A Statistical Study on the Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on Metastable Pitting Corrosion of X70 Pipeline Steel.

PubMed

Yang, Zixuan; Kan, Bo; Li, Jinxu; Qiao, Lijie; Volinsky, Alex A; Su, Yanjing

2017-11-14

Hydrostatic pressure effects on pitting initiation and propagation in X70 steel are investigated by evaluating metastable pitting probability using electrochemical methods and immersion corrosion tests in containing chlorine ion solution. Potentiodynamic tests indicated that hydrostatic pressure can decrease the breakdown potential and lead to a reduced transpassivity region. Metastable test results revealed that hydrostatic pressure can increase metastable pitting formation frequency and promote stabilization of metastable pitting growth. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results indicate that Hydrostatic pressure decreases the charge transfer resistance and increases the dissolution rate within the cavities. Corrosion test results also indicated that pitting initiation and propagation are accelerated by hydrostatic pressure. Result validity was verified by evaluating metastable pitting to predict pitting corrosion resistance.

The Role of Hydrogen-Enhanced Strain-Induced Lattice Defects on Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of X80 Pipeline Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hattori, M.; Suzuki, H.; Seko, Y.; Takai, K.

2017-08-01

Studies to date have not completely determined the factors influencing hydrogen embrittlement of ferrite/bainite X80 pipeline steel. Hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility was evaluated based on fracture strain in tensile testing. We conducted a thermal desorption analysis to measure the amount of tracer hydrogen corresponding to that of lattice defects. Hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility and the amount of tracer hydrogen significantly increased with decreasing crosshead speed. Additionally, a significant increase in the formation of hydrogen-enhanced strain-induced lattice defects was observed immediately before the final fracture. In contrast to hydrogen-free specimens, the fracture surface of the hydrogen-charged specimens exhibited shallower dimples without nuclei, such as secondary phase particles. These findings indicate that the presence of hydrogen enhanced the formation of lattice defects, particularly just prior to the occurrence of final fracture. This in turn enhanced the formation of shallower dimples, thereby potentially causing premature fracture of X80 pipeline steel at lower crosshead speeds.

A Statistical Study on the Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on Metastable Pitting Corrosion of X70 Pipeline Steel

PubMed Central

Yang, Zixuan; Kan, Bo; Li, Jinxu; Su, Yanjing; Qiao, Lijie; Volinsky, Alex A.

2017-01-01

Hydrostatic pressure effects on pitting initiation and propagation in X70 steel are investigated by evaluating metastable pitting probability using electrochemical methods and immersion corrosion tests in containing chlorine ion solution. Potentiodynamic tests indicated that hydrostatic pressure can decrease the breakdown potential and lead to a reduced transpassivity region. Metastable test results revealed that hydrostatic pressure can increase metastable pitting formation frequency and promote stabilization of metastable pitting growth. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results indicate that Hydrostatic pressure decreases the charge transfer resistance and increases the dissolution rate within the cavities. Corrosion test results also indicated that pitting initiation and propagation are accelerated by hydrostatic pressure. Result validity was verified by evaluating metastable pitting to predict pitting corrosion resistance. PMID:29135912

Latest Development and Application of Nb-Bearing High Strength Pipeline Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yongqing; Shang, Chengjia; Guo, Aimin; Zheng, Lei; Niu, Tao; Han, Xiulin

In order to solve the pollution problem emerging in China recently, China's central government is making great efforts to raise the percentage of natural gas consumption in the China's primary energy mix, which needs to construct big pipelines to transport natural gas from the nation's resource-rich western regions to the energy-starved east, as well as import from the Central Asia and Russia. With this mainstream trend, high strength, high toughness, heavy gauge, and large diameter pipeline steels are needed to improve the transportation efficiency. This paper describes the latest progresses in Nb-bearing high strength pipeline steels with regard to metallurgical design, development and application, including X80 coil with a thickness up to 22.0mm, X80 plate with a diameter as much as 1422mm, X80 plate with low-temperature requirements and low-Mn sour service X65 for harsh sour service environments. Moreover, based on widely accepted TMCP and HTP practices with low carbon and Nb micro-alloying design, this paper also investigated some new metallurgical phenomena based on powerful rolling mills and heavy ACC equipment.

Effects of microstructure banding on hydrogen assisted fatigue crack growth in X65 pipeline steels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ronevich, Joseph A.; Somerday, Brian P.; San Marchi, Chris W.

Banded ferrite-pearlite X65 pipeline steel was tested in high pressure hydrogen gas to evaluate the effects of oriented pearlite on hydrogen assisted fatigue crack growth. Test specimens were oriented in the steel pipe such that cracks propagated either parallel or perpendicular to the banded pearlite. The ferrite-pearlite microstructure exhibited orientation dependent behavior in which fatigue crack growth rates were significantly lower for cracks oriented perpendicular to the banded pearlite compared to cracks oriented parallel to the bands. Thus the reduction of hydrogen assisted fatigue crack growth across the banded pearlite is attributed to a combination of crack-tip branching and impededmore » hydrogen diffusion across the banded pearlite.« less

Effects of microstructure banding on hydrogen assisted fatigue crack growth in X65 pipeline steels

DOE PAGES

Ronevich, Joseph A.; Somerday, Brian P.; San Marchi, Chris W.

2015-09-10

Banded ferrite-pearlite X65 pipeline steel was tested in high pressure hydrogen gas to evaluate the effects of oriented pearlite on hydrogen assisted fatigue crack growth. Test specimens were oriented in the steel pipe such that cracks propagated either parallel or perpendicular to the banded pearlite. The ferrite-pearlite microstructure exhibited orientation dependent behavior in which fatigue crack growth rates were significantly lower for cracks oriented perpendicular to the banded pearlite compared to cracks oriented parallel to the bands. Thus the reduction of hydrogen assisted fatigue crack growth across the banded pearlite is attributed to a combination of crack-tip branching and impededmore » hydrogen diffusion across the banded pearlite.« less

Characterization of X80 and X100 Microalloyed Pipeline Steel Using Quantitative X-ray Diffraction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wiskel, J. B.; Li, X.; Ivey, D. G.; Henein, H.

2018-06-01

Quantitative X-ray diffraction characterization of four (4) X80 and three (3) X100 microalloyed steels was undertaken. The effect of through-thickness position, processing parameters, and composition on the measured crystallite size, microstrain, and J index (relative magnitude of crystallographic texture) was determined. Microstructure analysis using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electron-backscattered diffraction was also undertaken. The measured value of microstrain increased with increasing alloy content and decreasing cooling interrupt temperature. Microstructural features corresponding to crystallite size in the X80 steels were both above and below the detection limit for quantitative X-ray diffraction. The X100 steels consistently exhibited microstructure features below the crystallite size detection limit. The yield stress of each steel increased with increasing microstrain. The increase in microstrain from X80 to X100 is also associated with a change in microstructure from predominantly polygonal ferrite to bainitic ferrite.

Performance evaluation of pectin as ecofriendly corrosion inhibitor for X60 pipeline steel in acid medium: experimental and theoretical approaches.

PubMed

Umoren, Saviour A; Obot, Ime B; Madhankumar, A; Gasem, Zuhair M

2015-06-25

The corrosion inhibition effect of pectin (a biopolymer) for X60 pipeline steel in HCl medium was investigated using weight loss, electrochemical, water contact angle measurements, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The results obtained show that pectin acts as a good corrosion inhibitor for X60 steel. Inhibition efficiency increased with increase in pectin concentration and temperature. Potentiodynamic polarization results reveal that pectin could be classified as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor with predominant control of the cathodic reaction. The effective corrosion inhibition potential of pectin could be related to the adsorption of pectin molecules at the metal/solution interface which is found to accord with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and a protective film formation. Quantum chemical calculations provided insights into the active sites and reactivity parameters governing pectin activity as a good corrosion inhibitor for X60 steel. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

49 CFR 192.620 - Alternative maximum allowable operating pressure for certain steel pipelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... for certain steel pipelines. 192.620 Section 192.620 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to... STANDARDS Operations § 192.620 Alternative maximum allowable operating pressure for certain steel pipelines..., 2, or 3 location; (2) The pipeline segment is constructed of steel pipe meeting the additional...

Effect of Temperature on the Corrosion Behavior of API X120 Pipeline Steel in H2S Environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Okonkwo, Paul C.; Sliem, Mostafa H.; Shakoor, R. A.; Mohamed, A. M. A.; Abdullah, Aboubakr M.

2017-08-01

The corrosion behavior of newly developed API X120 C-steel that is commenced to be used for oil pipelines was studied in a H2S saturated 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution between 20 and 60 °C using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. The corrosion products formed on the surface of the alloy were characterized using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. It has been noticed that the formation of corrosion product layer takes place at both lower and higher temperatures which is mainly comprised of iron oxides and sulfides. The electrochemical results confirmed that the corrosion rate decreases with increasing temperature up to 60 °C. This decrease in corrosion rate with increasing temperature can be attributed to the formation of a protective layer of mackinawite layer. However, cracking in the formed mackinawite layer may not be responsible for the increase in the corrosion rate. More specifically, developed pourbaix diagrams at different temperatures showed that the formed protective layer belongs to mackinawite (FeS), a group of classified polymorphous iron sulfide, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. It is also noticed that the thickness of corrosion products layer increases significantly with decrease in the corrosion rate of API X120 steel exposed to H2S environment. These findings indicate that API X120 C-steel is susceptible to sour corrosion under the above stated experimental conditions.

49 CFR 192.619 - Maximum allowable operating pressure: Steel or plastic pipelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... plastic pipelines. 192.619 Section 192.619 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation... Operations § 192.619 Maximum allowable operating pressure: Steel or plastic pipelines. (a) No person may operate a segment of steel or plastic pipeline at a pressure that exceeds a maximum allowable operating...

Study of Near-Threshold Fatigue Crack Propagation in Pipeline Steels in High Pressure Environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mitchell, M.

1981-01-01

Near threshold fatigue crack propagation in pipeline steels in high pressure environments was studied. The objective was to determine the level of threshold stress intensity for fatigue crack growth rate behavior in a high strength low alloy X60 pipeline-type steel. Complete results have been generated for gaseous hydrogen at ambient pressure, laboratory air at ambient pressure and approximately 60% relative humidity as well as vacuum of 0.000067 Pa ( 0.0000005 torr) at R-ratios = K(min)/K(max) of 0.1, 0.5, and 0.8. Fatigue crack growth rate behavior in gaseous hydrogen, methane, and methane plus 10 percent hydrogen at 6.89 MPa (100 psi) was determined.

49 CFR 192.619 - Maximum allowable operating pressure: Steel or plastic pipelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Maximum allowable operating pressure: Steel or... Operations § 192.619 Maximum allowable operating pressure: Steel or plastic pipelines. (a) No person may operate a segment of steel or plastic pipeline at a pressure that exceeds a maximum allowable operating...

49 CFR 192.619 - Maximum allowable operating pressure: Steel or plastic pipelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Maximum allowable operating pressure: Steel or... Operations § 192.619 Maximum allowable operating pressure: Steel or plastic pipelines. (a) No person may operate a segment of steel or plastic pipeline at a pressure that exceeds a maximum allowable operating...

49 CFR 192.619 - Maximum allowable operating pressure: Steel or plastic pipelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Maximum allowable operating pressure: Steel or... Operations § 192.619 Maximum allowable operating pressure: Steel or plastic pipelines. (a) No person may operate a segment of steel or plastic pipeline at a pressure that exceeds a maximum allowable operating...

49 CFR 192.619 - Maximum allowable operating pressure: Steel or plastic pipelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Maximum allowable operating pressure: Steel or... Operations § 192.619 Maximum allowable operating pressure: Steel or plastic pipelines. (a) No person may operate a segment of steel or plastic pipeline at a pressure that exceeds a maximum allowable operating...

Research on Submarine Pipeline Steel with High Performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ren, Yi; Liu, Wenyue; Zhang, Shuai; Wang, Shuang; Gao, Hong

Submarine pipeline steel has largely uniform elongation, low yield ratio and good balance between high strength and high plasticity because of the microstructure with dual phase. In this work, the microstructure and properties of the submarine pipeline steel are studied. The results show that the matrix structure is consisted of ferrite, bainite and martensite -austenite islands. The structure has a tight relationship with the thermal-mechanical controlled process. Fine dual phase shows good plasticity and low yield ratio, which can support the good balance between high strength and high plasticity.

Comparison of carbon footprints of steel versus concrete pipelines for water transmission.

PubMed

Chilana, Lalit; Bhatt, Arpita H; Najafi, Mohammad; Sattler, Melanie

2016-05-01

The global demand for water transmission and service pipelines is expected to more than double between 2012 and 2022. This study compared the carbon footprint of the two most common materials used for large-diameter water transmission pipelines, steel pipe (SP) and prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP). A planned water transmission pipeline in Texas was used as a case study. Four life-cycle phases for each material were considered: material production and pipeline fabrication, pipe transportation to the job site, pipe installation in the trench, and operation of the pipeline. In each phase, the energy consumed and the CO2-equivalent emissions were quantified. It was found that pipe manufacturing consumed a large amount of energy, and thus contributed more than 90% of life cycle carbon emissions for both kinds of pipe. Steel pipe had 64% larger CO2-eq emissions from manufacturing compared to PCCP. For the transportation phase, PCCP consumed more fuel due to its heavy weight, and therefore had larger CO2-eq emissions. Fuel consumption by construction equipment for installation of pipe was found to be similar for steel pipe and PCCP. Overall, steel had a 32% larger footprint due to greater energy used during manufacturing. This study compared the carbon footprint of two large-diameter water transmission pipeline materials, steel and prestressed concrete cylinder, considering four life-cycle phases for each. The study provides information that project managers can incorporate into their decision-making process concerning pipeline materials. It also provides information concerning the most important phases of the pipeline life cycle to target for emission reductions.

The X-shooter pipeline

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goldoni, P.

2011-03-01

The X-shooter data reduction pipeline is an integral part of the X-shooter project, it allows the production of reduced data in physical quantities from the raw data produced by the instrument. The pipeline is based on the data reduction library developed by the X-shooter consortium with contributions from France, The Netherlands and ESO and it uses the Common Pipeline Library (CPL) developed at ESO. The pipeline has been developed for two main functions. The first function is to monitor the operation of the instrument through the reduction of the acquired data, both at Paranal, for a quick-look control, and in Garching, for a more thorough evaluation. The second function is to allow an optimized data reduction for a scientific user. In the following I will first outline the main steps of data reduction with the pipeline then I will briefly show two examples of optimization of the results for science reduction.

Effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens on Buried Steel Pipeline Corrosion.

PubMed

Spark, Amy J; Law, David W; Ward, Liam P; Cole, Ivan S; Best, Adam S

2017-08-01

Buried steel infrastructure can be a source of iron ions for bacterial species, leading to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). Localized corrosion of pipelines due to MIC is one of the key failure mechanisms of buried steel pipelines. In order to better understand the mechanisms of localized corrosion in soil, semisolid agar has been developed as an analogue for soil. Here, Pseudomonas fluorescens has been introduced to the system to understand how bacteria interact with steel. Through electrochemical testing including open circuit potentials, potentiodynamic scans, anodic potential holds, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy it has been shown that P. fluorescens increases the rate of corrosion. Time for oxide and biofilms to develop was shown to not impact on the rate of corrosion but did alter the consistency of biofilm present and the viability of P. fluorescens following electrochemical testing. The proposed mechanism for increased corrosion rates of carbon steel involves the interactions of pyoverdine with the steel, preventing the formation of a cohesive passive layer, after initial cell attachment, followed by the formation of a metal concentration gradient on the steel surface.

Effect of Cooling Mode on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Pipeline Steel for Strain Based Design and Research on its Deformation Mechanism

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hesong, Zhang; Yonglin, Kang

With the rapid development of oil and gas industry long distance pipelines inevitably pass through regions with complex geological activities. In order to avoid large deformation the pipelines must be designed based on strain criteria. In this paper the alloy system of X80 high deformability pipeline steel was designed which was 0.25%Mo-0.05%C-1.75%Mn. The effect of controlled cooling process on microstructure and mechanical properties of X80 high deformability pipeline steel were systematically investigated. Through the two-stage controlled cooling process the microstructure of the X80 high deformability pipeline steel were ferrite, bainite and M/A island. There were two kinds of ferrite which were polygonal ferrite (PF) and quasi-polygonal ferrite (QF). The bainite was granular bainite ferrite (GF). Along with the decrease of the start cooling temperature, the volume fraction of ferrite and M/A both increased, the yield ratio (Y/T) decreased, the uniform elongation (uEl) increased firstly with the content of ferrite increased but then decreased with the content and size of M/A increased. When the finish cooling temperature decreasing, the size of M/A became finer. As the start cooling temperature was 690 °C and the finish cooling temperature was 450 °C the volume fraction of ferrite was 23%, the size of ferrite grain was 5μm, the size of M/A island was below 1μm and the structure uniformity was the best. The deformation mechanism of X80 high deformability pipeline steel was analyzed. The best way to improve the work hardening rate was reducing the size of M/A islands on the premise of a certain volume fraction. The decreasing path of instantaneous strain hardening index (n*-value) showed three stages in the deformation process. The n*-value kept stable in the second stage, the reason was that the retained austenite transformed into martensite and the phase transition improved the strain hardening ability of the microstructure. This phenomenon was called

Material property relationships for pipeline steels and the potential for application of NDE

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smart, Lucinda; Bond, Leonard J.

2016-02-01

The oil and gas industry in the USA has an extensive infrastructure of pipelines, 70% of which were installed prior to 1980, and almost half were installed during the 1950s and 1960s. Ideally the mechanical properties (i.e. yield strength, tensile strength, transition temperature, and fracture toughness) of a steel pipe must be known in order to respond to detected defects in an appropriate manner. Neither current in-ditch methods nor the ILI inspection data have yet determined and map the desired mechanical properties with adequate confidence. In the quest to obtain the mechanical properties of a steel pipe using a nondestructive method, it is important to understand that there are many inter-related variables. This paper reports a literature review and an analysis of a sample set of data. There is promise for correlating the results of NDE measurement modalities to the information required to develop relationships between those measurements and the mechanical measurements desired for pipelines to ensure proper response to defects which are of significant threat.

Effects of Microstructure on Tensile, Charpy Impact, and Crack Tip Opening Displacement Properties of Two API X80 Pipeline Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shin, Sang Yong

2013-06-01

The effects of microstructure on tensile, Charpy impact, and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) properties of two API X80 pipeline steels were investigated in this study. Two API X80 pipeline steels consisting of acicular ferrite and granular bainite, and a small amount of hard phases such as martensite and secondary phases have elongated grains along the rolling direction, so that they show different mechanical properties as the specimens' directions change. The 90 deg specimens have high tensile strength due to the low stress concentration on the fine hard phases and the high loads for the deformation of the elongated grains. In contrast, the 30 deg specimens have less elongated grains and larger hard phases such as martensite, with the size of about 3 μm, than the 90 deg specimens. Hence, the 30 deg specimens have low tensile strength because of the high stress concentration on the large hard phases and the low loads to deform grains. In the 90 deg specimen, brittle crack propagation surfaces are even since cracks propagate in a straight line along the elongated grain structure. In the 30 deg specimen, however, brittle crack propagation surfaces are uneven, and secondary cracks are observed, because of the zigzag brittle crack propagation path. In the CTOD properties, the 90 deg specimens have maximum forces of higher magnitude than the 30 deg specimens, because of the elongated grain structure. However, CTODs of the 90 deg specimens are lower than those of the 30 deg specimens because of the low plastic deformation areas by the elongated grains in the 90 deg specimens.

Electrochemical Investigation of the Corrosion of Different Microstructural Phases of X65 Pipeline Steel under Saturated Carbon Dioxide Conditions

PubMed Central

Yang, Yuanfeng; Joshi, Gaurav R.; Akid, Robert

2015-01-01

The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of metallurgy on the corrosion behaviour of separate weld zone (WZ) and parent plate (PP) regions of X65 pipeline steel in a solution of deionised water saturated with CO2, at two different temperatures (55 °C and 80 °C) and at initial pH~4.0. In addition, a non-electrochemical immersion experiment was also performed at 80 °C in CO2, on a sample portion of X65 pipeline containing part of a weld section, together with adjacent heat affected zones (HAZ) and parent material. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to evaluate the corrosion behaviour of the separate weld and parent plate samples. This study seeks to understand the significance of the different microstructures within the different zones of the welded X65 pipe in CO2 environments on corrosion performance; with particular attention given to the formation of surface scales; and their composition/significance. The results obtained from grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) measurements suggest that, post immersion, the parent plate substrate is scale free, with only features arising from ferrite (α-Fe) and cementite (Fe3C) apparent. In contrast, at 80 °C, GIXRD from the weld zone substrate, and weld zone/heat affected zone of the non-electrochemical sample indicates the presence of siderite (FeCO3) and chukanovite (Fe2CO3(OH)2) phases. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) on this surface confirmed the presence of characteristic discrete cube-shaped crystallites of siderite together with plate-like clusters of chukanovite.

Study on the Control of Cleanliness for X90 Pipeline in the Secondary Refining Process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chu, Ren Sheng; Liu, Jin Gang; Li, Zhan Jun

X90 pipeline steel requires ultra low for sulfur content and gas content in the smelting process. The secondary refining process is very important for X90 pipeline in smelting process and the control of cleanliness is the key for the secondary refining process in the steelmaking process for Pretreatment of hot metal → LD → LF refining → RH refining → Calcium treatment → CC. In the current paper, the cleanliness control method of secondary refining was analyzed for the evolution of non-metallic inclusions in the secondary refining prcess and related changes for composition in steel. The size, composition and the type of the non-metallic inclusions were analyzed by aspex explorer automated scanning electron microscope in X90 pipeline samples for 20mm * 25mm * 25mm by the line cutting. The results show that the number of non-metallic inclusions in steel decrease from the beginning of the LF refining to the RH refining. In the composition of the Non-metallic inclusions, the initial non-metallic inclusions of alumina is converted to two comple-type non-metallic inclusions. Most of them, the non-metallic inclusions were composed by the calcium aluminate and CaS. The others are that the spinel is the core, peripheral parcels calcium aluminate nonmetallic inclusions for complex-type non-metallic inclusions. For the size of the non-metallic inclusions, the non-metallic inclusions for size larger than 100µm is converted to 5 20µm based small size non-metallic inclusions. While the S content of the steel decreased from 0.012% to 0.0012% or less, Al content is kept at between 0.025% to 0.035% and the quality for the casting slab satisfies the requirement of the steel. The ratings for various types of the non-metallic inclusions are 1.5 or less. The control strategy for the inclusions in 90 pipeline is small size, diffuse distribution and little amount of the deformation after rolling. On the contrary, the specific chemical composition of the inclusions is not

Corrosion rate of API 5L Gr. X60 multipurpose steel pipeline under combined effect of water and crude oil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miao, Jian; Wang, Qiang

2016-09-01

Multipurpose pipeline is often seriously corroded during its service life, and the phenomenon is more prominent once the transportation medium is changed. Electrochemical polarization curves and impedance spectroscopy of the API 5L Gr. X60 steel pipeline's corrosion process in sedimentary water with different ion types and their concentrations have been studied in this work. The results showed that the corrosion rates were found to be 0.00418 and 0.00232 mm/a for pure water and crude oil, respectively. However, for the mixtures of water and crude oil (with water content increased from 0.2 vol% to 10 vol%), the corrosion rate increased consistently and reached a maximum value of 0.15557 mm/a for 10 vol% water in crude oil. The effect of the concentration of various ions, namely, chloride, bicarbonate and sulfate in (oil/water) mixtures on the corrosion rate was characterized by weight-loss method. The results showed that with increasing the ions' concentrations, the corresponding exchange current density increased significantly. The results were further supported by the observations of corrosion morphology using scanning electron microscopy and are helpful in devising guidelines which would help in reducing corrosion in multipurpose transport pipelines involving a change of transported medium during their service life.

Numerical Modeling of Mechanical Behavior for Buried Steel Pipelines Crossing Subsidence Strata

PubMed Central

Han, C. J.

2015-01-01

This paper addresses the mechanical behavior of buried steel pipeline crossing subsidence strata. The investigation is based on numerical simulation of the nonlinear response of the pipeline-soil system through finite element method, considering large strain and displacement, inelastic material behavior of buried pipeline and the surrounding soil, as well as contact and friction on the pipeline-soil interface. Effects of key parameters on the mechanical behavior of buried pipeline were investigated, such as strata subsidence, diameter-thickness ratio, buried depth, internal pressure, friction coefficient and soil properties. The results show that the maximum strain appears on the outer transition subsidence section of the pipeline, and its cross section is concave shaped. With the increasing of strata subsidence and diameter-thickness ratio, the out of roundness, longitudinal strain and equivalent plastic strain increase gradually. With the buried depth increasing, the deflection, out of roundness and strain of the pipeline decrease. Internal pressure and friction coefficient have little effect on the deflection of buried pipeline. Out of roundness is reduced and the strain is increased gradually with the increasing of internal pressure. The physical properties of soil have a great influence on the mechanical properties of buried pipeline. The results from the present study can be used for the development of optimization design and preventive maintenance for buried steel pipelines. PMID:26103460

Latest Development and Application of High Strength and Heavy Gauge Pipeline Steel in China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yongqing, Zhang; Aimin, Guo; Chengjia, Shang; Qingyou, Liu; Gray, J. Malcolm; Barbaro, Frank

Over the past twenty years, significant advances have been made in the field of microalloying and associated application, among which one of the most successful application cases is HTP practice for heavy gauge, high strength pipeline steels. Combined the strengthening effects of TMCP and retardation effects of austenite recrystallization with increasing Nb in austenite region, HTP conception with low carbon and high niobium alloy design has been successfully applied to develop X80 coil with a thickness of 18.4mm used for China's Second West-East pipeline. During this process, big efforts were made to further develop and enrich the application of microalloying technology, and at the same time the strengthening effects of Nb have been completely unfolded and fully utilized with improved metallurgical quality and quantitative analysis of microstructure. In this paper, the existing status and strengthening effect of Nb during reheating, rolling, cooling and welding have been analyzed and characterized based on mass production samples and laboratory analysis. As confirmed, grain refinement remains the most basic strengthening measure to reduce the microstructure gradient along the thickness, which in turn enlarges the processing window to improve upon low temperature toughness, and finally make it possible to develop heavy gauge, high strength pipeline steels with more challenging fracture toughness requirements.

Precipitation and Dislocation Strengthening Behaviour of Grade X80 Steel for Pipeline with Strain Based Design

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Weihua; Hu, Shu-e.; Li, Guobao; Yu, Hao

This paper analyzes precipitation and dislocation strengthening behaviors of a 27mm thick Niobium-bearing Grade X80 steel plate for strain based design line pipe manufacture. The steel is produced by thermal-mechanical processing (TMCP) and is characterized with granular bainite and polygonal ferrite microstructure. Mechanical properties of both the steel and the UOE pipe are briefly introduced. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to investigate the fine grain structure, distribution of the precipitates and dislocations in the steel. Precipitate morphologies, volume fractions of M(C,N), M3C, CaS, AlN and Cu are extensively studied respectively by Electrolytic Chemical Phase Analysis (ECPA) and X-ray Small Angle Diffraction (X-ray SAD). Dislocations in the steel are characterized with Positron Annihilation analysis. The results prove that precipitation hardening reveal a 58.1MPa strengthening contribution by the precipitates less than 20nm in size. Dislocation hardening is approximately 176MPa to the present studied steel and 198MPa to the pipe.

Effects of Mo, Cr, and V Additions on Tensile and Charpy Impact Properties of API X80 Pipeline Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Seung Youb; Shin, Sang Yong; Seo, Chang-Hyo; Lee, Hakcheol; Bae, Jin-Ho; Kim, Kisoo; Lee, Sunghak; Kim, Nack J.

2009-08-01

In this study, four API X80 pipeline steels were fabricated by varying Mo, Cr, and V additions, and their microstructures and crystallographic orientations were analyzed to investigate the effects of their alloying compositions on tensile properties and Charpy impact properties. Because additions of Mo and V promoted the formation of fine acicular ferrite (AF) and granular bainite (GB) while prohibiting the formation of coarse GB, they increased the strength and upper-shelf energy (USE) and decreased the energy transition temperature (ETT). The addition of Cr promoted the formation of coarse GB and hard secondary phases, thereby leading to an increased effective grain size, ETT, and strength, and a decreased USE. The addition of V resulted in a higher strength, a higher USE, a smaller effective grain size, and a lower ETT, because it promoted the formation of fine and homogeneous of AF and GB. The steel that contains 0.3 wt pct Mo and 0.06 wt pct V without Cr had the highest USE and the lowest ETT, because its microstructure was composed of fine AF and GB while its maintained excellent tensile properties.

A study of X100 pipeline steel passivation in mildly alkaline bicarbonate solutions using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under potentiodynamic conditions and Mott-Schottky

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gadala, Ibrahim M.; Alfantazi, Akram

2015-12-01

The key steps involved in X100 pipeline steel passivation in bicarbonate-based simulated soil solutions from the pre-passive to transpassive potential regions have been analyzed here using a step-wise anodizing-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) routine. Pre-passive steps involve parallel dissolution-adsorption in early stages followed by clear diffusion-adsorption control shortly before iron hydroxide formation. Aggressive NS4 chlorides/sulfate promote steel dissolution whilst inhibiting diffusion in pre-passive steps. Diffusive and adsorptive effects remain during iron hydroxide formation, but withdraw shortly thereafter during its removal and the development of the stable iron carbonate passive layer. Passive layer protectiveness is evaluated using EIS fitting, current density analysis, and correlations with semiconductive parameters, consistently revealing improved robustness in colder, bicarbonate-rich, chloride/sulfate-free conditions. Ferrous oxide formation at higher potentials results in markedly lower impedances with disordered behavior, and the involvement of the iron(III) valence state is observed in Mott-Schottky tests exclusively for 75 °C conditions.

A Review of Fatigue Crack Growth for Pipeline Steels Exposed to Hydrogen

PubMed Central

Nanninga, N.; Slifka, A.; Levy, Y.; White, C.

2010-01-01

Hydrogen pipeline systems offer an economical means of storing and transporting energy in the form of hydrogen gas. Pipelines can be used to transport hydrogen that has been generated at solar and wind farms to and from salt cavern storage locations. In addition, pipeline transportation systems will be essential before widespread hydrogen fuel cell vehicle technology becomes a reality. Since hydrogen pipeline use is expected to grow, the mechanical integrity of these pipelines will need to be validated under the presence of pressurized hydrogen. This paper focuses on a review of the fatigue crack growth response of pipeline steels when exposed to gaseous hydrogen environments. Because of defect-tolerant design principles in pipeline structures, it is essential that designers consider hydrogen-assisted fatigue crack growth behavior in these applications. PMID:27134796

Evaluation of Delamination of X80 Pipeline Steel Coating Under Alternating Stray Current Via Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Xinhua; Liu, Qiang; Chun, Yingchun; Li, Yingchao; Wang, Zuquan

2018-04-01

The delamination of epoxy coating on X80 pipeline steel was evaluated under various stray alternating current (AC) interferences (0-300 A/m2). Qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and three-dimensional digital microscopy. The results show that the SECM current is directly proportional to the soaking time and applied current density. The variation in SECM current curve shape indicates the delamination distance of epoxy coatings at the defect area. The depths of corrosion pits at 50, 100, and 300 A/m2 stray currents were 140, 160, and 240 μm, respectively. The corrosion pits also became wider with increasing current densities. With increasing stray AC densities, both the coating delamination and pit depth became more severe at the same soaking time. The EIS results show that the change in impedance was not significant without stray current, whereas the impedance first decreased and then increased when stray current was applied. These results are consistent with the SECM measurements.

Design of ultrasonic attenuation sensor with focused transmitter for density measurements of a slurry in a large steel pipeline

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Greenwood, Margaret Stautberg

2015-12-01

To design an ultrasonic sensor to measure the attenuation and density of a slurry carried by a large steel pipeline (diameter up to 70 cm) is the goal of this research. The pitch-catch attenuation sensor, placed in a small section of the pipeline, contains a send unit with a focused transducer that focuses the ultrasound to a small region of the receive unit on the opposite wall. The focused transducer consists of a section of a sphere (base ~12 cm) on the outer side of the send unit and a 500 kHz piezoelectric shell of PZT5A epoxied to it. Themore » Rayleigh surface integral is used to calculate the pressure in steel and in water (slurry). An incremental method to plot the paths of ultrasonic rays shows that the rays focus where expected. Further, there is a region where the parallel rays are perpendicular to the wall of the receive unit. Designs for pipeline diameters of 25 cm and 71 cm show that the pressure in water at the receive transducer is about 17 times that for a pitch-catch system using 5 cm diameter disk transducers. The enhanced signal increases the sensitivity of the measurements and improves the signal-to-noise ratio.« less

Design of ultrasonic attenuation sensor with focused transmitter for density measurements of a slurry in a large steel pipeline.

PubMed

Greenwood, Margaret Stautberg

2015-12-01

To design an ultrasonic sensor to measure the attenuation and density of slurry carried by a large steel pipeline (diameter up to 70 cm) is the goal of this research. The pitch-catch attenuation sensor, placed in a small section of the pipeline, contains a send unit with a focused transducer that focuses the ultrasound to a small region of the receive unit on the opposite wall. The focused transducer consists of a section of a sphere (base ∼12 cm) on the outer side of the send unit and a 500 kHz piezoelectric shell of lead zirconate titanate epoxied to it. The Rayleigh surface integral is used to calculate the pressure in steel and in water (slurry). An incremental method to plot the paths of ultrasonic rays shows that the rays focus where expected. Further, there is a region where the parallel rays are perpendicular to the wall of the receive unit. Designs for pipeline diameters of 25 and 71 cm show that the pressure in water at the receive transducer is about 17 times that for a pitch-catch system using 5 cm diameter disk transducers. The enhanced signal increases the sensitivity of the measurements and improves the signal-to-noise ratio.

Pipeline welding goes mechanized

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Beeson, R.

1999-11-01

Spread four has bugs in the cornfield--but not to worry. The bug referred to here is a mechanized welding bug, specifically a single welding head, computer-aided gas metal arc (GMAW) system from CRC-Evans Automatic Welding powered by a Miller Electric XMT{reg{underscore}sign} 304 inverter-based welding machine. The bug operator and owner of 32 inverters is Welded Construction, L.P., of Perrysburgh, Ohio. Spread four is a 147-mile stretch of the Alliance Pipeline system (Alliance) cutting through the cornfields of northeast Iowa. While used successfully in Canada and Europe for onshore and offshore pipeline construction for 30 years, this is the first large-scalemore » use of mechanized welding in the US on a cross-country pipeline. On longer, larger-diameter and thicker-wall pipe projects--the Alliance mainline has 1,844 miles of pipe, most of it 36-in. diameter with a 0.622-in. wall thickness--mechanized GMAW offers better productivity than manual shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). In addition, high-strength steels, such as the API 5L Grade X70 pipe used on the Alliance, benefit from the low-hydrogen content of certain solid and tubular wire electrodes.« less

Steel tanks T5 and T4 with overhead pipeline between. Redwood ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Steel tanks T5 and T4 with overhead pipeline between. Redwood tanks seen in background - Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Water Collection System, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Volcano, Hawaii County, HI

Relation between hardness and ultrasonic velocity on pipeline steel welded joints

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carreón, H.; Barrera, G.; Natividad, C.; Salazar, M.; Contreras, A.

2016-04-01

In general, the ultrasonic techniques have been used to determine the mechanical properties of materials based on their relationship with metallurgical characteristics. In this research work, the relationship between ultrasonic wave velocity, hardness and the microstructure of steel pipeline welded joints is investigated. Measurements of ultrasonic wave velocity were made as a function of the location across the weld. Hardness measurements were performed in an attempt to correlate with ultrasonic response. In addition, the coarse and dendritic grain structure of the weld material is extreme and unpredictably anisotropic. Thus, due to the acoustic anisotropy of the crystal, weld material of studied joints is anisotropic too. Such structure is no longer direction-independent to the ultrasonic wave propagation; therefore, the ultrasonic beam deflects and redirects and the wave front becomes distorted. Thus, the use of conventional ultrasonic testing techniques using fixed beam angles is very limited and the application of conventional ultrasonic phased array techniques becomes desirable. This technique is proposed to assist pipeline operators in estimating the hardness through ultrasonic measures to evaluate the susceptibility to stress sulphide cracking and hydrogen-induced cracking due to hard spots in steel pipeline welded joints in service. Sound wave velocity and hardness measurements have been carried out on a steel welded joint. For each section of the welding, weld bead, fusion zone, heat affected zone and base metal were found to correspond particular values of the ultrasound velocity. These results were correlated with electron microscopy observations of the microstructure and sectorial scan view of welded joints by ultrasonic phased array.

Effect of Different Thermomechanical Processes on the Microstructure, Texture, and Mechanical Properties of API 5L X70 Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Masoumi, Mohammad; Echeverri, Edwan Anderson Ariza; Silva, Cleiton Carvalho; Béreš, Miloslav; de Abreu, Hamilton Ferreira Gomes

2018-03-01

A commercial API 5L X70 steel plate was subjected to different thermomechanical processes to propose a novel thermomechanical rolling path to achieve improved mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and x-ray texture analysis were employed for microstructural characterization. The results showed that strain-free recrystallized {001} ferrite grains that developed at higher rolling temperature could not meet the American Petroleum Institute (API) requirements. Also, refined and work-hardened grains that have formed in the intercritical region with high stored energy do not provide suitable tensile properties. However, fine martensite-austenite constituents dispersed in ferrite matrix with grains having predominantly {111} and {110} orientations parallel to the normal direction that developed under isothermal rolling at 850 °C provided an outstanding combination of tensile strength and ductility.

Assessment of Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Behavior of Localized Microstructural Regions in a Friction-Stir Welded X80 Pipeline Steel with Miniaturized Charpy V-Notch Testing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Avila, Julian A.; Lucon, Enrico; Sowards, Jeffrey; Mei, Paulo Roberto; Ramirez, Antonio J.

2016-06-01

Friction-stir welding (FSW) is an alternative welding process for pipelines. This technology offers sound welds, good repeatability, and excellent mechanical properties. However, it is of paramount importance to determine the toughness of the welds at low temperatures in order to establish the limits of this technology. Ductile-to-brittle transition curves were generated in the present study by using a small-scale instrumented Charpy machine and miniaturized V-notch specimens (Kleinstprobe, KLST); notches were located in base metal, heat-affected, stirred, and hard zones within a FSW joint of API-5L X80 Pipeline Steel. Specimens were tested at temperatures between 77 K (-196 °C) and 298 K (25 °C). Based on the results obtained, the transition temperatures for the base material and heat-affected zone were below 173 K (-100 °C); conversely, for the stirred and hard zones, it was located around 213 K (-60 °C). Fracture surfaces were characterized and showed a ductile fracture mechanism at high impact energies and a mixture of ductile and brittle mechanisms at low impact energies.

Performance evaluation of high-strength steel pipelines for high-pressure gaseous hydrogen transportation.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-01-01

Pipeline steels suffer significant degradation of their mechanical properties in high-pressure : gaseous hydrogen, including their fatigue cracking resistances to cyclic loading. The current : project work was conducted to produce fatigue crack growt...

The X-shooter pipeline

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Modigliani, Andrea; Goldoni, Paolo; Royer, Frédéric; Haigron, Regis; Guglielmi, Laurent; François, Patrick; Horrobin, Matthew; Bristow, Paul; Vernet, Joel; Moehler, Sabine; Kerber, Florian; Ballester, Pascal; Mason, Elena; Christensen, Lise

2010-07-01

The X-shooter data reduction pipeline, as part of the ESO-VLT Data Flow System, provides recipes for Paranal Science Operations, and for Data Product and Quality Control Operations at Garching headquarters. At Paranal, it is used for the quick-look data evaluation. The pipeline recipes can be executed either with EsoRex at the command line level or through the Gasgano graphical user interface. The recipes are implemented with the ESO Common Pipeline Library (CPL). X-shooter is the first of the second generation of VLT instruments. It makes possible to collect in one shot the full spectrum of the target from 300 to 2500 nm, subdivided in three arms optimised for UVB, VIS and NIR ranges, with an efficiency between 15% and 35% including the telescope and the atmosphere, and a spectral resolution varying between 3000 and 17,000. It allows observations in stare, offset modes, using the slit or an IFU, and observing sequences nodding the target along the slit. Data reduction can be performed either with a classical approach, by determining the spectral format via 2D-polynomial transformations, or with the help of a dedicated instrument physical model to gain insight on the instrument and allowing a constrained solution that depends on a few parameters with a physical meaning. In the present paper we describe the steps of data reduction necessary to fully reduce science observations in the different modes with examples on typical data calibrations and observations sequences.

Fatigue-Crack-Growth Behavior of Two Pipeline Steels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, Bilin; Wang, Gongyao; Chen, Shuying

This paper focuses on studying the fatigue-crack-growth behavior of two types of pipeline steels, and investigating their microstructural differences, which could influence the fatigue behavior. For fatigue experiments, compact-tension (CT) specimens are employed. These two kinds of base pipeline steels are Alloy B [Fe-0.05C-1.52Mn-0.12Si-0.092Nb, weight percent (wt.%)] and Alloy C [(Fe- 0.04C-1.61Mn-0.14Si-0.096Nb, wt.%)]. They have been tested at various frequencies (10 Hz, 1 Hz, and 0.1 Hz) and different R ratios (0.1 and 0.5, R = P min./P max. where P min. is the minimum applied load, and P max. is the maximum applied load) in air. The effects ofmore » frequencies and R ratios on crackpropagation behavior are compared. The microstructures of fracture surfaces are investigated, using both scanning-electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission-electron microscopy (TEM). It is concluded that higher R ratios lead to faster crack-growth rates, while frequency does not have much influence on the fatigue-crack-growth rates. Moreover, Alloy B (Fe-0.05C-1.52Mn-0.12Si-0.092Nb, wt.%) tends to have better fatigue resistance than Alloy C (Fe-0.04C-1.61Mn-0.14Si-0.096Nb, wt.%) under various test conditions in air.« less

Fatigue-Crack-Growth Behavior of Two Pipeline Steels

DOE PAGES

Chen, Bilin; Wang, Gongyao; Chen, Shuying; ...

2016-10-17

This paper focuses on studying the fatigue-crack-growth behavior of two types of pipeline steels, and investigating their microstructural differences, which could influence the fatigue behavior. For fatigue experiments, compact-tension (CT) specimens are employed. These two kinds of base pipeline steels are Alloy B [Fe-0.05C-1.52Mn-0.12Si-0.092Nb, weight percent (wt.%)] and Alloy C [(Fe- 0.04C-1.61Mn-0.14Si-0.096Nb, wt.%)]. They have been tested at various frequencies (10 Hz, 1 Hz, and 0.1 Hz) and different R ratios (0.1 and 0.5, R = P min./P max. where P min. is the minimum applied load, and P max. is the maximum applied load) in air. The effects ofmore » frequencies and R ratios on crackpropagation behavior are compared. The microstructures of fracture surfaces are investigated, using both scanning-electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission-electron microscopy (TEM). It is concluded that higher R ratios lead to faster crack-growth rates, while frequency does not have much influence on the fatigue-crack-growth rates. Moreover, Alloy B (Fe-0.05C-1.52Mn-0.12Si-0.092Nb, wt.%) tends to have better fatigue resistance than Alloy C (Fe-0.04C-1.61Mn-0.14Si-0.096Nb, wt.%) under various test conditions in air.« less

49 CFR 192.505 - Strength test requirements for steel pipeline to operate at a hoop stress of 30 percent or more...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... sections of pipe, for which a post installation test is impractical, a preinstallation strength test must... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Strength test requirements for steel pipeline to...: MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS Test Requirements § 192.505 Strength test requirements for steel pipeline...

Hydrogen accelerated fatigue crack growth of friction stir welded X52 steel pipe

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ronevich, Joseph Allen; Somerday, Brian P.; Feng, Zhili

Friction stir welded steel pipelines were tested in high pressure hydrogen gas to examine the effects of hydrogen accelerated fatigue crack growth. Fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) vs. stress-intensity factor range (ΔK) relationships were measured for an X52 friction stir welded pipe tested in 21 MPa hydrogen gas at a frequency of 1 Hz and R = 0.5. Tests were performed on three regions: base metal (BM), center of friction stir weld (FSW), and 15 mm off-center of the weld. For all three material regions, tests in hydrogen exhibited accelerated fatigue crack growth rates that exceeded an order of magnitudemore » compared to companion tests in air. Among tests in hydrogen, fatigue crack growth rates were modestly higher in the FSW than the BM and 15 mm off-center tests. Select regions of the fracture surfaces associated with specified ΔK levels were examined which revealed intergranular fracture in the BM and 15 mm off-center specimens but an absence of intergranular features in the FSW specimens. In conclusion, the X52 friction stir weld and base metal tested in hydrogen exhibited fatigue crack growth rate relationships that are comparable to those for conventional arc welded steel pipeline of similar strength found in the literature.« less

Hydrogen accelerated fatigue crack growth of friction stir welded X52 steel pipe

DOE PAGES

Ronevich, Joseph Allen; Somerday, Brian P.; Feng, Zhili

2016-11-17

Friction stir welded steel pipelines were tested in high pressure hydrogen gas to examine the effects of hydrogen accelerated fatigue crack growth. Fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) vs. stress-intensity factor range (ΔK) relationships were measured for an X52 friction stir welded pipe tested in 21 MPa hydrogen gas at a frequency of 1 Hz and R = 0.5. Tests were performed on three regions: base metal (BM), center of friction stir weld (FSW), and 15 mm off-center of the weld. For all three material regions, tests in hydrogen exhibited accelerated fatigue crack growth rates that exceeded an order of magnitudemore » compared to companion tests in air. Among tests in hydrogen, fatigue crack growth rates were modestly higher in the FSW than the BM and 15 mm off-center tests. Select regions of the fracture surfaces associated with specified ΔK levels were examined which revealed intergranular fracture in the BM and 15 mm off-center specimens but an absence of intergranular features in the FSW specimens. In conclusion, the X52 friction stir weld and base metal tested in hydrogen exhibited fatigue crack growth rate relationships that are comparable to those for conventional arc welded steel pipeline of similar strength found in the literature.« less

Effect of Alternating Current on the Cathodic Protection and Interface Structure of X80 Steel.

PubMed

Wang, Huiru; Du, Cuiwei; Liu, Zhiyong; Wang, Luntao; Ding, De

2017-07-25

This study employs potential-monitoring techniques, cyclic voltammetry tests, alternating current (AC) voltammetry methods, and surface characterization to investigate the AC corrosion of cathodically protected X80 pipeline steel. In a non-passive neutral solution at pH 7.2, a sufficiently negative potential completely protects steel at an AC current density of 100 A/m². In an alkaline solution at pH 9.6, more serious AC corrosion occurs at more negative cathodic protection (CP) potential, whereas without CP the steel suffers negligible corrosion. In addition, the interface capacitance increases with AC amplitude. Based on these results, the AC corrosion mechanisms that function under various conditions are analyzed and described.

Effect of Alternating Current on the Cathodic Protection and Interface Structure of X80 Steel

PubMed Central

Wang, Huiru; Du, Cuiwei; Liu, Zhiyong; Wang, Luntao; Ding, De

2017-01-01

This study employs potential-monitoring techniques, cyclic voltammetry tests, alternating current (AC) voltammetry methods, and surface characterization to investigate the AC corrosion of cathodically protected X80 pipeline steel. In a non-passive neutral solution at pH 7.2, a sufficiently negative potential completely protects steel at an AC current density of 100 A/m2. In an alkaline solution at pH 9.6, more serious AC corrosion occurs at more negative cathodic protection (CP) potential, whereas without CP the steel suffers negligible corrosion. In addition, the interface capacitance increases with AC amplitude. Based on these results, the AC corrosion mechanisms that function under various conditions are analyzed and described. PMID:28773211

Effect of Low-Temperature Environment on Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of X80 Pipeline Steel in Simulated Alkaline Soil Solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Fei; Wang, Dan; Wu, Ming; Yu, Chengxiang; Sun, Dongxu; Yang, Xu; Xu, Changhao

2018-04-01

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X80 pipeline steel in simulated alkaline soil solution under different temperatures was investigated by slow-strain-rate testing, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Results showed that the fracture was transgranular and brittle at 273 K to 278 K (0 °C to 5 °C), and the metal surface was dissolved by a large number of chloride ions. Furthermore, hydrogen embrittlement was caused by the hydrogen atom extended to the high-stress region. The fracture process was controlled by hydrogen-induced cracking, and SCC was highly sensitive at this stage. At 288 K to 298 K (15 °C to 25 °C), the fracture morphology was attributed to the mixed mode of ductile and brittle fractures, the fracture process was controlled by the mechanism of hydrogen-induced cracking and anodic dissolution, and the susceptibility to SCC decreased. When the temperature reached 308 K to 318 K (35 °C to 45 °C), the fracture was mainly intergranular and ductile, the fracture process was controlled by anodic dissolution, and SCC sensitivity was the smallest in this temperature range.

Neural-Fuzzy model Based Steel Pipeline Multiple Cracks Classification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elwalwal, Hatem Mostafa; Mahzan, Shahruddin Bin Hj.; Abdalla, Ahmed N.

2017-10-01

While pipes are cheaper than other means of transportation, this cost saving comes with a major price: pipes are subject to cracks, corrosion etc., which in turn can cause leakage and environmental damage. In this paper, Neural-Fuzzy model for multiple cracks classification based on Lamb Guide Wave. Simulation results for 42 sample were collected using ANSYS software. The current research object to carry on the numerical simulation and experimental study, aiming at finding an effective way to detection and the localization of cracks and holes defects in the main body of pipeline. Considering the damage form of multiple cracks and holes which may exist in pipeline, to determine the respective position in the steel pipe. In addition, the technique used in this research a guided lamb wave based structural health monitoring method whereas piezoelectric transducers will use as exciting and receiving sensors by Pitch-Catch method. Implementation of simple learning mechanism has been developed specially for the ANN for fuzzy the system represented.

Evolution of weld metal microstructure in shielded metal arc welding of X70 HSLA steel with cellulosic electrodes: A case study

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ghomashchi, Reza, E-mail: reza.ghomashchi@adelaide.edu.au; Costin, Walter; Kurji, Rahim

2015-09-15

The microstructure of weld joint in X70 line pipe steel resulted from shielded metal arc welding with E6010 cellulosic electrodes is characterized using optical and electron microscopy. A range of ferritic morphologies have been identified ranging from polygonal inter- and intra-prior austenite grains allotriomorphic, idiomorphic ferrites to Widmanstätten, acicular and bainitic ferrites. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) analysis using Image Quality (IQ) and Inverse Pole Figure (IPF) maps through superimposition of IQ and IPF maps and measurement of percentages of high and low angle grain boundaries was identified to assist in differentiation of acicular ferrite from Widmanstätten and bainitic ferrite morphologies.more » In addition two types of pearlitic structures were identified. There was no martensite detected in this weld structure. The morphology, size and chemistry of non-metallic inclusions are also discussed briefly. - Highlights: • Application of EBSD reveals orientation relationships in a range of phases for shielded metal arc welding of HSLA steel. • Nucleation sites of various ferrite morphologies identified • Formation of upper and lower bainite and their morphologies.« less

Optimum Design and Development of High Strength and Toughness Welding Wire for Pipeline Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Cuixin; Xue, Haitao; Yin, Fuxing; Peng, Huifen; Zhi, Lei; Wang, Sixu

Pipeline steel with higher strength(>800MPa) has been gradually used in recent years, so how to achieve good match of base metal and weld deposit is very important for its practical application. Based on the alloy system of 0.02-0.04%C, 2.0%Mn and 0.5%Si, four different kinds of welding wires were designed and produced. The effects of alloy elements on phase transformation and mechanical properties were analyzed. Experimental results show that the designed steels with the addition of 2-4% Ni+Cr+Mo and <0.2% Nb+V+Ti have high strength (>800MPa) and good elongation (>15%). The microstructure of deposits metal is mainly composed of granular bainite and M-A constituents with the mean size of 0.2-07μm are dispersed on ferritic matrix. The deposited metals have good match of strength (>800MPa) and impact toughness (>130J) which well meet the requirement of pipeline welding.

Relationship between Pipeline Wall Thickness (Gr. X60) and Water Depth towards Avoiding Failure during Installation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Razak, K. Abdul; Othman, M. I. H.; Mat Yusuf, S.; Fuad, M. F. I. Ahmad; yahaya, Effah

2018-05-01

Oil and gas today being developed at different water depth characterized as shallow, deep and ultra-deep waters. Among the major components involved during the offshore installation is pipelines. Pipelines are a transportation method of material through a pipe. In oil and gas industry, pipeline come from a bunch of line pipe that welded together to become a long pipeline and can be divided into two which is gas pipeline and oil pipeline. In order to perform pipeline installation, we need pipe laying barge or pipe laying vessel. However, pipe laying vessel can be divided into two types: S-lay vessel and J-lay vessel. The function of pipe lay vessel is not only to perform pipeline installation. It also performed installation of umbilical or electrical cables. In the simple words, pipe lay vessel is performing the installation of subsea in all the connecting infrastructures. Besides that, the installation processes of pipelines require special focus to make the installation succeed. For instance, the heavy pipelines may exceed the lay vessel’s tension capacities in certain kind of water depth. Pipeline have their own characteristic and we can group it or differentiate it by certain parameters such as grade of material, type of material, size of diameter, size of wall thickness and the strength. For instances, wall thickness parameter studies indicate that if use the higher steel grade of the pipelines will have a significant contribution in pipeline wall thickness reduction. When running the process of pipe lay, water depth is the most critical thing that we need to monitor and concern about because of course we cannot control the water depth but we can control the characteristic of the pipe like apply line pipe that have wall thickness suitable with current water depth in order to avoid failure during the installation. This research will analyse whether the pipeline parameter meet the requirements limit and minimum yield stress. It will overlook to simulate pipe

A comparative study on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of iron and X-65 steel in 4.0 wt % sodium chloride solution after different exposure intervals.

PubMed

Sherif, El-Sayed M

2014-07-09

In this work, the results obtained from studying the anodic dissolution of pure iron and API X-65 5L pipeline steel after 40 min and 12 h exposure period in 4.0 wt % NaCl solutions at room temperature were reported. Potential-time, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, and chronoamperometric current-time at constant potential techniques were employed. It has been found that the iron electrode corrodes in the chloride test solutions faster than the API X-65 5L steel does under the same conditions. Increasing the exposure period for the electrodes from 40 min to 12 h showed a significant reduction in the corrosion parameters for both iron and steel in the 4.0 wt % NaCl solution. Results together confirmed clearly that the X-65 steel is superior to iron against corrosion in sodium chloride solutions.

Corrosion of Pipeline and Wellbore Steel by Liquid CO2 Containing Trace Amounts of Water and SO2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McGrail, P.; Schaef, H. T.; Owen, A. T.

2009-12-01

Carbon dioxide capture and storage in deep saline formations is currently considered the most attractive option to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with continued use of fossil fuels for energy production. Transporting captured CO2 and injection into suitable formations for storage will necessarily involve pipeline systems and wellbores constructed of carbon steels. Industry standards currently require nearly complete dehydration of liquid CO2 to reduce corrosion in the pipeline transport system. However, it may be possible to establish a corrosion threshold based on H2O content in the CO2 that could allow for minor amounts of H2O to remain in the liquid CO2 and thereby eliminate a costly dehydration step. Similarly, trace amounts of sulfur and nitrogen compounds common in flue gas streams are currently removed through expensive desulfurization and catalytic reduction processes. Provided these contaminants could be safely and permanently transported and stored in the geologic reservoir, retrofits of existing fossil-fuel plants could address comprehensive emissions reductions, including CO2 at perhaps nearly the same capital and operating cost. Because CO2-SO2 mixtures have never been commercially transported or injected, both experimental and theoretical work is needed to understand corrosion mechanisms of various steels in these gas mixtures containing varying amounts of water. Experiments were conducted with common tool steel (AISI-01) and pipeline steel (X65) immersed in liquid CO2 at room temperature containing ~1% SO2 and varying amounts of H2O (0 to 2500 ppmw). A threshold concentration of H2O in the liquid CO2-SO2 mixture was established based on the absence of visible surface corrosion. For example, experiments exposing steel to liquid CO2-SO2 containing ~300 ppmw H2O showed a delay in onset of visible corrosion products and minimal surface corrosion was visible after five days of testing. However increasing the water content to 760 ppmw produced extensive

Elevated temperature mechanical properties of line pipe steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jacobs, Taylor Roth

The effects of test temperature on the tensile properties of four line pipe steels were evaluated. The four materials include a ferrite-pearlite line pipe steel with a yield strength specification of 359 MPa (52 ksi) and three 485 MPa (70 ksi) yield strength acicular ferrite line pipe steels. Deformation behavior, ductility, strength, strain hardening rate, strain rate sensitivity, and fracture behavior were characterized at room temperature and in the temperature range of 200--350 °C, the potential operating range for steels used in oil production by the steam assisted gravity drainage process. Elevated temperature tensile testing was conducted on commercially produced as-received plates at engineering strain rates of 1.67 x 10 -4, 8.33 x 10-4, and 1.67 x 10-3 s-1. The acicular ferrite (X70) line pipe steels were also tested at elevated temperatures after aging at 200, 275, and 350 °C for 100 h under a tensile load of 419 MPa. The presence of serrated yielding depended on temperature and strain rate, and the upper bound of the temperature range where serrated yielding was observed was independent of microstructure between the ferrite-pearlite (X52) steel and the X70 steels. Serrated yielding was observed at intermediate temperatures and continuous plastic deformation was observed at room temperature and high temperatures. All steels exhibited a minimum in ductility as a function of temperature at testing conditions where serrated yielding was observed. At the higher temperatures (>275 °C) the X52 steel exhibited an increase in ductility with an increase in temperature and the X70 steels exhibited a maximum in ductility as a function of temperature. All steels exhibited a maximum in flow strength and average strain hardening rate as a function of temperature. The X52 steel exhibited maxima in flow strength and average strain hardening rate at lower temperatures than observed for the X70 steels. For all steels, the temperature where the maximum in both flow

Low temperature impact toughness of the main gas pipeline steel after long-term degradation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maruschak, Pavlo O.; Danyliuk, Iryna M.; Bishchak, Roman T.; Vuherer, Tomaž

2014-12-01

The correlation of microstructure, temperature and Charpy V-notch impact properties of a steel 17G1S pipeline steel was investigated in this study. Within the concept of physical mesomechanics, the dynamic failure of specimens is represented as a successive process of the loss of shear stability, which takes place at different structural/scale levels of the material. Characteristic stages are analyzed for various modes of failure, moreover, typical levels of loading and oscillation periods, etc. are determined. Relations between low temperature derived through this test, microstructures and Charpy (V-notch) toughness test results are also discussed in this paper.

Nearshore Pipeline Installation Methods.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-08-01

inches b) Pipe, materials of construction: fully rigid, semi-rigid, flexible c) Pipeline length, maximum 2 miles d) Pipeline design life , minimum 15...common to their operations. Permanent facilities are specified in the Statement of Work. There- fore, a minimum design life of 15 years is chosen, which...makes the pipe leakproof and resists corrosion and abrasion. 5) Interlocked Z-shaped steel or stainless steel carcass - resists internal and external

Pitting Behavior of L415 Pipeline Steel in Simulated Leaching Liquid Environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wan, H. X.; Yang, X. J.; Liu, Z. Y.; Song, D. D.; Du, C. W.; Li, X. G.

2017-02-01

The corrosion behavior and laws of the west-east gas pressure pipeline of L415 steel were studied in simulated leaching liquid. The failure of the L415 steel during the pressure testing process was investigated using electrochemical polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and immersion test. The corrosion rate of the L415 steel increased with ion concentration in the leaching liquid. This rate reached about 0.8 mm a-1 and belonged to the severe corrosion grade. Pitting corrosion was observed in various simulated solutions with different aggressive species concentrations. The original ion concentration in the leaching liquid (1×) is the key factor influencing pitting initiation and development. Pitting showed easy nucleation, and its growth rate was relatively slow, in the basic simulating solution of the leach liquid (i.e., the ion content is compactable to the real condition in the rust on the inner steel pipe surface). Pitting was also highly sensitive and easily grew in the solution with doubled ion concentration in the basic simulating solution (2×). A uniform corrosion, instead of pitting, mainly occurred when the ion concentration was up to 10× of the basic solution.

49 CFR 192.557 - Uprating: Steel pipelines to a pressure that will produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent of SMYS: plastic, cast iron, and ductile iron pipelines. 192... § 192.557 Uprating: Steel pipelines to a pressure that will produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent... will produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent of SMYS and that is above the previously established...

49 CFR 192.557 - Uprating: Steel pipelines to a pressure that will produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent of SMYS: plastic, cast iron, and ductile iron pipelines. 192... § 192.557 Uprating: Steel pipelines to a pressure that will produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent... will produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent of SMYS and that is above the previously established...

49 CFR 192.557 - Uprating: Steel pipelines to a pressure that will produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent of SMYS: plastic, cast iron, and ductile iron pipelines. 192... § 192.557 Uprating: Steel pipelines to a pressure that will produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent... will produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent of SMYS and that is above the previously established...

49 CFR 192.557 - Uprating: Steel pipelines to a pressure that will produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent of SMYS: plastic, cast iron, and ductile iron pipelines. 192... § 192.557 Uprating: Steel pipelines to a pressure that will produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent... will produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent of SMYS and that is above the previously established...

49 CFR 192.557 - Uprating: Steel pipelines to a pressure that will produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent of SMYS: plastic, cast iron, and ductile iron pipelines. 192... § 192.557 Uprating: Steel pipelines to a pressure that will produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent... will produce a hoop stress less than 30 percent of SMYS and that is above the previously established...

X-15 and XB-70 parked on NASA ramp

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1967-01-01

The X-15A-2 with drop tanks and ablative coating is shown parked on the NASA ramp in front of the XB-70. These aircraft represent two different approaches to flight research. The X-15 was a research airplane in the purest sense, whereas the XB-70 was an experimental bomber intended for production but diverted to research when production was cancelled by changes in the Department of Defense's offensive doctrine. The X-15A-2 had been modified from its original configuration with a longer fuselage and drop tanks. To protect it against aerodynamic heating, researchers had coated it with an ablative coating covered by a layer of white paint. These changes allowed the X-15A-2 to reach a maximum speed of Mach 6.7, although it could be sustained for only a brief period. The XB-70, by contrast, was designed for prolonged high-altitude cruise flight at Mach 3. The aircraft's striking shape--with a long forward fuselage, canards, a large delta wing, twin fins, and a box-like engine bay--allowed it to ride its own Mach 3 shockwave, so to speak. A joint NASA-Air Force program used the aircraft to collect data in support of the U.S supersonic transport (SST) program, which never came to fruition because of environmental concerns. X-15: The X-15 was a rocket-powered aircraft. The original three aircraft were about 50 ft long with a wingspan of 22 ft. The modified #2 aircraft (X-15A-2 was longer.) They were a missile-shaped vehicles with unusual wedge-shaped vertical tails, thin stubby wings, and unique side fairings that extended along the side of the fuselage. The X-15 weighed about 14,000 lb empty and approximately 34,000 lb at launch. The XLR-99 rocket engine, manufactured by Thiokol Chemical Corp., was pilot controlled and was rated at 57,000 lb of thrust, although there are indications that it actually achieved up to 60,000 lb. North American Aviation built three X-15 aircraft for the program. The X-15 research aircraft was developed to provide in-flight information and data

X-ray attenuation properties of stainless steel (u)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Lily L; Berry, Phillip C

2009-01-01

Stainless steel vessels are used to enclose solid materials for studying x-ray radiolysis that involves gas release from the materials. Commercially available stainless steel components are easily adapted to form a static or a dynamic condition to monitor the gas evolved from the solid materials during and after the x-ray irradiation. Experimental data published on the x-ray attenuation properties of stainless steel, however, are very scarce, especially over a wide range of x-ray energies. The objective of this work was to obtain experimental data that will be used to determine how a poly-energetic x-ray beam is attenuated by the stainlessmore » steel container wall. The data will also be used in conjunction with MCNP (Monte Carlos Nuclear Particle) modeling to develop an accurate method for determining energy absorbed in known solid samples contained in stainless steel vessels. In this study, experiments to measure the attenuation properties of stainless steel were performed for a range of bremsstrahlung x-ray beams with a maximum energy ranging from 150 keV to 10 MeV. Bremsstrahlung x-ray beams of these energies are commonly used in radiography of engineering and weapon components. The weapon surveillance community has a great interest in understanding how the x-rays in radiography affect short-term and long-term properties of weapon materials.« less

Microstructural investigation of vintage pipeline steels highly susceptible to stress corrosion cracking

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Torres, Monica

The use of pipelines for the transmission of gas offers not only efficiency, but a number of economic advantages. Nevertheless, pipelines are subject to aggressive operating conditions and environments which can lead to in-service degradation [1] and thus to failures. These failures can have catastrophic consequences, such as environmental damage and loss of life [2]. One of the most dangerous threats to pipeline integrity is stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Despite the substantial progress that has been achieved in the field, due to the complex nature of this phenomenon there is still not a complete understanding of this form of external corrosion. This makes its detection and prevention a challenge and therefore a risk to pipeline integrity, and most importantly, to the safety of the population. SCC cracks are the result of the interaction between a corrosive environment, applied stresses, and a susceptible microstructure. To date, what defines a susceptible microstructure remains ambiguous, as SCC has been observed in a range of steel grades, microstructures, chemical composition, and grain sizes. Therefore, in order to be able to accurately predict and prevent this hazardous form of corrosion, it is imperative to advance our knowledge on the subject and gain a better understanding on the microstructural features of highly susceptible pipeline materials, especially in the subsurface zone where crack nucleation must take place. Therefore, a microstructural characterization of the region near the surface layer was carried-out utilizing TEM. TEM analysis revealed the dislocation character, ferrite morphology, and apparent carbide precipitation in some grain boundaries. Furthermore, light microscopy, SEM, and hardness testing were performed to expand our knowledge on the microscopical features of highly SCC susceptible service components. This investigation presents a new approach to SCC characterization, which exposed the sub-surface region microscopical

Sodium alginate: A promising biopolymer for corrosion protection of API X60 high strength carbon steel in saline medium.

PubMed

Obot, I B; Onyeachu, Ikenna B; Kumar, A Madhan

2017-12-15

Sodium alginate (SA), a polysaccharide biopolymer, has been studied as an effective inhibitor against the corrosion of API X60 steel in neutral 3.5% NaCl using gravimetric and electrochemical techniques (OCP, EIS and EFM). The inhibition efficiency of the SA increased with concentration but was lower at higher temperature (70°C). Electrochemical measurements showed that the SA shifted the steel corrosion potential to more positive value and reduced the kinetics of corrosion by forming an adsorbed layer which mitigated the steel surface wetting, based on contact angle measurement. SEM-EDAX was used to confirm the inhibition of SA on API X60 steel surfaces. The SA adsorbs on the steel surface through a physisorption mechanism using its carboxylate oxygen according to UV-vis and ATR-IR measurements, respectively. This phenomena result in decreased localized pitting corrosion of the API X60 steel in 3.5% NaCl solution. Theoretical results using quantum chemical calculations and Monte Carlo simulations provide further atomic level insights into the interaction of SA with steel surface. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ultrasonic velocity testing of steel pipeline welded joints

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carreón, Hector

2017-04-01

In general the ultrasonic techniques have been used to determine the mechanical properties of materials on based of their relationship with metallurgical characteristics. In this research work, the relationship between ultrasonic velocity and phased array and the microstructure of steel pipeline welded joints is investigated. Measurements of ultrasonic wave velocity were made as a function of the location across the weld. Hardness measurements were performated in an attempt to correlate with ultrasonic response. In addition, the coarse and dendritic grain structure of the weld material is extreme and unpredictably anisotropic. Thus, due to the acoustic anisotropy of the crystal itself weld material of studied joints is anisotropic, too. Such structure is no longer direction-independent to the ultrasonic wave propagation; therefore, the ultrasonic beam deflects and redirects and the wave front becomes distorted. Thus, the use of conventional ultrasonic testing techniques using fixed beam angles is very limited and the application of conventional ultrasonic phased array techniques becomes desirable.

Implementing an X-ray validation pipeline for the Protein Data Bank

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gore, Swanand; Velankar, Sameer; Kleywegt, Gerard J., E-mail: gerard@ebi.ac.uk

2012-04-01

The implementation of a validation pipeline, based on community recommendations, for future depositions of X-ray crystal structures in the Protein Data Bank is described. There is an increasing realisation that the quality of the biomacromolecular structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) archive needs to be assessed critically using established and powerful validation methods. The Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) organization has convened several Validation Task Forces (VTFs) to advise on the methods and standards that should be used to validate all of the entries already in the PDB as well as all structures that will be deposited inmore » the future. The recommendations of the X-ray VTF are currently being implemented in a software pipeline. Here, ongoing work on this pipeline is briefly described as well as ways in which validation-related information could be presented to users of structural data.« less

Improved coal-slurry pipeline

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dowler, W. L.

1979-01-01

High strength steel pipeline carries hot mixture of powdered coal and coal derived oil to electric-power-generating station. Slurry is processed along way to remove sulfur, ash, and nitrogen and to recycle part of oil. System eliminates hazards and limitations associated with anticipated coal/water-slurry pipelines.

49 CFR 192.55 - Steel pipe.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY TRANSPORTATION OF NATURAL AND OTHER GAS BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS Materials § 192.55 Steel pipe. (a) New steel pipe is...

Effects of Molybdenum and Vanadium Addition on Tensile and Charpy Impact Properties of API X70 Linepipe Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Young Min; Shin, Sang Yong; Lee, Hakcheol; Hwang, Byoungchul; Lee, Sunghak; Kim, Nack J.

2007-08-01

This study is concerned with the effects of V and Mo addition on tensile and Charpy impact properties of API X70 linepipe steels. Twelve kinds of steel specimens were produced by varying V and Mo additions and rolling conditions. The addition of V and Mo promoted the formation of acicular ferrite (AF), banitic ferrite (BF), and martensite-austenite (MA) constituents, while suppressing the formation of polygonal ferrite (PF) or pearlite (P). The tensile test results indicated that the tensile strength of the specimens rolled in the two-phase region increased with the addition of V and Mo, while the yield strength did not vary much in these specimens except the water-cooled specimens, which showed the increased yield strength with addition of Mo. The tensile strength of specimens rolled in the single-phase region followed by water cooling increased with increasing V and Mo contents. The yield strength, however, did not vary much with increasing V content or with addition of Mo to the low-V alloy. In these specimens, a substantial increase in the strengths was achieved only when Mo was added to the high-V alloy. The specimens rolled in the single-phase region had higher upper-shelf energy (USE) and lower ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) than the specimens rolled in the two-phase region, because their microstructures were composed of AF and fine PF. According to the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis data, the effective grain size in AF was determined by crystallographic packets composed of a few fine grains having similar orientations. Thus, the decreased DBTT in the specimens rolled in the single-phase region could be explained by the decrease in the overall effective grain size due to the presence of AF having smaller effective grain size.

77 FR 26739 - High Pressure Steel Cylinders From the People's Republic of China: Final Determination of Sales...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-07

.... Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (``DOT'') approved high.... International Trading Corporation (``Shanghai J.S.X.''), and Shijiazhuang Enric Gas Equipment Co., Ltd. (``Enric... liquefied gas (``high pressure steel cylinders''). High pressure steel cylinders are fabricated of chrome...

Research and Development of Heavy Gauge X80 Pipeline Plate Utilizing Optimized Rolling and Cooling Process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Shaopo; Li, Jiading; Ding, Wenhua; Zhang, Hai

This paper reports on the experience with the production of 27/33 mm X80 heavy wall thicknesses, large OD (48") in Shouqin Steel Co., Ltd. (SQS). Considering the technology capability of the plate mill in SQS, a optimized rolling and cooling process was developed to achieve stable heavy gauge X80 mechanical properties. The importance of the slab reheating process and rolling schedule will be discussed in the paper. In addition, the per pass reductions logic used during recrystallized rough rolling, and special emphasis on the reduction of the final roughing pass prior to the intermediate holding resulting in a fine uniform prior austenite microstructure will be discussed. The optimized cooling process application after finish rolling guarantees the steady control of the final bainitic microstructure with optimum M/A phase for heavy gauge X80 plates. The plates produced by this process achieved good flatness and excellent mechanical properties. SQS has produced 10000 tons 27mm X80 for the Middle Asia C Line Project and 1000 tons 33mm X80 for the 3rd West-to-East Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Project in 2013-2014. The products utilizing optimized rolling and cooling process showed extremely excellent low temperature toughness.

Strengthening Mechanisms and Their Relative Contributions to the Yield Strength of Microalloyed Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Junfang; Omotoso, Oladipo; Wiskel, J. Barry; Ivey, Douglas G.; Henein, Hani

2012-09-01

Microalloyed steels are used widely in oil and gas pipelines. They are a class of high-strength, low-carbon steels that contain small additions (in amounts less than 0.1 wt pct) of Nb, Ti, and/or V. The steels may contain other alloying elements, such as Mo, in amounts exceeding 0.1 wt pct. Precipitation in these steels can be controlled through thermomechanical-controlled processing, leading to precipitates with sizes that range from several microns to a few nanometers. Microalloyed steels have good strength, good toughness, and excellent weldability, which are attributed in part to the presence of the nanosized carbide and carbonitride precipitates. Because of their fine sizes, wide particle size distribution, and low volume fractions, conventional microscopic methods are not satisfactory for quantifying these precipitates. Matrix dissolution is a promising alternative to extract the precipitates for quantification. Relatively large volumes of material can be analyzed so that statistically significant quantities of precipitates of different sizes are collected. In this article, the microstructure features of a series of microalloyed steels (X70, X80, and X100) as well as a Grade 100 steel are characterized using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A chemical dissolution technique is used to extract the precipitates from the steels. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are combined to analyze the chemical composition of these precipitates. Rietveld refinement of the XRD patterns is used to quantify fully the relative amounts of these precipitates. The size distribution of the nanosized precipitates is quantified using dark-field imaging (DF) in the TEM. The effects of microalloying content, finish rolling temperature (FRT), and coiling temperature (CT)/interrupted cooling temperature (ICT) on the grain size and the amount of nanoprecipitation are discussed. Individual strengthening contributions from grain

Analysis of properties laser welded RAK 40/70 steel sheets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Evin, E.; Tomáš, M.; Fujda, M.

2017-11-01

Both, the ecological production and operation of vehicles demand using such materials for deformation zones’ structural parts, which show some specific properties and use innovative technologies to process them. Specific requirements for functionality (strength, stiffness, deformation work, fatigue properties) are closely linked to processability (formability). In the paper are presented results for multiphase TRIP steel RAK40/70 when welded by pulse solid-state fiber laser YLS-5000. Based on microstructure analysis in the fusion zone and heat affected zone the welding parameters were optimised. The influence of laser welding on the strength and deformation properties was verified by characteristics of strength, stiffness and deformation work, as they were calculated from mechanical properties measured by tensile test and three-point bending test. The knowledge gathered in the field of laser welding influence on the strength and deformation properties of multiphase TRIP steel RAK40/70 should help designers when design the lightweight structural parts of the car body.

Window type: 2x3 fixed multipaned steel window flanked by 1x3 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Window type: 2x3 fixed multipaned steel window flanked by 1x3 multipaned steel casements. Concrete sill and spandrel also illustrated. Building 43, facing east - Harbor Hills Housing Project, 26607 Western Avenue, Lomita, Los Angeles County, CA

Window type: 4x4 multipaned steel window flanked by 1x4 multipaned ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Window type: 4x4 multipaned steel window flanked by 1x4 multipaned steel, casements. Concrete stoop, entry overhang and pipe rail detail also illustrated. Building 36, facing northwest - Harbor Hills Housing Project, 26607 Western Avenue, Lomita, Los Angeles County, CA

Window type: paired 3x2 multipaned steel window flanked by 1x3 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Window type: paired 3x2 multipaned steel window flanked by 1x3 multipaned steel casements, breaking building corner. Broad overhanging eave also illustrated. Second story detail. Building 13, facing east - Harbor Hills Housing Project, 26607 Western Avenue, Lomita, Los Angeles County, CA

Window type: paired 2x4 multipaned steel windows flanked by 1x4 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Window type: paired 2x4 multipaned steel windows flanked by 1x4 multipaned steel casements, breaking building corner. Raised panel door front entry also illustrated. Ground floor detail Building 19, facing north - Harbor Hills Housing Project, 26607 Western Avenue, Lomita, Los Angeles County, CA

Assessing the feasibility of hydrate deposition on pipeline walls--adhesion force measurements of clathrate hydrate particles on carbon steel.

PubMed

Nicholas, Joseph W; Dieker, Laura E; Sloan, E Dendy; Koh, Carolyn A

2009-03-15

Adhesive forces between cyclopentane (CyC5) hydrates and carbon steel (CS) were measured. These forces were found to be substantially lower than CyC5 hydrate-CyC5 hydrate particle measurements and were also lower than ice-CS measurements. The measured adhesive forces were used in a force balance to predict particle removal from the pipeline wall, assuming no free water was present. The force balance predicted entrained hydrate particles of 3 microns and larger diameter would be removed at typical operating flow rates in offshore oil and gas pipelines. These predictions also suggest that hydrate deposition will not occur in stabilized (cold) flow practices.

Cool-down flow-rate limits imposed by thermal stresses in LNG pipelines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Novak, J. K.; Edeskuty, F. J.; Bartlit, J. R.

Warm cryogenic pipelines are usually cooled to operating temperature by a small, steady flow of the liquid cryogen. If this flow rate is too high or too low, undesirable stresses will be produced. Low flow-rate limits based on avoidance of stratified two-phase flow were calculated for pipelines cooled with liquid hydrogen or nitrogen. High flow-rate limits for stainless steel and aluminum pipelines cooled by liquid hydrogen or nitrogen were determined by calculating thermal stress in thick components vs flow rate and then selecting some reasonable stress limits. The present work extends these calculations to pipelines made of AISI 304 stainless steel, 6061 aluminum, or ASTM A420 9% nickel steel cooled by liquid methane or a typical natural gas. Results indicate that aluminum and 9% nickel steel components can tolerate very high cool-down flow rates, based on not exceeding the material yield strength.

Microflora associated with the internal surfaces of rubber and stainless steel milk transfer pipeline.

PubMed

Lewis, S J; Gilmour, A

1987-04-01

Sterile sections of rubber and stainless steel milk transfer pipeline were inserted sequentially into a milking installation and soiled with fresh raw milk over a period of 5 d. The resultant adherent microbial population was removed and the generic composition of mesophilic and psychotropic types was determined. In all cases Acinetobacter spp. were found to predominate (59.5-75.6%). The generic composition of the raw milk used to soil the milking unit (with inserted pipe section) was determined once during each 5-d soiling period. In general the milk was found to contain a mixed flora in which Gram-positive organisms predominated.

Optimization of Thixoforging Parameters for C70S6 Steel Connecting Rods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Özkara, İsa Metin; Baydoğan, Murat

2016-11-01

A microalloyed steel, C70S6, with a solidification interval of 1390-1479 °C, was thixoforged in the semisolid state in a closed die at temperatures in the range 1400-1475 °C to form a 1/7 scaled-down model of a passenger vehicle connecting rod. Die design and an optimized thixoforging temperature eliminated the excessive flash and other problems during forging. Tension test samples from connecting rods thixoforged at the optimum temperature of 1440 °C exhibited nearly the same hardness, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength as conventional hot forged samples but ductility decreased by about 45% due to grain boundary ferrite network formed during cooling from the thixoforging temperature. Thus, C70S6-grade steel can be thixoforged at 1440 °C to form flash-free connecting rods. This conclusion was also validated using FEA analysis.

Strain-Based Design Methodology of Large Diameter Grade X80 Linepipe

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lower, Mark D.

2014-04-01

Continuous growth in energy demand is driving oil and natural gas production to areas that are often located far from major markets where the terrain is prone to earthquakes, landslides, and other types of ground motion. Transmission pipelines that cross this type of terrain can experience large longitudinal strains and plastic circumferential elongation as the pipeline experiences alignment changes resulting from differential ground movement. Such displacements can potentially impact pipeline safety by adversely affecting structural capacity and leak tight integrity of the linepipe steel. Planning for new long-distance transmission pipelines usually involves consideration of higher strength linepipe steels because theirmore » use allows pipeline operators to reduce the overall cost of pipeline construction and increase pipeline throughput by increasing the operating pressure. The design trend for new pipelines in areas prone to ground movement has evolved over the last 10 years from a stress-based design approach to a strain-based design (SBD) approach to further realize the cost benefits from using higher strength linepipe steels. This report presents an overview of SBD for pipelines subjected to large longitudinal strain and high internal pressure with emphasis on the tensile strain capacity of high-strength microalloyed linepipe steel. The technical basis for this report involved engineering analysis and examination of the mechanical behavior of Grade X80 linepipe steel in both the longitudinal and circumferential directions. Testing was conducted to assess effects on material processing including as-rolled, expanded, and heat treatment processing intended to simulate coating application. Elastic-plastic and low-cycle fatigue analyses were also performed with varying internal pressures. Proposed SBD models discussed in this report are based on classical plasticity theory and account for material anisotropy, triaxial strain, and microstructural damage effects

Main Pipelines Corrosion Monitoring Device

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anatoliy, Bazhenov; Galina, Bondareva; Natalia, Grivennaya; Sergey, Malygin; Mikhail, Goryainov

2017-01-01

The aim of the article is to substantiate the technical solution for the problem of monitoring corrosion changes in oil and gas pipelines with use (using) of an electromagnetic NDT method. Pipeline wall thinning under operating conditions can lead to perforations and leakage of the product to be transported outside the pipeline. In most cases there is danger for human life and environment. Monitoring of corrosion changes in pipeline inner wall under operating conditions is complicated because pipelines are mainly made of structural steels with conductive and magnetic properties that complicate test signal passage through the entire thickness of the object under study. The technical solution of this problem lies in monitoring of the internal corrosion changes in pipes under operating conditions in order to increase safety of pipelines by automated prediction of achieving the threshold pre-crash values due to corrosion.

Effect of Heat Treatment Technique on the Low Temperature Impact Toughness of Steel EQ70 for Offshore Structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tao, Su-Fen; Xia, Yun-Jin; Wang, Fu-Ming; Li, Jie; Fan, Ding-Dong

2017-09-01

Circle quenching and tempering (CQ&T), intercritical quenching and tempering (IQ&T) and regular quenching and tempering (Q&T) were used to study the influence of heat treatment techniques on the low temperature impact toughness of steel EQ70 for offshore structure. The steels with 2.10 wt. % Ni (steel A) and 1.47 wt. % Ni (steel B) were chosen to analyze the effect of Ni content on the low temperature impact toughness of steel EQ70 for offshore structure. The fracture morphologies were examined by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM-6480LV), and microstructures etched by 4 vol. % nitric acid were observed on a type 9XB-PC optical microscope. The results show that the impact toughness of steel A is higher than that of steel B at the same test temperature and heat treatment technique. For steel B, the energy absorbed is, in descending order, CQ&T, Q&T and IQ&T, while for steel A, that is CQ&T, IQ&T and Q&T. The effects of heat treatment on the low temperature impact toughness are different for steels A and B, the absorbed energy changes more obviously for steel A. The results can be significant references for actual heat treatment techniques in steel plant.

Effect of CO2 partial pressure and different CO2 phases on carbon steel corrosion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mahlobo, MGR; Premlall, K.; Olubambi, PA

2017-12-01

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the recent promising technology aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emission. Like many other developed technologies, CCS is faced with great challenges such as pipeline transportation failure due to corrosion. There are many factors contributing to steel corrosion during the pipeline transportation of carbon dioxide (CO2). This study focuses on CO2 partial pressure and different phases of CO2 as some of the factors contributing to steel corrosion. Carbon steel was used as a testing specimen. High pressure reactor was used in this study to compress CO2 from low to high pressures ultimately changing the CO2 from gaseous phase to gas/liquid phase (subcritical) and to dense phase (supercritical). Weight loss method was employed to determine the corrosion rate while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) were used to study the carbon steel morphology and phase analysis. Using low magnification digital camera, the type of corrosion that took place on the carbon steel surface was identified.

Fabrication of thick multilayered steel structure using A516 Grade 70 by multipass friction stir welding †

DOE PAGES

Lim, Y. C.; Sanderson, S.; Mahoney, M.; ...

2016-04-06

Here, we fabricated a thick-sectioned multilayered steel structure by multipass friction stir welding on A516 Grade 70 steel. Tensile strength of the multilayered samples was comparable to that of the base metal. Failure was located in the base metal when a defect-free sample was tested. Charpy impact toughness was higher in the stir zone and heat affected zone than in the base metal. For higher microhardness values were found in the stir zone and heat affected zone than the base metal due to grain refinement and modification of the microstructures. As a result, improved mechanical properties compared to the basemore » metal were found in the weld zones of friction stir welded A516 Grade 70 steel.« less

Design Against Propagating Shear Failure in Pipelines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leis, B. N.; Gray, J. Malcolm

Propagating shear failure can occur in gas and certain hazardous liquid transmission pipelines, potentially leading to a large long-burning fire and/or widespread pollution, depending on the transported product. Such consequences require that the design of the pipeline and specification of the steel effectively preclude the chance of propagating shear failure. Because the phenomenology of such failures is complex, design against such occurrences historically has relied on full-scale demonstration experiments coupled with empirically calibrated analytical models. However, as economic drivers have pushed toward larger diameter higher pressure pipelines made of tough higher-strength grades, the design basis to ensure arrest has been severely compromised. Accordingly, for applications where the design basis becomes less certain, as has occurred increasing as steel grade and toughness has increased, it has become necessary to place greater reliance on the use and role of full-scale testing.

The influence of the internal microbiome on the materials used for construction of the transmission natural gas pipelines in the Lodz Province

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Staniszewska, Agnieszka; Jastrzębska, Magdalena; Ziemiński, Krzysztof

2017-10-01

This paper presents investigation results of the influence of gas microbes on the biocorrosion rate of the materials used for gas pipelines construction in the Lodz Province. Samples of two types of carbon steel and cast iron were stored in the laboratory pipeline model reflecting the real conditions of working natural gas pipelines were. In the next step the influence of cathodic protection with parameters recommended for protection of underground structures was tested. Analyses of biological corrosion products generated on the test surface were carried out using a scanning electron microscope with an X-ray analyzer. The level of ATP was measured to confirm presence of the adsorbed microorganisms on the observed structures. Corrosion rates were determined by gravimetric methods. In the course of the study it was revealed that the rate of biocorrosion of steel is lower than that for cast iron. Our results also proved that the weight corrosion rate depends on the number of adhered microorganisms. In addition, it has been found that application of the carbon steel cathodic protection decreases its weight corrosion rate. The information obtained will help to increase the knowledge on the rate of biological corrosion causing losses/pits inside gas pipline.

49 CFR 192.505 - Strength test requirements for steel pipeline to operate at a hoop stress of 30 percent or more...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... operate at a hoop stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS. 192.505 Section 192.505 Transportation Other... to operate at a hoop stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS. (a) Except for service lines, each segment of a steel pipeline that is to operate at a hoop stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS must be...

49 CFR 192.505 - Strength test requirements for steel pipeline to operate at a hoop stress of 30 percent or more...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... operate at a hoop stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS. 192.505 Section 192.505 Transportation Other... to operate at a hoop stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS. (a) Except for service lines, each segment of a steel pipeline that is to operate at a hoop stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS must be...

49 CFR 192.505 - Strength test requirements for steel pipeline to operate at a hoop stress of 30 percent or more...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... operate at a hoop stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS. 192.505 Section 192.505 Transportation Other... to operate at a hoop stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS. (a) Except for service lines, each segment of a steel pipeline that is to operate at a hoop stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS must be...

49 CFR 192.505 - Strength test requirements for steel pipeline to operate at a hoop stress of 30 percent or more...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... operate at a hoop stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS. 192.505 Section 192.505 Transportation Other... to operate at a hoop stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS. (a) Except for service lines, each segment of a steel pipeline that is to operate at a hoop stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS must be...

Steel Optimization and Substitution for 1980 Oldsmobile Omega X-Body Car.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1981-07-01

This report studies the potential of weight reduction for a 1980 Oldsmobile Omega X-body four-door sedan through steel optimization and substitution of newer steels. The study shows that 74 pounds can be removed from this vehicle using current steel ...

Hydrogen-induced slow crack growth of a plain carbon pipeline steel under conditions of cyclic loading

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nelson, H. G.

1976-01-01

The investigation described was aimed at establishing the degree of compatibility between a plain carbon pipeline-type steel and hydrogen and also hydrogen-rich environments containing small additions of H2S, O2, H2O, CO, CO2, CH4, and natural gas at pressures near 1 atm. Test were carried out under conditions of static and cyclic loading; the subcritical crack growth was monitored. The rates of crack growth observed in the hydrogen and hydrogen-rich environments are compared with the crack rate observed in a natural gas environment to determine the compatibility of the present natural gas transmission system with gaseous hydrogen transport.

Application of Response Surface Methodology for Modeling of Postweld Heat Treatment Process in a Pressure Vessel Steel ASTM A516 Grade 70.

PubMed

Peasura, Prachya

2015-01-01

This research studied the application of the response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) experiment in mathematical model and optimizes postweld heat treatment (PWHT). The material of study is a pressure vessel steel ASTM A516 grade 70 that is used for gas metal arc welding. PWHT parameters examined in this study included PWHT temperatures and time. The resulting materials were examined using CCD experiment and the RSM to determine the resulting material tensile strength test, observed with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results show that using a full quadratic model with the proposed mathematical model is YTS = -285.521 + 15.706X1 + 2.514X2 - 0.004X1(2) - 0.001X2(2) - 0.029X1X2. Tensile strength parameters of PWHT were optimized PWHT time of 5.00 hr and PWHT temperature of 645.75°C. The results show that the PWHT time is the dominant mechanism used to modify the tensile strength compared to the PWHT temperatures. This phenomenon could be explained by the fact that pearlite can contribute to higher tensile strength. Pearlite has an intensity, which results in increased material tensile strength. The research described here can be used as material data on PWHT parameters for an ASTM A516 grade 70 weld.

Application of Response Surface Methodology for Modeling of Postweld Heat Treatment Process in a Pressure Vessel Steel ASTM A516 Grade 70

PubMed Central

Peasura, Prachya

2015-01-01

This research studied the application of the response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) experiment in mathematical model and optimizes postweld heat treatment (PWHT). The material of study is a pressure vessel steel ASTM A516 grade 70 that is used for gas metal arc welding. PWHT parameters examined in this study included PWHT temperatures and time. The resulting materials were examined using CCD experiment and the RSM to determine the resulting material tensile strength test, observed with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results show that using a full quadratic model with the proposed mathematical model is Y TS = −285.521 + 15.706X 1 + 2.514X 2 − 0.004X 1 2 − 0.001X 2 2 − 0.029X 1 X 2. Tensile strength parameters of PWHT were optimized PWHT time of 5.00 hr and PWHT temperature of 645.75°C. The results show that the PWHT time is the dominant mechanism used to modify the tensile strength compared to the PWHT temperatures. This phenomenon could be explained by the fact that pearlite can contribute to higher tensile strength. Pearlite has an intensity, which results in increased material tensile strength. The research described here can be used as material data on PWHT parameters for an ASTM A516 grade 70 weld. PMID:26550602

34. THESE INGOT MOLDS OF STEEL 32' X 83' ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

34. THESE INGOT MOLDS OF STEEL - 32' X 83' IN SIZE - ARE READY TO BE TAKEN TO THE STRIPPER, WHERE THE MOLDS WILL BE REMOVED. INGOTS WILL NEXT BE PLACED INTO A 'SOAKING PIT,' WHERE THEY ARE HEATED TO A UNIFORM TEMPERATURE PRIOR TO ROLLING. - Corrigan, McKinney Steel Company, 3100 East Forty-fifth Street, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH

Hybrid Laser/GMAW of High Strength Steel Gas Transmission Pipelines

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2008-07-01

Pipelines will be an integral part of our energy distribution systems for the foreseeable future. Operators are currently considering the installation of tens of billions of dollars of pipeline infrastructure. In a number of cases, the cost of export...

Effect of impurities on the corrosion behavior of CO2 transmission pipeline steel in supercritical CO2-water environments.

PubMed

Choi, Yoon-Seok; Nesic, Srdjan; Young, David

2010-12-01

The corrosion property of carbon steel was evaluated using an autoclave under CO(2)-saturated water phase and water-saturated CO(2) phase with impurities (O(2) and SO(2)) at 80 bar CO(2) and 50 °C to simulate the condition of CO(2) transmission pipeline in the carbon capture and storage (CCS) applications. The results showed that the corrosion rate of carbon steel in CO(2)-saturated water was very high and it increased with adding O(2) in the system due to the inhibition effect of O(2) on the formation of protective FeCO(3). It is noteworthy that corrosion took place in the water-saturated CO(2) phase under supercritical condition when no free water is present. The addition of O(2) increased the corrosion rates of carbon steel in water-saturated CO(2) phase. The addition of 0.8 bar SO(2) (1%) in the gas phase dramatically increased the corrosion rate of carbon steel from 0.38 to 5.6 mm/y. This then increased to more than 7 mm/y with addition of both O(2) and SO(2). SO(2) can promote the formation of iron sulfite hydrate (FeSO(3)·3H(2)O) on the steel surface which is less protective than iron carbonate (FeCO(3)), and it is further oxidized to become FeSO(4) and FeOOH when O(2) is present with SO(2) in the CO(2)-rich phase. The corrosion rates of 13Cr steel were very low compared with carbon steel in CO(2)-saturated water environments with O(2), whereas it was as high as carbon steel in a water-saturated CO(2) phase with O(2) and SO(2).

Study of stress-strain state of pipeline under permafrost conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tarasenko, A. A.; Redutinskiy, M. N.; Chepur, P. V.; Gruchenkova, A. A.

2018-05-01

In this paper, the dependences of the stress-strain state and subsidence of pipelines on the dimensions of the subsidence zone are obtained for the sizes of pipes that have become most widespread during the construction of main oil pipelines (530x10, 820x12, 1020x12, 1020x14, 1020x16, 1220x14, 1220x16, 1220x18 mm). True values of stresses in the pipeline wall, as well as the exact location of maximum stresses for the interval of subsidence zones from 5 to 60 meters, are determined. For this purpose, the authors developed a finite element model of the pipeline that takes into account the actual interaction of the pipeline with the subgrade and allows calculating the SSS of the structure for a variable subsidence zone. Based on the obtained dependences for the underground laying of oil pipelines in permafrost areas, it is proposed to artificially limit the zone of possible subsidence by separation supports from the soil with higher building properties and physical-mechanical parameters. This technical solution would significantly reduce costs when constructing new oil pipelines in permafrost areas.

49 CFR 192.620 - Alternative maximum allowable operating pressure for certain steel pipelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY TRANSPORTATION OF NATURAL AND OTHER GAS BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY...) At points where gas with potentially deleterious contaminants enters the pipeline, use filter...

49 CFR 192.371 - Service lines: Steel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Service lines: Steel. 192.371 Section 192.371 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... § 192.371 Service lines: Steel. Each steel service line to be operated at less than 100 p.s.i. (689 kPa...

49 CFR 192.371 - Service lines: Steel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Service lines: Steel. 192.371 Section 192.371 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... § 192.371 Service lines: Steel. Each steel service line to be operated at less than 100 p.s.i. (689 kPa...

49 CFR 192.371 - Service lines: Steel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Service lines: Steel. 192.371 Section 192.371 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... § 192.371 Service lines: Steel. Each steel service line to be operated at less than 100 p.s.i. (689 kPa...

49 CFR 192.371 - Service lines: Steel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Service lines: Steel. 192.371 Section 192.371 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... § 192.371 Service lines: Steel. Each steel service line to be operated at less than 100 p.s.i. (689 kPa...

49 CFR 192.371 - Service lines: Steel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Service lines: Steel. 192.371 Section 192.371 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... § 192.371 Service lines: Steel. Each steel service line to be operated at less than 100 p.s.i. (689 kPa...

Research on Buckling State of Prestressed Fiber-Strengthened Steel Pipes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Ruheng; Lan, Kunchang

2018-01-01

The main restorative methods of damaged oil and gas pipelines include welding reinforcement, fixture reinforcement and fiber material reinforcement. Owing to the severe corrosion problems of pipes in practical use, the research on renovation and consolidation techniques of damaged pipes gains extensive attention by experts and scholars both at home and abroad. The analysis of mechanical behaviors of reinforced pressure pipelines and further studies focusing on “the critical buckling” and intensity of pressure pipeline failure are conducted in this paper, providing theoretical basis to restressed fiber-strengthened steel pipes. Deformation coordination equations and buckling control equations of steel pipes under the effect of prestress is deduced by using Rayleigh Ritz method, which is an approximation method based on potential energy stationary value theory and minimum potential energy principle. According to the deformation of prestressed steel pipes, the deflection differential equation of prestressed steel pipes is established, and the critical value of buckling under prestress is obtained.

Thermal Behavior of an HSLA Steel and the Impact in Phase Transformation: Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) Process Approach to Pipelines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Costa, P. S.; Reyes-Valdés, F. A.; Saldaña-Garcés, R.; Delgado, E. R.; Salinas-Rodríguez, A.

Heat input during welding metal fusion generates different transformations, such as grain growth, hydrogen cracking, and the formation of brittle structures, generally associated with the heat-affected zone (HAZ). For this reason, it is very important to know the behavior of this area before welding. This paper presents a study of the thermal behavior and its effect on phase transformations in the HAZ, depending on cooling rates (0.1-200 °C/s) to obtain continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curves for an high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel. In order to determine the formed phases, optical microscopy and Vickers microhardness measurement were used. The experimental CCT curve was obtained from an HSLA steel, and the results showed that, with the used cooling conditions, the steel did not provide formation of brittle structures. Therefore, it is unlikely that welds made by submerged arc welding (SAW) may lead to hydrogen embrittlement in the HAZ, which is one of the biggest problems of cracking in gas conduction pipelines. In addition, with these results, it will be possible to control the microstructure to optimize the pipe fabrication with SAW process in industrial plants.

Sensitivity Analysis of Fatigue Crack Growth Model for API Steels in Gaseous Hydrogen.

PubMed

Amaro, Robert L; Rustagi, Neha; Drexler, Elizabeth S; Slifka, Andrew J

2014-01-01

A model to predict fatigue crack growth of API pipeline steels in high pressure gaseous hydrogen has been developed and is presented elsewhere. The model currently has several parameters that must be calibrated for each pipeline steel of interest. This work provides a sensitivity analysis of the model parameters in order to provide (a) insight to the underlying mathematical and mechanistic aspects of the model, and (b) guidance for model calibration of other API steels.

49 CFR 192.555 - Uprating to a pressure that will produce a hoop stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS in steel...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS in steel pipelines. 192.555 Section 192.555 Transportation Other... of 30 percent or more of SMYS in steel pipelines. (a) Unless the requirements of this section have been met, no person may subject any segment of a steel pipeline to an operating pressure that will...

49 CFR 192.555 - Uprating to a pressure that will produce a hoop stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS in steel...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS in steel pipelines. 192.555 Section 192.555 Transportation Other... of 30 percent or more of SMYS in steel pipelines. (a) Unless the requirements of this section have been met, no person may subject any segment of a steel pipeline to an operating pressure that will...

49 CFR 192.555 - Uprating to a pressure that will produce a hoop stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS in steel...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS in steel pipelines. 192.555 Section 192.555 Transportation Other... of 30 percent or more of SMYS in steel pipelines. (a) Unless the requirements of this section have been met, no person may subject any segment of a steel pipeline to an operating pressure that will...

Effect of Ethanol Chemistry on SCC of Carbon Steel

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-02-22

Pipeline companies have a keen interest in assessing the feasibility of transporting fuel grade ethanol (FGE) and ethanol blends in existing pipelines. Previous field experience and laboratory research, funded by PRCI and API, has shown that steel ca...

Inclusion Characteristics and Acicular Ferrite Nucleation in Ti-Containing Weld Metals of X80 Pipeline Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Bingxin; Liu, Xianghua; Wang, Guodong

2018-06-01

X80 steel weld metals with Ti contents of 0.003 to 0.13 pct were prepared by the single-pass submerged-arc welding process. The effects of Ti content in weld metals on the constituent phases of inclusions and chemical compositions of the constituent phases, as well as the potency of acicular ferrite (AF) nucleation on the inclusions were investigated. Moreover, the crystallographic orientation relationship between the AF and inclusion was examined. The results show that with an increase in Ti content, the primary constituent phases of the inclusions change from the (Mn-Al-Si-O) compound to a mixture of spinel and pseudobrookite solid solutions, and eventually to pseudobrookite. The spinel solid solution is characterized by the MnTi2O4 constituent. Compared to pseudobrookite, spinel has a lower Ti concentration, but a significantly higher Mn content. In the case of the presence of a considerable amount of spinel, the Mn element is enriched strongly in the inclusions, resulting in the development of a Mn-depleted zone (MDZ) in the matrix around the inclusions, which enhances the driving force for AF formation. AF shows the Baker-Nutting orientation relationship with MnTi2O4. The formation of MDZ and the presence of the Baker-Nutting orientation relationship promote the ability of inclusions to nucleate the intragranular AF.

Inclusion Characteristics and Acicular Ferrite Nucleation in Ti-Containing Weld Metals of X80 Pipeline Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Bingxin; Liu, Xianghua; Wang, Guodong

2018-03-01

X80 steel weld metals with Ti contents of 0.003 to 0.13 pct were prepared by the single-pass submerged-arc welding process. The effects of Ti content in weld metals on the constituent phases of inclusions and chemical compositions of the constituent phases, as well as the potency of acicular ferrite (AF) nucleation on the inclusions were investigated. Moreover, the crystallographic orientation relationship between the AF and inclusion was examined. The results show that with an increase in Ti content, the primary constituent phases of the inclusions change from the (Mn-Al-Si-O) compound to a mixture of spinel and pseudobrookite solid solutions, and eventually to pseudobrookite. The spinel solid solution is characterized by the MnTi2O4 constituent. Compared to pseudobrookite, spinel has a lower Ti concentration, but a significantly higher Mn content. In the case of the presence of a considerable amount of spinel, the Mn element is enriched strongly in the inclusions, resulting in the development of a Mn-depleted zone (MDZ) in the matrix around the inclusions, which enhances the driving force for AF formation. AF shows the Baker-Nutting orientation relationship with MnTi2O4. The formation of MDZ and the presence of the Baker-Nutting orientation relationship promote the ability of inclusions to nucleate the intragranular AF.

Characterization of bacterial community associated to biofilms of corroded oil pipelines from the southeast of Mexico.

PubMed

Neria-González, Isabel; Wang, En Tao; Ramírez, Florina; Romero, Juan M; Hernández-Rodríguez, César

2006-06-01

Microbial communities associated to biofilms promote corrosion of oil pipelines. The community structure of bacteria in the biofilm formed in oil pipelines is the basic knowledge to understand the complexity and mechanisms of metal corrosion. To assess bacterial diversity, biofilm samples were obtained from X52 steel coupons corroded after 40 days of exposure to normal operation and flow conditions. The biofilm samples were directly used to extract metagenomic DNA, which was used as template to amplify 16S ribosomal gene by PCR. The PCR products of 16S ribosomal gene were also employed as template for sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) specific nested-PCR and both PCR products were utilized for the construction of gene libraries. The V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene was also amplified to analyse the bacterial diversity by analysis of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Ribosomal library and DGGE profiles exhibited limited bacterial diversity, basically including Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp. and Halanaerobium spp. while Desulfovibrio alaskensis and a novel clade within the genus Desulfonatronovibrio were detected from the nested PCR library. The biofilm samples were also taken for the isolation of SRB. Desulfovibrio alaskensis and Desulfovibrio capillatus, as well as some strains related to Citrobacter were isolated. SRB consists in a very small proportion of the community and Desulfovibrio spp. were the relatively abundant groups among the SRB. This is the first study directly exploring bacterial diversity in corrosive biofilms associated to steel pipelines subjected to normal operation conditions.

Corrosivity Sensor for Exposed Pipelines Based on Wireless Energy Transfer

PubMed Central

Lawand, Lydia; Shiryayev, Oleg; Al Handawi, Khalil; Vahdati, Nader; Rostron, Paul

2017-01-01

External corrosion was identified as one of the main causes of pipeline failures worldwide. A solution that addresses the issue of detecting and quantifying corrosivity of environment for application to existing exposed pipelines has been developed. It consists of a sensing array made of an assembly of thin strips of pipeline steel and a circuit that provides a visual sensor reading to the operator. The proposed sensor is passive and does not require a constant power supply. Circuit design was validated through simulations and lab experiments. Accelerated corrosion experiment was conducted to confirm the feasibility of the proposed corrosivity sensor design. PMID:28556805

Corrosivity Sensor for Exposed Pipelines Based on Wireless Energy Transfer.

PubMed

Lawand, Lydia; Shiryayev, Oleg; Al Handawi, Khalil; Vahdati, Nader; Rostron, Paul

2017-05-30

External corrosion was identified as one of the main causes of pipeline failures worldwide. A solution that addresses the issue of detecting and quantifying corrosivity of environment for application to existing exposed pipelines has been developed. It consists of a sensing array made of an assembly of thin strips of pipeline steel and a circuit that provides a visual sensor reading to the operator. The proposed sensor is passive and does not require a constant power supply. Circuit design was validated through simulations and lab experiments. Accelerated corrosion experiment was conducted to confirm the feasibility of the proposed corrosivity sensor design.

Finite-Element Analysis of Crack Arrest Properties of Fiber Reinforced Composites Application in Semi-Elliptical Cracked Pipelines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Linyuan; Song, Shulei; Deng, Hongbo; Zhong, Kai

2018-04-01

In nowadays, repair method using fiber reinforced composites as the mainstream pipe repair technology, it can provide security for X100 high-grade steel energy long-distance pipelines in engineering. In this paper, analysis of cracked X100 high-grade steel pipe was conducted, simulation analysis was made on structure of pipes and crack arresters (CAs) to obtain the J-integral value in virtue of ANSYS Workbench finite element software and evaluation on crack arrest effects was done through measured elastic-plastic fracture mechanics parameter J-integral and the crack arrest coefficient K, in a bid to summarize effect laws of composite CAs and size of pipes and cracks for repairing CAs. The results indicate that the K value is correlated with laying angle λ, laying length L2/D1, laying thickness T1/T2of CAs, crack depth c/T1 and crack length a/c, and calculate recommended parameters for repairing fiber reinforced composite CAs in terms of two different crack forms.

Influence of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria on the Corrosion Behavior of High Strength Steel EQ70 under Cathodic Polarization

PubMed Central

Guan, Fang; Zhai, Xiaofan; Duan, Jizhou; Zhang, Meixia; Hou, Baorong

2016-01-01

Certain species of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) use cathodes as electron donors for metabolism, and this electron transfer process may influence the proper protection potential choice for structures. The interaction between SRB and polarized electrodes had been the focus of numerous investigations. In this paper, the impact of cathodic protection (CP) on Desulfovibrio caledoniens metabolic activity and its influence on highs trength steel EQ70 were studied by bacterial analyses and electrochemical measurements. The results showed that EQ70 under -0.85 VSCE CP had a higher corrosion rate than that without CP, while EQ70 with -1.05 VSCE had a lower corrosion rate. The enhanced SRB metabolic activity at -0.85 VSCE was most probably caused by the direct electron transfer from the electrode polarized at -0.85 VSCE. This direct electron transfer pathway was unavailable in -1.05 VSCE. In addition, the application of cathodic protection led to the transformation of sulfide rusts into carbonates rusts. These observations have been employed to provide updated recommendations for the optimum CP potential for steel structures in the presence of SRB. PMID:27603928

Leak detectability of the Norman Wells pipeline by mass balance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liou, J.C.P.

Pipeline leak detection using software-based systems is becoming common practice. The detectability of such systems is measured by how small and how quickly a leak can be detected. Algorithms used and measurement uncertainties determine leak detectability. This paper addresses leak detectability using mass balance, establishes leak detectability for Norman Wells pipelines, and compares it with field leak test results. The pipeline is operated by the Interprovincial Pipe Line (IPL) Inc., of Edmonton, Canada. It is a 12.75-inch outside diameter steel pipe with variable wall thickness. The length of the pipe is approximately 550 miles (868.9 km). The pipeline transports lightmore » crude oil at a constant flow rate of about 250 m{sup 3}/hr. The crude oil can enter the pipeline at two locations. Besides the Norman Wells inlet, there is a side line near Zama terminal that can inject crude oil into the pipeline.« less

Weld Design, Testing, and Assessment Procedures for High Strength Pipelines

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-12-20

Long-distance high-strength pipelines are increasingly being constructed for the efficient transportation of energy products. While the high-strength linepipe steels and high productivity welding processes are being applied, the procedures employed f...

Short-term hot-hardness characteristics of five case hardened steels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, N. E.; Zaretsky, E. V.

1975-01-01

Short-term hot-hardness studies were performed with carburized and hardened AISI 8620, CBS 1000, CBS 1000M, CBS 600, and Vasco X-2 steels. Case and core hardness measurements were made at temperatures from 294 to 811 K (70 to 1000 F). The data were compared with data for high-speed tool steels and AISI 52100. The materials tested can be ranked as follows in order of decreasing hot-hardness retention: (1) Vasco X-2; equivalent to through-hardened tool steels up to 644 K (700 F) above which Vasco X-2 is inferior; (2) CBS 1000, (3) CBS 1000M; (4) CBS 6000; better hardness retention at elevated temperatures than through-hardened AISI 52100; and (5) AISI 8620. For the carburized steels, the change in hardness with temperature of the case and core are similar for a given material. The short-term hot hardness of these materials can be predicted with + or - 1 point Rockwell C.

A Stainless-Steel Mandrel for Slumping Glass X-ray Mirrors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gubarev, Mikhail V.; O'Dell, Stephen L.; Jones, William D.; Kester, Thomas J.; Griffith, Charles W.; Zhang, William W.; Saha, Timo T.; Chan, Kai-Wing

2009-01-01

We have fabricated a precision full-cylinder stainless-steel mandrel at Marshall Space Flight Center. The mandrel is figured for a 30-cm diameter primary (paraboloid) mirror of an 840-cm focal-length Wolter-1 telescope. We have developed this mandrel for experiments in slumping.thermal forming at about 600 C.of glass mirror segments at Goddard Space Flight Center, in support of NASA's participation in the International X-ray Observatory (IXO). Precision turning of stainless-steel mandrels may offer a low-cost alternative to conventional figuring of fused-silica or other glassy forming mandrels. We report on the fabrication, metrology, and performance of this first mandrel; then we discuss plans and goals for stainless-steel mandrel technology.

A Stainless-Steel Mandrel for Slumping Glass X-Ray Mirrors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

ODell, Stephen L.; Gubarev, Mikhail V.; Jones, William D.; Kester, Thomas J.; Griffith, Charles W.; Zhang, William W.; Saha, Timo T.; Chan, Kai-Wing

2008-01-01

We have fabricated a precision full -cylinder stainless-steel mandrel at Marshall Space Flight Center. The mandrel is figured for a 30-cm-diameter primary (paraboloid) mirror of an 840-cm focal-lengthWolter-1 telescope. We have developed this mandrel for experiments in slumping.thermal forming at about 600 C-of glass mirror segments at Goddard Space Flight Center, in support of NASA fs participation in the International X -ray Observatory (IXO). Precision turning of stainless ]steel mandrels may offer a lowcost alternative to conventional figuring of fused -silica or other glassy forming mandrels. We report on the fabrication, metrology, and performance of this first mandrel; then we discuss plans and goals for stainless-steel mandrel technology.

THE 70 MONTH SWIFT-BAT ALL-SKY HARD X-RAY SURVEY

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Baumgartner, W. H.; Tueller, J.; Markwardt, C. B.

2013-08-15

We present the catalog of sources detected in 70 months of observations with the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) hard X-ray detector on the Swift gamma-ray burst observatory. The Swift-BAT 70 month survey has detected 1171 hard X-ray sources (more than twice as many sources as the previous 22 month survey) in the 14-195 keV band down to a significance level of 4.8{sigma}, associated with 1210 counterparts. The 70 month Swift-BAT survey is the most sensitive and uniform hard X-ray all-sky survey and reaches a flux level of 1.03 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -11} erg s{sup -1} cm{sup -2} over 50% of themore » sky and 1.34 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -11} erg s{sup -1} cm{sup -2} over 90% of the sky. The majority of new sources in the 70 month survey continue to be active galactic nuclei, with over 700 in the catalog. As part of this new edition of the Swift-BAT catalog, we also make available eight-channel spectra and monthly sampled light curves for each object detected in the survey in the online journal and at the Swift-BAT 70 month Web site.« less

A Thermodynamic Model to Estimate the Formation of Complex Nitrides of Al x Mg(1- x)N in Silicon Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luo, Yan; Zhang, Lifeng; Li, Ming; Sridhar, Seetharaman

2018-06-01

A complex nitride of Al x Mg(1- x)N was observed in silicon steels. A thermodynamic model was developed to predict the ferrite/nitride equilibrium in the Fe-Al-Mg-N alloy system, using published binary solubility products for stoichiometric phases. The model was used to estimate the solubility product of nitride compound, equilibrium ferrite, and nitride compositions, and the amounts of each phase, as a function of steel composition and temperature. In the current model, the molar ratio Al/(Al + Mg) in the complex nitride was great due to the low dissolved magnesium in steel. For a steel containing 0.52 wt pct Als, 10 ppm T.Mg., and 20 ppm T.N. at 1100 K (827 °C), the complex nitride was expressed by Al0.99496Mg0.00504N and the solubility product of this complex nitride was 2.95 × 10-7. In addition, the solution temperature of the complex nitride increased with increasing the nitrogen and aluminum in steel. The good agreement between the prediction and the detected precipitate compositions validated the current model.

A quantitative non-destructive residual stress assessment tool for pipelines.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-09-01

G2MT successfully demonstrated the eStress system, a powerful new nondestructive evaluation : system for analyzing through-thickness residual stresses in mechanical damaged areas of steel : pipelines. The eStress system is designed to help pipe...

View of pipeline carried on a trestle from new rain ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of pipeline carried on a trestle from new rain shed (Building No. 241). Redwood tanks in background. Steel tanks behind trestle. - Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Water Collection System, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Volcano, Hawaii County, HI

Effects of H2S/HS- on Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of X100 Pipeline Steel Under Simulated Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria Metabolite Conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Q.; Li, Z.; Liu, Z. Y.; Li, X. G.; Wang, S. Q.

2017-04-01

The effect of H2S/HS-, which simulates the main metabolites of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), on the electrochemical and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviors of X100 steel was investigated in a near-neutral solution. The results showed that different H2S/HS- contents mainly affected the cathodic process of X100 electrochemical corrosion. As the concentration of H2S/HS- increased, the corrosion potential was shifted negatively, the corrosion current density was considerably increased, and the corrosion rate was linearly increased. Different rust layers with shifting structures were formed under different conditions and had different effects on electrochemical behaviors. However, sulfide mainly promoted local corrosion processes. With the synergistic effects of stress and H2S/HS-, SCC susceptibility was considerably enhanced. The accelerated process of hydrogen evolution by sulfide was crucial in enhancing SCC processes. In brief, the trace H2S/HS- generated by SRB metabolites played a positive role in promoting SCC.

49 CFR 178.255 - Specification 60; steel portable tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Specification 60; steel portable tanks. 178.255 Section 178.255 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND... PACKAGINGS Specifications for Portable Tanks § 178.255 Specification 60; steel portable tanks. ...

49 CFR 178.255 - Specification 60; steel portable tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Specification 60; steel portable tanks. 178.255 Section 178.255 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND... PACKAGINGS Specifications for Portable Tanks § 178.255 Specification 60; steel portable tanks. ...

49 CFR 178.255 - Specification 60; steel portable tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Specification 60; steel portable tanks. 178.255 Section 178.255 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS... FOR PACKAGINGS Specifications for Portable Tanks § 178.255 Specification 60; steel portable tanks. ...

49 CFR 178.255 - Specification 60; steel portable tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Specification 60; steel portable tanks. 178.255 Section 178.255 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND... PACKAGINGS Specifications for Portable Tanks § 178.255 Specification 60; steel portable tanks. ...

49 CFR 178.255 - Specification 60; steel portable tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Specification 60; steel portable tanks. 178.255 Section 178.255 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND... PACKAGINGS Specifications for Portable Tanks § 178.255 Specification 60; steel portable tanks. ...

49 CFR 195.8 - Transportation of hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than steel pipe. 195.8 Section 195.8 Transportation Other... than steel pipe. No person may transport any hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide through a pipe that is... other than steel unless the person has notified the Administrator in writing at least 90 days before the...

49 CFR 195.8 - Transportation of hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than steel pipe. 195.8 Section 195.8 Transportation Other... than steel pipe. No person may transport any hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide through a pipe that is... other than steel unless the person has notified the Administrator in writing at least 90 days before the...

49 CFR 195.8 - Transportation of hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than steel pipe. 195.8 Section 195.8 Transportation Other... than steel pipe. No person may transport any hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide through a pipe that is... other than steel unless the person has notified the Administrator in writing at least 90 days before the...

49 CFR 195.8 - Transportation of hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than steel pipe. 195.8 Section 195.8 Transportation Other... than steel pipe. No person may transport any hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide through a pipe that is... other than steel unless the person has notified the Administrator in writing at least 90 days before the...

49 CFR 195.8 - Transportation of hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... dioxide in pipelines constructed with other than steel pipe. 195.8 Section 195.8 Transportation Other... than steel pipe. No person may transport any hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide through a pipe that is... other than steel unless the person has notified the Administrator in writing at least 90 days before the...

PHOTOCOPY OF STANDARD USDA/USFS PLAN FOR 13' X 13' STEEL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PHOTOCOPY OF STANDARD USDA/USFS PLAN FOR 13' X 13' STEEL LOOKOUT HOUSE (CAB); ELEVATIONS, SECTIONS, MISC. DETAILS; DATED 1961 - North Mountain Lookout, Stanislaus National Forest, Groveland, Tuolumne County, CA

Emerging surface characterization techniques for carbon steel corrosion: a critical brief review.

PubMed

Dwivedi, D; Lepkova, K; Becker, T

2017-03-01

Carbon steel is a preferred construction material in many industrial and domestic applications, including oil and gas pipelines, where corrosion mitigation using film-forming corrosion inhibitor formulations is a widely accepted method. This review identifies surface analytical techniques that are considered suitable for analysis of thin films at metallic substrates, but are yet to be applied to analysis of carbon steel surfaces in corrosive media or treated with corrosion inhibitors. The reviewed methods include time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy methods, particle-induced X-ray emission, Rutherford backscatter spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission electron microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, small-angle neutron scattering and neutron reflectometry, and conversion electron Moessbauer spectrometry. Advantages and limitations of the analytical methods in thin-film surface investigations are discussed. Technical parameters of nominated analytical methods are provided to assist in the selection of suitable methods for analysis of metallic substrates deposited with surface films. The challenges associated with the applications of the emerging analytical methods in corrosion science are also addressed.

Emerging surface characterization techniques for carbon steel corrosion: a critical brief review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dwivedi, D.; Lepkova, K.; Becker, T.

2017-03-01

Carbon steel is a preferred construction material in many industrial and domestic applications, including oil and gas pipelines, where corrosion mitigation using film-forming corrosion inhibitor formulations is a widely accepted method. This review identifies surface analytical techniques that are considered suitable for analysis of thin films at metallic substrates, but are yet to be applied to analysis of carbon steel surfaces in corrosive media or treated with corrosion inhibitors. The reviewed methods include time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy methods, particle-induced X-ray emission, Rutherford backscatter spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission electron microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, small-angle neutron scattering and neutron reflectometry, and conversion electron Moessbauer spectrometry. Advantages and limitations of the analytical methods in thin-film surface investigations are discussed. Technical parameters of nominated analytical methods are provided to assist in the selection of suitable methods for analysis of metallic substrates deposited with surface films. The challenges associated with the applications of the emerging analytical methods in corrosion science are also addressed.

Emerging surface characterization techniques for carbon steel corrosion: a critical brief review

PubMed Central

Dwivedi, D.; Becker, T.

2017-01-01

Carbon steel is a preferred construction material in many industrial and domestic applications, including oil and gas pipelines, where corrosion mitigation using film-forming corrosion inhibitor formulations is a widely accepted method. This review identifies surface analytical techniques that are considered suitable for analysis of thin films at metallic substrates, but are yet to be applied to analysis of carbon steel surfaces in corrosive media or treated with corrosion inhibitors. The reviewed methods include time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy methods, particle-induced X-ray emission, Rutherford backscatter spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission electron microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, small-angle neutron scattering and neutron reflectometry, and conversion electron Moessbauer spectrometry. Advantages and limitations of the analytical methods in thin-film surface investigations are discussed. Technical parameters of nominated analytical methods are provided to assist in the selection of suitable methods for analysis of metallic substrates deposited with surface films. The challenges associated with the applications of the emerging analytical methods in corrosion science are also addressed. PMID:28413351

Study of the structure and properties of metal of the major steam lines of a CCGT-420 unit made from high-chromium X10CrMoVNb9-1 (P91) steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grin', E. A.; Anokhov, A. E.; Pchelintsev, A. V.; Krüger, E.-T.

2016-07-01

The technology of manufacture of live steam lines and hot reheat lines at FINOW Rohrsysteme GmbH are discussed. These pipelines are designed for high-performance CCGT units and are made from high-chromium martensitic steel X10CrMoVNb9-1 (P91). The principles of certification and evaluation of conformance of thermal and mechanical equipment made from new construction materials with the TRCU 032-2013 technical regulation of the Customs Union are detailed. The requirements outlined in Russian and international regulatory documents regarding the manufacture of pipes and semifinished products for pipeline systems are compared. The characteristic features of high-chromium martensitic steel, which define the requirements for its heat treatment and welding, are outlined. The methodology and the results of a comprehensive analysis of metal of pipes, fittings, and weld joints of steam lines are presented. It is demonstrated that the short-term mechanical properties of metal (P91 steel) of pipes, bends, and weld joints meet the requirements of European standards and Russian technical specifications. The experimental data on long-term strength of metal of pipes from a live steam line virtually match the corresponding reference curve from the European standard, while certain experimental points for metal of bends of this steam line and metal of pipes and bends from a hot reheat line lie below the reference curve, but they definitely stay within the qualifying (20%) interval of the scatter band. The presence of a weakened layer in the heat-affected zone of weld joints of steel P91 is established. It is shown that the properties of this zone govern the short-term and long-term strength of weld joints in general. The results of synthesis and analysis of research data support the notion that the certification testing of steam lines and other equipment made from chromium steels should necessarily involve the determination of long-term strength parameters.

Microbial Methane Production Associated with Carbon Steel Corrosion in a Nigerian Oil Field

PubMed Central

Mand, Jaspreet; Park, Hyung S.; Okoro, Chuma; Lomans, Bart P.; Smith, Seun; Chiejina, Leo; Voordouw, Gerrit

2016-01-01

Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) in oil field pipeline systems can be attributed to many different types of hydrogenotrophic microorganisms including sulfate reducers, methanogens and acetogens. Samples from a low temperature oil reservoir in Nigeria were analyzed using DNA pyrotag sequencing. The microbial community compositions of these samples revealed an abundance of anaerobic methanogenic archaea. Activity of methanogens was demonstrated by incubating samples anaerobically in a basal salts medium, in the presence of carbon steel and carbon dioxide. Methane formation was measured in all enrichments and correlated with metal weight loss. Methanogens were prominently represented in pipeline solids samples, scraped from the inside of a pipeline, comprising over 85% of all pyrosequencing reads. Methane production was only witnessed when carbon steel beads were added to these pipeline solids samples, indicating that no methane was formed as a result of degradation of the oil organics present in these samples. These results were compared to those obtained for samples taken from a low temperature oil field in Canada, which had been incubated with oil, either in the presence or in the absence of carbon steel. Again, methanogens present in these samples catalyzed methane production only when carbon steel was present. Moreover, acetate production was also found in these enrichments only in the presence of carbon steel. From these studies it appears that carbon steel, not oil organics, was the predominant electron donor for acetate production and methane formation in these low temperature oil fields, indicating that the methanogens and acetogens found may contribute significantly to MIC. PMID:26793176

49 CFR 192.109 - Nominal wall thickness (t) for steel pipe.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Nominal wall thickness (t) for steel pipe. 192.109 Section 192.109 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND... Nominal wall thickness (t) for steel pipe. (a) If the nominal wall thickness for steel pipe is not known...

49 CFR 192.109 - Nominal wall thickness (t) for steel pipe.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Nominal wall thickness (t) for steel pipe. 192.109 Section 192.109 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND... Nominal wall thickness (t) for steel pipe. (a) If the nominal wall thickness for steel pipe is not known...

49 CFR 192.109 - Nominal wall thickness (t) for steel pipe.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Nominal wall thickness (t) for steel pipe. 192.109 Section 192.109 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND... Nominal wall thickness (t) for steel pipe. (a) If the nominal wall thickness for steel pipe is not known...

49 CFR 192.109 - Nominal wall thickness (t) for steel pipe.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Nominal wall thickness (t) for steel pipe. 192.109 Section 192.109 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND... Nominal wall thickness (t) for steel pipe. (a) If the nominal wall thickness for steel pipe is not known...

49 CFR 192.109 - Nominal wall thickness (t) for steel pipe.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Nominal wall thickness (t) for steel pipe. 192.109 Section 192.109 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND... Nominal wall thickness (t) for steel pipe. (a) If the nominal wall thickness for steel pipe is not known...

Research and Development of Heavy Wall DNV485FDU Pipeline Plate for 3500M Deep Water Pipe Applications at Shougang

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ding, Wenhua; Li, Shaopo; Li, Jiading; Li, Qun; Chen, Tieqiang; Zhang, Hai

In recent years, there has been development of several significant pipeline projects for the transmission of oil and gas from deep water environments. The production of gas transmission pipelines for application demands heavy wall, high strength, good lower temperature toughness and good weldability. To overcome the difficulty of producing consistent mechanical property in heavy wall pipe Shougang Steel Research in cooperation with the Shougang Steel Qinhuangdao China (Shouqin) 4.3m heavy wide plate mill research was conducted.

The Exported Chaperone PfHsp70x Is Dispensable for the Plasmodium falciparum Intraerythrocytic Life Cycle.

PubMed

Cobb, David W; Florentin, Anat; Fierro, Manuel A; Krakowiak, Michelle; Moore, Julie M; Muralidharan, Vasant

2017-01-01

Export of parasite proteins into the host erythrocyte is essential for survival of Plasmodium falciparum during its asexual life cycle. While several studies described key factors within the parasite that are involved in protein export, the mechanisms employed to traffic exported proteins within the host cell are currently unknown. Members of the Hsp70 family of chaperones, together with their Hsp40 cochaperones, facilitate protein trafficking in other organisms, and are thus likely used by P. falciparum in the trafficking of its exported proteins. A large group of Hsp40 proteins is encoded by the parasite and exported to the host cell, but only one Hsp70, P. falciparum Hsp70x (PfHsp70x), is exported with them. PfHsp70x is absent in most Plasmodium species and is found only in P. falciparum and closely related species that infect apes. Herein, we have utilized clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 genome editing in P. falciparum to investigate the essentiality of PfHsp70x. We show that parasitic growth was unaffected by knockdown of PfHsp70x using both the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)-based destabilization domain and the glmS ribozyme system. Similarly, a complete gene knockout of PfHsp70x did not affect the ability of P. falciparum to proceed through its intraerythrocytic life cycle. The effect of PfHsp70x knockdown/knockout on the export of proteins to the host red blood cell (RBC), including the critical virulence factor P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), was tested, and we found that this process was unaffected. These data show that although PfHsp70x is the sole exported Hsp70, it is not essential for the asexual development of P. falciparum . IMPORTANCE Half of the world's population lives at risk for malaria. The intraerythrocytic life cycle of Plasmodium spp. is responsible for clinical manifestations of malaria; therefore, knowledge of the parasite's ability to survive within the erythrocyte is

Investigating pitting in X65 carbon steel using potentiostatic polarisation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohammed, Sikiru; Hua, Yong; Barker, R.; Neville, A.

2017-11-01

Although pitting corrosion in passive materials is generally well understood, the growth of surface pits in actively-corroding materials has received much less attention to date and remains poorly understood. One of the key challenges which exists is repeatedly and reliably generating surface pits in a practical time-frame in the absence of deformation and/or residual stress so that studies on pit propagation and healing can be performed. Another pertinent issue is how to evaluate pitting while addressing general corrosion in low carbon steel. In this work, potentiostatic polarisation was employed to induce corrosion pits (free from deformation or residual stress) on actively corroding X65 carbon steel. The influence of applied potential (50 mV, 100 mV and 150 mV vs open circuit potential) was investigated over 24 h in a CO2-saturated, 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at 30 °C and pH 3.8. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilised to examine pits, while surface profilometry was conducted to measure pit depth as a function of applied potential over the range considered. Analyses of light pitting (up to 120 μm) revealed that pit depth increased linearly with increase in applied potential. This paper relates total pit volume (measured using white light interferometry) to dissipated charge or total mass loss (using the current response for potentiostatic polarisation in conjunction with Faraday's law). By controlling the potential of the surface (anodic) the extent of pitting and general corrosion could be controlled. This allowed pits to be evaluated for their ability to continue to propagate after the potentiostatic technique was employed. Linear growth from a depth of 70 μm at pH 3.8, 80 °C was demonstrated. The technique offers promise for the study of inhibition of pitting.

X-ray diffraction study of elemental erbium to 70 GPa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pravica, Michael G.; Romano, Edward; Quine, Zachary

2005-12-01

We have investigated phase transitions in elemental erbium in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) up to 70GPa using angular-dispersive x-ray powder diffraction methods. We present evidence of a series of phase transitions that appear to follow the anticipated hcp→Sm-type→doublehcp(dhcp)→distorted fcc sequence. In particular, we present evidence for the predicted dhcp→distorted fcc transition above 63GPa . Equation of state data are also presented up to 70GPa .

Design of dual energy x-ray detector for conveyor belt with steel wire ropes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dai, Yue; Miao, Changyun; Rong, Feng

2009-07-01

A dual energy X-ray detector for conveyor belt with steel wire ropes is researched in the paper. Conveyor belt with steel wire ropes is one of primary transfer equipments in modern production. The traditional test methods like electromagnetic induction principle could not display inner image of steel wire ropes directly. So X-ray detection technology has used to detect the conveyor belt. However the image was not so clear by the interference of the rubber belt. Therefore, the dualenergy X-ray detection technology with subtraction method is developed to numerically remove the rubber belt from radiograph, thus improving the definition of the ropes image. The purpose of this research is to design a dual energy Xray detector that could make the operator easier to found the faulty of the belt. This detection system is composed of Xray source, detector controlled by FPGA chip, PC for running image processing system and so on. With the result of the simulating, this design really improved the capability of the staff to test the conveyor belt.

49 CFR 192.107 - Yield strength (S) for steel pipe.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Yield strength (S) for steel pipe. 192.107 Section 192.107 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS... (S) for steel pipe. (a) For pipe that is manufactured in accordance with a specification listed in...

49 CFR 192.107 - Yield strength (S) for steel pipe.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Yield strength (S) for steel pipe. 192.107 Section 192.107 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS... (S) for steel pipe. (a) For pipe that is manufactured in accordance with a specification listed in...

49 CFR 192.107 - Yield strength (S) for steel pipe.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Yield strength (S) for steel pipe. 192.107 Section 192.107 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS... (S) for steel pipe. (a) For pipe that is manufactured in accordance with a specification listed in...

49 CFR 192.107 - Yield strength (S) for steel pipe.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Yield strength (S) for steel pipe. 192.107 Section 192.107 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS... (S) for steel pipe. (a) For pipe that is manufactured in accordance with a specification listed in...

49 CFR 192.107 - Yield strength (S) for steel pipe.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Yield strength (S) for steel pipe. 192.107 Section 192.107 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS... (S) for steel pipe. (a) For pipe that is manufactured in accordance with a specification listed in...

X-ray diffraction study of elemental erbium to 70 GPa

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pravica, Michael G.; Romano, Edward; Quine, Zachary

2005-12-01

We have investigated phase transitions in elemental erbium in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) up to 70 GPa using angular-dispersive x-ray powder diffraction methods. We present evidence of a series of phase transitions that appear to follow the anticipated hcp{yields}Sm-type{yields}double hcp (dhcp){yields}distorted fcc sequence. In particular, we present evidence for the predicted dhcp{yields}distorted fcc transition above 63 GPa. Equation of state data are also presented up to 70 GPa.

AC-Induced Bias Potential Effect on Corrosion of Steels

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-02-05

induction, variable conduction Experimental Setup Super- martensitic stainless steel composition Analysis: C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo Cu N Typical 13 Cr ɘ.01 0.6... stainless steel used in pipelines. •Low carbon (ɘ.01): allows the formation of a “soft” martensite that is more resistant than standard martensitic ...Proposed AC Corrosion Models  AC Simulated Corrosion testing  Stainless steel pipe and coating  Cathodic protection  Experimental Setup  Preliminary

Structural Repair of Steel Piping by In-Situ Sleeving of Nanostructured Materials

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-06-03

The focus of Task 1 is to demonstrate the repair of degraded pipeline steel using patches of high strength nanocrystalline metal. As mentioned in Bi-Monthly Research Progress Report #2, the cracking caused by corrosion damage in the steel pipe sectio...

Infrared thermography for inspecting of pipeline specimen

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Dapeng; Li, Xiaoli; Sun, Zuoming; Zhang, Xiaolong

2018-02-01

Infrared thermography is a fast and effective non-destructive testing method, which has an increasing application in the field of Aeronautics, Astronautic, architecture and medical, et al. Most of the reports about the application of this technology are focus on the specimens of planar, pulse light is often used as the heat stimulation and a plane heat source is generated on the surface of the specimen by the using of a lampshade, however, this method is not suitable for the specimen of non-planar, such as the pipeline. Therefore, in this paper, according the NDT problem of a steel and composite pipeline specimen, ultrasonic and hot water are applied as the heat source respectively, and an IR camera is used to record the temperature varies of the surface of the specimen, defects are revealed by the thermal images sequence processing. Furthermore, the results of light pulse thermography are also shown as comparison, it is indicated that choose the right stimulation method, can get a more effective NDT results for the pipeline specimen.

The exported chaperone Hsp70-x supports virulence functions for Plasmodium falciparum blood stage parasites

PubMed Central

Charnaud, Sarah C.; Dixon, Matthew W. A.; Nie, Catherine Q.; Chappell, Lia; Sanders, Paul R.; Nebl, Thomas; Hanssen, Eric; Berriman, Matthew; Chan, Jo-Anne; Blanch, Adam J.; Beeson, James G.; Rayner, Julian C.; Przyborski, Jude M.; Tilley, Leann; Crabb, Brendan S.

2017-01-01

Malaria is caused by five different Plasmodium spp. in humans each of which modifies the host erythrocyte to survive and replicate. The two main causes of malaria, P. falciparum and P. vivax, differ in their ability to cause severe disease, mainly due to differences in the cytoadhesion of infected erythrocytes (IE) in the microvasculature. Cytoadhesion of P. falciparum in the brain leads to a large number of deaths each year and is a consequence of exported parasite proteins, some of which modify the erythrocyte cytoskeleton while others such as PfEMP1 project onto the erythrocyte surface where they bind to endothelial cells. Here we investigate the effects of knocking out an exported Hsp70-type chaperone termed Hsp70-x that is present in P. falciparum but not P. vivax. Although the growth of Δhsp70-x parasites was unaffected, the export of PfEMP1 cytoadherence proteins was delayed and Δhsp70-x IE had reduced adhesion. The Δhsp70-x IE were also more rigid than wild-type controls indicating changes in the way the parasites modified their host erythrocyte. To investigate the cause of this, transcriptional and translational changes in exported and chaperone proteins were monitored and some changes were observed. We propose that PfHsp70-x is not essential for survival in vitro, but may be required for the efficient export and functioning of some P. falciparum exported proteins. PMID:28732045

Switching phenomenon in a Se{70}Te{30-x}Cd{x} films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Afifi, M. A.; Bekheet, A. E.; Hegab, N. A.; Wahab, L. A.; Shehata, H. A.

2007-11-01

Amorphous Se{70}Te{30-x}Cd{x} (x = 0, 10) are obtained by thermal evaporation under vacuum of bulk materials on pyrographite and glass substrates. The I-V characteristic curves for the two film compositions are typical for a memory switch. They exhibited a transition from an ohmic region in the lower field followed by non-ohmic region in the high field region in the preswitching region, which has been explained by the Poole-Frenkel effect. The temperature dependence of current in the ohmic region is found to be of thermally activated process. The mean value of the threshold voltage bar{V}th increases linearly with increasing film thickness in the thickness range (100 491 nm), while it decreases exponentially with increasing temperature in the temperature range (293 343 K) for both compositions. The results are explained in accordance with the electrothermal model for the switching process. The effect of Cd on these parameters is also investigated.

Research of x-ray nondestructive detector for high-speed running conveyor belt with steel wire ropes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Junfeng; Miao, Changyun; Wang, Wei; Lu, Xiaocui

2008-03-01

An X-ray nondestructive detector for high-speed running conveyor belt with steel wire ropes is researched in the paper. The principle of X-ray nondestructive testing (NDT) is analyzed, the general scheme of the X-ray nondestructive testing system is proposed, and the nondestructive detector for high-speed running conveyor belt with steel wire ropes is developed. The hardware of system is designed with Xilinx's VIRTEX-4 FPGA that embeds PowerPC and MAC IP core, and its network communication software based on TCP/IP protocol is programmed by loading LwIP to PowerPC. The nondestructive testing of high-speed conveyor belt with steel wire ropes and network transfer function are implemented. It is a strong real-time system with rapid scanning speed, high reliability and remotely nondestructive testing function. The nondestructive detector can be applied to the detection of product line in industry.

Transient Evolution of Nonmetallic Inclusions During Calcium Treatment of Molten Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Lifeng; Liu, Yang; Zhang, Ying; Yang, Wen; Chen, Wei

2018-06-01

The transient evolution of nonmetallic inclusions after calcium addition in pipeline steels was investigated with a vacuum induction furnace. Samples were taken at 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after calcium treatment in both MgO and Al2O3 crucibles. It was found that the total oxygen and the number density of inclusions were increased during calcium modification, while they were dropped to a low level in the last tapped sample. Due to the evaporation of calcium, inclusions were transferred from CaO-CaS to Al2O3-CaO-CaS, and then to Al2O3-CaO. The decomposition of CaS was highly dependent on the decrease of the total calcium and the increase of the total oxygen in the steel. Thermodynamic calculation was performed to predict the composition of inclusions considering the effect of the total oxygen and the total calcium and was validated by measurement. The relationship between the content of Al2O3 in inclusions and the ratio of the total calcium and the total oxygen in steels was measured and compared with the calculated one using thermodynamic software Factsage 7.0. The mass-transfer coefficient of the dissolved calcium in the steel was estimated in the range of 2.35 × 10-4 to 3.53 × 10-4 m/s.

A 70 Kiloparsec X-Ray Tail in the Cluster A3627

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sun, M.; Jones, C.; Forman, W.; Nulsen, P. E. J.; Donahue, M.; Voit, G. M.

2006-01-01

We present the discovery of a 70 kpc X-ray tail behind the small late-type galaxy ESO 137-001, in the nearby, hot (T=6.5 keV) merging cluster A3627, from both Chandra and XMM-Newton observations. The tail has a length-to-width ratio of approx. 10. It is luminous (L(0.5-2keV) approx 1041 ergs/s), with a temperature of approx. 0.7 keV and an X-ray gas mass of approx 10(exp 9) solar masses (approx 10% of the galaxy's stellar mass). We interpret this tail as the stripped interstellar medium of ESO 137-001 mixed with the hot cluster medium, with this blue galaxy being converted into a gas-poor galaxy. Three X-ray point sources are detected in the axis of the tail, which may imply active star formation there. The straightness and narrowness of the tail also imply that the turbulence in the intracluster medium is not strong on scales of 20-70 kpc.

Stainless Steel Vacuum Chamber for Scanning Transmission X-ray Microsopy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kilcoyne, Arthur L.

The stainless steel chamber was specifically conceived and designed for housing an interferometer controlled scanning transmission x-ray microscope (STXM). The construction of the chamber is such that internal components of the microscope rest within the chamber and are fixed to a 4 inch stainless steel belly band. The integral and most important part of the chamber is the belly band, which serves to isolate high frequency vibrations (e.g., floor surroundings, people traffic) from the sensitive measurements performed using the microscope. In addition, the chamber effectively acts as a sound barrier to the nanometer measurements conducted within. The assembled chamber (andmore » microscope) are readily adjustable at the micron level using strut members external to the chamber but fixed to the belly band and a stand made of polymer concreate.« less

X-ray fractography on fatigue fractured surface of austenitic stainless steel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yajima, Zenjiro; Tokuyama, Hideki; Kibayashi, Yasuo

1995-12-31

X-ray diffraction observation of the material internal structure beneath fracture surfaces provide fracture analysis with useful information to investigate the conditions and mechanisms of fracture. X-ray fractography is a generic name given to this technique. In the present study, X-ray fractography was applied to fatigue fracture surfaces of austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) which consisted of solution treatment. The fatigue tests were carried out on compact tension (CT) specimens. The plastic strain on the fracture surface was estimated from measuring the line broadening of X-ray diffraction profiles. The line broadening of X-ray diffraction profiles was measured on and beneath fatiguemore » fracture surfaces. The depth of the plastic zone left on fracture surfaces was evaluated from the line broadening. The results are discussed on the basis of fracture mechanics.« less

Analysis of Pipeline Steel Corrosion Data From NBS (NIST) Studies Conducted Between 1922-1940 and Relevance to Pipeline Management.

PubMed

Ricker, Richard E

2010-01-01

Between 1911 and 1984, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) conducted a large number of corrosion studies that included the measurement of corrosion damage to samples exposed to real-world environments. One of these studies was an investigation conducted between 1922 and 1940 into the corrosion of bare steel and wrought iron pipes buried underground at 47 different sites representing different soil types across the Unites States. At the start of this study, very little was known about the corrosion of ferrous alloys underground. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) if coatings would be required to prevent corrosion, and (ii) if soil properties could be used to predict corrosion and determine when coatings would be required. While this study determined very quickly that coatings would be required for some soils, it found that the results were so divergent that even generalities based on this data must be drawn with care. The investigators concluded that so many diverse factors influence corrosion rates underground that planning of proper tests and interpretation of the results were matters of considerable difficulty and that quantitative interpretations or extrapolations could be done "only in approximate fashion" and attempted only in the "restricted area" of the tests until more complete information is available. Following the passage of the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act in 2002 and at the urging of the pipeline industry, the Office of Pipeline Safety of the U.S. Department of Transportation approached the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NBS became NIST in 1988) and requested that the data from this study be reexamined to determine if the information handling and analysis capabilities of modern computers and software could enable the extraction of more meaningful information from these data. This report is a summary of the resulting investigations. The data from the original NBS studies were analyzed using a variety of

Determine the Requirements for Existing Pipeline, Tank and Terminal Systems to Transport Ethanol without Cracking

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-06-18

The potential exists for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of carbon steel pipelines transporting fuel grade ethanol (FGE) and FGE- gasoline blends. The objectives of SCC 4-4 were to: 1. Develop data necessary to make engineering assessments of the fea...

The visual and radiological inspection of a pipeline using a teleoperated pipe crawler

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fogle, R.F.; Kuelske, K.; Kellner, R.A.

1996-07-01

In the 1950s the Savannah River Site built an open, unlined retention basin for temporary storage of potentially radionuclide-contaminated cooling water form a chemical separations process and storm water drainage from a nearby waste management facility which stored large quantities of nuclear fission by-products in carbon steel tanks. An underground process pipeline lead to the basin. Once the closure of the basin in 1972, further assessment has been required. A visual and radiological inspection of the pipeline was necessary to aid in the decision about further remediation. This article describes the inspection using a teleoperated pipe crawler. 5 figs.

Determine new design and construction techniques for transportation of ethanol and ethanol/gasoline blends in new pipelines.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2013-02-15

The technical tasks in this study included activities to characterize the impact of selected : metallurgical processing and fabrication variables on ethanol stress corrosion cracking (ethanol : SCC) of new pipeline steels, develop a better understand...

Welding needs specified for X-80 offshore line pipe

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Price, J.C.

1993-12-20

High-quality, defect-free welds can be deposited in API Grade 5L X-80 line pipe with pulsed gas-metal-arc welding (GMAW) and shielded metal-arc welding (SMAW) processes. The newly developed Grade X-80 combines higher yield-strength pipe with thinner walls to reduce fabrication costs and improve some projects' economics. Use of X-80 pipe can yield as much as 7.5% cost savings over construction with X-65 steel. Increased demand of natural gas has prompted development of large gas fields which will require large-diameter pipelines at higher operating pressures. API 5L X-80 line pipe could, therefore, become commonplace by the end of the decade if weldingmore » technology can be developed to match mechanical properties without affecting productivity. The paper discusses large-diameter projects, welding processes, GMAW shielding gas, SMAW filler wires, hardness and weldability, toughness and corrosion resistance, economics, and what's been learned.« less

77 FR 70543 - Pipeline Safety: Meeting of the Gas Pipeline Advisory Committee and the Liquid Pipeline Advisory...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-26

.... PHMSA-2009-0203] Pipeline Safety: Meeting of the Gas Pipeline Advisory Committee and the Liquid Pipeline..., and safety policies for natural gas pipelines and for hazardous liquid pipelines. Both committees were...: Notice of advisory committee meeting. SUMMARY: This notice announces a public meeting of the Gas Pipeline...

Analysis of the strength of sea gas pipelines of positive buoyancy conditioned by glaciation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Malkov, Venyamin; Kurbatova, Galina; Ermolaeva, Nadezhda; Malkova, Yulia; Petrukhin, Ruslan

2018-05-01

A technique for estimating the stress state of a gas pipeline laid along the seabed in northern latitudes in the presence of glaciation is proposed. It is assumed that the pipeline lies on the bottom of the seabed, but under certain conditions on the some part of the pipeline a glaciation is formed and the gas pipeline section in the place of glaciation can come off the ground due to the positive buoyancy of the ice. Calculation of additional stresses caused by bending of the pipeline is of practical interest for strength evaluation. The gas pipeline is a two-layer cylindrical shell of circular cross section. The inner layer is made of high-strength steel, the outer layer is made of reinforced ferroconcrete. The proposed methodology for calculating the gas pipeline for strength is based on the equations of the theory of shells. The procedure takes into account the effect of internal gas pressure, external pressure of sea water, the weight of two-layer gas pipeline and the weight of the ice layer. The lifting force created by the displaced fluid and the positive buoyancy of the ice is also taken into account. It is significant that the listed loads cause only two types of deformation of the gas pipeline: axisymmetric and antisymmetric. The interaction of the pipeline with the ground as an elastic foundation is not considered. The main objective of the research is to establish the fact of separation of part of the pipeline from the ground. The method of calculations of stresses and deformations occurring in a model sea gas pipeline is presented.

49 CFR 178.45 - Specification 3T seamless steel cylinder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Section 178.45 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS SPECIFICATIONS... limits. Permanent closures formed by spinning are prohibited. (b) Material, steel. Only open hearth...

Corrosion Behavior of X80 Steel with Coupled Coating Defects under Alternating Current Interference in Alkaline Environment

PubMed Central

Li, Zhong; Li, Caiyu; Qian, Hongchang; Li, Jun; Huang, Liang; Du, Cuiwei

2017-01-01

The corrosion behavior of X80 steel in the presence of coupled coating defects was simulated and studied under the interference of alternating current (AC) in an alkaline environment. The results from electrochemical measurements showed that the electrode potential of the coating defect with the smaller exposed area was lower than that with the larger area, which indicated that the steel with the smaller coating defect was more prone to corrosion. The result of weight loss tests also showed that the smaller coating defect had induced a higher corrosion rate. However, the corrosion rate of X80 steel at the larger coating defect decreased gradually with the increase of the larger defect area at a constant smaller defect area. The corrosion morphology images showed that the coating defects with smaller areas suffered from more severe pitting corrosion. PMID:28773078

Characterization of Mechanical Properties and Residual Stress in API 5L X80 Steel Welded Joints

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Sousa Lins, Amilton; de Souza, Luís Felipe Guimarães; Fonseca, Maria Cindra

2018-01-01

The use of high-strength and low-alloy steels, high design factors and increasingly stringent safety requirements have increased the operating pressure levels and, consequently, the need for further studies to avoid and prevent premature pipe failure. To evaluate the possibility of improving productivity in manual arc welding of this type of steel, this work characterizes the mechanical properties and residual stresses in API 5L X80 steel welded joints using the SMAW and FCAW processes. The residual stresses were analyzed using x-ray diffraction with the sin2 ψ method at the top and root of the welded joints in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the weld bead. The mechanical properties of the welded joints by both processes were characterized in terms of tensile strength, impact toughness and Vickers microhardness in the welded and shot peening conditions. A predominantly compressive residual stress was found, and shot peening increased the tensile strength and impact toughness in both welded joints.

Development of Optimized Welding Solutions for X100 Linepipe Steel

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-09-01

This investigation is part of a major consolidated program of research sponsored by the US Department of Transportation (DOT) Pipeline Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) and the Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) to advance...

78 FR 70623 - Pipeline Safety: Meeting of the Gas Pipeline Advisory Committee and the Liquid Pipeline Advisory...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-26

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket No. PHMSA-2009-0203] Pipeline Safety: Meeting of the Gas Pipeline Advisory Committee and the Liquid Pipeline Advisory Committee AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), DOT. [[Page...

Research and Development of Ultra-High Strength X100 Welded Pipe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chuanguo, Zhang; Lei, Zheng; Ping, Hu; Bei, Zhang; Kougen, Wu; Weifeng, Huang

Ultra-high strength X100 welded pipe can be used in the construction of long distance oil and gas pipeline to improve transmission capacity and reduce operation cost. By using the way of thermo-simulation and pilot rolling, the CCT (Continuous Cooling Transformation) diagram and the relationship between ACC (Accelerated Cooling) parameters, microstructure and mechanical properties were studied for the designed X100 pipeline steel with low carbon, high manganese and niobium micro-alloyed composition in lab. The analysis of CCT diagram indicates that the suitable hardness and microstructure can be obtained in the cooling rate of 20 80°C/sec. The pilot rolling results show that the ACC cooling start temperature below Ar3 phase transformation point is beneficial to increase uniform elongation, and the cooling stop temperature of 150 350°C is helpful to obtain high strength and toughness combination. Based on the research conclusions, the X100 plate and UOE pipe with dimension in O.D.1219×W.T.14.8mm, O.D.1219×W.T.17.8mm, designed for the natural gas transmission pipeline, were trial produced. The manufactured pipe body impact absorbed energy at -10°C is over 250J. The DWTT shear area ratio at 0°C is over 85%. The transverse strength meets the X100 grade requirement, and uniform elongation is over 4%. The X100 plate and UOE pipe with dimension in O.D.711×W.T.20.0mm, O.D.711×W.T.12.5mm, designed for an offshore engineering, were also trial produced. The average impact absorbed energy of pipe body at -30°C is over 200J. The average impact absorbed energy of HAZ (Heat-affected zone) and WM (Welded Seam) at -30°C is over 100J. And the good pipe shapes were obtained

Investigation of hot cracking resistance of 2205 duplex steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adamiec, J.; Ścibisz, B.

2010-02-01

Austenitic duplex steel of the brand 2205 according to Avesta Sheffield is used for welded constructions (pipelines, tanks) in the petrol industry, chemical industry and food industry. It is important to know the range of high-temperature brittleness in designing welding technology for constructions made of this steel type. There is no data in literature concerning this issue. High-temperature brittleness tests using the simulator of heat flow device Gleeble 3800 were performed. The tests results allowed the evaluation of the characteristic temperatures in the brittleness temperature range during the joining of duplex steels, specifically the nil-strength temperature (NST) and nil-ductility temperatures (NDT) during heating, the strength and ductility recovery temperatures (DRT) during cooling, the Rfparameter (Rf = (Tliquidus - NDT)/NDT) describing the duplex steel inclination for hot cracking, and the brittleness temperature range (BTR). It has been stated that, for the examined steel, this range is wide and amounts to ca. 90 °C. The joining of duplex steels with the help of welding techniques creates a significant risk of hot cracks. After analysis of the DTA curves a liquidus temperature of TL = 1465 °C and a solidus temperature of TS = 1454 °C were observed. For NST a mean value was assumed, in which the cracks appeared for six samples; the temperature was 1381 °C. As the value of the NDT temperature 1367 °C was applied while for DRT the assumed temperature was 1375 °C. The microstructure of the fractures was observed using a Hitachi S-3400N scanning electron microscope (SEM). The analyses of the chemical composition were performed using an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), Noran System Six of Thermo Fisher Scientific. Essential differences of fracture morphology type over the brittle temperature range were observed and described.

Analysis of Pipeline Steel Corrosion Data From NBS (NIST) Studies Conducted Between 1922–1940 and Relevance to Pipeline Management

PubMed Central

Ricker, Richard E.

2010-01-01

Between 1911 and 1984, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) conducted a large number of corrosion studies that included the measurement of corrosion damage to samples exposed to real-world environments. One of these studies was an investigation conducted between 1922 and 1940 into the corrosion of bare steel and wrought iron pipes buried underground at 47 different sites representing different soil types across the Unites States. At the start of this study, very little was known about the corrosion of ferrous alloys underground. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) if coatings would be required to prevent corrosion, and (ii) if soil properties could be used to predict corrosion and determine when coatings would be required. While this study determined very quickly that coatings would be required for some soils, it found that the results were so divergent that even generalities based on this data must be drawn with care. The investigators concluded that so many diverse factors influence corrosion rates underground that planning of proper tests and interpretation of the results were matters of considerable difficulty and that quantitative interpretations or extrapolations could be done “only in approximate fashion” and attempted only in the “restricted area” of the tests until more complete information is available. Following the passage of the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act in 2002 and at the urging of the pipeline industry, the Office of Pipeline Safety of the U.S. Department of Transportation approached the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NBS became NIST in 1988) and requested that the data from this study be reexamined to determine if the information handling and analysis capabilities of modern computers and software could enable the extraction of more meaningful information from these data. This report is a summary of the resulting investigations. The data from the original NBS studies were analyzed using a variety of

A bipolar population counter using wave pipelining to achieve 2.5 x normal clock frequency

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wong, Derek C.; De Micheli, Giovanni; Flynn, Michael J.; Huston, Robert E.

1992-01-01

Wave pipelining is a technique for pipelining digital systems that can increase clock frequency in practical circuits without increasing the number of storage elements. In wave pipelining, multiple coherent waves of data are sent through a block of combinational logic by applying new inputs faster than the delay through the logic. The throughput of a 63-b CML population counter was increased from 97 to 250 MHz using wave pipelining. The internal circuit is flowthrough combinational logic. Novel CAD methods have balanced all input-to-output paths to about the same delay. This allows multiple data waves to propagate in sequence when the circuit is clocked faster than its propagation delay.

An x-ray diffraction study of microstructural deformation induced by cyclic loading of selected steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fourspring, Patrick Michael

X-ray double crystal diffractometry (XRDCD) and X-ray scanning diffractometry (XRSD) were used to assess cyclic microstructural deformation in a face centered cubic (fcc) steel (AISI304) and a body centered cubic (bcc) steel (SA508 class 2). The objectives of the investigation were to determine if X-ray diffraction could be used effectively to monitor cyclic microstructural deformation in polycrystalline Fe alloys and to study the distribution of the microstructural deformation induced by cyclic loading in these alloys. The approach used in the investigation was to induce fatigue damage in a material and to characterize the resulting microstructural deformation at discrete fractions of the fatigue life of the material. Also, characterization of microstructural deformation was carried out to identify differences in the accumulation of damage from the surface to the bulk, focusing on the following three regions: near surface (0-10 mum), subsurface (10-300 mum), and bulk. Characterization of the subsurface region was performed only on the AISI304 material because of the limited availability of the SA508 material. The results from the XRDCD data indicate a measurable change induced by fatigue from the initial state to subsequent states of both the AISI304 and the SA508 materials. The results from the XRSD data show similar but less coherent trends than the results from the XRDCD data. Therefore, the XRDCD technique was shown to be sensitive to the microstructural deformation caused by fatigue in steels; thus, the technique can be used to monitor fatigue damage in steels. In addition, for the AISI304 material, the level of cyclic microstructural deformation in the bulk material was found to be greater than the level in the near surface material. In contrast, previous investigations have shown that the deformation is greater in the near surface than the bulk for Al alloys and bcc Fe alloys.

The inspection of a radiologically contaminated pipeline using a teleoperated pipe crawler

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fogle, R.F.; Kuelske, K.; Kellner, R.A.

1995-08-01

In the 1950s, the Savannah River Site built an open, unlined retention basin to temporarily store potentially radionuclide contaminated cooling water from a chemical separations process and storm water drainage from a nearby waste management facility that stored large quantities of nuclear fission byproducts in carbon steel tanks. The retention basin was retired from service in 1972 when a new, lined basin was completed. In 1978, the old retention basin was excavated, backfilled with uncontaminated dirt, and covered with grass. At the same time, much of the underground process pipeline leading to the basin was abandoned. Since the closure ofmore » the retention basin, new environmental regulations require that the basin undergo further assessment to determine whether additional remediation is required. A visual and radiological inspection of the pipeline was necessary to aid in the remediation decision making process for the retention basin system. A teleoperated pipe crawler inspection system was developed to survey the abandoned sections of underground pipelines leading to the retired retention basin. This paper will describe the background to this project, the scope of the investigation, the equipment requirements, and the results of the pipeline inspection.« less

Deformation Behavior of Cementite in Deformed High Carbon Steel Observed by X-ray Diffraction with Synchrotron Radiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taniyama, Akira; Takayama, Toru; Arai, Masahiro; Hamada, Takanari

2017-10-01

The deformation behavior of cementite in drawn pearlitic steel and spheroidal cementite steel, which have hypereutectoid composition, was investigated by X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. A detailed analysis of diffraction peak profiles reveals that the deformation behavior strongly depends on the shape of cementite in steel. The unit cell volume of the cementite in the drawn pearlitic steel compressively and elastically deforms by 1.5 to 2 pct of the initial volume at the early stage of drawing, whereas that in the drawn spheroidal cementite steel is compressed by 1 pct of the initial volume even at a large true strain. The cementite in the drawn pearlitic steel fragments into small pieces with increasing the true strain, and these pieces change to amorphous cementite. The dislocation densities of the cementite in the drawn pearlitic steel and in the drawn spheroidal cementite steel are estimated to be 1013/m2 before drawing and 1014/m2 after drawing. Although the large strain is induced in the cementite by drawing, the maximum strain energy in the cementite is too small to contribute to the dissolution of the cementite.

[Effects of Triton X-100 on the oxygen uptake rate of photosystem I particles treated at 70 degrees C].

PubMed

Chen, Wei; Yang, Zhen-Le; Li, Liang-Bi; Kuang, Ting-Yun

2005-06-01

The characteristics including oxygen uptake rates, fluorescence spectra and absorption spectra of photosystem I particles with or without Triton-X 100 treatment before or after the incubation at 70 degrees C for 10 min were compared. The oxygen uptake rates of photosystem I particles decreased after being incubated at 70 degrees C for 10 min, which could be recovered by the addition of Triton-X 100. Singlet oxygen was formed when the light-harvesting complex I was separated from the core complex of photosystem I, which resulted in high oxygen uptake rate. There was much difference in the fluorescence spectra of photosystem I particles between photosystem I particles treated with Triton-X 100 after the incubation at 70 degrees C for 10 min or not, which implies the ability of Triton-X 100 to promote the recovery of photosystem I particles after the incubation at 70 degrees C for 10 min.

77 FR 27533 - Application for Presidential Permit To Construct, Operate and Maintain Pipeline Facilities on the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-10

... pipeline that is designed to transport crude oil produced in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) and from other sources to a terminus in Steele City, Nebraska where it is designed to link with an... Order 13337: The Departments of Energy, Defense, Transportation, Homeland Security, Justice, Interior...

49 CFR Appendix C to Part 178 - Nominal and Minimum Thicknesses of Steel Drums and Jerricans

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Nominal and Minimum Thicknesses of Steel Drums and Jerricans C Appendix C to Part 178 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND... SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACKAGINGS Pt. 178, App. C Appendix C to Part 178—Nominal and Minimum Thicknesses of Steel...

Improved, Low-Stress Economical Submerged Pipeline

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, Jack A.; Chao, Yi

2011-01-01

A preliminary study has shown that the use of a high-strength composite fiber cloth material may greatly reduce fabrication and deployment costs of a subsea offshore pipeline. The problem is to develop an inexpensive submerged pipeline that can safely and economically transport large quantities of fresh water, oil, and natural gas underwater for long distances. Above-water pipelines are often not feasible due to safety, cost, and environmental problems, and present, fixed-wall, submerged pipelines are often very expensive. The solution is to have a submerged, compliant-walled tube that when filled, is lighter than the surrounding medium. Some examples include compliant tubes for transporting fresh water under the ocean, for transporting crude oil underneath salt or fresh water, and for transporting high-pressure natural gas from offshore to onshore. In each case, the fluid transported is lighter than its surrounding fluid, and thus the flexible tube will tend to float. The tube should be ballasted to the ocean floor so as to limit the motion of the tube in the horizontal and vertical directions. The tube should be placed below 100-m depth to minimize biofouling and turbulence from surface storms. The tube may also have periodic pumps to maintain flow without over-pressurizing, or it can have a single pump at the beginning. The tube may have periodic valves that allow sections of the tube to be repaired or maintained. Some examples of tube materials that may be particularly suited for these applications are non-porous composite tubes made of high-performance fibers such as Kevlar, Spectra, PBO, Aramid, carbon fibers, or high-strength glass. Above-ground pipes for transporting water, oil, and natural gas have typically been fabricated from fiber-reinforced plastic or from more costly high-strength steel. Also, previous suggested subsea pipeline designs have only included heavy fixed-wall pipes that can be very expensive initially, and can be difficult and expensive

76 FR 70953 - Pipeline Safety: Safety of Gas Transmission Pipelines

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-16

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration 49 CFR Part 192 [Docket ID PHMSA-2011-0023] RIN 2137-AE72 Pipeline Safety: Safety of Gas Transmission Pipelines AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA); DOT. ACTION: Advance notice of...

Two-dimensional time-resolved x-ray diffraction study of dual phase rapid solidification in steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yonemura, Mitsuharu; Osuki, Takahiro; Terasaki, Hidenori; Komizo, Yuichi; Sato, Masugu; Toyokawa, Hidenori; Nozaki, Akiko

2010-01-01

The high intensity heat source used for fusion welding creates steep thermal gradients of 100 °C/s from 1800 °C. Further, the influence of preferred orientation is important for the observation of a directional solidification that follows the dendrite growth along the ⟨100⟩ direction toward the moving heat source. In the present study, we observed the rapid solidification of weld metal at a time resolution of 0.01-0.1 s by a two-dimensional time-resolved x-ray diffraction (2DTRXRD) system for real welding. The diffraction rings were dynamically observed by 2DTRXRD with synchrotron energy of 18 keV while the arc passes over the irradiation area of the x-rays. The arc power output was 10 V-150 A, and the scan speed of the arc was 1.0 mm/s. The temperature rise in instruments was suppressed by a water-cooled copper plate under the specimen. Further, the temperature distribution of the weld metal was measured by a thermocouple and correlated with the diffraction patterns. Consequently, solidification and solid phase transformation of low carbon steels and stainless steels were observed during rapid cooling by 2DTRXRD. In the low carbon steel, the microstructure is formed in a two step process, (i) formation of crystallites and (ii) increase of crystallinity. In stainless steel, the irregular interface layer of δ/γ in the quenched metal after solidification is expected to show the easy movement of dendrites at a lower temperature. In carbide precipitation stainless steel, it is easy for NbC to grow on δ phase with a little undercooling. Further, a mistlike pattern, which differs from the halo pattern, in the fusion zone gave some indication of the possibilities to observe the nucleation and the early solidification by 2DTRXRD.

49 CFR 195.12 - What requirements apply to low-stress pipelines in rural areas?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... corresponding to: (A) A stress level equal to or less than 20-percent of the specified minimum yield strength of the line pipe; or (B) If the stress level is unknown or the pipeline is not constructed with steel... of the specified minimum yield strength of the line pipe; or (B) If the stress level is unknown or...

49 CFR 195.12 - What requirements apply to low-stress pipelines in rural areas?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... corresponding to: (A) A stress level equal to or less than 20-percent of the specified minimum yield strength of the line pipe; or (B) If the stress level is unknown or the pipeline is not constructed with steel... of the specified minimum yield strength of the line pipe; or (B) If the stress level is unknown or...

49 CFR 195.12 - What requirements apply to low-stress pipelines in rural areas?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... corresponding to: (A) A stress level equal to or less than 20-percent of the specified minimum yield strength of the line pipe; or (B) If the stress level is unknown or the pipeline is not constructed with steel... of the specified minimum yield strength of the line pipe; or (B) If the stress level is unknown or...

Effect of Hydrogenase and Mixed Sulfate-Reducing Bacterial Populations on the Corrosion of Steel

PubMed Central

Bryant, Richard D.; Jansen, Wayne; Boivin, Joe; Laishley, Edward J.; Costerton, J. William

1991-01-01

The importance of hydrogenase activity to corrosion of steel was assessed by using mixed populations of sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from corroded and noncorroded oil pipelines. Biofilms which developed on the steel studs contained detectable numbers of sulfate-reducing bacteria (104 increasing to 107/0.5 cm2). However, the biofilm with active hydrogenase activity (i.e., corrosion pipeline organisms), as measured by a semiquantitative commercial kit, was associated with a significantly higher corrosion rate (7.79 mm/year) relative to noncorrosive biofilm (0.48 mm/year) with 105 sulfate-reducing bacteria per 0.5 cm2 but no measurable hydrogenase activity. The importance of hydrogenase and the microbial sulfate-reducing bacterial population making up the biofilm are discussed relative to biocorrosion. Images PMID:16348560

Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Welded Corten Steel A588 Grade Plate Using ER70S - 6 Filler Material for Construction Application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deepak, J. R.; Bupesh Raja, V. K.; Janardhan Guptha, Mittapalli; Durga Prasad, Palaparthi Hari; Sriram, V.

2017-05-01

ASTM A588 Grade A steel plate is a high strength, low alloy structural steel with 0.19 % of carbon content. When exposed to the atmosphere, A588 Grade A is suitable for construction in the bare (paint - free) condition. The main problems are lack of fusion, lack of penetration and corrosion on heat affected zone. In this research work Corten ASTM A588 Grade steel of 3mm thickness is electroplated with copper and then both raw and copper electroplated are welded by GMAW welding process with ER70S-6 as a filler material. The welded ASTM A588 is cut according to ASTM size for further testing of mechanical properties. Considering its welding strength after the process of electroplating, this research clearly states the metal can be utilized for better results in any given field. Here both the tensile and hardness are higher in copper electroplated welded when compare to raw welded.

Long-Term Corrosion Fatigue of Welded Marine Steels.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-01-01

MPa ksi MPa I C API 5L Grade B 35 240 60 min. 415 mrin. ASTM A53 Grade B 35 240 60 min. 415 min. ASTM A135 Grade B 35 240 60 min. 415 min. ASTM A139...2% max. cold expansion 42 290 60 min. 415 min. API 5LX Grade X52 2% max. cold expansion 52 360 66 min. 455 min. ASTM AS00 Grade B 42-46 290-320 58 mi...Environments 3.38 " 3.5 Influence of Load Ratio on the Corrosion Fatigue Crack Growth Rates in API X-70 Linepipe Steel in 3.5% NaCl (From (3.30]) 3.39 3.6

The visual and radiological inspection of a pipeline using a teleoperated pipe crawler

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fogle, R.F.; Kuelske, K.; Kellner, R.

1995-01-01

In the 1950s, the Savannah River Site built an open, unlined retention basin to temporarily store potentially radionuclide contaminated cooling water from a chemical separations process and storm water drainage from a nearby waste management facility that stored large quantities of nuclear fission byproducts in carbon steel tanks. The retention basin was retired from service in 1972 when a new, lined basin was completed. In 1978, the old retention basin was excavated, backfilled with uncontaminated dirt, and covered with grass. At the same time, much of the underground process pipeline leading to the basin was abandoned. Since the closure ofmore » the retention basin, new environmental regulations require that the basin undergo further assessment to determine whether additional remediation is required. A visual and radiological inspection of the pipeline was necessary to aid in the remediation decision making process for the retention basin system. A teleoperated pipe crawler inspection system was developed to survey the abandoned sections of underground pipelines leading to the retired retention basin. This paper will describe the background to this project, the scope of the investigation, the equipment requirements, and the results of the pipeline inspection.« less

Pipeline for effective denoising of digital mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borges, Lucas R.; Bakic, Predrag R.; Foi, Alessandro; Maidment, Andrew D. A.; Vieira, Marcelo A. C.

2017-03-01

Denoising can be used as a tool to enhance image quality and enforce low radiation doses in X-ray medical imaging. The effectiveness of denoising techniques relies on the validity of the underlying noise model. In full-field digital mammography (FFDM) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), calibration steps like the detector offset and flat-fielding can affect some assumptions made by most denoising techniques. Furthermore, quantum noise found in X-ray images is signal-dependent and can only be treated by specific filters. In this work we propose a pipeline for FFDM and DBT image denoising that considers the calibration steps and simplifies the modeling of the noise statistics through variance-stabilizing transformations (VST). The performance of a state-of-the-art denoising method was tested with and without the proposed pipeline. To evaluate the method, objective metrics such as the normalized root mean square error (N-RMSE), noise power spectrum, modulation transfer function (MTF) and the frequency signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were analyzed. Preliminary tests show that the pipeline improves denoising. When the pipeline is not used, bright pixels of the denoised image are under-filtered and dark pixels are over-smoothed due to the assumption of a signal-independent Gaussian model. The pipeline improved denoising up to 20% in terms of spatial N-RMSE and up to 15% in terms of frequency SNR. Besides improving the denoising, the pipeline does not increase signal smoothing significantly, as shown by the MTF. Thus, the proposed pipeline can be used with state-of-the-art denoising techniques to improve the quality of DBT and FFDM images.

Image processing pipeline for synchrotron-radiation-based tomographic microscopy.

PubMed

Hintermüller, C; Marone, F; Isenegger, A; Stampanoni, M

2010-07-01

With synchrotron-radiation-based tomographic microscopy, three-dimensional structures down to the micrometer level can be visualized. Tomographic data sets typically consist of 1000 to 1500 projections of 1024 x 1024 to 2048 x 2048 pixels and are acquired in 5-15 min. A processing pipeline has been developed to handle this large amount of data efficiently and to reconstruct the tomographic volume within a few minutes after the end of a scan. Just a few seconds after the raw data have been acquired, a selection of reconstructed slices is accessible through a web interface for preview and to fine tune the reconstruction parameters. The same interface allows initiation and control of the reconstruction process on the computer cluster. By integrating all programs and tools, required for tomographic reconstruction into the pipeline, the necessary user interaction is reduced to a minimum. The modularity of the pipeline allows functionality for new scan protocols to be added, such as an extended field of view, or new physical signals such as phase-contrast or dark-field imaging etc.

Progress in thermomechanical control of steel plates and their commercialization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nishioka, Kiyoshi; Ichikawa, Kazutoshi

2012-04-01

The water-cooled thermomechanical control process (TMCP) is a technology for improving the strength and toughness of water-cooled steel plates, while allowing control of the microstructure, phase transformation and rolling. This review describes metallurgical aspects of the microalloying of steel, such as niobium addition, and discusses advantages of TMCP, for example, in terms of weldability, which is reduced upon alloying. Other covered topics include the development of equipment, distortions in steel plates, peripheral technologies such as steel making and casting, and theoretical modeling, as well as the history of property control in steel plate production and some early TMCP technologies. We provide some of the latest examples of applications of TMCP steel in various industries such as shipbuilding, offshore structures, building construction, bridges, pipelines, penstocks and cryogenic tanks. This review also introduces high heat-affected-zone toughness technologies, wherein the microstructure of steel is improved by the addition of fine particles of magnesium-containing sulfides and magnesium- or calcium-containing oxides. We demonstrate that thanks to ongoing developments TMCP has the potential to meet the ever-increasing demands of steel plates.

Matrix Dissolution Techniques Applied to Extract and Quantify Precipitates from a Microalloyed Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Junfang; Wiskel, J. Barry; Omotoso, Oladipo; Henein, Hani; Ivey, Douglas G.

2011-07-01

Microalloyed steels possess good strength and toughness, as well as excellent weldability; these attributes are necessary for oil and gas pipelines in northern climates. These properties are attributed in part to the presence of nanosized carbide and carbonitride precipitates. To understand the strengthening mechanisms and to optimize the strengthening effects, it is necessary to quantify the size distribution, volume fraction, and chemical speciation of these precipitates. However, characterization techniques suitable for quantifying fine precipitates are limited because of their fine sizes, wide particle size distributions, and low volume fractions. In this article, two matrix dissolution techniques have been developed to extract precipitates from a Grade100 (yield strength of 690 MPa) microalloyed steel. Relatively large volumes of material can be analyzed, and statistically significant quantities of precipitates of different sizes are collected. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are combined to analyze the chemical speciation of these precipitates. Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns is used to quantify fully the relative amounts of the precipitates. The size distribution of the nanosized precipitates is quantified using dark-field imaging in the TEM.

49 CFR 192.620 - Alternative maximum allowable operating pressure for certain steel pipelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... of a maximum allowable operating pressure based on higher stress levels in the following areas: Take... pipeline at the increased stress level under this section with conventional operation; and (ii) Describe... targeted audience; and (B) Include information about the integrity management activities performed under...

49 CFR 192.620 - Alternative maximum allowable operating pressure for certain steel pipelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... of a maximum allowable operating pressure based on higher stress levels in the following areas: Take... pipeline at the increased stress level under this section with conventional operation; and (ii) Describe... targeted audience; and (B) Include information about the integrity management activities performed under...

49 CFR 192.620 - Alternative maximum allowable operating pressure for certain steel pipelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... of a maximum allowable operating pressure based on higher stress levels in the following areas: Take... pipeline at the increased stress level under this section with conventional operation; and (ii) Describe... targeted audience; and (B) Include information about the integrity management activities performed under...

76 FR 73570 - Pipeline Safety: Miscellaneous Changes to Pipeline Safety Regulations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-29

... pipeline facilities to facilitate the removal of liquids and other materials from the gas stream. These... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration 49 CFR Parts... Changes to Pipeline Safety Regulations AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration...

Identification of failure type in corroded pipelines: a bayesian probabilistic approach.

PubMed

Breton, T; Sanchez-Gheno, J C; Alamilla, J L; Alvarez-Ramirez, J

2010-07-15

Spillover of hazardous materials from transport pipelines can lead to catastrophic events with serious and dangerous environmental impact, potential fire events and human fatalities. The problem is more serious for large pipelines when the construction material is under environmental corrosion conditions, as in the petroleum and gas industries. In this way, predictive models can provide a suitable framework for risk evaluation, maintenance policies and substitution procedure design that should be oriented to reduce increased hazards. This work proposes a bayesian probabilistic approach to identify and predict the type of failure (leakage or rupture) for steel pipelines under realistic corroding conditions. In the first step of the modeling process, the mechanical performance of the pipe is considered for establishing conditions under which either leakage or rupture failure can occur. In the second step, experimental burst tests are used to introduce a mean probabilistic boundary defining a region where the type of failure is uncertain. In the boundary vicinity, the failure discrimination is carried out with a probabilistic model where the events are considered as random variables. In turn, the model parameters are estimated with available experimental data and contrasted with a real catastrophic event, showing good discrimination capacity. The results are discussed in terms of policies oriented to inspection and maintenance of large-size pipelines in the oil and gas industry. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Quantification technology study on flaws in steam-filled pipelines based on image processing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Lina; Yuan, Peixin

2009-07-01

Starting from exploiting the applied detection system of gas transmission pipeline, a set of X-ray image processing methods and pipeline flaw quantificational evaluation methods are proposed. Defective and non-defective strings and rows in gray image were extracted and oscillogram was obtained. We can distinguish defects in contrast with two gray images division. According to the gray value of defects with different thicknesses, the gray level depth curve is founded. Through exponential and polynomial fitting way to obtain the attenuation mathematical model which the beam penetrates pipeline, thus attain flaw deep dimension. This paper tests on the PPR pipe in the production of simulated holes flaw and cracks flaw, 135KV used the X-ray source on the testing. Test results show that X-ray image processing method, which meet the needs of high efficient flaw detection and provide quality safeguard for thick oil recovery, can be used successfully in detecting corrosion of insulated pipe.

Quantification technology study on flaws in steam-filled pipelines based on image processing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yuan, Pei-xin; Cong, Jia-hui; Chen, Bo

2008-03-01

Starting from exploiting the applied detection system of gas transmission pipeline, a set of X-ray image processing methods and pipeline flaw quantificational evaluation methods are proposed. Defective and non-defective strings and rows in gray image were extracted and oscillogram was obtained. We can distinguish defects in contrast with two gray images division. According to the gray value of defects with different thicknesses, the gray level depth curve is founded. Through exponential and polynomial fitting way to obtain the attenuation mathematical model which the beam penetrates pipeline, thus attain flaw deep dimension. This paper tests on the PPR pipe in the production of simulated holes flaw and cracks flaw. The X-ray source tube voltage was selected as 130kv and valve current was 1.5mA.Test results show that X-ray image processing methods, which meet the needs of high efficient flaw detection and provide quality safeguard for thick oil recovery, can be used successfully in detecting corrosion of insulated pipe.

Low-cycle fatigue of Type 347 stainless steel and Hastelloy alloy X in hydrogen gas and in air at elevated temperatures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jaske, C. E.; Rice, R. C.; Buchheit, R. D.; Roach, D. B.; Porfilio, T. L.

1976-01-01

An investigation was conducted to assess the low-cycle fatigue resistance of two alloys, Type 347 stainless steel and Hastelloy Alloy X, that were under consideration for use in nuclear-powered rocket vehicles. Constant-amplitude, strain-controlled fatigue tests were conducted under compressive strain cycling at a constant strain rate of 0.001/sec and at total axial strain ranges of 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0 %, in both laboratory-air and low-pressure hydrogen-gas environments at temperatures from 538 to 871 C. Specimens were obtained from three heats of Type 347 stainless steel bar and two heats of Hastelloy Alloy X. The tensile properties of each heat were determined at 21, 538, 649, and 760 C. The continuous cycling fatigue resistance was determined for each heat at temperatures of 538, 760, and 871 C. The Type 347 stainless steel exhibited equal or superior fatigue resistance to the Hastelloy Alloy X at all conditions of this study.

Inverse Transient Analysis for Classification of Wall Thickness Variations in Pipelines

PubMed Central

Tuck, Jeffrey; Lee, Pedro

2013-01-01

Analysis of transient fluid pressure signals has been investigated as an alternative method of fault detection in pipeline systems and has shown promise in both laboratory and field trials. The advantage of the method is that it can potentially provide a fast and cost effective means of locating faults such as leaks, blockages and pipeline wall degradation within a pipeline while the system remains fully operational. The only requirement is that high speed pressure sensors are placed in contact with the fluid. Further development of the method requires detailed numerical models and enhanced understanding of transient flow within a pipeline where variations in pipeline condition and geometry occur. One such variation commonly encountered is the degradation or thinning of pipe walls, which can increase the susceptible of a pipeline to leak development. This paper aims to improve transient-based fault detection methods by investigating how changes in pipe wall thickness will affect the transient behaviour of a system; this is done through the analysis of laboratory experiments. The laboratory experiments are carried out on a stainless steel pipeline of constant outside diameter, into which a pipe section of variable wall thickness is inserted. In order to detect the location and severity of these changes in wall conditions within the laboratory system an inverse transient analysis procedure is employed which considers independent variations in wavespeed and diameter. Inverse transient analyses are carried out using a genetic algorithm optimisation routine to match the response from a one-dimensional method of characteristics transient model to the experimental time domain pressure responses. The accuracy of the detection technique is evaluated and benefits associated with various simplifying assumptions and simulation run times are investigated. It is found that for the case investigated, changes in the wavespeed and nominal diameter of the pipeline are both important

PipelineDog: a simple and flexible graphic pipeline construction and maintenance tool.

PubMed

Zhou, Anbo; Zhang, Yeting; Sun, Yazhou; Xing, Jinchuan

2018-05-01

Analysis pipelines are an essential part of bioinformatics research, and ad hoc pipelines are frequently created by researchers for prototyping and proof-of-concept purposes. However, most existing pipeline management system or workflow engines are too complex for rapid prototyping or learning the pipeline concept. A lightweight, user-friendly and flexible solution is thus desirable. In this study, we developed a new pipeline construction and maintenance tool, PipelineDog. This is a web-based integrated development environment with a modern web graphical user interface. It offers cross-platform compatibility, project management capabilities, code formatting and error checking functions and an online repository. It uses an easy-to-read/write script system that encourages code reuse. With the online repository, it also encourages sharing of pipelines, which enhances analysis reproducibility and accountability. For most users, PipelineDog requires no software installation. Overall, this web application provides a way to rapidly create and easily manage pipelines. PipelineDog web app is freely available at http://web.pipeline.dog. The command line version is available at http://www.npmjs.com/package/pipelinedog and online repository at http://repo.pipeline.dog. ysun@kean.edu or xing@biology.rutgers.edu or ysun@diagnoa.com. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

The Chandra Source Catalog 2.0: Data Processing Pipelines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miller, Joseph; Allen, Christopher E.; Budynkiewicz, Jamie A.; Gibbs, Danny G., II; Paxson, Charles; Chen, Judy C.; Anderson, Craig S.; Burke, Douglas; Civano, Francesca Maria; D'Abrusco, Raffaele; Doe, Stephen M.; Evans, Ian N.; Evans, Janet D.; Fabbiano, Giuseppina; Glotfelty, Kenny J.; Graessle, Dale E.; Grier, John D.; Hain, Roger; Hall, Diane M.; Harbo, Peter N.; Houck, John C.; Lauer, Jennifer L.; Laurino, Omar; Lee, Nicholas P.; Martínez-Galarza, Juan Rafael; McCollough, Michael L.; McDowell, Jonathan C.; McLaughlin, Warren; Morgan, Douglas L.; Mossman, Amy E.; Nguyen, Dan T.; Nichols, Joy S.; Nowak, Michael A.; Plummer, David A.; Primini, Francis Anthony; Rots, Arnold H.; Siemiginowska, Aneta; Sundheim, Beth A.; Tibbetts, Michael; Van Stone, David W.; Zografou, Panagoula

2018-01-01

With the construction of the Second Chandra Source Catalog (CSC2.0), came new requirements and new techniques to create a software system that can process 10,000 observations and identify nearly 320,000 point and compact X-ray sources. A new series of processing pipelines have been developed to allow for deeper more complete exploration of the Chanda observations. In CSC1.0 there were 4 general pipelines, whereas in CSC2.0 there are 20 data processing pipelines that have been organized into 3 distinct phases of operation - detection, master matching and source property characterization.With CSC2.0, observations within one arcminute of each other are stacked before searching for sources. The detection phase of processing combines the data, adjusts for shifts in fine astrometry, detects sources, and assesses the likelihood that sources are real. During the master source phase, detections across stacks of observations are analyzed for coverage of the same source to produce a master source. Finally, in the source property phase, each source is characterized with aperture photometry, spectrometry, variability and other properties at theobservation, stack and master levels over several energy bands.We present how these pipelines were constructed and the challenges we faced in how we processed data ranging from virtually no counts to millions of counts, how pipelines were tuned to work optimally on a computational cluster, and how we ensure the data produced was correct through various quality assurance steps.This work has been supported by NASA under contract NAS 8-03060 to the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for operation of the Chandra X-ray Center.

United States petroleum pipelines: An empirical analysis of pipeline sizing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Coburn, L. L.

1980-12-01

The undersizing theory hypothesizes that integrated oil companies have a strong economic incentive to size the petroleum pipelines they own and ship over in a way that means that some of the demand must utilize higher cost alternatives. The DOJ theory posits that excess or monopoly profits are earned due to the natural monopoly characteristics of petroleum pipelines and the existence of market power in some pipelines at either the upstream or downstream market. The theory holds that independent petroleum pipelines owned by companies not otherwise affiliated with the petroleum industry (independent pipelines) do not have these incentives and all the efficiencies of pipeline transportation are passed to the ultimate consumer. Integrated oil companies on the other hand, keep these cost efficiencies for themselves in the form of excess profits.

Effects of Cryogenic Treatment on the Strength Properties of Heat Resistant Stainless Steel (07X16H6)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nadig, D. S.; Bhat, M. R.; Pavan, V. K.; Mahishi, Chandan

2017-09-01

Cryogenic treatment on metals is a well known technology where the materials are exposed to cryogenic temperature for prolonged time duration. The process involves three stages viz. slow cooling, holding at cryogenic temperature and warming to room temperature. During this process, hard and micro sized carbide particles are released within the steel material. In addition, soft and unconverted austenite of steel changes to strong martensite structure. These combined effects increase the strength and hardness of the cryotreated steel. In this experimental study, the effects of cryogenic treatment, austenitising and tempering on the mechanical properties of stainless steel (07X16H6) have been carried. After determining the strength properties of the original material, the specimens were cryotreated at 98K for 24 hours in a specially developed cryotreatment system. The effects of austenitising prior to cryogenic treatment and tempering post cryotreatment on the mechanical properties of steel samples have been experimentally determined and analysed.

75 FR 13342 - Pipeline Safety: Workshop on Distribution Pipeline Construction

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-19

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket ID... natural gas distribution construction. Natural gas distribution pipelines are subject to a unique subset... distribution pipeline construction practices. This workshop will focus solely on natural gas distribution...

70. Photocopy of 4' 10 x 3'10 Propeller, U.S. Coast ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

70. Photocopy of 4' 10 x 3'10 Propeller, U.S. Coast Guard 133 Ft. Tender. Columbian Bronze Corporation, Freeport, Long Island, New York, Coast Guard Headquarters Drawing No. 540-WAGL-4400-4, dated July 1953. Original drawing property of the U.S. Coast Guard. - U.S. Coast Guard Cutter WHITE HEATH, USGS Integrated Support Command Boston, 427 Commercial Street, Boston, Suffolk County, MA

Natural gas pipeline leaks across Washington, DC.

PubMed

Jackson, Robert B; Down, Adrian; Phillips, Nathan G; Ackley, Robert C; Cook, Charles W; Plata, Desiree L; Zhao, Kaiguang

2014-01-01

Pipeline safety in the United States has increased in recent decades, but incidents involving natural gas pipelines still cause an average of 17 fatalities and $133 M in property damage annually. Natural gas leaks are also the largest anthropogenic source of the greenhouse gas methane (CH4) in the U.S. To reduce pipeline leakage and increase consumer safety, we deployed a Picarro G2301 Cavity Ring-Down Spectrometer in a car, mapping 5893 natural gas leaks (2.5 to 88.6 ppm CH4) across 1500 road miles of Washington, DC. The δ(13)C-isotopic signatures of the methane (-38.2‰ ± 3.9‰ s.d.) and ethane (-36.5 ± 1.1 s.d.) and the CH4:C2H6 ratios (25.5 ± 8.9 s.d.) closely matched the pipeline gas (-39.0‰ and -36.2‰ for methane and ethane; 19.0 for CH4/C2H6). Emissions from four street leaks ranged from 9200 to 38,200 L CH4 day(-1) each, comparable to natural gas used by 1.7 to 7.0 homes, respectively. At 19 tested locations, 12 potentially explosive (Grade 1) methane concentrations of 50,000 to 500,000 ppm were detected in manholes. Financial incentives and targeted programs among companies, public utility commissions, and scientists to reduce leaks and replace old cast-iron pipes will improve consumer safety and air quality, save money, and lower greenhouse gas emissions.

Progress in thermomechanical control of steel plates and their commercialization

PubMed Central

Nishioka, Kiyoshi; Ichikawa, Kazutoshi

2012-01-01

The water-cooled thermomechanical control process (TMCP) is a technology for improving the strength and toughness of water-cooled steel plates, while allowing control of the microstructure, phase transformation and rolling. This review describes metallurgical aspects of the microalloying of steel, such as niobium addition, and discusses advantages of TMCP, for example, in terms of weldability, which is reduced upon alloying. Other covered topics include the development of equipment, distortions in steel plates, peripheral technologies such as steel making and casting, and theoretical modeling, as well as the history of property control in steel plate production and some early TMCP technologies. We provide some of the latest examples of applications of TMCP steel in various industries such as shipbuilding, offshore structures, building construction, bridges, pipelines, penstocks and cryogenic tanks. This review also introduces high heat-affected-zone toughness technologies, wherein the microstructure of steel is improved by the addition of fine particles of magnesium-containing sulfides and magnesium- or calcium-containing oxides. We demonstrate that thanks to ongoing developments TMCP has the potential to meet the ever-increasing demands of steel plates. PMID:27877477

75 FR 63774 - Pipeline Safety: Safety of On-Shore Hazardous Liquid Pipelines

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-18

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration 49 CFR Part... Pipelines AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), Department of... Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968, Public Law 90-481, delegated to DOT the authority to develop...

77 FR 61825 - Pipeline Safety: Notice of Public Meeting on Pipeline Data

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-11

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket ID... program performance measures for gas distribution, gas transmission, and hazardous liquids pipelines. The... distribution pipelines (49 CFR 192.1007(e)), gas transmission pipelines (49 CFR 192.945) and hazardous liquids...

On the measurement of austenite in supermartensitic stainless steel by X-ray diffraction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tolchard, Julian Richard, E-mail: tolchard@material.ntnu.no; Sømme, Astri; Solberg, Jan Ketil

2015-01-15

Sections of a 13Cr supermartensitic stainless steel were investigated to determine the optimum sample preparation for measurement of the austenite content by X-ray diffraction. The surface of several samples was mechanically ground or polished using media of grit sizes in the range 1–120 μm. The strained surface layer was afterwards removed stepwise by electropolishing, and the austenite content measured at each step. It was found that any level of mechanical grinding or polishing results in a reduction of the measured austenite fraction relative to the true bulk value, and that coarser grinding media impart greater damage and greater reduction inmore » the measured austenite content. The results thus highlight the importance of the electropolishing step in preparation of such samples, but suggest that the American Society for Testing and Materials standard E975-03 substantially overestimates the amount of material which needs to be removed to recover the true “bulk” content. - Highlights: • Quantitative Rietveld analysis of austenite/martensite ratio in supermartensitic stainless steels • Critical evaluation of sample preparation for residual austenite measurements by X-ray diffraction • Highlighting of the importance of electropolishing as a final preparation step.« less

76 FR 303 - Pipeline Safety: Safety of On-Shore Hazardous Liquid Pipelines

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-04

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration 49 CFR Part 195 [Docket ID PHMSA-2010-0229] RIN 2137-AE66 Pipeline Safety: Safety of On-Shore Hazardous Liquid Pipelines AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), DOT. ACTION: Notice of...

46 CFR 32.70-1 - Application-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Application-TB/ALL. 32.70-1 Section 32.70-1 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS SPECIAL EQUIPMENT, MACHINERY, AND HULL... Application—TB/ALL. All steel hull tank vessels, the construction or conversion of which was started prior to...

46 CFR 32.70-1 - Application-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Application-TB/ALL. 32.70-1 Section 32.70-1 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS SPECIAL EQUIPMENT, MACHINERY, AND HULL... Application—TB/ALL. All steel hull tank vessels, the construction or conversion of which was started prior to...

46 CFR 32.70-1 - Application-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Application-TB/ALL. 32.70-1 Section 32.70-1 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS SPECIAL EQUIPMENT, MACHINERY, AND HULL... Application—TB/ALL. All steel hull tank vessels, the construction or conversion of which was started prior to...

46 CFR 32.70-1 - Application-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Application-TB/ALL. 32.70-1 Section 32.70-1 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS SPECIAL EQUIPMENT, MACHINERY, AND HULL... Application—TB/ALL. All steel hull tank vessels, the construction or conversion of which was started prior to...

46 CFR 32.70-1 - Application-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Application-TB/ALL. 32.70-1 Section 32.70-1 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS SPECIAL EQUIPMENT, MACHINERY, AND HULL... Application—TB/ALL. All steel hull tank vessels, the construction or conversion of which was started prior to...

77 FR 27249 - Certain Steel Wheels From China

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-09

... Steel Wheels From China Determinations On the basis of the record \\1\\ developed in the subject... of certain steel wheels from China, provided for in subheading 8708.70 of the Harmonized Tariff... preliminary determinations by Commerce that imports of certain steel wheels from China were subsidized within...

INTERNAL REPAIR OF PIPELINES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bill Bruce; Nancy Porter; George Ritter

2005-07-20

without liners, indicating that this type of liner is only marginally effective at restoring the pressure containing capabilities of pipelines. Failure pressures for larger diameter pipe repaired with a semi-circular patch of carbon fiber-reinforced composite lines were also marginally greater than that of a pipe section with un-repaired simulated damage without a liner. These results indicate that fiber reinforced composite liners have the potential to increase the burst pressure of pipe sections with external damage Carbon fiber based liners are viewed as more promising than glass fiber based liners because of the potential for more closely matching the mechanical properties of steel. Pipe repaired with weld deposition failed at pressures lower than that of un-repaired pipe in both the virgin and damaged conditions, indicating that this repair technology is less effective at restoring the pressure containing capability of pipe than a carbon fiber-reinforced liner repair. Physical testing indicates that carbon fiber-reinforced liner repair is the most promising technology evaluated to-date. In lieu of a field installation on an abandoned pipeline, a preliminary nondestructive testing protocol is being developed to determine the success or failure of the fiber-reinforced liner pipeline repairs. Optimization and validation activities for carbon-fiber repair methods are ongoing.« less

46 CFR 32.70-5 - Hull requirements; general-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Hull requirements; general-TB/ALL. 32.70-5 Section 32.70..., AND HULL REQUIREMENTS Hull Requirements for Steel Hull Tank Vessels Constructed Prior to November 10, 1936 § 32.70-5 Hull requirements; general—TB/ALL. The scantlings, material, and workmanship, the...

Gathering pipeline methane emissions in Fayetteville shale pipelines and scoping guidelines for future pipeline measurement campaigns

DOE PAGES

Zimmerle, Daniel J.; Pickering, Cody K.; Bell, Clay S.; ...

2017-11-24

Gathering pipelines, which transport gas from well pads to downstream processing, are a sector of the natural gas supply chain for which little measured methane emissions data are available. This study performed leak detection and measurement on 96 km of gathering pipeline and the associated 56 pigging facilities and 39 block valves. The study found one underground leak accounting for 83% (4.0 kg CH 4/hr) of total measured emissions. Methane emissions for the 4684 km of gathering pipeline in the study area were estimated at 402 kg CH 4/hr [95 to 1065 kg CH 4/hr, 95% CI], or 1% [0.2%more » to 2.6%] of all methane emissions measured during a prior aircraft study of the same area. Emissions estimated by this study fall within the uncertainty range of emissions estimated using emission factors from EPA's 2015 Greenhouse Inventory and study activity estimates. While EPA's current inventory is based upon emission factors from distribution mains measured in the 1990s, this study indicates that using emission factors from more recent distribution studies could significantly underestimate emissions from gathering pipelines. To guide broader studies of pipeline emissions, we also estimate the fraction of the pipeline length within a basin that must be measured to constrain uncertainty of pipeline emissions estimates to within 1% of total basin emissions. The study provides both substantial insight into the mix of emission sources and guidance for future gathering pipeline studies, but since measurements were made in a single basin, the results are not sufficiently representative to provide methane emission factors at the regional or national level.« less

Gathering pipeline methane emissions in Fayetteville shale pipelines and scoping guidelines for future pipeline measurement campaigns

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zimmerle, Daniel J.; Pickering, Cody K.; Bell, Clay S.

Gathering pipelines, which transport gas from well pads to downstream processing, are a sector of the natural gas supply chain for which little measured methane emissions data are available. This study performed leak detection and measurement on 96 km of gathering pipeline and the associated 56 pigging facilities and 39 block valves. The study found one underground leak accounting for 83% (4.0 kg CH 4/hr) of total measured emissions. Methane emissions for the 4684 km of gathering pipeline in the study area were estimated at 402 kg CH 4/hr [95 to 1065 kg CH 4/hr, 95% CI], or 1% [0.2%more » to 2.6%] of all methane emissions measured during a prior aircraft study of the same area. Emissions estimated by this study fall within the uncertainty range of emissions estimated using emission factors from EPA's 2015 Greenhouse Inventory and study activity estimates. While EPA's current inventory is based upon emission factors from distribution mains measured in the 1990s, this study indicates that using emission factors from more recent distribution studies could significantly underestimate emissions from gathering pipelines. To guide broader studies of pipeline emissions, we also estimate the fraction of the pipeline length within a basin that must be measured to constrain uncertainty of pipeline emissions estimates to within 1% of total basin emissions. The study provides both substantial insight into the mix of emission sources and guidance for future gathering pipeline studies, but since measurements were made in a single basin, the results are not sufficiently representative to provide methane emission factors at the regional or national level.« less

Comparative coal transportation costs: an economic and engineering analysis of truck, belt, rail, barge and coal slurry and pneumatic pipelines. Volume 3. Coal slurry pipelines. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rieber, M.; Soo, S.L.

1977-08-01

A coal slurry pipeline system requires that the coal go through a number of processing stages before it is used by the power plant. Once mined, the coal is delivered to a preparation plant where it is pulverized to sizes between 18 and 325 mesh and then suspended in about an equal weight of water. This 50-50 slurry mixture has a consistency approximating toothpaste. It is pushed through the pipeline via electric pumping stations 70 to 100 miles apart. Flow velocity through the line must be maintained within a narrow range. For example, if a 3.5 mph design is usedmore » at 5 mph, the system must be able to withstand double the horsepower, peak pressure, and wear. Minimum flowrate must be maintained to avoid particle settling and plugging. However, in general, once a pipeline system has been designed, because of economic considerations on the one hand and design limits on the other, flowrate is rather inflexible. Pipelines that have a slowly moving throughput and a water carrier may be subject to freezing in northern areas during periods of severe cold. One of the problems associated with slurry pipeline analyses is the lack of operating experience.« less

77 FR 34123 - Pipeline Safety: Public Meeting on Integrity Management of Gas Distribution Pipelines

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-08

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket No. PHMSA-2012-0100] Pipeline Safety: Public Meeting on Integrity Management of Gas Distribution Pipelines AGENCY: Office of Pipeline Safety, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, DOT. ACTION...

ALMA Pipeline: Current Status

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shinnaga, H.; Humphreys, E.; Indebetouw, R.; Villard, E.; Kern, J.; Davis, L.; Miura, R. E.; Nakazato, T.; Sugimoto, K.; Kosugi, G.; Akiyama, E.; Muders, D.; Wyrowski, F.; Williams, S.; Lightfoot, J.; Kent, B.; Momjian, E.; Hunter, T.; ALMA Pipeline Team

2015-12-01

The ALMA Pipeline is the automated data reduction tool that runs on ALMA data. Current version of the ALMA pipeline produces science quality data products for standard interferometric observing modes up to calibration process. The ALMA Pipeline is comprised of (1) heuristics in the form of Python scripts that select the best processing parameters, and (2) contexts that are given for book-keeping purpose of data processes. The ALMA Pipeline produces a "weblog" that showcases detailed plots for users to judge how each step of calibration processes are treated. The ALMA Interferometric Pipeline was conditionally accepted in March 2014 by processing Cycle 0 and Cycle 1 data sets. From Cycle 2, ALMA Pipeline is used for ALMA data reduction and quality assurance for the projects whose observing modes are supported by the ALMA Pipeline. Pipeline tasks are available based on CASA version 4.2.2, and the first public pipeline release called CASA 4.2.2-pipe has been available since October 2014. One can reduce ALMA data both by CASA tasks as well as by pipeline tasks by using CASA version 4.2.2-pipe.

J-R fracture characteristics of ferritic steels for RPVs and RCS piping of nuclear power plants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoon, Ji-Hyun; Lee, Bong-Sang; Hong, Jun-Hwa

2001-10-01

J-R fracture resistance tests have been performed on 3 heats of SA508-Gr.3 nuclear reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel as well as 2 heats of SA516-Gr.70 and a heat of SA508-Gr.1a steels for nuclear reactor coolant system (RCS) piping. For the latter two steels, dynamic in addition to static J-R fracture resistances were investigated. From the test results of the SA508-Gr.3 steels, the J-R fracture resistance was superior in the following order: Si-killing steel, modified VCD steel and VCD steel. Microstructural analyses were carried out to correlate J-R fracture resistances with microstructural characteristics. According to the test results for SA508-Gr.1a and SA516-Gr.70 steels, all of the tested steels showed steep drops in fracture resistance at certain temperature and loading rate combinations. One heat of SA516-Gr.70 steel was very sensitive to dynamic strain aging and its fracture resistance was significantly low. It was concluded that microstructural and chemical factors affect the J-R fracture and DSA characteristics of SA516-Gr.70 steels.

Protective Behavior of Poly(m-aminophenol) and Polypyrrole Coatings on Mild Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yahaya, Sabrina M.; Harun, M. K.; Rosmamuhamadani, R.; Bonnia, N. N.; Ratim, S.

2018-01-01

Electrodeposition of polypyrrole (PPy) and poly (m-aminophenol) (PMAP) films on mild steel (MS) substrate was achieved in 0.3M oxalic acid solution and 0.3M NaOH, water:ethanol (70:30) solvent respectively using cyclic voltammetry technique. The morphology of the films constructed was determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) while energy dispersive X-Ray analyzer (EDX) was used to establish the presence of organic PMAP and PPy film coating and its compositions. The corrosion performance of MS coated with both polymer films were investigated after 0.5 hours immersed in 0.5M NaCl aqueous solution by using polarization curves. It was found that PPy coating provides anodic protection while PMAP coating provides cathodic protection towards corrosion protection of mild steel substrate.

75 FR 5244 - Pipeline Safety: Integrity Management Program for Gas Distribution Pipelines; Correction

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-02

... Management Program for Gas Distribution Pipelines; Correction AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration 49 CFR Part... Regulations to require operators of gas distribution pipelines to develop and implement integrity management...

Duplex stainless steel fracture surface analysis using X-ray fractography

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rajanna, K.; Pathiraj, B.; Kolster, B.H.

1997-02-01

The fatigue fracture surface of a duplex stainless steel was analyzed using x-ray fractography. A lower than average austenite content was observed at the fracture surface due to the transformation of austenite into deformation-induced martensite. The influence of fatigue cycling on the transformation was confined to a depth of about 30 {micro}m below the fracture surface. X-ray analyses of both the ferrite-martensite and the austenite phases indicated residual stresses ({sigma}{sub r}) increasing with depth from the fracture surface and reaching a maximum some tens of microns below the fracture surface. The lower {sigma}{sub r} observed at the fracture surface hasmore » been attributed to the stress relaxation effects caused by the new fracture surfaces created in the crack growth process. The observed decrease in full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the ferrite-martensite phase was presumed to be due to the dynamic recovery effect that was likely to occur within the material close to the crack tip as a consequence of fatigue cycling.« less

Study on the Toughness of X100 Pipeline Steel Heat Affected Zone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Xueda; Shang, Chengjia; Ma, Xiaoping; Subramanian, S. V.

Microstructure-property correlation of heat affected zone (HAZ) in X100 longitudinal submerged arc welding (LSAW) real weld joint was studied in this paper. Coarse grained (CG) HAZ and intercritically reheated coarse grained (ICCG) HAZ were characterized by optical microscope (OM), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The microstructure of CGHAZ is mostly composed of granular bainite with low density of high angle boundaries (HAB). Prior austenite grain size is 80μm. In ICCGHAZ, coarse prior austenite grains were decorated by coarse necklacing martensite-austenite (M-A) constituents. Different layers were observed within M-A constituent, which may be martensite and austenite layers. Charpy absorbed energy of two different HAZ regions (ICCGHAZ containing and non-containing regions) was recorded using instrumental Charpy impact test machine. The results showed that the existence of ICCGHAZ resulted in the sharp drop of Charpy absorbed energy from 180J to 50J, while the existence of only CGHAZ could still lead to good toughness. The fracture surface was 60% brittle in the absence of ICCGHAZ, and 100% brittle in the presence of ICCGHAZ in the impact tested samples. The underlying reason is the microstructure of ICCGHAZ consisted of granular bainite and upper bainite with necklace-type M-A constituent along the grain boundaries. Cleavage fracture initiated from M-A constituent, either through cracking of M-A or debonding from the matrix, was observed at the fracture surface of ICCGHAZ. The presence of necklace type M-A constituent in ICCGHAZ notably increases the susceptibility of cleavage microcrack nucleation. Furthermore, the study of secondary microcracks beneath the CGHAZ and the ICCGHAZ through EBSD suggested that the fracture mechanism changes from nucleation-controlled in the CGHAZ to propagation-controlled in the ICCGHAZ because of the presence of necklace-type M-A constituent in the ICCGHAZ region. Both fracture mechanism contribute to the poor

Aerosol filtration with steel fiber filters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bergman, W.; Wilson, K.; Larsen, G.; Lopez, R.

1993-04-01

An experimental study has been conducted of aerosol penetration through a new high efficiency steel fiber filter and filter media that was developed in cooperation with Pall Corporation. Previous studies have shown that sintered steel fiber media have significant improvements in higher filter efficiency and lower pressure drop than the previous steel filter technology based on sintered powder metal media. In the present study, measurements were made of the penetration of dioctyl sebacate (DOS) aerosols through flat sheet samples, pleated cartridge filters, and a 1000 cfm filter having 64 cartridges housed in a 2 x 2 x 1 ft. frame. The steel fiber media used in our study consists of 2 micron diameter stainless steel (316 L) fibers sintered together into sheets.

Flame: A Flexible Data Reduction Pipeline for Near-Infrared and Optical Spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belli, Sirio; Contursi, Alessandra; Davies, Richard I.

2018-05-01

We present flame, a pipeline for reducing spectroscopic observations obtained with multi-slit near-infrared and optical instruments. Because of its flexible design, flame can be easily applied to data obtained with a wide variety of spectrographs. The flexibility is due to a modular architecture, which allows changes and customizations to the pipeline, and relegates the instrument-specific parts to a single module. At the core of the data reduction is the transformation from observed pixel coordinates (x, y) to rectified coordinates (λ, γ). This transformation consists in the polynomial functions λ(x, y) and γ(x, y) that are derived from arc or sky emission lines and slit edge tracing, respectively. The use of 2D transformations allows one to wavelength-calibrate and rectify the data using just one interpolation step. Furthermore, the γ(x, y) transformation includes also the spatial misalignment between frames, which can be measured from a reference star observed simultaneously with the science targets. The misalignment can then be fully corrected during the rectification, without having to further resample the data. Sky subtraction can be performed via nodding and/or modeling of the sky spectrum; the combination of the two methods typically yields the best results. We illustrate the pipeline by showing examples of data reduction for a near-infrared instrument (LUCI at the Large Binocular Telescope) and an optical one (LRIS at the Keck telescope).

Nine Years of XMM-Newton Pipeline: Experience and Feedback

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Michel, Laurent; Motch, Christian

2009-05-01

The Strasbourg Astronomical Observatory is member of the Survey Science Centre (SSC) of the XMM-Newton satellite. Among other responsibilities, we provide a database access to the 2XMMi catalogue and run the part of the data processing pipeline performing the cross-correlation of EPIC sources with archival catalogs. These tasks were all developed in Strasbourg. Pipeline processing is flawlessly in operation since 1999. We describe here the work load and infrastructure setup in Strasbourg to support SSC activities. Our nine year long SSC experience could be used in the framework of the Simbol-X ground segment.

BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey. V. X-Ray Properties of the Swift/BAT 70-month AGN Catalog

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ricci, C.; Trakhtenbrot, B.; Koss, M. J.; Ueda, Y.; Del Vecchio, I.; Treister, E.; Schawinski, K.; Paltani, S.; Oh, K.; Lamperti, I.; Berney, S.; Gandhi, P.; Ichikawa, K.; Bauer, F. E.; Ho, L. C.; Asmus, D.; Beckmann, V.; Soldi, S.; Baloković, M.; Gehrels, N.; Markwardt, C. B.

2017-12-01

Hard X-ray (≥10 keV) observations of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can shed light on some of the most obscured episodes of accretion onto supermassive black holes. The 70-month Swift/BAT all-sky survey, which probes the 14-195 keV energy range, has currently detected 838 AGNs. We report here on the broadband X-ray (0.3-150 keV) characteristics of these AGNs, obtained by combining XMM-Newton, Swift/XRT, ASCA, Chandra, and Suzaku observations in the soft X-ray band (≤slant 10 keV) with 70-month averaged Swift/BAT data. The nonblazar AGNs of our sample are almost equally divided into unobscured ({N}{{H}}< {10}22 {{cm}}-2) and obscured ({N}{{H}}≥slant {10}22 {{cm}}-2) AGNs, and their Swift/BAT continuum is systematically steeper than the 0.3-10 keV emission, which suggests that the presence of a high-energy cutoff is almost ubiquitous. We discuss the main X-ray spectral parameters obtained, such as the photon index, the reflection parameter, the energy of the cutoff, neutral and ionized absorbers, and the soft excess for both obscured and unobscured AGNs.

49 CFR 178.59 - Specification 8 steel cylinders with porous fillings for acetylene.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS...: Carbon, 0.25; phosphorus, 0.045; sulphur, 0.050. (c) Identification of steel. Materials must be... bottoms closed in by spinning must be subjected to a leakage test by setting the interior air or gas...

49 CFR 178.37 - Specification 3AA and 3AAX seamless steel cylinders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the Record of Chemical Analysis of Material for Cylinders required by § 178.35. This hardness test... Rephosphorized steels not subject to check analysis for phosphorus. (c) Identification of material. Material must... cylinders. 178.37 Section 178.37 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND...

Pier Moment-Rotation of Compact and Noncompact HPS70W I-Girders.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2003-06-01

A project to study the pier moment-rotation behavior of compact and noncompact high performance steel HPS70W bridge I-girders was conducted at Colorado State University in the context of examining two : restrictions for inelastic design of steel brid...

49 CFR 178.60 - Specification 8AL steel cylinders with porous fillings for acetylene.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS... appendix A to this part. (c) Identification of steel. Material must be identified by any suitable method..., specified in paragraph (f)(1) of this section, of similar material which have been previously welded or...

Remaining Sites Verification Package for the 100-F-44:2, Discovery Pipeline Near 108-F Building, Waste Site Reclassification Form 2007-006

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

J. M. Capron

2008-05-30

The 100-F-44:2 waste site is a steel pipeline that was discovered in a junction box during confirmatory sampling of the 100-F-26:4 pipeline from December 2004 through January 2005. The 100-F-44:2 pipeline feeds into the 100-F-26:4 subsite vitrified clay pipe (VCP) process sewer pipeline from the 108-F Biology Laboratory at the junction box. In accordance with this evaluation, the confirmatory sampling results support a reclassification of this site to No Action. The current site conditions achieve the remedial action objectives and the corresponding remedial action goals established in the Remaining Sites ROD. The results of confirmatory sampling show that residual contaminantmore » concentrations do not preclude any future uses and allow for unrestricted use of shallow zone soils. The results also demonstrate that residual contaminant concentrations are protective of groundwater and the Columbia River.« less

S-N Fatigue and Fatigue Crack Propagation Behaviors of X80 Steel at Room and Low Temperatures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jung, Dae-Ho; Kwon, Jae-Ki; Woo, Nam-Sub; Kim, Young-Ju; Goto, Masahiro; Kim, Sangshik

2014-02-01

In the present study, the S-N fatigue and the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) behaviors of American Petroleum Institute X80 steel were examined in the different locations of the base metal (BM), weld metal (WM), and heat-affected zone (HAZ) at 298 K, 223 K, and 193 K (25 °C, -50 °C, and -80 °C). The resistance to S-N fatigue of X80 BM specimen increased greatly with decreasing temperature from 298 K to 193 K (25 °C to -80 °C) and showed a strong dependency on the flow strength (½(yield strength + tensile strength)). The FCP rates of X80 BM specimen were substantially reduced with decreasing temperature from 298 K to 223 K (25 °C to -50 °C) over the entire ∆ K regime, while further reduction in FCP rates was not significant with temperature from 223 K to 193 K (-50 °C to -80 °C). The FCP rates of the X80 BM and the WM specimens were comparable with each other, while the HAZ specimen showed slightly better FCP resistance than the BM and the WM specimens over the entire ∆K regime at 298 K (25 °C). Despite the varying microstructural characteristics of each weld location, the residual stress appeared to be a controlling factor to determine the FCP behavior. The FCP behaviors of high strength X80 steel were discussed based on the microstructural and the fractographic observations.

78 FR 41991 - Pipeline Safety: Potential for Damage to Pipeline Facilities Caused by Flooding

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-12

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket No...: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA); DOT. ACTION: Notice; Issuance of Advisory... Gas and Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Systems. Subject: Potential for Damage to Pipeline Facilities Caused...

78 FR 41496 - Pipeline Safety: Meetings of the Gas and Liquid Pipeline Advisory Committees

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-10

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket No. PHMSA-2013-0156] Pipeline Safety: Meetings of the Gas and Liquid Pipeline Advisory Committees AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), DOT. ACTION: Notice of advisory committee...

Bicycle: a bioinformatics pipeline to analyze bisulfite sequencing data.

PubMed

Graña, Osvaldo; López-Fernández, Hugo; Fdez-Riverola, Florentino; González Pisano, David; Glez-Peña, Daniel

2018-04-15

High-throughput sequencing of bisulfite-converted DNA is a technique used to measure DNA methylation levels. Although a considerable number of computational pipelines have been developed to analyze such data, none of them tackles all the peculiarities of the analysis together, revealing limitations that can force the user to manually perform additional steps needed for a complete processing of the data. This article presents bicycle, an integrated, flexible analysis pipeline for bisulfite sequencing data. Bicycle analyzes whole genome bisulfite sequencing data, targeted bisulfite sequencing data and hydroxymethylation data. To show how bicycle overtakes other available pipelines, we compared them on a defined number of features that are summarized in a table. We also tested bicycle with both simulated and real datasets, to show its level of performance, and compared it to different state-of-the-art methylation analysis pipelines. Bicycle is publicly available under GNU LGPL v3.0 license at http://www.sing-group.org/bicycle. Users can also download a customized Ubuntu LiveCD including bicycle and other bisulfite sequencing data pipelines compared here. In addition, a docker image with bicycle and its dependencies, which allows a straightforward use of bicycle in any platform (e.g. Linux, OS X or Windows), is also available. ograna@cnio.es or dgpena@uvigo.es. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Long-term strength and allowable stresses of grade 10Kh9MFB and X10CrMoVNb9-1 (T91/P91) chromium heat-resistant steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Skorobogatykh, V. N.; Danyushevskiy, I. A.; Schenkova, I. A.; Prudnikov, D. A.

2015-04-01

Currently, grade X10CrMoVNb9-1 (T91, P91) and 10Kh9MFB (10Kh9MFB-Sh) chromium steels are widely applied in equipment manufacturing for thermal power plants in Russia and abroad. Compilation and comparison of tensile, impact, and long-term strength tests results accumulated for many years of investigations of foreign grade X10CrMoVNb9-1, T91, P91, and domestic grade 10Kh9MFB (10Kh9MFB-Sh) steels is carried out. The property identity of metals investigated is established. High strength and plastic properties of steels, from which pipes and other products are made, for operation under creep conditions are confirmed. Design characteristics of long-term strength on the basis of tests with more than one million of hour-samples are determined ( and at temperatures of 500-650°C). The table of recommended allowable stresses for grade 10Kh9MFB, 10Kh9MFB-SH, X10CrMoVNb9-1, T91, and P91 steels is developed. The long-time properties of pipe welded joints of grade 10Kh9MFB+10Kh9MFB, 10Kh9MFB-Sh+10Kh9MFB-Sh, X10CrMoVNb9-1+X10CrMoVNb9-1, P91+P91, T91+T91, 10Kh9MFB (10Kh9MFB-Sh)+X10CrMoVNb9-1(T/P91) steels is researched. The welded joint reduction factor is experimentally determined.

Bright x-ray stainless steel K-shell source development at the National Ignition Facility

DOE PAGES

May, M. J.; Fournier, K. B.; Colvin, J. D.; ...

2015-06-01

High x-ray conversion efficiency (XRCE) K-shell sources are being developed for high energy density experiments for use as backlighters and for the testing of materials exposed to high x-ray fluxes and fluences. Recently, sources with high XRCE in the K-shell x-ray energy range of iron and nickel were investigated at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The x-ray conversion efficiency in the 5–9 keV spectral range was determined to be 6.8% ± 0.3%. These targets were 4.1 mm diameter, 4 mm tall hollow epoxy tubes having a 50 μm thick wall supporting a tube of 3 to 3.5 μm thick stainlessmore » steel. The NIF laser deposited ~460 kJ of 3ω light into the target in a 140 TW, 3.3 ns square pulse. The absolute x-ray emission of the source was measured by two calibrated Dante x-ray spectrometers. In conclusion, time resolved images filtered for the Fe K-shell were recorded to follow the heating of the target. Time integrated high-resolution spectra were recorded in the K-shell range« less

Bright x-ray stainless steel K-shell source development at the National Ignition Facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

May, M. J.; Fournier, K. B.; Colvin, J. D.; Barrios, M. A.; Dewald, E. L.; Hohenberger, M.; Moody, J.; Patterson, J. R.; Schneider, M.; Widmann, K.; Regan, S. P.

2015-06-01

High x-ray conversion efficiency (XRCE) K-shell sources are being developed for high energy density experiments for use as backlighters and for the testing of materials exposed to high x-ray fluxes and fluences. Recently, sources with high XRCE in the K-shell x-ray energy range of iron and nickel were investigated at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The x-ray conversion efficiency in the 5-9 keV spectral range was determined to be 6.8% ± 0.3%. These targets were 4.1 mm diameter, 4 mm tall hollow epoxy tubes having a 50 μm thick wall supporting a tube of 3 to 3.5 μm thick stainless steel. The NIF laser deposited ˜460 kJ of 3ω light into the target in a 140 TW, 3.3 ns square pulse. The absolute x-ray emission of the source was measured by two calibrated Dante x-ray spectrometers. Time resolved images filtered for the Fe K-shell were recorded to follow the heating of the target. Time integrated high-resolution spectra were recorded in the K-shell range.

Monitoring of stainless-steel slag carbonation using X-ray computed microtomography.

PubMed

Boone, Marijn A; Nielsen, Peter; De Kock, Tim; Boone, Matthieu N; Quaghebeur, Mieke; Cnudde, Veerle

2014-01-01

Steel production is one of the largest contributors to industrial CO2 emissions. This industry also generates large amounts of solid byproducts, such as slag and sludge. In this study, fine grained stainless-steel slag (SSS) is valorized to produce compacts with high compressive strength without the use of a hydraulic binder. This carbonation process is investigated on a pore-scale level to identify how the mineral phases in the SSS react with CO2, where carbonates are formed, and what the impact of these changes is on the pore network of the carbonated SSS compact. In addition to conventional research techniques, high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRXCT) is applied to visualize and quantify the changes in situ during the carbonation process. The results show that carbonates mainly precipitate at grain contacts and in capillary pores and this precipitation has little effect on the connectivity of the pore space. This paper also demonstrates the use of a custom-designed polymer reaction cell that allows in situ HRXCT analysis of the carbonation process. This shows the distribution and influence of water and CO2 in the pore network on the carbonate precipitation and, thus, the influence on the compressive strength development of the waste material.

Dynamic water behaviour due to one trapped air pocket in a laboratory pipeline apparatus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bergant, A.; Karadžić, U.; Tijsseling, A.

2016-11-01

Trapped air pockets may cause severe operational problems in hydropower and water supply systems. A locally isolated air pocket creates distinct amplitude, shape and timing of pressure pulses. This paper investigates dynamic behaviour of a single trapped air pocket. The air pocket is incorporated as a boundary condition into the discrete gas cavity model (DGCM). DGCM allows small gas cavities to form at computational sections in the method of characteristics (MOC). The growth of the pocket and gas cavities is described by the water hammer compatibility equation(s), the continuity equation for the cavity volume, and the equation of state of an ideal gas. Isentropic behaviour is assumed for the trapped gas pocket and an isothermal bath for small gas cavities. Experimental investigations have been performed in a laboratory pipeline apparatus. The apparatus consists of an upstream end high-pressure tank, a horizontal steel pipeline (total length 55.37 m, inner diameter 18 mm), four valve units positioned along the pipeline including the end points, and a downstream end tank. A trapped air pocket is captured between two ball valves at the downstream end of the pipeline. The transient event is initiated by rapid opening of the upstream end valve; the downstream end valve stays closed during the event. Predicted and measured results for a few typical cases are compared and discussed.

The effect of various deformation processes on the corrosion behavior of casing and tubing carbon steels in sweet environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elramady, Alyaa Gamal

The aim of this research project is to correlate the plastic deformation and mechanical instability of casing steel materials with corrosion behavior and surface change, in order to identify a tolerable degree of deformation for casing steel materials. While the corrosion of pipeline and casing steels has been investigated extensively, corrosion of these steels in sweet environments with respect to plastic deformation due to bending, rolling, autofrettage, or handling needs more investigation. Downhole tubular expansion of pipes (casings) is becoming standard practice in the petroleum industry to repair damaged casings, shutdown perforations, and ultimately achieve mono-diameter wells. Tubular expansion is a cold-drawing metal forming process, which consists of running conical mandrels through casings either mechanically using a piston or hydraulically by applying a back pressure. This mechanism subjects the pipes to large radial plastic deformations of up to 30 pct. of the inner diameter. It is known that cold-working is a way of strengthening materials such as low carbon steel, but given that this material will be subjected to corrosive environments, susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) should be investigated. This research studies the effect of cold-work, in the form of cold-rolling and cold-expansion, on the surface behavior of API 5CT steels when it is exposed to a CO2-containing environment. Cold-work has a pronounced influence on the corrosion behavior of both API 5CT K55 and P110 grade steels. The lowest strength grade steel, API 5CT K55, performed poorly in a corrosive environment in the slow strain rate test. The ductile material exhibited the highest loss in strength and highest susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking in a CO 2-containing environment. The loss in strength declined with cold-rolling, which can be ascribed to the surface compressive stresses induced by cold-work. On the other hand, API 5CT P110 grade steels showed higher

Phylogenetic characterization of a corrosive consortium isolated from a sour gas pipeline.

PubMed

Jan-Roblero, J; Romero, J M; Amaya, M; Le Borgne, S

2004-06-01

Biocorrosion is a common problem in oil and gas industry facilities. Characterization of the microbial populations responsible for biocorrosion and the interactions between different microorganisms with metallic surfaces is required in order to implement efficient monitoring and control strategies. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis was used to separate PCR products and sequence analysis revealed the bacterial composition of a consortium obtained from a sour gas pipeline in the Gulf of Mexico. Only one species of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was detected in this consortium. The rest of the population consisted of enteric bacteria with different characteristics and metabolic capabilities potentially related to biocorrosion. Therefore, several types of bacteria may be involved in biocorrosion arising from natural biofilms that develop in industrial facilities. The low abundance of the detected SRB was evidenced by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). In addition, the localized corrosion of pipeline steel in the presence of the consortium was clearly observed by ESEM after removing the adhered bacteria.

76 FR 29333 - Pipeline Safety: Meetings of the Technical Pipeline Safety Standards Committee and the Technical...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-20

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket No... Technical Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety Standards Committee AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials... for natural gas pipelines and for hazardous liquid pipelines. Both committees were established under...

76 FR 43743 - Pipeline Safety: Meetings of the Technical Pipeline Safety Standards Committee and the Technical...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-21

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket No. PHMSA-2011-0127] Pipeline Safety: Meetings of the Technical Pipeline Safety Standards Committee and the Technical Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety Standards Committee AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials...

Report on Northwestern's Air-cooled, Copper Precipitation Hardened, High Strength, Weldable Steel Cast and Hot Rolled at Oregon Steel Mills

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-09-27

This research has shown that a Grade 70 construction steel of 1/2- to 1-inch plate thicknesses can be produced without a quench and temper or accelerated cooling from hot-rolling if the Cu content in the steel is sufficiently high. Coherent very fine...

77 FR 16471 - Pipeline Safety: Implementation of the National Registry of Pipeline and Liquefied Natural Gas...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-21

... Registry of Pipeline and Liquefied Natural Gas Operators AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration 49 CFR Parts... Register (75 FR 72878) titled: ``Pipeline Safety: Updates to Pipeline and Liquefied Natural Gas Reporting...

40 CFR 420.70 - Applicability; description of the hot forming subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Applicability; description of the hot forming subcategory. 420.70 Section 420.70 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Hot Forming...

Hot-corrosion of AISI 1020 steel in a molten NaCl/Na2SO4 eutectic at 700°C

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Badaruddin, Mohammad; Risano, Ahmad Yudi Eka; Wardono, Herry; Asmi, Dwi

2017-01-01

Hot-corrosion behavior and morphological development of AISI 1020 steel with 2 mg cm-2 mixtures of various NaCl/Na2SO4 ratios at 700°C were investigated by means of weight gain measurements, Optical Microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The weight gain kinetics of the steel with mixtures of salt deposits display a rapid growth rates, compared with the weight gain kinetics of AISI 1020 steel without salt deposit in dry air oxidation, and follow a steady-state parabolic law for 49 h. Chloridation and sulfidation produced by a molten NaCl/Na2SO4 on the steel induced hot-corrosion mechanism attack, and are responsible for the formation of thicker scale. The most severe corrosion takes place with the 70 wt.% NaCl mixtures in Na2SO4. The typical Fe2O3 whisker growth in outer part scale was attributed to the FeCl3 volatilization. The formation of FeS in the innermost scale is more pronounced as the content of Na2SO4 in the mixture is increased.

A two-stage constitutive model of X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1 steel during elevated temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Luobei; He, Jianli; Zhang, Ying

2018-02-01

In order to clarify the competition between work hardening (WH) caused by dislocation movements and the dynamic softening result from dynamic recovery (DRV) and dynamic recrystallization (DRX), a new two-stage flow stress model of X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1 (X12) ferrite heat-resistant steel was established to describe the whole hot deformation behavior. And the parameters were determined by the experimental data operated on a Gleeble-3800 thermo- mechanical simulation. In this constitutive model, a single internal variable dislocation density evolution model is used to describe the influence of WH and DRV to flow stress. The DRX kinetic dynamic model can express accurately the contribution of DRX to the decline of flow stress, which was established on the Avrami equation. Furthermore, The established new model was compared with Fields-Bachofen (F-B) model and experimental data. The results indicate the new two-stage flow stress model can more accurately represent the hot deformation behavior of X12 ferrite heat-resistant steel, and the average error is only 0.0995.

Effect of Concentration and Temperature of Ethanol in Fuel Blends on Microbial and Stress Corrosion Cracking of High-Strength Steel

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2012-02-01

Localized environments in fuel grade ethanol (FGE) transportation systems, where conditions are suitable for growth, may allow for microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of steel components. Interstate pipeline transportation of ethanol fuels i...

75 FR 45591 - Pipeline Safety: Notice of Technical Pipeline Safety Advisory Committee Meetings

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-03

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration 49 CFR Part... Committee Meetings AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA); DOT. ACTION... safety standards, risk assessments, and safety policies for natural gas pipelines and for hazardous...

Smart Sound Processing for Defect Sizing in Pipelines Using EMAT Actuator Based Multi-Frequency Lamb Waves

PubMed Central

García-Gómez, Joaquín; Rosa-Zurera, Manuel; Romero-Camacho, Antonio; Jiménez-Garrido, Jesús Antonio; García-Benavides, Víctor

2018-01-01

Pipeline inspection is a topic of particular interest to the companies. Especially important is the defect sizing, which allows them to avoid subsequent costly repairs in their equipment. A solution for this issue is using ultrasonic waves sensed through Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) actuators. The main advantage of this technology is the absence of the need to have direct contact with the surface of the material under investigation, which must be a conductive one. Specifically interesting is the meander-line-coil based Lamb wave generation, since the directivity of the waves allows a study based in the circumferential wrap-around received signal. However, the variety of defect sizes changes the behavior of the signal when it passes through the pipeline. Because of that, it is necessary to apply advanced techniques based on Smart Sound Processing (SSP). These methods involve extracting useful information from the signals sensed with EMAT at different frequencies to obtain nonlinear estimations of the depth of the defect, and to select the features that better estimate the profile of the pipeline. The proposed technique has been tested using both simulated and real signals in steel pipelines, obtaining good results in terms of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). PMID:29518927

Residual Stress Analysis in Girth-welded Ferritic and Austenitic Steel Pipes Using Neutron and X-Ray Diffraction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hempel, Nico; Bunn, Jeffrey R; Nitschke-Pagel, Thomas

This paper is dedicated to the thorough experimental analysis of the residual stresses in the vicinity of tubular welds and the mechanisms involved in their formation. Pipes made of a ferritic-pearlitic structural steel and an austenitic stainless steel are investigated in this study. The pipes feature a similar geometry and are MAG welded with two passes and comparable parameters. Residual strain mappings are carried out using X-ray and neutron diffraction. The combined use of both techniques permits both near-surface and through-wall analyses of the residual stresses. The findings allow for a consistent interpretation of the mechanisms accounting for the formationmore » of the residual stress fields due to the welding process. Since the results are similar for both materials, it can be concluded that residual stresses induced by phase transformations, which can occur in the structural steel, play a minor role in this regard.« less

Multinode reconfigurable pipeline computer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nosenchuck, Daniel M. (Inventor); Littman, Michael G. (Inventor)

1989-01-01

A multinode parallel-processing computer is made up of a plurality of innerconnected, large capacity nodes each including a reconfigurable pipeline of functional units such as Integer Arithmetic Logic Processors, Floating Point Arithmetic Processors, Special Purpose Processors, etc. The reconfigurable pipeline of each node is connected to a multiplane memory by a Memory-ALU switch NETwork (MASNET). The reconfigurable pipeline includes three (3) basic substructures formed from functional units which have been found to be sufficient to perform the bulk of all calculations. The MASNET controls the flow of signals from the memory planes to the reconfigurable pipeline and vice versa. the nodes are connectable together by an internode data router (hyperspace router) so as to form a hypercube configuration. The capability of the nodes to conditionally configure the pipeline at each tick of the clock, without requiring a pipeline flush, permits many powerful algorithms to be implemented directly.

46 CFR 32.70-25 - Cargo tanks-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... REQUIREMENTS Hull Requirements for Steel Hull Tank Vessels Constructed Prior to November 10, 1936 § 32.70-25... inspection, a satisfactory inspection of the cargo tanks and hull structure can be made. ...

46 CFR 32.70-25 - Cargo tanks-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... REQUIREMENTS Hull Requirements for Steel Hull Tank Vessels Constructed Prior to November 10, 1936 § 32.70-25... inspection, a satisfactory inspection of the cargo tanks and hull structure can be made. ...

46 CFR 32.70-25 - Cargo tanks-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... REQUIREMENTS Hull Requirements for Steel Hull Tank Vessels Constructed Prior to November 10, 1936 § 32.70-25... inspection, a satisfactory inspection of the cargo tanks and hull structure can be made. ...

46 CFR 32.70-25 - Cargo tanks-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... REQUIREMENTS Hull Requirements for Steel Hull Tank Vessels Constructed Prior to November 10, 1936 § 32.70-25... inspection, a satisfactory inspection of the cargo tanks and hull structure can be made. ...

46 CFR 32.70-25 - Cargo tanks-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... REQUIREMENTS Hull Requirements for Steel Hull Tank Vessels Constructed Prior to November 10, 1936 § 32.70-25... inspection, a satisfactory inspection of the cargo tanks and hull structure can be made. ...

An x-ray diffraction study of microstructural deformation induced by cyclic loading of selected steels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fourspring, P.M.; Pangborn, R.N.

1997-12-31

X-ray double crystal diffractometry (XRDCD) was used to assess cyclic microstructural deformation in a face centered cubic (fcc) steel (AISI304) and a body centered cubic (bcc) steel (SA508 class 2). The objectives of the investigation were to determine if XRDCD could be used effectively to monitor cyclic microstructural deformation in polycrystalline Fe alloys and to study the distribution of the microstructural deformation induced by cyclic loading in these alloys. The approach used in the investigation was to induce fatigue damage in a material and to characterize the resulting microstructural deformation at discrete fractions of the fatigue life of the material.more » Also, characterization of microstructural deformation was carried out to identify differences in the accumulation of damage from the surface to the bulk, focusing on the following three regions: near surface (0--10 {micro}m), subsurface (10--300 {micro}m), and bulk. Characterization of the subsurface region was performed only on the AISI304 material because of the limited availability of the SA508 material. The results from the XRDCD data indicate a measurable change induced by fatigue from the initial state to subsequent states of both the AISI304 and the SA508 materials. Therefore, the XRDCD technique was shown to be sensitive to the microstructural deformation caused by fatigue in steels; thus, the technique can be used to monitor fatigue damage in steels.« less

Study of benzotriazole as corrosion inhibitors of carbon steel in chloride solution containing hydrogen sulfide using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Solehudin, Agus; Nurdin, Isdiriayani

2014-03-01

Corrosion and inhibition studies on API 5LX65 carbon steel in chloride solution containing various concentrations of benzotriazole has been conducted at temperature of 70°C using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Corroded carbon steel surface with and without inhibitor have been observed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The objectives of this research are to study the performance of benzotriazole as corrosion inhibitors. The experimental results of carbon steel corrosion in 3.5% NaCl solution containing 500 mg/l H2S at different BTAH concentrations showed that corrosion rate of carbon steel decreases with increasing of BTAH concentrations from 0 to 10 mmol/l. The inhibition efficiency of BTAH was found to be affected by its concentration. The optimum efficiency obtained of BTAH is 93% at concentration of 5 mmol/l. The result of XRD and EDS analysis reveal the iron sulfide (FeS) formation on corroded carbon steel surface without inhibitor. The EDS spectrum show the Nitrogen (N) bond on carbon steel surface inhibited by BTAH.

Boriding of high carbon high chromium cold work tool steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muhammad, W.

2014-06-01

High-carbon high-chromium cold work tool steels are widely used for blanking and cold forming of punches and dies. It is always advantageous to obtain an increased wear resistant surface to improve life and performance of these steels. In this connection boriding of a high-carbon high-chromium cold work die steel, D3, was conducted in a mixture of 30% B4C, 70% borax at 950 °C for two, four and six hours. Case depth of the borided layer obtained was between 40 to 80 μm. After boriding, the surface hardness achieved was between 1430 to 1544 HV depending upon the process time. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the formation of a duplex compound layer consisting of FeB and Fe2B. It is generally considered that FeB is undesirable because of its inherent brittleness. Post boriding treatment (homogenization) transformed the compound layer into single-phase layer of Fe2B, while surface hardness decreased to 1345-1430 HV. Pin-on-disc wer test showed that wear resistance of the borided samples was superior as compared to non-borided material and increased with boriding time.

Recent Niobium Developments for High Strength Steel Energy Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jansto, Steven G.

Niobium-containing high strength steel materials have been developed for oil and gas pipelines, offshore platforms, nuclear plants, boilers and alternative energy applications. Recent research and the commercialization of alternative energy applications such as windtower structural supports and power transmission gear components provide enhanced performance. Through the application of these Nb-bearing steels in demanding energy-related applications, the designer and end user experience improved toughness at low temperature, excellent fatigue resistance and fracture toughness and excellent weldability. These enhancements provide structural engineers the opportunity to further improve the structural design and performance. For example, through the adoption of these Nb-containing structural materials, several design-manufacturing companies are initiating new windtower designs operating at higher energy efficiency, lower cost, and improved overall material design performance.

Hardness and adhesion performances of nanocoating on carbon steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hasnidawani, J. N.; Azlina, H. N.; Norita, H.; Bonnia, N. N.

2018-01-01

Nanocoatings industry has been aggressive in searching for cost-effective alternatives and environmental friendly approaches to manufacture products. Nanocoatings represent an engineering solution to prevent corrosion of the structural parts of ships, insulation and pipelines industries. The adhesion and hardness properties of coating affect material properties. This paper reviews ZnO-SiO2 as nanopowder in nano coating formulation as the agent for new and improved coating performances. Carbon steel on type S50C used as common substrate in nanocoating industry. 3wt% ZnO and 2wt% SiO2 addition of nanoparticles into nanocoating showed the best formulation since hardness and adhesion of nanocoating was good on carbon steel substrate. Incorporation of nanoparticles into coating increased the performances of coating.

Bright x-ray stainless steel K-shell source development at the National Ignition Facility

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

May, M. J.; Fournier, K. B.; Colvin, J. D.

2015-06-15

High x-ray conversion efficiency (XRCE) K-shell sources are being developed for high energy density experiments for use as backlighters and for the testing of materials exposed to high x-ray fluxes and fluences. Recently, sources with high XRCE in the K-shell x-ray energy range of iron and nickel were investigated at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The x-ray conversion efficiency in the 5–9 keV spectral range was determined to be 6.8% ± 0.3%. These targets were 4.1 mm diameter, 4 mm tall hollow epoxy tubes having a 50 μm thick wall supporting a tube of 3 to 3.5 μm thick stainless steel. The NIF laser deposited ∼460 kJ ofmore » 3ω light into the target in a 140 TW, 3.3 ns square pulse. The absolute x-ray emission of the source was measured by two calibrated Dante x-ray spectrometers. Time resolved images filtered for the Fe K-shell were recorded to follow the heating of the target. Time integrated high-resolution spectra were recorded in the K-shell range.« less

Pipeline repair development in support of the Oman to India gas pipeline

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Abadie, W.; Carlson, W.

1995-12-01

This paper provides a summary of development which has been conducted to date for the ultra deep, diverless pipeline repair system for the proposed Oman to India Gas Pipeline. The work has addressed critical development areas involving testing and/or prototype development of tools and procedures required to perform a diverless pipeline repair in water depths of up to 3,525 m.

Studies on silane to 70 GPa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Narayana, C.; Greene, R. G.; Ruoff, A. L.

2008-07-01

Raman and x-ray diffraction studies were made on silane in the diamond anvil cell using three different gaskets, stainless steel, tungsten and rhenium. The structure existing between 10 and 27 GPa is well characterized by the monoclinic space group P21c (#14). While the Gibbs free energy of formation of silane is positive at one atmosphere, it is calculated from the equation of state of silane and its reactants that this becomes negative near 4 GPa and remains negative until 13 GPa and then becomes positive again. At about 27 GPa, where quasi-quantum mechanical calculations suggest there should be a transformation from 4-fold to 6-fold (or even higher), the sample turns black. The Raman modes seize to exist beyond 30 GPa after showing softening above 25 GPa. At higher pressures it turns silvery. The gaskets play a different role as will be discussed. The sample brought back from 70 GPa contains amorphous Si (with attached hydrogen) as well as crystalline silicon. The lowest free energy system at high pressure is the decomposed reactants as observed.

49 CFR 195.210 - Pipeline location.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pipeline location. 195.210 Section 195.210 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... PIPELINE Construction § 195.210 Pipeline location. (a) Pipeline right-of-way must be selected to avoid, as...

X-Ray Diffraction Profile Analysis for Characterizing Isothermal Aging Behavior of M250 Grade Maraging Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mahadevan, S.; Jayakumar, T.; Rao, B. P. C.; Kumar, Anish; Rajkumar, K. V.; Raj, Baldev

2008-08-01

X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were carried out to characterize aging behavior of M250 grade maraging steel samples subjected to isothermal aging at 755 K for varying durations of 0.25, 1, 3, 10, 40, 70, and 100 hours. Earlier studies had shown typical features of precipitation hardening, wherein the hardness increased to a peak value due to precipitation of intermetallics and decreased upon further aging (overaging) due to reversion of martensite to austenite. Intermetallic precipitates, while coherent, are expected to increase the microstrain in the matrix. Hence, an attempt has been made in the present study to understand the microstructural changes in these samples using XRD line profile analysis. The anisotropic broadening with diffraction angle observed in the simple Williamson Hall (WH) plot has been addressed using the modified WH (mWH) approach, which takes into account the contrast caused by dislocations on line profiles, leading to new scaling factors in the WH plot. The normalized mean square strain and crystallite size estimated from mWH have been used to infer early precipitation and to characterize aging behavior. The normalized mean square strain has been used to determine the Avrami exponent in the Johnson Mehl Avrami (JMA) equation, which deals with the kinetics of precipitation. The Avrami exponent thus determined has matched well with values found by other methods, as reported in literature.

77 FR 2126 - Pipeline Safety: Implementation of the National Registry of Pipeline and Liquefied Natural Gas...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-13

... Natural Gas Operators AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), DOT. ACTION... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket No...: ``Pipeline Safety: Updates to Pipeline and Liquefied Natural Gas Reporting Requirements.'' The final rule...

75 FR 72877 - Pipeline Safety: Updates to Pipeline and Liquefied Natural Gas Reporting Requirements

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-26

... liquid pipelines, and liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities. These revisions will enhance PHMSA's... of natural gas pipelines, hazardous liquid pipelines, and LNG facilities. Specifically, PHMSA... commodity transported, and type of commodity transported. 8. Modify hazardous liquid operator telephonic...

Welding and NDT development in support of Oman-India gas pipeline

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Even, T.M.; Laing, B.; Hirsch, D.

1995-12-01

The Oman to India gas pipeline is designed for a maximum water depth of 3,500 m. For such a pipeline, resistance to hydrostatic collapse is a critical factor and dictates that very heavy wall pipe be used, preliminarily 24 inch ID x 1.625 inch wall. Because of the water depth, much of the installation will be by J-Lay which requires that the Joint be welded and inspected in a single station. This paper describes the results of welding and NDT test programs conducted to determine the minimum time to perform these operations in heavy wall pipe.

78 FR 42889 - Pipeline Safety: Reminder of Requirements for Utility LP-Gas and LPG Pipeline Systems

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-18

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration 49 CFR Part 192 [Docket No. PHMSA-2013-0097] Pipeline Safety: Reminder of Requirements for Utility LP-Gas and LPG Pipeline Systems AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), DOT. ACTION...

Method and system for pipeline communication

DOEpatents

Richardson,; John, G [Idaho Falls, ID

2008-01-29

A pipeline communication system and method includes a pipeline having a surface extending along at least a portion of the length of the pipeline. A conductive bus is formed to and extends along a portion of the surface of the pipeline. The conductive bus includes a first conductive trace and a second conductive trace with the first and second conductive traces being adapted to conformally couple with a pipeline at the surface extending along at least a portion of the length of the pipeline. A transmitter for sending information along the conductive bus on the pipeline is coupled thereto and a receiver for receiving the information from the conductive bus on the pipeline is also couple to the conductive bus.

Numerical simulation of X90 UOE pipe forming process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zou, Tianxia; Ren, Qiang; Peng, Yinghong; Li, Dayong; Tang, Ding; Han, Jianzeng; Li, Xinwen; Wang, Xiaoxiu

2013-12-01

The UOE process is an important technique to manufacture large-diameter welding pipes which are increasingly applied in oil pipelines and offshore platforms. The forming process of UOE mainly consists of five successive operations: crimping, U-forming, O-forming, welding and mechanical expansion, through which a blank is formed into a pipe in a UOE pipe mill. The blank with an appropriate edge bevel is bent into a cylindrical shape by crimping (C-forming), U-forming and O-forming successively. After the O-forming, there is an open-seam between two ends of the plate. Then, the blank is welded by automatic four-electrode submerged arc welding technique. Subsequently, the welded pipe is expanded with a mechanical expander to get a high precision circular shape. The multiple operations in the UOE mill make it difficult to control the quality of the formed pipe. Therefore, process design mainly relies on experience in practical production. In this study, the UOE forming of an API X90 pipe is studied by using finite element simulation. The mechanical properties tests are performed on the API X90 pipeline steel blank. A two-dimensional finite element model under the hypothesis of plane strain condition is developed to simulate the UOE process according to data coming from the workshop. A kinematic hardening model is used in the simulation to take the Bauschinger effect into account. The deformation characteristics of the blank during the forming processes are analyzed. The simulation results show a significant coherence in the geometric configurations comparing with the practical manufacturing.

Applications of UT results to confirm defects findings by utilization of relevant metallurgical investigations techniques on gas/condensate pipeline working in wet sour gas environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

El-Azhari, O. A.; Gajam, S. Y.

2015-03-01

The gas/condensate pipe line under investigation is a 12 inch diameter, 48 km ASTM, A106 steel pipeline, carrying hydrocarbons containing wet CO2 and H2S.The pipe line had exploded in a region 100m distance from its terminal; after 24 years of service. Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) and sour gas corrosion were expected due to the presence of wet H2S in the gas analysis. In other areas of pipe line ultrasonic testing was performed to determine whether the pipeline can be re-operated. The results have shown presence of internal planner defects, this was attributed to the existence of either laminations, type II inclusions or some service defects such as HIC and step wise cracking (SWC).Metallurgical investigations were conducted on fractured samples as per NACE standard (TM-0284-84). The obtained results had shown macroscopic cracks in the form of SWC, microstructure of steel had MnS inclusions. Crack sensitivity analyses were calculated and the microhardness testing was conducted. These results had confirmed that the line material was suffering from sour gas deteriorations. This paper correlates the field UT inspection findings with those methods investigated in the laboratory. Based on the results obtained a new HIC resistance material pipeline needs to be selected.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical studies of mild steel FeE500 passivation in concrete simulated water

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miserque, F.; Huet, B.; Azou, G.; Bendjaballah, D.; L'Hostis, V.

2006-11-01

In the context of the prediction of the long-term behaviour of reinforced concrete structures involved in the nuclear waste storage, the corrosion mechanisms of steels have to be assessed. When mild steel rebars are embedded in concrete, the chemical environment of the reinforcement is progressively modified, due to the carbonation of the concrete matrix. This modification leads to the variation of iron oxides properties formed at the steel/concrete interface, and the active corrosion can be initiated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the passivation behaviour and to provide insights into the depassivation of mild steel in concrete pore solution. In a young concrete, due to the alkalinity of the interstitial solution, steel reinforcement remains passive. Immersion tests of mild steel substrate in various alkaline solutions (from pH 13 to 10) have been performed. Due to the low thickness of the corrosion layers formed, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to characterize them. In the passive domain, the corrosion products are similar for the various solutions. The corrosion layer is composed of a mixture of Fe3+ and Fe2+. A similar approach is used to determine the depassivation mechanism. The effect of various components such as carbonates, sulfates and silicates resulting from the dissolution of minerals of cement during the carbonation process is investigated. In addition to the surface analysis, the evolution of the electrochemical behaviour as function of the solution nature (pH) is evaluated with the help of electrochemical measurements (free corrosion potential, cyclic voltamperometry).

46 CFR 111.70-1 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Motor Circuits, Controllers, and Protection § 111.70-1 General. (a) Each motor circuit, controller, and protection must meet the requirements of ABS Steel Vessel Rules, sections 4-8-2/9.17, 4-8-3/5.7.3, 4-8-4/9.5...: (1) Each steering gear motor circuit and protection must meet part 58, subpart 58.25, of this chapter...

46 CFR 111.70-1 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Motor Circuits, Controllers, and Protection § 111.70-1 General. (a) Each motor circuit, controller, and protection must meet the requirements of ABS Steel Vessel Rules, sections 4-8-2/9.17, 4-8-3/5.7.3, 4-8-4/9.5...: (1) Each steering gear motor circuit and protection must meet part 58, subpart 58.25, of this chapter...

76 FR 75894 - Information Collection Activities: Pipelines and Pipeline Rights-of-Way; Submitted for Office of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-05

... pipelines `` * * * for the transportation of oil, natural gas, sulphur, or other minerals, or under such...) Submit repair report 3 1008(f) Submit report of pipeline failure analysis...... 30 1008(g) Submit plan of.... BSEE-2011-0002; OMB Control Number 1010-0050] Information Collection Activities: Pipelines and Pipeline...

77 FR 16052 - Information Collection Activities: Pipelines and Pipeline Rights-of-Way; Submitted for Office of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-19

... submerged lands of the OCS for pipelines ``* * * for the transportation of oil, natural gas, sulphur, or... ensure that the pipeline, as constructed, will provide for safe transportation of oil and gas and other...-0002; OMB Control Number 1014-0016] Information Collection Activities: Pipelines and Pipeline Rights...

The Corrosion of High Performance Steel in Adverse Environments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cook, Desmond C.

The corrosion products that have formed on weathering steel bridges exposed to different weather conditions in the United States have been evaluated. They have been analyzed by spectroscopic techniques to determine the relationship between protective and non-protective rust coatings, and their relationship to the exposure conditions. Bridges constructed recently using High Performance Steel, as well as older bridges built with Type A588B weathering steel, were evaluated for corrosion performance of the rust coatings. In locations where the steel is subjected to regular wet-dry cycling, where the surface is wet for less than about 20% of the time, a protective patinamore » starts to form after a few months exposure, and continues to an adherent, impervious coating after a decade. The protective patina is characterized by the formation of only goethite and lepidocrocite. The goethite makes up about 80% of the rust, and itself consists of a nanophase component, < 15 nm, making up about 70% of the goethite. The nanophase goethite is basically undetected by X-ray diffraction. In the presence of high time-of-wetness, >40%, or infrequent drying cycles (regions close to waterways, fog or having high humidity), the weathering steel forms a rust coating that consists of a large amount of maghemite, and goethite that contains very little of the nanophase component. The rust coating ex-foliates from the steel and is not protective. Under exposure conditions in which chlorides are deposited onto the weathering steel surface (marine or de-icing salt locations), the protective patina also does not form. Instead, the rust coating consists of a large fraction of akaganeite that forms at the expense of the lepidocrocite and nanophase goethite. The bridges exposed to high chloride concentrations, 1.5 wt%, and therefore having no protective patina, have corrosion rates measured to be 6 times larger than expected for weathering steel with the protective patina.« less

Pulsed eddy current differential probe to detect the defects in a stainless steel pipe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Angani, C. S.; Park, D. G.; Kim, C. G.; Leela, P.; Kishore, M.; Cheong, Y. M.

2011-04-01

Pulsed eddy current (PEC) is an electromagnetic nondestructive technique widely used to detect and quantify the flaws in conducting materials. In the present study a differential Hall-sensor probe which is used in the PEC system has been fabricated for the detection of defects in stainless steel pipelines. The differential probe has an exciting coil with two Hall-sensors. A stainless steel test sample with electrical discharge machining (EDM) notches under different depths of 1-5 mm was made and the sample was laminated by plastic insulation having uniform thickness to simulate the pipelines in nuclear power plants (NPPs). The driving coil in the probe is excited by a rectangular current pulse and the resultant response, which is the difference of the two Hall-sensors, has been detected as the PEC probe signal. The discriminating time domain features of the detected pulse such as peak value and time to zero are used to interpret the experimental results with the defects in the test sample. A feature extraction technique such as spectral power density has been devised to infer the PEC response.

Hydrocarbons pipeline transportation risk assessment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zanin, A. V.; Milke, A. A.; Kvasov, I. N.

2018-04-01

The pipeline transportation applying risks assessment issue in the arctic conditions is addressed in the paper. Pipeline quality characteristics in the given environment has been assessed. To achieve the stated objective, the pipelines mathematical model was designed and visualized by using the software product SOLIDWORKS. When developing the mathematical model the obtained results made possible to define the pipeline optimal characteristics for designing on the Arctic sea bottom. In the course of conducting the research the pipe avalanche collapse risks were examined, internal longitudinal and circular loads acting on the pipeline were analyzed, as well as the water impact hydrodynamic force was taken into consideration. The conducted calculation can contribute to the pipeline transport further development under the harsh climate conditions of the Russian Federation Arctic shelf territory.

Anodized Steel Electrodes for Supercapacitors.

PubMed

Sagu, Jagdeep S; Wijayantha, K G Upul; Bohm, Mallika; Bohm, Siva; Kumar Rout, Tapan

2016-03-09

Steel was anodized in 10 M NaOH to enhance its surface texture and internal surface area for application as an electrode in supercapacitors. A mechanism was proposed for the anodization process. Field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM) studies of anodized steel revealed that it contains a highly porous sponge like structure ideal for supercapacitor electrodes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements showed that the surface of the anodized steel was Fe2O3, whereas X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements indicated that the bulk remained as metallic Fe. The supercapacitor performance of the anodized steel was tested in 1 M NaOH and a capacitance of 18 mF cm(-2) was obtained. Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed that there was a large psueudocapacitive contribution which was due to oxidation of Fe to Fe(OH)2 and then further oxidation to FeOOH, and the respective reduction of these species back to metallic Fe. These redox processes were found to be remarkably reversible as the electrode showed no loss in capacitance after 10000 cycles. The results demonstrate that anodization of steel is a suitable method to produce high-surface-area electrodes for supercapacitors with excellent cycling lifetime.

75 FR 41889 - Certain Steel Grating From China

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-19

... Steel Grating From China Determination On the basis of the record \\1\\ developed in the subject... grating from China, provided for in subheading 7308.90.70 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United... certain steel gratings from China were being subsidized within the meaning of section 703(b) of the Act...

Pipeline surveillance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1976-03-01

Each week, pilots of Michigan Wisconsin Pipe Line Co.'s aerial patrol fly over the entire 12,000 mi of the company's pipeline system to discover possible gas leaks and prevent accidental encroachment of pipeline right-of-way. (Leaks are uncommon, but as many as 10 potential trespassing incidents can occur along a route in a week.) Following the pipeline is facilitated by the warmth emitted by the line which affects the plant life directly above it. Gas leaks may be indicated by a patch of brown vegetation or by sediment brought to water surfaces by escaping gas bubbles. The 1- and 2-engine patrolmore » planes, which receive special permission from federal authorities to fly at low altitudes, undergo 100-h safety checks and frequent overhauls.« less

Commanding Constellations (Pipeline Architecture)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ray, Tim; Condron, Jeff

2003-01-01

Providing ground command software for constellations of spacecraft is a challenging problem. Reliable command delivery requires a feedback loop; for a constellation there will likely be an independent feedback loop for each constellation member. Each command must be sent via the proper Ground Station, which may change from one contact to the next (and may be different for different members). Dynamic configuration of the ground command software is usually required (e.g. directives to configure each member's feedback loop and assign the appropriate Ground Station). For testing purposes, there must be a way to insert command data at any level in the protocol stack. The Pipeline architecture described in this paper can support all these capabilities with a sequence of software modules (the pipeline), and a single self-identifying message format (for all types of command data and configuration directives). The Pipeline architecture is quite simple, yet it can solve some complex problems. The resulting solutions are conceptually simple, and therefore, reliable. They are also modular, and therefore, easy to distribute and extend. We first used the Pipeline architecture to design a CCSDS (Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems) Ground Telecommand system (to command one spacecraft at a time with a fixed Ground Station interface). This pipeline was later extended to include gateways to any of several Ground Stations. The resulting pipeline was then extended to handle a small constellation of spacecraft. The use of the Pipeline architecture allowed us to easily handle the increasing complexity. This paper will describe the Pipeline architecture, show how it was used to solve each of the above commanding situations, and how it can easily be extended to handle larger constellations.

Development of Microalloyed Steels for The Oil and Gas Industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Henein, H.; Ivey, D. G.; Luo, J.; Wiskel, J. B.

Microalloying, in combination with thermomechanical controlled processing (TMCP), is a cost effective method of producing steels for a wide range of applications where improved mechanical properties, namel y strength, formability and toughness coupled with weldability, are required. This paper reviews the efforts undertaken at the University of Alberta aimed at improving the above mentioned mechanical properties in microalloyed steels used in the transmission of oil and gas (i.e., pipelines). Topics that will be reviewed include the characterization of precipitates, the effect of processing conditions on precipitate evolution, and the effect of pipe forming and subsequent low temperature heat treatment on tensile behaviour and the use of Genetic Algorithm optimization of the laminar cooling system to produce a uniform through thickness microstructure.

INTERNAL REPAIR OF PIPELINES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Robin Gordon; Bill Bruce; Ian Harris

2004-04-12

The two broad categories of deposited weld metal repair and fiber-reinforced composite liner repair technologies were reviewed for potential application for internal repair of gas transmission pipelines. Both are used to some extent for other applications and could be further developed for internal, local, structural repair of gas transmission pipelines. Preliminary test programs were developed for both deposited weld metal repair and for fiber-reinforced composite liner repair. Evaluation trials have been conducted using a modified fiber-reinforced composite liner provided by RolaTube and pipe sections without liners. All pipe section specimens failed in areas of simulated damage. Pipe sections containing fiber-reinforcedmore » composite liners failed at pressures marginally greater than the pipe sections without liners. The next step is to evaluate a liner material with a modulus of elasticity approximately 95% of the modulus of elasticity for steel. Preliminary welding parameters were developed for deposited weld metal repair in preparation of the receipt of Pacific Gas & Electric's internal pipeline welding repair system (that was designed specifically for 559 mm (22 in.) diameter pipe) and the receipt of 559 mm (22 in.) pipe sections from Panhandle Eastern. The next steps are to transfer welding parameters to the PG&E system and to pressure test repaired pipe sections to failure. A survey of pipeline operators was conducted to better understand the needs and performance requirements of the natural gas transmission industry regarding internal repair. Completed surveys contained the following principal conclusions: (1) Use of internal weld repair is most attractive for river crossings, under other bodies of water, in difficult soil conditions, under highways, under congested intersections, and under railway crossings. (2) Internal pipe repair offers a strong potential advantage to the high cost of horizontal direct drilling (HDD) when a new bore must be

Microstructural Evolution and the Precipitation Behavior in X90 Linepipe Steel During Isothermal Processing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tian, Y.; Wang, H. T.; Wang, Z. D.; Misra, R. D. K.; Wang, G. D.

2018-03-01

Thermomechanical controlled processing of 560-MPa (X90) linepipe steel was simulated in the laboratory using a thermomechanical simulator to study the microstructural evolution and precipitation behavior during isothermal holding. The results indicated that martensite was obtained when the steels were isothermally held for 5 s at 700 °C. Subsequently, granular bainite and acicular ferrite transformation occurred with increased holding time. Different amount of polygonal ferrite formed after isothermally holding for 600-3600 s. Pearlite nucleated after isothermally holding for 3600 s. Precipitation occurred after isothermal holding for 5 s and continuous precipitation occurred at grain boundaries after isothermally holding for 600 s. After isothermally holding for 3600 s, large Nb/Ti carbide precipitated. The presence of MX-type precipitates was confirmed by diffraction pattern. The interphase precipitation (IP) occurred between 5 and 30 s. Maximum hardness was obtained after isothermally holding for 600 s when IP occurred and rapidly decreased to a low value, mainly because polygonal ferrite dominated the microstructure after isothermally holding for 3600 s.

A Sustainable Approach for Optimal Steel Sheet Pile Structure Assessment, Maintenance, and Rehabilitation

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-30

plants, electrical transmission network, pipelines) • public buildings (e.g., schools, hospitals, post offices, police stations, fire houses, court...developed under REMR focused on concrete and steel materials, along with geotechnical, hydraulic, electrical and mechanical, environmental, and coastal...between the wet or dry kilning processes in ce- ment production cannot be discerned from the overall impacts associ- ated with concrete production. The

Phylogenetic analysis of a biofilm bacterial population in a water pipeline in the Gulf of Mexico.

PubMed

López, Miguel A; Zavala-Díaz de la Serna, F Javier; Jan-Roblero, Janet; Romero, Juan M; Hernández-Rodríguez, César

2006-10-01

The aim of this study was to assess the bacterial diversity associated with a corrosive biofilm in a steel pipeline from the Gulf of Mexico used to inject marine water into the oil reservoir. Several aerobic and heterotrophic bacteria were isolated and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Metagenomic DNA was also extracted to perform a denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of ribosomal genes and to construct a 16S rRNA gene metagenomic library. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles and ribosomal libraries exhibited a limited bacterial diversity. Most of the species detected in the ribosomal library or isolated from the pipeline were assigned to Proteobacteria (Halomonas spp., Idiomarina spp., Marinobacter aquaeolei, Thalassospira sp., Silicibacter sp. and Chromohalobacter sp.) and Bacilli (Bacillus spp. and Exiguobacterium spp.). This is the first report that associates some of these bacteria with a corrosive biofilm. It is relevant that no sulfate-reducing bacteria were isolated or detected by a PCR-based method. The diversity and relative abundance of bacteria from water pipeline biofilms may contribute to an understanding of the complexity and mechanisms of metal corrosion during marine water injection in oil secondary recovery.

About U.S. Natural Gas Pipelines

EIA Publications

2007-01-01

This information product provides the interested reader with a broad and non-technical overview of how the U.S. natural gas pipeline network operates, along with some insights into the many individual pipeline systems that make up the network. While the focus of the presentation is the transportation of natural gas over the interstate and intrastate pipeline systems, information on subjects related to pipeline development, such as system design and pipeline expansion, are also included.

Super-Hydrophobic Green Corrosion Inhibitor On Carbon Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hassan, H.; Ismail, A.; Ahmad, S.; Soon, C. F.

2017-06-01

There are many examples of organic coatings used for corrosion protection. In particular, hydrophobic and super-hydrophobic coatings are shown to give good protection because of their enhanced ability to slow down transport of water and ions through the coating. The purpose of this research is to develop water repellent coating to avoid direct contact between metal and environment corrosive and mitigate corrosion attack at pipeline system. This water repellent characteristic on super-hydrophobic coating was coated by electrodeposition method. Wettability of carbon steel with super-hydrophobic coating (cerium chloride and myristic acid) and oxidized surface was investigated through contact angle and inhibitor performance test. The inhibitor performance was studied in 25% tannin acid corrosion test at 30°C and 3.5% sodium chloride (NaCl). The water contact angle test was determined by placing a 4-μL water droplet of distilled water. It shows that the wettability of contact angle super-hydrophobic with an angle of 151.60° at zero minute can be classified as super-hydrophobic characteristic. By added tannin acid as inhibitor the corrosion protection on carbon steel becomes more consistent. This reveals that the ability of the coating to withstand with the corrosion attack in the seawater at different period of immersions. The results elucidate that the weight loss increased as the time of exposure increased. However, the corrosion rates for uncoated carbon steel is high compared to coated carbon steel. As a conclusion, from both samples it can be seen that the coated carbon steel has less corrosion rated compared to uncoated carbon steel and addition of inhibitor to the seawater provides more protection to resist corrosion attack on carbon steel.

Study of benzotriazole as corrosion inhibitors of carbon steel in chloride solution containing hydrogen sulfide using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Solehudin, Agus, E-mail: asolehudin@upi.edu; Nurdin, Isdiriayani

2014-03-24

Corrosion and inhibition studies on API 5LX65 carbon steel in chloride solution containing various concentrations of benzotriazole has been conducted at temperature of 70°C using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Corroded carbon steel surface with and without inhibitor have been observed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The objectives of this research are to study the performance of benzotriazole as corrosion inhibitors. The experimental results of carbon steel corrosion in 3.5% NaCl solution containing 500 mg/l H{sub 2}S at different BTAH concentrations showed that corrosion rate of carbon steel decreases with increasing of BTAHmore » concentrations from 0 to 10 mmol/l. The inhibition efficiency of BTAH was found to be affected by its concentration. The optimum efficiency obtained of BTAH is 93% at concentration of 5 mmol/l. The result of XRD and EDS analysis reveal the iron sulfide (FeS) formation on corroded carbon steel surface without inhibitor. The EDS spectrum show the Nitrogen (N) bond on carbon steel surface inhibited by BTAH.« less

Alaska oil pipeline in retrospect

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Klein, D.R.

Caribou have not adjusted as well as moose to the presence of the trans-Alaska pipeline. Research has shown that caribou have altered their movements and patterns and range use in relation to the pipeline corridor. Cows with calves show pronounced avoidance of the pipeline, road, and oil field. Traffic and human activity appear more directly responsible for avoidance behavior than does that physical presence of the pipeline, road, and facilities. Animals along the haul road are especially vulnerable to poaching because of the open terrain and the fact that many become tame during the peak of construction activity. Poaching, especiallymore » of furbearers, has increased as pipeline-related traffic has decreased.« less

Recent status and improvement of reduced-activation ferritic-martensitic steels for high-temperature service

DOE PAGES

Tan, L.; Katoh, Y.; Tavassoli, A. -A. F.; ...

2016-07-26

Reduced-activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM) steels, candidate structural materials for fusion reactors, have achieved technological maturity after about three decades of research and development. The recent status of a few developmental aspects of current RAFM steels, such as aging resistance, plate thickness effects, fracture toughness, and fatigue, is updated in this paper, together with ongoing efforts to develop next-generation RAFM steels for superior high-temperature performance. Additionally, to thermomechanical treatments, including nonstandard heat treatment, alloy chemistry refinements and modifications have demonstrated some improvements in high-temperature performance. Castable nanostructured alloys (CNAs) were developed by significantly increasing the amount of nanoscale MX (M = V/Ta/Ti,more » X = C/N) precipitates and reducing coarse M 23C 6 (M = Cr). Preliminary results showed promising improvement in creep resistance and Charpy impact toughness. We present and compare limited low-dose neutron irradiation results for one of the CNAs and China low activation martensitic with data for F82H and Eurofer97 irradiated up to ~70 displacements per atom at ~300–325 °C.« less

Attenuation properties of diagnostic x-ray shielding materials.

PubMed

Archer, B R; Fewell, T R; Conway, B J; Quinn, P W

1994-09-01

Single- and three-phase broad-beam x-ray attenuation data have been obtained using lead, steel, plate glass, gypsum wallboard, lead acrylic, and wood. Tube voltages of 50, 70, 100, 125, and 150 kVp were employed and the resulting curves were compared to transmission data found in the literature. To simplify computation of barrier requirements, all data sets were parametrized by nonlinear least-squares fit to a previously described mathematical model. High attenuation half value layers and the lead equivalence of the alternate materials were also determined.

The ALMA Science Pipeline: Current Status

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Humphreys, Elizabeth; Miura, Rie; Brogan, Crystal L.; Hibbard, John; Hunter, Todd R.; Indebetouw, Remy

2016-09-01

The ALMA Science Pipeline is being developed for the automated calibration and imaging of ALMA interferometric and single-dish data. The calibration Pipeline for interferometric data was accepted for use by ALMA Science Operations in 2014, and for single-dish data end-to-end processing in 2015. However, work is ongoing to expand the use cases for which the Pipeline can be used e.g. for higher frequency and lower signal-to-noise datasets, and for new observing modes. A current focus includes the commissioning of science target imaging for interferometric data. For the Single Dish Pipeline, the line finding algorithm used in baseline subtraction and baseline flagging heuristics have been greately improved since the prototype used for data from the previous cycle. These algorithms, unique to the Pipeline, produce better results than standard manual processing in many cases. In this poster, we report on the current status of the Pipeline capabilities, present initial results from the Imaging Pipeline, and the smart line finding and flagging algorithm used in the Single Dish Pipeline. The Pipeline is released as part of CASA (the Common Astronomy Software Applications package).

75 FR 4134 - Pipeline Safety: Leak Detection on Hazardous Liquid Pipelines

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-26

... http://dms.dot.gov . General information about the PHMSA Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) can be... of leak detection by tracking product movement is essential to an understanding of line balance... pipelines, the line balance technique for leak detection can often be performed with manual calculations...

DSN 70-meter antenna X- and S-band calibration. Part 1: Gain measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Richter, P. H.; Slobin, S. D.

1989-01-01

Aperture efficiency measurements made during 1988 on the three 70-m stations (DSS-14, DSS-43, and DSS-63) at X-band (8420 MHz) and S-band (2295 MHz) have been analyzed and reduced to yield best estimates of antenna gain versus elevation. The analysis has been carried out by fitting the gain data to a theoretical expression based on the Ruze formula. Newly derived flux density and source-size correction factors for the natural radio calibration sources used in the measurements have been used in the reduction of the data. Peak gains measured at the three stations were 74.18 (plus or minus 0.10) dBi at X-band, and 63.34 (plus or minus 0.03) dBi at S-band, with corresponding peak aperture efficiencies of 0.687 (plus or minus 0.015) and 0.762 (plus or minus 0.006), respectively. The values quoted assume no atmosphere is present, and the estimated absolute accuracy of the gain measurements is approximately plus or minus 0.2 dB at X-band and plus or minus 0.1 dB at S-band (1-sigma values).

77 FR 6857 - Pipeline Safety: Notice of Public Meetings on Improving Pipeline Leak Detection System...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-09

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket ID... installed to lessen the volume of natural gas and hazardous liquid released during catastrophic pipeline... p.m. Panel 3: Considerations for Natural Gas Pipeline Leak Detection Systems 3:30 p.m. Break 3:45 p...

[Stainless steels for medical instruments].

PubMed

Feofilov, R N

1981-01-01

Both in the USSR and abroad similar types of martensitic and austenitic stainless steel are used for the manufacture of medical instruments. Martensitic steel, the cheapest and most economically alloyed, has the best combination of properties necessary for medical instruments. The analysis of the Soviet and foreign experience in using different grades of steel for the production of medical instruments demonstrates the expediency and possibility of improving the quality of martensitic steel and rolled stock, as well as that of medical instruments manufactured from these materials, by improving, the operations of the metallurgical and technological processes and by specifying more precisely the requirements for medical instruments. The possibility and expediency of using, in some technically justified cases, lower grades of alloyed steel instead of grade 12X18H9T for clamps and other instruments made of stainless steel, as well as highly corrosive grades of steel for microinstruments, have been established.

Thermographic identification of wetted insulation on pipelines in the arctic oilfields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miles, Jonathan J.; Dahlquist, A. L.; Dash, L. C.

2006-04-01

Steel pipes used at Alaskan oil-producing facilities to transport production crude, gas, and injection water between well house and drill site manifold building, and along cross-country lines to and from central processing facilities, must be insulated in order to protect against the severely cold temperatures that are common during the arctic winter. A problem inherent with this system is that the sealed joints between adjacent layers of the outer wrap will over time degrade and can allow water to breach the system and migrate into and through the insulation. The moisture can ultimately interact with the steel pipe and trigger external corrosion which, if left unchecked, can lead to pipe failure and spillage. A New Technology Evaluation Guideline prepared for ConocoPhillips Alaska, Inc. in 2001 is intended to guide the consideration of new technologies for pipeline inspection in a manner that is safer, faster, and more cost-effective than existing techniques. Infrared thermography (IRT) was identified as promising for identification of wetted insulation regions given that it offers the means to scan a large area quickly from a safe distance, and measure the temperature field associated with that area. However, it was also recognized that there are limiting factors associated with an IRT-based approach including instrument sensitivity, cost, portability, functionality in hostile (arctic) environments, and training required for proper interpretation of data. A methodology was developed and tested in the field that provides a technique to conduct large-scale screening for wetted regions along insulated pipelines. The results of predictive modeling analysis and testing demonstrate the feasibility under certain condition of identifying wetted insulation areas. The results of the study and recommendations for implementation are described.

Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Ceramic Deposition on SS430 Ferritic Steel Grown by PLD - Pulsed Laser Deposition Method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khalid Rivai, Abu; Mardiyanto; Agusutrisno; Suharyadi, Edi

2017-01-01

Development of high temperature materials are one of the key issues for the deployment of advanced nuclear reactors due to higher temperature operation. One of the candidate materials for that purpose is ceramic-coated ferritic steel that one of the functions is to be a thermal barrier coating (TBC). Thin films of YSZ (Ytrria-Stabilized Zirconia) ceramic have been deposited on a SS430 ferritic steel using Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) at Center For Science and Technology of Advanced Materials laboratory - National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN). The thin film was deposited with the chamber pressure range of 200-225 mTorr, the substrate temperature of 800oC, and the number of laser shots of 3×104, 6×104 and 9×104. Afterward, the samples were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscope (SEM-EDS), X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Vickers hardness tester. The results showed that the YSZ could homogeneously and sticky deposited on the surface of the ferritic steel. The surfaces were very smoothly formed with the surface roughness was in the range of 70 nm. Furthermore, thickness, composition of Zr4+ dan Y3+, the crystallinity, and hardness property was increased with the increasing the number of the shots.

Hsp70- and p53-reponses after heat treatment and/or X-irradiation mediate the susceptibility of hematopoietic cells to undergo apoptosis.

PubMed

Nijhuis, E H A; Poot, A A; Feijen, J; Vermes, I

2008-02-01

The effect of heat treatment in combination with X-irradiation was examined with regard to expression of p53, a tumor suppressor gene product, and Hsp70, a heat-shock protein, in association with the occurrence of programmed cell death (apoptosis). Three hematopoietic cell lines (HSB2, HL60 and Kasumi-1), which differ in p53 status, were exposed to 42.5 degrees C during one hour and/or X-radiation (total dose 8 Gy). After exposure, both mRNA and protein expression levels of Hsp70 and p53 were investigated by real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and Western blotting. Apoptosis was simultaneously analyzed by observation of cell morphology as well as flowcytometric determination of Annexin V binding to phosphatidylserine and propidium iodide exclusion. Both HL60 and HSB2 cell lines with a low p53 status and a quick response to heat treatment with Hsp70 over-expression are less susceptible to heat-induced apoptosis compared to Kasumi-1 cells with wild-type p53 protein and no Hsp70 response. The combination of first applying X-irradiation followed by heat treatment resulted in the most effective induction of apoptosis due to impairment of the Hsp70 response in all three cell lines. These results indicate that the Hsp70 response and p53 status mediate the susceptibility of hematopoietic cells to undergo heat-induced apoptosis. Therefore, these parameters can be used as markers to predict the effectiveness of hyperthermia in cancer treatment.

Characterization of graded interface In(x)Ga(1-x)As/In(0.52)Al(0.48)As (x between 0.53 and 0.70) structures grown by molecular-beam epitaxy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peng, C. K.; Sinha, S.; Morkoc, H.

1987-01-01

Modulation-doped In(x)Ga(1-x)As/In(0.52)Al(0.48)As/InP structures were grown by molecular-beam epitaxy with x values between 53 and 70 percent. For pseudomorphic cases, graded instead of abrupt interfaces were used. Hall mobility and persistent photoconductivity measurements as a function of temperature were used to characterize samples with different structural parameters. Consistent trends in the variation of mobilities and two-dimensional carrier concentration, n(2D), under light and dark conditions have been observed and discussed in terms of applicable scattering mechanisms. The Hall mobilities are comparable to the best results obtained to date but with significantly higher n(2D) concentration.

Low Temperature Irradiation Embrittlement of Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Jy-An John

2015-08-01

The embrittlement trend curve development project for HFIR reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels was carried out with three major tasks. Which are (1) data collection to match that used in HFIR steel embrittlement trend published in 1994 Journal Nuclear Material by Remec et. al, (2) new embrittlement data of A212B steel that are not included in earlier HFIR RPV trend curve, and (3) the adjustment of nil-ductility-transition temperature (NDTT) shift data with the consideration of the irradiation temperature effect. An updated HFIR RPV steel embrittlement trend curve was developed, as described below. NDTT( C) = 23.85 log(x) + 203.3 logmore » (x) + 434.7, with 2- uncertainty of 34.6 C, where parameter x is referred to total dpa. The developed update HFIR RPV embrittlement trend curve has higher embrittlement rate compared to that of the trend curve developed in 1994.« less

77 FR 45417 - Pipeline Safety: Inspection and Protection of Pipeline Facilities After Railway Accidents

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-31

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket No... Accidents AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA); DOT. [[Page 45418

76 FR 28326 - Pipeline Safety: National Pipeline Mapping System Data Submissions and Submission Dates for Gas...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-17

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration 49 CFR 191... Reports AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), DOT. ACTION: Issuance of... Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) published a final rule on November 26, 2010...

Freight pipelines: Current status and anticipated future use

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1998-07-01

This report is issued by the Task Committee on Freight Pipelines, Pipeline Division, ASCE. Freight pipelines of various types (including slurry pipeline, pneumatic pipeline, and capsule pipeline) have been used throughout the world for over a century for transporting solid and sometimes even package products. Recent advancements in pipeline technology, aided by advanced computer control systems and trenchless technologies, have greatly facilitated the transportation of solids by pipelines. Today, in many situations, freight pipelines are not only the most economical and practical means for transporting solids, they are also the most reliable, safest and most environmentally friendly transportation mode. Increasedmore » use of underground pipelines to transport freight is anticipated in the future, especially as the technology continues to improve and surface transportation modes such as highways become more congested. This paper describes the state of the art and expected future uses of various types of freight pipelines. Obstacles hindering the development and use of the most advanced freight pipeline systems, such as the pneumatic capsule pipeline for interstate transport of freight, are discussed.« less

An x-ray diffraction study of microstructural deformation induced by cyclic loading of selected steels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fourspring, P.M.; Pangborn, R.N.

1996-06-01

X-ray double crystal diffractometry (XRDCD) was used to assess cyclic microstructural deformation in a face centered cubic (fcc) steel (AISI304) and a body centered cubic (bcc) steel (SA508 class 2). The first objective of the investigation was to determine if XRDCD could be used to effectively monitor cyclic microstructural deformation in polycrystalline Fe alloys. A second objective was to study the microstructural deformation induced by cyclic loading of polycrystalline Fe alloys. The approach used in the investigation was to induce fatigue damage in a material and to characterize the resulting microstructural deformation at discrete fractions of the fatigue life ofmore » the material. Also, characterization of microstructural deformation was carried out to identify differences in the accumulation of damage from the surface to the bulk, focusing on the following three regions: near surface (0--10 {micro}m), subsurface (10--300 {micro}m), and bulk. Characterization of the subsurface region was performed only on the AISI304 material because of the limited availability of the SA508 material. The results from the XRDCD data indicate a measurable change induced by fatigue from the initial state to subsequent states of both the AISI304 and the SA508 materials. Therefore, the XRDCD technique was shown to be sensitive to the microstructural deformation caused by fatigue in steels; thus, the technique can be used to monitor fatigue damage in steels. In addition, for the AISI304 material, the level of cyclic microstructural deformation in the bulk material was found to be greater than the level in the near surface material. In contrast, previous investigations have shown that the deformation is greater in the near surface than the bulk for Al alloys and bcc Fe alloys.« less

INTERNAL REPAIR OF PIPELINES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Robin Gordon; Bill Bruce; Ian Harris

2004-12-31

without liners, indicating that this type of liner is only marginally effective at restoring the pressure containing capabilities of pipelines. Failure pressures for larger diameter pipe repaired with a semi-circular patch of carbon fiber-reinforced composite lines were also marginally greater than that of a pipe section with un-repaired simulated damage without a liner. These results indicate that fiber reinforced composite liners have the potential to increase the burst pressure of pipe sections with external damage Carbon fiber based liners are viewed as more promising than glass fiber based liners because of the potential for more closely matching the mechanical properties of steel. Pipe repaired with weld deposition failed at pressures lower than that of un-repaired pipe in both the virgin and damaged conditions, indicating that this repair technology is less effective at restoring the pressure containing capability of pipe than a carbon fiber-reinforced liner repair. Physical testing indicates that carbon fiber-reinforced liner repair is the most promising technology evaluated to-date. The first round of optimization and validation activities for carbon-fiber repairs are complete. Development of a comprehensive test plan for this process is recommended for use in the field trial portion of this program.« less

INTERNAL REPAIR OF PIPELINES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Robin Gordon; Bill Bruce; Ian Harris

2004-08-17

liners, indicating that this type of liner is only marginally effective at restoring the pressure containing capabilities of pipelines. Failure pressures for larger diameter pipe repaired with a semi-circular patch of carbon fiber-reinforced composite lines were also marginally greater than that of a pipe section with un-repaired simulated damage without a liner. These results indicate that fiber reinforced composite liners have the potential to increase the burst pressure of pipe sections with external damage Carbon fiber based liners are viewed as more promising than glass fiber based liners because of the potential for more closely matching the mechanical properties of steel. Pipe repaired with weld deposition failed at pressures lower than that of un-repaired pipe in both the virgin and damaged conditions, indicating that this repair technology is less effective at restoring the pressure containing capability of pipe than a carbon fiber-reinforced liner repair. Physical testing indicates that carbon fiber-reinforced liner repair is the most promising technology evaluated to-date. Development of a comprehensive test plan for this process is recommended for use in the field trial portion of this program.« less

Lateral instability of high temperature pipelines, the 20-in. Sleipner Vest pipeline

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Saevik, S.; Levold, E.; Johnsen, O.K.

1996-12-01

The present paper addresses methods to control snaking behavior of high temperature pipelines resting on a flat sea bed. A case study is presented based on the detail engineering of the 12.5 km long 20 inch gas pipeline connecting the Sleipner Vest wellhead platform to the Sleipner T processing platform in the North Sea. The study includes screening and evaluation of alternative expansion control methods, ending up with a recommended method. The methodology and philosophy, used as basis to ensure sufficient structural strength throughout the lifetime of the pipeline, are thereafter presented. The results show that in order to findmore » the optimum technical solution to control snaking behavior, many aspects need to be considered such as process requirements, allowable strain, hydrodynamic stability, vertical profile, pipelay installation and trawlboard loading. It is concluded that by proper consideration of all the above aspects, the high temperature pipeline can be designed to obtain sufficient safety level.« less

Additive manufacturing of complex-shaped graded TiC/steel composites

DOE PAGES

Levy, Asaf; Miriyev, Aslan; Elliott, Amy; ...

2017-01-12

Complex-shaped TiCx ceramic preforms with a gradient of carbon content in the titanium carbide phase (x changes from 0.7 to 0.98) were fabricated for the first time by Binder jet 3D printing technology. The complex-shaped preforms were infiltrated with molten carbon steel (0.7 wt.%C). Thermodynamic considerations showed that carbon could be transferred from titanium carbide to steel and vice versa according to the initial concentration of carbon (activity) in both phases. After infiltration, solidification and slow cooling, a microstructural gradient was obtained throughout the steel matrix from ferrite, in the region where the steel was in contact with titanium carbidemore » of low carbon content (x=0.7), to pearlite, in the region where the steel underwent interactions with stoichiometric titanium carbide (x=0.98). After annealing at 900°C and quenching in oil, a structural gradient in the steel matrix from ferrite to martensite was obtained, resulting in a hardness gradient of 700-1600 HV. The suggested processing approach allows for fabrication of complex-shaped graded composites with the desired property gradient suitable for a wide range of practical applications.« less

Additive manufacturing of complex-shaped graded TiC/steel composites

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Levy, Asaf; Miriyev, Aslan; Elliott, Amy

Complex-shaped TiCx ceramic preforms with a gradient of carbon content in the titanium carbide phase (x changes from 0.7 to 0.98) were fabricated for the first time by Binder jet 3D printing technology. The complex-shaped preforms were infiltrated with molten carbon steel (0.7 wt.%C). Thermodynamic considerations showed that carbon could be transferred from titanium carbide to steel and vice versa according to the initial concentration of carbon (activity) in both phases. After infiltration, solidification and slow cooling, a microstructural gradient was obtained throughout the steel matrix from ferrite, in the region where the steel was in contact with titanium carbidemore » of low carbon content (x=0.7), to pearlite, in the region where the steel underwent interactions with stoichiometric titanium carbide (x=0.98). After annealing at 900°C and quenching in oil, a structural gradient in the steel matrix from ferrite to martensite was obtained, resulting in a hardness gradient of 700-1600 HV. The suggested processing approach allows for fabrication of complex-shaped graded composites with the desired property gradient suitable for a wide range of practical applications.« less

Investigation of thermal spray coatings on austenitic stainless steel substrate to enhance corrosion protection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rogers, Daniel M.

The research is aimed to evaluate thermal spray coatings to address material issues in supercritical and ultra-supercritical Rankine cycles. The primary purpose of the research is to test, evaluate, and eventually implement a coating to improve corrosion resistance and increase efficiency of coal fired power plants. The research is performed as part of a comprehensive project to evaluate the ability of titanium, titanium carbide, or titanium diboride powders to provide fireside corrosion resistance in supercritical and ultra-supercritical steam boilers, specifically, coal driven boilers in Illinois that must utilize high sulfur and high chlorine content coal. [1] The powder coatings that were tested are nano-sized titanium carbide (TiC) and titanium di-boride (TiB2) powders that were synthesized by a patented process at Southern Illinois University. The powders were then sent to Gas Technology Institute in Chicago to coat steel coupons by HVOF (High Velocity Oxy-Fuel) thermal spray technique. The powders were coated on an austenitic 304H stainless steel substrate which is commonly found in high temperature boilers, pipelines, and heat exchangers. The samples then went through various tests for various lengths of time under subcritical, supercritical, and ultra-supercritical conditions. The samples were examined using a scanning electron microscope and x-ray diffraction techniques to study microstructural changes and then determined which coating performed best.

The Hyper Suprime-Cam software pipeline

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bosch, James; Armstrong, Robert; Bickerton, Steven; Furusawa, Hisanori; Ikeda, Hiroyuki; Koike, Michitaro; Lupton, Robert; Mineo, Sogo; Price, Paul; Takata, Tadafumi; Tanaka, Masayuki; Yasuda, Naoki; AlSayyad, Yusra; Becker, Andrew C.; Coulton, William; Coupon, Jean; Garmilla, Jose; Huang, Song; Krughoff, K. Simon; Lang, Dustin; Leauthaud, Alexie; Lim, Kian-Tat; Lust, Nate B.; MacArthur, Lauren A.; Mandelbaum, Rachel; Miyatake, Hironao; Miyazaki, Satoshi; Murata, Ryoma; More, Surhud; Okura, Yuki; Owen, Russell; Swinbank, John D.; Strauss, Michael A.; Yamada, Yoshihiko; Yamanoi, Hitomi

2018-01-01

In this paper, we describe the optical imaging data processing pipeline developed for the Subaru Telescope's Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) instrument. The HSC Pipeline builds on the prototype pipeline being developed by the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope's Data Management system, adding customizations for HSC, large-scale processing capabilities, and novel algorithms that have since been reincorporated into the LSST codebase. While designed primarily to reduce HSC Subaru Strategic Program (SSP) data, it is also the recommended pipeline for reducing general-observer HSC data. The HSC pipeline includes high-level processing steps that generate coadded images and science-ready catalogs as well as low-level detrending and image characterizations.

Artifact Reduction in X-Ray CT Images of Al-Steel-Perspex Specimens Mimicking a Hip Prosthesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Madhogarhia, Manish; Munshi, P.; Lukose, Sijo

2008-09-26

X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) is a relatively new technique developed in the late 1970's, which enables the nondestructive visualization of the internal structure of objects. Beam hardening caused by the polychromatic spectrum is an important problem in X-ray computed tomography (X-CT). It leads to various artifacts in reconstruction images and reduces image quality. In the present work we are considering the Artifact Reduction in Total Hip Prosthesis CT Scan which is a problem of medical imaging. We are trying to reduce the cupping artifact induced by beam hardening as well as metal artifact as they exist in the CT scanmore » of a human hip after the femur is replaced by a metal implant. The correction method for beam hardening used here is based on a previous work. Simulation study for the present problem includes a phantom consisting of mild steel, aluminium and perspex mimicking the photon attenuation properties of a hum hip cross section with metal implant.« less

78 FR 53190 - Pipeline Safety: Notice to Operators of Hazardous Liquid and Natural Gas Pipelines of a Recall on...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-28

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket No. PHMSA-2013-0185] Pipeline Safety: Notice to Operators of Hazardous Liquid and Natural Gas Pipelines of a Recall on Leak Repair Clamps Due to Defective Seal AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety...

DDBJ read annotation pipeline: a cloud computing-based pipeline for high-throughput analysis of next-generation sequencing data.

PubMed

Nagasaki, Hideki; Mochizuki, Takako; Kodama, Yuichi; Saruhashi, Satoshi; Morizaki, Shota; Sugawara, Hideaki; Ohyanagi, Hajime; Kurata, Nori; Okubo, Kousaku; Takagi, Toshihisa; Kaminuma, Eli; Nakamura, Yasukazu

2013-08-01

High-performance next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are advancing genomics and molecular biological research. However, the immense amount of sequence data requires computational skills and suitable hardware resources that are a challenge to molecular biologists. The DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) of the National Institute of Genetics (NIG) has initiated a cloud computing-based analytical pipeline, the DDBJ Read Annotation Pipeline (DDBJ Pipeline), for a high-throughput annotation of NGS reads. The DDBJ Pipeline offers a user-friendly graphical web interface and processes massive NGS datasets using decentralized processing by NIG supercomputers currently free of charge. The proposed pipeline consists of two analysis components: basic analysis for reference genome mapping and de novo assembly and subsequent high-level analysis of structural and functional annotations. Users may smoothly switch between the two components in the pipeline, facilitating web-based operations on a supercomputer for high-throughput data analysis. Moreover, public NGS reads of the DDBJ Sequence Read Archive located on the same supercomputer can be imported into the pipeline through the input of only an accession number. This proposed pipeline will facilitate research by utilizing unified analytical workflows applied to the NGS data. The DDBJ Pipeline is accessible at http://p.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/.

DDBJ Read Annotation Pipeline: A Cloud Computing-Based Pipeline for High-Throughput Analysis of Next-Generation Sequencing Data

PubMed Central

Nagasaki, Hideki; Mochizuki, Takako; Kodama, Yuichi; Saruhashi, Satoshi; Morizaki, Shota; Sugawara, Hideaki; Ohyanagi, Hajime; Kurata, Nori; Okubo, Kousaku; Takagi, Toshihisa; Kaminuma, Eli; Nakamura, Yasukazu

2013-01-01

High-performance next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are advancing genomics and molecular biological research. However, the immense amount of sequence data requires computational skills and suitable hardware resources that are a challenge to molecular biologists. The DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) of the National Institute of Genetics (NIG) has initiated a cloud computing-based analytical pipeline, the DDBJ Read Annotation Pipeline (DDBJ Pipeline), for a high-throughput annotation of NGS reads. The DDBJ Pipeline offers a user-friendly graphical web interface and processes massive NGS datasets using decentralized processing by NIG supercomputers currently free of charge. The proposed pipeline consists of two analysis components: basic analysis for reference genome mapping and de novo assembly and subsequent high-level analysis of structural and functional annotations. Users may smoothly switch between the two components in the pipeline, facilitating web-based operations on a supercomputer for high-throughput data analysis. Moreover, public NGS reads of the DDBJ Sequence Read Archive located on the same supercomputer can be imported into the pipeline through the input of only an accession number. This proposed pipeline will facilitate research by utilizing unified analytical workflows applied to the NGS data. The DDBJ Pipeline is accessible at http://p.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/. PMID:23657089

77 FR 19414 - Pipeline Safety: Public Comment on Leak and Valve Studies Mandated by the Pipeline Safety...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-30

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket ID... Safety, Regulatory Certainty, and Job Creation Act of 2011 AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials... Transportation (DOT), Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) is providing an important...

Reliability-based management of buried pipelines considering external corrosion defects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miran, Seyedeh Azadeh

Corrosion is one of the main deteriorating mechanisms that degrade the energy pipeline integrity, due to transferring corrosive fluid or gas and interacting with corrosive environment. Corrosion defects are usually detected by periodical inspections using in-line inspection (ILI) methods. In order to ensure pipeline safety, this study develops a cost-effective maintenance strategy that consists of three aspects: corrosion growth model development using ILI data, time-dependent performance evaluation, and optimal inspection interval determination. In particular, the proposed study is applied to a cathodic protected buried steel pipeline located in Mexico. First, time-dependent power-law formulation is adopted to probabilistically characterize growth of the maximum depth and length of the external corrosion defects. Dependency between defect depth and length are considered in the model development and generation of the corrosion defects over time is characterized by the homogenous Poisson process. The growth models unknown parameters are evaluated based on the ILI data through the Bayesian updating method with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation technique. The proposed corrosion growth models can be used when either matched or non-matched defects are available, and have ability to consider newly generated defects since last inspection. Results of this part of study show that both depth and length growth models can predict damage quantities reasonably well and a strong correlation between defect depth and length is found. Next, time-dependent system failure probabilities are evaluated using developed corrosion growth models considering prevailing uncertainties where three failure modes, namely small leak, large leak and rupture are considered. Performance of the pipeline is evaluated through failure probability per km (or called a sub-system) where each subsystem is considered as a series system of detected and newly generated defects within that sub

U.S. pipeline industry enters new era

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Johnsen, M.R.

1999-11-01

The largest construction project in North America this year and next--the Alliance Pipeline--marks some advances for the US pipeline industry. With the Alliance Pipeline system (Alliance), mechanized welding and ultrasonic testing are making their debuts in the US as primary mainline construction techniques. Particularly in Canada and Europe, mechanized welding technology has been used for both onshore and offshore pipeline construction for at least 15 years. However, it has never before been used to build a cross-country pipeline in the US, although it has been tested on short segments. This time, however, an accelerated construction schedule, among other reasons, necessitatedmore » the use of mechanized gas metal arc welding (GMAW). The $3-billion pipeline will delivery natural gas from northwestern British Columbia and northeastern Alberta in Canada to a hub near Chicago, Ill., where it will connect to the North American pipeline grid. Once the pipeline is completed and buried, crews will return the topsoil. Corn and other crops will reclaim the land. While the casual passerby probably won't know the Alliance pipeline is there, it may have a far-reaching effect on the way mainline pipelines are built in the US. For even though mechanized welding and ultrasonic testing are being used for the first time in the United States on this project, some US workers had already gained experience with the technology on projects elsewhere. And work on this pipeline has certainly developed a much larger pool of experienced workers for industry to draw from. The Alliance project could well signal the start of a new era in US pipeline construction.« less

The Hyper Suprime-Cam software pipeline

DOE PAGES

Bosch, James; Armstrong, Robert; Bickerton, Steven; ...

2017-10-12

Here in this article, we describe the optical imaging data processing pipeline developed for the Subaru Telescope’s Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) instrument. The HSC Pipeline builds on the prototype pipeline being developed by the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope’s Data Management system, adding customizations for HSC, large-scale processing capabilities, and novel algorithms that have since been reincorporated into the LSST codebase. While designed primarily to reduce HSC Subaru Strategic Program (SSP) data, it is also the recommended pipeline for reducing general-observer HSC data. The HSC pipeline includes high-level processing steps that generate coadded images and science-ready catalogs as well as low-level detrendingmore » and image characterizations.« less

The Hyper Suprime-Cam software pipeline

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bosch, James; Armstrong, Robert; Bickerton, Steven

Here in this article, we describe the optical imaging data processing pipeline developed for the Subaru Telescope’s Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) instrument. The HSC Pipeline builds on the prototype pipeline being developed by the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope’s Data Management system, adding customizations for HSC, large-scale processing capabilities, and novel algorithms that have since been reincorporated into the LSST codebase. While designed primarily to reduce HSC Subaru Strategic Program (SSP) data, it is also the recommended pipeline for reducing general-observer HSC data. The HSC pipeline includes high-level processing steps that generate coadded images and science-ready catalogs as well as low-level detrendingmore » and image characterizations.« less

Roles of thermophilic thiosulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogenic archaea in the biocorrosion of oil pipelines

PubMed Central

Liang, Renxing; Grizzle, Robert S.; Duncan, Kathleen E.; McInerney, Michael J.; Suflita, Joseph M.

2014-01-01

Thermophilic sulfide-producing microorganisms from an oil pipeline network were enumerated with different sulfur oxyanions as electron acceptors at 55°C. Most-probable number (MPN) analysis showed that thiosulfate-reducing bacteria were the most numerous sulfidogenic microorganisms in pipeline inspection gauge (PIG) scrapings. Thiosulfate-reducing and methanogenic enrichments were obtained from the MPN cultures that were able to use yeast extract as the electron donor. Molecular analysis revealed that both enrichments harbored the same dominant bacterium, which belonged to the genus Anaerobaculum. The dominant archaeon in the methanogenic enrichment was affiliated with the genus Methanothermobacter. With yeast extract as the electron donor, the general corrosion rate by the thiosulfate-reducing enrichment (8.43 ± 1.40 milli-inch per year, abbreviated as mpy) was about 5.5 times greater than the abiotic control (1.49 ± 0.15 mpy), while the comparable measures for the methanogenic culture were 2.03 ± 0.49 mpy and 0.62 ± 0.07 mpy, respectively. Total iron analysis in the cultures largely accounted for the mass loss of iron measured in the weight loss determinations. Profilometry analysis of polished steel coupons incubated in the presence of the thiosulfate-reducing enrichment revealed 59 pits over an area of 71.16 mm2, while only 6 pits were evident in the corresponding methanogenic incubations. The results show the importance of thiosulfate-utilizing, sulfide-producing fermentative bacteria such as Anaerobaculum sp. in the corrosion of carbon steel, but also suggest that Anaerobaculum sp. are of far less concern when growing syntrophically with methanogens. PMID:24639674

Roles of thermophilic thiosulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogenic archaea in the biocorrosion of oil pipelines.

PubMed

Liang, Renxing; Grizzle, Robert S; Duncan, Kathleen E; McInerney, Michael J; Suflita, Joseph M

2014-01-01

Thermophilic sulfide-producing microorganisms from an oil pipeline network were enumerated with different sulfur oxyanions as electron acceptors at 55°C. Most-probable number (MPN) analysis showed that thiosulfate-reducing bacteria were the most numerous sulfidogenic microorganisms in pipeline inspection gauge (PIG) scrapings. Thiosulfate-reducing and methanogenic enrichments were obtained from the MPN cultures that were able to use yeast extract as the electron donor. Molecular analysis revealed that both enrichments harbored the same dominant bacterium, which belonged to the genus Anaerobaculum. The dominant archaeon in the methanogenic enrichment was affiliated with the genus Methanothermobacter. With yeast extract as the electron donor, the general corrosion rate by the thiosulfate-reducing enrichment (8.43 ± 1.40 milli-inch per year, abbreviated as mpy) was about 5.5 times greater than the abiotic control (1.49 ± 0.15 mpy), while the comparable measures for the methanogenic culture were 2.03 ± 0.49 mpy and 0.62 ± 0.07 mpy, respectively. Total iron analysis in the cultures largely accounted for the mass loss of iron measured in the weight loss determinations. Profilometry analysis of polished steel coupons incubated in the presence of the thiosulfate-reducing enrichment revealed 59 pits over an area of 71.16 mm(2), while only 6 pits were evident in the corresponding methanogenic incubations. The results show the importance of thiosulfate-utilizing, sulfide-producing fermentative bacteria such as Anaerobaculum sp. in the corrosion of carbon steel, but also suggest that Anaerobaculum sp. are of far less concern when growing syntrophically with methanogens.

48 CFR 252.216-7001 - Economic price adjustment-nonstandard steel items.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Economic price adjustment... CLAUSES Text of Provisions And Clauses 252.216-7001 Economic price adjustment—nonstandard steel items. As prescribed in 216.203-4-70(b), use the following clause: Economic Price Adjustment—Nonstandard Steel Items...

48 CFR 252.216-7001 - Economic price adjustment-nonstandard steel items.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Economic price adjustment... CLAUSES Text of Provisions And Clauses 252.216-7001 Economic price adjustment—nonstandard steel items. As prescribed in 216.203-4-70(b), use the following clause: Economic Price Adjustment—Nonstandard Steel Items...

48 CFR 252.216-7001 - Economic price adjustment-nonstandard steel items.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Economic price adjustment... CLAUSES Text of Provisions And Clauses 252.216-7001 Economic price adjustment—nonstandard steel items. As prescribed in 216.203-4-70(b), use the following clause: Economic Price Adjustment—Nonstandard Steel Items...

48 CFR 252.216-7001 - Economic price adjustment-nonstandard steel items.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Economic price adjustment... CLAUSES Text of Provisions And Clauses 252.216-7001 Economic price adjustment—nonstandard steel items. As prescribed in 216.203-4-70(b), use the following clause: Economic Price Adjustment—Nonstandard Steel Items...

48 CFR 252.216-7001 - Economic price adjustment-nonstandard steel items.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Economic price adjustment... CLAUSES Text of Provisions And Clauses 252.216-7001 Economic price adjustment—nonstandard steel items. As prescribed in 216.203-4-70(b), use the following clause: Economic Price Adjustment—Nonstandard Steel Items...

Pipelining in a changing competitive environment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jones, E.G.; Wishart, D.M.

1996-12-31

The changing competitive environment for the pipeline industry presents a broad spectrum of new challenges and opportunities: international cooperation; globalization of opportunities, organizations and competition; and integrated systems approach to system configuration, financing, contracting strategy, materials sourcing, and operations; cutting edge and emerging technologies; adherence to high standards of environmental protection; an emphasis on safety; innovative approaches to project financing; and advances in technology and programs to maintain the long term, cost effective integrity of operating pipeline systems. These challenges and opportunities are partially a result of the increasingly competitive nature of pipeline development and the public`s intolerance to incidentsmore » of pipeline failure. A creative systems approach to these challenges is often the key to the project moving ahead. This usually encompasses collaboration among users of the pipeline, pipeline owners and operators, international engineering and construction companies, equipment and materials suppliers, in-country engineers and constructors, international lending agencies and financial institutions.« less

Multi-component Cu-Strengthened Steel Welding Simulations: Atom Probe Tomography and Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Analyses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hunter, Allen H.; Farren, Jeffrey D.; DuPont, John N.; Seidman, David N.

2015-07-01

An experimental steel with the composition Fe-1.39Cu-2.70Ni-0.58Al-0.48Mn-0.48Si-0.065Nb-0.05C (wt pct) or alternatively Fe-1.43Cu-2.61Ni-1.21Al-0.48Mn-0.98Si-0.039Nb-0.23C (at. pct) has been developed at Northwestern University, which has both high toughness and high strength after quenching and aging treatments. Simulated heat-affected zone (HAZ) samples are utilized to analyze the microstructures typically obtained after gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Dissolution within the HAZ of cementite (Fe3C) and NbC (F.C.C.) is revealed using synchrotron X-ray diffraction, while dissolution of Cu precipitates is measured employing local electrode atom probe tomography. The results are compared to Thermo-Calc equilibrium calculations. Comparison of measured Cu precipitate radii, number density, and volume fraction with similar measurements from a GMAW sample suggests that the cooling rate in the simulations is faster than in the experimental GMAW sample, resulting in significantly less Cu precipitate nucleation and growth during the cooling part of the weld thermal cycle. The few Cu precipitates detected in the simulated samples are primarily located on grain boundaries resulting from heterogeneous nucleation. The dissolution of NbC precipitates and the resultant austenite coarsening in the highest-temperature sample, coupled with a rapid cooling rate, results in the growth of bainite, and an increase in the strength of the matrix in the absence of significant Cu precipitation.

Effect of Pipe Body Alloy on Weldability of X80 Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kong, Xianglei; Huang, Guojian; Fu, Kuijun; Liu, Fangfang; Huang, Minghao; Zhang, Yinghui

Effect of Mo, Ni, and Cr on impact property of pipe seam and heat-affected zone (HAZ) of X80 steel was investigated by thermal simulation test and butt welding test. The results showed that, there was an obvious relationship between strip's composition and the toughness of weld and HAZ, the more content of Mo, Ni and less of Cr in the strip matrix, the better of impact toughness of weld and HAZ. Metallographic microscope was used to compare microstructures of welding specimens, every welded seam microstructure was mainly acicular ferrite (AF) and a little volume of proeutectoid ferrite (PF), and with some granular precipitations on original austenite grain boundary, the difference was that there were more PF and less precipitations of the specimen with more content of Mo, Ni and less of Cr in the strip matrix. Because of the high price of Mo and Ni, alloy design must be considered comprehensively with the cost and property requirements in the production.

The Very Large Array Data Processing Pipeline

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kent, Brian R.; Masters, Joseph S.; Chandler, Claire J.; Davis, Lindsey E.; Kern, Jeffrey S.; Ott, Juergen; Schinzel, Frank K.; Medlin, Drew; Muders, Dirk; Williams, Stewart; Geers, Vincent C.; Momjian, Emmanuel; Butler, Bryan J.; Nakazato, Takeshi; Sugimoto, Kanako

2018-01-01

We present the VLA Pipeline, software that is part of the larger pipeline processing framework used for the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), and Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) for both interferometric and single dish observations.Through a collection of base code jointly used by the VLA and ALMA, the pipeline builds a hierarchy of classes to execute individual atomic pipeline tasks within the Common Astronomy Software Applications (CASA) package. Each pipeline task contains heuristics designed by the team to actively decide the best processing path and execution parameters for calibration and imaging. The pipeline code is developed and written in Python and uses a "context" structure for tracking the heuristic decisions and processing results. The pipeline "weblog" acts as the user interface in verifying the quality assurance of each calibration and imaging stage. The majority of VLA scheduling blocks above 1 GHz are now processed with the standard continuum recipe of the pipeline and offer a calibrated measurement set as a basic data product to observatory users. In addition, the pipeline is used for processing data from the VLA Sky Survey (VLASS), a seven year community-driven endeavor started in September 2017 to survey the entire sky down to a declination of -40 degrees at S-band (2-4 GHz). This 5500 hour next-generation large radio survey will explore the time and spectral domains, relying on pipeline processing to generate calibrated measurement sets, polarimetry, and imaging data products that are available to the astronomical community with no proprietary period. Here we present an overview of the pipeline design philosophy, heuristics, and calibration and imaging results produced by the pipeline. Future development will include the testing of spectral line recipes, low signal-to-noise heuristics, and serving as a testing platform for science ready data products.The pipeline is developed as part of the CASA software package by an

drPACS: A Simple UNIX Execution Pipeline

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Teuben, P.

2011-07-01

We describe a very simple yet flexible and effective pipeliner for UNIX commands. It creates a Makefile to define a set of serially dependent commands. The commands in the pipeline share a common set of parameters by which they can communicate. Commands must follow a simple convention to retrieve and store parameters. Pipeline parameters can optionally be made persistent across multiple runs of the pipeline. Tools were added to simplify running a large series of pipelines, which can then also be run in parallel.

Effect of thermomechanical processing on the microstructure and retained austenite stability during in situ tensile testing using synchrotron x-ray diffraction of NbMoAI TRIP steel.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pereloma, E.; Zhang, L.; Liss, K.-D.

2011-06-01

In this work we compare and contrast the stability of retained austenite during tensile testing of Nb-Mo-Al transformation-induced plasticity steel subjected to different thermomechanical processing schedules. The obtained microstructures were characterised using optical metallography, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The transformation of retained austenite to martensite under tensile loading was observed by in-situ high energy X-ray diffraction at 1ID / APS. It has been shown that the variations in the microstructure of the steel, such as volume fractions of present phases, their morphology and dimensions, play a critical role in the strain-induced transition of retained austenite to martensite.

Design of Reforma 509 with High Strength Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, Stuart; Whitby, William; Easton, Marc

Reforma 509 is a high-rise building located in the heart of the Central Business District of Mexico City. The building is comprised of office, hotel, residential and parking and forms part of a cluster of tall buildings in the area. If completed today, Reforma 509 would be the tallest building in Mexico, at 238m. All of the building's gravity and lateral (wind and seismic) loads are carried by an architecturally expressed perimeter frame that is formed from highly efficient Steel Reinforced Concrete (SRC) columns coupled together by steel tube perimeter bracing. This paper investigates the implications of substituting a grade 50 (fy=345 MPa) carbon steel with a higher strength micro-alloyed grade 70 (fy=480 MPa) steel in the design of Reforma 509.

Analysis of in vivo corrosion of 316L stainless steel posterior thoracolumbar plate systems: a retrieval study.

PubMed

Majid, Kamran; Crowder, Terence; Baker, Erin; Baker, Kevin; Koueiter, Denise; Shields, Edward; Herkowitz, Harry N

2011-12-01

One hundred eighteen patients retrieved 316L stainless steel thoracolumbar plates, of 3 different designs, used for fusion in 60 patients were examined for evidence of corrosion. A medical record review and statistical analysis were also carried out. This study aims to identify types of corrosion and examine preferential metal ion release and the possibility of statistical correlation to clinical effects. Earlier studies have found that stainless steel spine devices showed evidence of mild-to-severe corrosion; fretting and crevice corrosion were the most commonly reported types. Studies have also shown the toxicity of metal ions released from stainless steel corrosion and how the ions may adversely affect bone formation and/or induce granulomatous foreign body responses. The retrieved plates were visually inspected and graded based on the degree of corrosion. The plates were then analyzed with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. A retrospective medical record review was performed and statistical analysis was carried out to determine any correlations between experimental findings and patient data. More than 70% of the plates exhibited some degree of corrosion. Both fretting and crevice corrosion mechanisms were observed, primarily at the screw plate interface. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis indicated reductions in nickel content in corroded areas, suggestive of nickel ion release to the surrounding biological environment. The incidence and severity of corrosion was significantly correlated with the design of the implant. Stainless steel thoracolumbar plates show a high incidence of corrosion, with statistical dependence on device design.

Acoustic system for communication in pipelines

DOEpatents

Martin, II, Louis Peter; Cooper, John F [Oakland, CA

2008-09-09

A system for communication in a pipe, or pipeline, or network of pipes containing a fluid. The system includes an encoding and transmitting sub-system connected to the pipe, or pipeline, or network of pipes that transmits a signal in the frequency range of 3-100 kHz into the pipe, or pipeline, or network of pipes containing a fluid, and a receiver and processor sub-system connected to the pipe, or pipeline, or network of pipes containing a fluid that receives said signal and uses said signal for a desired application.

Application of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to the analysis of stainless-steel welding aerosols

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tandon, R. K.; Payling, R.; Chenhall, B. E.; Crisp, P. T.; Ellis, J.; Baker, R. S.

1985-02-01

Aerosol particles ("fume") from manual metal arc welding of stainless steel with E316L-16 electrodes were analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The inherent complexity of the particles required the use of a wide range of experimental techniques. These included IR spectrophotometry, TGA/DTA, XRF, XRD, AAS and electron microprobe analysis. The surface of the fume particles comprised ≈ 50 at% NaF and KF, ≈ 8 at.% soluble (probably K) chromate, ≈ 30 at% SiO 2 and several at.% transition-metal oxides, hydroxides or silicates. The fluorides and chromates were removed by washing to reveal a surface which was predominantly SiO 2 (≈ 60 at%) with the remainder comprising of transition-metal oxides, silicates and fluorides. Approximately 6 at% F remained on the surface of the water-washed particles, presumably as transition-metal fluoro-complexes. The water-soluble fraction of the fume contained K +, Na +, F - and CrO 2-4 ions in the mole ratio 5:5:4:3. When aerosol particles are deposited in lung tissues, water-soluble constituents would be expected to dissolve rapidly. In view of the suspected carcinogenicity of stainless steel welding fume, a bio-medical study of the combined effects of F - and CrO 2-4 ions on lung tissue is warranted.

Fracture Characteristics of Structural Steels and Weldments

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-11-01

CARACTERISTICS 0F.$ýTRUCTURAL TEL/ - "AD E NTSA .INAL 1 A7 sk S. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(&) Y.2G. im 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS -017...36, T- 1,and HY-Y130 Steel and AX. Il 30 15 I Tensile F~racture Surface of A-36 Steel, 12x 31 16 Dimple Rupture in A-6Sel 0X 31 17 Plastic ...sites and the relative plasticity of thle The objective of this study was to use a scanning metal. If many fracture icleation sites initiate mticro

Magnetic pipeline for coal and oil

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Knolle, E.

1998-07-01

A 1994 analysis of the recorded costs of the Alaska oil pipeline, in a paper entitled Maglev Crude Oil Pipeline, (NASA CP-3247 pp. 671--684) concluded that, had the Knolle Magnetrans pipeline technology been available and used, some $10 million per day in transportation costs could have been saved over the 20 years of the Alaska oil pipeline's existence. This over 800 mile long pipeline requires about 500 horsepower per mile in pumping power, which together with the cost of the pipeline's capital investment consumes about one-third of the energy value of the pumped oil. This does not include the costmore » of getting the oil out of the ground. The reason maglev technology performs superior to conventional pipelines is because by magnetically levitating the oil into contact-free suspense, there is no drag-causing adhesion. In addition, by using permanent magnets in repulsion, suspension is achieved without using energy. Also, the pumped oil's adhesion to the inside of pipes limits its speed. In the case of the Alaska pipeline the speed is limited to about 7 miles per hour, which, with its 48-inch pipe diameter and 1200 psi pressure, pumps about 2 million barrels per day. The maglev system, as developed by Knolle Magnetrans, would transport oil in magnetically suspended sealed containers and, thus free of adhesion, at speeds 10 to 20 times faster. Furthermore, the diameter of the levitated containers can be made smaller with the same capacity, which makes the construction of the maglev system light and inexpensive. There are similar advantages when using maglev technology to transport coal. Also, a maglev system has advantages over railroads in mountainous regions where coal is primarily mined. A maglev pipeline can travel, all-year and all weather, in a straight line to the end-user, whereas railroads have difficult circuitous routes. In contrast, a maglev pipeline can climb over steep hills without much difficulty.« less

Comprehensive investigation into historical pipeline construction costs and engineering economic analysis of Alaska in-state gas pipeline

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rui, Zhenhua

This study analyzes historical cost data of 412 pipelines and 220 compressor stations. On the basis of this analysis, the study also evaluates the feasibility of an Alaska in-state gas pipeline using Monte Carlo simulation techniques. Analysis of pipeline construction costs shows that component costs, shares of cost components, and learning rates for material and labor costs vary by diameter, length, volume, year, and location. Overall average learning rates for pipeline material and labor costs are 6.1% and 12.4%, respectively. Overall average cost shares for pipeline material, labor, miscellaneous, and right of way (ROW) are 31%, 40%, 23%, and 7%, respectively. Regression models are developed to estimate pipeline component costs for different lengths, cross-sectional areas, and locations. An analysis of inaccuracy in pipeline cost estimation demonstrates that the cost estimation of pipeline cost components is biased except for in the case of total costs. Overall overrun rates for pipeline material, labor, miscellaneous, ROW, and total costs are 4.9%, 22.4%, -0.9%, 9.1%, and 6.5%, respectively, and project size, capacity, diameter, location, and year of completion have different degrees of impacts on cost overruns of pipeline cost components. Analysis of compressor station costs shows that component costs, shares of cost components, and learning rates for material and labor costs vary in terms of capacity, year, and location. Average learning rates for compressor station material and labor costs are 12.1% and 7.48%, respectively. Overall average cost shares of material, labor, miscellaneous, and ROW are 50.6%, 27.2%, 21.5%, and 0.8%, respectively. Regression models are developed to estimate compressor station component costs in different capacities and locations. An investigation into inaccuracies in compressor station cost estimation demonstrates that the cost estimation for compressor stations is biased except for in the case of material costs. Overall average

Study on underclad cracking in nuclear reactor vessel steels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Horiya, T.; Takeda, T.; Yamato, K.

1985-02-01

Susceptibility to underclad cracking in nuclear reactor vessel steels, such as SA533 Grade B Class 1 and SA508 Class 2, was studied in detail. A convenient simulation test method using simulated HAZ specimens of small size has been developed for quantitative evaluation of susceptibility to underclad cracks. The method can predict precisely the cracking behavior in weldments of steels with relative low crack susceptibility. The effect of chemical compositions on susceptibility to the cracking was examined systematically using the developed simulation test method and the following index was obtained from the test results: U = 20(V) + 7(C) + 4(Mo)more » + (Cr) + (Cu) - 0.5(Mn) + 1.5 log(X) X = Al . . . Al/2N less than or equal to 1 X = 2N . . . Al/2N > 1 It was confirmed that the new index (U) is useful for the prediction of crack susceptibility of the nuclear vessel steels; i.e., no crack initiation is detected in weldments in the roller bend test for steels having U value below 0.90.« less

The research on delayed fracture behavior of high-strength bolts in steel structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Guo dong; Li, Nan

2017-07-01

High-strength bolts have been widely used in power plants. However, the high-strength bolts which being employed in pumping station, steel structure and pipeline anti-whip structure have been found delayed fracture for many times in a power plant, this will affect the reliability of steel fracture and bring blow risk caused by falling objects. The high-strength bolt with delayed fracture was carried out fracture analysis, metallurgical analysis, chemical analysis, mechanical analysis, as well as bolts installation analysis, it can be comprehensively confirmed that the direct cause of high-strength bolts delayed fracture is the stress corrosion, and the root cause of high-strength bolts delayed fracture should be the improper installation at the initial and the imperfect routine anti-corrosion maintenance.

Ares I-X USS Material Testing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dawicke, David S.; Smith, Stephen W.; Raju, Ivatury S.

2008-01-01

An independent assessment was conducted to determine the critical initial flaw size (CIFS) for the flange-to-skin weld in the Ares I-X Upper Stage Simulator (USS). Material characterization tests were conducted to quantify the material behavior for use in the CIFS analyses. Fatigue crack growth rate, Charpy impact, and fracture tests were conducted on the parent and welded A516 Grade 70 steel. The crack growth rate tests confirmed that the material behaved in agreement with literature data and that a salt water environment would not significantly degrade the fatigue resistance. The Charpy impact tests confirmed that the fracture resistance of the material did not have a significant reduction for the expected operational temperatures of the vehicle.

Comparisons of sediment losses from a newly constructed cross-country natural gas pipeline and an existing in-road pipeline

Treesearch

Pamela J. Edwards; Bridget M. Harrison; Daniel J. Holz; Karl W.J. Williard; Jon E. Schoonover

2014-01-01

Sediment loads were measured for about one year from natural gas pipelines in two studies in north central West Virginia. One study involved a 1-year-old pipeline buried within the bed of a 25-year-old skid road, and the other involved a newly constructed cross-country pipeline. Both pipelines were the same diameter and were installed using similar trenching and...

77 FR 27279 - Pipeline Safety: Information Collection Activities

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-09

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket No... collections relate to the pipeline integrity management requirements for gas transmission pipeline operators... Management in High Consequence Areas Gas Transmission Pipeline Operators. OMB Control Number: 2137-0610...

75 FR 53733 - Pipeline Safety: Information Collection Activities

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-01

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket No. PHMSA-2010-0246] Pipeline Safety: Information Collection Activities AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous... liquefied natural gas, hazardous liquid, and gas transmission pipeline systems operated by a company. The...

77 FR 46155 - Pipeline Safety: Information Collection Activities

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-02

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket No... collections relate to the pipeline integrity management requirements for gas transmission pipeline operators... Management in High Consequence Areas Gas Transmission Pipeline Operators. OMB Control Number: 2137-0610...

78 FR 46560 - Pipeline Safety: Class Location Requirements

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-01

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration 49 CFR Part... class location requirements for gas transmission pipelines. Section 5 of the Pipeline Safety, Regulatory... and, with respect to gas transmission pipeline facilities, whether applying IMP requirements to...

77 FR 15453 - Pipeline Safety: Information Collection Activities

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-15

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket No... information collection titled, ``Gas Pipeline Safety Program Certification and Hazardous Liquid Pipeline... collection request that PHMSA will be submitting to OMB for renewal titled, ``Gas Pipeline Safety Program...

Capsule injection system for a hydraulic capsule pipelining system

DOEpatents

Liu, Henry

1982-01-01

An injection system for injecting capsules into a hydraulic capsule pipelining system, the pipelining system comprising a pipeline adapted for flow of a carrier liquid therethrough, and capsules adapted to be transported through the pipeline by the carrier liquid flowing through the pipeline. The injection system comprises a reservoir of carrier liquid, the pipeline extending within the reservoir and extending downstream out of the reservoir, and a magazine in the reservoir for holding capsules in a series, one above another, for injection into the pipeline in the reservoir. The magazine has a lower end in communication with the pipeline in the reservoir for delivery of capsules from the magazine into the pipeline.

77 FR 51848 - Pipeline Safety: Information Collection Activities

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-27

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket No... Program for Gas Distribution Pipelines. DATES: Interested persons are invited to submit comments on or.... These regulations require operators of hazardous liquid pipelines and gas pipelines to develop and...

77 FR 26822 - Pipeline Safety: Verification of Records

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-07

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket No. PHMSA-2012-0068] Pipeline Safety: Verification of Records AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials... issuing an Advisory Bulletin to remind operators of gas and hazardous liquid pipeline facilities to verify...

77 FR 74275 - Pipeline Safety: Information Collection Activities

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-13

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket No.... These regulations require operators of hazardous liquid pipelines and gas pipelines to develop and... control room. Affected Public: Operators of both natural gas and hazardous liquid pipeline systems. Annual...

Crystallization and X-ray data analysis of the 10 kDa C-terminal lid subdomain from Caenorhabditis elegans Hsp70

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Worrall, Liam; Walkinshaw, Malcolm D., E-mail: m.walkinshaw@ed.ac.uk

Crystals of the C-terminal 10 kDa lid subdomain from the C. elegans chaperone Hsp70 have been obtained that diffract X-rays to ∼3.5 Å and belong to space group I2{sub 1}2{sub 1}2{sub 1}. Analysis of X-ray data and initial heavy-atom phasing reveals 24 monomers in the asymmetric unit related by 432 non-crystallographic symmetry. Hsp70 is an important molecular chaperone involved in the regulation of protein folding. Crystals of the C-terminal 10 kDa helical lid domain (residues 542–640) from a Caenorhabditis elegans Hsp70 homologue have been produced that diffract X-rays to ∼3.4 Å. Crystals belong to space group I2{sub 1}2{sub 1}2{sub 1},more » with unit-cell parameters a = b = 197, c = 200 Å. The Matthews coefficient, self-rotation function and Patterson map indicate 24 monomers in the asymmetric unit, showing non-crystallographic 432 symmetry. Molecular-replacement studies using the corresponding domain from rat, the only eukaryotic homologue with a known structure, failed and a mercury derivative was obtained. Preliminary MAD phasing using SHELXD and SHARP for location and refinement of the heavy-atom substructure and SOLOMON for density modification produced interpretable maps with a clear protein–solvent boundary. Further density-modification, model-building and refinement are currently under way.« less

INTERNAL REPAIR OF PIPELINES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Robin Gordon; Bill Bruce; Nancy Porter

2003-05-01

The two broad categories of deposited weld metal repair and fiber-reinforced composite repair technologies were reviewed for potential application for internal repair of gas transmission pipelines. Both are used to some extent for other applications and could be further developed for internal, local, structural repair of gas transmission pipelines. Preliminary test programs were developed for both deposited weld metal repairs and for fiber-reinforced composite repair. To date, all of the experimental work pertaining to the evaluation of potential repair methods has focused on fiber-reinforced composite repairs. Hydrostatic testing was also conducted on four pipeline sections with simulated corrosion damage: twomore » with composite liners and two without.« less

Pipeline monitoring with unmanned aerial vehicles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kochetkova, L. I.

2018-05-01

Pipeline leakage during transportation of combustible substances leads to explosion and fire thus causing death of people and destruction of production and accommodation facilities. Continuous pipeline monitoring allows identifying leaks in due time and quickly taking measures for their elimination. The paper describes the solution of identification of pipeline leakage using unmanned aerial vehicles. It is recommended to apply the spectral analysis with input RGB signal to identify pipeline damages. The application of multi-zone digital images allows defining potential spill of oil hydrocarbons as well as possible soil pollution. The method of multi-temporal digital images within the visible region makes it possible to define changes in soil morphology for its subsequent analysis. The given solution is cost efficient and reliable thus allowing reducing timing and labor resources in comparison with other methods of pipeline monitoring.

A real-time coherent dedispersion pipeline for the giant metrewave radio telescope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

De, Kishalay; Gupta, Yashwant

2016-02-01

A fully real-time coherent dedispersion system has been developed for the pulsar back-end at the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT). The dedispersion pipeline uses the single phased array voltage beam produced by the existing GMRT software back-end (GSB) to produce coherently dedispersed intensity output in real time, for the currently operational bandwidths of 16 MHz and 32 MHz. Provision has also been made to coherently dedisperse voltage beam data from observations recorded on disk. We discuss the design and implementation of the real-time coherent dedispersion system, describing the steps carried out to optimise the performance of the pipeline. Presently functioning on an Intel Xeon X5550 CPU equipped with a NVIDIA Tesla C2075 GPU, the pipeline allows dispersion free, high time resolution data to be obtained in real-time. We illustrate the significant improvements over the existing incoherent dedispersion system at the GMRT, and present some preliminary results obtained from studies of pulsars using this system, demonstrating its potential as a useful tool for low frequency pulsar observations. We describe the salient features of our implementation, comparing it with other recently developed real-time coherent dedispersion systems. This implementation of a real-time coherent dedispersion pipeline for a large, low frequency array instrument like the GMRT, will enable long-term observing programs using coherent dedispersion to be carried out routinely at the observatory. We also outline the possible improvements for such a pipeline, including prospects for the upgraded GMRT which will have bandwidths about ten times larger than at present.

75 FR 73160 - Pipeline Safety: Information Collection Activities

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-29

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [Docket No...-Related Conditions on Gas, Hazardous Liquid, and Carbon Dioxide Pipelines and Liquefied Natural Gas... Pipelines and Liquefied Natural Gas Facilities.'' The Pipeline Safety Laws (49 U.S.C. 60132) require each...

Development of Time-Distance Helioseismology Data Analysis Pipeline for SDO/HMI

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

DuVall, T. L., Jr.; Zhao, J.; Couvidat, S.; Parchevsky, K. V.; Beck, J.; Kosovichev, A. G.; Scherrer, P. H.

2008-01-01

The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager of SDO will provide uninterrupted 4k x 4k-pixel Doppler-shift images of the Sun with approximately 40 sec cadence. These data will have a unique potential for advancing local helioseismic diagnostics of the Sun's interior structure and dynamics. They will help to understand the basic mechanisms of solar activity and develop predictive capabilities for NASA's Living with a Star program. Because of the tremendous amount of data the HMI team is developing a data analysis pipeline, which will provide maps of subsurface flows and sound-speed distributions inferred form the Doppler data by the time-distance technique. We discuss the development plan, methods, and algorithms, and present the status of the pipeline, testing results and examples of the data products.

An investigation of microbial diversity in crude oil & seawater injection systems and microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of linepipe steels under different exposure conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

AlAbbas, Faisal Mohammed

During oil and gas operations, pipeline networks are subjected to different corrosion deterioration mechanisms that result from the interaction between the fluid process and the linepipe steel. Among these mechanisms is microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) that results from accelerated deterioration caused by different indigenous microorganisms that naturally reside in the hydrocarbon and associated seawater injection systems. The focus of this research is to obtain comprehensive understanding of MIC. This work has explored the most essential elements (identifications, implications and mitigations) required to fully understand MIC. Advanced molecular-based techniques, including sequencing of 16S rRNA genes via 454 pyrosequencing methodologies, were deployed to provide in-depth understanding of the microbial diversity associated with crude oil and seawater injection systems and their relevant impact on MIC. Key microbes including sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and iron reducing bacteria (IRB) were cultivated from sour oil well field samples. The microbes' phylotypes were identified in the laboratory to gain more thorough understanding of how they impact microbial corrosion. Electrochemical and advanced surface analytical techniques were used for corrosion evaluations of linepipe carbon steels (API 5L X52 and X80) under different exposure conditions. On the identification front, 454 pyrosequencing of both 16S rRNA genes indicated that the microbial communities in the corrosion products obtained from the sour oil pipeline, sweet crude pipeline and seawater pipeline were dominated by bacteria, though archaeal sequences (predominately Methanobacteriaceae and Methanomicrobiaceae) were also identified in the sweet and sour crude oil samples, respectively. The dominant bacterial phylotypes in the sour crude sample included members of the Thermoanaerobacterales, Synergistales, and Syntrophobacterales. In the sweet crude sample, the dominant phylotypes included

Window types: (from left to right) Pair of 2x2 multipaned ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Window types: (from left to right) Pair of 2x2 multipaned steel casements; triplet of 1x4 multipaned steel casements (center panel fixed); 1x3 multipaned steel casements. Building 20, facing southwest - Harbor Hills Housing Project, 26607 Western Avenue, Lomita, Los Angeles County, CA

Landslide and Land Subsidence Hazards to Pipelines

USGS Publications Warehouse

Baum, Rex L.; Galloway, Devin L.; Harp, Edwin L.

2008-01-01

Landslides and land subsidence pose serious hazards to pipelines throughout the world. Many existing pipeline corridors and more and more new pipelines cross terrain that is affected by either landslides, land subsidence, or both. Consequently the pipeline industry recognizes a need for increased awareness of methods for identifying and evaluating landslide and subsidence hazard for pipeline corridors. This report was prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, and Pipeline Research Council International through a cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) with DGH Consulting, Inc., to address the need for up-to-date information about current methods to identify and assess these hazards. Chapters in this report (1) describe methods for evaluating landslide hazard on a regional basis, (2) describe the various types of land subsidence hazard in the United States and available methods for identifying and quantifying subsidence, and (3) summarize current methods for investigating individual landslides. In addition to the descriptions, this report provides information about the relative costs, limitations and reliability of various methods.

Investigation of the plastic fracture of high strength steels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cox, T. B.; Low, J. R., Jr.

1972-01-01

This investigation deals in detail with the three recognized stages of plastic fracture in high strength steels, namely, void initiation, void growth, and void coalescence. The particular steels under investigation include plates from both commercial purity and high purity heats of AISI 4340 and 18 Ni, 200 grade maraging steels. A scanning electron microscope equipped with an X-ray energy dispersive analyzer, together with observations made using light microscopy, revealed methods of improving the resistance of high strength steels to plastic fracture.

49 CFR 192.755 - Protecting cast-iron pipelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Protecting cast-iron pipelines. 192.755 Section... NATURAL AND OTHER GAS BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS Maintenance § 192.755 Protecting cast... pipeline is disturbed: (a) That segment of the pipeline must be protected, as necessary, against damage...

49 CFR 192.755 - Protecting cast-iron pipelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Protecting cast-iron pipelines. 192.755 Section... NATURAL AND OTHER GAS BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS Maintenance § 192.755 Protecting cast... pipeline is disturbed: (a) That segment of the pipeline must be protected, as necessary, against damage...

49 CFR 192.755 - Protecting cast-iron pipelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Protecting cast-iron pipelines. 192.755 Section... NATURAL AND OTHER GAS BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS Maintenance § 192.755 Protecting cast... pipeline is disturbed: (a) That segment of the pipeline must be protected, as necessary, against damage...

49 CFR 192.755 - Protecting cast-iron pipelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Protecting cast-iron pipelines. 192.755 Section... NATURAL AND OTHER GAS BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS Maintenance § 192.755 Protecting cast... pipeline is disturbed: (a) That segment of the pipeline must be protected, as necessary, against damage...

30 CFR 250.1005 - Inspection requirements for DOI pipelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Inspection requirements for DOI pipelines. 250.1005 Section 250.1005 Mineral Resources BUREAU OF OCEAN ENERGY MANAGEMENT, REGULATION, AND ENFORCEMENT... Pipelines and Pipeline Rights-of-Way § 250.1005 Inspection requirements for DOI pipelines. (a) Pipeline...

Pipeline perspective

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kern, J.J.

1978-01-01

The recently completed 800-mile trans-Alaska pipeline is reviewed from the perspective of its first six months of successful operation. Because of the many environmental and political constraints, the $7.7 billion project is viewed as a triumph of both engineering and capitalism. Design problems were imposed by the harsh climate and terrain and by the constant public and bureaucratic monitoring. Specifications are reviewed for the pipes, valves, river crossings, pump stations, control stations, and the terminal at Valdez, where special ballast treatment and a vapor-recovery system were required to protect the harbor's water and air quality. The article outlines operating proceduresmore » and contingency planning for the pipeline and terminal. (DCK)« less

Microstructural characteristics of Hadfield steel solidified under high pressure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yuzi; Li, Yanguo; Han, Bo; Zhang, Fucheng; Qian, Lihe

2011-12-01

Samples of Hadfield steel, high manganese austenite steel with 13 wt% manganese and 1.2 wt% carbon, were solidified under a pressure of 6 GPa. The microstructures of the samples were analyzed by metallography and X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that the solidification microstructure of the Hadfield steel was remarkably refined under high pressure. Additionally, the carbide of M23C6 was obtained in the Hadfield steel solidified under high pressure was different from the carbide of M3C obtained by solidification under normal pressure. Furthermore, high pressure promoted the formation of orientational solidified microstructure of the Hadfield steel.

Enhanced Mechanical Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Prepared by Aluminothermic Reaction Subjected to Multiple Warm Rolling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Z. N.; Wei, F. A.; La, P. Q.; Ma, F. L.

2018-05-01

Large dimensional bulk 316L stainless steels were prepared by aluminothermic reaction method and rolled at 973 K (700 °C) with different deformation, the microstructures evolution and mechanical properties were characterized in detail. The results showed that the microstructure of casting steel consists of nanocrystalline/submicrocrystalline/microcrystalline austenite and submicrocrystalline ferrite. After rolling to thickness reduction of 30, 50 and 70%, the submicrocrystalline austenite grains were crushed and dispersed more uniformly in the matrix of the steel, the grain size of submicrocrystalline austenite decreased from 246 to 136 nm. The mechanical properties of the rolled steels were significantly enhanced, with the thickness reduction increased from 30 to 70%, the tensile strength increased from 632 to 824 MPa, the yield strength increased from 425 to 615 MPa, and the elongation increased from 11 to 24%. After rolling to thickness reduction of 70%, the optimized combination of high strength and high ductility was obtained.

49 CFR 192.627 - Tapping pipelines under pressure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Tapping pipelines under pressure. 192.627 Section... NATURAL AND OTHER GAS BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS Operations § 192.627 Tapping pipelines under pressure. Each tap made on a pipeline under pressure must be performed by a crew qualified to make...

Stability of subsea pipelines during large storms

PubMed Central

Draper, Scott; An, Hongwei; Cheng, Liang; White, David J.; Griffiths, Terry

2015-01-01

On-bottom stability design of subsea pipelines transporting hydrocarbons is important to ensure safety and reliability but is challenging to achieve in the onerous metocean (meteorological and oceanographic) conditions typical of large storms (such as tropical cyclones, hurricanes or typhoons). This challenge is increased by the fact that industry design guidelines presently give no guidance on how to incorporate the potential benefits of seabed mobility, which can lead to lowering and self-burial of the pipeline on a sandy seabed. In this paper, we demonstrate recent advances in experimental modelling of pipeline scour and present results investigating how pipeline stability can change in a large storm. An emphasis is placed on the initial development of the storm, where scour is inevitable on an erodible bed as the storm velocities build up to peak conditions. During this initial development, we compare the rate at which peak near-bed velocities increase in a large storm (typically less than 10−3 m s−2) to the rate at which a pipeline scours and subsequently lowers (which is dependent not only on the storm velocities, but also on the mechanism of lowering and the pipeline properties). We show that the relative magnitude of these rates influences pipeline embedment during a storm and the stability of the pipeline. PMID:25512592

40 CFR 420.70 - Applicability; description of the hot forming subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Applicability; description of the hot... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Hot Forming Subcategory § 420.70 Applicability; description of the hot forming subcategory. The provisions of this subpart...

40 CFR 420.70 - Applicability; description of the hot forming subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true Applicability; description of the hot... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Hot Forming Subcategory § 420.70 Applicability; description of the hot forming subcategory. The provisions of this subpart...

40 CFR 420.70 - Applicability; description of the hot forming subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true Applicability; description of the hot... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Hot Forming Subcategory § 420.70 Applicability; description of the hot forming subcategory. The provisions of this subpart...

40 CFR 420.70 - Applicability; description of the hot forming subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2014-07-01 2012-07-01 true Applicability; description of the hot... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Hot Forming Subcategory § 420.70 Applicability; description of the hot forming subcategory. The provisions of this subpart...

Commissioning of a new helium pipeline

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

At the commissioning of a new high-pressure helium pipeline at Kennedy Space Center, Ramon Lugo, acting executive director, JPMO , presents a plaque to Center Director Roy Bridges. The pipeline will service launch needs at the new Delta IV Complex 37 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Others at the ceremony were Jerry Jorgensen, pipeline project manager, Space Gateway Support (SGS); Col. Samuel Dick, representative of the 45th Space Wing; David Herst, director, Delta IV Launch Sites; Pierre Dufour, president and CEO, Air Liquide America Corporation; and Michael Butchko, president, SGS. The nine-mile-long buried pipeline will also serve as a backup helium resource for Shuttle launches. Nearly one launch's worth of helium will be available in the pipeline to support a Shuttle pad in an emergency. The line originates at the Helium Facility on KSC and terminates in a meter station at the perimeter of the Delta IV launch pad.

Commissioning of a new helium pipeline

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

Jerry Jorgensen, pipeline project manager, Space Gateway Support (SGS) presents an award of appreciation to H.T. Everett, KSC Propellants manager, at the commissioning of a new high-pressure helium pipeline at Kennedy Space Center. The pipeline will service launch needs at the new Delta IV Complex 37 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The nine-mile-long buried pipeline will also serve as a backup helium resource for Shuttle launches. Nearly one launch's worth of helium will be available in the pipeline to support a Shuttle pad in an emergency. The line originates at the Helium Facility on KSC and terminates in a meter station at the perimeter of the Delta IV launch pad. Others at the ceremony were Center Director Roy Bridges;); Col. Samuel Dick, representative of the 45th Space Wing; Ramon Lugo, acting executive director, JPMO; David Herst, director, Delta IV Launch Sites; Pierre Dufour, president and CEO, Air Liquide America Corporation; and Michael Butchko, president, SGS.

Commissioning of a new helium pipeline

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

Jerry Jorgensen welcomes the audience to the commissioning of a new high-pressure helium pipeline at Kennedy Space Center. Jorgensen, with Space Gateway Support (SGS), is the pipeline project manager. To the right is Ramon Lugo, acting executive director, JPMO. Others at the ceremony were Center Director Roy Bridges; Col. Samuel Dick, representative of the 45th Space Wing; David Herst, director, Delta IV Launch Sites; Pierre Dufour, president and CEO, Air Liquide America Corporation; and Michael Butchko, president, SGS. The pipeline will service launch needs at the new Delta IV Complex 37 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The nine-mile-long buried pipeline will also serve as a backup helium resource for Shuttle launches. Nearly one launch's worth of helium will be available in the pipeline to support a Shuttle pad in an emergency. The line originates at the Helium Facility on KSC and terminates in a meter station at the perimeter of the Delta IV launch pad.

Integrated surface management for pipeline construction: The Mid-America Pipeline Company Four Corners Project

Treesearch

Maria L. Sonett

1999-01-01

Integrated surface management techniques for pipeline construction through arid and semi-arid rangeland ecosystems are presented in a case history of a 412-mile pipeline construction project in New Mexico. Planning, implementation and monitoring for restoration of surface hydrology, soil stabilization, soil cover, and plant species succession are discussed. Planning...

Pipeline transport and simultaneous saccharification of corn stover.

PubMed

Kumar, Amit; Cameron, Jay B; Flynn, Peter C

2005-05-01

Pipeline transport of corn stover delivered by truck from the field is evaluated against a range of truck transport costs. Corn stover transported by pipeline at 20% solids concentration (wet basis) or higher could directly enter an ethanol fermentation plant, and hence the investment in the pipeline inlet end processing facilities displaces comparable investment in the plant. At 20% solids, pipeline transport of corn stover costs less than trucking at capacities in excess of 1.4 M drytonnes/yr when compared to a mid range of truck transport cost (excluding any credit for economies of scale achieved in the ethanol fermentation plant from larger scale due to multiple pipelines). Pipelining of corn stover gives the opportunity to conduct simultaneous transport and saccharification (STS). If current enzymes are used, this would require elevated temperature. Heating of the slurry for STS, which in a fermentation plant is achieved from waste heat, is a significant cost element (more than 5 cents/l of ethanol) if done at the pipeline inlet unless waste heat is available, for example from an electric power plant located adjacent to the pipeline inlet. Heat loss in a 1.26 m pipeline carrying 2 M drytonnes/yr is about 5 degrees C at a distance of 400 km in typical prairie clay soils, and would not likely require insulation; smaller pipelines or different soil conditions might require insulation for STS. Saccharification in the pipeline would reduce the need for investment in the fermentation plant, saving about 0.2 cents/l of ethanol. Transport of corn stover in multiple pipelines offers the opportunity to develop a large ethanol fermentation plant, avoiding some of the diseconomies of scale that arise from smaller plants whose capacities are limited by issues of truck congestion.

Three-dimensional nonlinear responses to impact loads on free-span pipeline: Torsional coupling and load steps

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chung, J.S.; Huttelmaier, H.P.; Cheng, B.R.

1995-12-31

For a heavy object falling on a free-span pipeline, this study assesses three-dimensional (3-D) pipe-span responses with the torsional ({theta}x-) coupling of a pipeline through the biaxial (y) bending responses. The static pipe-span equilibrium is achieved with its self-weight and buoyancy and the external torsional moment induced by the cross-flow (y-directional) current on the sagged pipe span. Load steps taken for 2 different sequences of applying static loads induced different pipe deformations, and the pipe twists in entirely different pattern. The two types of impact loads are applied in the vertical (z-) direction to excite the pipe span in itsmore » static equilibrium: (1) triangular impulse loading and (2) ramp loading. Boundary condition of the span supports is ``fixed-fixed`` at both ends in both displacement and rotation. 3-D coupled axial (x-), bending (y- and z-) and torsional ({theta}x-) responses, both state and dynamic, to the z-directional impact loadings, are modeled and analyzed by a nonlinear FEM method for a 16-in pipeline. The 3-D responses are compared with 2-D responses. The comparison shows significant torsional vibrations caused by the cross-flow current, especially for longer spans. The torsional ({theta}x-) coupling is very sensitive to the time-step size in achieving numerical stability and accuracy, particularly for the ramp loading and for a shorter span. For very large impact loads, the response frequencies differ from the fundamental frequencies of the span, exhibiting beatings and strong bending-to-axial and to-twist couplings. Also, the eigenvalues for the linear system are not necessarily the resonance frequencies for these nonlinear coupled responses.« less

A hydrostatic leak test for water pipeline by using distributed optical fiber vibration sensing system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Huijuan; Sun, Zhenshi; Qian, Ya; Zhang, Tao; Rao, Yunjiang

2015-07-01

A hydrostatic leak test for water pipeline with a distributed optical fiber vibration sensing (DOVS) system based on the phase-sensitive OTDR technology is studied in this paper. By monitoring one end of a common communication optical fiber cable, which is laid in the inner wall of the pipe, we can detect and locate the water leakages easily. Different apertures under different pressures are tested and it shows that the DOVS has good responses when the aperture is equal or larger than 4 mm and the inner pressure reaches 0.2 Mpa for a steel pipe with DN 91cm×EN 2cm.

California crude-pipeline plans detailed

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ronco, M.J.

1986-06-09

California and the U.S. West have recently become a center for crude-oil pipeline activity. That activity includes existing and proposed lines, offshore and onshore terminals, and some unusual permitting and construction requirements. Operation of existing pipelines is influenced by the varying gravities of crudes in the area. California has three distinct producing areas from which pipelines deliver crude to refineries or marines terminals: 1. The inland Los Angeles basin and coast from Orange County to Ventura County. 2. The San Joaquin Valley in central California which is between the coastal mountains and the Sierras. 3. That portion of the Outermore » Continental Shelf (OCS) located primarily in federal waters off Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo counties on the central coast. The Los Angeles coastal and inland basin crude-oil pipeline system consists of gathering lines to move crude from the many wells throughout Ventura, Orange, and Los Angeles counties to operating refineries in the greater Los Angeles area. Major refineries include ARCO at Carson, Chevron at El Segundo, Mobil at Torrance, and Shell, Texaco, and Unical at Wilmington. The many different crude-oil pipelines serving these refineries from Ventura County and Orange County and from the many sites around Los Angeles County are too numerous to list.« less

Evaluating the Passivation of Corrosion of API-X100 Steel with Cyclic Voltammetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eliyan, Faysal Fayez; Alfantazi, Akram

2017-10-01

In this research, cyclic voltammetry, in oxygen-free low bicarbonate-carbonate solutions, was used to study the corrosion reactions of a high-strength steel, API-X100. With cycles of different scan ranges, the effects of cycling, transpassivation, and cathodic reduction on the electrochemistry of the passive films were analyzed. It was found that carbonate in higher concentrations reduces the anodic activity and the cathodic reactions of the surface. Bicarbonate in small concentrations in solutions that contained low carbonate concentrations catalyzed dissolution and disrupted the formation of the passive films, in reference to the measured anodic currents. From the experiments, there was electrochemical evidence that with more cycles, the passive films were growing thicker, the transpassivation deteriorated the passive films, and during the cathodic reduction, the dissolution was occurring at lower potentials to facilitate later the passivation at higher potentials.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of radiofrequency-sputtered refractory compound steel interfaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wheeler, D. R.; Brainard, W. A.

1978-01-01

Radiofrequency sputtering was used to deposit Mo2C, Mo2B5, and MoSi2 coatings on 440C steel substrates. Both sputter etched and preoxidized substrates were used, and the films were deposited with and without a substrate bias of -300 V. The composition of the coatings was measured as a function of depth by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy combined with argon ion etching. In the interfacial region there was evidence that bias produced a graded interface in Mo2B5 but not in Mo2C. Oxides of iron and of all film constituents except carbon were presented in all cases but the iron oxide concentration was higher and the layer thicker on the preoxidized substrates. The film and iron oxides were mixed in the MoSi2 and Mo2C films but layered in the Mo2B5 film. The presence of mixed oxides correlates with enhanced film adhesion.

UOE Pipe Numerical Model: Manufacturing Process And Von Mises Residual Stresses Resulted After Each Technological Step

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Delistoian, Dmitri; Chirchor, Mihael

2017-12-01

Fluid transportation from production areas to final customer is effectuated by pipelines. For oil and gas industry, pipeline safety and reliability represents a priority. From this reason, pipe quality guarantee directly influence pipeline designed life, but first of all protects environment. A significant number of longitudinally welded pipes, for onshore/offshore pipelines, are manufactured by UOE method. This method is based on cold forming. In present study, using finite element method is modeled UOE pipe manufacturing process and is obtained von Mises stresses for each step. Numerical simulation is performed for L415 MB (X60) steel plate with 7,9 mm thickness, length 30 mm and width 1250mm, as result it is obtained a DN 400 pipe.

Redefining the Data Pipeline Using GPUs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Warner, C.; Eikenberry, S. S.; Gonzalez, A. H.; Packham, C.

2013-10-01

There are two major challenges facing the next generation of data processing pipelines: 1) handling an ever increasing volume of data as array sizes continue to increase and 2) the desire to process data in near real-time to maximize observing efficiency by providing rapid feedback on data quality. Combining the power of modern graphics processing units (GPUs), relational database management systems (RDBMSs), and extensible markup language (XML) to re-imagine traditional data pipelines will allow us to meet these challenges. Modern GPUs contain hundreds of processing cores, each of which can process hundreds of threads concurrently. Technologies such as Nvidia's Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) platform and the PyCUDA (http://mathema.tician.de/software/pycuda) module for Python allow us to write parallel algorithms and easily link GPU-optimized code into existing data pipeline frameworks. This approach has produced speed gains of over a factor of 100 compared to CPU implementations for individual algorithms and overall pipeline speed gains of a factor of 10-25 compared to traditionally built data pipelines for both imaging and spectroscopy (Warner et al., 2011). However, there are still many bottlenecks inherent in the design of traditional data pipelines. For instance, file input/output of intermediate steps is now a significant portion of the overall processing time. In addition, most traditional pipelines are not designed to be able to process data on-the-fly in real time. We present a model for a next-generation data pipeline that has the flexibility to process data in near real-time at the observatory as well as to automatically process huge archives of past data by using a simple XML configuration file. XML is ideal for describing both the dataset and the processes that will be applied to the data. Meta-data for the datasets would be stored using an RDBMS (such as mysql or PostgreSQL) which