the coolant, and a cooling cycle operation switch which comprises: (a) engine cooling water temperature switch (SW1) connected between a power supply and the first blower and turned on and off in accordance with high and low temperature conditions of the engine cooling water; (b) relay switching means for controlling the first and second blowers in accordancemore » with the on-off conditions of the cooling cycle operation switch; and (c) a control circuit having an on-off switch and a solenoid and connected between the relay switching means and either the first blower or the second blower, the solenoid of the control circuit being connected to switches (SW3, SW4 and SW5) for electrical equipment such as headlights, wipers; whereby, when any one of the switches for the electrical equipment of the vehicle is turned off, the first and second blowers are operated at normal speed through the relay switching means and the control circuit, upon the operation of the cooling cycle operation switch, while when any one of the switches for the electrical equipment is turned on, the first blower is on-off controlled through the engine cooling water temperature switch (SW1) and the second blower remains operated through the relay switching means.« less

Impact of Contact Lens Material, Design, and Fitting on Discomfort.

PubMed

Stapleton, Fiona; Tan, Jacqueline

2017-01-01

To review the effect of contact lens (CL) material, design, and fitting characteristics on CL discomfort. A PubMed search identified publications describing subjective comfort and CL material, fitting, and design parameters. The review included clinical signs associated with discomfort that may be a consequence of these parameters. Reduced lens movement or more CL tightness were associated with improved comfort. Increased lens-induced paralimbal conjunctival staining and indentation, considered as quasi-indicators of CL fitting or edge design, were also associated with better comfort. No recent studies have evaluated varying CL design parameters and subjective comfort. Silicone hydrogel CLs are no different in comfort compared with hydrogel CLs. Lower equilibrium water content is associated with improved comfort in hydrogel CL wear. Coefficient of friction shows promise as a material factor potentially associated with comfort. Lid wiper epitheliopathy and lid-parallel conjunctival folds have been linked with comfort in established wearers. Recent studies have confirmed the association between more mobile CLs and more discomfort, whereas closer conformity of the CL to the bulbar conjunctiva improved subjective comfort. There is no evidence to support the perceived comfort difference between silicone hydrogel and hydrogel CL. There has been limited progress in understanding the impact of varying specific CL design parameters. Although specific clinical signs may be predictive of discomfort, their role in the natural history of discomfort remains unclear. A better understanding of the relationship between coefficient of friction and comfort and strategies to improve lubricity may hold promise for limiting CL discomfort.

XB-70A #1 liftoff with TB-58A chase aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1960-01-01

.6-percent delta wing. The outer portion of the wing could be folded down in flight to provide greater lateral-directional stability. The airplane had two windshields. A moveable outer windshield was raised for high-speed flight to reduce drag and lowered for greater visibility during takeoff and landing. The forward fuselage was constructed of riveted titanium frames and skin. The remainder of the airplane was constructed almost entirely of stainless steel. The skin was a brazed stainless-steel honeycomb material. Six General Electric YJ93-3 turbojet engines, each in the 30,000-pound-thrust class, powered the XB-70. Internal geometry of the inlets was controllable to maintain the most efficient airflow to the engines.

Simple gaze-contingent cues guide eye movements in a realistic driving simulator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pomarjanschi, Laura; Dorr, Michael; Bex, Peter J.; Barth, Erhardt

2013-03-01

Looking at the right place at the right time is a critical component of driving skill. Therefore, gaze guidance has the potential to become a valuable driving assistance system. In previous work, we have already shown that complex gaze-contingent stimuli can guide attention and reduce the number of accidents in a simple driving simulator. We here set out to investigate whether cues that are simple enough to be implemented in a real car can also capture gaze during a more realistic driving task in a high-fidelity driving simulator. We used a state-of-the-art, wide-field-of-view driving simulator with an integrated eye tracker. Gaze-contingent warnings were implemented using two arrays of light-emitting diodes horizontally fitted below and above the simulated windshield. Thirteen volunteering subjects drove along predetermined routes in a simulated environment popu­ lated with autonomous traffic. Warnings were triggered during the approach to half of the intersections, cueing either towards the right or to the left. The remaining intersections were not cued, and served as controls. The analysis of the recorded gaze data revealed that the gaze-contingent cues did indeed have a gaze guiding effect, triggering a significant shift in gaze position towards the highlighted direction. This gaze shift was not accompanied by changes in driving behaviour, suggesting that the cues do not interfere with the driving task itself.

Research on laser protection: an overview of 20 years of activities at Fraunhofer IOSB

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ritt, G.; Walter, D.; Eberle, B.

2013-10-01

Since the advent of the laser in 1960, the protection of human eyes and sensors against intended or unintended damage by laser radiation is a hot research topic. As long as the parameters of a laser source such as the wavelength and the output power are known, adequate laser safety can be ensured simply by utilizing conventional laser protection filters which are based on absorption or interference effects. This is typically the case in cooperative environments like a laboratory or industrial facilities. A very different situation prevails in military defense or civil security. There, the parameters of encountering laser threats are usually unknown. Protection measures, helping against all types of laser threats, are the long desired objective of countless research activities. The biggest challenge in finding an effective measure arises from single laser pulses of unknown wavelength. The problem demands for a passive protection concept and may be based for example on intensity dependent effects. Moreover, the requested solutions shall comprise add-on possibilities like thin films to be put on existing optics, windshields or glasses. Unfortunately, such an all-embracing solution is still far out of reach. The Fraunhofer IOSB has been working on the evaluation and development of non-conventional laser protection methods for more than 20 years. An overview of the past and present research activities shall be presented, comprising protection measures against laser damaging and laser dazzling.

Volcanic Ash and SO2 Monitoring Using Suomi NPP Direct Broadcast OMPS Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seftor, C. J.; Krotkov, N. A.; McPeters, R. D.; Li, J. Y.; Brentzel, K. W.; Habib, S.; Hassinen, S.; Heinrichs, T. A.; Schneider, D. J.

2014-12-01

NASA's Suomi NPP Ozone Science Team, in conjunction with Goddard Space Flight Center's (GSFC's) Direct Readout Laboratory, developed the capability of processing, in real-time, direct readout (DR) data from the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) to perform SO2 and Aerosol Index (AI) retrievals. The ability to retrieve this information from real-time processing of DR data was originally developed for the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard the Aura spacecraft and is used by Volcano Observatories and Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAACs) charged with mapping ash clouds from volcanic eruptions and providing predictions/forecasts about where the ash will go. The resulting real-time SO2 and AI products help to mitigate the effects of eruptions such as the ones from Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland and Puyehue-Cordón Caulle in Chile, which cause massive disruptions to airline flight routes for weeks as airlines struggle to avoid ash clouds that could cause engine failure, deeply pitted windshields impossible to see through, and other catastrophic events. We will discuss the implementation of real-time processing of OMPS DR data by both the Geographic Information Network of Alaska (GINA) and the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), which provide real-time coverage over some of the most congested airspace and over many of the most active volcanoes in the world, and show examples of OMPS DR processing results from recent volcanic eruptions.

Aerodynamic design on high-speed trains

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ding, San-San; Li, Qiang; Tian, Ai-Qin; Du, Jian; Liu, Jia-Li

2016-04-01

Compared with the traditional train, the operational speed of the high-speed train has largely improved, and the dynamic environment of the train has changed from one of mechanical domination to one of aerodynamic domination. The aerodynamic problem has become the key technological challenge of high-speed trains and significantly affects the economy, environment, safety, and comfort. In this paper, the relationships among the aerodynamic design principle, aerodynamic performance indexes, and design variables are first studied, and the research methods of train aerodynamics are proposed, including numerical simulation, a reduced-scale test, and a full-scale test. Technological schemes of train aerodynamics involve the optimization design of the streamlined head and the smooth design of the body surface. Optimization design of the streamlined head includes conception design, project design, numerical simulation, and a reduced-scale test. Smooth design of the body surface is mainly used for the key parts, such as electric-current collecting system, wheel truck compartment, and windshield. The aerodynamic design method established in this paper has been successfully applied to various high-speed trains (CRH380A, CRH380AM, CRH6, CRH2G, and the Standard electric multiple unit (EMU)) that have met expected design objectives. The research results can provide an effective guideline for the aerodynamic design of high-speed trains.

Terra Nova Bay Polynya, Antarctica

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2007-01-01

In Terra Nova Bay, off the Scott Coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica, a large pocket of open water persists throughout most of the Southern Hemisphere winter, even while most of the rest of the Antarctic coastline is firmly embraced by the frozen Southern Ocean. This pocket of open water--a polynya--results from exceptionally strong winds that blow downslope from the Trans-Antarctic Mountains. These fierce katabatic winds drive the sea ice eastward. Since the dominant ice drift pattern in the area is northward, the Drygalski Ice Tongue prevents the bay from being re-populated with sea ice. This image of the Terra Nova Bay polynya was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite on October 16, 2007. Sea ice sits over the Ross Sea like a cracked and crumbling windshield. Blue-tinged glaciers flow down from the Trans-Antarctic Mountains. Although glaciers can appear blue because of melt water, they can also get that tint when the wind scours and polishes the ice surface. Given the strength of the katabatic winds along this part of the Antarctic coast, it is likely that the blue color of these glaciers is a result of their having been swept clean of snow. The large image has a spatial resolution (level of detail) of 250 meters per pixel.

A Computational Fluid-Dynamics Assessment of the Improved Performance of Aerodynamic Rain Gauges

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Colli, Matteo; Pollock, Michael; Stagnaro, Mattia; Lanza, Luca G.; Dutton, Mark; O'Connell, Enda

2018-02-01

The airflow surrounding any catching-type rain gauge when impacted by wind is deformed by the presence of the gauge body, resulting in the acceleration of wind above the orifice of the gauge, which deflects raindrops and snowflakes away from the collector (the wind-induced undercatch). The method of mounting a gauge with the collector at or below the level of the ground, or the use of windshields to mitigate this effect, is often not practicable. The physical shape of a gauge has a significant impact on its collection efficiency. In this study, we show that appropriate "aerodynamic" shapes are able to reduce the deformation of the airflow, which can reduce undercatch. We have employed computational fluid-dynamic simulations to evaluate the time-averaged airflow realized around "aerodynamic" rain gauge shapes when impacted by wind. Terms of comparison are provided by the results obtained for two standard "conventional" rain gauge shapes. The simulations have been run for different wind speeds and are based on a time-averaged Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes model. The shape of the aerodynamic gauges is shown to have a positive impact on the time-averaged airflow patterns observed around the orifice compared to the conventional shapes. Furthermore, the turbulent air velocity fields for the aerodynamic shapes present "recirculating" structures, which may improve the particle-catching capabilities of the gauge collector.

Coxiella burnetii seroprevalence and risk factors on commercial sheep farms in The Netherlands.

PubMed

Schimmer, B; de Lange, M M A; Hautvast, J L A; Vellema, P; van Duynhoven, Y T H P

2014-07-05

Coxiella burnetii seroprevalence was assessed on Dutch dairy and non-dairy sheep farms using ELISA. Risk factors for seropositivity on non-dairy sheep farms were identified at farm and sheep level by univariate and multivariate multilevel analyses. Based on 953 dairy and 5671 non-dairy serum samples, sheep seroprevalences were 18.7 per cent and 2.0 per cent, respectively, and 78.6 per cent and 30.5 per cent at farm level. Significant risk factors for non-dairy sheep farms were farm location in the south of the country, sheep kept on marginal grounds, one or several supply addresses for ewes during 2007-2009 and wearing farm boots and/or outfit by professional visitors. On sheep level, risk factors included among others farm location in the south of the country, lamb breeding as main farm purpose, goat density within 10 km farm radius, use of windbreak curtain or windshields, and presence of ≥6 stillborn lambs in 2009. Farm location in the south of the country and goat density suggests that infected goats have played a role in the transmission to non-dairy sheep. Other risk factors suggest introduction of the bacterium through sheep supply and professional visitors. Biosecurity measures should be strengthened, including avoiding infection during handling of stillborn lambs and birth products in the lambing period. British Veterinary Association.

A novel active heads-up display for driver assistance.

PubMed

Doshi, Anup; Cheng, Shinko Yuanhsien; Trivedi, Mohan Manubhai

2009-02-01

In this paper, we introduce a novel laser-based wide-area heads-up windshield display which is capable of actively interfacing with a human as part of a driver assistance system. The dynamic active display (DAD) is a unique prototype interface that presents safety-critical visual icons to the driver in a manner that minimizes the deviation of his or her gaze direction without adding to unnecessary visual clutter. As part of an automotive safety system, the DAD presents alerts in the field of view of the driver only if necessary, which is based upon the state and pose of the driver, vehicle, and environment. This paper examines the effectiveness of DAD through a comprehensive comparative experimental evaluation of a speed compliance driver assistance system, which is implemented on a vehicular test bed. Three different types of display protocols for assisting a driver to comply with speed limits are tested on actual roadways, and these are compared with a conventional dashboard display. Given the inclination, drivers who are given an overspeed warning alert reduced the time required to slow down to the speed limit by 38% (p < 0.01) as compared with the drivers not given the alert. Additionally, certain alerts decreased distraction levels by reducing the time spent looking away from the road by 63% (p < 0.01). Ultimately, these alerts demonstrate the utility and promise of the DAD system.

Lunar Dust-Tolerant Electrical Connector

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Herman, Jason; Sadick, Shazad; Roberts, Dustyn

2010-01-01

An electrical connector was developed that is tolerant of the presence of lunar dust. Novel features of the connector include the use of a permeable membrane to act both as a dust barrier and as a wiper to limit the amount of dust that makes its way into the internal chamber of the connector. The development focused on the Constellation lunar extravehicular activity (EVA) spacesuit s portable life support system (PLSS) battery recharge connector; however, continued research is applying this technology to other lunar surface systems such as lunar rover subsystems and cryogenic fluid transfer connections for in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) applications. Lunar dust has been identified as a significant and present challenge in future exploration missions. In addition to posing contamination and health risks for human explorers, the interlocking, angular nature of lunar dust and its broad grain size distribution make it particularly harmful to mechanisms with which it may come into contact. All Apollo lunar missions experienced some degree of equipment failure because of dust, and it appears that dust accumulation on exposed material is unavoidable and difficult to reverse. Both human EVA and ISRU activities are on the mission horizon and are paramount to the establishment of a permanent human base on the Moon. Reusable and dust-tolerant connection mechanisms are a critical component for mission success. The need for dust-tolerant solutions is also seen in utility work and repair, mass transit applications, construction, mining, arctic and marine environments, diving (search and rescue), and various operations in deserts, where dust or sand clogging and coating different mechanisms and connections may render them difficult to operate or entirely inoperable.

Thermal Barrier/Seal for Extreme Temperature Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steinetz, Bruce M.; Dunlap, Patrick H., Jr.; Phelps, Jack; Bauer, Paul; Bond, Bruce; McCool, Alex (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

Large solid rocket motors, as found on the Space Shuttle, are fabricated in segments for manufacturing considerations, bolted together, and sealed using conventional Viton O-ring seals. Similarly the nine large solid rocket motor nozzles are assembled from several different segments, bolted together, and sealed at six joint locations using conventional O-ring seals. The 5500 F combustion gases are generally kept a safe distance away from the seals by thick layers of phenolic or rubber insulation. Joint-fill compounds, including RTV (room temperature vulcanized compound) and polysulfide filler, are used to fill the joints in the insulation to prevent a direct flow-path to the O-rings. Normally these two stages of protection are enough to prevent a direct flow-path of the 900-psi hot gases from reaching the temperature-sensitive O-ring seals. However, in the current design 1 out of 15 Space Shuttle solid rocket motors experience hot gas effects on the Joint 6 wiper (sacrificial) O-rings. Also worrisome is the fact that joints have experienced heat effects on materials between the RTV and the O-rings, and in two cases O-rings have experienced heat effects. These conditions lead to extensive reviews of the post-flight conditions as part of the effort to monitor flight safety. We have developed a braided carbon fiber thermal barrier to replace the joint fill compounds in the Space Shuttle solid rocket motor nozzles to reduce the incoming 5500 F combustion gas temperature and permit only cool (approximately 100 F) gas to reach the temperature-sensitive O-ring seals. Implementation of this thermal barrier provides more robust, consistent operation with shorter turn around times between Shuttle launches.

The potential role of neuropathic mechanisms in dry eye syndromes.

PubMed

Mcmonnies, Charles W

Dry eye syndromes can involve both nociceptive and neuropathic symptoms. Nociceptive symptoms are the normal physiological responses to noxious stimuli. Neuropathic symptoms are caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system and can be the result of hypersensitisation of peripheral or central corneal and conjunctival somatosensory nerves. For example, inflammation could induce neuroplastic peripheral sensitisation of the ocular surface or lid wiper and exacerbate nociceptive symptoms. Neuropathic symptoms may explain the incommensurate relation between signs and symptoms in some dry eye syndromes although absence of signs of a dry eye syndrome may also be a consequence of inappropriate methods used when examining for them. Involvement of neuropathic mechanisms may also help explain dry eye symptoms which occur in association with reduced corneal sensitivity. This review includes a discussion of the potential for ocular symptoms involving neuropathic mechanisms to contribute to psychosocial problems such as depression, stress, anxiety and sleep disorders as well as for these types of psychosocial problems to contribute to neuropathic mechanisms and dry eye syndromes. Failure to consider the possibility that neuropathic mechanisms can contribute to dry eye syndromes may reduce accuracy of diagnosis and the suitability of treatment provided. Dry eye symptoms in the absence of commensurate evidence of tear dysfunction, and unsatisfactory response to tear dysfunction therapies should prompt consideration of neuropathic mechanisms being involved. Symptoms which persist after local anaesthetic instillation are more likely to be neuropathic in origin. Reducing inflammation may help limit any associated neuroplastic hypersensitivity. Copyright © 2016 Spanish General Council of Optometry. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Experimental investigation into effect of cutting parameters on surface integrity of hardened tool steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bashir, K.; Alkali, A. U.; Elmunafi, M. H. S.; Yusof, N. M.

2018-04-01

Recent trend in turning hardened materials have gained popularity because of its immense machinability benefits. However, several machining processes like thermal assisted machining and cryogenic machining have reveal superior machinability benefits over conventional dry turning of hardened materials. Various engineering materials have been studied. However, investigations on AISI O1 tool steel have not been widely reported. In this paper, surface finish and surface integrity dominant when hard turning AISI O1 tool steel is analysed. The study is focused on the performance of wiper coated ceramic tool with respect to surface roughness and surface integrity of hardened tool steel. Hard turned tool steel was machined at varying cutting speed of 100, 155 and 210 m/min and feed rate of 0.05, 0.125 and 0.20mm/rev. The depth of cut of 0.2mm was maintained constant throughout the machining trials. Machining was conducted using dry turning on 200E-axis CNC lathe. The experimental study revealed that the surface finish is relatively superior at higher cutting speed of 210m/min. The surface finish increases when cutting speed increases whereas surface finish is generally better at lower feed rate of 0.05mm/rev. The experimental study conducted have revealed that phenomena such as work piece vibration due to poor or improper mounting on the spindle also contributed to higher surface roughness value of 0.66Ra during turning at 0.2mm/rev. Traces of white layer was observed when viewed with optical microscope which shows evidence of cutting effects on the turned work material at feed rate of 0.2 rev/min

Influence of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Friction-Related Disease on the Severity of Dry Eye.

PubMed

Vu, Chi Hoang Viet; Kawashima, Motoko; Yamada, Masakazu; Suwaki, Kazuhisa; Uchino, Miki; Shigeyasu, Chika; Hiratsuka, Yoshimune; Yokoi, Norihiko; Tsubota, Kazuo

2018-02-16

To evaluate the effect of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and friction-related disease (FRD) on the severity of dry eye disease (DED). Cross-sectional observational study. This study enrolled 449 patients with DED (63 men and 386 women; mean age, 62.6±15.7 years [range, 21-90 years]) for analysis. Subjective symptoms, the ocular surface, tear function, and the presence of MGD and FRD (superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, conjunctivochalasis, and lid wiper epitheliopathy) were investigated. Schirmer value, tear film breakup time (TBUT), and keratoconjunctival score. We classified the participants into aqueous-deficient dry eye (ADDE; n = 231 [51.4%]) and short TBUT dry eye subtype (TBUT-DE; n = 109 [24.3%]) subgroups. The TBUT was shorter in patients with MGD than in those without MGD, whereas other ocular signs showed no difference (TBUT: MGD present, 1.97±1.02 seconds; MGD absent, 2.94±1.63 seconds [P < 0.001]; ADDE/MGD present, 1.94±1.08 seconds; ADDE/MGD absent, 2.77±1.61 seconds [P < 0.001]; short TBUT-DE/MGD present, 2.07±0.97 seconds; short TBUT-DE/MGD absent, 2.94±1.23 seconds [P = 0.01]). The ADDE patients with FRD showed a worse TBUT than ADDE patients without FRD (TBUT: ADDE/FRD present, 2.08±1.39 seconds; ADDE/FRD absent, 2.92±1.54 seconds; P < 0.001). This study showed associations between MGD, FRD, or both and ocular signs in DED. In the presence of MGD, FRD, or both, TBUT was significantly shortened regardless of the dry eye status or subtype. Copyright © 2018 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

RSRM Nozzle-to-Case Joint J-leg Development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Albrechtsen, Kevin U.; Eddy, Norman F.; Ewing, Mark E.; McGuire, John R.

2003-01-01

Since the beginning of the Space Shuttle Reusable Solid Rocket Motor (RSRM) program, nozzle-to-case joint polysulfide adhesive gas paths have occurred on several flight motors. These gas paths have allowed hot motor gases to reach the wiper O-ring. Even though these motors continue to fly safely with this condition, a desire was to reduce such occurrences. The RSRM currently uses a J-leg joint configuration on case field joints and igniter inner and outer joints. The J-leg joint configuration has been successfully demonstrated on numerous RSRM flight and static test motors, eliminating hot gas intrusion to the critical O-ring seals on these joints. Using the proven technology demonstrated on the case field joints and igniter joints, a nozzle-to-case joint J-leg design was developed for implementation on RSRM flight motors. This configuration provides an interference fit with nozzle fixed housing phenolics at assembly, with a series of pressurization gaps incorporated outboard of the joint mating surface to aid in joint pressurization and to eliminate any circumferential flow in this region. The joint insulation is bonded to the nozzle phenolics using the same pressure sensitive adhesive used in the case field joints and igniter joints. An enhancement to the nozzle-to-case joint J-leg configuration is the implementation of a carbon rope thermal barrier. The thermal barrier is located downstream of the joint bondline and is positioned within the joint in a manner where any hot gas intrusion into the joint passes through the thermal barrier, reducing gas temperatures to a level that would not affect O-rings downstream of the thermal barrier. This paper discusses the processes used in reaching a final nozzle-to-case joint J-leg design, provides structural and thermal results in support of the design, and identifies fabrication techniques and demonstrations used in arriving at the final configuration.

Functional and Morphologic Changes of Meibomian Glands in an Asymptomatic Adult Population.

PubMed

Yeotikar, Nisha S; Zhu, Hua; Markoulli, Maria; Nichols, Kelly K; Naduvilath, Thomas; Papas, Eric B

2016-08-01

The aim of the study was to understand natural changes of meibomian glands (MG) that occur with aging in the absence of any ocular pathology or ocular discomfort symptoms, to differentiate between "age normal" and pathologic or dysfunctional changes of the MG. A total of 185 subjects (109 females) with no pre-existing ocular and systemic abnormalities were recruited and divided into four age groups: 25 to 34, 35 to 44, 45 to 54, and 55 to 66 years. At a single visit, the following MG measures were collected: meibum quality (MQ) and MG expressibility (MGE) of the lower lid, and MG drop-out score (meiboscale) using infrared meibography of the upper and lower lids. Assessments of anterior eye, tear function variables, noninvasive and invasive tear breakup time (TBUT), corneal integrity, and lid wiper epitheliopathy were also performed during the visit. An Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was used to record dry eye symptoms. Meibum lipids samples were collected and analyzed. A majority of the study population (61%) was asymptomatic. There was a significant worsening in the MQ (P< 0.048), MGE (P < 0.03), and meiboscale (P < 0.01) with increasing age. Significant increase was observed in anterior blepharitis (P < 0.001) and telangiectasia (P< 0.02) with aging. Interestingly, tear osmolarity decreased significantly (P < 0.001), while tear meniscus height (P < 0.001) and invasive TBUT (P = 0.02) increased with increase in age. There was no significant association between MG variables and sex, ocular discomfort symptoms, or meibum lipids classes. Progressive MG loss occurs normally with age accompanied by reduced quality and quantity of the meibum produced. However, clinical presentation of ocular discomfort symptoms is stalled without corresponding disruption to tear function.

Biomonitoring of exposure to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in workers of the automobile industry.

PubMed

Meier, Swetlana; Schindler, Birgit K; Koslitz, Stephan; Koch, Holger M; Weiss, Tobias; Käfferlein, Heiko U; Brüning, Thomas

2013-07-01

N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is an important organic solvent for varnishes in industry. NMP has been previously shown to be a developmental toxicant in rodents. This study reports current exposures to NMP in the spraying department of an automobile plant using biological monitoring. Two specific metabolites, 5-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (5-HNMP) and 2-hydroxy-N-methyl-succinimide (2-HMSI), were analyzed in 69 urine samples of 14 workers exposed to NMP and 9 nonexposed controls. Three different working tasks ('loading' and 'cleaning' of the sprayer system and 'wiping/packing' of the sprayed materials) and three sampling times (preshift, postshift, and preshift of the following day) were studied in exposed workers. Median exposures of 5-HNMP and 2-HMSI in postshift urine of exposed workers were 0.91 and 0.52mg g(-1) creatinine, respectively, whereas median levels in controls were below the limit of detection. Decreased levels of 5-HNMP were observed in preshift urine samples on the following day (0.39mg g(-1) creatinine) in exposed workers, while the concentration of 2-HMSI did not change (0.49mg g(-1) creatinine). Highest exposures occurred during sprayer cleaning with a maximum level of 8.31mg g(-1) creatinine of 5-HNMP in postshift urine. In contrast to 'wipers/packers', no decrease in 5-HNMP could be observed in preshift urine samples on day 2 of the 'loaders' and 'cleaners'. Overall, exposure in terms of 5-HNMP postshift and 2-HMSI preshift of the following day were well below the current biological limit values of the European Union (70 and 20mg g(-1) creatinine). Our results provide initial data on NMP exposure in the automobile industry and suggest that the analysis of 5-HNMP in preshift samples also provides essential information, particularly in situations involving direct handling of liquid NMP-containing formulations.

Increased numbers of Demodex in contact lens wearers.

PubMed

Jalbert, Isabelle; Rejab, Shazana

2015-06-01

The aim of this study was to determine if Demodex infestation is more frequent in contact lens wearers than in nonwearers. Secondary aims were to evaluate the effects of Demodex on the ocular surface (symptoms and signs) and to evaluate the ability of confocal laser scanning microscopy to detect and quantify the Demodex infestation compared with the conventional light microscopic technique. Forty Asian female participants (20 nonwearers, 20 lens wearers) with a mean (± SD) age of 27 (± 9) years were recruited. Ocular comfort scores (Ocular Surface Disease Index, Ocular Comfort Index, and Dry Eye Questionnaire), vital staining (corneal, conjunctival, and lid wiper), tear osmolarity, tear breakup time, and meibomian gland evaluation were evaluated. Demodex was detected using in vivo confocal microscopy and conventional light microscopy. The number of Demodex was higher in lens wearers than in nonwearers (7.6 [± 5.8] vs. 5.0 [± 3.1]; p = 0.02). Demodex was observed in a large majority (90%) of lens wearers and in 65% of nonwearers using confocal microscopy (p = 0.06). The detection rate was lower in both groups using conventional light microscopy (p = 0.003) where Demodex could only be confirmed in 70% and 60% of lens wearers and nonwearers, respectively. The number of Demodex tended to increase with age (ρ = 0.28, p = 0.08), but Demodex did not appear to affect ocular comfort or any clinical signs (p > 0.05). Contact lens wearers harbor Demodex as frequently as nonwearers and in higher numbers, which is best detected using in vivo confocal microscopy. The significance of these findings is uncertain because no associations were found with any symptoms and signs of dry eye disease.

Mass production of volume holographic optical elements (vHOEs) using Bayfol® HX photopolymer film in a roll-to-roll copy process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bruder, Friedrich-Karl; Fäcke, Thomas; Grote, Fabian; Hagen, Rainer; Hönel, Dennis; Koch, Eberhard; Rewitz, Christian; Walze, Günther; Wewer, Brita

2017-03-01

Volume Holographic Optical Elements (vHOEs) gained wide attention as optical combiners for the use in augmented and virtual reality (AR and VR, respectively) consumer electronics and automotive head-up display applications. The unique characteristics of these diffractive grating structures - being lightweight, thin and flat - make them perfectly suitable for use in integrated optical components like spectacle lenses and car windshields. While being transparent in Off-Bragg condition, they provide full color capability and adjustable diffraction efficiency. The instant developing photopolymer Bayfol® HX film provides an ideal technology platform to optimize the performance of vHOEs in a wide range of applications. Important for any commercialization are simple and robust mass production schemes. In this paper, we present an efficient and easy to control one-beam recording scheme to copy a so-called master vHOE in a step-and-repeat process. In this contact-copy scheme, Bayfol® HX film is laminated to a master stack before being exposed by a scanning laser line. Subsequently, the film is delaminated in a controlled fashion and bleached. We explain working principles of the one-beam copy concept and discuss the mechanical construction of the installed vHOE replication line. Moreover, we treat aspects like master design, effects of vibration and suppression of noise gratings. Furthermore, digital vHOEs are introduced as master holograms. They enable new ways of optical design and paths to large scale vHOEs.

Brittle materials at high-loading rates: an open area of research

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Forquin, Pascal

2017-01-01

Brittle materials are extensively used in many civil and military applications involving high-strain-rate loadings such as: blasting or percussive drilling of rocks, ballistic impact against ceramic armour or transparent windshields, plastic explosives used to damage or destroy concrete structures, soft or hard impacts against concrete structures and so on. With all of these applications, brittle materials are subjected to intense loadings characterized by medium to extremely high strain rates (few tens to several tens of thousands per second) leading to extreme and/or specific damage modes such as multiple fragmentation, dynamic cracking, pore collapse, shearing, mode II fracturing and/or microplasticity mechanisms in the material. Additionally, brittle materials exhibit complex features such as a strong strain-rate sensitivity and confining pressure sensitivity that justify expending greater research efforts to understand these complex features. Currently, the most popular dynamic testing techniques used for this are based on the use of split Hopkinson pressure bar methodologies and/or plate-impact testing methods. However, these methods do have some critical limitations and drawbacks when used to investigate the behaviour of brittle materials at high loading rates. The present theme issue of Philosophical Transactions A provides an overview of the latest experimental methods and numerical tools that are currently being developed to investigate the behaviour of brittle materials at high loading rates. This article is part of the themed issue 'Experimental testing and modelling of brittle materials at high strain rates'.

Design and Implementation of a Thermal Load Reduction System for a Hyundai Sonata PHEV for Improved Range

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rugh, John P; Kreutzer, Cory J; Scott, Matthew

Increased adoption of electric-drive vehicles requires overcoming hurdles including limited vehicle range. Vehicle cabin heating and cooling demand for occupant climate control requires energy from the main battery and has been shown to significantly degrade vehicle range. During peak cooling and heating conditions, climate control can require as much as or more energy than propulsion. As part of an ongoing project, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and project partners Hyundai America Technical Center, Inc., Gentherm, Pittsburgh Glass Works, PPG Industries, Sekisui, 3 M, and Hanon Systems developed a thermal load reduction system to reduce the range penalty associated with electricmore » vehicle climate control. Solar reflective paint, solar control glass, heated and cooled/ventilated seats, heated surfaces, and a heated windshield with door demisters were integrated into a Hyundai Sonata plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. Cold weather field-testing was conducted in Fairbanks, Alaska, and warm weather testing was conducted in Death Valley, California, to assess the system performance in comparison to the baseline production vehicle. In addition, environmental chamber testing at peak heating and cooling conditions was performed to assess the performance of the system in standardized conditions compared to the baseline. Experimental results are presented in this paper, providing quantitative data to automobile manufacturers on the impact of climate control thermal load reduction technologies to increase the advanced thermal technology adoption and market penetration of electric drive vehicles.« less

Mathematical model for studying cyclist kinematics in vehicle-bicycle frontal collisions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Condrea, OA; Chiru, A.; Chiriac, RL; Vlase, S.

2017-10-01

For the development of effective vehicle related safety solutions to improve cyclist protection, kinematic predictions are essential. The objective of the paper was the elaboration of a simple mathematical model for predicting cyclist kinematics, with the advantage of yielding simple results for relatively complicated impact situations. Thus, the use of elaborated math software is not required and the calculation time is shortened. The paper presents a modelling framework to determine cyclist kinematic behaviour for the situations in which a M1 category vehicle frontally hits the rear part of a bicycle. After the primary impact between the vehicle front bumper and the bicycle, the cyclist hits the vehicle’s bonnet, the windscreen or both the vehicle’s bonnet and the windscreen in short succession. The head-windshield impact is often the most severe impact, causing serious and potentially lethal injuries. The cyclist is represented by a rigid segment and the equations of motion for the cyclist after the primary impact are obtained by applying Newton’s second law of motion. The impact time for the contact between the vehicle and the cyclist is yielded afterwards by formulating and intersecting the trajectories for two points positioned on the cyclist’s head/body and the vehicle’s windscreen/bonnet while assuming that the cyclist’s equations of motion after the primary impact remain the same. Postimpact kinematics for the secondary impact are yielded by applying linear and angular momentum conservation laws.

[Pedestrian head injury biomechanics and damage mechanism. Pedestrian protection automotive regulation assessment].

PubMed

Arregui-Dalmases, Carlos; Rebollo-Soria, M Carmen; Sanchez-Molina, David; Velazquez-Ameijide, Juan; Teijeira Alvarez

Pedestrian-vehicle collisions are a leading cause of death among motor vehicle accidents. Recently, pedestrian injury research has been increased, mostly due to the implementation of European and Japanese regulations. This research presents an analysis of the main head injury vehicle sources and injury mechanisms observed in the field, posteriorly the data are compared with the current pedestrian regulations. The analysis has been performed through an epidemiologic transversal and descriptive study, using the Pedestrian Crash Data Study (PCDS) involving 552 pedestrians, sustaining a total of 4.500 documented injuries. According to this research, the hood surface is responsible for only 15,1% of all the head injuries. On the other hand, the windshield glazing is responsible for 41,8%. In case of sedan vehicles the head impact location exceeds what is expected in the current regulation, and therefore no countermeasures are applied. From all the head injuries sustained by the pedestrians just 20% have the linear acceleration as isolated injury mechanism, 40% of the injuries are due to rotational acceleration. In this research, the importance of the rotational acceleration as injury mechanism, in case of pedestrian-vehicle collision is highlighted. In the current pedestrian regulation just the linear acceleration is addressed in the main injury criteria used for head injury prediction. Copyright © 2016 Sociedad Española de Neurocirugía. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Performance optimization in mass production of volume holographic optical elements (vHOEs) using Bayfol HX photopolymer film

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bruder, Friedrich-Karl; Fäcke, Thomas; Grote, Fabian; Hagen, Rainer; Hönel, Dennis; Koch, Eberhard; Rewitz, Christian; Walze, Günther; Wewer, Brita

2017-05-01

Volume Holographic Optical Elements (vHOEs) gained wide attention as optical combiners for the use in smart glasses and augmented reality (SG and AR, respectively) consumer electronics and automotive head-up display applications. The unique characteristics of these diffractive grating structures - being lightweight, thin and flat - make them perfectly suitable for use in integrated optical components like spectacle lenses and car windshields. While being transparent in Off-Bragg condition, they provide full color capability and adjustable diffraction efficiency. The instant developing photopolymer Bayfol® HX film provides an ideal technology platform to optimize the performance of vHOEs in a wide range of applications. Important for any commercialization are simple and robust mass production schemes. In this paper, we present an efficient and easy to control one-beam recording scheme to copy a so-called master vHOE in a step-and-repeat process. In this contact-copy scheme, Bayfol® HX film is laminated to a master stack before being exposed by a scanning laser line. Subsequently, the film is delaminated in a controlled fashion and bleached. We explain working principles of the one-beam copy concept, discuss the opto-mechanical construction and outline the downstream process of the installed vHOE replication line. Moreover, we focus on aspects like performance optimization of the copy vHOE, the bleaching process and the suitable choice of protective cover film in the re-lamination step, preparing the integration of the vHOE into the final device.

Brittle materials at high-loading rates: an open area of research

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Brittle materials are extensively used in many civil and military applications involving high-strain-rate loadings such as: blasting or percussive drilling of rocks, ballistic impact against ceramic armour or transparent windshields, plastic explosives used to damage or destroy concrete structures, soft or hard impacts against concrete structures and so on. With all of these applications, brittle materials are subjected to intense loadings characterized by medium to extremely high strain rates (few tens to several tens of thousands per second) leading to extreme and/or specific damage modes such as multiple fragmentation, dynamic cracking, pore collapse, shearing, mode II fracturing and/or microplasticity mechanisms in the material. Additionally, brittle materials exhibit complex features such as a strong strain-rate sensitivity and confining pressure sensitivity that justify expending greater research efforts to understand these complex features. Currently, the most popular dynamic testing techniques used for this are based on the use of split Hopkinson pressure bar methodologies and/or plate-impact testing methods. However, these methods do have some critical limitations and drawbacks when used to investigate the behaviour of brittle materials at high loading rates. The present theme issue of Philosophical Transactions A provides an overview of the latest experimental methods and numerical tools that are currently being developed to investigate the behaviour of brittle materials at high loading rates. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Experimental testing and modelling of brittle materials at high strain rates’. PMID:27956517

Brittle materials at high-loading rates: an open area of research.

PubMed

Forquin, Pascal

2017-01-28

Brittle materials are extensively used in many civil and military applications involving high-strain-rate loadings such as: blasting or percussive drilling of rocks, ballistic impact against ceramic armour or transparent windshields, plastic explosives used to damage or destroy concrete structures, soft or hard impacts against concrete structures and so on. With all of these applications, brittle materials are subjected to intense loadings characterized by medium to extremely high strain rates (few tens to several tens of thousands per second) leading to extreme and/or specific damage modes such as multiple fragmentation, dynamic cracking, pore collapse, shearing, mode II fracturing and/or microplasticity mechanisms in the material. Additionally, brittle materials exhibit complex features such as a strong strain-rate sensitivity and confining pressure sensitivity that justify expending greater research efforts to understand these complex features. Currently, the most popular dynamic testing techniques used for this are based on the use of split Hopkinson pressure bar methodologies and/or plate-impact testing methods. However, these methods do have some critical limitations and drawbacks when used to investigate the behaviour of brittle materials at high loading rates. The present theme issue of Philosophical Transactions A provides an overview of the latest experimental methods and numerical tools that are currently being developed to investigate the behaviour of brittle materials at high loading rates.This article is part of the themed issue 'Experimental testing and modelling of brittle materials at high strain rates'. © 2016 The Author(s).

"Sniffer"—a novel tool for chasing vehicles and measuring traffic pollutants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pirjola, L.; Parviainen, H.; Hussein, T.; Valli, A.; Hämeri, K.; Aaalto, P.; Virtanen, A.; Keskinen, J.; Pakkanen, T. A.; Mäkelä, T.; Hillamo, R. E.

To measure traffic pollutants with high temporal and spatial resolution under real conditions a mobile laboratory was designed and built in Helsinki Polytechnic in close co-operation with the University of Helsinki. The equipment of the van provides gas phase measurements of CO and NO x, number size distribution measurements of fine and ultrafine particles by an electrical low pressure impactor, an ultrafine condensation particle counter and a scanning mobility particle sizer. Two inlet systems, one above the windshield and the other above the bumper, enable chasing of different type of vehicles. Also, meteorological and geographical parameters are recorded. This paper introduces the construction and technical details of the van, and presents data from the measurements performed during an LIPIKA campaign on the highway in Helsinki. Approximately 90% of the total particle number concentration was due to particles smaller than 50 nm on the highway in Helsinki. The peak concentrations exceeded often 200,000 particles cm -3 and reached sometimes a value of 10 6 cm -3. Typical size distribution of fine particles possessed bimodal structure with the modal mean diameters of 15-20 nm and ˜150 nm. Atmospheric dispersion of traffic pollutions were measured by moving away from the highway along the wind direction. At a distance of 120-140 m from the source the concentrations were diluted to one-tenth from the values at 9 m from the source.

Refractive index measurement based on confocal method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

An, Zhe; Xu, XiPing; Yang, JinHua; Qiao, Yang; Liu, Yang

2017-10-01

The development of transparent materials is closed to optoelectronic technology. It plays an increasingly important role in various fields. It is not only widely used in optical lens, optical element, optical fiber grating, optoelectronics, but also widely used in the building material, pharmaceutical industry with vessel, aircraft windshield and daily wear glasses.Regard of solving the problem of refractive index measurement in optical transparent materials. We proposed that using the polychromatic confocal method to measuring the refractive index of transparent materials. In this article, we describes the principle of polychromatic confocal method for measuring the refractive index of glass,and sketched the optical system and its optimization. Then we establish the measurement model of the refractive index, and set up the experimental system. In this way, the refractive index of the glass has been calibrated for refractive index experiment. Due to the error in the experimental process, we manipulated the experiment data to compensate the refractive index measurement formula. The experiment taking the quartz glass for instance. The measurement accuracy of the refractive index of the glass is +/-1.8×10-5. This method is more practical and accurate, especially suitable for non-contact measurement occasions, which environmental requirements is not high. Environmental requirements are not high, the ordinary glass production line up to the ambient temperature can be fully adapted. There is no need for the color of the measured object that you can measure the white and a variety of colored glass.

Performance Evaluation of a Thermal Load Reduction System in a Hyundai Sonata PHEV

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kreutzer, Cory J; Rugh, John P; Titov, Eugene V

Increased adoption of electric-drive vehicles (EDVs) requires overcoming hurdles including limited vehicle range. Vehicle cabin heating and cooling demand for occupant climate control requires energy from the main battery and has been shown to significantly degrade vehicle range. During peak cooling and heating conditions, climate control can require as much or more energy as propulsion. As part of an ongoing project, NREL and project partners Hyundai America Technical Center, Inc. (HATCI), Gentherm , Pittsburgh Glass Works (PGW), PPG Industries, Sekisui, 3M, and Hanon Systems developed a thermal load reduction system in order to reduce the range penalty associated with electricmore » vehicle climate control. Solar reflective paint, solar control glass, heated and cooled/ventilated seats, heated surfaces, and heated windshield with door demisters were integrated into a Hyundai Sonata plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Cold weather field-testing was conducted in Fairbanks, Alaska while warm weather testing was conducted in Death Valley, California to assess the system performance in comparison to the baseline production vehicle. In addition, environmental chamber testing at peak heating and cooling conditions was performed to assess the performance of the system in standardized conditions compared to the baseline. Experimental results are presented in this paper providing quantitative data to automobile manufacturers on the impact of climate control thermal load reduction technologies to increase the advanced thermal technology adoption and market penetration of electric drive vehicles.« less

Specially-Equipped Martin XB-25E Icing Research Aircraft

NASA Image and Video Library

1947-08-21

In 1946 the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory became the NACA’s official icing research center. In addition to the Icing Research Tunnel, the lab possessed several aircraft modified for icing work, including a Consolidated B-24M Liberator and a North American XB-25E Mitchell, seen here. The XB-25E’s frequent engine fires allegedly resulted in its “Flamin’ Maimie” nickname. The aircraft’s nose art, visible in this photograph, includes a leather-jacketed mechanic with an extinguisher fleeing a fiery woman. North American developed the B-25 in the mid-1930s as a transport aircraft, but it was hurriedly reconfigured as a medium bomber for World War II. This XB-25E was a single prototype designed in 1942 specifically to test an exhaust gas ice prevention system developed by NACA researcher Lewis Rodert. The system circulated the engines’ hot bleed air to the wings, windshield, and tail. The XB-25E was utilized at the NACA’s Ames Aeronautical Laboratory for two years before being transferred to Cleveland in July 1944. NACA Lewis mechanics modified the aircraft further by installing electrical heating in the front fuselage, propellers, inboard sing, cowls, and antennae. Lewis pilots flew the B-24M and XB-25E into perilous weather conditions all across the country to study both deicing technologies and the physics of ice-producing clouds. These dangerous flights led to advances in weather sensing instruments and flight planning.

Non-destructive Evaluation of Bonds Between Fiberglass Composite and Metal

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zhao, Selina; Sonta, Kestutis; Perey, Daniel F.; Cramer, K. E.; Berger, Libby

2015-01-01

To assess the integrity and reliability of an adhesive joint in an automotive composite component, several non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methodologies are correlated to lap shear bond strengths. A glass-fabric-reinforced composite structure was bonded to a metallic structure with a two-part epoxy adhesive. Samples were subsequently cut and tested in shear, and flaws were found in some areas. This study aims to develop a reliable and portable NDE system for service-level adhesive inspection in the automotive industry. The results of the experimental investigation using several NDE methods are presented and discussed. Fiberglass-to-metal bonding is the ideal configuration for NDE via thermography using excitation with induction heating, due to the conductive metal and non-conductive glass-fiber-reinforced composites. Excitation can be either by a research-grade induction heater of highly defined frequency and intensity, or by a service-level heater, such as would be used for sealing windshields in a body shop. The thermographs thus produced can be captured via a high-resolution infrared camera, with principal component analysis and 2D spatial Laplacian processing. Alternatively, the thermographs can be captured by low resolution thermochromic microencapsulated liquid crystal film imaging, which needs no post-processing and can be very inexpensive. These samples were also examined with phased-array ultrasound. The NDE methods are compared to the lap shear values and to each other for approximate cost, accuracy, and time and level of expertise needed.

Driver Training Simulator for Backing Up Commercial Vehicles with Trailers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berg, Uwe; Wojke, Philipp; Zöbel, Dieter

Backing up tractors with trailers is a difficult task since the kinematic behavior of articulated vehicles is complex and hard to control. Especially unskilled drivers are overstrained with the complicated steering process. To learn and practice the steering behavior of articulated vehicles, we developed a 3D driving simulator. The simulator can handle different types of articulated vehicles like semi-trailers, one- and two-axle trailers, or gigaliners. The use of a driving simulator offers many advantages over the use of real vehicles. One of the main advantages is the possibility to learn the steering behavior of all vehicle types. Drivers can be given more and better driving instructions like collision warnings or steering hints. Furthermore, the driver training costs can be reduced. Moreover, mistakes of the student do not lead to real damages and costly repairs. The hardware of the simulator consists of a low cost commercial driving stand with original truck parts, a projection of the windshield and two flat panel monitors for the left and right exterior mirrors. Standard PC hardware is used for controlling the driving stand and for generating the realtime 3D environment. Each aspect of the simulation like realistic vehicle movements or generation of different views, is handled by a specific software module. This flexible system can be easily extended which offers the opportunity for other uses than just driver training. Therefore, we use the simulator for the development and test of driver assistance systems.

An Investigation of a Thermal Ice-Prevention System for a C-40 Cargo Airplane. 1 - Analysis of the Thermal Design for Wings, Empennage and Windshield

DTIC Science & Technology

1945-02-01

flights wore made at a nreesure alt engine- power setting to approximate plane, and the pressure dlstrlbutlo stations of the wing and the horlso...allowed to reach equilibrium, photographed to record the readings ar thermal ice-croventIon satisfactory assumed de- ngine power for maximum 000 feet...boundary-layer thickness, feet X constant dependent on shape of boundary-layer velocity profile •pP» 5 ! _,’ -55 - •* •• —« ’ . "T^nsea ’A

A Dark Bend

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-09-05

Saturn's rings appear to bend as they pass behind the planet's darkened limb due to refraction by Saturn's upper atmosphere. The effect is the same as that seen in an earlier Cassini view (see PIA20491), except this view looks toward the unlit face of the rings, while the earlier image viewed the rings' sunlit side. The difference in illumination brings out some noticeable differences. The A ring is much darker here, on the rings' unlit face, since its larger particles primarily reflect light back toward the sun (and away from Cassini's cameras in this view). The narrow F ring (at bottom), which was faint in the earlier image, appears brighter than all of the other rings here, thanks to the microscopic dust that is prevalent within that ring. Small dust tends to scatter light forward (meaning close to its original direction of travel), making it appear bright when backlit. (A similar effect has plagued many a driver with a dusty windshield when driving toward the sun.) This view looks toward the unilluminated side of the rings from about 19 degrees below the ring plane. The image was taken in red light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on July 24, 2016. The view was acquired at a distance of approximately 527,000 miles (848,000 kilometers) from Saturn and at a sun-Saturn-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 169 degrees. Image scale is 3 miles (5 kilometers) per pixel. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA20497

A statistical survey of heat input parameters into the cusp thermosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moen, J. I.; Skjaeveland, A.; Carlson, H. C.

2017-12-01

Based on three winters of observational data, we present those ionosphere parameters deemed most critical to realistic space weather ionosphere and thermosphere representation and prediction, in regions impacted by variability in the cusp. The CHAMP spacecraft revealed large variability in cusp thermosphere densities, measuring frequent satellite drag enhancements, up to doublings. The community recognizes a clear need for more realistic representation of plasma flows and electron densities near the cusp. Existing average-value models produce order of magnitude errors in these parameters, resulting in large under estimations of predicted drag. We fill this knowledge gap with statistics-based specification of these key parameters over their range of observed values. The EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) tracks plasma flow Vi , electron density Ne, and electron, ion temperatures Te, Ti , with consecutive 2-3 minute windshield-wipe scans of 1000x500 km areas. This allows mapping the maximum Ti of a large area within or near the cusp with high temporal resolution. In magnetic field-aligned mode the radar can measure high-resolution profiles of these plasma parameters. By deriving statistics for Ne and Ti , we enable derivation of thermosphere heating deposition under background and frictional-drag-dominated magnetic reconnection conditions. We separate our Ne and Ti profiles into quiescent and enhanced states, which are not closely correlated due to the spatial structure of the reconnection foot point. Use of our data-based parameter inputs can make order of magnitude corrections to input data driving thermosphere models, enabling removal of previous two fold drag errors.

A longitudinal study of youth assets, neighborhood conditions, and youth sexual behaviors.

PubMed

Oman, Roy F; Vesely, Sara K; Aspy, Cheryl B; Tolma, Eleni L; Gavin, Lorrie; Bensyl, Diana M; Mueller, Trisha; Fluhr, Janene D

2013-06-01

To prospectively determine whether individual, family, and community assets help youth to delay initiation of sexual intercourse (ISI); and for youth who do initiate intercourse, to use birth control and avoid pregnancy. The potential influence of neighborhood conditions was also investigated. The Youth Asset Study was a 4-year longitudinal study involving 1,089 youth (mean age = 14.2 years, standard deviation = 1.6; 53% female; 40% white, 28% Hispanic, 23% African American, 9% other race) and their parents. Participants were living in randomly selected census tracts. We accomplished recruitment via door-to-door canvassing. We interviewed one youth and one parent from each household annually. We assessed 17 youth assets (e.g., responsible choices, family communication) believed to influence behavior at multiple levels via in-person interviews methodology. Trained raters who conducted annual windshield tours assessed neighborhood conditions. Cox proportional hazard or marginal logistic regression modeling indicated that 11 assets (e.g., family communication, school connectedness) were significantly associated with reduced risk for ISI; seven assets (e.g., educational aspirations for the future, responsible choices) were significantly associated with increased use of birth control at last sex; and 10 assets (e.g., family communication, school connectedness) were significantly associated with reduced risk for pregnancy. Total asset score was significantly associated with all three outcomes. Positive neighborhood conditions were significantly associated with increased birth control use, but not with ISI or pregnancy. Programming to strengthen youth assets may be a promising strategy for reducing youth sexual risk behaviors. Copyright © 2013 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. All rights reserved.

The Combination of Coastal Resources Potential: Development of Windmill Techno Park in the Context of Edutourism and Hinterland Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hasanuddin, H.; Nurdin, H.; Waskito, W.; Refdinal, R.

2018-04-01

There are many coastal cities in Indonesia, among them the city of Padang and Pariaman in West Sumatra with the ownership of the grace of coastal resources, such as stunning coastal scenery and wind energy that can be converted to its potential. These two types of resources need to be combined utilization especially in relation to the development of tourism so as to have an impact on the regional development and the cities growth. This paper discusses of information related to the potential of coastal resources used as a parameter development of windmill techno park in the context of educational tourism. The discussion focuses on locational aspects and consideration of the design and modification for the windmill model to the enhancement of tourist attraction. In addition, it is also studying the presence of the windmill techno park as a development center in the context of hinterland in the regional analysis. Through the measurement results obtained average wind speed (2.5 - 6.5) m/s and meet the standards & criteria as a windmill design variables. While the geomorphology of the region, its location has a breathtaking coastal landscape as a tourist destination. Then through gravity analysis, the location of the windmill techno park development provides optimum strength to the growth of the city of Padang, with the value of interaction strength is higher than other regions. This means as a sub-urban area of the city the existence of windshield techno park later can support economic development and growth of cities around the coast.

Highly efficient fully transparent inverted OLEDs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meyer, J.; Winkler, T.; Hamwi, S.; Schmale, S.; Kröger, M.; Görrn, P.; Johannes, H.-H.; Riedl, T.; Lang, E.; Becker, D.; Dobbertin, T.; Kowalsky, W.

2007-09-01

One of the unique selling propositions of OLEDs is their potential to realize highly transparent devices over the visible spectrum. This is because organic semiconductors provide a large Stokes-Shift and low intrinsic absorption losses. Hence, new areas of applications for displays and ambient lighting become accessible, for instance, the integration of OLEDs into the windshield or the ceiling of automobiles. The main challenge in the realization of fully transparent devices is the deposition of the top electrode. ITO is commonly used as transparent bottom anode in a conventional OLED. To obtain uniform light emission over the entire viewing angle and a low series resistance, a TCO such as ITO is desirable as top contact as well. However, sputter deposition of ITO on top of organic layers causes damage induced by high energetic particles and UV radiation. We have found an efficient process to protect the organic layers against the ITO rf magnetron deposition process of ITO for an inverted OLED (IOLED). The inverted structure allows the integration of OLEDs in more powerful n-channel transistors used in active matrix backplanes. Employing the green electrophosphorescent material Ir(ppy) 3 lead to IOLED with a current efficiency of 50 cd/A and power efficiency of 24 lm/W at 100 cd/m2. The average transmittance exceeds 80 % in the visible region. The on-set voltage for light emission is lower than 3 V. In addition, by vertical stacking we achieved a very high current efficiency of more than 70 cd/A for transparent IOLED.

In the driver`s seat

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1997-03-01

At the 1996 North American Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NAEVI) Conference in San Diego, there were plenty of electric vehicles, plenty of people who could sell you electric vehicles, and plenty of people who had plans to roll out entire lines of electric vehicles. Several companies offered EV retrofits and have been offering them for years. Some companies would put electronics in a {open_quotes}glider{close_quotes} (the empty chassis and body of another manufacturer`s car). Some bigger companies had EVs that were {open_quotes}ground-up{close_quotes} vehicles--original EVs built without using another manufacturer`s glider. The biggest companies--Ford, Chrysler, Honda, Toyota, and Nissan--all had EVs that weremore » well on their way to moving past the prototype stage and into real line production for the 1998 model year. But only one car targeted to the general population was actually available to retail customers from a major automaker; only one car had entered the market as a true production vehicle. General Motors` EV1, available through 26 Saturn Corporation retail facilities in Los Angeles, San Diego, Phoenix, and Tucson. The EV1 goes 0 to 60 miles per hour in less than nine seconds. It has a range potential of 70 miles (in the city) to 90 miles (on the highway). Among other things, it has air-conditioning, a CD player, power windows and doors, cruise control, airbags, and intermittent wipers. You can choose from red, dark green, and blue-silver. Plus, it has keyless entry and ignition (in EV terms, {open_quotes}vehicle activation{close_quotes}) and a tire-pressure monitoring system. And it`s all electric. It has a portable 110-volt charger hook-up in the trunk when you don`t have access to a stationary 220-volt MagneCharge charger. The convenience charger takes about 15 hours for a full charge; the stationary one, 3 to 4 hours.« less

A novel method to predict the dry eye symptoms in new contact lens wearers.

PubMed

Pult, Heiko; Murphy, Paul J; Purslow, Christine

2009-09-01

Lid wiper epitheliopathy (LWE) and lid parallel conjunctival folds (LIPCOF) give moderate prediction levels for dryness symptoms in experienced contact lens (CL) wearers. This study investigated whether a combination of LWE and LIPCOF plus other tear film tests and subjective evaluation before contact lens fitting was better able to predict CL-induced dry eye (CLIDE) symptoms. Tear meniscus height, non-invasive break-up time (NIBUT), ocular hyperaemia, LIPCOF, phenol red thread test, corneal and conjunctival staining, and LWE of the right eye of 33 new soft CL wearers (12 males, 21 females, median age = 30.5 years; range = 19 to 44) were assessed in a prospective 2-mo longitudinal study. Symptoms were evaluated by the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and subjects were grouped according to their response in the Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire (CLDEQ) during the study (20 symptomatic and 13 asymptomatic). The subjects were fitted with vifilcon A and senofilcon A lenses for a 2-week period, consecutively. Limbal hyperaemia (repeated measures analysis of variance; p < 0.05) and LWE (Friedman; p < 0.004) increased significantly during the study but not LIPCOF (p > or = 0.318; temporal, nasal, and Sum), bulbar hyperaemia (p = 0.432), staining (p > or = 0.060), OSDI (p = 0.126), or CLDEQ (p = 0.317, kappa = 0.279). Limbal hyperaemia significantly decreased in senofilcon A lenses. Wearing comfort among symptomatics was significantly better with senofilcon A (p = 0.005). At the enrolment visit, the subjects who became symptomatic exhibited significantly decreased NIBUT and increased LIPCOF and OSDI (range, p < 0.027). The best test combination to predict CLIDE (logistic regression analyses) was LIPCOF Sum plus NIBUT and OSDI, (positive predictive value = 87% and accuracy = 91%). LIPCOF, NIBUT, and OSDI are significant discriminators for CLIDE in new CL wearers compared with hyperaemia, tear meniscus height, phenol red thread test, staining, and LWE. The best test

Finding your innovation sweet spot.

PubMed

Goldenberg, Jacob; Horowitz, Roni; Levav, Amnon; Mazursky, David

2003-03-01

Most new product ideas are either uninspired or impractical. So how can developers hit the innovation sweet spot--far enough from existing products to attract real interest but close enough that they are feasible to make and market? They can apply five innovation patterns that manipulate existing components of a product and its immediate environment to come up with something both ingenious and viable, say the authors. The subtraction pattern works by removing product components, particularly those that seem desirable or indispensable. Think of the legless high chair that attaches to the kitchen table. The multiplication pattern makes one or more copies of an existing component, then alters those copies in some important way. For example, the Gillette double-bladed razor features a second blade that cuts whiskers at a slightly different angle. By dividing an existing product into its component parts--the division pattern--you can see something that was an integrated whole in an entirely different light. Think of the modern home stereo--it has modular speakers, tuners, and CD and tape players, which allow users to customize their sound systems. The task unification pattern involves assigning a new task to an existing product element or environmental attribute, thereby unifying two tasks in a single component. An example is the defrosting filament in an automobile windshield that also serves as a radio antenna. Finally, the attribute dependency pattern alters or creates the dependent relationships between a product and its environment. For example, by creating a dependent relationship between lens color and external lighting conditions, eyeglass developers came up with a lens that changes color when exposed to sunlight.

Light transfer through windows with external condensation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Keyong; Li, Shaoling; Pilon, Laurent

2018-03-01

This study investigates systematically light transfer through windows supporting cap-shaped droplets on their external face. The presence of such droplets may have negative effects on the conversion efficiency of solar cells, distorts image quality of lenses, or hinders visibility through windows and windshields. Here, the directional-hemispherical transmittance was predicted by the Monte Carlo ray-tracing method. The droplets were monodisperse or polydisperse randomly distributed on the outside face of optically smooth windows. For nonabsorbing droplets, the diameter and size distribution did not have a significant effect on the window directional-hemispherical transmittance. The latter was nearly independent of contact angle for incident angle θi ≤ 30°. However, the directional-hemispherical transmittance decreased monotonously with increasing incident angle and droplet contact angle for contact angle θc ≤ 70° to reach a minimum at a contact angle θc,min beyond which it increased with increasing contact angle before reaching a plateau at large contact angles. This was attributed to total internal reflection at the back window/air and droplet/air interfaces. For absorbing droplets, the normal-hemispherical transmittance decreased significantly with increasing droplet contact angle, mean diameter, polydispersity, and projected surface area coverage due to strong absorption within the droplets. Moreover, the normal-hemispherical transmittance decreased with increasing contact angle for θc< 90° and remained constant and independent of the droplets' absorption index, mean diameter, and contact angle for θc ≥ 90°. Finally, Analytical expressions for the upper and lower bounds of the normal-hemispherical transmittance as a function of droplet contact angle, optical properties, and projected surface area coverage were derived.

Broad-spectrum photoprotection: the roles of tinted auto windows, sunscreens and browning agents in the diagnosis and treatment of photosensitivity.

PubMed

Johnson, J A; Fusaro, R M

1992-01-01

Since window glass absorbs sunlight below 320 nm, it provides a means of assessing sensitivity to longer wavelengths, i.e. UVA and visible radiation. Positive responses to the query of whether symptoms develop in the auto with the windows up must now be interpreted with regard to the possible presence of tinted plastic film on side and rear windows. These films block nearly all UVA radiation, as does the plastic interleaf of windshields. Thus, occupants of an auto equipped with plastic film receive photoprotection from UVB radiation and well into the UVA region. We define three classes of topical sunscreens: (1) conventional UVB screens, (2) broad-spectrum preparations containing a UVB screen and a UVA absorber and (3) browning agents such as dihydroxyacetone (DHA) that produce a skin coloration that absorbs in the low end of the visible region, with overlap into long-wavelength UVA. By considering responses of photosensitive persons in autos with tinted or untinted windows, coupled with efficacy of appropriate sunscreens, we produced an algorithm defining three photosensitivity subsets. Persons sensitive to long-wavelength UVA and/or visible radiation will benefit from tinted auto windows. In particular, patients with lupus erythematosus (LE) have actively promoted legislation allowing tinted windows. Support for their position is documented by recent reports of induction of lesions in LE patients by exposure to UVA and visible radiation. The brown color produced by DHA is a useful adjunct to the screening action of broad-spectrum sunscreens. Development of a durable color overnight allows application of the DHA preparation in the evening, thus eliminating possible interference with sunscreen use during the day.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aytug, Tolga

Maintaining clarity and avoiding the accumulation of water and dirt on optically transparent surfaces such as US military vehicle windshields, viewports, periscope optical head windows, and electronic equipment cover glasses are critical to providing a high level of visibility, improved survivability, and much-needed safety for warfighters in the field. Through a combination of physical vapor deposition techniques and the exploitation of metastable phase separation in low-alkali borosilicate, a novel technology was developed for the fabrication of optically transparent, porous nanostructured silica thin film coatings that are strongly bonded to glass platforms. The nanotextured films, initially structurally superhydrophilic, exhibit superior superhydrophobicity,more » hence antisoiling ability, following a simple but robust modification in surface chemistry. The surfaces yield water droplet contact angles as high as 172°. Moreover, the nanostructured nature of these coatings provides increased light scattering in the UV regime and reduced reflectivity (i.e., enhanced transmission) over a broad range of the visible spectrum. In addition to these functionalities, the coatings exhibit superior mechanical resistance to abrasion and are thermally stable to temperatures approaching 500°C. The overall process technology relies on industry standard equipment and inherently scalable manufacturing processes and demands only nontoxic, naturally abundant, and inexpensive base materials. Such coatings, applied to the optical components of current and future combat equipment and military vehicles will provide a significant strategic advantage for warfighters. The inherent self-cleaning properties of such superhydrophobic coatings will also mitigate biofouling of optical windows exposed to high-humidity conditions and can help decrease repair/replacement costs, reduce maintenance, and increase readiness by limiting equipment downtime.« less

Target-classification approach applied to active UXO sites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shubitidze, F.; Fernández, J. P.; Shamatava, Irma; Barrowes, B. E.; O'Neill, K.

2013-06-01

This study is designed to illustrate the discrimination performance at two UXO active sites (Oklahoma's Fort Sill and the Massachusetts Military Reservation) of a set of advanced electromagnetic induction (EMI) inversion/discrimination models which include the orthonormalized volume magnetic source (ONVMS), joint diagonalization (JD), and differential evolution (DE) approaches and whose power and flexibility greatly exceed those of the simple dipole model. The Fort Sill site is highly contaminated by a mix of the following types of munitions: 37-mm target practice tracers, 60-mm illumination mortars, 75-mm and 4.5'' projectiles, 3.5'', 2.36'', and LAAW rockets, antitank mine fuzes with and without hex nuts, practice MK2 and M67 grenades, 2.5'' ballistic windshields, M2A1-mines with/without bases, M19-14 time fuzes, and 40-mm practice grenades with/without cartridges. The site at the MMR site contains targets of yet different sizes. In this work we apply our models to EMI data collected using the MetalMapper (MM) and 2 × 2 TEMTADS sensors. The data for each anomaly are inverted to extract estimates of the extrinsic and intrinsic parameters associated with each buried target. (The latter include the total volume magnetic source or NVMS, which relates to size, shape, and material properties; the former includes location, depth, and orientation). The estimated intrinsic parameters are then used for classification performed via library matching and the use of statistical classification algorithms; this process yielded prioritized dig-lists that were submitted to the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) for independent scoring. The models' classification performance is illustrated and assessed based on these independent evaluations.

Coating Reduces Ice Adhesion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, Trent; Prince, Michael; DwWeese, Charles; Curtis, Leslie

2008-01-01

The Shuttle Ice Liberation Coating (SILC) has been developed to reduce the adhesion of ice to surfaces on the space shuttle. SILC, when coated on a surface (foam, metal, epoxy primer, polymer surfaces), will reduce the adhesion of ice by as much as 90 percent as compared to the corresponding uncoated surface. This innovation is a durable coating that can withstand several cycles of ice growth and removal without loss of anti-adhesion properties. SILC is made of a binder composed of varying weight percents of siloxane(s), ethyl alcohol, ethyl sulfate, isopropyl alcohol, and of fine-particle polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The combination of these components produces a coating with significantly improved weathering characteristics over the siloxane system alone. In some cases, the coating will delay ice formation and can reduce the amount of ice formed. SILC is not an ice prevention coating, but the very high water contact angle (greater than 140 ) causes water to readily run off the surface. This coating was designed for use at temperatures near -170 F (-112 C). Ice adhesion tests performed at temperatures from -170 to 20 F (-112 to -7 C) show that SILC is a very effective ice release coating. SILC can be left as applied (opaque) or buffed off until the surface appears clear. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data show that the coating is still present after buffing to transparency. This means SILC can be used to prevent ice adhesion even when coating windows or other objects, or items that require transmission of optical light. Car windshields are kept cleaner and SILC effectively mitigates rain and snow under driving conditions.

Solid precipitation measurement intercomparison in Bismarck, North Dakota, from 1988 through 1997

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ryberg, Karen R.; Emerson, Douglas G.; Macek-Rowland, Kathleen M.

2009-01-01

A solid precipitation measurement intercomparison was recommended by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and was initiated after approval by the ninth session of the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation. The goal of the intercomparison was to assess national methods of measuring solid precipitation against methods whose accuracy and reliability were known. A field study was started in Bismarck, N. Dak., during the 1988-89 winter as part of the intercomparison. The last official field season of the WMO intercomparison was 1992-93; however, the Bismarck site continued to operate through the winter of 1996-97. Precipitation events at Bismarck were categorized as snow, mixed, or rain on the basis of descriptive notes recorded as part of the solid precipitation intercomparison. The rain events were not further analyzed in this study. Catch ratios (CRs) - the ratio of the precipitation catch at each gage to the true precipitation measurement (the corrected double fence intercomparison reference) - were calculated. Then, regression analysis was used to develop equations that model the snow and mixed precipitation CRs at each gage as functions of wind speed and temperature. Wind speed at the gages, functions of temperature, and upper air conditions (wind speed and air temperature at 700 millibars pressure) were used as possible explanatory variables in the multiple regression analysis done for this study. The CRs were modeled by using multiple regression analysis for the Tretyakov gage, national shielded gage, national unshielded gage, AeroChem gage, national gage with double fence, and national gage with Wyoming windshield. As in earlier studies by the WMO, wind speed and air temperature were found to influence the CR of the Tretyakov gage. However, in this study, the temperature variable represented the average upper air temperature over the duration of the event. The WMO did not use upper air conditions in its analysis. The national shielded and

The Evaluation of the Safety Benefits of Combined Passive and On-Board Active Safety Applications

PubMed Central

Page, Yves; Cuny, Sophie; Zangmeister, Tobias; Kreiss, Jens-Peter; Hermitte, Thierry

2009-01-01

One of the objectives of the European TRACE project (TRaffic Accident Causation in Europe, 2006–2008) was to estimate the proportion of injury accidents that could be avoided and/or the proportion of injury accidents where the severity could be mitigated for on-the-market safety applications, if 100 % of the car fleet would be equipped with them. We have selected for evaluation the Electronic Stability Control (ESC) and the Emergency Brake Assist (EBA) applications. As for passive safety systems, recent cars are designed to offer overall safety protection. Car structure, load limiters, front airbags, side airbags, knee airbags, pretensioners, padding and non aggressive structures in the door panel, the dashboard, the windshield, the seats, and the head rest also contribute to applying more protection. The whole safety package is very difficult to evaluate separately, one element independently segmented from the others. We decided to consider evaluating the effectivenessof the whole passive safety package, This package,, for the sake of simplicity, was the number of stars awarded at the Euro NCAP testing. The challenges were to compare the effectiveness of some safety configuration SC I, with the effectiveness of a different safety configuration SC II. A safety configuration is understood as a package of safety functions. Ten comparisons have been carried out such as the evaluation of the safety benefit of a fifth star given that the car has four stars and an EBA. The main outcome of this analysis is that any addition of a passive or active safety function selected in this analysis is producing increased safety benefits. For example, if all cars were five stars fitted with EBA and ESC, instead of four stars without ESC and EBA, injury accidents would be reduced by 47.2% for severe injuries and 69.5% for fatal injuries. PMID:20184838

Effect of water content and organic carbon on remote sensing of crop residue cover

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Serbin, G.; Hunt, E. R., Jr.; Daughtry, C. S. T.; McCarty, G. W.; Brown, D. J.; Doraiswamy, P. C.

2009-04-01

Crop residue cover is an important indicator of tillage method. Remote sensing of crop residue cover is an attractive and efficient method when compared with traditional ground-based methods, e.g., the line-point transect or windshield survey. A number of spectral indices have been devised for residue cover estimation. Of these, the most effective are those in the shortwave infrared portion of the spectrum, situated between 1950 and 2500 nm. These indices include the hyperspectral Cellulose Absorption Index (CAI), and advanced multispectral indices, i.e., the Lignin-Cellulose Absorption (LCA) index and the Shortwave Infrared Normalized Difference Residue Index (SINDRI), which were devised for the NASA Terra Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) sensor. Spectra of numerous soils from U.S. Corn Belt (Indiana and Iowa) were acquired under wetness conditions varying from saturation to oven-dry conditions. The behavior of soil reflectance with water content was also dependent on the soil organic carbon content (SOC) of the soils, and the location of the spectral bands relative to significant water absorptions. High-SOC soils showed the least change in spectral index values with increase in soil water content. Low-SOC soils, on the other hand, showed measurable difference. For CAI, low-SOC soils show an initial decrease in index value followed by an increase, due to the way that water content affects CAI spectral bands. Crop residue CAI values decrease with water content. For LCA, water content increases decrease crop residue index values and increase them for soils, resulting in decreased contrast. SINDRI is also affected by SOC and water content. As such, spatial information on the distribution of surface soil water content and SOC, when used in a geographic information system (GIS), will improve the accuracy of remotely-sensed crop residue cover estimates.

A Mixed Methods Comparison of Urban and Rural Retail Corner Stores

PubMed Central

McGuirt, Jared T; Pitts, Stephanie B. Jilcott; Ammerman, Alice; Prelip, Michael; Hillstrom, Kathryn; Garcia, Rosa Elena; McCarthy, William J.

2015-01-01

Efforts to transform corner stores to better meet community dietary needs have mostly occurred in urban areas but are also needed in rural areas. Given important contextual differences between urban and rural areas, it is important to increase our understanding of the elements that might translate successfully to similar interventions involving stores in more rural areas. Thus, an in-depth examination and comparison of corner stores in each setting is needed. A mixed methods approach, including windshield tours, spatial visualization with analysis of frequency distribution, and spatial regression techniques were used to compare a rural North Carolina and large urban (Los Angeles) food environment. Important similarities and differences were seen between the two settings in regards to food environment context, spatial distribution of stores, food products available, and the factors predicting corner store density. Urban stores were more likely to have fresh fruits (Pearson chi2 = 27.0423; p < 0.001) and vegetables (Pearson chi2 = 27.0423; p < 0.001). In the urban setting, corner stores in high income areas were more likely to have fresh fruit (Pearson chi2 = 6.00; p = 0.014), while in the rural setting, there was no difference between high and low income area in terms of fresh fruit availability. For the urban area, total population, no vehicle and Hispanic population were significantly positively associated (p < 0.05), and median household income (p < 0.001) and Percent Minority (p < 0.05) were significantly negatively associated with corner store count. For the rural area, total population (p < 0.05) and supermarket count were positively associated (p < 0.001), and median household income negatively associated (P < 0.001), with corner store count. Translational efforts should be informed by these findings, which might influence the success of future interventions and policies in both rural and urban contexts. PMID:29546125

Smart Camera System for Aircraft and Spacecraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Delgado, Frank; White, Janis; Abernathy, Michael F.

2003-01-01

This paper describes a new approach to situation awareness that combines video sensor technology and synthetic vision technology in a unique fashion to create a hybrid vision system. Our implementation of the technology, called "SmartCam3D" (SC3D) has been flight tested by both NASA and the Department of Defense with excellent results. This paper details its development and flight test results. Windshields and windows add considerable weight and risk to vehicle design, and because of this, many future vehicles will employ a windowless cockpit design. This windowless cockpit design philosophy prompted us to look at what would be required to develop a system that provides crewmembers and awareness. The system created to date provides a real-time operations personnel an appropriate level of situation 3D perspective display that can be used during all-weather and visibility conditions. While the advantages of a synthetic vision only system are considerable, the major disadvantage of such a system is that it displays the synthetic scene created using "static" data acquired by an aircraft or satellite at some point in the past. The SC3D system we are presenting in this paper is a hybrid synthetic vision system that fuses live video stream information with a computer generated synthetic scene. This hybrid system can display a dynamic, real-time scene of a region of interest, enriched by information from a synthetic environment system, see figure 1. The SC3D system has been flight tested on several X-38 flight tests performed over the last several years and on an ARMY Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) ground control station earlier this year. Additional testing using an assortment of UAV ground control stations and UAV simulators from the Army and Air Force will be conducted later this year.

Orbital Debris and NASA's Measurement Program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Africano, J. L.; Stansbery, E. G.

2002-05-01

Since the launch of Sputnik in 1957, the number of manmade objects in orbit around the Earth has dramatically increased. The United States Space Surveillance Network (SSN) tracks and maintains orbits on over nine thousand objects down to a limiting diameter of about ten centimeters. Unfortunately, active spacecraft are only a small percentage ( ~ 7%) of this population. The rest of the population is orbital debris or ``space junk" consisting of expended rocket bodies, dead payloads, bits and pieces from satellite launches, and fragments from satellite breakups. The number of these smaller orbital debris objects increases rapidly with decreasing size. It is estimated that there are at least 130,000 orbital debris objects between one and ten centimeters in diameter. Most objects smaller than 10 centimeters go untracked! As the orbital debris population grows, the risk to other orbiting objects, most importantly manned space vehicles, of a collision with a piece of debris also grows. The kinetic energy of a solid 1 cm aluminum sphere traveling at an orbital velocity of 10 km/sec is equivalent to a 400 lb. safe traveling at 60 mph. Fortunately, the volume of space in which the orbiting population resides is large, collisions are infrequent, but they do occur. The Space Shuttle often returns to earth with its windshield pocked with small pits or craters caused by collisions with very small, sub-millimeter-size pieces of debris (paint flakes, particles from solid rocket exhaust, etc.), and micrometeoroids. To get a more complete picture of the orbital-debris environment, NASA has been using both radar and optical techniques to monitor the orbital debris environment. This paper gives an overview of the orbital debris environment and NASA's measurement program.

A Mixed Methods Comparison of Urban and Rural Retail Corner Stores.

PubMed

McGuirt, Jared T; Pitts, Stephanie B Jilcott; Ammerman, Alice; Prelip, Michael; Hillstrom, Kathryn; Garcia, Rosa Elena; McCarthy, William J

2015-01-01

Efforts to transform corner stores to better meet community dietary needs have mostly occurred in urban areas but are also needed in rural areas. Given important contextual differences between urban and rural areas, it is important to increase our understanding of the elements that might translate successfully to similar interventions involving stores in more rural areas. Thus, an in-depth examination and comparison of corner stores in each setting is needed. A mixed methods approach, including windshield tours, spatial visualization with analysis of frequency distribution, and spatial regression techniques were used to compare a rural North Carolina and large urban (Los Angeles) food environment. Important similarities and differences were seen between the two settings in regards to food environment context, spatial distribution of stores, food products available, and the factors predicting corner store density. Urban stores were more likely to have fresh fruits (Pearson chi2 = 27.0423; p < 0.001) and vegetables (Pearson chi2 = 27.0423; p < 0.001). In the urban setting, corner stores in high income areas were more likely to have fresh fruit (Pearson chi2 = 6.00; p = 0.014), while in the rural setting, there was no difference between high and low income area in terms of fresh fruit availability. For the urban area, total population, no vehicle and Hispanic population were significantly positively associated ( p < 0.05), and median household income ( p < 0.001) and Percent Minority ( p < 0.05) were significantly negatively associated with corner store count. For the rural area, total population ( p < 0.05) and supermarket count were positively associated ( p < 0.001), and median household income negatively associated ( P < 0.001), with corner store count. Translational efforts should be informed by these findings, which might influence the success of future interventions and policies in both rural and urban contexts.

When the Desert Beetle Met the Carnivorous Plant: A Perfect Match for Droplet Growth and Shedding

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aizenberg, Joanna; Park, Kyoo Chul; Kim, Philseok

2015-01-14

Phase change of vapor followed by coalescence and transport on ubiquitous bumped or curved surfaces is of fundamental importance for a wide range of phenomena and applications from water condensation on cold beverage bottles, to fogging on glasses and windshields, self-cleaning by jumping droplets, weathering, self-assembly, desalination, latent heat transfer, etc. Over the past decades, many attempts to understand and control the droplet growth dynamics and shedding of condensates on textured surfaces have focused on finding the role of micro/nanotexture combined with wettability. In particular, inspired by the Namib desert beetle bump structure, studies tested the effect of topography onmore » the preferential condensation. However, like the preferential condensation observed on flat surfaces, hybrid wettability rather than texture plays a major role; the role of bump topography on local preferential condensation has been unexplored and still not clearly understood. In addition, given that not only facilitating the droplet growth but also transporting the condensed droplets toward the desired reservoir is essential to make fresh sites for renucleation and regrowth of the droplets for enhancing condensation efficiency, the current hybrid-wettability- based design is not efficient to transport the condensates due to the high contact angle hysteresis created by highly wettable pinning points. Here we show that beetle-inspired bump topography leads faster localized condensation and transport of water. Employing simple analytic and more complicated numerical calculations, we reveal the detailed role of topography and predict the focused diffusion flux based on the distortion of concentration gradient around convex surface topography. We experimentally demonstrate the systematic understanding on the unseen effect of topographical parameters on faster droplet growth dynamics on various bump geometries. Further rational design of asymmetric topography and synergetic

Road Weather and Connected Vehicles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pisano, P.; Boyce, B. C.

2015-12-01

On average, there are over 5.8 M vehicle crashes each year of which 23% are weather-related. Weather-related crashes are defined as those crashes that occur in adverse weather or on slick pavement. The vast majority of weather-related crashes happen on wet pavement (74%) and during rainfall (46%). Connected vehicle technologies hold the promise to transform road-weather management by providing improved road weather data in real time with greater temporal and geographic accuracy. This will dramatically expand the amount of data that can be used to assess, forecast, and address the impacts that weather has on roads, vehicles, and travelers. The use of vehicle-based measurements of the road and surrounding atmosphere with other, more traditional weather data sources, and create road and atmospheric hazard products for a variety of users. The broad availability of road weather data from mobile sources will vastly improve the ability to detect and forecast weather and road conditions, and will provide the capability to manage road-weather response on specific roadway links. The RWMP is currently demonstrating how weather, road conditions, and related vehicle data can be used for decision making through an innovative Integrated Mobile Observations project. FHWA is partnering with 3 DOTs (MN, MI, & NV) to pilot these applications. One is a mobile alerts application called the Motorists Advisories and Warnings (MAW) and a maintenance decision support application. These applications blend traditional weather information (e.g., radar, surface stations) with mobile vehicle data (e.g., temperature, brake status, wiper status) to determine current weather conditions. These weather conditions, and other road-travel-relevant information, are provided to users via web and phone applications. The MAW provides nowcasts and short-term forecasts out to 24 hours while the EMDSS application can provide forecasts up to 72 hours in advance. The three DOTs have placed readers and external

Modeling transport phenomena and uncertainty quantification in solidification processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fezi, Kyle S.

Direct chill (DC) casting is the primary processing route for wrought aluminum alloys. This semicontinuous process consists of primary cooling as the metal is pulled through a water cooled mold followed by secondary cooling with a water jet spray and free falling water. To gain insight into this complex solidification process, a fully transient model of DC casting was developed to predict the transport phenomena of aluminum alloys for various conditions. This model is capable of solving mixture mass, momentum, energy, and species conservation equations during multicomponent solidification. Various DC casting process parameters were examined for their effect on transport phenomena predictions in an alloy of commercial interest (aluminum alloy 7050). The practice of placing a wiper to divert cooling water from the ingot surface was studied and the results showed that placement closer to the mold causes remelting at the surface and increases susceptibility to bleed outs. Numerical models of metal alloy solidification, like the one previously mentioned, are used to gain insight into physical phenomena that cannot be observed experimentally. However, uncertainty in model inputs cause uncertainty in results and those insights. The analysis of model assumptions and probable input variability on the level of uncertainty in model predictions has not been calculated in solidification modeling as yet. As a step towards understanding the effect of uncertain inputs on solidification modeling, uncertainty quantification (UQ) and sensitivity analysis were first performed on a transient solidification model of a simple binary alloy (Al-4.5wt.%Cu) in a rectangular cavity with both columnar and equiaxed solid growth models. This analysis was followed by quantifying the uncertainty in predictions from the recently developed transient DC casting model. The PRISM Uncertainty Quantification (PUQ) framework quantified the uncertainty and sensitivity in macrosegregation, solidification

XB-70A #1 cockpit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1965-01-01

was the world's largest experimental aircraft. It was capable of flight at speeds of three times the speed of sound (roughly 2,000 miles per hour) at altitudes of 70,000 feet. It was used to collect in-flight information for use in the design of future supersonic aircraft, military and civilian. The major objectives of the XB-70 flight research program were to study the airplane's stability and handling characteristics, to evaluate its response to atmospheric turbulence, and to determine the aerodynamic and propulsion performance. In addition there were secondary objectives to measure the noise and friction associated with airflow over the airplane and to determine the levels and extent of the engine noise during takeoff, landing, and ground operations. The XB-70 was about 186 feet long, 33 feet high, with a wingspan of 105 feet. Originally conceived as an advanced bomber for the United States Air Force, the XB-70 was limited to production of two aircraft when it was decided to limit the aircraft's mission to flight research. The first flight of the XB-70 was made on Sept. 21, 1964. The number two XB-70 was destroyed in a mid-air collision on June 8, 1966. Program management of the NASA-USAF research effort was assigned to NASA in March 1967. The final flight was flown on Feb. 4, 1969. Designed by North American Aviation (later North American Rockwell and still later, a division of Boeing) the XB-70 had a long fuselage with a canard or horizontal stabilizer mounted just behind the crew compartment. It had a sharply swept 65.6-percent delta wing. The outer portion of the wing could be folded down in flight to provide greater lateral-directional stability. The airplane had two windshields. A moveable outer windshield was raised for high-speed flight to reduce drag and lowered for greater visibility during takeoff and landing. The forward fuselage was constructed of riveted titanium frames and skin. The remainder of the airplane was constructed almost entirely of

Impact of duration of contact lens wear on the structure and function of the meibomian glands.

PubMed

Alghamdi, Waleed M; Markoulli, Maria; Holden, Brien A; Papas, Eric B

2016-03-01

To investigate the effects of the duration of contact lens (CL) wear on the meibomian glands (MGs), eyelid and tear film. This was a cross-sectional study of CL wearers and non-wearers (NWs) aged between 18 and 35 years. The sample comprised of: (i) Three groups of CL wearers of different duration profiles (short, moderate and long experience of CL wear); (ii) a group of previous CL wearers (PWs) who had ceased wear for at least 6 months prior to the present study; (iii) healthy non-wearers as a control group. Study procedures were conducted in the order from least invasive to most invasive as follows: symptom assessment, lipid assessment, non-invasive break-up time, tear meniscus area, tear osmolarity and evaporation, Phenol red thread, MG expressibility, ocular surface and eyelid assessments, meibography, Marx line and lid wiper assessment using lissamine green. For statistical comparison of continuous data, one-way analysis of variance was used with Bonferroni post-hoc correction, where appropriate. Kruskal-Wallis test and Pearson Chi-Square respectively were used for ordinal and categorical variables. A total of 100 participants (49 males and 51 females; mean age ± SD: 25.4 ± 4.1) were enrolled across the five groups, such that each was composed of 20 age/sex matched individuals. Significant differences between the study groups were found for MG expressibility (p < 0.001), number of plugged orifices (p = 0.001), number of expressed orifices (p < 0.001), MG dropout (p = 0.001), Marx line score (p < 0.001), palpebral redness (p = 0.003), and roughness (p = 0.002), non-invasive break-up time (p < 0.001), Phenol red thread (p = 0.005), and tear meniscus area (p = 0.029). For all these variables, the NW group was statistically different from all other groups. Duration of wear was not a significant factor, except for Marx line score which was different in PWs compared to those with longer experience of CL wear (p = 0.03) CONCLUSION: Alterations to MG morphology and

Potential of pedestrian protection systems--a parameter study using finite element models of pedestrian dummy and generic passenger vehicles.

PubMed

Fredriksson, Rikard; Shin, Jaeho; Untaroiu, Costin D

2011-08-01

To study the potential of active, passive, and integrated (combined active and passive) safety systems in reducing pedestrian upper body loading in typical impact configurations. Finite element simulations using models of generic sedan car fronts and the Polar II pedestrian dummy were performed for 3 impact configurations at 2 impact speeds. Chest contact force, head injury criterion (HIC(15)), head angular acceleration, and the cumulative strain damage measure (CSDM(0.25)) were employed as injury parameters. Further, 3 countermeasures were modeled: an active autonomous braking system, a passive deployable countermeasure, and an integrated system combining the active and passive systems. The auto-brake system was modeled by reducing impact speed by 10 km/h (equivalent to ideal full braking over 0.3 s) and introducing a pitch of 1 degree and in-crash deceleration of 1 g. The deployable system consisted of a deployable hood, lifting 100 mm in the rear, and a lower windshield air bag. All 3 countermeasures showed benefit in a majority of impact configurations in terms of injury prevention. The auto-brake system reduced chest force in a majority of the configurations and decreased HIC(15), head angular acceleration, and CSDM in all configurations. Averaging all impact configurations, the auto-brake system showed reductions of injury predictors from 20 percent (chest force) to 82 percent (HIC). The passive deployable countermeasure reduced chest force and HIC(15) in a majority of configurations and head angular acceleration and CSDM in all configurations, although the CSDM decrease in 2 configurations was minimal. On average a reduction from 20 percent (CSDM) to 58 percent (HIC) was recorded in the passive deployable countermeasures. Finally, the integrated system evaluated in this study reduced all injury assessment parameters in all configurations compared to the reference situations. The average reductions achieved by the integrated system ranged from 56 percent

Analysis and comparison of glass fragments by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and ICP-MS.

PubMed

Trejos, Tatiana; Montero, Shirly; Almirall, José R

2003-08-01

The discrimination potential of Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is compared with previously reported solution ICP-MS methods using external calibration (EC) with internal standardization and a newly reported solution isotope dilution (ID) method for the analysis of two different glass populations. A total of 91 different glass samples were used for the comparison study; refractive index and elemental composition were measured by the techniques mentioned above. One set consisted of 45 headlamps taken from a variety of automobiles that represents a range of 20 years of manufacturing dates. A second set consisted of 46 automotive glasses (side windows, rear windows, and windshields) representing casework glass from different vehicle manufacturers over several years. The element menu for the LA-ICP-MS and EC-ICP-MS methods include Mg, Al, Ca, Mn, Ce, Ti, Zr, Sb, Ga, Ba, Rb, Sm, Sr, Hf, La, and Pb. The ID method was limited to the analysis of two isotopes each of Mg, Sr, Zr, Sb, Ba, Sm, Hf, and Pb. Laser ablation analyses were performed with a Q switched Nd:YAG, 266 nm, 6 mJ output energy laser. The laser was used in depth profile mode while sampling using a 50 microm spot size for 50 sec at 10 Hz (500 shots). The typical bias for the analysis of NIST 612 by LA-ICP-MS was less than 5% in all cases and typically better than 5% for most isotopes. The precision for the vast majority of the element menu was determined generally less than 10% for all the methods when NIST 612 was measured (40 microg x g(-1)). Method detection limits (MDL) for the EC and LA-ICP-MS methods were similar and generally reported as less than 1 microg x g(-1) for the analysis of NIST 612. While the solution sample introduction methods using EC and ID presented excellent sensitivity and precision, these methods have the disadvantages of destroying the sample, and also involve complex sample preparation. The laser ablation method was simpler, faster, and

Rates of Eolian Rock Abrasion in the Ice-Free Valleys, Antarctica

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hallet, B.; Malin, M. C.; Sletten, R. S.

2016-12-01

Eolian abrasion is a principal surface process in dry regions of Earth and Mars and there is evidence for wind processes active on Venus and Titan. Rock abrasion also has practical significance in diverse fields ranging from preservation of cultural material (artifacts, monuments) to damage of solar panels and windshields in arid regions. Despite its scientific and practical importance, and there have ben only few studies that define rates of rock abrasion quantitatively under natural conditions. Herein we report abrasion rates that have been exceptionally well characterized through a unique long-term (30+-year) field experiment in the ice-free McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In 1983 and 1984, over 5000 rock targets of several lithologies (25.4 mm-diameter and 5 mm-thick disks of dolerite, basalt, tuff and sandstone) were installed at five heights (7,14, 21, 35, and 70 cm) facing the 4 cardinal directions at 10 locations (one additional site contains fewer targets). Sequential collections of rock targets exposed to abrasion enable definition of mass loss after 1, 5, 10, 30 and 31 years of exposure; the latter were retrieved during the 2014-2015 season. The abrasion rates generally show striking consistency for each lithology at any site; the multiple targets permit definition of intrinsic differences in mass loss. The rates vary considerably from site to site owing to differences in availability of transportable sediment, wind regime, and surface roughness, and at each site, owing to target orientation relative to the dominant winds and, secondarily, to height above the ground. For the hardest targets, basalt and dolerite, mass loss in 30+ years ranged from essentially zero at some sites to 1/3 of the deployed mass (2.59 g; equivalent to a rock thickness >1.8 mm) where abrasion was most active (Site 7, Central Wright Valley). The tuff targets showed the greatest mass loss, and in many cases were entirely abraded away by the end of the experiment.Current work is

The wave-based substructuring approach for the efficient description of interface dynamics in substructuring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Donders, S.; Pluymers, B.; Ragnarsson, P.; Hadjit, R.; Desmet, W.

2010-04-01

In the vehicle design process, design decisions are more and more based on virtual prototypes. Due to competitive and regulatory pressure, vehicle manufacturers are forced to improve product quality, to reduce time-to-market and to launch an increasing number of design variants on the global market. To speed up the design iteration process, substructuring and component mode synthesis (CMS) methods are commonly used, involving the analysis of substructure models and the synthesis of the substructure analysis results. Substructuring and CMS enable efficient decentralized collaboration across departments and allow to benefit from the availability of parallel computing environments. However, traditional CMS methods become prohibitively inefficient when substructures are coupled along large interfaces, i.e. with a large number of degrees of freedom (DOFs) at the interface between substructures. The reason is that the analysis of substructures involves the calculation of a number of enrichment vectors, one for each interface degree of freedom (DOF). Since large interfaces are common in vehicles (e.g. the continuous line connections to connect the body with the windshield, roof or floor), this interface bottleneck poses a clear limitation in the vehicle noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) design process. Therefore there is a need to describe the interface dynamics more efficiently. This paper presents a wave-based substructuring (WBS) approach, which allows reducing the interface representation between substructures in an assembly by expressing the interface DOFs in terms of a limited set of basis functions ("waves"). As the number of basis functions can be much lower than the number of interface DOFs, this greatly facilitates the substructure analysis procedure and results in faster design predictions. The waves are calculated once from a full nominal assembly analysis, but these nominal waves can be re-used for the assembly of modified components. The WBS approach thus

Elemental analysis of glass by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (LA-ICP-OES).

PubMed

Schenk, Emily R; Almirall, José R

2012-04-10

The elemental analysis of glass evidence has been established as a powerful discrimination tool for forensic analysts. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (LA-ICP-OES) has been compared to laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and energy dispersive micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μXRF/EDS) as competing instrumentation for the elemental analysis of glass. The development of a method for the forensic analysis of glass coupling laser ablation to ICP-OES is presented for the first time. LA-ICP-OES has demonstrated comparable analytical performance to LA-ICP-MS based on the use of the element menu, Al (Al I 396.15 nm), Ba (Ba II 455.40 nm), Ca (Ca II 315.88 nm), Fe (Fe II 238.20 nm), Li (Li I 670.78 nm), Mg (Mg I 285.21 nm), Sr (Sr II 407.77 nm), Ti (Ti II 368.51 nm), and Zr (Zr II 343.82 nm). The relevant figures of merit, such as precision, accuracy and sensitivity, are presented and compared to LA-ICP-MS. A set of 41 glass samples was used to assess the discrimination power of the LA-ICP-OES method in comparison to other elemental analysis techniques. This sample set consisted of several vehicle glass samples that originated from the same source (inside and outside windshield panes) and several glass samples that originated from different vehicles. Different match criteria were used and compared to determine the potential for Type I and Type II errors. It was determined that broader match criteria is more applicable to the forensic comparison of glass analysis because it can reduce the affect that micro-heterogeneity inherent in the glass fragments and a less than ideal sampling strategy can have on the interpretation of the results. Based on the test set reported here, a plus or minus four standard deviation (± 4s) match criterion yielded the lowest possibility of Type I and Type II errors. The developed LA-ICP-OES method has been shown to perform similarly to LA-ICP-MS in the

Using Second Life to enhance ACCEL an online accelerated nursing BSN program.

PubMed

Stewart, Stephanie; Pope, Dawn; Duncan, Debra

2009-01-01

To create a presence in Second Life (SL) the university college of nursing (CON) purchased four virtual islands in December 2007. The intent was to enhance distance education with immersion learning experiences for nursing students in SL. The Pollock Alumni House, classrooms, faculty offices, a library, a student welcome center, a public health office, a disaster scenario, a clinic, a hospital, and several patient avatars were created. Houses are being built for nursing students to experience different patient care scenarios during home visits. At least 20 nursing faculty and academic staff and three cohorts of accelerated nursing students (77) have avatars and have experienced class sessions. Faculty and students schedule office hours, engage in synchronous chats, and utilize the public health department and SL support groups for class exercises. Current exercises in the public health department include a module in which the student learns the role of the sanitarian. Students use a checklist to inspect restaurants and bars in SL. They are also able to view a video of an interview with a sanitarian. Another module introduces them to the WIC (Women, Infants, and Children) program. Future student activities related to public health include disaster planning, bioterrorism, evacuations, community assessment, windshield surveys, fund raising, and health education as well as other activities suggested by public health nurses and students. The possibilities are limitless because of the resources that exist in the virtual world, SL. The purchase of the first two islands, the initial buildings, and the creation of the public health department was funded by a research grant. Virtual environments offer many advantages for nursing education. Many nursing students say they learn best when they actually "do something," which indicates that they often prefer experiential learning. Rare but life-threatening patient situations can be experienced since the clinical environment can

Biofouling protection for marine underwater observatories sensors by local chlorination

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Delauney, L.; Compere, C.; Coail, J. Y.; Guyader, G.

2009-04-01

deployment, however common solutions like wipers or copper screen present technological weakness due to mechanical complexity, on the other hand the use chemical biocide like TBT (Tributyl tin) is now impossible. Despite the fact that this chemical have proved to be extremely efficient, tributyl-tin compounds have been shown to have deleterious effects upon the environment. TBT is now banned for antifouling paints from 2003 and should not be used on ships hull from 2008. A convenient method consists of localised chlorine generation. This paper presents the results of research and development on biofouling protection for marine environmental sensors by local chlorination. We will demonstrate the efficiency of the localised chlorine generation method for long term coastal deployment specifically for continental margin benthic observatories. This reliable technique can be adapted to many kind of sensors quite easily and to optical ports usually used for oceanographic instruments, cameras, video and lights.

Evaluation of the Hydrolab HL4 water-quality sonde and sensors

USGS Publications Warehouse

Snazelle, Teri T.

2017-12-18

, but one sonde exceeded the allowable difference criteria when tested in pH 5.00 buffer and at 40 ºC. The USGS criteria and the technical specifications for turbidity were met by one sonde in standards ranging from 10 to 3,000 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). A second sonde met the USGS criteria and the technical specifications except in the 3,000-NTU standard, and the third sonde exceeded the USGS calibration criteria in the 10- and 20-NTU standards and the technical specifications in the 20-NTU standard.Results of the field test showed acceptable performance and revealed that differences in data sample processing between sonde manufacturers may result in variances between the reported measurements when comparing one sonde to another. These variances in data would be more pronounced in dynamic site conditions. The lack of a wiper or other sensor-cleaning device on the DO sensor could prove problematic, and could limit the use of the HL4 to profiling applications or at sites with limited biofouling.

Early in-flight detection of SO2 via Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy: a feasible aviation safety measure to prevent potential encounters with volcanic plumes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vogel, L.; Galle, B.; Kern, C.; Delgado Granados, H.; Conde, V.; Norman, P.; Arellano, S.; Landgren, O.; Lübcke, P.; Alvarez Nieves, J. M.; Cárdenas Gonzáles, L.; Platt, U.

2011-09-01

Volcanic ash constitutes a risk to aviation, mainly due to its ability to cause jet engines to fail. Other risks include the possibility of abrasion of windshields and potentially serious damage to avionic systems. These hazards have been widely recognized since the early 1980s, when volcanic ash provoked several incidents of engine failure in commercial aircraft. In addition to volcanic ash, volcanic gases also pose a threat. Prolonged and/or cumulative exposure to sulphur dioxide (SO2) or sulphuric acid (H2SO4) aerosols potentially affects e.g. windows, air frame and may cause permanent damage to engines. SO2 receives most attention among the gas species commonly found in volcanic plumes because its presence above the lower troposphere is a clear proxy for a volcanic cloud and indicates that fine ash could also be present. Up to now, remote sensing of SO2 via Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) in the ultraviolet spectral region has been used to measure volcanic clouds from ground based, airborne and satellite platforms. Attention has been given to volcanic emission strength, chemistry inside volcanic clouds and measurement procedures were adapted accordingly. Here we present a set of experimental and model results, highlighting the feasibility of DOAS to be used as an airborne early detection system of SO2 in two spatial dimensions. In order to prove our new concept, simultaneous airborne and ground-based measurements of the plume of Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico, were conducted in April 2010. The plume extended at an altitude around 5250 m above sea level and was approached and traversed at the same altitude with several forward looking DOAS systems aboard an airplane. These DOAS systems measured SO2 in the flight direction and at ±40 mrad (2.3°) angles relative to it in both, horizontal and vertical directions. The approaches started at up to 25 km distance to the plume and SO2 was measured at all times well above the detection limit. In

Early in-flight detection of SO2 via Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy: a feasible aviation safety measure to prevent potential encounters with volcanic plumes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vogel, L.; Galle, B.; Kern, C.; Delgado Granados, H.; Conde, V.; Norman, P.; Arellano, S.; Landgren, O.; Lübcke, P.; Alvarez Nieves, J. M.; Cárdenas Gonzáles, L.; Platt, U.

2011-05-01

Volcanic ash constitutes a risk to aviation, mainly due to its ability to cause jet engines to fail. Other risks include the possibility of abrasion of windshields and potentially serious damage to avionic systems. These hazards have been widely recognized since the early 1980s, when volcanic ash provoked several incidents of engine failure in commercial aircraft. In addition to volcanic ash, volcanic gases also pose a threat. Prolonged and/or cumulative exposure to sulphur dioxide (SO2) or sulphuric acid (H2SO4) aerosols potentially affects e.g. windows, air frame and may cause permanent damage to engines. SO2 receives most attention among the gas species commonly found in volcanic plumes because its presence above the lower troposphere is a clear proxy for a volcanic cloud and indicates that fine ash could also be present. Up to now, remote sensing of SO2 via Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) in the ultraviolet spectral region has been used to measure volcanic clouds from ground based, airborne and satellite platforms. Attention has been given to volcanic emission strength, chemistry inside volcanic clouds and measurement procedures were adapted accordingly. Here we present a set of experimental and model results, highlighting the feasibility of DOAS to be used as an airborne early detection system of SO2 in two spatial dimensions. In order to prove our new concept, simultaneous airborne and ground-based measurements of the plume of Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico, were conducted in April 2010. The plume extended at an altitude around 5250 m above sea level and was approached and traversed at the same altitude with several forward looking DOAS systems aboard an airplane. These DOAS systems measured SO2 in the flight direction and at ± 40 mrad (2.3°) angles relative to it in both, horizontal and vertical directions. The approaches started at up to 25 km distance to the plume and SO2 was measured at all times well above the detection limit. In

Early in-flight detection of SO2 via Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy: A feasible aviation safety measure to prevent potential encounters with volcanic plumes

USGS Publications Warehouse

Vogel, L.; Galle, B.; Kern, C.; Delgado, Granados H.; Conde, V.; Norman, P.; Arellano, S.; Landgren, O.; Lubcke, P.; Alvarez, Nieves J.M.; Cardenas, Gonzales L.; Platt, U.

2011-01-01

Volcanic ash constitutes a risk to aviation, mainly due to its ability to cause jet engines to fail. Other risks include the possibility of abrasion of windshields and potentially serious damage to avionic systems. These hazards have been widely recognized 5 since the early 1980s, when volcanic ash provoked several incidents of engine failure in commercial aircraft. In addition to volcanic ash, volcanic gases also pose a threat. Prolonged and/or cumulative exposure to sulphur dioxide (SO2) or sulphuric acid (H2SO4) aerosols potentially affects e.g. windows, air frame and may cause permanent damage to engines. SO2 receives most attention among the gas species commonly found in 10 volcanic plumes because its presence above the lower troposphere is a clear proxy for a volcanic cloud and indicates that fine ash could also be present. Up to now, remote sensing of SO2 via Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) in the ultraviolet spectral region has been used to measure volcanic clouds from ground based, airborne and satellite platforms. Attention has been given to vol- 15 canic emission strength, chemistry inside volcanic clouds and measurement procedures were adapted accordingly. Here we present a set of experimental and model results, highlighting the feasibility of DOAS to be used as an airborne early detection system of SO2 in two spatial dimensions. In order to prove our new concept, simultaneous airborne and ground-based measurements of the plume of Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico, were conducted in April 2010. The plume extended at an altitude around 5250 m above sea level and was approached and traversed at the same altitude with several forward looking DOAS systems aboard an airplane. These DOAS systems measured SO2 in the flight direction and at ±40 mrad (2.3◦) angles relative to it in both, horizontal and vertical directions. The approaches started at up to 25 km distance to 25 the plume and SO2 was measured at all times well above the detection

Remote sensing to monitor cover crop adoption in southeastern Pennsylvania

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hively, Wells; Sjoerd Duiker,; Greg McCarty,; Prabhakara, Kusuma

2015-01-01

In the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, winter cereal cover crops are often planted in rotation with summer crops to reduce the loss of nutrients and sediment from agricultural systems. Cover crops can also improve soil health, control weeds and pests, supplement forage needs, and support resilient cropping systems. In southeastern Pennsylvania, cover crops can be successfully established following corn (Zea mays L.) silage harvest and are strongly promoted for use in this niche. They are also planted following corn grain, soybean (Glycine max L.), and vegetable harvest. In Pennsylvania, the use of winter cover crops for agricultural conservation has been supported through a combination of outreach, regulation, and incentives. On-farm implementation is thought to be increasing, but the actual extent of cover crops is not well quantified. Satellite imagery can be used to map green winter cover crop vegetation on agricultural fields and, when integrated with additional remote sensing data products, can be used to evaluate wintertime vegetative groundcover following specific summer crops. This study used Landsat and SPOT (System Probatoire d’ Observation de la Terre) satellite imagery, in combination with the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service Cropland Data Layer, to evaluate the extent and amount of green wintertime vegetation on agricultural fields in four Pennsylvania counties (Berks, Lebanon, Lancaster, and York) from 2010 to 2013. In December of 2010, a windshield survey was conducted to collect baseline data on winter cover crop implementation, with particular focus on identifying corn harvested for silage (expected earlier harvest date and lower levels of crop residue), versus for grain (expected later harvest date and higher levels of crop residue). Satellite spectral indices were successfully used to detect both the amount of green vegetative groundcover and the amount of crop residue on the surveyed fields. Analysis of wintertime satellite imagery

The impact of photovoltaic (PV) installations on downwind particulate matter concentrations: Results from field observations at a 550-MWAC utility-scale PV plant.

PubMed

Ravikumar, Dwarakanath; Sinha, Parikhit

2017-10-01

With utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) projects increasingly developed in dry and dust-prone geographies with high solar insolation, there is a critical need to analyze the impacts of PV installations on the resulting particulate matter (PM) concentrations, which have environmental and health impacts. This study is the first to quantify the impact of a utility-scale PV plant on PM concentrations downwind of the project site. Background, construction, and post-construction PM 2.5 and PM 10 (PM with aerodynamic diameters <2.5 and <10 μm, respectively) concentration data were collected from four beta attenuation monitor (BAM) stations over 3 yr. Based on these data, the authors evaluate the hypothesis that PM emissions from land occupied by a utility-scale PV installation are reduced after project construction through a wind-shielding effect. The results show that the (1) confidence intervals of the mean PM concentrations during construction overlap with or are lower than background concentrations for three of the four BAM stations; and (2) post-construction PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentrations downwind of the PV installation are significantly lower than the background concentrations at three of the four BAM stations. At the fourth BAM station, downwind post-construction PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentrations increased marginally by 5.7% and 2.6% of the 24-hr ambient air quality standards defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, respectively, when compared with background concentrations, with the PM 2.5 increase being statistically insignificant. This increase may be due to vehicular emissions from an access road near the southwest corner of the site or a drainage berm near the south station. The findings demonstrate the overall environmental benefit of downwind PM emission abatement from a utility-scale PV installation in desert conditions due to wind shielding. With PM emission reductions observed within 10 months of completion of construction, post

Community medicine in action: an integrated, fourth-year urban continuity preceptorship.

PubMed

Brill, John R; Jackson, Thomas C; Stearns, Marjorie A

2002-07-01

To provide an opportunity for fourth-year students at the University of Wisconsin Medical School in Madison to immerse in urban community medicine during a 34-week program. This experience enhances the integrity of the fourth year as well as merges medicine and public health perspectives in medical education as called for by the Medicine and Public Health Initiative. A limited number of fourth-year Wisconsin medical students have the opportunity to select a one-year, continuity-based preceptorship at the Milwaukee clinical campus with a focus in one of three domains: family medicine, internal medicine, or women's health. Students participate in the following clinical activities: a one-year, integrated preceptorship (one to three half days per week in a primary preceptor's office), medicine subinternship, senior surgery clerkship, selectives (16-20 weeks of clerkships relevant to preceptorship focus area), and one month of out-of-city electives. Complementing this community-based clinical experience is the opportunity to develop an increased appreciation for urban community health issues and resources by participating in a required urban community medicine clerkship and a mentored student scholarly project focusing on an aspect of urban community medicine and population health. All students begin the year in July with a four-week urban community medicine clerkship, which is based on the St. Luke's family practice residency's community medicine rotation and arranged by residency faculty. They conduct a "windshield survey" of a Milwaukee neighborhood, observing health hazards and identifying assets, and then present these observations to others in the clerkship. During this first month, students are introduced to the work of a variety of social service agencies, the Milwaukee City Health Department, and the Aurora Health Care/UW community clinics, which serve the state's most diverse zip codes. They meet with providers and researchers who share their expertise in

X-15 and XB-70 parked on NASA ramp

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1967-01-01

, Washington DC. North American X-15A-2, serial number 56-6671, is at the United States Air Force Museum, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. X-15-3, serial number 56-6672, crashed on 15 November 1967, resulting in the death of Maj. Michael J. Adams. XB-70: The XB-70 was the world's largest experimental aircraft. It was capable of flight at speeds of three times the speed of sound (roughly 2,000 miles per hour) at altitudes of 70,000 feet. It was used to collect in-flight information for use in the design of future supersonic aircraft, military and civilian. The major objectives of the XB-70 flight research program were to study the airplane's stability and handling characteristics, to evaluate its response to atmospheric turbulence, and to determine the aerodynamic and propulsion performance. In addition there were secondary objectives to measure the noise and friction associated with airflow over the airplane and to determine the levels and extent of the engine noise during takeoff, landing, and ground operations. The XB-70 was about 186 feet long, 33 feet high, with a wingspan of 105 feet. Originally conceived as an advanced bomber for the United States Air Force, the XB-70 was limited to production of two aircraft when it was decided to limit the aircraft's mission to flight research. The first flight of the XB-70 was made on Sept. 21, 1964. The number two XB-70 was destroyed in a mid-air collision on June 8, 1966. Program management of the NASA-USAF research effort was assigned to NASA in March 1967. The final flight was flown on Feb. 4, 1969. Designed by North American Aviation (later North American Rockwell and still later, a division of Boeing) the XB-70 had a long fuselage with a canard or horizontal stabilizer mounted just behind the crew compartment. It had a sharply swept 65.6-percent delta wing. The outer portion of the wing could be folded down in flight to provide greater lateral-directional stability. The airplane had two windshields. A moveable outer windshield was

Estimation of adhesive bond strength in laminated safety glass using guided mechanical waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huo, Shihong

Laminated safety glass is used in the automobile industry and in architectural applications. Laminated safety glass consists of a plastic interlayer, such as a layer of poly vinyl butyral (PVB) or Butacite, surrounded by two adjacent glass plates. The glass can be float glass, plate glass, tempered glass, or sheet glass, and the plastic interlayer is made of a viscoelastic material with relatively high damping. The level of adhesive bond strength between the plastic interlayer and the two adjacent glass plates has a significant role in the penetration resistance against flying objects and is a critical parameter towards ensuring the proper performance of safety glass. Therefore, estimation and control of adhesive bond levels in laminated safety glass is a critical issue. There are several destructive testing procedures used to quantify the adhesion level in laminated safety glass. These tests include the tension test, the peel test, the impact test, and the pummel test. All these tests have drawbacks including the pummel test method, which has been the most widely used in industry for over 80 years. The primary drawbacks of the pummel test method are that it is destructive and subjective (i.e., involves individual human judgment), which precludes this method for use as an on-line test method for quality control. Consequently, a quantitative nondestructive testing method to evaluate adhesion levels would be an asset to the laminated safety glass industry. In this study, adhesion levels in laminated safety glass samples, i.e., windshields, have been assessed using the guided mechanical wave method. To study the adhesive bond strength analytically, the imperfect interfaces between the plastic interlayer and the two adjacent glass plates in laminated safety glass are modeled using a bed of longitudinal and shear springs, and their stiffness characteristics are estimated using fracture mechanics and atomic force microscopy (AFM) surface measurements. The atomic force

Trace elemental analysis of glass and paint samples of forensic interest by ICP-MS using laser ablation solid sample introduction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Almirall, Jose R.; Trejos, Tatiana; Hobbs, Andria; Furton, Kenneth G.

2003-09-01

-six automotive glasses (side windows and windshields) representing casework glass from different vehicle manufacturers over several years was also characterized by RI and elemental composition analysis. The solution sample introduction techniques (external calibration and isotope dilution) provide for excellent sensitivity and precision but have the disadvantages of destroying the sample and also involve complex sample preparation. The laser ablation method was simpler, faster and produced comparable discrimination to the EC-ICP-MS and ID-ICP-MS. LA-ICP-MS can provide for an excellent alternative to solution analysis of glass in forensic casework samples. Paints and coatings are frequently encountered as trace evidence samples submitted to forensic science laboratories. A LA-ICP-MS method has been developed to complement the commonly used techniques in forensic laboratories in order to better characterize these samples for forensic purposes. Time-resolved plots of each sample can be compared to associate samples to each other or to discriminate between samples. Additionally, the concentration of lead and the ratios of other elements have been determined in various automotive paints by the reported method. A sample set of eighteen (18) survey automotive paint samples have been analyzed with the developed method in order to determine the utility of LA-ICP-MS and to compare the method to the more commonly used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) method for elemental characterization of paint layers in forensic casework.

Preventing passenger vehicle occupant injuries by vehicle design--a historical perspective from IIHS.

PubMed

O'Neill, Brian

2009-04-01

Motor vehicle crashes result in some 1.2 million deaths and many more injuries worldwide each year and is one of the biggest public health problems facing societies today. This article reviews the history of, and future potential for, one important countermeasure-designing vehicles that reduce occupant deaths and injuries. For many years, people had urged automakers to add design features to reduce crash injuries, but it was not until the mid-1960s that the idea of pursuing vehicle countermeasures gained any significant momentum. In 1966, the U.S. Congress passed the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, requiring the government to issue a comprehensive set of vehicle safety standards. This was the first broad set of requirements issued anywhere in the world, and within a few years similar standards were adopted in Europe and Australia. Early vehicle safety standards specified a variety of safety designs resulting in cars being equipped with lap/shoulder belts, energy-absorbing steering columns, crash-resistant door locks, high-penetration-resistant windshields, etc. Later, the standards moved away from specifying particular design approaches and instead used crash tests and instrumented dummies to set limits on the potential for serious occupant injuries by crash mode. These newer standards paved the way for an approach that used the marketplace, in addition to government regulation, to improve vehicle safety designs-using crash tests and instrumented dummies to provide consumers with comparative safety ratings for new vehicles. The approach began in the late 1970s, when NHTSA started publishing injury measures from belted dummies in new passenger vehicles subjected to frontal barrier crash tests at speeds somewhat higher than specified in the corresponding regulation. This program became the world's first New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) and rated frontal crashworthiness by awarding stars (five stars being the best and one the worst) derived from head

The effect of high-pressure devitrification and densification on ballistic-penetration resistance of fused silica

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Avuthu, Vasudeva Reddy

Despite the clear benefits offered by more advanced transparent materials, (e.g. transparent ceramics offer a very attractive combination of high stiffness and high hardness levels, highly-ductile transparent polymers provide superior fragment-containing capabilities, etc.), ballistic ceramic-glass like fused-silica remains an important constituent material in a majority of transparent impact-resistant structures (e.g. windshields and windows of military vehicles, portholes in ships, ground vehicles and spacecraft) used today. Among the main reasons for the wide-scale use of glass, the following three are most frequently cited: (i) glass-structure fabrication technologies enable the production of curved, large surface-area, transparent structures with thickness approaching several inches; (ii) relatively low material and manufacturing costs; and (iii) compositional modifications, chemical strengthening, and controlled crystallization have been demonstrated to be capable of significantly improving the ballistic properties of glass. In the present work, the potential of high-pressure devitrification and densification of fused-silica as a ballistic-resistance-enhancement mechanism is investigated computationally. In the first part of the present work, all-atom molecular-level computations are carried out to infer the dynamic response and material microstructure/topology changes of fused silica subjected to ballistic impact by a nanometer-sized hard projectile. The analysis was focused on the investigation of specific aspects of the dynamic response and of the microstructural changes such as the deformation of highly sheared and densified regions, and the conversion of amorphous fused silica to SiO2 crystalline allotropic modifications (in particular, alpha-quartz and stishovite). The microstructural changes in question were determined by carrying out a post-processing atom-coordination procedure. This procedure suggested the formation of high-density stishovite (and

X-15 #2 just after launch

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1960-01-01

The X-15 #2 (56-6671) launches away from the B-52 mothership with its rocket engine ignited. The white patches near the middle of the ship are frost from the liquid oxygen used in the propulsion system, although very cold liquid nitrogen was also used to cool the payload bay, cockpit, windshields, and nose. The X-15 was a rocket-powered aircraft 50 ft long with a wingspan of 22 ft. It was a missile-shaped vehicle with an unusual wedge-shaped vertical tail, thin stubby wings, and unique fairings that extended along the side of the fuselage. The X-15 weighed about 14,000 lb empty and approximately 34,000 lb at launch. The XLR-99 rocket engine, manufactured by Thiokol Chemical Corp., was pilot controlled and was capable of developing 57,000 lb of rated thrust (actual thrust reportedly climbed to 60,000 lb). North American Aviation built three X-15 aircraft for the program. The X-15 research aircraft was developed to provide in-flight information and data on aerodynamics, structures, flight controls, and the physiological aspects of high-speed, high-altitude flight. A follow-on program used the aircraft as a testbed to carry various scientific experiments beyond the Earth's atmosphere on a repeated basis. For flight in the dense air of the usable atmosphere, the X-15 used conventional aerodynamic controls such as rudder surfaces on the vertical stabilizers to control yaw and canted horizontal surfaces on the tail to control pitch when moving in synchronization or roll when moved differentially. For flight in the thin air outside of the appreciable Earth's atmosphere, the X-15 used a reaction control system. Hydrogen peroxide thrust rockets located on the nose of the aircraft provided pitch and yaw control. Those on the wings provided roll control. Because of the large fuel consumption, the X-15 was air launched from a B-52 aircraft at 45,000 ft and a speed of about 500 mph. Depending on the mission, the rocket engine provided thrust for the first 80 to 120 sec of

Reconstructive surgery for complex midface trauma using titanium miniplates: Le Fort I fracture of the maxilla, zygomatico-maxillary complex fracture and nasomaxillary complex fracture, resulting from a motor vehicle accident.

PubMed

Nicholoff, T J; Del Castillo, C B; Velmonte, M X

Maxillofacial injuries resulting from trauma can be a challenge to the Maxillo-Facial Surgeon. Frequent causes of these injuries are attributed to automobile accidents, physical altercations, gunshot wounds, home accidents, athletic injuries, work injuries and other injuries. Motor vehicle accidents tend to be the primary cause of most midface fractures and lacerations due to the face hitting the dashboard, windshield and steering wheel or the back of the front seat for passengers in the rear. Seatbelts have been shown to drastically reduce the incidence and severity of these injuries. In the United States seatbelt laws have been enacted in several states thus markedly impacting on the reduction of such trauma. In the Philippines rare is the individual who wears seat belts. Metro city traffic, however, has played a major role in reducing daytime MVA related trauma, as usually there is insufficient speed in traffic areas to cause severe impact damage, the same however cannot be said for night driving, or for driving outside of the city proper where it is not uncommon for drivers to zip into the lane of on-coming traffic in order to overtake the car in front ... often at high speeds. Thus, the potential for severe maxillofacial injuries and other trauma related injuries increases in these circumstances. It is however unfortunate that outside of Metro Manila or other major cities there is no ready access to trauma or tertiary care centers, thus these injuries can be catastrophic if not addressed adequately. With the exception of Le Fort II and III craniofacial fractures, most maxillofacial injuries are not life threatening by themselves, and therefore treatment can be delayed until more serious cerebral or visceral, potentially life threatening injuries are addressed first. Our patient was involved in an MVA in Zambales, seen and stabilized in a provincial primary care center initially, then referred to a provincial secondary care center for further stabilization

Miniature robotic sample analysis lab for planetary in situ mineralogy and microbiology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kruzelecky, Roman; Wong, Brian; Haddad, Emile; Jamroz, Wes; Cloutis, Edward; Strong, Kimberly; Ghafoor, Nadeem; Jessen, Sean

The current Martian surface conditions are relatively inhospitable, with average diurnal temperature ranges from 170 K to 268 K, a low air pressure of about 7 to 10 mbar consisting mainly of CO2 and negligible ozone to moderate the UV portion of the incident solar radiation. The intense UV effectively sterilizes the surface, and in combination with the low air pressure, makes any unbound surface liquid water unstable. However, there is mounting evidence to support the notion that the near subsurface of Mars may differ dramatically from the uppermost surface. The Inukshuk landed Mars mission, as initially developed under a pre-Phase A study for the Canadian Space Agency, focuses on the search for hydrated mineralogy and subsurface water sites that can provide evidence of past or present life. The mission will be achieved using a miniature suite of complementary spectral instruments operating in collaboration with a robotic tethered mole drill system for the systematic in situ subsurface exploration of the planetary mineralogy, water content and microbiology. The Inukshuk mission will, for the first time, study variations in the Mars subsurface characteristics and composition in detail at different locations. These will be correlated with the current planetary boundary layer conditions using an elevating Skycam platform and surface stand-off measurement capabilities. The subsurface analysis will be provided using a miniature bore-hole probe integrated within the mole driller and interfaced to the rover-based instrument suite using an IR fiber-optic link. This will allow subsurface mapping of the stratigraphy and composition in steps of a few mm to depths beyond 1 m. During the drilling, the bore-hole probe will be shielded using a wiper/shutter system. The in situ bore-hole analysis has an advantage for detecting biomarkers for astrobiology on Mars in that the alteration of the sample by surface radiation can be minimized. The bore-hole sample analysis will employ