Partnership to Evaluate Alternatives to Nonylphenol Ethoxylates

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The partnership alternatives assessment project on nonylphenol ethoxylates sought to address concerns about potential ecological and other effects from manufacturing, processing, and distribution of nonylphenol ethoxylates

The Geochemical Behavior and Transport Characteristics of Xenoestrogens

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wallace, T. C.; Bennett, P. C.

2003-12-01

Xenoestrogens are estrogenic active synthetic chemicals that mimic the actions of female sex hormones. Xenoestrogens can be produced synthetically and naturally, and exposure can occur from a variety of sources- food additives, plastics, pesticides, or pharmaceuticals. These environmental chemicals are also known as endocrine disruptors because exposure to low doses (ng/L) have been linked to adverse effects in the reproductive and developmental stages in aquatic species (i.e. reproductive anomalies, feminization, infertility, alterations in growth during life cycles, and changes in community structures). Determining the exposure risks of these toxicological compounds, however, requires a better understanding of the geochemical behavior and transport of synthetic estrogens it is discharged to. Estrogen and its metabolites are also useful tracers because of their specific medical usage (sources from birth control pills, estrogen replacement therapy, and livestock farming), slow degradation before excretion, and unique physiochemical properties (low volatility, hydrophobicity, and high Kow). Estradiol concentrations analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) show that <2-55 ng/L are discharged to Walnut Creek, a stream that also connects to the Colorado River(TX). The bioavailability of these compounds is affected by sorption processes, where xenoestrogens become associated with solid phases. A series of batch sorption experiments using sediment collected from Walnut Creek downstream of an Austin waste water treatment plant and synthetic estrogen standards (Simga@ Estrone, 17B-Estradiol, and Estriol), examined the distribution of estrogen between solid and aqueous phases. Analysis of the concentrations sorbed to sediment result in Freundlich sorption isotherms using HPLC/UV techniques (High Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV detectors- 220 and 280nm). Sorption occurs rapidly with 98% of 17B-Estradiol sorbed within 30 minutes (Estriol=80%, Estrone=95

Effect of nonylphenol on growth of Neurospora crassa and Candida albicans.

PubMed Central

Karley, A J; Powell, S I; Davies, J M

1997-01-01

The effects of the nonionic surfactant nonylphenol on the growth and morphologies of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa and the diploid yeast Candida albicans have been examined. Nonylphenol inhibited respiration and growth of N. crassa, effecting a 10-fold decrease in organism yield at 25 microM. Severe morphological defects were also induced: cell shape was abnormal and apical dominance was lost. Nonylphenol monoethoxylate (the parent compound of nonylphenol) was a less potent growth inhibitor and morphogen. The growth of the yeast form of C. albicans was sensitive to nonylphenol (inducing an order of magnitude decrease in specific growth rate with a 10-fold increase in dose concentration) but not nonylphenol monoethoxylate. Similarly, C. albicans ATP content was reduced and glucose-induced extracellular acidification was inhibited only by nonylphenol. Although estrogens may induce the dimorphic transition of C. albicans, nonylphenol (as an environmental estrogen mimic) failed to trigger germ tube formation under nonpermissive conditions and inhibited it under permissive conditions. The effects of nonylphenol are most readily explained as the result of uncoupling of respiration, which produces multiple physiological effects. PMID:9097428

Environmental exposure to xenoestrogens and oestrogen related cancers: reproductive system, breast, lung, kidney, pancreas, and brain

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

The role of steroids in carcinogenesis has become a major concern in environmental protection, biomonitoring, and clinical research. Although historically oestrogen has been related to development of reproductive system, research over the last decade has confirmed its crucial role in the development and homeostasis of other organ systems. As a number of anthropogenic agents are xenoestrogens, environmental health research has focused on oestrogen receptor level disturbances and of aromatase polymorphisms. Oestrogen and xenoestrogens mediate critical points in carcinogenesis by binding to oestrogen receptors, whose distribution is age-, gender-, and tissue-specific. This review brings data about cancer types whose eatiology may be found in environmental exposure to xenoestrogens. Cancer types that have been well documented in literature to be related with environmental exposure include the reproductive system, breast, lung, kidney, pancreas, and brain. The results of our data mining show (a) a significant correlation between exposure to xenoestrogens and increased, gender-related, cancer risk and (b) a need to re-evaluate agents so far defined as endocrine disruptors, as they are also key molecules in carcinogenesis. This revision may be used to further research of cancer aetiology and to improvement of related legislation. Investigation of cancers caused by xenoestrogens may elucidate yet unknown mechanisms also valuable for oncology and the development of new therapies. PMID:22759508

Combined Effects of Nonylphenol and Bisphenol A on the Human Prostate Epithelial Cell Line RWPE-1

PubMed Central

Gan, Weidong; Zhou, Ming; Xiang, Zou; Han, Xiaodong; Li, Dongmei

2015-01-01

The xenoestrogens nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) are regarded as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) which have widespread occurrence in our daily life. In the present study, the purpose was to analyze the combined effects of NP and BPA on the human prostate epithelial cell line RWPE-1 using two mathematical models based on the Loewe additivity (LA) theory and the Bliss independence (BI) theory. RWPE-1 cells were treated with NP (0.01–100 µM) and BPA (1–5000 µM) in either a single or a combined format. A cell viability assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage rate assay were employed as endpoints. As predicted by the two models and based on the cell viability assay, significant synergism between NP and BPA were observed. However, based on the LDH assay, the trends were reversed. Given that environmental contaminants are frequently encountered simultaneously, these data indicated that there were potential interactions between NP and BPA, and the combined effects of the chemical mixture might be stronger than the additive values of individual chemicals combined, which should be taken into consideration for the risk assessment of EDCs. PMID:25874684

Xenoestrogens released from lacquer coatings in food cans.

PubMed Central

Brotons, J A; Olea-Serrano, M F; Villalobos, M; Pedraza, V; Olea, N

1995-01-01

We present data showing that some foods preserved in lacquer-coated cans and the liquid in them may acquire estrogenic activity. Hormonal activity was measured using the E-screen bioassay. The biological activity of vegetables packed in cans was a result of plastic monomers used in manufacturing the containers. The plastic monomer bisphenol-A, identified by mass spectrometry, was found as a contaminant not only in the liquid of the preserved vegetables but also in water autoclaved in the cans. The amount of bisphenol-A in the extracts accounted for all the hormonal activity measured. Although the presence of other xenoestrogens cannot be ruled out, it is apparent that all estrogenic activity in these cans was due to bisphenol-A leached from the lacquer coating. The use of plastic in food-packaging materials may require closer scrutiny to determine whether epoxy resins and polycarbonates contribute to human exposure to xenoestrogens. Images Figure 1. Figure 2. A Figure 2. B Figure 3. A Figure 3. B Figure 4. Figure 5. A Figure 5. B Figure 6. PMID:7556016

Determination of 4-nonylphenol in water samples using 4-(2,6-dimethylhept-3-yl)phenol as new internal standard.

PubMed

Fischer, Axel R; Lan, Nham Thi Phuong; Wiedemann, Cornelia; Heide, Petra; Werner, Peter; Schmidt, Arndt W; Theumer, Gabriele; Knölker, Hans-Joachim

2010-04-23

A new method for determining the endocrine disrupting substance 4-nonylphenol (technical grade=mixture of isomers, 4-NP) from water samples has been developed by using 4-(2,6-dimethylhept-3-yl)phenol (4-sec-NP) as model compound. This branched monoalkylphenol is shown to serve as internal standard (IS) for the determination of technical 4-nonylphenol. To the best of our knowledge, 4-(2,6-dimethylhept-3-yl)phenol (racemic mixture) is a newly synthesized 4-nonylphenol isomer and has not been described elsewhere. Recoveries have been determined by analyzing spiked water samples from distilled water, river water and wastewater. Following acetylation, the compounds were enriched via solid phase extraction (SPE). Analyses of the compounds were performed by capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), operating in selected ion-monitoring (SIM) mode. The recovery of technical 4-NP using either the newly prepared 4-sec-NP or 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP) as IS have been compared. 4-sec-NP showed slightly better results. However, in the first series of experiments using wastewater, the yields for the derivatization of the two standard compounds were remarkably different. The yield for derivatization of 4-n-NP was approximately 20%, probably due to the difficult matrix of the wastewater. In contrast, the yield for the derivatization of 4-sec-NP was considerably higher (approximately 63%). This problem can be solved by increasing the concentration of the reagent used for derivatization. For better control of the clean-up process, we recommend application of 4-sec-NP as internal standard, at least in water samples with complex matrices (e.g., high content of hydroxylated compounds). Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Impact of composting strategies on the degradation of nonylphenol in sewage sludge.

PubMed

Zheng, Guodi; Chen, Tongbin; Yu, Jie; Gao, Ding; Shen, Yujun; Niu, Mingjie; Liu, Hongtao

2015-12-01

Nonylphenol can be present in sewage sludge, and this can limit the use of the sewage sludge to amend soil. Composting is one of the most efficient and economical methods of making sewage sludge stable and harmless. The nonylphenol degradation rates during composting with added bulking agents and with aeration applied were studied. Three organic bulking agents (sawdust, corn stalk, and mushroom residue) were added to sewage sludge, and the effects of the bulking agents used and the amount added on nonylphenol degradation were determined. The highest apparent nonylphenol degradation rate (71.6%) was found for sewage sludge containing 20% mushroom residue. The lowest apparent nonylphenol degradation rate (22.5%) was found for sewage sludge containing 20% sawdust. The temperature of the composting pile of sewage sludge containing 20% sawdust became too high for nonylphenol to be efficiently degraded, and the apparent nonylphenol degradation rate was lower than was found for sewage sludge containing 10% sawdust. Increasing the ventilating time from 5 to 15 min increased the apparent nonylphenol degradation rate from 19.7 to 41.6%. Using appropriate aerobic conditions facilitates the degradation of nonylphenol in sewage sludge, decreasing the risks posed by sewage sludge applied to land. Adding too much of a bulking agent can decrease the amount of the nonylphenol degraded. Increasing the ventilating time and the amount of air supplied can increase the amount of nonylphenol degraded even if doing so causes the composting pile temperature to remain low.

Simulation of nonylphenol degradation in leafy vegetables using a deuterated tracer.

PubMed

Fang, Kun; Jiang, Zejun; Wang, Jing; She, Yongxin; Jin, Maojun; Jin, Fen; Yang, Mao

2015-07-01

In this study, the residues of nonylphenol, an endocrine-disrupting chemical, were investigated in two types of leafy vegetables, leek and cabbage, that are commonly consumed in eight provinces in China. Nonylphenol was detected in 43.50% of the 223 samples, at concentrations up to 51.90 μg kg(-1). The isotopic tracer 4-n-NP-2,3,5,6-d4-OD was chosen to simulate the degradation of nonylphenol in cabbage. More than 80% of the tracer was degraded in the first 7 days, and most of it had vanished by the end of the 35-day experimental period. A preliminary degradation equation was established to describe the variation of nonylphenol residues in leafy vegetables, and the amounts of nonylphenol in four pesticides were analyzed. The results indicated that nonylphenol residues in leafy vegetables are probably derived from the applied pesticides. The potential risk of pesticide adjuvants as well as that of the active ingredient in pesticides should be taken into consideration when recommending a safety interval period.

The effect of nonylphenol on gene expression in Atlantic salmon smolts.

PubMed

Robertson, Laura S; McCormick, Stephen D

2012-10-15

The parr-smolt transformation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a complex developmental process that culminates in the ability to migrate to and live in seawater. Exposure to environmental contaminants like nonylphenol can disrupt smolt development and may be a contributing factor in salmon population declines. We used GRASP 16K cDNA microarrays to investigate the effects of nonylphenol on gene expression in Atlantic salmon smolts. Nonylphenol exposure reduced gill Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and plasma cortisol and triiodothyronine levels. Transcriptional responses were examined in gill, liver, olfactory rosettes, hypothalamus, and pituitary. Expression of 124 features was significantly altered in the liver of fish exposed to nonylphenol; little to no transcriptional effects were observed in other tissues. mRNA abundance of genes involved in protein biosynthesis, folding, modification, transport and catabolism; nucleosome assembly, cell cycle, cell differentiation, microtubule-based movement, electron transport, and response to stress increased in nonylphenol-treated fish. This study expands our understanding of the effect of nonylphenol on smolting and provides potential targets for development of biomarkers. Published by Elsevier B.V.

The effect of nonylphenol on gene expression in Atlantic salmon smolts

USGS Publications Warehouse

Robertson, Laura S.; McCormick, Stephen D.

2012-01-01

The parr–smolt transformation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a complex developmental process that culminates in the ability to migrate to and live in seawater. Exposure to environmental contaminants like nonylphenol can disrupt smolt development and may be a contributing factor in salmon population declines. We used GRASP 16K cDNA microarrays to investigate the effects of nonylphenol on gene expression in Atlantic salmon smolts. Nonylphenol exposure reduced gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity and plasma cortisol and triiodothyronine levels. Transcriptional responses were examined in gill, liver, olfactory rosettes, hypothalamus, and pituitary. Expression of 124 features was significantly altered in the liver of fish exposed to nonylphenol; little to no transcriptional effects were observed in other tissues. mRNA abundance of genes involved in protein biosynthesis, folding, modification, transport and catabolism; nucleosome assembly, cell cycle, cell differentiation, microtubule-based movement, electron transport, and response to stress increased in nonylphenol-treated fish. This study expands our understanding of the effect of nonylphenol on smolting and provides potential targets for development of biomarkers.

[Study on the degradation and transformation of nonylphenol in water containing algae].

PubMed

Peng, Zhang-E; Feng, Jin-Mei; He, Shu-Ying; Wu, Feng

2012-10-01

The photodegradation of nonylphenol induced by two common freshwater algae was investigated. The mechanism of nonylphenol photodegradation induced by algae was analyzed. The synergistic induction of nonylphenol degradation by algae and substances in water such as humic acid and ferric ions was also investigated. Results showed that the algae could induce the photodegradation of nonylphenol. The degradation of nonylphenol in water in the presence of algae, humic acid and ferric ions was obvious and the efficiency of degradation could reach 58% after 4 h illumination. Based on the results, it was speculated that the algae, humic acid and ferric ions system could produce more active oxygen after illumination, which could promote the photodegradation of the organic contaminants in water.

An Isomer-Specific Approach to Endocrine-Disrupting Nonylphenol in Infant Food.

PubMed

Günther, Klaus; Räcker, Torsten; Böhme, Roswitha

2017-02-15

Nonylphenols (NPs) are persistent endocrine disruptors that are priority hazardous substances of the European Union Water Framework Directive. Their presence in the environment has caused growing concern regarding their impact on human health. Recent studies have shown that nonylphenol is ubiquitous in commercially available foodstuffs and is also present in human blood. The isomer distribution of 4-nonylphenol was analyzed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry in 44 samples of infant food. Our study shows that the distribution of nonylphenol isomers is dependent on the foodstuff analyzed. Although some isomer groups prevail, different distributions are frequent. Variations are even found in the same food group. Nonylphenol is a complex mixture of isomers, and the estrogenic potentials of each of these isomers are very different. Consequently, to determine the potential toxicological impact of NP in food, an isomer-specific approach is necessary.

The ability of white-rot fungi to degrade the endocrine-disrupting compound nonylphenol.

PubMed

Soares, Ana; Jonasson, Karin; Terrazas, Enrique; Guieysse, Benoit; Mattiasson, Bo

2005-03-01

Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, Trametes versicolor and Bjerkandera sp. BOL13 were tested for their ability to degrade the endocrine-disrupting compound nonylphenol at an initial concentration of 100 mg l-1. The highest removals were achieved with T. versicolor and Bjerkandera sp. BOL13, which were able to degrade 97 mg l-1 and 99 mg l-1 of nonylphenol in 25 days of incubation, respectively. Nonylphenol removal was associated with the production of laccase by T. versicolor, but the levels of laccase, manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase produced by Bjerkandera sp. BOL13 were very low. At 14 degrees C, T. versicolor and Bjerkandera sp. BOL13 sustained the removal of 88 mg l-1 and 79 mg l-1 of nonylphenol, respectively. No pollutant removal was recorded at 4 degrees C, although both fungi could grow at this temperature in the absence of nonylphenol. A microtoxicity assay showed that the fungi produced compounds that were toxic to Vibrio fischerii; and thus a reduction in toxicity could not be correlated with nonylphenol metabolism. T. versicolor and Bjerkandera sp. BOL13 were capable of colonizing soil artificially contaminated with 430 mg kg-1 of nonylphenol. Only 1.3+/-0.1% of nonylphenol remained in the soil after 5 weeks of incubation.

Combinations of physiologic estrogens with xenoestrogens alter calcium and kinase responses, prolactin release, and membrane estrogen receptor trafficking in rat pituitary cells

PubMed Central

2010-01-01

Background Xenoestrogens such as alkylphenols and the structurally related plastic byproduct bisphenol A have recently been shown to act potently via nongenomic signaling pathways and the membrane version of estrogen receptor-α. Though the responses to these compounds are typically measured individually, they usually contaminate organisms that already have endogenous estrogens present. Therefore, we used quantitative medium-throughput screening assays to measure the effects of physiologic estrogens in combination with these xenoestrogens. Methods We studied the effects of low concentrations of endogenous estrogens (estradiol, estriol, and estrone) at 10 pM (representing pre-development levels), and 1 nM (representing higher cycle-dependent and pregnancy levels) in combinations with the same levels of xenoestrogens in GH3/B6/F10 pituitary cells. These levels of xenoestrogens represent extremely low contamination levels. We monitored calcium entry into cells using Fura-2 fluorescence imaging of single cells. Prolactin release was measured by radio-immunoassay. Extracellular-regulated kinase (1 and 2) phospho-activations and the levels of three estrogen receptors in the cell membrane (ERα, ERβ, and GPER) were measured using a quantitative plate immunoassay of fixed cells either permeabilized or nonpermeabilized (respectively). Results All xenoestrogens caused responses at these concentrations, and had disruptive effects on the actions of physiologic estrogens. Xenoestrogens reduced the % of cells that responded to estradiol via calcium channel opening. They also inhibited the activation (phosphorylation) of extracellular-regulated kinases at some concentrations. They either inhibited or enhanced rapid prolactin release, depending upon concentration. These latter two dose-responses were nonmonotonic, a characteristic of nongenomic estrogenic responses. Conclusions Responses mediated by endogenous estrogens representing different life stages are vulnerable to very

Total Effective Xenoestrogen Burden in Serum Samples and Risk for Breast Cancer in a Population-Based Multicase–Control Study in Spain

PubMed Central

Pastor-Barriuso, Roberto; Fernández, Mariana F.; Castaño-Vinyals, Gemma; Whelan, Denis; Pérez-Gómez, Beatriz; Llorca, Javier; Villanueva, Cristina M.; Guevara, Marcela; Molina-Molina, José-Manuel; Artacho-Cordón, Francisco; Barriuso-Lapresa, Laura; Tusquets, Ignasi; Dierssen-Sotos, Trinidad; Aragonés, Nuria; Olea, Nicolás; Kogevinas, Manolis; Pollán, Marina

2016-01-01

Background: Most studies on endocrine-disrupting chemicals and breast cancer have focused on single compounds and have produced inconclusive findings. Objectives: We assessed the combined estrogenic effects of mixtures of xenoestrogens in serum and their relationship to breast cancer risk. Methods: A total of 186 incident pretreatment breast cancer cases and 196 frequency-matched controls were randomly sampled from a large population-based multicase–control study in Spain. The total effective xenoestrogen burden attributable to organohalogenated xenoestrogens (TEXB-α) and endogenous hormones and more polar xenoestrogens (TEXB-β) was determined in serum samples using high-performance liquid chromatography and E-Screen bioassay. Odds ratios for breast cancer comparing tertiles of serum TEXB-α and TEXB-β were estimated using logistic models, and smooth risk trends were obtained using spline models. Results: Cases had higher geometric mean TEXB-α and TEXB-β levels (8.32 and 9.94 Eeq pM/mL, respectively) than controls (2.99 and 5.96 Eeq pM/mL, respectively). The fully adjusted odds ratios for breast cancer (95% confidence intervals) comparing the second and third tertiles of TEXB-α with the first tertile were 1.77 (0.76, 4.10) and 3.45 (1.50, 7.97), respectively, and those for TEXB-β were 2.35 (1.10, 5.03) and 4.01 (1.88, 8.56), respectively. A steady increase in risk was evident across all detected TEXB-α levels and a sigmoidal trend was observed for TEXB-β. Individual xenoestrogens showed weak and opposing associations with breast cancer risk. Conclusions: This is the first study to show a strong positive association between serum total xenoestrogen burden and breast cancer risk, highlighting the importance of evaluating xenoestrogen mixtures, rather than single compounds, when studying hormone-related cancers. Citation: Pastor-Barriuso R, Fernández MF, Castaño-Vinyals G, Whelan D, Pérez-Gómez B, Llorca J, Villanueva CM, Guevara M, Molina-Molina JM

Investigation of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates in sewage sludge samples from a metropolitan wastewater treatment plant in Turkey.

PubMed

Ömeroğlu, Seçil; Murdoch, Fadime Kara; Sanin, F Dilek

2015-01-01

Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) have drawn significant attention within the last decade for both scientific and legislative reasons. In Turkey, the Regulation Regarding the Use of Domestic and Urban Sludges on Land states a limit value for the sum of nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO) and nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) as NPE (NPE=NP+NP1EO+NP2EO). Unfortunately a standard method for the determination of these chemicals has not been yet set by the authorities and no data exists about the concentrations of NP and NPEOs in sewage sludge in Turkey. The aim of this study is to propose simple and easily applicable extraction and measurement techniques for 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP), NP, NP1EO and NP2EO in sewage sludge samples and investigate the year round concentrations in a Metropolitan Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Turkey. Different extraction techniques and GC/MS methods for sewage sludge were tested. The best extraction method for these compounds was found to be ultrasonication (5 min) using acetone as the solvent with acceptable recovery of analytes suggested by USEPA and other studies. The optimized extraction method showed good repeatability with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 6%. The recovery of analytes were within acceptable limits suggested by USEPA and other studies. The limits of detection (LODs) were 6 µg kg(-1) for NP and NP1EO, 12 µg kg(-1) for NP2EO and 0.03 µg kg(-1) for 4-n-NP. The developed method was applied to sewage sludge samples obtained from the Central WWTP in Ankara, Turkey. The sum NPE (NP+NP1EO+NP2EO) was found to be in between 5.5 µg kg(-1) and 19.5 µg kg(-1), values which are in compliance with Turkish and European regulations. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of nonylphenol surfactants on fungi following the application of sewage sludge on agricultural soils.

PubMed

Kollmann, Albert; Brault, Agathe; Touton, Isabelle; Dubroca, Jacqueline; Chaplain, Véronique; Mougin, Christian

2003-01-01

The effect of nonylphenol on fungi following the application of contaminated sewage sludge on agricultural soil was studied in laboratory experiments. Nonylphenol bioavailability and adsorption were determined in the soil alone and soil-sludge mixtures. Mixing the soil with sludge made it possible to measure the nonylphenol concentration in the soil solution, which comprised between 6.6 x 10(-6) and 3.8 x 10(-7) M, according to the sludge. We then examined the dose-response relationship between nonylphenol concentration in the culture medium and both biomass production and germination rate of the spores from several strains of filamentous fungi. When applied in this range of concentration, nonylphenol was without noticeable short-term effect on these endpoints. Long-term exposure of fungi to nonylphenol was also assessed. The most intensive effect was a strong stimulation of spore production and germination in Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendahl. Biomass production by the Fusarium strains also increased. Finally, nonylphenol was shown to induce laccase production in Trametes versicolor. We conclude that the potential of nonylphenol to adversely affect several soil fungi remains low.

4-Nonylphenol (NP) in food-contact materials: analytical methodology and occurrence.

PubMed

Fernandes, A R; Rose, M; Charlton, C

2008-03-01

Nonylphenol is a recognized environmental contaminant, but it is unclear whether its occurrence in food arises only through environmental pathways or also during the processing or packaging of food, as there are reports that indicate that materials in contact with food such as rubber products and polyvinylchloride wraps can contain nonylphenol. A review of the literature has highlighted the scarcity of robust analytical methodology or data on the occurrence of nonylphenol in packaging materials. This paper describes a methodology for the determination of nonylphenol in a variety of packaging materials, which includes plastics, paper and rubber. The method uses either Soxhlet extraction or dissolution followed by solvent extraction (depending on the material type), followed by purification using adsorption chromatography. Procedures were internally standardized using 13C-labelled nonylphenol and the analytes were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method is validated and data relating to quality parameters such as limits of detection, recovery, precision and linearity of measurement are provided. Analysis of a range of 25 food-contact materials found nonylphenol at concentrations of 64-287 microg g(-1) in some polystyrene and polyvinylchloride samples. Far lower concentrations (<0.03-1.4 microg g(-1)) were detected in the other materials. It is possible that occurrence at the higher levels has the potential for migration to food.

Endocrine-disrupting effects of nonylphenol in the newt, Triturus carnifex (Amphibia, Urodela).

PubMed

Capaldo, Anna; Gay, Flaminia; Valiante, Salvatore; De Falco, Maria; Sciarrillo, Rosaria; Maddaloni, Massimo; Laforgia, Vincenza

2012-03-01

The aim of our study was to verify whether environmental concentrations of nonylphenol influenced the adrenal gland of Triturus carnifex. Newts were exposed to 19 μg/L nominal concentration of nonylphenol throughout the periods of December-January and March-April, corresponding to different stages of the chromaffin cell functional cycle. The morphological features of the steroidogenic and chromaffin tissues, and the serum levels of ACTH, aldosterone, corticosterone, norepinephrine and epinephrine were evaluated. Nonylphenol did not influence ACTH serum levels. During the two periods examined, the steroidogenic tissue had the same reaction: the quantity of cytoplasmic lipids, and the corticosteroid serum levels, decreased, suggesting the inhibition of synthesis and release of corticosteroids. During the two periods examined, the chromaffin tissue reacted differently to nonylphenol. During December-January, the numeric ratio of norepinephrine granules to epinephrine granules, and the epinephrine serum levels, increased, suggesting the stimulation of epinephrine release. During March-April, the numeric ratio of norepinephrine granules to epinephrine granules did not change, and the norepinephrine serum levels decreased, suggesting the inhibition of norepinephrine release. Our results show that nonylphenol influences the activity of the newt adrenal gland; considering the physiological role of this gland, our results suggest that nonylphenol may contribute to amphibian decline. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Determination of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates in wastewater using MEKC.

PubMed

Núñez, Laura; Wiedmer, Susanne K; Parshintsev, Jevgeni; Hartonen, Kari; Riekkola, Marja-Liisa; Tadeo, José L; Turiel, Esther

2009-06-01

Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEO(x)) are surfactants which are used worldwide and can be transformed in the environment by microorganisms to form nonylphenol (NP). Analysis of these compounds was carried out with micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC). Different parameters such as background electrolyte (BGE) solution, pH, type of surfactant, and sample stacking were optimized. The use of CHES (20 mM, pH 9.1) in combination with 50 mM sodium cholate as a surfactant as BGE solution, together with sample stacking using 50 mM NaCl in the sample and an injection time of 20 s, provided the best separation of the compounds studied. The method was applied to the determination of target analytes in two types of sludge water coming from two steps of a wastewater treatment plant. Liquid-liquid extraction was carried out using toluene as solvent, resulting in recoveries around 100% for all studied analytes. The presence of NPEO(x) was observed in the first step of the sludge water treatment, based on migration time and UV spectra. Identification was confirmed using tandem MS. LOQs of the studied compounds were in the range of 12.7 to 30.8 ng/mL, which is satisfactory for the analysis of real wastewater samples.

Application of oysters as useful concentration indicators to evaluate the fate of xenoestrogenic alkylphenols along the western coastal areas of Taiwan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ding, Wanghsien

2016-04-01

The oyster is an important aquacultural species in Taiwan. Since oysters naturally inhabit shelves near the coast, samples from particular "oyster cultural sites" can be applied to evaluate the pollution levels of segments of coastal water. Insufficient wastewater treatment has caused untreated wastewaters to flow into rivers, and hence, into oyster cultural areas in estuaries as well as shallow coastal waters. Therefore, the concentration of pollutants in the oysters can be used as concentration indicators to evaluate the fate of the pollutants on the western coastal areas of Taiwan. In this study, xenoestrogenic alkylphenols were determined in oyster samples by extractive steam distillation prior to their determination by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. The results show that a group of 4-nonylphenol isomers (4-NPs) were ubiquitous in oysters with concentration levels ranging from 23 to 3370 ng/g (wet weight). The concentrations of 4-NPs varied with different levels of 4-NPs found across unrelated estuaries water samples, and higher level of 4-NPs in water samples caused higher concentration of 4-NPs found in oyster tissue samples. Moreover, at the same oyster sites mentioned previously, the levels of 4-NPs in oysters decreased significantly after the year 2008. This drop in 4-NPs level can be attributed to environmental regulations that banned 4-NPs as additives in household cleaning agents since January 2008 in Taiwan. Due to the mentioned reasons, oysters are concluded to be useful organic pollutant concentration indicators in marine environments.

The determination of nonylphenol and its precursors in a trickling filter wastewater treatment process.

PubMed

Petrie, Bruce; McAdam, Ewan J; Whelan, Mick J; Lester, John N; Cartmell, Elise

2013-04-01

An ultra performance liquid chromatography method coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was developed to determine nonylphenol and 15 of its possible precursors (nonylphenol ethoxylates and nonylphenol carboxylates) in aqueous and particulate wastewater matrices. Final effluent method detection limits for all compounds ranged from 1.4 to 17.4 ng l(-1) in aqueous phases and from 1.4 to 39.4 ng g(-1) in particulate phases of samples. The method was used to measure the performance of a trickling filter wastewater treatment works, which are not routinely monitored despite their extensive usage. Relatively good removals of nonylphenol were observed over the biological secondary treatment process, accounting for a 53 % reduction. However, only an 8 % reduction in total nonylphenolic compound load was observed. This was explained by a shortening in ethoxylate chain length which initiated production of shorter polyethoxylates ranging from 1 to 4 ethoxylate units in length in final effluents. Modelling the possible impact of trickling filter discharge demonstrated that the nonylphenol environmental quality standard may be exceeded in receiving waters with low dilution ratios. In addition, there is a possibility that the EQS can be exceeded several kilometres downstream of the mixing zone due to the biotransformation of readily degradable short-chained precursors. This accentuates the need to monitor 'non-priority' parent compounds in wastewater treatment works since monitoring nonylphenol alone can give a false indication of process performance. It is thus recommended that future process performance monitoring and optimisation is undertaken using the full suite of nonylphenolic moieties which this method can facilitate.

Use of ecocores in estimating the biodegradation potential of 4-nonylphenol in freshwater sediments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dawson, T.D.; Liber, K.

1995-12-31

Ecocores, a type of sediment microcosm used to estimate biodegradation rates in sediments, were used in conjunction with a full-scale mesocosm study to help determine the possible mechanism of degradation of 4-nonylphenol in freshwater sediments. Ecocore and mesocosm sediments displayed very similar nonylphenol concentrations over the duration of the 8-week experiment; neither revealed any signs of nonylphenol degradation. Average nonylphenol concentrations at the beginning of the experiment were not significantly different from concentrations measured at the end of the experiment for both field (9.2 vs. 10.2 {micro}g/g) and ecocore (3.2 vs. 6.4 {micro}g/g) sediments. Mean nonylphenol concentrations remained relatively constantmore » over the duration of the 55-d incubation period in both viable (6.4 {+-} 3.9 {micro}g/g) and sterilized (8.0 {+-} 7.7 {micro}g/g) ecocore sediments. The observation of stable bacterial densities in this study is consistent with the lack of biodegradation of nonylphenol in the sediments of the test system. Ecocores worked well in conjunction with a mesocosm experiment where contaminant loads to the sediment were defined and to some extent controlled. This study indicated that sediment associated 4-nonylphenol is very resistant to microbial degradation within the experimental conditions and 8-week time frame used here.« less

Effects of 4-nonylphenol on the biota in a littoral pond ecosystem

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liber, K.; Schmude, K.; O`Halloran, S.

1994-12-31

National water quality criteria for 4-nonylphenol, a surfactant precursor and metabolite, are currently being developed by the US EPA. Preliminary data from laboratory tests indicate that the criterion maximum concentration may be as low as 3--10 {mu}g/L; field data on biological effects are rare. The study presented here was designed to assess the effects of 4-nonylphenol on a natural aquatic community using a set of 18 littoral enclosures (average volume 33 m{sup 3}). The common occurrence of 4-nonylphenol in municipal and industrial discharges dictated the use of a ``chronic`` exposure scenario for this study. Test concentrations ranged from 3 tomore » 300 {mu}g/L, with applications every 48 hours for a 20 day period. This ensured a 21-day ``chronic`` exposure period and allowed sediment concentration of 4-nonylphenol to steadily increase. Survival of juvenile bluegill sunfish was reduced at 300 {mu}g/L, but not at 100, {mu}g/L; no effects on growth were noted over the 68-day assessment period. Abundance of Cladocera and Copepoda were also reduced at 300 {mu}g/L, with recovery observed within 2--4 weeks after the last nonylphenol application. Benthic macroinvertebrates, including Chironomidae, Oligochaeta, and Mollusca, were affected at 100--300 {mu}g/L, with impacts persisting for several months. The slow recovery of benthic macroinvertebrates was partially attributed to their prolonged exposure to sediment associated nonylphenol residues.« less

Computational Docking of the Isomers of Nonylphenol to the Ligand Binding Domain of the Estrogen Receptor

EPA Science Inventory

Nonylphenols are environmentally persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals. They exist in the environment as complex mixtures containing many nonylphenol isomers. Environmental mixtures of nonylphenols, along with a few single isomers have been tested for their capacity to inte...

Atmospheric concentrations and air-sea exchanges of nonylphenol, tertiary octylphenol and nonylphenol monoethoxylate in the North Sea.

PubMed

Xie, Zhiyong; Lakaschus, Soenke; Ebinghaus, Ralf; Caba, Armando; Ruck, Wolfgang

2006-07-01

Concentrations of nonylphenol isomers (NP), tertiary octylphenol (t-OP) and nonylphenol monoethoxylate isomers (NP1EO) have been simultaneously determined in the sea water and atmosphere of the North Sea. A decreasing concentration profile appeared following the distance increasing from the coast to the central part of the North Sea. Air-sea exchanges of t-OP and NP were estimated using the two-film resistance model based upon relative air-water concentrations and experimentally derived Henry's law constant. The average of air-sea exchange fluxes was -12+/-6 ng m(-2)day(-1) for t-OP and -39+/-19 ng m(-2)day(-1) for NP, which indicates a net deposition is occurring. These results suggest that the air-sea vapour exchange is an important process that intervenes in the mass balance of alkylphenols in the North Sea.

Application of Rice-Straw Biochar and Microorganisms in Nonylphenol Remediation: Adsorption-Biodegradation Coupling Relationship and Mechanism

PubMed Central

Lou, Liping; Yao, Lingdan; Cheng, Guanghuan; Wang, Lixiao; He, Yunfeng; Hu, Baolan

2015-01-01

Biochar adsorption presents a potential remediation method for the control of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) pollution in the environment. It has been found that HOCs bound on biochar become less bioavailable, so speculations have been proposed that HOCs will persist for longer half-life periods in biochar-amended soil/sediment. To investigate how biochar application affects coupled adsorption-biodegradation, nonylphenol was selected as the target contaminant, and biochar derived from rice straw was applied as the adsorbent. The results showed that there was an optimal dosage of biochar in the presence of both adsorption and biodegradation for a given nonylphenol concentration, thus allowing the transformation of nonylphenol to be optimized. Approximately 47.6% of the nonylphenol was biodegraded in two days when 0.005 g biochar was added to 50 mg/L of nonylphenol, which was 125% higher than the relative quantity biodegraded without biochar, though the resistant desorption component of nonylphenol reached 87.1%. All adsorptive forms of nonylphenol (f rap, f slow, f r) decreased gradually during the biodegradation experiment, and the resistant desorption fraction of nonylphenol (f r) on biochar could also be biodegraded. It was concluded that an appropriate amount of biochar could stimulate biodegradation, not only illustrating that the dosage of biochar had an enormous influence on the half-life periods of HOCs but also alleviating concerns that enhanced HOCs binding by biochar may cause secondary pollution in biochar-modified environment. PMID:26348485

In vivo xenoestrogenic actions of cadmium and arsenic in anterior pituitary and uterus.

PubMed

Ronchetti, Sonia A; Novack, Gisela V; Bianchi, María S; Crocco, Melisa C; Duvilanski, Beatriz H; Cabilla, Jimena P

2016-07-01

Cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (iAs) are toxic metals ubiquitously present in the environment. Both pollutants exert nonmonotonic dose responses, being mostly cytotoxic at high concentrations but mimicking estrogen (E2) effects at low doses. Xenoestrogenic activity of Cd and iAs has been demonstrated in different hormone-dependent tumor cell lines; however, their actions in vivo remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether in vivo administration of low doses of Cd and iAs through drinking water would display xenoestrogenic effects in the anterior pituitary gland and uterus of ovariectomized rats. Cd (1ppm) and iAs (0.1ppm) exposure increased the wet weight of anterior pituitary gland and uterus and induced proestrus- and estrus-like vaginal smears. Both metals stimulate cell proliferation of these tissues as they increased the expression of proliferation markers. More importantly, they augmented soluble guanylyl cyclase α1 subunit expression, which has been linked to hormone-dependent tumor progression. Also, Cd and iAs modified protein levels of full-length estrogen receptor α and its truncated variants in an E2-like manner. Anterior pituitary hormone secretion was differentially affected by both metals. Luteinizing hormone synthesis and release were strongly diminished after Cd exposure and only mildly reduced by iAs. Both metals were able to increase prolactin synthesis, although only iAs augmented serum prolactin levels. This study shows for the first time that Cd and iAs exert strong xenoestrogenic effects on anterior pituitary gland at low doses. The differences between Cd and iAs E2-like behavior indicate that other Cd- and iAs-specific mechanisms could be involved. Altogether, these results contribute to the knowledge of reproductive disorders associated with Cd and iAs environmental contamination. © 2016 Society for Reproduction and Fertility.

Isomer-specific determination of 4-nonylphenols using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Eganhouse, Robert P; Pontolillo, James; Gaines, Richard B; Frysinger, Glenn S; Gabriel, Frédéric L P; Kohler, Hans-Peter E; Giger, Walter; Barber, Larry B

2009-12-15

Technical nonylphenol (tNP), used for industrial production of nonylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants, is a complex mixture of C(3-10)-phenols. The major components, 4-nonylphenols, are weak endocrine disruptors whose estrogenicities vary according to the structure of the branched nonyl group. Thus, accurate risk assessment requires isomer-specific determination of 4-NPs. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC/ToFMS) was used to characterize tNP samples obtained from seven commercial suppliers. Under optimal chromatographic conditions, 153-204 alkylphenol peaks, 59-66 of which were identified as 4-NPs, were detected. The 4-NPs comprised approximately 86-94% of tNP, with 2-NPs and decylphenols making up approximately 2-9% and approximately 2-5%, respectively. The tNP products were analyzed for eight synthetic 4-NP isomers, and results were compared with published data based on GC/MS analysis. Significant differences were found among the products and between two samples from a single supplier. The enhanced resolution of GC x GC coupled with fast mass spectral data acquisition by ToFMS facilitated identification of all major 4-NP isomers and a number of previously unrecognized components. Analysis of tNP altered by the bacterium, Sphingobium xenophagum Bayram, revealed several persistent 4-NPs whose structures and estrogenicities are presently unknown. The potential of this technology for isomer-specific determination of 4-NP isomers in environmental matrices is demonstrated using samples of wastewater-contaminated groundwater and municipal wastewater.

Isomer-specific determination of 4-nonylphenols using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry

USGS Publications Warehouse

Eganhouse, R.P.; Pontolillo, J.; Gaines, R.B.; Frysinger, G.S.; Gabriel, F.L.P.; Kohler, H.-P.E.; Giger, W.; Barber, L.B.

2009-01-01

Technical nonylphenol (tNP), used for industrial production of nonylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants, is a complex mixture of C3-10-phenols. The major components, 4-nonylphenols, are weak endocrine disruptors whose estrogenicities vary according to the structure of the branched nonyl group. Thus, accurate risk assessment requires isomer-specific determination of 4-NPs. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC/ ToFMS) was used to characterize tNP samples obtained from seven commercial suppliers. Under optimal chromatographic conditions, 153-204 alkylphenol peaks, 59-66 of which were identified as 4-NPs, were detected. The 4-NPs comprised ???86-94% of tNP, with 2-NPs and decylphenols making up???2-9%and???2-5%, respectively. The tNP products were analyzed for eight synthetic 4-NP isomers, and results were compared with published data based on GC/ MS analysis. Significant differences were found among the products and between two samples from a single supplier. The enhanced resolution of GC x GC coupled with fast mass spectral data acquisition by ToFMS facilitated identification of all major 4-NP isomers and a number of previously unrecognized components. Analysis of tNP altered by the bacterium, Sphingobium xenophagum Bayram, revealed several persistent 4-NPs whose structures and estrogenicities are presently unknown. The potential of this technology for isomer-specific determination of 4-NP isomers in environmental matrices is demonstrated using samples of wastewatercontaminated groundwater and municipal wastewater. ?? 2009 American Chemical Society.

Effects of nonylphenol on key hormonal balances and histopathology of the endangered Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius).

PubMed

Shirdel, Iman; Kalbassi, Mohammad Reza

2016-01-01

Endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) potentially pose a hazard to endangered species. Evaluation of the sensitivity of these species to EDCs could be helpful for protecting their populations. So, the present study investigated the adverse effects of nonylphenol, an EDC, on the endocrine hormones and histopathology of male and female juvenile Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius) following 21 days of exposure to nominal concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 μg/l. The results showed that the HSI and plasma total calcium of male and female fishes exposed to 100 μg/l nonylphenol were significantly increased compared with the control groups (P<0.001). The male plasma T3 level was significantly decreased in 10 (P<0.01) and 100 (P<0.001) μg/l nonylphenol. The female T3 level increased in 1 μg/l nonylphenol concentration (P<0.05). The plasma T4 of males showed significant elevation in fishes exposed to 100 μg/l nonylphenol (P<0.05), but no change for females in any of treatment groups relative to controls (P>0.05). No significant effect of nonylphenol exposure was observed on male plasma TSH levels (P>0.05), whereas, in females, nonylphenol at all concentrations significantly reduced TSH levels. A bell-shaped response was observed in male and female plasma GH levels. Moreover, various histopathological lesions were observed in gill and intestine tissues of fishes exposed to different nonylphenol concentrations. These results demonstrate the high sensitivity of this endangered species to even environmentally relevant concentrations of nonylphenol. Furthermore, Caspian brown trout could be used as bioindicators reflecting the toxicity of nonylphenol. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatment of solutions containing nonylphenol ethoxylate by photoelectrooxidation.

PubMed

da Silva, Salatiel Wohlmuth; Bordignon, Gustavo Lanferdini; Viegas, Cheila; Rodrigues, Marco Antônio Siqueira; Arenzon, Alexandre; Bernardes, Andréa Moura

2015-01-01

In this work the photoelectrooxidation (PEO) was applied in the treatment of a solution containing nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactant (NP4EO). The use of different lamps (125 and 250 W), current density (5 and 10 mA cm(-2)) and treatment time (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min) were investigated. The samples were characterized by UV/Vis, total organic carbon (TOC), gas chromatography associated to mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and ecotoxicity. The reaction kinetics were calculated and the light flux and pH were measured. The results of analysis by UV/Vis show that there is degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylated in the treatment time of 240 min for all configurations, and the configurations that used a 250 W lamp and a current density of 10 mA cm(-2) obtained better results, with a reduction of 83% in TOC, indicating a high mineralization of the surfactant. It was further found in the GC/MS that the configurations that used the 125 W lamp promoted a smaller incident light flux on the solution, and, regardless of the applied current density, it was generated the reaction intermediate nonylphenol, more toxic than the parent compound. The opposite can be observed when a 250 W lamp was used, which produced a higher incident light flux. Based on the degradation products detected, a simplified mechanism for degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylate was proposed. Although a treatment time of 240 min with photoelectrooxidation with different configurations was not effective in the complete mineralization of the compound, a promising process was developed with the treatment using a lamp of 250 W and a current density of 10 mA cm(-2), which generated a solution with less toxicity than the original one. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Bioconcentration and Degradation of Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol Polyethoxylates by Chlorella vulgaris

PubMed Central

Sun, Hong-Wen; Hu, Hong-Wei; Wang, Lei; Yang, Ying; Huang, Guo-Lan

2014-01-01

Nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPnEOs), a major class of nonionic surfactants, can easily enter into aquatic environments through various pathways due to their wide applications, which leads to the extensive existence of their relative stable metabolites, namely nonylphenol (NP) and mono- to tri-ethoxylates. This study investigated the bioconcentration and degradation of NP and NPnEO oligomers (n = 1–12) by a green algae, Chlorella vulgaris. Experimental results showed that C. vulgaris can remove NP from water phase efficiently, and bioconcentration and degradation accounted for approximately half of its loss, respectively, with a 48 h BCF (bioconcentration factor) of 2.42 × 103. Moreover, C. vulgaris could concentrate and degrade NPnEOs, distribution profiles of the series homologues of the NPnEOs in algae and water phase were quite different from the initial homologue profile. The 48 h BCF of the NPnEO homologues increased with the length of the EO chain. Degradation extent of total NPnEOs by C. vulgaris was 95.7%, and only 1.1% remained in water phase, and the other 3.2% remained in the algal cells. The algae removed the NPnEOs mainly through degradation. Due to rapid degradation, concentrations of the long chain NPnEO homologous in both water (n ≥ 2) and the algal phase (n ≥ 5) was quite low at the end of a 48 h experiment. PMID:24445260

Para-Nonylphenol Induces Apoptosis of U937 Human Monocyte Leukemia Cells in vitro.

PubMed

Santa, Kazuki; Ohsawa, Tomonori; Sakimoto, Takehiko

2016-01-01

Human autoimmune diseases are caused by a variety of factors, such as environmental chemicals, including para-nonylphenol. Macrophages play many critical roles in the regulation of immunity and the progression of autoimmune diseases. However, little information is available regarding the effects of para-nonylphenol on cellular signaling pathways and the death of these cells in vitro. Here, we show that very high concentrations of para-nonylphenol (50-100 μM) induce apoptosis in U937 human monocyte leukemia cells in a dose-dependent manner. Cell viability was judged using the trypan blue exclusion method. FACS analysis for DNA fragmentation was conducted, cellular signaling pathways were evaluated using western blot analysis, and caspase activity was measured by using substrates. U937 cells were differentiated by PMA. Treatment with > 50 μM para-nonylphenol induced apoptosis in U937 monocyte cells and MCF- 7 and MDA-MB231 human breast cancer cells. We found cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm, DNA fragmentation, and decreased expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-XL. Caspase 3 and 9 were induced, but caspase 1 and 3-inhibitor treatment suppressed apoptosis. Para-nonylphenol decreased the levels of activated AKT and increased the levels of activated JNK/SAPK at 15 min after treatment. Furthermore, with PMA treatment, U937 cells were differentiated into a macrophage-like phenotype and showed attenuated cell death against para-nonylphenol. As this assay system is simple and rapid, it may represent a useful artificial tool to clarify the signaling pathways of apoptotic cell death in human monocytes in vitro. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.

Sorption behaviour of nonylphenol and nonylphenol monoethoxylate in soils.

PubMed

Milinovic, J; Lacorte, S; Rigol, A; Vidal, M

2015-11-01

Sorption behaviour of two alkylphenolic compounds (APCs), nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), was studied in five soils with contrasting characteristics. Sorption isotherms were obtained by equilibrating the soil samples with 0.01 mol L(-1) CaCl2 solutions containing different initial concentrations of NP or NP1EO. Linear fitting was generally appropriate for describing the sorption behaviour of NP and NP1EO in the soils, with the exception of two cases, for which the Freundlich model was more suitable for describing the sorption pattern of NP1EO. Solid-liquid distribution coefficients derived from sorption isotherms (Kd) varied from 24 to 1059 mL g(-1) for NP and from 51 to 740 mL g(-1) for NP1EO. For most soils, sorption Kd values were higher for NP than for NP1EO due to the higher hydrophobicity of NP. Sorption reversibility of NP and NP1EO was also tested from desorption isotherms. Desorption solid-liquid distribution coefficients (Kd,des), obtained from linear fitting, were between 130 and 1467 mL g(-1) for NP and between 24 and 1285 mL g(-1) for NP1EO. Kd,des values were higher than Kd values, which demonstrated that target compounds were irreversibly sorbed into soils, with the exception of the high desorption yield (45%) of NP1EO in the soil with the lowest content of organic matter. The fraction of soil organic carbon (FOC) was a key parameter that influenced the sorption of NP and NP1EO in soils, with logKOC values of 4.0 and 3.8, respectively. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Non-Genomic Effects of Xenoestrogen Mixtures

PubMed Central

Viñas, René; Jeng, Yow-Jiun; Watson, Cheryl S.

2012-01-01

Xenoestrogens (XEs) are chemicals derived from a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources that can interfere with endogenous estrogens by either mimicking or blocking their responses via non-genomic and/or genomic signaling mechanisms. Disruption of estrogens’ actions through the less-studied non-genomic pathway can alter such functional end points as cell proliferation, peptide hormone release, catecholamine transport, and apoptosis, among others. Studies of potentially adverse effects due to mixtures and to low doses of endocrine-disrupting chemicals have recently become more feasible, though few so far have included actions via the non-genomic pathway. Physiologic estrogens and XEs evoke non-monotonic dose responses, with different compounds having different patterns of actions dependent on concentration and time, making mixture assessments all the more challenging. In order to understand the spectrum of toxicities and their mechanisms, future work should focus on carefully studying individual and mixture components across a range of concentrations and cellular pathways in a variety of tissue types. PMID:23066391

Preliminary evaluation of new polymer matrix for solid-phase extraction of nonylphenol from water samples.

PubMed

Guerreiro, António; Soares, Ana; Piletska, Elena; Mattiasson, Bo; Piletsky, Sergey

2008-03-31

Molecularly imprinted (MIP) and blank polymers with affinity for nonylphenol were designed using computational modelling. Chromatographic tests demonstrated higher affinity of imprinted polymers towards the template nonylphenol as compared with blank polymers. The performance of both polymers in solid-phase extraction was however very similar. Both blank and imprinted polymers appeared to be suitable for the removal and pre-concentration of nonylphenol from contaminated water samples with 99% efficiency of the recovery. The commercial resins PH(EC) (Biotage) and C18 (Varian) tested in the same conditions used for comparative purposes had recovery rate <84%. The polymer capacity for nonylphenol was 231 mg g(-1) for blank and 228 mg g(-1) for MIP. The synthesised materials can have significance for sample pre-concentration and environmental analysis of this class of compounds.

Seasonal variation of nonylphenol concentrations and fluxes with influence of flooding in the Daliao River Estuary, China.

PubMed

Li, Zhengyan; Gibson, Mark; Liu, Chang; Hu, Hong

2013-06-01

Nonylphenol is an endocrine disruptor with harmful effects including feminization and carcinogenesis on various organisms. This study aims to investigate the distribution and ecological risks of nonylphenol in the Daliao River Estuary, China. Nonylphenol, together with other phenolic endocrine disruptors (bisphenol A, 4-t-butylphenol, 4-t-octylphenol, and 2,4-dichlorophenol), was detected in surface water and sediment on three cruises in May 2009, June 2010, and August 2010, respectively. A large flooding occurred during our sampling campaign in August and its effect on nonylphenol concentrations and fluxes in the estuary was therefore evaluated. The results showed that nonylphenol with a concentration range between 83.6-777 ng l(-1) and 1.5-456 ng g(-1) dw in surface water and sediment was the most abundant among the phenolic compounds, accounting for 59.1-81.0 and 79.9-92.1 % of the total phenolic concentration in surface water and sediment, respectively. The concentrations recorded in May and June were comparable, whereas those in August were considerably higher, mainly due to the flush of flooding. The flooding also caused a 50 times increase in nonylphenol flux from the estuary into the adjacent Bohai Sea. Nonylphenol concentrations in the estuary have exceeded the threshold level of undesirable effects with a potential risk of harm to local species, especially benthic organisms.

Toxicity of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates to Ceriodaphnia

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

England, D.; Bucksath, J.; Naylor, C.G.

1995-12-31

The 7-day survival and reproduction toxicity test on Ceriodaphnia dubia was performed using Good Laboratory Practices procedures. The definitive GLP tests were preceded by range-finding tests with only nominal concentrations and by analytical method validation. Substances used were industrial-grade nonylphenol (CAS No. 84852-15-3) and its 1.5-mole ethoxylate (CAS No. 9016-45-9). Analysis was done by solvent extraction and HPLC. All work was done in glassware to minimize loss of test substances to surface adsorption. The NOEC values for NP and NPE{sub 1.5} were, respectively, 89 and 285/{micro}g/L. LC50 values (96 hour) were 276 and 1016/{micro}g/L, respectively. These results demonstrate that Ceriodaphniamore » are much less sensitive to these chemicals than are other aquatic organisms.« less

Determination of the absolute configuration of two estrogenic nonylphenols in solution by chiroptical methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reinscheid, Uwe M.

2009-01-01

The absolute configurations of two estrogenic nonylphenols were determined in solution. Both nonylphenols, NP35 and NP112 could not be crystallized so that only solution methods are able to solve directly the question of absolute configuration. The conclusion based on experimental and calculated optical rotation and VCD data for the nonylphenol NP35 was independently confirmed by another study using a camphanoyl derivative and X-ray analysis of the obtained crystals. In case of NP112, the experimental rotation data are inconclusive. However, the comparison between experimental and calculated VCD data allowed the determination of the absolute configuration.

Short-term exposure to nonylphenol induces pancreatic oxidative stress and alters liver glucose metabolism in adult female rats.

PubMed

Jubendradass, R; D'Cruz, Shereen Cynthia; Mathur, P P

2011-01-01

Nonylphenol is known to have estrogenic properties and has been reported to cause health hazards to animals and humans. The effects of nonylphenol on pancreas are not clearly elucidated. In this study, we sought to evaluate the effects of nonylphenol on the oxidative status of pancreas and consequential effects of nonylphenol on some of the end points of carbohydrate metabolism in the female rats. Rats were administered nonylphenol orally at the doses of 1.5, 15, and 150 mg/kg of body weight per day for 7 days. After 24 h of last dosing, the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The activities of pancreatic superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly decreased with a concomitant increase in the levels of H2O2 and lipid peroxidation. Nonylphenol increased plasma insulin levels with a concomitant decrease in the levels of plasma glucose as compared to the control groups of rats. A dose-dependent increase in the activities of liver hexokinase and phosphofructokinase was recorded along with decreased activity of glycogen phosphorylase in liver. Western blot analysis revealed a significant decrease in the levels of GLUT-2. These results show that nonylphenol causes oxidative stress in pancreas and impairs liver glucose homeostasis. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Chemometrics-assisted cyclodextrin-enhanced excitation-emission fluorescence spectroscopy for the simultaneous green determination of bisphenol A and nonylphenol in plastics.

PubMed

Vidal, Rocío B Pellegrino; Ibañez, Gabriela A; Escandar, Graciela M

2015-10-01

The aim of this work was to quantify two relevant priority chemicals, bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-nonylphenol (NP), coupling the sensitivity of fluorescence in organized media and the selectivity of multivariate calibration, measuring excitation-emission fluorescence matrices in an aqueous methyl-β-cyclodextrin solution. The studied priority pollutants are two of the most frequently found xenoestrogens in the environment, and are therefore of public health concern.The data were successfully processed by applying unfolded partial least-squares coupled to residual bilinearization (U-PLS/RBL), which provided the required selectivity for overcoming the severe spectral overlapping among the analyte spectra and also those for the interferents present in real samples. A rigorous International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)-consistent approach was applied for the calculation of the limits of detection. Values in the ranges of 1-2 and 4-14 ng mL(-1) were obtained in validation samples for BPA and NP, respectively. On the other hand, low relative prediction errors between 3% and 8% were achieved. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of BPA and NP in different plastics. In positive samples, after an easy treatment with a small volume of ethanol at 35°C, concentrations were found to range from 26 to 199 ng g(-1) for BPA, and from 95 to 30,000 ng g(-1) for NP. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Deposition patterns and transport mechanisms for the endocrine disruptor 4-nonylphenol across the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California.

PubMed

Lyons, Rebecca; Van de Bittner, Kyle; Morgan-Jones, Sean

2014-12-01

Dust and particulate distribution patterns are shifting as global climate change brings about longer drought periods. Particulates act as vehicles for long range transport of organic pollutants, depositing at locations far from their source. Nonylphenol, a biodegradation product of nonylphenol polyethoxylate, is a known endocrine disruptor. Nonylphenol polyethoxylate enters the environment as an inert ingredient in pesticide sprays, potentially traveling great distances from its application site. This is of concern when a highly agricultural region, California's Central Valley, lies adjacent to sensitive areas like the Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains. The distribution and transport mechanisms for 4-nonylphenol were investigated in Eastern Sierra Nevada canyons. Regions close to canyon headwalls showed trace amounts of 4-nonylphenol in surface water, snow, and atmospheric deposition. Exposed areas had yearly average concentrations as high as 9 μg/L. Distribution patterns are consistent with particulate-bound transport. This suggests with increasing drought periods, higher levels of persistent organic pollutants are likely. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Modulation of vitellogenin synthesis through estrogen receptor beta-1 in goldfish (Carassius auratus) juveniles exposed to 17-{beta} estradiol and nonylphenol

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Soverchia, L.; Ruggeri, B.; Palermo, F.

2005-12-15

Many synthetic chemicals, termed xenoestrogens, have been shown to interact as agonists with the estrogen receptor (ER) to elicit biological responses similar to those of natural hormones. To date, the regulation of vitellogenesis in oviparous vertebrates has been widely used for evaluation of estrogenic effects. Therefore, Carassius auratus juveniles were chosen as a fish model for studying the effects of estradiol-17{beta} and different concentrations (10{sup -6} and 10{sup -7} M) of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) on the expression of liver ER{beta}-1 subtype; plasma vitellogenin and sex steroids (androgens and estradiol-17{beta}) were also evaluated together with the bioaccumulation process, through mass-spectrometry. C. auratusmore » is a species widespread in the aquatic environment and, on the toxicological point of view, can be considered a good 'sentinel' species. Juveniles of goldfish were maintained in tanks with only tap water or water with different concentrations (10{sup -6} and 10{sup -7} M) of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), or 10{sup -7} M of estradiol-17{beta}. After 3 weeks of treatment, animals were anesthetized within 5 min after capture, and blood was immediately collected into heparinized syringes by cardiac puncture and stored at -70 deg. C; the gonads were fixed, then frozen and stored at -70 deg. C; the whole fish, liver, and muscle tissues were harvested and immediately stored at -70 deg. C for molecular biology experiments and bioaccumulation measurements. The estrogenic effects of 4-NP were evidenced by the presence of plasma vitellogenin in juveniles exposed both to estradiol-17{beta} and the two doses of 4-NP; moreover, exposure to 4-NP also increased aromatization of androgens, as suggested by decreasing androgens and increasing estradiol-17{beta} plasma levels. The changes of these parameters were in agreement with the increasing transcriptional rate of ER{beta}-1 mRNA in the liver, demonstrating that both estradiol-17{beta} and 4-NP modulate the

Nonylphenol Toxicity Evaluation and Discovery of Biomarkers in Rat Urine by a Metabolomics Strategy through HPLC-QTOF-MS.

PubMed

Zhang, Yan-Xin; Yang, Xin; Zou, Pan; Du, Peng-Fei; Wang, Jing; Jin, Fen; Jin, Mao-Jun; She, Yong-Xin

2016-05-14

Nonylphenol (NP) was quantified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the urine and plasma of rats treated with 0, 50, and 250 mg/kg/day of NP for four consecutive days. A urinary metabolomic strategy was originally implemented by high performance liquid chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS) to explore the toxicological effects of NP and determine the overall alterations in the metabolite profiles so as to find potential biomarkers. It is essential to point out that from the observation, the metabolic data were clearly clustered and separated for the three groups. To further identify differentiated metabolites, multivariate analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), high-resolution MS/MS analysis, as well as searches of Metlin and Massbank databases, were conducted on a series of metabolites between the control and dose groups. Finally, five metabolites, including glycine, glycerophosphocholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, malonaldehyde (showing an upward trend), and tryptophan (showing a downward trend), were identified as the potential urinary biomarkers of NP-induced toxicity. In order to validate the reliability of these potential biomarkers, an independent validation was performed by using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-based targeted approach. The oxidative stress reflected by urinary 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levels was elevated in individuals highly exposed to NP, supporting the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction was a result of xenoestrogen accumulation. This study reveals a promising approach to find biomarkers to assist researchers in monitoring NP.

Nonylphenol Toxicity Evaluation and Discovery of Biomarkers in Rat Urine by a Metabolomics Strategy through HPLC-QTOF-MS

PubMed Central

Zhang, Yan-Xin; Yang, Xin; Zou, Pan; Du, Peng-Fei; Wang, Jing; Jin, Fen; Jin, Mao-Jun; She, Yong-Xin

2016-01-01

Nonylphenol (NP) was quantified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the urine and plasma of rats treated with 0, 50, and 250 mg/kg/day of NP for four consecutive days. A urinary metabolomic strategy was originally implemented by high performance liquid chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS) to explore the toxicological effects of NP and determine the overall alterations in the metabolite profiles so as to find potential biomarkers. It is essential to point out that from the observation, the metabolic data were clearly clustered and separated for the three groups. To further identify differentiated metabolites, multivariate analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), high-resolution MS/MS analysis, as well as searches of Metlin and Massbank databases, were conducted on a series of metabolites between the control and dose groups. Finally, five metabolites, including glycine, glycerophosphocholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, malonaldehyde (showing an upward trend), and tryptophan (showing a downward trend), were identified as the potential urinary biomarkers of NP-induced toxicity. In order to validate the reliability of these potential biomarkers, an independent validation was performed by using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-based targeted approach. The oxidative stress reflected by urinary 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levels was elevated in individuals highly exposed to NP, supporting the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction was a result of xenoestrogen accumulation. This study reveals a promising approach to find biomarkers to assist researchers in monitoring NP. PMID:27187439

Fate and degradation kinetics of nonylphenol compounds in aerobic batch digesters.

PubMed

Ömeroğlu, Seçil; Sanin, F Dilek

2014-11-01

Nonylphenol (NP) compounds are toxic and persistent chemicals that are not fully degraded either in natural or engineered systems. Current knowledge indicates that these compounds concentrate in sewage sludge. Therefore, investigating the degradation patterns and types of metabolites formed during sludge treatment are important for land application of sewage sludge. Unfortunately, the information on the fate of nonylphenol compounds in sludge treatment is very limited. This study aims to investigate the biodegradation patterns of nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) in aerobic batch digesters. For this purpose, two NP2EO spiked and two control laboratory aerobic batch digesters were operated. The spiked digester contained 3 mg/L NP2EO in the whole reactor content. The compounds of interest (parent compound and expected metabolites) were extracted with sonication and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as a function of time. Results showed that, following the day of spike, NP2EO degraded rapidly. The metabolites observed were nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), NP and dominantly, nonylphenoxy acetic acid (NP1EC). The mass balance over the reactors indicated that the total mass spiked was highly accounted for by the products analyzed. The time dependent analysis indicated that the parent compound degradation and daughter product formation followed first order kinetics. The digester performance parameters analyzed (VS and COD reduction) indicated that the spike of NP2EO did not affect the digester performance. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Treatability of nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants in on-site wastewater disposal systems.

PubMed

Huntsman, Brent E; Staples, Charles A; Naylor, Carter G; Williams, Jim-Bob

2006-11-01

The fate of nine-mole nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE9) discharged to an on-site wastewater disposal (septic) system was the focus of a 2-year investigation. Known amounts of NPE9-based detergent were metered daily into the plumbing at a single-family household. The ethoxylate-containing wastewater was discharged to the highly anoxic environment of a 4500-L septic tank before distribution to the oxic subsurface via 100 m of leach line. After 180 days of injecting detergent to the septic system, periodic soil pore water and/or groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs), nonylphenol ether carboxylates, and nonylphenol. The NPE9 and degradation intermediates that were measured were reduced by 99.99% on a molar basis. An 18% reduction in molar concentration within the septic tank was observed. This was followed by a further 96.7% reduction of molar concentration within the leach lines. As the pore water migrated through the vadose zone, an additional 99.69% reduction in molar concentration was measured between the bottom of the leach lines (leach line effluent) and the lowest vadose zone monitoring location. The results obtained from these analyses indicate that degradation of the surfactant occurs within the anoxic portion of the disposal system with continued rapid biodegradation in the oxic unsaturated zone. Only trace amounts of degradation residuals were detected in soil pore water. The concentration and distribution of various degradation intermediates with respect to location, time, and ambient physical conditions were evaluated. Rapid and systematic degradation of NPE in on-site wastewater disposal systems was documented.

Sorption of biodegradation end products of nonylphenol polyethoxylates onto activated sludge.

PubMed

Hung, Nguyen Viet; Tateda, Masafumi; Ike, Michihiko; Fujita, Masanori; Tsunoi, Shinji; Tanaka, Minoru

2004-01-01

Nonylphenol(NP), nonylphenoxy acetic acid (NP1EC), nonylphenol monoethoxy acetic acid (NP2EC), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO) and nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) are biodegradation end products (BEPs) of nonionic surfactant nonylphenolpolyethoxylates (NPnEO). In this research, sorption of these compounds onto model activated sludge was characterized. Sorption equilibrium experiments showed that NP, NP1EO and NP2EO reached equilibrium in about 12 h, while equilibrium of NP1EC and NP2EC were reached earlier, in about 4 h. In sorption isotherm experiments, obtained equilibrium data at 28 degrees C fitted well to Freundlich sorption model for all investigated compounds. For NP1EC, in addition to Freundlich, equilibrium data also fitted well to Langmuir model. Linear sorption model was also tried, and equilibrium data of all NP, NP1EO, NP2EO and NP2EC except NP1EC fitted well to this model. Calculated Freundlich coefficient (K(F)) and linear sorption coefficient (K(D)) showed that sorption capacity of the investigated compounds were in order NP > NP2EO > NP1EO > NP1EC approximately NP2EC. For NP, NP1EO and NP2EO, high values of calculated K(F) and K(D) indicated an easy uptake of these compounds from aqueous phase onto activated sludge. Whereas, NP1EC and NP2EC with low values of K(F) and K(D) absorbed weakly to activated sludge and tended to preferably remain in aqueous phase.

ACUTE TOXICITY OF PARA-NONYLPHENOL TO SALTWATER ANIMALS

EPA Science Inventory

?para-Nonylphenol (PNP), a mixture of alkylphenols used in producing nonionic surfactants, is distributed widely in surface waters and aquatic sediments, where it can affect saltwater species. This article describes a database for acute toxicity of PNP derived for calculating a n...

Occurrence of nonylphenol and nonylphenol monoethoxylate in soil and vegetables from vegetable farms in the Pearl River Delta, South China.

PubMed

Cai, Quan-Ying; Huang, Hui-Juan; Lü, Huixiong; Mo, Ce-Hui; Zhang, Jun; Zeng, Qiao-Yun; Tian, Jun-Jian; Li, Yan-Wen; Wu, Xiao-Lian

2012-07-01

Low molecular-mass nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) and 4-nonylphenol (NP) are biodegradation products of higher molecular mass NPEOs used as surface active agents, and they are endocrine-disrupting contaminants. In this study, surface soil (0-20 cm) samples and different vegetable samples were collected from 27 representative vegetable farms located in Shenzhen, Dongguan, and Huizhou within the Pearl River Delta region, South China, and NP and nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP(1)EO) were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The results show that NP and NP(1)EO were detected in soil and vegetable samples. The concentrations of NP and NP(1)EO in soil samples ranged from nondetectable (ND) to 7.22 μg kg(-1) dry weight (dw) and from ND to 8.24 μg kg(-1) dw, respectively. The average concentrations of both NP and NP(1)EO in soil samples decreased in the following order: Dongguan > Huizhou > Shenzhen. The levels of NP and NP(1)EO in vegetable samples varied from 1.11 to 4.73 μg kg(-1) dw and from 1.32 to 5.33 μg kg(-1) dw, respectively. The greatest levels of both NP and NP(1)EO were observed in water spinach, and the lowest levels of NP and NP(1)EO were recorded in cowpea. The bioconcentration factors (the ratio of contaminant concentration in plant tissue to soil concentration) of NP and NP(1)EO were <1.0 (mean 0.535 and 0.550, respectively). The occurrences of NP and NP(1)EO in this study are compared with other studies, and their potential sources are discussed.

Criteria for assessing the ecological risk of nonylphenol for aquatic life in Chinese surface fresh water.

PubMed

Zhang, Liangmao; Wei, Caidi; Zhang, Hui; Song, Mingwei

2017-10-01

The typical environmental endocrine disruptor nonylphenol is becoming an increasingly common pollutant in both fresh and salt water; it compromises the growth and development of many aquatic organisms. As yet, water quality criteria with respect to nonylphenol pollution have not been established in China. Here, the predicted "no effect concentration" of nonylphenol was derived from an analysis of species sensitivity distribution covering a range of species mainly native to China, as a means of quantifying the ecological risk of nonylphenol in surface fresh water. The resulting model, based on the log-logistic distribution, proved to be robust; the minimum sample sizes required for generating a stable estimate of HC 5 were 12 for acute toxicity and 13 for chronic toxicity. The criteria maximum concentration and criteria continuous concentration were, respectively 18.49 μg L -1 and 1.85 μg L -1 . Among the 24 sites surveyed, two were associated with a high ecological risk (risk quotient >1) and 12 with a moderate ecological risk (risk quotient >0.1). The potentially affected fraction ranged from 0.008% to 24.600%. The analysis provides a theoretical basis for both short- and long-term risk assessments with respect to nonylphenol, and also a means to quantify the risk to aquatic ecosystems. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities of Calotropis procera latex on Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to toxic 4-nonylphenol.

PubMed

Sayed, Alaa El-Din H; Mohamed, Nadia H; Ismail, Mady A; Abdel-Mageed, Wael M; Shoreit, Ahmed A M

2016-06-01

Calotropis procera L. is known as medicinal plant. The Phytochemical analyzes of its latex revealed that it possessed antioxidants, namely terpenes, phenolic compounds and cardenolides, flavonoids and saponins, while tannins, alkaloids and resin were absent in moderate to high concentration. In the present study, the role of latex of Calotropis procera as antioxidant and antiapoptotic was reported. To carry out this aim, fishes were exposed to 100 µg l(-1) 4-nonylphenol as chemical pollutant. The enzymes, superoxidase dismutase, catalase, acetlycholinstrase (AchE), glutathione s-transferase, cortisol, G6PDH) and apoptotic cells increased significantly (p<0.05) accompanied by irregular disturbance of (Na(+), K(+)) ions in the presence of 4-nonylphenol. On the other hand, these enzymes, ions, and apoptotic cells decreased normally and significantly (p<0.05) in the presence of latex. Total phenol content, total capacity antioxidant, reducing power decrease significantly (p<0.05) in the presence of 4-nonylphenol and increase normally in the presence of latex. Latex was used for the first time to protect catfish after 4-nonylphenol exposure. Our study confirms that crude latex of Calotropis procera possessed antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities against the toxicity of 4-Nonylphenol. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The effect of thermal hydrolysis pretreatment on the anaerobic degradation of nonylphenol and short-chain nonylphenol ethoxylates in digested biosolids.

PubMed

McNamara, P J; Wilson, C A; Wogen, M T; Murthy, S N; Novak, J T; Novak, P J

2012-06-01

The presence of micropollutants can be a concern for land application of biosolids. Of particular interest are nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP(2)EO), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP(1)EO), and nonylphenol (NP), collectively referred to as NPE, which accumulate in anaerobically digested biosolids and are subject to regulation based on the environmental risks associated with them. Because biosolids are a valuable nutrient resource, it is essential that we understand how various treatment processes impact the fate of NPE in biosolids. Thermal hydrolysis (TH) coupled with mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD) is an advanced digestion process that destroys pathogens in biosolids and increases methane yields and volatile solids destruction. We investigated the impact of thermal hydrolysis pretreatment on the subsequent biodegradation of NPE in digested biosolids. Biosolids were treated with TH, anaerobic digestion, and aerobic digestion in laboratory-scale reactors, and NPE were analyzed in the influent and effluent of the digesters. NP(2)EO and NP(1)EO have been observed to degrade to the more estrogenic NP under anaerobic conditions; therefore, changes in the ratio of NP:NPE were of interest. The increase in NP:NPE following MAD was 56%; the average increase of this ratio in four sets of TH-MAD samples, however, was only 24.6 ± 3.1%. In addition, TH experiments performed in pure water verified that, during TH, the high temperature and pressure alone did not directly destroy NPE; TH experiments with NP added to sludge also showed that NP was not destroyed by the high temperature and pressure of TH when in a more complex sludge matrix. The post-aerobic digestion phases removed NPE, regardless of whether TH pretreatment occurred. This research indicates that changes in biosolids processing can have impacts beyond just gas production and solids destruction. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Distrubution of the Endocrine Disruptor Nonylphenol and the Effects of Topographical Sheilding in an Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountain Drainage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lyons, R. A.; Van de Bittner, K.; Morgan Jones, S.

2013-12-01

Nonylphenol is a biodegradation product of nonylphenol polyethoxylates, a pervasive compound used in many industrial processes and notably in pesticides as a surfactant. Nonylphenol has been shown to act as an endocrine disruptor at low concentrations. It causes hermaphrodism, birth defects, and high mortality in fish, frogs and other amphibians. The Sierra Nevada Mountains separate the Central Valley in the west from the high desert of Mono Country on the east side of the state of California. The Central Valley represents some of the most heavily cultivated agricultural land in the United States. San Joaquin County alone had an annual pesticide use of over 8 million pounds in 2009 according to the Pesticide Action Network, compared with 4800 pounds in Mono County the same year. Fragile alpine ecosystems in the Sierra Nevadas may be highly susceptible to the effects of endocrine disruptors like nonylphenol. The distribution of nonylphenol is affected by localized topography in a steep walled montane canyon in the Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains, Convict Creek canyon. The concentration of nonylphenol in snow and surface water increases as the elevation in Convict Creek canyon decreases in an easterly direction from not detectable at the highest elevations to as much as .01mg/L in water and 1.8 mg/L in snow at the lowest elevations. The steep head wall of Convict Creek canyon, facing southeast, provides shielding to the higher elevation lakes from deposition of compounds and particulate matter. As a canyon becomes less steep and broader, more nonylphenol is deposited. Identifying these deposition patterns may assist in determining amphibian and fish populations that are at higher risk of negative impact from these compounds.

Influence of agitation on the removal of nonylphenol by the white-rot fungi Trametes versicolor and Bjerkandera sp. BOL 13.

PubMed

Soares, Ana; Guieysse, Benoit; Mattiasson, Bo

2006-02-01

Bjerkandera sp. BOL 13 removed 95% of nonylphenol (at 9.7 mg nonylphenol L(-1) day(-1)) from aqueous medium after 5 days of incubation in agitated cultures. This removal rate decreased 2.5-fold in static cultures. By comparison, Trametes versicolor removed nonylphenol at 2.8 mg L(-1) day(-1) under conditions of static incubation, probably due to the action of laccase, but no growth was recorded in the agitated bottles.

Cortisol response to waterborne 4-nonylphenol exposure leads to increased brain POMC and HSP70 mRNA expressions and reduced total antioxidant capacity in juvenile sole (Solea solea).

PubMed

Palermo, Francesco Alessandro; Cocci, Paolo; Nabissi, Massimo; Polzonetti-Magni, Alberta; Mosconi, Gilberto

2012-11-01

4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is a breakdown product of alkylphenolpolyethoxylates and can be found in almost all environmental water matrices. 4-NP can act as environmental stressor on fish, typically causing modulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis (HPI). To examine the effects of the xenoestrogen 4-NP or 17β-estradiol (E2) on induction of stress response mechanisms by evaluating the levels of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) mRNA and plasma cortisol, we exposed juvenile sole (Solea solea), under static condition for 7 day, to either 10(-6) or 10(-8) M 4-NP, or 10(-8) M E2. In addition, plasma cortisol titers were correlated to the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), one of the oxidative stress parameters. 4-NP treatments resulted in high levels of POMC mRNA, HSP70 mRNA and plasma cortisol. On the contrary, E2 basically down-regulated POMC expression. Moreover, elevated cortisol levels in fish exposed to the highest dose of 4-NP were accompanied by low TAC. These results suggest that 4-NP modulates the sole HPI axis inducing a cortisol-mediated stress response. Specifically, we suggest that 4-NP affects brain POMC mRNA levels via non-estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated mechanism further supporting the ability of 4-NP to target multiple receptor systems. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Alkylphenol Xenoestrogens with Varying Carbon Chain Lengths Differentially and Potently Activate Signaling and Functional Responses in GH3/B6/F10 Somatomammotropes

PubMed Central

Kochukov, Mikhail Y.; Jeng, Yow-Jiun; Watson, Cheryl S.

2009-01-01

Background Alkylphenols varying in their side-chain lengths [ethyl-, propyl-, octyl-, and nonylphenol (EP, PP, OP, and NP, respectively)] and bisphenol A (BPA) represent a large group of structurally related xenoestrogens that have endocrine-disruptive effects. Their rapid nongenomic effects that depend on structure for cell signaling and resulting functions are unknown. Objectives We compared nongenomic estrogenic activities of alkylphenols with BPA and 17β-estradiol (E2) in membrane estrogen receptor-α–enriched GH3/B6/F10 pituitary tumor cells. These actions included calcium (Ca) signaling, prolactin (PRL) release, extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, and cell proliferation. Methods We imaged Ca using fura-2, measured PRL release via radioimmunoassay, detected ERK phosphorylation by fixed cell immunoassay, and estimated cell number using the crystal violet assay. Results All compounds caused increases in Ca oscillation frequency and intracellular Ca volume at 100 fM to 1 nM concentrations, although long-chain alkylphenols were most effective. All estrogens caused rapid PRL release at concentrations as low as 1 fM to 10 pM; the potency of EP, PP, and NP exceeded that of E2. All compounds at 1 nM produced similar increases in ERK phosphorylation, causing rapid peaks at 2.5–5 min, followed by inactivation and additional 60-min peaks (except for BPA). Dose–response patterns of ERK activation at 5 min were similar for E2, BPA, and PP, whereas EP caused larger effects. Only E2 and NP increased cell number. Some rapid estrogenic responses showed correlations with the hydrophobicity of estrogenic molecules; the more hydrophobic OP and NP were superior at Ca and cell proliferation responses, whereas the less hydrophobic EP and PP were better at ERK activations. Conclusions Alkylphenols are potent estrogens in evoking these nongenomic responses contributing to complex functions; their hydrophobicity can largely predict these behaviors. PMID

Occurrence and Biodegradation of Nonylphenol in the Environment

PubMed Central

Mao, Zhen; Zheng, Xiao-Fei; Zhang, Yan-Qiu; Tao, Xiu-Xiang; Li, Yan; Wang, Wei

2012-01-01

Nonylphenol (NP) is an ultimate degradation product of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPE) that is primarily used in cleaning and industrial processes. Its widespread use has led to the wide existence of NP in various environmental matrices, such as water, sediment, air and soil. NP can be decreased by biodegradation through the action of microorganisms under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Half-lives of biodegradation ranged from a few days to almost one hundred days. The degradation rate for NP was influenced by temperature, pH and additions of yeast extracts, surfactants, aluminum sulfate, acetate, pyruvate, lactate, manganese dioxide, ferric chloride, sodium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, heavy metals, and phthalic acid esters. Although NP is present at low concentrations in the environment, as an endocrine disruptor the risks of long-term exposure to low concentrations remain largely unknown. This paper reviews the occurrence of NP in the environment and its aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation in natural environments and sewage treatment plants, which is essential for assessing the potential risk associated with low level exposure to NP and other endocrine disruptors. PMID:22312266

SEPARATION OF ISOMERS OF NONYLPHENOL AND SELECT NONPHENYL POLYETHOXYLATES BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ON A GRAPHITIC CARBON COLUMN

EPA Science Inventory

p-Nonylphenol (NP) is ubiquitous degradation product of nonylphenol polyethoxylate (NPE) surfactants and has been reported to be an endocrine disrupter. It is composed of numerous structural isomers resulting from ;the various branching patterns of the C-9 group. Twenty-two isome...

Genes are differentially expressed at transcriptional level of Neocaridina denticulata following short-term exposure to nonylphenol.

PubMed

Liu, Chang-Lun; Sung, Hung-Hung

2011-09-01

To assess the toxicity of nonylphenol towards aquatic crustaceans, Neocaridina denticulata were exposed short-term to sublethal concentration (0.001-0.5 mg/L). Following treatment, differentially expressed genes were identified using suppression subtractive hybridization on samples prepared from whole specimens. There were 20 differentially expressed sequence tags that corresponded to known genes and could be divided into six functional classes: defence, translation, metabolism, ribosomal gene expression, respiration, and genes involved in the stress response. Using semi-quantitative RT-PCR, we found that 14 of the differentially expressed sequence tags significantly responded to nonylphenol, including six at a nominal concentration of 0.01 mg/L; among them, 12 genes were down-regulated. These results suggest that under non-lethal concentrations of nonylphenol, the polluted aquatic environment may still present a potential risk to N. denticulata.

Toxicity of nonylphenol diethoxylate in lab-scale anaerobic digesters.

PubMed

Bozkurt, Hande; Sanin, F Dilek

2014-06-01

Nonylphenol compounds have high commercial, industrial and domestic uses owing to their surface active properties. In addition to their toxic, carcinogenic and persistent characteristics; they have drawn the attention of scientists lately due to their endocrine disrupting properties. Their widespread use and disposal cause them to enter wastewater treatment systems at high concentrations. Since they are highly persistent and hydrophobic, they accumulate mostly on sludge. In this study using Anaerobic Toxicity Assay (ATA) tests, the toxicity of a model nonylphenol compound, nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO), for anaerobic digestion of sludge was determined. The test bottles were dosed with NP2EO in acetone, with concentrations ranging from 1 mg L(-1) to 30 mg L(-1). During the tests, gas productions and compositions in terms of methane and carbon dioxide were monitored. To be able to judge about the fate, the target compounds were extracted from water and sludge and analyzed using GC/MS. The sludge samples used for assembling the reactors were found to contain NP and NP1EO but no NP2EO. After the assay was completed, all the NP2EO spiked into the live reactors was found to disappear. The increase seen in NP1EO and NP and further accumulation of NP in the system, indicated the conversion of NP2EO to these metabolites. On the other hand, no conversion was observed in abiotic reactors. Inhibition of NP2EO for anaerobic microorganisms was not observed throughout the tests considering the biogas production of the test reactors in comparison to the control reactors. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Distinct effects of 4-nonylphenol and estrogen-17β on expression of estrogen receptor α gene in smolting sockeye salmon

USGS Publications Warehouse

Luo, Qiong; Ban, Massatoshi; Ando, Hironori; Kitahashi, Takashi; Bhandari, Ramji K.; McCormick, Stephen D.; Urano, Akihisa

2005-01-01

Xenoestrogens such as 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) have been shown to affect the parr–smolt transformation, but their mechanisms of action are not known. We therefore examined effects of 4-NP and estradiol-17β (E2) on expression of estrogen receptor (ER) α gene in the liver, gill, pituitary and brain of sockeye salmon to elucidate molecular mechanisms of 4-NP and E2 and developmental differences in response during smolting. Fish were treated twice within a week with 4-NP (15 and 150 mg/kg BW), E2 (2 mg/kg BW) or only vehicle at three stages of smolting, pre-smolting in March, early smolting in April and late smolting in May. The absolute amounts of ERα mRNA were determined by real-time PCR. The basal amounts of ERα mRNA peaked in April in the liver, gill and pituitary. In March, E2 extensively increased the amounts in the liver, while 4-NP had no effects at this stage. In contrast, 4-NP (but not E2) decreased liver ERα mRNA in April. 4-NP also decreased the amount of ERα mRNA in the gill in April. In the pituitary, 4-NP increased ERα mRNA in March but decreased it in May. There were no significant effects in the brain. Changes in basal ERα mRNA observed in this study indicate that estrogen responsiveness of tissues may change during salmon smolting. Furthermore, 4-NP and E2 have different effects on expression of ERα gene in the liver and gill during smolting, and the response is dependent on smolt stage.

Simultaneous determination of the endocrine disrupting compounds nonylphenol, nonylphenol ethoxylates, triclosan and bisphenol A in wastewater and sewage sludge by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Gatidou, Georgia; Thomaidis, Nikolaos S; Stasinakis, Athanasios S; Lekkas, Themistokles D

2007-01-05

An integrated analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO), bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS) in wastewater (dissolved and particulate phase) and sewage sludge was developed based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chromatographic analysis was achieved after derivatization with bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). Extraction from water samples was performed by solid-phase extraction (SPE). The optimization of SPE procedure included the type of sorbent and the type of the organic solvent used for the elution. Referred to solid samples, the target compounds were extracted by sonication. In this case the optimization of the extraction procedure included the variation of the amount of the extracted biomass, the duration and the temperature of sonication and the type of the extraction organic solvent. The developed extraction procedures resulted in good repeatability and reproducibility with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 13% for all the tested compounds for both types of samples. Satisfactory recoveries were obtained (>60%) for all the compounds in both liquid and solid samples, except for 4-n-NP, which gave recoveries up to 35% in wastewater samples and up to 63% in sludge samples. The limits of detection (LODs) of the target compounds varied from 0.03 (4-n-NP) to 0.41 microg l(-1) (NP2EO) and from 0.04 (4-n-NP) to 0.96 microg kg(-1) (NP2EO) for liquid and solid samples, respectively. The developed methods were successfully applied to the analysis of the target compounds in real samples.

Preferential epigenetic programming of estrogen response after in utero xenoestrogen (bisphenol-A) exposure

PubMed Central

Jorgensen, Elisa M.; Alderman, Myles H.; Taylor, Hugh S.

2016-01-01

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an environmentally ubiquitous estrogen-like endocrine-disrupting compound. Exposure to BPA in utero has been linked to female reproductive disorders, including endometrial hyperplasia and breast cancer. Estrogens are an etiological factor in many of these conditions. We sought to determine whether in utero exposure to BPA altered the global CpG methylation pattern of the uterine genome, subsequent gene expression, and estrogen response. Pregnant mice were exposed to an environmentally relevant dose of BPA or DMSO control. Uterine DNA and RNA were examined by using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation methylation microarray, expression microarray, and quantitative PCR. In utero BPA exposure altered the global CpG methylation profile of the uterine genome and subsequent gene expression. The effect on gene expression was not apparent until sexual maturation, which suggested that estrogen response was the primary alteration. Indeed, prenatal BPA exposure preferentially altered adult estrogen-responsive gene expression. Changes in estrogen response were accompanied by altered methylation that preferentially affected estrogen receptor-α (ERα)–binding genes. The majority of genes that demonstrated both altered expression and ERα binding had decreased methylation. BPA selectively altered the normal developmental programming of estrogen-responsive genes via modification of the genes that bind ERα. Gene–environment interactions driven by early life xenoestrogen exposure likely contributes to increased risk of estrogen-related disease in adults.—Jorgensen, E. M., Alderman, M. H., III, Taylor, H. S. Preferential epigenetic programming of estrogen response after in utero xenoestrogen (bisphenol-A) exposure. PMID:27312807

Sub-NOAEL amounts of vinclozolin and xenoestrogens target rat chondrogenesis in vivo.

PubMed

Auxietre, Thuy-Anh; Dumontier, Marie-France; Balguy, Irene; Frapart, Yves; Canivenc-Lavier, Marie-Chantal; Berges, Raymond; Boudalia, Sofiane; Auger, Jacques; Corvol, Marie-Therese; Savouret, Jean-François

2014-04-01

Several endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) elicit skeletal dysgenesis at pharmacological doses. We have investigated the impact of doses below the "No Observed Adverse Effect" (NOAEL) for vinclozolin (V), an anti-androgenic fungicide, alone or associated with xenoestrogens (Genistein, G and bisphenol-A, BPA). V, G, BPA and their combinations were administered orally to female Wistar rats during gestation and lactation. F1 and F2 offspring were investigated for skeletal anomalies at post-natal days 30, 110 (d30, d110). Skeletal development was monitored by measuring caudal vertebrae and long bones dimensions by X-ray micro-CT-scan. A significant increase in Inter Transverse Apophysis (ITA) distance at the upper head of caudal vertebrae, associated with a reduction in vertebral body height was observed in treated F1 females, but not males. Histometrical analysis of vertebral body growth plate cartilage was performed on serial sections of caudal vertebrae. F1 females but not males showed a diminution in growth plate thickness, with greater impact on the hypertrophic zone. All effects were maximal at d30. Effects on ITA width persisted until d110 while effects on growth plate disappeared. These effects were essentially vinclozolin or BPA-dependent. F2 animals were not affected. Our data suggest that vinclozolin and xenoestrogens act as cartilage developmental disruptors. We suggest that present NOAEL values for these compounds, and EDC at large, might be reconsidered using gestational exposure models. Finally, micro CT-scan appears a valuable non-invasive technique to detect EDC effects on live fauna. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Occurrence of 4-Nonylphenol in rain and snow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fries, Elke; Püttmann, Wilhelm

The present technical note reports on the endocrine disruptor 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in rain and snow. In July 2001, November 2001 and January 2002, rain and snow sampling was conducted at different urban, suburban and rural areas in Germany and Belgium. The mean concentration of 4-NP in rain water and roof run off was 0.253 μg dm -3 ( n=8) with a higher mean concentration in suburban areas at 0.534 μg dm -3 and considerable lower mean concentrations in rural and urban areas at 0.099 and 0.062 μg dm -3, respectively. The mean concentration of 4-NP at 0.099 μg dm -3 ( n=3) was significantly lower in summer rain than in winter rain at 0.346 μg dm -3. In snow samples, 4-NP was detected with a mean value of 0.242 μg dm -3 ( n=8). A higher mean value of 4-NP in snow at 0.478 μg dm -3 ( n=4) was found at urban sites whereas in snow from suburban areas the mean concentration of 4-NP at 0.030 μg dm -3 ( n=2) was much lower. 4-NP was never detected above its determination limit in snow samples from rural areas.

Xenoestrogenic chemicals effectively alter sperm functional behavior in mice.

PubMed

Park, Yoo-Jin; Mohamed, El-Sayed A; Kwon, Woo-Sung; You, Young-Ah; Ryu, Buom-Yong; Pang, Myung-Geol

2011-12-01

Xenoestrogenic compounds (XCs) can disrupt endogenous hormone function and affect sperm function by binding to receptors on sperm membrane. Albeit spermatozoa are potentially a useful model for screening estrogenic activities of endocrine disruptors, high-quality in vitro test system that examination of the XCs effects on sperm function is required. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of XCs (genistein and 4-tert-octylphenol) to those of steroids (estrogen and progesterone) and heparin on in vitro capacitation and acrosome reaction (AR) in mouse spermatozoa. Mouse spermatozoa were incubated with various concentrations (0.001-100 μM) of each chemical for 15 or 30 min, and then capacitation and AR were assessed using chlortetracycline. All chemicals studied effectively alter capacitation and/or AR in mouse spermatozoa with different manner. Therefore, we believed that our system will provide a good in vitro model system to characterize the physiological effect of XCs especially when compared with steroids. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Combination of Metabolomics with Cellular Assays Reveals New Biomarkers and Mechanistic Insights on Xenoestrogenic Exposures in MCF-7 Cells.

PubMed

Potratz, Sarah; Tarnow, Patrick; Jungnickel, Harald; Baumann, Sven; von Bergen, Martin; Tralau, Tewes; Luch, Andreas

2017-04-17

The disruptive potential of xenoestrogens like bisphenol A (BPA) lies in their 17β-estradiol (E2)-like binding to estrogen receptors (ERs) followed by concomitant modulation of ER target gene expression. Unsurprisingly, most endocrine testing systems focus on the quantification of canonical transcripts or ER-sensitive reporters. However, only little information is available about the corresponding metabolomic changes in vitro. This knowledge gap becomes particularly relevant in the context of potential mixture effects, for example, as a consequence of coexposure to potentially estrogenically active pollutants (e.g., Cd 2+ ). Such effects are often difficult to dissect with molecular tools, especially with regard to potential physiological relevance. Metabolomic biomarkers are well-suited to address this latter aspect as they provide a comprehensive readout of whole-cell physiology. Applying a targeted metabolomics approach (FIA-MS/MS), this study looked for biomarkers indicative of xenoestrogenic exposure in MCF-7 cells. Cells were treated with E2 and BPA in the presence or absence of Cd 2+ . Statistical analysis revealed a total of 11 amino acids and phospholipids to be related to the compound's estrogenic potency. Co-exposure to Cd 2+ modulated the estrogenic profile. However, the corresponding changes were found to be moderate with cellular assays such as the E-screen failing to record any Cd 2+ -specific estrogenic effects. Overall, metabolomics analysis identified proline as the most prominent estrogenic biomarker. Its increase could clearly be related to estrogenic exposure and concomitant ERα-mediated induction of proliferation. Involvement of the latter was confirmed by siRNA-mediated knockdown studies as well as by receptor inhibition. Further, the underlying signaling was also found to involve the oncoprotein MYC. Taken together, this study provides insights into the underlying mechanisms of xenoestrogenic effects and exemplify the strength of the

Aqueous exposure to 4-nonylphenol and 17β-estradiol increases stress sensitivity and disrupts ion regulatory ability of juvenile atlantic salmon

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lerner, Darrren T.; Bjornsson, Bjorn Thrandur; McCormick, Stephen D.

2007-01-01

Population declines of wild Atlantic salmon have been attributed to an array of anthropogenic disturbances, including dams, commercial and recreational fishing, habitat loss, and pollution. Environmental contaminants in particular, can act as environmental stressors on fish, typically causing disruption of ion homeostasis due to their close association with the aquatic environment. To examine the effects of the xenoestrogen 4-nonylphenol (NP) or 17β-estradiol (E2) on stress sensitivity and ion regulation, we exposed juvenile Atlantic salmon continuously for 21 d to either 10 or 100 μg/L NP (NP-L or NP-H), 2 μg/L E2 (positive control), or vehicle control during the parr-smolt transformation in April. After treatment, fish were sampled in freshwater (FW), transferred to 30‰ seawater (SW) for 24 h, or subjected to a handling stress. Estradiol and NP-H increased plasma vitellogenin in males and females, and E2 increased gonadosomatic index only in males. In FW, E2 reduced sodium potassium–activated adenosine triphosphatase activity as well as plasma levels of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, and triiodothyronine. Both E2 and NP-H reduced plasma sodium in FW and increased plasma chloride in SW. Plasma Cortisol levels pre- and poststressor were significantly elevated by all treatments relative to controls, but only E2 increased plasma glucose before and after the stressor. These results indicate that exposure of anadromous salmonids to environmental estrogens heightens sensitivity to external stressors, impairs ion regulation in both FW and SW, and disrupts endocrine pathways critical for smolt development.

Fast methodology for the reliable determination of nonylphenol in water samples by minimal labeling isotope dilution mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Fabregat-Cabello, Neus; Castillo, Ángel; Sancho, Juan V; González, Florenci V; Roig-Navarro, Antoni Francesc

2013-08-02

In this work we have developed and validated an accurate and fast methodology for the determination of 4-nonylphenol (technical mixture) in complex matrix water samples by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The procedure is based on isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) in combination with isotope pattern deconvolution (IPD), which provides the concentration of the analyte directly from the spiked sample without requiring any methodological calibration graph. To avoid any possible isotopic effect during the analytical procedure the in-house synthesized (13)C1-4-(3,6-dimethyl-3-heptyl)phenol was used as labeled compound. This proposed surrogate was able to compensate the matrix effect even from wastewater samples. A SPE pre-concentration step together with exhaustive efforts to avoid contamination were included to reach the signal-to-noise ratio necessary to detect the endogenous concentrations present in environmental samples. Calculations were performed acquiring only three transitions, achieving limits of detection lower than 100ng/g for all water matrix assayed. Recoveries within 83-108% and coefficients of variation ranging from 1.5% to 9% were obtained. On the contrary a considerable overestimation was obtained with the most usual classical calibration procedure using 4-n-nonylphenol as internal standard, demonstrating the suitability of the minimal labeling approach. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Behavioral Impairment and Oxidative Damage Induced by Chronic Application of Nonylphenol

PubMed Central

Mao, Zhen; Zheng, Yuan-Lin; Zhang, Yan-Qiu

2011-01-01

Nonylphenol (NP) is a degradation product of nonylphenol polyethoxylates, which are widely used in the production of industrial and consumer surfactants. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of NP on the antioxidant capacity and cognitive ability of mice. NP was given orally by gavages at doses of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg−1 d−1 for 90 days. The results showed that NP significantly decreased the activity of superoxide dismutases (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) and at the same time increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in mice brains. Exploration, memory function and ability to learn a novel task were significantly decreased in NP fed mice. These results indicate that chronic high dose of NP exposure has the potential to generate oxidative stress and induce the cognitive impairment in male mice. PMID:21339980

Role of biofilms in sorptive removal of steroidal hormones and 4-nonylphenol compounds from streams

USGS Publications Warehouse

Writer, Jeffrey H.; Ryan, Joseph N.; Barber, Larry B.

2011-01-01

Stream biofilms play an important role in geochemical processing of organic matter and nutrients, however, the significance of this matrix in sorbing trace organic contaminants is less understood. This study focused on the role of stream biofilms in sorbing steroidal hormones and 4-nonylphenol compounds from surface waters using biofilms colonized in situ on artificial substrata and subsequently transferred to the laboratory for controlled batch sorption experiments. Steroidal hormones and 4-nonylphenol compounds readily sorb to stream biofilms as indicated by organic matter partition coefficients (Kom, L kg–1) for 17β-estradiol (102.5–2.8 L kg–1), 17α-ethynylestradiol (102.5–2.9 L kg–1), 4-nonylphenol (103.4–4.6 L kg–1), 4-nonylphenolmonoethoxylate (103.5–4.0 L kg–1), and 4-nonylphenoldiethoxylate (103.9–4.3 L kg–1). Experiments using water quality differences to induce changes in the relative composition of periphyton and heterotrophic bacteria in the stream biofilm did not significantly affect the sorptive properties of the stream biofilm, providing additional evidence that stream biofilms will sorb trace organic compounds under of variety of environmental conditions. Because sorption of the target compounds to stream biofilms was linearly correlated with organic matter content, hydrophobic partition into organic matter appears to be the dominant mechanism. An analysis of 17β-estradiol and 4-nonylphenol hydrophobic partition into water, biofilm, sediment, and dissolved organic matter matrices at mass/volume ratios typical of smaller rivers showed that the relative importance of the stream biofilm as a sorptive matrix was comparable to bed sediments. Therefore, stream biofilms play a primary role in attenuating these compounds in surface waters. Because the stream biofilm represents the base of the stream ecosystem, accumulation of steroidal hormones and 4-nonylphenol compounds in the stream biofilm may be an exposure pathway for

Fenton Oxidation Kinetics and Intermediates of Nonylphenol Ethoxylates

PubMed Central

Cui, Kai; Yi, Hao; Zhou, Zi-jian; Zhuo, Qiong-fang; Bing, Yong-xin; Guo, Qing-wei; Xu, Zhen-cheng

2014-01-01

Abstract Removal of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) in aqueous solution by Fenton oxidation process was studied in a laboratory-scale batch reactor. Operating parameters, including initial pH temperature, hydrogen peroxide, and ferrous ion dosage, were thoroughly investigated. Maximum NPEOs reduction of 84% was achieved within 6 min, under an initial pH of 3.0, 25°C, an H2O2 dosage of 9.74×10−3 M, and a molar ratio of [H2O2]/[Fe2+] of 3. A modified pseudo-first-order kinetic model was found to well represent experimental results. Correlations of reaction rate constants and operational parameters were established based on experimental data. Results indicated that the Fenton oxidation rate and removal efficiency were more dependent on the dosage of H2O2 than Fe2+, and the apparent activation energy (ΔE) was 17.5 kJ/mol. High-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatograph mass spectrometer analytical results indicated degradation of NPEOs obtained within the first 2 min stepwise occurred by ethoxyl (EO) unit shortening. Long-chain NPEOs mixture demonstrated a higher degradation rate than shorter-chain ones. Nonylphenol (NP), short-chain NPEOs, and NP carboxyethoxylates were identified as the primary intermediates, which were mostly further degraded. PMID:24868141

Risk assessment of nonylphenol and its ethoxylates in U.S. river water and sediment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Weeks, J.A.; Adams, W.J.; Guiney, P.D.

1994-12-31

A comprehensive program addressing the risks of nonylphenol (NP) and its ethoxylates (NPE) in aquatic environments of the United States has been undertaken by the Alkyl Phenol Ethoxylates Panel of the Chemical Manufacturers Association cooperating with EPA. Several hundred million pounds of NPE surfactants are used in the US each year. Nonylphenol can be an intermediate product of degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates. A survey of those river reaches most likely to contain NPE and NP residues was conducted based on a random sample of a subset of the EPA River Reach File defined by certain selection criteria. Applying enhanced analyticalmore » techniques, little or no NP and NPE were found in river water at most locations, while low levels were usually detected in sediment. Acute and chronic toxicity tests using a variety of organisms have also been completed. New results are presented for shrimp, fish, tadpoles, midges, and algae. The risk of NP to the aquatic environment is examined by comparison of observed levels with toxicity benchmarks, and by application of equilibrium partitioning theory to calculate sediment interstitial chemical concentrations.« less

Effects of waterborne exposure to 4-nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylate on secondary sex characteristics and gonads of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miles-Richardson, S.R.; Pierens, S.L.; Nichols, K.M.

1999-02-01

Fathead minnows were exposed to 4-nonylphenol (NP) or nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO) to determine the effects of these weak estrogen agonists on secondary sex characteristics and gonads of sexually mature males and females during 42-day continuous-flow exposures. Neither NP nor NPEO caused statistically significant effects on tubercles or fatpad size at the concentrations tested. Exposure to 1.1 or 3.4 {micro}g NP.L caused changes in the number and size of Sertoli cells and germ cell syncytia. Necrotic aggregates of various stages of germ cells in the spermatogenic sequence were observed in the testes of males exposed to NP. Electron microscopy of themore » testes of NP-exposed males revealed the presence of phagocytic cells in the lumina of seminiferous tubules. The cytoplasm of some Sertoli cells was distended with myelin figures and necrotic spermatozoa. No significant effects on the stages of follicular development were observed in females exposed to NP. There were no differences in the gonads or secondary sex characteristics of males or females exposed to 5.5 {micro}g NPEO/L, the greatest concentration studied. The histologic responses observed are sensitive indicators of waterborne exposure to NP at environmentally relevant concentrations, but not as sensitive as induction of plasma vitellogenin.« less

Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on amine group modified graphene covalently linked electrode for 4-nonylphenol detection.

PubMed

Chen, Hong-Jun; Zhang, Zhao-Hui; Cai, Rong; Chen, Xing; Liu, Yu-Nan; Rao, Wei; Yao, Shou-Zhuo

2013-10-15

In this work, an imprinted electrochemical sensor based on electrochemical reduced graphene covalently modified carbon electrode was developed for the determination of 4-nonylphenol (NP). An amine-terminated functional graphene oxide was covalently modified onto the electrode surface with diazonium salt reactions to improve the stability and reproducibility of the imprinted sensor. The electrochemical properties of each modified electrodes were investigated with differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The electrochemical characteristic of the imprinted sensor was also investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in detail. The response currents of the imprinted electrode exhibited a linear relationship toward 4-nonylphenol concentration ranging from 1.0 × 10(-11) to 1.0 × 10(-8) gm L(-1) with the detection limit of 3.5 × 10(-12) gm L(-1) (S/N=3). The fabricated electrochemical imprinted sensor was successfully applied to the detection of 4-nonylphenol in rain and lake water samples. Crown Copyright © 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Larval exposure to 4-nonylphenol and 17β-estradiol affects physiological and behavioral development of seawater adaptation in Atlantic salmon smolts

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lerner, Darrren T.; Bjornsson, Bjorn Thrandur; McCormick, Stephen D.

2007-01-01

Population declines of anadromous salmonids are attributed to anthropogenic disturbances including dams, commercial and recreational fisheries, and pollutants, such as estrogenic compounds. Nonylphenol (NP), a xenoestrogen, is widespread in the aquatic environment due to its use in agricultural, industrial, and household products. We exposed Atlantic salmon yolk-sac larvae to waterborne 10 or 100 μg L-1 NP (NP-L or NP-H, respectively), 2 μg L-1 17β-estradiol (E2), or vehicle, for 21 days to investigate their effects on smolt physiology and behavior 1 year later. NP-H caused approximately 50% mortality during exposure, 30 days after exposure, and 60 days after exposure. Mortality rates of NP-L and E2 fish were not affected until 60 days after treatment, when they were 4-fold greater than those of controls. Treatment with NP-L or E2 as yolk-sac larvae decreased gill sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+-ATPase) activity and seawater (SW) tolerance during smolt development, 1 year after exposure. Exposure to NP-L and E2 resulted in a latency to enter SW and reduced preference for SW approximately 2- and 5-fold, respectively. NP-L-exposed fish had 20% lower plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels and 35% lower plasma triiodothyronine (T3). Plasma growth hormone and thyroxine (T4) were unaffected. Exposure to E2 did not affect plasma levels of IGF-I, GH, T3, or T4. Both treatment groups exhibited increased plasma cortisol and decreased osmoregulatory capacity in response to a handling stressor. These results suggest that early exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of NP, and other estrogenic compounds, can cause direct and delayed mortalities and that this exposure can have long term, “organizational” effects on life-history events in salmonids.

Determination of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates in environmental solid samples by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection.

PubMed

Núñez, L; Turiel, E; Tadeo, J L

2007-04-06

A simple and rapid analytical method for the determination of nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOx) in solid environmental samples has been developed. This method combines an ultrasonic-assisted extraction procedure in small columns and an enrichment step onto C(18) solid-phase extraction cartridges prior to separation using HPLC with fluorescence detection. Method optimization was carried out using soil samples fortified at different concentration levels (from 0.1 to 100 microg/g). Under optimum conditions, 2g of soil was placed in small glass columns and extraction was performed assisted by sonication (SAESC) at 45 degrees C in two consecutive steps of 15 min using a mixture of H(2)O/MeOH (30/70). The obtained extracts were collected, loaded onto 500 mg C(18) cartridges, and analytes were eluted with 3 x 1 ml of methanol and 1 ml of acetonitrile. Finally, sample extracts were evaporated under a nitrogen stream, redissolved in 500 microl H(2)O/AcN (50/50), and passed though a 0.45 microm nylon filter before final determination by HPLC-FL. The developed procedure allowed to achieve quantitative recoveries for NP and NPEOx, and was properly validated. Finally, the method was applied to the determination of these compounds in soils and other environmental solid samples such as sediments, compost and sludge.

REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF JAPANESE MEDAKA FOLLOWING AN EARLY LIFE STAGE EXPOSURE TO XENOESTROGENS (R823450)

EPA Science Inventory

Japanese medaka were exposed to environmentally-relevant concentrations of environmental estrogens: nonylphenol (NP, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.9 g l^-1), methoxychlor (MXC, 0.2, 0.6 and 2.3 g...

A chemometric strategy for optimization of solid-phase microextraction: determination of bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol with HPLC.

PubMed

Liu, Xiaoyan; Zhang, Xiaoyun; Zhang, Haixia; Liu, Mancang

2008-08-01

A sensitive method for the analysis of bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol is developed by means of the optimization of solid-phase microextraction using Uniform Experimental Design methodology followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis with fluorescence detection. The optimal extraction conditions are determined based on the relationship between parameters and the peak area. The curve calibration plots are linear (r2>or=0.9980) over the concentration range of 1.25-125 ng/mL for bisphenol A and 2.59-202.96 ng/mL for 4-nonylphenol, respectively. The detection limits, based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, are 0.097 ng/mL for bisphenol A and 0.27 ng/mL for 4-nonylphenol, respectively. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated by the analysis of the investigated analytes in real water samples and sensitivity of the optimized method is verified by comparing results with those obtained by previous methods using the same commercial solid-phase microextraction fiber.

EFFECTS OF 4-NONYLPHENOL ON BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES AND INSECT EMERGENCE IN LITTORAL ENCLOSURES

EPA Science Inventory

The effect of 4-nonylphenol (NP) on benthic, freshwater marcroinvertebrates in littoral enclosures was evaluated over a two-year period. Enclosures received 11 NP applications, 48 h apart, with nominal ratres of 3,30, 100, and 300 ?g/L.

The nonylphenol biodegradation study by estuary sediment-derived fungus Penicillium simplicissimum.

PubMed

Zhang, Yan; Liu, Ying; Dong, Han; Li, Xianguo; Zhang, Dahai

2016-08-01

Nonylphenols (NPs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with estrogenic properties that can perform endocrine-disrupting activities. By using high-concentration NP as environmental selection pressure, one NP biodegradation strain named NPF-4 was isolated and purified from estuary sediment of the Moshui River. It was identified as Penicillium simplicissimum (PS1) by appearance and 18S rDNA analysis. In different culture situations, the strain mass growth and biodegradation ability were evaluated. Within 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP) initial concentration of 20 mg L(-1), it could be degraded 53.76, 90.08, and 100.00 % at 3, 7, and 14 days, respectively. In feeding experiments, it showed that NPF-4 could use 4-n-NP as a sole carbon source. Based on seven products/intermediates detected with GC and LC-MS, a novel biopathway for 4-n-NP biodegradation was proposed, in which sequential hydroxylation, oxidation, and decarboxylation at terminal β-C atom may occur for 4-n-NP detoxification, even complete mineralization in the end.

Determination of sex hormones and nonylphenol ethoxylates in the aqueous matrixes of two pilot-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants.

PubMed

Esperanza, Mar; Suidan, Makram T; Nishimura, Fumitake; Wang, Zhong-Min; Sorial, George A; Zaffiro, Alan; McCauley, Paul; Brenner, Richard; Sayles, Gregory

2004-06-01

Two analytical methods were developed and refined for the detection and quantitation of two groups of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the liquid matrixes of two pilot-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants. The targeted compounds are seven sex hormones (estradiol, ethinylestradiol, estrone, estriol, testosterone, progesterone, and androstenedione), a group of nonionic surfactants (nonylphenol polyethoxylates), and their biodegradation byproducts nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates with one, two, and three ethoxylates. Solid phase extraction using C-18 for steroids and graphitized carbon black for the surfactants were used for extraction. HPLC-DAD and GC/MS were used for quantification. Each of the two 20 L/h pilot-scale plants consists of a primary settling tank followed by a three-stage aeration tank and final clarification. The primary and the waste-activated sludge are digested anaerobically in one plant and aerobically in the other. The pilot plants are fed with a complex synthetic wastewater spiked with the EDCs. Once steady state was reached, liquid samples were collected from four sampling points to obtain the profile for all EDCs along the treatment system. Complete removal from the aqueous phase was obtained for testosterone, androstenedione, and progesterone. Removals for nonylphenol polyethoxylates, estradiol, estrone, and ethinylestradiol from the aqueous phase exceeded 96%, 94%, 52%, and 50%, respectively. Levels of E3 in the liquid phase were low, and no clear conclusions could be drawn concerning its removal.

miRNA regulation of cytotoxic effects in mouse Sertoli cells exposed to nonylphenol

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background It is known that some environmental chemicals affect the human endocrine system. The harmful effects of endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) nonylphenol (NP) have been studied since the 1980s. It is known that NP adversely affects physiological functions by mimicking the natural hormone 17 beta-estradiol. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of miRNAs and their target genes in mouse Sertoli TM4 cells to better understand the regulatory roles of miRNAs on Sertoli cells after NP exposure. Methods Mouse TM4 Sertoli cells were treated with NP for 3 or 24 h, and global gene and miRNA expression were analyzed using Agilent mouse whole genome and mouse miRNA v13 arrays. Results We identified genes that were > 2-fold differentially expressed in NP-treated cells and control cells (P < 0.05) and analyzed their functions through Gene Ontology analysis. We also identified miRNAs that were differentially expressed in NP-treated and control cells. Of the 186 miRNAs the expression of which differed between NP-treated and control cells, 59 and 147 miRNAs exhibited 1.3-fold increased or decreased expression at 3 and 24 h, respectively. Network analysis of deregulated miRNAs suggested that Ppara may regulate the expression of certain miRNAs, including miR-378, miR-125a-3p miR-20a, miR-203, and miR-101a, after exposure to NP. Additionally, comprehensive analysis of predicted target genes for miRNAs showed that the expression of genes with roles in cell proliferation, the cell cycle, and cell death were regulated by miRNA in NP-treated TM4 cells. Levels of expression of the miRNAs miR-135a* and miR-199a-5p were validated by qRT-PCR. Finally, miR-135a* target gene analysis suggests that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following exposure to NP exposure may be mediated by miR-135a* through regulation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Conclusions Collectively, these data help to determine NP's actions on mouse TM4 Sertoli cells and increase

EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT CONCENTRATIONS OF DIFFERENT NONYLPHENOL FORMULATIONS IN JAPANESE MEDAKA

EPA Science Inventory

The time course of exposure to p-nonylphenol (NP) from two different sources was compared to equivalent exposures of 17-b-estradiol (E2) and a solvent control (ethanol: EtOH). Japanese medaka were exposed for 4 days to a nominal concentration of 20 ?g/l of either NP-I (Schenectad...

Simultaneous sonication-assisted extraction, and determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, nonylphenol, nonylphenol ethoxylates and polychlorinated biphenyls in sludge from wastewater treatment plants.

PubMed

Aparicio, I; Santos, J L; Alonso, E

2007-02-19

Di-(2-ethyl-hexyl)phthalate (DEHP), nonylphenol, nonylphenol mono- and diethoxylates (NPEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are organic pollutants in sewage sludge which have to be monitored in the European Union according to a future Sludge Directive. In the present work, an analytical method for the simultaneous extraction and determination of DEHP, NPEs and PCBs is proposed for the routine analysis of these compounds in sludge from wastewater treatment plants. All the compounds were simultaneously extracted by sonication with hexane and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in electronic impact mode. Recoveries achieved were 105% for DEHP, 61.4-88.6% for NPEs and 55.8-108.3% for PCBs with relative standard deviation bellow 10%. Limits of quantification were 65 microg kg(-1) for DEHP, from 630 to 2504 microg kg(-1) for NPEs and from 5.4 to 10.6 microg kg(-1) for PCBs in dried sludge. The applicability of the proposed method was evaluated by the determination of these compounds in sludge from wastewater treatment plants in Seville (South Spain).

Isotope dilution gas chromatography with mass spectrometry for the analysis of 4-octyl phenol, 4-nonylphenol, and bisphenol A in vegetable oils.

PubMed

Wu, Pinggu; Zhang, Liqun; Yang, Dajin; Zhang, Jing; Hu, Zhengyan; Wang, Liyuan; Ma, Bingjie

2016-03-01

By the combination of solid-phase extraction as well as isotope dilution gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, a sensitive and reliable method for the determination of endocrine-disrupting chemicals including bisphenol A, 4-octylphenol, and 4-nonylphenol in vegetable oils was established. The application of a silica/N-(n-propyl)ethylenediamine mixed solid-phase extraction cartridge achieved relatively low matrix effects for bisphenol A, 4-octylphenol, and 4-nonylphenol in vegetable oils. Experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of derivatization, and the extraction parameters were optimized. The estimated limits of detection and quantification for bisphenol A, 4-octylphenol, and 4-nonylphenol were 0.83 and 2.5 μg/kg, respectively. In a spiked experiment in vegetable oils, the recovery of the added bisphenol A was 97.5-110.3%, recovery of the added 4-octylphenol was 64.4-87.4%, and that of 4-nonylphenol was 68.2-89.3%. This sensitive method was then applied to real vegetable oil samples from Zhejiang Province of China, and none of the target compounds were detected. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Environmental analysis of alcohol ethoxylates and nonylphenol ethoxylate metabolites by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Lara-Martín, Pablo A; González-Mazo, Eduardo; Brownawell, Bruce J

2012-03-01

Surfactants and their metabolites can be found in aquatic environments at relatively high concentrations compared with other micropollutants due in part to the exceptionally large volumes produced every year. We have focused our attention here on the most widely used nonionic surfactants, alcohol ethoxylates (AEOs), and on nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO) degradation products (short-chain nonylphenol ethoxylates, NP1-3EO, nonylphenol, NP, and nonylphenol ethoxycarboxylates, NP1-2EC), which are endocrine-disrupting compounds. Our main objective in this work was to develop a methodology aimed at the extraction, isolation, and improved analysis of these analytes in environmental samples at trace levels. Extraction recoveries of target compounds were determined for sediment samples after ultrasonic extraction and purification using HLB or C18 solid-phase extraction minicolumns. Recovery percentages were usually between 61 and 102% but were lower for longer AEO ethoxymers. Identification and quantification of target compounds was carried out using a novel ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) approach, a combination that provides higher sensitivity and faster analysis than prior methods using conventional high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Limits of detection were usually below 0.5 ng/g, being higher for monoethoxylate species (>5 ng/g) because of poor ionization. The method was used for analyzing surface sediment samples collected at Jamaica Bay (NY) in 2008. The highest values (28,500 ng/g for NP, 4,200 ng/g for NP1-3EO, 22,400 ng/g for NP1-2EC, and 1,500 ng/g for AEOs) were found in a sampling station from a restricted water circulation area that is heavily impacted by wastewater discharges.

Determination of nonylphenol ethoxylate metabolites in vegetables and crops by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

PubMed

She, Yongxin; Wang, Jing; Zheng, Yongquan; Cao, Weiqiang; Wang, Rongyan; Dong, Fengshou; Liu, Xingang; Qian, Mingrong; Zhang, Hu; Wu, Liqing

2012-05-01

A method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of the concentration of nonylphenol (4-NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylates (NP1EO) and nonylphenol diethoxylates (NP2EO) in vegetables and crops by liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). These target compounds were extracted from vegetable and crop samples with acetonitrile, and then the extracts were cleaned using solid phase extraction with graphitised carbon black tandem primary secondary amine (PSA) cartridges. The MS method enabled highly reliable identification by monitoring the corresponding ammonium adduct [M+NH4](+) in the positive mode for NP1EO and NP2EO, and the deprotonated molecule [M-H](-) in the negative mode for 4-NP. Recoveries for the spiked samples ranged from 65% to 118%. The limit of detection (LOD) of 4-NP, NP1EO and NP2EO was 3, 5 and 0.1μgkg(-1), respectively. This method would be useful for the quick and routine detection of the residues of 4-NP, NP1EO and NP2EO in vegetables and crops. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Transcription factor activity of estrogen receptor α activation upon nonylphenol or bisphenol A treatment enhances the in vitro proliferation, invasion, and migration of neuroblastoma cells

PubMed Central

Ma, Hongda; Yao, Yao; Wang, Changli; Zhang, Liyu; Cheng, Long; Wang, Yiren; Wang, Tao; Liang, Erguang; Jia, Hui; Ye, Qinong; Hou, Mingxiao; Feng, Fan

2016-01-01

Many kinds of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), for example, the environmental estrogens bisphenol A and nonylphenol, may regulate the activity of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and therefore induce potential disruption of normal endocrine function. However, the involvement of EDCs in human cancers, especially in endocrine-related cancer neuroblastoma regulation, is not very clear. In this work, results showed that upon bisphenol A or nonylphenol treatment, the transcription factor activity of ERα was significantly increased in neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Bisphenol A and nonylphenol could enhance ERα activity via recruiting it to the target gene promoter. Furthermore, treatment of bisphenol A and nonylphenol enhanced the in vitro proliferation, invasion, and migration ability of neuroblastoma cells. By investigating the role of EDC-induced ERα upregulation, our data extend the understanding of the function of EDCs and further suggest that ERα might be a potential therapeutic target in human neuroblastoma treatment. PMID:27366082

Lethality and bioaccumulation of 4-nonylphenol in bluegill sunfish in littoral enclosures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liber, K.; Gangl, J.A.; Corry, T.D.

1999-03-01

Toxicity and bioaccumulation in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) of 4-nonylphenol (NP), a common precursor and degradation intermediate of certain nonionic surfactants, were evaluated in a set of 18 aquatic mesocosms (littoral enclosures) in northeastern Minnesota. Nonylphenol was applied to enclosures every 48 h over a 20-d period (11 applications) at rates of 3, 30, 100, and 300 {micro}g/L. Additional enclosures served as untreated controls. Maximum NP levels in the integrated water column 2 h after each application averaged 5 {+-} 4, 23 {+-} 11, 76 {+-} 21, and 243 {+-} 41 {micro}g/L over the 11 applications at the 3-, 30-,more » 100-, and 300-{micro}g/L treatments, respectively. Sixty-one percent of the NP dissipated from the water column within {approximately} 39 h of each application. Estimated survival of stocked juvenile bluegills was significantly reduced at the 300-{micro}g/L NP treatment. No significant effects were noted at the other NP treatments; however, the 100-{micro}g/L enclosure with the highest mean NP concentration (93 {+-} 39 {micro}g/L) within that treatment had four to nine times more dead bluegills and four to six times fewer bluegills captured at the end of the season than the other two 100-{micro}g/L enclosures (64 {+-} 23 and 71 {+-} 32 {micro}g/L) and the controls, suggesting increased mortality in this enclosure. Nonylphenol tissue concentrations in juvenile bluegills collected from enclosures treated with 3 and 30 {micro}g/L NP ranged from 0.01 to 2.94 {micro}g/g wet weight and showed a significant positive relationship with the average measured NP concentration in the water. The mean wet weight nonequilibrium NP bioaccumulation factor was 87 {+-} 124. There was no relationship between fish lipid content and NP tissue concentration.« less

Application of the GREAT-ER model for environmental risk assessment of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates in China.

PubMed

Zhang, Lai; Cao, Yan; Hao, Xuewen; Zhang, Yongyong; Liu, Jianguo

2015-12-01

The environmental risk presented by "down-the-drain" chemicals to receiving rivers in large urban areas has received increasing attention in recent years. Geo-referenced Regional Environmental Assessment Tool for European Rivers (GREAT-ER) is a typical river catchment model that has been specifically developed for the risk assessment of these chemicals and applied in many European rivers. By utilizing the new version of the model, GREAT-ER 3.0, which is the first completely open source software for worldwide application, this study represents the first attempt to conduct an application of GREAT-ER in the Wenyu River of China. Aquatic exposure simulation and an environmental risk assessment of nonylphenol (NP) and its environmental precursor nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) were conducted effectively by GREAT-ER model, since NP is one of typical endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and its environmental precursor NPEOs as a "down-the-drain" chemical are extensively used in China. In the result, the predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) of NP and NPEOs in the water of Wenyu River were 538 and 4320 ng/L, respectively, at the regional scale, and 1210 and 8990 ng/L, respectively, at the local scale. From the results profile of the RCR, the combination of high emissions from large STPs with insufficient dilution of the river caused the high RCR. The PECs of NP in the sediment were in the range of 216.8-8218.3 ng/g (dry weight), which was consistent with the available monitoring data. The study showed the worldwide applicability and reliability of GREAT-ER as a river catchment model for the risk assessment of these chemicals and also revealed the general environmental risks presented by NP and NPEOs in the Wenyu River catchment in Beijing due to the extensive use of these chemicals. The results suggest that specific control or treatment measures are probably warranted for these chemicals to reduce their discharge in major cities.

Occurrence and risk assessment of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates in sewage sludge from different conventional treatment processes.

PubMed

González, M M; Martín, J; Santos, J L; Aparicio, I; Alonso, E

2010-01-01

In the present work, the concentrations of the organic pollutants nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenol mono- and diethoxylates (NP1EO and NP2EO, respectively) in primary, secondary, mixed, aerobically-digested, anaerobically-digested, dehydrated, compost and lagoon sludge samples from different sludge treatments have been evaluated. Toxicological risk assessment of these compounds in sludge and sludge-amended soil has also been reported. NP, NP1EO and NP2EO were monitored in sludge samples obtained from treatment plants located in Andalusia (south of Spain) based on anaerobic treatments (11 anaerobic-digestion wastewater treatment plants and 3 anaerobic wastewater stabilization ponds) or on aerobic treatments (3 aerobic-digestion wastewater treatment plants, 1 dehydration treatment plant and 2 composting plants). The sum of NP, NP1EO and NP2EO (NPE) concentrations has been evaluated in relation to the limit value of 50 mg/kg set by the European Union Sludge Directive draft published in April 2000 (Working Document on Sludge). In most of the samples, NP was present at higher concentration levels (mean value 88.0 mg/kg dm) than NP1EO (mean value 33.8 mg/kg dm) and NP2EO (mean value 14.0 mg/kg dm). The most contaminated samples were compost, anaerobically-digested sludge, lagoon sludge and aerobically-digested sludge samples, which contained NPE concentrations in the ranges 44-962 mg/kg dm, 8-669 mg/kg dm, 27-319 mg/kg dm and 61-282 mg/kg dm, respectively. Risk quotients, expressed as the ratios between environmental concentrations and the predicted no-effect concentrations, were higher than 1 for NP, NP1EO and NP2EO in the 99%, 92% and 36% of the studied samples, respectively; and higher than 1 in the 86%, 6% and 2%, respectively, after sludge application to soil, leading to a significant ecotoxicological risk mainly due to the presence of NP.

GESTATIONAL EXPOSURE TO NONYLPHENOL CAUSES PRECOCIOUS MAMMARY GLAND DEVELOPMENT IN FEMALE RAT OFFSPRING

EPA Science Inventory

This study examined whether or not exposure to 4-nonylphenol (NP) during late gestation affects reproductive and mammary development in the offspring of female rats. Time pregnant Long Evans rats were gavaged with NP (10 or 100 mg/kg), atrazine (ATR, 100 mg/kg), or corn oil on ge...

Adsorption characteristics of selected pharmaceuticals and an endocrine disrupting compound-Naproxen, carbamazepine and nonylphenol-on activated carbon.

PubMed

Yu, Zirui; Peldszus, Sigrid; Huck, Peter M

2008-06-01

The adsorption of two representative pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) (naproxen and carbamazepine) and one endocrine disrupting compound (nonylphenol) were evaluated on two types of activated carbon. When determining their isotherms at environmentally relevant concentration levels, it was found that at this low concentration range (10-800 ng/L), removals of the target compounds were contrary to expectations based on their hydrophobicity. Nonylphenol (log K(ow) 5.8) was most poorly adsorbed, whereas carbamazepine (log K(ow) 2.45) was most adsorbable. Nonylphenol Freundlich isotherms at this very low concentration range had a much higher 1/n compared to isotherms at much higher concentrations. This indicates that extrapolation from an isotherm obtained at a high concentration range to predict the adsorption of nonylphenol at a concentration well below the range of the original isotherm, leads to a substantial overestimation of its removals. Comparison of isotherms for the target compounds to those for other conventional micropollutants suggested that naproxen and carbamazepine could be effectively removed by applying the same dosage utilized to remove odorous compounds (geosmin and MIB) at very low concentrations. The impact of competitive adsorption by background natural organic matter (NOM) on the adsorption of the target compounds was quantified by using the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) in combination with the equivalent background compound (EBC) approach. The fulfilment of the requirements for applying the simplified IAST-EBC model, which leads to the conclusion that the percentage removal of the target compounds at a given carbon dosage is independent of the initial contaminant concentration, was confirmed for the situation examined in the paper. On this basis it is suggested that the estimated minimum carbon usage rates (CURs) to achieve 90% removal of these emerging contaminants would be valid at concentrations of less than 500 ng/L in

A Mechanism of Male Germ Cell Apoptosis Induced by Bisphenol-A and Nonylphenol Involving ADAM17 and p38 MAPK Activation

PubMed Central

Moreno, Ricardo D.

2014-01-01

Germ cell apoptosis regulation is pivotal in order to maintain proper daily sperm production. Several reports have shown that endocrine disruptors such as Bisphenol-A (BPA) and Nonylphenol (NP) induce germ cell apoptosis along with a decrease in sperm production. Given their ubiquitous distribution in plastic products used by humans it is important to clarify their mechanism of action. TACE/ADAM17 is a widely distributed extracellular metalloprotease and participates in the physiological apoptosis of germ cells during spermatogenesis. The aims of this work were: 1) to determine whether BPA and NP induce ADAM17 activation; and 2) to study whether ADAM17 and/or ADAM10 are involved in germ cell apoptosis induced by BPA and NP in the pubertal rat testis. A single dose of BPA or NP (50 mg/kg) induces germ cell apoptosis in 21-day-old male rats, which was prevented by a pharmacological inhibitor of ADAM17, but not by an inhibitor of ADAM10. In vitro, we showed that BPA and NP, at similar concentrations to those found in human samples, induce the shedding of exogenous and endogenous (TNF-α) ADAM17 substrates in primary rat Sertoli cell cultures and TM4 cell line. In addition, pharmacological inhibitors of metalloproteases and genetic silencing of ADAM17 prevent the shedding induced in vitro by BPA and NP. Finally, we showed that in vivo BPA and NP induced early activation (phosphorylation) of p38 MAPK and translocation of ADAM17 to the cell surface. Interestingly, the inhibition of p38 MAPK prevents germ cell apoptosis and translocation of ADAM17 to the cell surface. These results show for the first time that xenoestrogens can induce activation of ADAM17 at concentrations similar to those found in human samples, suggesting a mechanism by which they could imbalance para/juxtacrine cell-to-cell-communication and induce germ cell apoptosis. PMID:25474107

75 FR 27434 - [alpha]-(p-Nonylphenol)-[omega]-hydroxypoly(oxyethylene) Sulfate and Phosphate Esters; Time...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-17

.... study with the reproduction/ developmental toxicity screening test in rats (NPEPSD) LOAEL = 300 mg/kg... toxicity screening test. In the Harmonized Guideline 870.3650 study with the nonylphenol ethoxylate... Guideline 870.3650 study in rats following pre- and post-natal exposure to NPEPSDs. E. Aggregate Risks and...

40 CFR 721.10038 - Trimellitic anhydride, polymer with substituted glycol, alkyl phenols and ethoxylated nonylphenol...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Trimellitic anhydride, polymer with... Trimellitic anhydride, polymer with substituted glycol, alkyl phenols and ethoxylated nonylphenol (generic... identified generically as trimellitic anhydride, polymer with substituted glycol, alkyl phenols and...

40 CFR 721.10038 - Trimellitic anhydride, polymer with substituted glycol, alkyl phenols and ethoxylated nonylphenol...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Trimellitic anhydride, polymer with... Trimellitic anhydride, polymer with substituted glycol, alkyl phenols and ethoxylated nonylphenol (generic... identified generically as trimellitic anhydride, polymer with substituted glycol, alkyl phenols and...

40 CFR 721.10038 - Trimellitic anhydride, polymer with substituted glycol, alkyl phenols and ethoxylated nonylphenol...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Trimellitic anhydride, polymer with... Trimellitic anhydride, polymer with substituted glycol, alkyl phenols and ethoxylated nonylphenol (generic... identified generically as trimellitic anhydride, polymer with substituted glycol, alkyl phenols and...

40 CFR 721.10038 - Trimellitic anhydride, polymer with substituted glycol, alkyl phenols and ethoxylated nonylphenol...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Trimellitic anhydride, polymer with... Trimellitic anhydride, polymer with substituted glycol, alkyl phenols and ethoxylated nonylphenol (generic... identified generically as trimellitic anhydride, polymer with substituted glycol, alkyl phenols and...

40 CFR 721.10038 - Trimellitic anhydride, polymer with substituted glycol, alkyl phenols and ethoxylated nonylphenol...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Trimellitic anhydride, polymer with... Trimellitic anhydride, polymer with substituted glycol, alkyl phenols and ethoxylated nonylphenol (generic... identified generically as trimellitic anhydride, polymer with substituted glycol, alkyl phenols and...

An updated systematic review on the possible effect of nonylphenol on male fertility.

PubMed

Noorimotlagh, Zahra; Haghighi, Neemat Jaafarzadeh; Ahmadimoghadam, Mehdi; Rahim, Fakher

2017-02-01

Diverse industries like detergents, resins and polymers, hair dyes, intravaginal spermicides, and pesticides produce endocrine disruptor (ED)-containing wastewaters that have hazardous effects on the environment and public health. Nonylphenol (NP) is a chemical substance that consists of a phenolic group and an attached lipophilic linear nonyl chain. NP has weak estrogenic activity and affects estrogen receptor (ER), as well as induces male infertility via a negative impact on spermatogenesis and sperm quality. The aim of this study was to comprehensively review all available literature about the side effects of NP on the male genital system. We systematically searched Scopus and PubMed using MeSH terms that include "Organic Chemicals," "Infertility," "Infertility, Male," "Nonylphenol", ("Infertility, Male"[Mesh]) OR "Nonylphenol" [Supplementary Concept]) OR "Prostate"[Mesh]) OR "Spermatozoa"[Mesh]) OR "Sertoli Cells"[Mesh]) OR "Leydig Cells"[Mesh] OR "Male accessory gland" OR "Epididym" OR "Reproductive toxicity"), and all other possible combinations from January 1, 1970, to September 15, 2016, with language limit. The initial search identified 117,742 potentially eligible studies, of which 33 met the established inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Thirty-three selected studies include animal model (n = 18), cell line (n = 15), human model (n = 1), morphology (n = 13), sperm quality (n = 17), and toxicity (n = 14). This review highlighted the evidence for the ED effect of NP that acts through interference with ER, discussing male reproductive tract perturbations. We critically discuss the available evidence on the effect of NP on sperm quality (such as motility, viability, sperm count, and sperm concentration), dramatic morphological changes (such as change of weights of testes and epididymis), and biochemical changes related to oxidative stress in testes. Finally, it is important to take caution with the continued use of NP that

Few effects of multi-generational dietary exposure to genistein or nonylphenol on sodium solution intake in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats.

PubMed

Ferguson, Sherry A; Delclos, K Barry; Newbold, Retha R; Flynn, Katherine M

2009-01-01

Previous work in our laboratory indicated that lifelong dietary exposure to estrogen-like endocrine disrupters increased sodium solution intake in adult male and female rats. Here, we sought to discern the critical periods necessary for this alteration as well as establish the effects of lower dietary concentrations of genistein and nonylphenol. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (F0) consumed phytoestrogen-free chow containing 0, 5, 100, or 500 ppm genistein (approximately equal to 0.0, 0.4, 8.0, and 40.0 mg/kg/day) or 0, 25, 200, or 750 ppm nonylphenol (approximately equal to 0.0, 2.0, 16.0, and 60.0 mg/kg/day). Rats were mated within treatment groups and offspring (F1) maintained on the same diets. Mating for the F1, F2, and F3 (genistein only) was within treatment groups. At postnatal day (PND) 21, the F3 generation began to consume unadulterated phytoestrogen-free chow such that genistein exposure occurred only in utero and preweaning. The F4 generation was never directly exposed to genistein. On PNDs 65-68, intake of regular water and a 3.0% sodium chloride solution was measured for F1-F4 generations (genistein portion) or F1-F2 (nonylphenol portion). Although body weights were decreased by the highest dietary concentrations of genistein and nonylphenol, there were only minimal effects of exposure on sodium solution intake. As expected, intake was highest in female rats. With previous data, these results indicate that the dietary concentrations necessary to increase adult sodium solution intake in rats are greater than 500 ppm genistein and 750 ppm nonylphenol and such effects do not appear to increase across generations.

Degradation of 4-n-nonylphenol under nitrate reducing conditions

PubMed Central

Viñas, Marc; Grotenhuis, Tim; Rijnaarts, Huub H. M.; Langenhoff, Alette A. M.

2010-01-01

Nonylphenol (NP) is an endocrine disruptor present as a pollutant in river sediment. Biodegradation of NP can reduce its toxicological risk. As sediments are mainly anaerobic, degradation of linear (4-n-NP) and branched nonylphenol (tNP) was studied under methanogenic, sulphate reducing and denitrifying conditions in NP polluted river sediment. Anaerobic bioconversion was observed only for linear NP under denitrifying conditions. The microbial population involved herein was further studied by enrichment and molecular characterization. The largest change in diversity was observed between the enrichments of the third and fourth generation, and further enrichment did not affect the diversity. This implies that different microorganisms are involved in the degradation of 4-n-NP in the sediment. The major degrading bacteria were most closely related to denitrifying hexadecane degraders and linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS) degraders. The molecular structures of alkanes and LAS are similar to the linear chain of 4-n-NP, this might indicate that the biodegradation of linear NP under denitrifying conditions starts at the nonyl chain. Initiation of anaerobic NP degradation was further tested using phenol as a structure analogue. Phenol was chosen instead of an aliphatic analogue, because phenol is the common structure present in all NP isomers while the structure of the aliphatic chain differs per isomer. Phenol was degraded in all cases, but did not affect the linear NP degradation under denitrifying conditions and did not initiate the degradation of tNP and linear NP under the other tested conditions. PMID:20640878

The Environmental Estrogen, Nonylphenol, Activates the Constitutive Androstane Receptor

PubMed Central

Hernandez, Juan P.; Huang, Wendong; Chapman, Laura M.; Chua, Steven; Moore, David D.; Baldwin, William S.

2007-01-01

Nonylphenol (NP) and its parent compounds, the nonylphenol ethoxylates are some of the most prevalent chemicals found in U.S. waterways. NP is also resistant to biodegradation and is a known environmental estrogen, which makes NP a chemical of concern. Our data show that NP also activates the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), an orphan nuclear receptor important in the induction of detoxification enzymes, including the P450s. Transactivation assays demonstrate that NP increases murine CAR (mCAR) transcriptional activity, and NP treatment can overcome the inhibitory effects of the inverse agonist, androstanol, on mCAR activation. Treatment of wild-type (CAR +/+) mice with NP at 50 or 75 mg/kg/day increases Cyp2b protein expression in a dose-dependent manner as demonstrated by Western blotting, and was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription–PCR of Cyp2b10 transcript levels. CAR-null (CAR −/−) mice show no increased expression of Cyp2b following NP treatment, indicating that CAR is required for NP-mediated Cyp2b induction. In addition, NP increases the translocation of CAR into the nucleus, which is the key step in the commencement of CAR's transcriptional activity. NP also induced CYP2B6 in primary human hepatocytes, and increased Cyp2b10 messenger RNA and protein expression in humanized CAR mice, indicating that NP is an activator of human CAR as well. In conclusion, NP is a CAR activator, and this was demonstrated in vitro with transactivation assays and in vivo with transgenic CAR mouse models. PMID:17483497

EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT CONCENTRATIONS OF DIFFERENT NONYLPHENOL FORMULATIONS IN JAPANESE MEDAKA. (R827098)

EPA Science Inventory

The time course of exposure to p-nonylphenol (NP) from two different sources was compared to equalivent exposures of 17--estradiol (E2) and a solvent control (ethanol; EtOH). Japanese medaka were exposed for 4 days to a nomina...

Distribution and dissipation pathways of nonylphenol polyethoxylates in the Yellow River: Site investigation and lab-scale studies.

PubMed

Wang, Lei; Wu, Yinghong; Sun, Hongwen; Xu, Jian; Dai, Shugui

2006-09-01

Spatial distribution of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs) and nonylphenol (NP) was investigated in a field study in Lanzhou Reach of the Yellow River. NPEOs and their metabolites were found in the river, with the maximum dissolved concentrations of 6.38 nmol/L for NPEOs, 0.19 nmol/L for nonylphenol ethoxy acetic acids (NPECs) and 0.79 nmol/L for NP, respectively. The maximum concentrations in the sediment and suspended particle samples were 1.50 and 5.09 nmol/g for NPEOs and NP, respectively. The effects of particles, light and microorganism on the dissipation of NPEOs in the river water were investigated based on lab-scale experiments. When natural particles were removed, 72% and 22% degradation of NPEOs were achieved at 120 h in non-sterile and sterile conditions with light, respectively. Different concentrations of NPECs were also observed in these experiments. When suspended particle matters (SPMs) were present, about 38-50% of NPEOs were sorbed to the particulate phase in only 1 h. As a result, the degradation of NPEOs and production of NPECs were inhibited. However, the combined sorption and degradation in the presence of SPMs resulted in lower dissolved NPEO concentrations than those in the absence of SPMs. Biodegradation was the most important pathway for NPEOs degradation in the river water, while NPECs seemed to be produced through both biological and abiological pathways.

Rapid Actions of Xenoestrogens Disrupt Normal Estrogenic Signaling

PubMed Central

Watson, Cheryl S.; Hu, Guangzhen; Paulucci-Holthauzen, Adriana A.

2014-01-01

Some chemicals used in consumer products or manufacturing (eg. plastics, surfactants, pesticides, resins) have estrogenic activities; these xenoestrogens (XEs) chemically resemble physiological estrogens and are one of the major categories of synthesized compounds that disrupt endocrine actions. Potent rapid actions of XEs via nongenomic mechanisms contribute significantly to their disruptive effects on functional endpoints (eg. cell proliferation/death, transport, peptide release). Membrane-initiated hormonal signaling in our pituitary cell model is predominantly driven by mERα with mERβ and GPR30 participation. We visualized ERα on plasma membranes using many techniques in the past (impeded ligands, antibodies to ERα ) and now add observations of epitope proximity with other membrane signaling proteins. We have demonstrated a range of rapid signals/protein activations by XEs including: calcium channels, cAMP/PKA, MAPKs, G proteins, caspases, and transcription factors. XEs can cause disruptions of the oscillating temporal patterns of nongenomic signaling elicited by endogenous estrogens. Concentration effects of XEs are nonmonotonic (a trait shared with natural hormones), making it difficult to design efficient (single concentration) toxicology tests to monitor their harmful effects. A plastics monomer, Bisphenol A, modified by waste treatment (chlorination) and other processes causes dephosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinases, in contrast to having no effects as it does in genomic signaling. Mixtures of XEs, commonly found in contaminated environments, disrupt the signaling actions of physiological estrogens even more severely than do single XEs. Understanding the features of XEs that drive these disruptive mechanisms will allow us to redesign useful chemicals that exclude estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activities. PMID:24269739

Cellular responses and bioremoval of nonylphenol by the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii 1113

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Medvedeva, Nadezda; Zaytseva, Tatyana; Kuzikova, Irina

2017-07-01

Nonylphenol (NP) is extensively used in agricultural, industrial and household applications. Moreover, NP is the major breakdown product of the nonionic surfactants, nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs), the most widely used group of surfactants. Nonylphenol is persistent in the environment, highly toxic to aquatic organisms and is a potential endocrine disruptor. NP and NPEOs have been identified as priority hazardous substances under the Environmental Quality Standards Directive 2013/39/EU and are referred to in the list of substances of particular risk to the Baltic Sea. The toxicity of NP to the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii 1113 isolated from the eastern Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea and the bioremoval of NP by P. agardhii were studied. NP in concentrations > 0.4 mg L- 1 suppressed cyanobacterial growth. The median effective concentration of NP for P. agardhii after 4 days of treatment (EC50) was 1.5 mg L- 1. The removal of NP from the culture medium was primarily due to abiotic processes and biodegradation by the cyanobacterium rather than sorption by the cells. NP significantly increased the photosynthetic pigments, extracellular proteins and soluble exopolysaccharides content. The cyanobacterial growth inhibition was accompanied by the increased synthesis of microcystin dm-RR and of the odorous metabolites, geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), by P. agardhii 1113. NP also notably increased the microcystin released into the environment. Increased levels of extracellular proteins, soluble exopolysaccharides, microcystins and odorous metabolites may affect the microbial loop in aquatic ecosystems. An increased level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was indicative of the formation of free radicals in P. agardhii under NP stress, whereas increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and proline indicated the occurrence of a scavenging mechanism.

Potential for 4-n-nonylphenol biodegradation in stream sediments

USGS Publications Warehouse

Bradley, P.M.; Barber, L.B.; Kolpin, D.W.; McMahon, P.B.; Chapelle, F.H.

2008-01-01

The potential for in situ biodegradation of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) was investigated in three hydrologically distinct streams impacted by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the United States. Microcosms were prepared with sediments from each site and amended with [U-ring-14C]4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP) as a model test substrate. Microcosms prepared with sediment collected upstream of the WWTP outfalls and incubated under oxic conditions showed rapid and complete mineralization of [U-ring-14C]4- n-NP to 14CO2 in all three systems. In contrast, no mineralization of [U-ring-14C]4-n-NP was observed in these sediments under anoxic (methanogenic) conditions. The initial linear rate of [U-ring-14C]4-n-NP mineralization in sediments from upstream and downstream of the respective WWTP outfalls was inversely correlated with the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the streambed sediments. These results suggest that the net supply of dissolved oxygen to streambed sediments is a key determinant of the rate and extent of 4-NP biodegradation in stream systems. In the stream systems considered by the present study, dissolved oxygen concentrations in the overlying water column (8–10 mg/L) and in the bed sediment pore water (1–3 mg/L at a depth of 10 cm below the sediment–water interface) were consistent with active in situ 4-NP biodegradation. These results suggest WWTP procedures that maximize the delivery of dissolved oxygen while minimizing the release of BOD to stream receptors favor efficient biodegradation of 4-NP contaminants in wastewater-impacted stream environments.

Seasonal variations in the concentration and removal of nonylphenol ethoxylates from the wastewater of a sewage treatment plant.

PubMed

Gao, Dawen; Li, Zhe; Guan, Junxue; Liang, Hong

2017-04-01

In this study, we investigated the occurrence and fate of nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO) and nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) in a full scale sewage treatment plant, which applied an Anaerobic/Oxic process. Concentrations of NP, NP1EO and NP2EO in the wastewater were measured during the period spanning a whole year. The results showed remarkable seasonal variation in the concentrations of the compounds. The NPnEO compounds were most abundant in winter, with the total concentrations of influent NP, NP1EO and NP2EO ranging from 3900 to 7000ng/L, 4000 to 4800ng/L and 5200 to 7200ng/L, respectively. Regarding the total removal efficiencies of the three types of short-chain NPnEO compounds, different trends were exhibited according to different seasons. The average removal efficiency of NP for the different seasons ranked as follows: winter>summer>autumn>spring; NP2EO concentrations decreased as follows: summer>autumn>winter>spring, while NP1EO concentrations reduced according to: spring>summer>autumn>winter. We also investigated the contribution ratio of individual treatment units in the A/O process, with the findings suggesting that the anaerobic treatment unit plays an important role in the elimination of short-chain NPnEOs from the wastewater. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Isolation and characterization of Sphingomonas sp. Y2 capable of high-efficiency degradation of nonylphenol polyethoxylates in wastewater.

PubMed

Bai, Naling; Wang, Sheng; Abuduaini, Rexiding; Zhu, Xufen; Zhao, Yuhua

2016-06-01

Nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs), although banned for decades, are still widely used in manufactories and thus affect human lives. In this study, a highly efficient NPEO-degrading bacterium, Sphingomonas sp. Y2, was isolated from sewage sludge by enrichment culture. Strain Y2 ensured the complete removal of NPEO in 48 h and degraded 99.2 % NPEO (1,000 mg L(-1)) within 30 h at a specific growth rate of 0.73 h(-1) in minimum salt medium. To date, this degradation efficiency is the highest reported for NPEO metabolism by a pure bacterium under this condition. Furthermore, the application of this bacterium to wastewater treatment demonstrated that it metabolized 98.5 % NPEO (1,000 mg L(-1)) within 5 days with a specific growth rate of 2.03 day(-1). The degradation intermediates, identified as nonylphenol, short-chain NPEOs and short-chain nonylphenol polyethoxycarboxylates by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, indicated the sequential exo-cleavage of the EO chain. Additionally, the enzymes involved in the biodegradation were inducible rather than constitutive. Considering that strain Y2 exhibits prominent biodegradation advantages in industrial wastewater treatment, it might serve as a promising potential candidate for in situ bioremediation of contamination by NPEOs and other structurally similar compounds.

COMPARISON OF THE ESTROGENIC POTENCIES OF ESTRADIOL, ETHYNYLESTRADIOL, DIETHYLSTILBESTROL, NONYLPHENOL AND METHOXYCHLOR IN VIVO AND IN VITRO

EPA Science Inventory

Five natural, pharmaceutical, or xenobiotic chemicals (17b-estradiol, ethynylestradiol, diethystilbestrol, nonylphenol, methoxychlor) were tested in two in vitro (MCF-7 breast tumor cell proliferation [E-screen], yeast estrogen system [YES]), and one in vivo (male sheepshead min...

Surface Enrichment by Conventional and Polymerizable Sulfated Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Emulsifiers in Water-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive

Treesearch

Jilin Zhang; Yuxi Zhao; Matthew R. Dubay; Steven J. Severtson; Larry E. Gwin; Carl J. Houtman

2013-01-01

Comparisons of properties are made for pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) generated via emulsion polymerization using both conventional and reactive emulsifiers. The emulsifiers are ammonium salts of sulfated nonylphenol ethoxylates with similar chemical structures and hydrophilic−lipophilic balances. The polymerizable surfactant possesses a reactive double...

Fate and effects of nonylphenol in the filamentous fungus Penicillium expansum isolated from the bottom sediments of the Gulf of Finland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuzikova, I.; Safronova, V.; Zaytseva, T.; Medvedeva, N.

2017-07-01

Nonylphenol (NP) is the most abundant environmental pollutant that is classified as an endocrine disruptor, and it originates from the degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates, which are widely used as industrial surfactants. It has been referred to in a list of substances of particular risk to the Baltic Sea, in a list of priority hazardous substances in the Water Frame Directive, and in the 3rd draft Working Document on Sludge, developed by the EU. In this study, the fate and effects of NP in the filamentous fungus Penicillium expansum isolated from the bottom sediments of the coastal zone of the eastern Gulf of Finland were investigated in laboratory experiments. This strain was more tolerant to technical nonylphenol (tNP) compared to other types of aquatic organisms, such as fish, protozoa, and algae. The toxicity concentration values of tNP in Penicillium expansum were EC50 20 mg L- 1 and EC90 > 100 mg L- 1. The activity level of hydrolytic enzymes, cellulases and amylases decreased significantly in the tNP treatments. Given the significant role played by terrestrial fungi in the transformation of organic substrate into bottom sediment, such an effect from tNP on fungi could disturb the regulatory mechanisms and balance between the biosynthesis and biodegradation of organic matter in aquatic ecosystems as well as the formation of cenotic relations in aquatic biocenoses. Oxidative stress induced by tNP has been found to increase the synthesis of enzymatic protection factors, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and nonenzymatic factors (melanin-like pigments and extracellular polysaccharides). This research indicated that the malondialdehyde concentration (the biochemical marker of lipid peroxidation) in the cells of the fungus decreased with increasing antioxidation factors. Penicillium expansum was able to decrease the tNP concentration in the culture medium. The removal of tNP was mainly caused by fungal degradation rather than by simple sorption and

Reproductive biomarkers responses induced by xenoestrogens in the characid fish Astyanax fasciatus inhabiting a South American reservoir: An integrated field and laboratory approach

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Prado, Paula S.; Pinheiro, Ana Paula B.; Bazzoli, Nilo

2014-05-01

xenoestrogenic contamination in freshwater ecosystems. - Highlights: • We point out novel reproductive biomarkers to assess xenoestrogenic contamination. • Field captured fish showed altered hepatic Vtg and Zrp. • Hepatic IGF-I and II levels were associated to reproductive disturbances. • Over-ripening is a better xenoestrogen biomarker than follicular atresia.« less

The endocrine disruptor nonylphenol induces sublethal toxicity in vascular plant development at environmental concentrations: A risk for riparian plants and irrigated crops?

PubMed

Esteban, S; Llamas, P M; García-Cortés, H; Catalá, M

2016-09-01

In recent years, there is a growing concern among the scientific community about the presence of the so-called emergent pollutants in waters of different countries, especially endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) that have the ability to alter the hormonal system. One of the substances found almost ubiquitously and in higher concentrations is the alkylphenol nonylphenol. Albeit this compound is included in priority lists as a probable risk for human health and the environment, little is known about its effects on developing plants. The aim of this work is to assess the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of environmental concentrations of nonylphenol in riparian vascular plant development using spores of the fern Polystichum setiferum and a biomarker-based approach: mitochondrial activity (cell viability), chlorophyll (plant physiology) and DNA content (growth). Mitochondrial activity and DNA content show that nonylphenol induces acute and sub-chronic toxicity at 48 h and after 1 week, respectively. Significant effects are observed in both parameters in fern spores at ng L(-1) but chlorophyll autofluorescence shows little changes. The inhibition of germination by natural allelochemicals has been reported to be related with the active hydroxyl group of phenolic compounds and largely independent of the structural nucleus to which it is attached. Results presented in this study suggest that environmental concentrations of nonylphenol could interfere with higher plant germination development by mimicking natural allelochemicals and/or phytohormones acting as a "phytoendocrine disruptor" likely posing ecophysiological risks. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

SUBCRITICAL (HOT) WATER/ETHANOL EXTRACTION OF NONYLPHENOL POLYETHOXY CARBOXYLATES IN INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL SLUDGES. (R821195)

EPA Science Inventory

Subcritical (hot) water with ethanol as modifier was used
to extract nonylphenol polyethoxy carboxylates (NPECs)
with 1-4 ethoxy groups from sludge samples. Quantitative
recovery of native NPECs from sludge was accomplished
by extracting 0.25 g samples for 20 min w...

Endocrine disrupting alkylphenols: structural requirements for their adverse effects on Ca2+ pumps, Ca2+ homeostasis & Sertoli TM4 cell viability.

PubMed

Michelangeli, Francesco; Ogunbayo, Oluseye A; Wootton, Laura L; Lai, Pei F; Al-Mousa, Fawaz; Harris, Robert M; Waring, Rosemary H; Kirk, Christopher J

2008-11-25

Alkylphenols such as nonylphenol are pollutants that are widely dispersed within our environment. They bio-accumulate within man, with levels in the muM concentration range reported in human tissues. These chemicals act as endocrine disruptors, having xenoestrogenic activity. More recently alkylphenols have also been shown to affect Ca2+ signalling pathways. Here we show that alkylphenols are potent inhibitors of sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) activity. For linear chain alkylphenols the potency of inhibition is related to chain length, with the IC50 values for inhibition ranging from 8 microM for 4-n-nonylphenol (C9) to 1.3 mM for 4-n-propylphenol (C3). Branched chain alkylphenols generally had lower potencies than their linear chain counterparts, however, good correlations for all alkylphenols were observed between their Ca2+ pump inhibition and hydrophobicity, molecular volume and flexibility, indicating that these parameters are all important factors. Alkylphenols cause abnormal elevations of intracellular [Ca2+] within TM4 Sertoli cells (cells involved in sperm maturation) depolarise their mitochondria and induce cell death in these cells, in an alkyl chain size-dependent manner.

Environmental concentration of nonylphenol alters the development of urogenital and visceral organs in avian model.

PubMed

Roig, Benoit; Cadiere, Axelle; Bressieux, Stephanie; Biau, Sandrine; Faure, Sandrine; de Santa Barbara, Pascal

2014-01-01

Nonylphenol (NP) is an endocrine disruptor with harmful effects including feminization and carcinogenesis on various organisms. This substance is a degradation product of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEO) that is used in several industrial and agricultural processes. In this paper, we examined the assessment of NP exposure on chick embryo development, using a concentration consistent with the environmental concentrations of NP. With this aim, NP (between 0.1 and 50 μg/egg) was injected into the yolk of egg through a small needle hole in the shell. We report the effect of NP on chick reproductive system development although the effect we observed is lower than those observed by exposition to other endocrine disruptors. However, histological analysis highlighted a decrease of intraluminal seminiferous surface area in 64.12% of case (P=0.0086) and an heterogeneous organization of the renal tubules when 10 μg/egg were injected. Moreover, an impairment of liver development with an abnormal bile spillage was observed when higher concentration of NP was injected (50 μg/egg). © 2013.

A study on phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A and nonylphenol in the urine of Chinese women with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Peng, Fanli

Humans are widely exposed to phthalates, bisphenol A and nonylphenol owing to the ubiquitous use of these chemicals in consumer products. Increasing attention has been paid to exposure to phthalates, bisphenol A and nonylphenol because of their potential adverse effects on human fertility. A validated method was developed to investigate the three classes of environmental estrogen, mentioned above, in the urine of Chinese women of Nanjing area with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. Solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used. In this method, amounts of bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP) and four phthalate metabolites, mono-n-butylmore » phthalate (MBP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), along with their isotope labeled internal standards, were measured using UPLC-MS/MS operated in negative electrospray ionization multiple reaction monitoring mode. The limits of detection were 0.3 ng/mL for the four phthalate metabolites, and 0.5 ng/mL for bisphenol A and nonylphenol. For women with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion, the mean concentrations of MBP, MiBP, MBzP, MEHP, BPA and 4-n-NP were 6.52±6.04, 5.51±4.19, 0.53±0.42, 10.12±4.16, 7.13±7.42, 0.41±0.49 ng/mL (mean±SD), respectively. For the control group, the mean concentrations of the corresponding analytes were 4.15±3.57, 2.96±3.30, 0.46±0.49, 6.50±2.81, 4.43±2.23,0.48±0.43 ng/mL (mean±SD), respectively. Levels of MiBP and MEHP were significantly different between the two groups, using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. This method can be applied in epidemiological studies to explore the association between exposure to environmental estrogens and relevant adverse outcomes. - Highlights: • Studied on the exposure level of six analytes in Chinese women with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. • Differences in MEHP and MiBP urine levels

Influence of operating parameters on the biodegradation of steroid estrogens and nonylphenolic compounds during biological wastewater treatment processes.

PubMed

Koh, Yoong K K; Chiu, Tze Y; Boobis, Alan R; Scrimshaw, Mark D; Bagnall, John P; Soares, Ana; Pollard, Simon; Cartmell, Elise; Lester, John N

2009-09-01

This study investigated operational factors influencing the removal of steroid estrogens and nonylphenolic compounds in two sewage treatment works, one a nitrifying/denitrifying activated sludge plant and the other a nitrifying/denitrifying activated sludge plant with phosphorus removal. Removal efficiencies of >90% for steroid estrogens and for longer chain nonylphenol ethoxylates (NP4-12EO) were observed at both works, which had equal sludge ages of 13 days. However, the biological activity in terms of milligrams of estrogen removed per day per tonne of biomass was found to be 50-60% more efficient in the nitrifying/denitrifying activated sludge works compared to the works which additionallyincorporated phosphorusremoval. A temperature reduction of 6 degrees C had no impact on the removal of free estrogens, but removal of the conjugated estrone-3-sulfate was reduced by 20%. The apparent biomass sorption (LogKp) values were greater in the nitrifying/denitrifying works than those in the nitrifying/denitrifying works with phosphorus removal for both steroid estrogens and honylphenolic compounds possibly indicating a different cell surface structure and therefore microbial population. The difference in biological activity (mg tonne(-1) d(-1)) identified in this study, of up to seven times, suggests thatthere is the potential for enhancing the removal of estrogens and nonylphenols if more detailed knowledge of the factors responsible for these differences can be identified and maximized, thus potentially improving the quality of receiving waters.

INDUCTION OF ZONA RADIATA PROTEINS AND VITELLOGENINS IN ESTRADIOL AND NONYLPHENOL EXPOSED MALE SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS (CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS)

EPA Science Inventory

Knoebl, Iris, Michael J. Hemmer and Nancy D. Denslow. 2004. Induction of Zona Radiata Proteins and Vitellogenins in Estradiol and Nonylphenol Exposed Male Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). Mar. Environ. Res. 58(2-5):547-551. (ERL,GB X1059).

Several genes normall...

NONYLPHENOL AND ATRAZINE INDUCE INVERSE EFFECTS ON MAMMARY GLAND DEVELOPMENT IN FEMALE RATS EXPOSED IN UTERO

EPA Science Inventory

Nonylphenol and Atrazine Induce Inverse Effects on Mammary Gland Development in Female Rats Exposed In Utero.
HJ Moon1, SY Han1, CC Davis2, and SE Fenton2
1 Department of Toxicology, NITR, Korea FDA, 5Nokbun-Dong, Eunpyung-Gu, Seoul, Korea and 2 Reproductive Toxicology Divi...

Comparative evaluation of the efficiency of low-cost adsorbents and ligninolytic fungi to remove a combination of xenoestrogens and pesticides from a landfill leachate and abate its phytotoxicity.

PubMed

Loffredo, Elisabetta; Castellana, Giancarlo

2015-01-01

In this study, two widely available low-cost adsorbents, almond shells and a green compost, and two ligninolytic fungi, Pleurotus ostreatus and Stereum hirsutum, were used to remove organic contaminants from a landfill leachate (LLe) and abate its phytotoxicity. The methodology adopted was based on the occurrence of two simultaneous processes, such as adsorption and bioremoval. The leachate was artificially contaminated with a mixture of the xenoestrogens bisphenol A (BPA), ethynilestadiol (EE2) and 4-n-nonylphenol (NP), the herbicide linuron and the insecticide dimethoate at concentrations of 10, 1, 1, 10 and 10 mg L(-1), respectively. Three adsorption substrates were prepared: potato dextrose agar alone or the same incorporating each adsorbent. The substrates were either not inoculated or inoculated with each fungus, separately, before to be superimposed on LLe. After 2 months, the residual amount of each contaminant, the electrical conductivity, the pH and the content of total phenols were measured in treated LLe. Germination assays using lettuce, ryegrass and radish were performed to evaluate LLe phytotoxicity. The combination substrate+P. ostreatus showed the best results with average removals of 88, 96, 99, 58 and 46% for BPA, EE2, NP, linuron and dimethoate, respectively. The same treatment considerably reduced the phenol content in LLe compared to no treatment. The combination substrate+S. hirsutum produced average removals of 39, 71, 100, 61 and 32% for BPA, EE2, NP, linuron and dimethoate, respectively. Also uninoculated substrates showed relevant adsorption capacities towards the five contaminants. Most treatments significantly reduced LLe phytotoxicity, especially on lettuce. The best results were obtained with the treatment compost+S. hirsutum, which produced root and shoot lengths and seedling biomass of lettuce, respectively, 2.3, 3.3, and 1.9 times those measured in untreated LLe. In general, germination results were negatively correlated with LLe

A study on phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A and nonylphenol in the urine of Chinese women with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion.

PubMed

Peng, Fanli; Ji, Wenliang; Zhu, Feng; Peng, Danhong; Yang, Miao; Liu, Ran; Pu, Yuepu; Yin, Lihong

2016-10-01

Humans are widely exposed to phthalates, bisphenol A and nonylphenol owing to the ubiquitous use of these chemicals in consumer products. Increasing attention has been paid to exposure to phthalates, bisphenol A and nonylphenol because of their potential adverse effects on human fertility. A validated method was developed to investigate the three classes of environmental estrogen, mentioned above, in the urine of Chinese women of Nanjing area with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. Solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used. In this method, amounts of bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP) and four phthalate metabolites, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), along with their isotope labeled internal standards, were measured using UPLC-MS/MS operated in negative electrospray ionization multiple reaction monitoring mode. The limits of detection were 0.3ng/mL for the four phthalate metabolites, and 0.5ng/mL for bisphenol A and nonylphenol. For women with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion, the mean concentrations of MBP, MiBP, MBzP, MEHP, BPA and 4-n-NP were 6.52±6.04, 5.51±4.19, 0.53±0.42, 10.12±4.16, 7.13±7.42, 0.41±0.49ng/mL (mean±SD), respectively. For the control group, the mean concentrations of the corresponding analytes were 4.15±3.57, 2.96±3.30, 0.46±0.49, 6.50±2.81, 4.43±2.23,0.48±0.43ng/mL (mean±SD), respectively. Levels of MiBP and MEHP were significantly different between the two groups, using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. This method can be applied in epidemiological studies to explore the association between exposure to environmental estrogens and relevant adverse outcomes. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Liquid chromatography fractionation with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and preparative gas chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of selected nonylphenol polyethoxylates.

PubMed

Wu, Ze-ying; Rühle, Christian P G; Marriott, Philip J

2011-07-01

Commercial nonylphenol polyethoxylates, designated as NPnEOs, where n is the number of ethoxy groups, comprise a range of ethoxylate groups. According to the starting material nonylphenol, they may also be composed of a complex mix of isomeric nonyl substituents. In order to study more fully the heterogeneity arising from both the ethoxylate and nonyl groups, a mixture of NPnEOs is first fractionated by normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) into separate fractions comprising individual ethoxymers, n. Preparative collection of each early elution ethoxymer fraction allows further separation of different isomeric nonyl group components by using analytical gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The nonyl isomers are not resolved in the NPLC method. The distribution of the isomeric nonyl side chain of different ethoxymers bears close resemblance with each other, and also with the original nonylphenol starting material, although separation efficiency of the nonyl isomers for each ethoxymer decreases with increasing ethoxymer number. Mass spectrometry of the separated isomers display close similarity for presumed equivalent isomers in each fraction, based on elution order of the nonyl isomers. This suggests that each corresponding peak has the same isomer structure. Mass spectra are interpreted based on branching within the nonyl side chain. Preparative GC coupled with MS and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy elucidated the molecular structure of one of the resolved isomers as 4-(1,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-butyl)-phenol diethoxylate. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Interaction of xenobiotics with estrogen receptors α and β and a putative plasma sex hormone-binding globulin from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

USGS Publications Warehouse

Gale, William L.; Patino, Reynaldo; Maule, Alec G.

2004-01-01

Estrogens are important regulators of physiological functions. Although environmental contaminants (xenoestrogens) which interfere with estrogen signaling are of increasing concern, there is only limited information about their ability to interact with estrogen-binding proteins (SHBG) or receptors (ER). Recombinant ER?? and ?? were obtained after transient transfection of COS-7 cells with channel catfish ER cDNA. Plasma from adult female channel catfish was the source of SHBG. Tritiated estradiol ( 3H-E2) was used in standard radioligand-binding assays to characterize the binding properties of channel catfish SHBG (ccfSHBG) and to estimate the inhibition constants for various estrogenic compounds. Binding of 3H-E2 to ccfSHBG was saturable and of high affinity with a Kd (??SE) of 1.9??0.14nM and a Bmax of 14.3??2.4pmol/mg protein (n=3 assays). Additionally, ccfSHBG displayed binding specificity for androgens and estrogens. Endosulfan, 4-nonylphenol, and 4-octylphenol displaced 3H-E2 binding to ccfSHBG albeit only at very high concentrations, whereas dieldrin and atrazine showed little displacement activity even at the highest concentrations used. The synthetic estrogen ethynylestradiol had higher affinity than E2 for ccfSHBG. This finding differs from results with human and rainbow trout SHBG. The alkylphenolic compounds (4-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol) displayed some ability to displace 3H-E2 binding from ER?? and ?? at high concentrations, but dieldrin and atrazine had little binding activity for both ER subtypes and endosulfan for ER??. The xenobiotics tested generally showed equivalent or greater affinity for ER?? than ER??, whereas natural estrogens had much greater affinity for ER?? than ER??. These observations suggest that results of studies using fish tissue ER extracts must be interpreted with caution, since both ER subtypes may be present, and that the binding of xenoestrogens to SHBG must be taken into account for proper assessment of endocrine

Determination of nonylphenol isomers in landfill leachate and municipal wastewater using steam distillation extraction coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Zhang, Caixiang; Eganhouse, Robert P; Pontolillo, James; Cozzarelli, Isabelle M; Wang, Yanxin

2012-03-23

4-Nonylphenols (4-NPs) are known endocrine disruptors and by-products of the microbial degradation of nonylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants. One of the challenges to understanding the toxic effects of nonylphenols is the large number of isomers that may exist in environmental samples. In order to attribute toxic effects to specific compounds, a method is needed for the separation and quantitation of individual nonylphenol isomers. The pre-concentration methods of solvent sublimation, solid-phase extraction or liquid-liquid extraction prior to chromatographic analysis can be problematic because of co-extraction of thousands of compounds typically found in complex matrices such as municipal wastewater or landfill leachate. In the present study, steam distillation extraction (SDE) was found to be an effective pre-concentration method for extraction of 4-NPs from leachate and wastewater, and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled with fast mass spectral data acquisition by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ToFMS) enhanced the resolution and identification of 4-NP isomers. Concentrations of eight 4-NP isomers were determined in leachate from landfill cells of different age and wastewater influent and effluent samples. 4-NP isomers were about 3 times more abundant in leachate from the younger cell than the older one, whereas concentrations in wastewater effluent were either below detection limits or <1% of influent concentrations. 4-NP isomer distribution patterns were found to have been altered following release to the environment. This is believed to reflect isomer-specific degradation and accumulation of 4-NPs in the aquatic environment. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Determination of nonylphenol isomers in landfill leachate and municipal wastewater using steam distillation extraction coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry

USGS Publications Warehouse

Zhang, Caixiang; Eganhouse, Robert P.; Pontolillo, James; Cozzarelli, Isabelle M.; Wang, Yanxin

2012-01-01

4-Nonylphenols (4-NPs) are known endocrine disruptors and by-products of the microbial degradation of nonylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants. One of the challenges to understanding the toxic effects of nonylphenols is the large number of isomers that may exist in environmental samples. In order to attribute toxic effects to specific compounds, a method is needed for the separation and quantitation of individual nonylphenol isomers. The pre-concentration methods of solvent sublimation, solid-phase extraction or liquid–liquid extraction prior to chromatographic analysis can be problematic because of co-extraction of thousands of compounds typically found in complex matrices such as municipal wastewater or landfill leachate. In the present study, steam distillation extraction (SDE) was found to be an effective pre-concentration method for extraction of 4-NPs from leachate and wastewater, and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) coupled with fast mass spectral data acquisition by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ToFMS) enhanced the resolution and identification of 4-NP isomers. Concentrations of eight 4-NP isomers were determined in leachate from landfill cells of different age and wastewater influent and effluent samples. 4-NP isomers were about 3 times more abundant in leachate from the younger cell than the older one, whereas concentrations in wastewater effluent were either below detection limits or <1% of influent concentrations. 4-NP isomer distribution patterns were found to have been altered following release to the environment. This is believed to reflect isomer-specific degradation and accumulation of 4-NPs in the aquatic environment.

Nonylphenol ethoxylates and other additives in aircraft deicers, antiicers, and waters receiving airport runoff.

PubMed

Corsi, Steven R; Zitomer, Daniel H; Field, Jennifer A; Cancilla, Devon A

2003-09-15

Samples of nine different formulations of aircraft deicer and antiicer fluids (ADAF) were screened for the presence of selected surfactants. Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPnEO) were identified in three ADAF formulations, octylphenol ethoxylates were identified in two formulations, and six formulations contained alcohol ethoxylates. A preliminary field study was conducted at General Mitchell International Airport, Milwaukee, WI, to quantify NPnEO (n = 1-15) and one of its byproducts, nonylphenol (NP), in airport runoff. Samples were collected from two airport outfalls, from the receiving stream, and from an upstream reference site during intensive ADAF application events. NPnEO was measured at concentrations up to 1190microg/L in airport outfall samples, up to 77 ug/L in samples from the receiving stream and less than 5.0 microg/L from the upstream reference. Concentrations of glycol and other ADAF-related constituents, including NPnEO, were reduced by approximately 1 order of magnitude between the outfall sites and the receiving stream site; however, concentrations of NP in the receiving stream remained similar to those from the outfalls (< 0.04 microg/L at the upstream reference, 0.98 and 7.67 microg/L at outfalls, and 3.89 microg/L in the receiving stream). The field data suggest that NP is generated through degradation of NPnEO from airport runoff.

Nonylphenol ethoxylates and other additives in aircraft deicers, antiicers, and waters receiving airport runoff

USGS Publications Warehouse

Corsi, Steven R.; Zitomer, Daniel H.; Field, Jennifer A.; Cancilla, Devon A.

2003-01-01

Samples of nine different formulations of aircraft deicer and antiicer fluids (ADAF) were screened for the presence of selected surfactants. Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPnEO) were identified in three ADAF formulations, octylphenol ethoxylates were identified in two formulations, and six formulations contained alcohol ethoxylates. A preliminary field study was conducted at General Mitchell International Airport, Milwaukee, WI, to quantify NPnEO (n = 1-15) and one of its byproducts, nonylphenol (NP), in airport runoff. Samples were collected from two airport outfalls, from the receiving stream, and from an upstream reference site during intensive ADAF application events. NPnEO was measured at concentrations up to 1190microg/L in airport outfall samples, up to 77 ug/L in samples from the receiving stream and less than 5.0 microg/L from the upstream reference. Concentrations of glycol and other ADAF-related constituents, including NPnEO, were reduced by approximately 1 order of magnitude between the outfall sites and the receiving stream site; however, concentrations of NP in the receiving stream remained similar to those from the outfalls (< 0.04 microg/L at the upstream reference, 0.98 and 7.67 microg/L at outfalls, and 3.89 microg/L in the receiving stream). The field data suggest that NP is generated through degradation of NPnEO from airport runoff.

Applying adverse outcome pathways and species sensitivity-weighted distribution to predicted-no-effect concentration derivation and quantitative ecological risk assessment for bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol in aquatic environments: A case study on Tianjin City, China.

PubMed

Wang, Ying; Na, Guangshui; Zong, Humin; Ma, Xindong; Yang, Xianhai; Mu, Jingli; Wang, Lijun; Lin, Zhongsheng; Zhang, Zhifeng; Wang, Juying; Zhao, Jinsong

2018-02-01

Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) are a novel concept that effectively considers the toxic modes of action and guides the ecological risk assessment of chemicals. To better use toxicity data including biochemical or molecular responses and mechanistic data, we further developed a species sensitivity-weighted distribution (SSWD) method for bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol. Their aquatic predicted-no-effect concentrations (PNECs) were derived using the log-normal statistical extrapolation method. We calculated aquatic PNECs of bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol with values of 4.01 and 0.721 µg/L, respectively. The ecological risk of each chemical in different aquatic environments near Tianjin, China, a coastal municipality along the Bohai Sea, was characterized by hazard quotient and probabilistic risk quotient assessment techniques. Hazard quotients of 7.02 and 5.99 at 2 municipal sewage sites using all of the endpoints were observed for 4-nonylphenol, which indicated high ecological risks posed by 4-nonylphenol to aquatic organisms, especially endocrine-disrupting effects. Moreover, a high ecological risk of 4-nonylphenol was indicated based on the probabilistic risk quotient method. The present results show that combining the SSWD method and the AOP concept could better protect aquatic organisms from adverse effects such as endocrine disruption and could decrease uncertainty in ecological risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:551-562. © 2017 SETAC. © 2017 SETAC.

Estrogen receptor-mediated effects of a xenoestrogen, bisphenol A, on preimplantation mouse embryos.

PubMed

Takai, Y; Tsutsumi, O; Ikezuki, Y; Hiroi, H; Osuga, Y; Momoeda, M; Yano, T; Taketani, Y

2000-04-21

The effects of bisphenol A, a xenoestrogen widely used in industry and dentistry, were studied in early preimplantation mouse embryos. Two-cell mouse embryos were cultured with 100 pM to 100 microM bisphenol A with or without 100 nM tamoxifen and evaluated at 24-h intervals for their development to eight-cell and blastocyst stages. At 72 h, blastocysts were cultured for another 48 h without bisphenol A, and surface areas of trophoblast spread were measured. At 24 h, more embryos exposed to 3 nM bisphenol A than to controls had reached the eight-cell stage. At 48 h, more embryos exposed to 1 nM and 3 nM bisphenol A than to controls had become blastocysts. At 100 microM, bisphenol A decreased frequency of development to blastocysts. Tamoxifen counteracted both stimulatory and inhibitory effects of bisphenol A on blastocyst formation. Although bisphenol A did not alter blastocyst morphology or cell number, early exposure to 100 microM bisphenol A increased subsequent trophoblast areas. These findings suggest that bisphenol A may not only effect early embryonic development via estrogen receptors even at low, environmentally relevant doses, but also exert some late effects on subsequent development of these embryos. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

Immunoenzyme assay of nonylphenol: study of selectivity and detection of alkylphenolic non-ionic surfactants in water samples.

PubMed

Mart'ianov, Andrey A; Dzantiev, Boris B; Zherdev, Anatoly V; Eremin, Sergei A; Cespedes, Raquel; Petrovic, Mira; Barcelo, Damia

2005-01-30

Immunoenzyme assay (ELISA) is proposed and characterized for determination of alkylphenol ethoxylates, a primary class of manufactured non-ionic surfactants. The assay is based on the obtained polyclonal antibodies against nonylphenol (NP), the main stable intermediate of the decomposition of nonylphenol ethoxylates. A mixture of non-modified branched isomers of NP was applied as hapten coupled to protein carriers by Mannich reaction with the use of formaldehyde. The proposed ELISA format is based on immobilized NP-(soybean trypsin inhibitor) conjugate as a competitor of antigen molecules contained in the tested sample for binding with specific antibodies indirectly labeled via an anti-species immunoperoxidase conjugate. The developed ELISA allows to reveal NP with the limit of detection about 10ngml(-1) and NP-related compounds such as octylphenol, alkylphenoletoxylates, alkylphenolcarboxylates and their halogenated derivatives. The ELISA was applied for assaying polluted water samples, namely influents and effluents from different wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and tap water. ELISA and chromatographic data demonstrate good correlation (r = 0.94), while ELISA gives higher values. Due to endocrine disrupting and other toxic activities of some metabolites of alkylphenolic non-ionic surfactants, the developed assay may be effectively used in ecological monitoring and sanitary control.

Acute toxicity of 353-nonylphenol and its metabolites for zebrafish embryos.

PubMed

Kammann, Ulrike; Vobach, Michael; Wosniok, Werner; Schäffer, Andreas; Telscher, Andreas

2009-03-01

Nonylphenol (NP) can be detected in the aquatic environment all over the world. It is applied as a technical mixture of isomers of which 353-NP is the most relevant both in terms of abundance (about 20% of total mass) and endocrine potential. 353-NP is metabolised in sewage sludge. The aims of the present study were to determine and to compare the acute toxicity of t-NP, 353-NP and its metabolites as well as to discuss if the toxicity of 353-NP changes during degradation. 353-NP and two of its metabolites were synthesised. The zebrafish embryo test was performed according to standard protocols. Several lethal and non-lethal endpoints during embryonal development were reported. NOEL, LOEL and EC50 were calculated. All tested compounds caused lethal as well as non-lethal malformations during embryo development. 353-NP showed a higher toxicity (EC50 for lethal endpoints 6.7 mg/L) compared to its metabolites 4-(3.5-dimethyl-3-heptyl)-2-nitrophenol (EC50 13.3 mg/L) and 4-(3,5-dimethyl-3-heptyl)-2-bromophenol (EC50 27.1 mg/L). In surface water, concentrations of NP are far below the NOEC identified by the zebrafish embryo test. However, in soils and sewage sludge, concentrations may reach or even exceed these concentrations. Therefore, sludge-treated sites close to surface waters should be analysed for NP and its metabolites in order to detect an unduly high contamination due to runoff events. The results of the present study point out that the toxicity of 353-NP probably declines during metabolisation in water, sediment and soil, but does not vanish since the major metabolites exhibit a clear toxic potential for zebrafish embryos. Metabolites of environmental pollutants should be included in the ecotoxicological test strategy for a proper risk assessment.

Nonylphenol biodegradation characterizations and bacterial composition analysis of an effective consortium NP-M2.

PubMed

Bai, Naling; Abuduaini, Rexiding; Wang, Sheng; Zhang, Meinan; Zhu, Xufen; Zhao, Yuhua

2017-01-01

Nonylphenol (NP), ubiquitously detected as the degradation product of nonionic surfactants nonylphenol polyethoxylates, has been reported as an endocrine disrupter. However, most pure microorganisms can degrade only limited species of NP with low degradation efficiencies. To establish a microbial consortium that can effectively degrade different forms of NP, in this study, we isolated a facultative microbial consortium NP-M2 and characterized the biodegradation of NP by it. NP-M2 could degrade 75.61% and 89.75% of 1000 mg/L NP within 48 h and 8 days, respectively; an efficiency higher than that of any other consortium or pure microorganism reported so far. The addition of yeast extract promoted the biodegradation more significantly than that of glucose. Moreover, surface-active compounds secreted into the extracellular environment were hypothesized to promote high-efficiency metabolism of NP. The detoxification of NP by this consortium was determined. The degradation pathway was hypothesized to be initiated by oxidization of the benzene ring, followed by step-wise side-chain biodegradation. The bacterial composition of NP-M2 was determined using 16S rDNA library, and the consortium was found to mainly comprise members of the Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Alicycliphilus, and Acidovorax genera, with the former two accounting for 86.86% of the consortium. The high degradation efficiency of NP-M2 indicated that it could be a promising candidate for NP bioremediation in situ. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Does nonylphenol promote the growth of uterine fibroids?

PubMed

Shen, Yang; Ren, Mu-Lan; Feng, Xu; Gao, Yong-Xing; Xu, Qian; Cai, Yun-Lang

2014-07-01

To study the effect and mechanism of action of nonylphenol (NP), an environmental oestrogen, on uterine leiomyoma (UL) cells. Primary culture and subculture of human UL cells, identified as smooth muscle cells by immunocytochemical staining with a monoclonal anti-α-smooth muscle actin antibody, were performed. The viability of cells treated with various concentrations of NP for 24, 48 and 72h was determined by CCK-8 assay. mRNA expression of oestrogen receptor α (ERα), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and protein expression was detected using Western blot analysis for all groups. NP promoted the growth of UL cells and expression of ERα, IGF-1 and VEGF; this was positively correlated with the concentration and duration of NP treatment. NP promotes the growth of UL cells. The mechanism of action appears to be over-expression of IGF-1 and VEGF, up-regulated by ERα, resulting in the growth of UL cells. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fate of 4-nonylphenol and 17β-estradiol in the Redwood River of Minnesota

USGS Publications Warehouse

Writer, Jeffrey H.; Ryan, Joseph N.; Keefe, Steffanie H.; Barber, Larry B.

2012-01-01

The majority of previous research investigating the fate of endocrine-disrupting compounds has focused on single processes generally in controlled laboratory experiments, and limited studies have directly evaluated their fate and transport in rivers. This study evaluated the fate and transport of 4-nonylphenol, 17β-estradiol, and estrone in a 10-km reach of the Redwood River in southwestern Minnesota. The same parcel of water was sampled as it moved downstream, integrating chemical transformation and hydrologic processes. The conservative tracer bromide was used to track the parcel of water being sampled, and the change in mass of the target compounds relative to bromide was determined at two locations downstream from a wastewater treatment plant effluent outfall. In-stream attenuation coefficients (kstream) were calculated by assuming first-order kinetics (negative values correspond to attenuation, whereas positive values indicate production). Attenuation of 17β-estradiol (kstream = −3.2 ± 1.0 day–1) was attributed primarily due to sorption and biodegradation by the stream biofilm and bed sediments. Estrone (kstream = 0.6 ± 0.8 day–1) and 4-nonylphenol (kstream = 1.4 ± 1.9 day–1) were produced in the evaluated 10-km reach, likely due to biochemical transformation from parent compounds (17β-estradiol, 4-nonylphenolpolyethoxylates, and 4-nonyphenolpolyethoxycarboxylates). Despite attenuation, these compounds were transported kilometers downstream, and thus additive concentrations from multiple sources and transformation of parent compounds into degradates having estrogenic activity can explain their environmental persistence and widespread observations of biological disruption in surface waters.

Distribution, fate and formation of non-extractable residues of a nonylphenol isomer in soil with special emphasis on soil derived organo-clay complexes.

PubMed

Riefer, Patrick; Klausmeyer, Timm; Schäffer, Andreas; Schwarzbauer, Jan; Schmidt, Burkhard

2011-01-01

Anthropogenic contaminants like nonylphenols (NP) are added to soil, for instance if sewage-sludge is used as fertilizer in agriculture. A commercial mixture of NP consists of more than 20 isomers. For our study, we used one of the predominate isomers of NP mixtures, 4-(3,5-dimethylhept-3-yl)phenol, as a representative compound. The aim was to investigate the fate and distribution of the isomer within soil and soil derived organo-clay complexes. Therefore, (14)C- and (13)C-labeled NP was added to soil samples and incubated up to 180 days. Mineralization was measured and soil samples were fractionated into sand, silt and clay; the clay fraction was further separated in humic acids, fulvic acids and humin. The organo-clay complexes pre-incubated for 90 or 180 days were re-incubated with fresh soil for 180 days, to study the potential of re-mobilization of incorporated residues. The predominate incorporation sites of the nonylphenol isomer in soil were the organo-clay complexes. After 180 days of incubation, 22 % of the applied (14)C was mineralized. The bioavailable, water extractable portion was low (9 % of applied (14)C) and remained constant during the entire incubation period, which could be explained by an incorporation/release equilibrium. Separation of organo-clay complexes, after extraction with solvents to release weakly incorporated, bioaccessible portions, showed that non-extractable residues (NER) were preferentially located in the humic acid fraction, which was regarded as an effect of the chemical composition of this fraction. Generally, 27 % of applied (14)C was incorporated into organo-clay complexes as NER, whereas 9 % of applied (14)C was bioaccessible after 180 days of incubation. The re-mobilization experiments showed on the one hand, a decrease of the bioavailability of the nonylphenol residues due to stronger incorporation, when the pre-incubation period was increased from 90 to 180 days. On the other hand, a shift of these residues from the

VITELLOGENIN MRNA REGULATION AND PLASMA CLEARANCE IN MALE SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS, CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS AFTER CESSATION OF EXPOSURE TO 17B-ESTRADIOL AND P-NONYLPHENOL

EPA Science Inventory

Research was conducted to determine the kinetics of hepatic vitellogenin (VTG) mRNA regulation and plasma VTG accumulation and clearance in male sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) during and after cessation of exposure to either 17b-estradiol (E2) or para-nonylphenol (NP)...

Submitochondrial particle response to linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, nonylphenol polyethoxylates and their biodegradation derivatives

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Argese, E.; Marcomini, A.; Bettiol, C.

1994-05-01

The effects on mitochondrial respiratory parameters of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEO), and some of their biotransformation products, namely sulfophenyl carboxylates (SPCs), nonylphenol (NP), and nonylphenoxy acetic acid (NP1EC), were recorded by using the in vitro response of submitochondrial particles (SMP) from beef heart. The toxicity of these compounds was estimated by determining their effects on the energy-coupled reverse electron transfer (RET), which is induced by ATP and succinate at the first site level of the respiratory chain and reduces exogenous NAD[sup +] to NADH. The toxicity of the substances, expressed as the toxicant concentration decreasing the reductionmore » rate of NAD[sup +] to an extent of 50% (EC50), ranged from 0.61 mg/L for a commercial LAS mixture to 18,000 mg/L for individual SPCs; from 1.3 mg/L for NPEO, with an average of 10 ethoxy units, to 8.2 and 1.8 mg/L for NP1EC and NP, respectively. These results were related to the molecular structure of each compound class and compared with the toxicity values obtained by a variety of biological systems currently used for toxicity testing. The acute toxicity data have demonstrated that (a) the SMP bioassay is suitable for reproducing the toxicological response of whole organisms, such as fishes and invertebrates, to the tested chemicals; and (b) the hydrophobic moiety of these compounds plays a significant role in eliciting their toxic effects. From a toxicological standpoint, attention must be paid to the occurrence in natural waters of residual LAS, whereas in the case of NPEO both unaltered surfactant and all biotransformation products need to be identified and quantified.« less

Personal care products that contain estrogens or xenoestrogens may increase breast cancer risk.

PubMed

Donovan, Maryann; Tiwary, Chandra M; Axelrod, Deborah; Sasco, Annie J; Jones, Lovell; Hajek, Richard; Sauber, Erin; Kuo, Jean; Davis, Devra L

2007-01-01

Established models of breast cancer risk, such as the Gail model, do not account for patterns of the disease in women under the age of 35, especially in African Americans. With the possible exceptions of ionizing radiation or inheriting a known genetic mutation, most of the known risk factors for breast cancer are related to cumulative lifetime exposure to estrogens. Increased risk of breast cancer has been associated with earlier onset of menses or later age at menopause, nulliparity or late first parity, use of hormonal contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy, shorter lactation history, exposure to light at night, obesity, and regular ingestion of alcohol, all of which increase circulating levels of unbound estradiol. Among African Americans at all ages, use of hormone-containing personal care products (PCPs) is more common than among whites, as is premature appearance of secondary sexual characteristics among infants and toddlers. We hypothesize that the use of estrogen and other hormone-containing PCPs in young African American women accounts, in part, for their increased risk of breast cancer prior to menopause, by subjecting breast buds to elevated estrogen exposure during critical windows of vulnerability in utero and in early life. These early life and continuing exposures to estrogenic and xenoestrogenic agents may also contribute to the increased lethality of breast cancer in young women in general and in African American women of all ages. Public disclosure by manufacturers of proprietary hormonally active ingredients is required for this research to move forward.

Oral exposure to low-dose of nonylphenol impairs memory performance in Sprague-Dawley rats.

PubMed

Kawaguchi, Shinichiro; Kuwahara, Rika; Kohara, Yumi; Uchida, Yutaro; Oku, Yushi; Yamashita, Kimihiro

2015-02-01

Nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE) is a non-ionic surfactant, that is degraded to short-chain NPE and 4-nonylphenol (NP) by bacteria in the environment. NP, one of the most common environmental endocrine disruptors, exhibits weak estrogen-like activity. In this study, we investigated whether oral administration of NP (at 0.5 and 5 mg/kg doses) affects spatial learning and memory, general activity, emotionality, and fear-motivated learning and memory in male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. SD rats of both sexes were evaluated using a battery of behavioral tests, including an appetite-motivated maze test (MAZE test) that was used to assess spatial learning and memory. In the MAZE test, the time required to reach the reward in male rats treated with 0.5 mg/kg NP group and female rats administered 5 mg/kg NP was significantly longer than that for control animals of the corresponding sex. In other behavioral tests, no significant differences were observed between the control group and either of the NP-treated groups of male rats. In female rats, inner and ambulation values for animals administered 0.5 mg/kg NP were significantly higher than those measured in control animals in open-field test, while the latency in the group treated with 5 mg/kg NP was significantly shorter compared to the control group in step-through passive avoidance test. This study indicates that oral administration of a low-dose of NP slightly impairs spatial learning and memory performance in male and female rats, and alters emotionality and fear-motivated learning and memory in female rats only.

Anaerobic degradation of nonylphenol mono- and diethoxylates in digestor sludge, landfilled municipal solid waste, and landfilled sludge

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ejlertsson, J.; Oequist, M.; Svensson, B.H.

1999-01-15

The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which anaerobic digestor sludge, landfilled sludge, and landfilled municipal solid waste (MSW) degrade NPEOs [nonylphenol ethoxylates] under methanogenic conditions. NPEO1 and NPEO2 (NPEO1-2), used in a mixture, were chosen as model compounds. Anaerobic experimental bottles were amended with 100% digestor sludge at three different concentrations of NPEO1-2: 2, 60, and 308 mg L{sup {minus}1}. [U-{sup 14}C]-NPEO1-2 was used to detect any possible decomposition of the aromatic moiety of the NPEO1-2. All inoculates used degraded NPEO1-2 at 2 mg L{sup {minus}1}, with nonylphenol (NP) forming the ultimate degradation product. Themore » NP formed was not further degraded, and the incubations with labeled NPEO showed that the aromatic structure remained intact. Both landfill inoculates also transformed NPEO1-2 at 60 mg L{sup {minus}1}. CH{sub 4} production was temporarily hampered in bottles with MSW landfill inoculum at 60 and 308 mg L{sup {minus}1}. With 2 mg L{sup {minus}1} of NPEO, CH{sub 4} production closely followed that in the controls. Both NP and NPEO1-2 interacted with the organic matter which resulted in sorption to the solid phase.« less

Biodegradation and utilization of 4-n-nonylphenol by Aspergillus versicolor as a sole carbon and energy source.

PubMed

Krupiński, Mariusz; Janicki, Tomasz; Pałecz, Bartłomiej; Długoński, Jerzy

2014-09-15

4-n-Nonylphenol (4-n-NP) is an environmental pollutant with endocrine-disrupting activities that is formed during the degradation of nonylphenol polyethoxylates, which are widely used as surfactants. Utilization of 4-n-NP by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus versicolor as the sole carbon and energy source was investigated. By means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we showed that in the absence of any carbon source other than 4-n-NP in the medium, A. versicolor completely removed the xenobiotic (100 mg L(-1)) after 3 d of cultivation. Moreover, mass spectrometric analysis of intracellular extracts led to the identification of eight intermediates. The mineralization of the xenobiotic in cultures supplemented with 4-n-NP [ring-(14)C(U)] as a growth substrate was also assessed. After 3 d of incubation, approximately 50% of the initially applied radioactivity was recovered in the form of (14)CO2, proving that this xenobiotic was completely metabolized and utilized by A. versicolor as a carbon source. Based on microscopic analysis, A. versicolor is capable of germinating spores under such conditions. To confirm these observations, a microcalorimetric method was used. The results show that even the highest amount of 4-n-NP initiates heat production in the fungal samples, proving that metabolic processes were affected by the use of 4-n-NP as an energetic substrate. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Persistence and distribution of 4-nonylphenol in water, sediment, macrophytes, and wall material of littoral enclosures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Heinis, L.J.; Tunell, R.; Liber, K.

1994-12-31

Eighteen enclosures (5 m x 10 m) were constructed in the littoral zone of a 2-ha pond near Duluth, MN. Each enclosure consisted of 5 m of natural shoreline and three walls of an inert plastic. The enclosures had an average surface area of 31.9 m{sup 2} , an average depth of 0.6 m and an average water volume of 33.1 m{sup 3}. The enclosure waters were treated with the alkyl phenol ethoxylate precursor and degradation product 4-nonylphenol. Application was accomplished by sub-surface injection over a 20-day period with a 2 day frequency. Nominal aqueous concentrations were 0, 3, 30,more » 100 and 300 {mu}g/L. Concentrations of 4-nonylphenol were monitored during and after application in the water, sediment, macrophytes, and enclosure wall material. Average maximum water concentrations ranged from 96.5% of nominal to 62.0% of nominal and average minimum water concentrations ranged from 33.3% of nominal to 29.5% of nominal during the application period. Water concentrations decreased exponentially after application ended. Sediment concentrations during the application period were constant from 8 to 20 d and peak concentrations occurred 48 d after application began. Macrophyte concentrations peaked 21 d after initial application with a steady decline through 76 d. Enclosure wall material concentrations reached a peak 3 h before the final application. A gradual decline occurred until 34 d after initial application followed by a more rapid dissipation.« less

Evaluation of model predictions of the ecological effects of 4-nonylphenol -- before and after model refinement

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hanratty, M.P.; Liber, K.

1994-12-31

The Littoral Ecosystem Risk Assessment Model (LERAM) is a bioenergetic ecosystem effects model. It links single species toxicity data to a bioenergetic model of the trophic structure of an ecosystem in order to simulate community and ecosystem level effects of chemical stressors. LERAM was used in 1992 to simulate the ecological effects of diflubenzuron. When compared to the results from a littoral enclosure study, the model exaggerated the cascading of effects through the trophic levels of the littoral ecosystem. It was hypothesized that this could be corrected by making minor changes in the representation of the littoral food web. Twomore » refinements of the model were therefore performed: (1) the plankton and macroinvertebrate model populations [eg., predatory Copepoda, herbivorous Insecta, green phytoplankton, etc.] were changed to better represent the habitat and feeding preferences of the endemic taxa; and (2) the method for modeling the microbial degradation of detritus (and the resulting nutrient remineralization) was changed from simulating bacterial populations to simulating bacterial function. Model predictions of the ecological effects of 4-nonylphenol were made before and after these refinements. Both sets of predictions were then compared to the results from a littoral enclosure study of the ecological effects of 4-nonylphenol. The changes in the LERAM predictions were then used to determine the success of the refinements, to guide. future research, and to further define LERAM`s domain of application.« less

Contamination of nonylphenolic compounds in creek water, wastewater treatment plant effluents, and sediments from Lake Shihwa and vicinity, Korea: Comparison with fecal pollution

USGS Publications Warehouse

Choi, Minkyu; Furlong, Edward T.; Moon, Hyo-Bang; Yu, Jun; Choi, Hee-Gu

2011-01-01

Nonylphenolic compounds (NPs), coprostanol (COP), and cholestanol, major contaminants in industrial and domestic wastewaters, were analyzed in creek water, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, and sediment samples from artificial Lake Shihwa and its vicinity, one of the most industrialized regions in Korea. We also determined mass discharge of NPs and COP, a fecal sterol, into the lake, to understand the linkage between discharge and sediment contamination. Total NP (the sum of nonylphenol, and nonylphenol mono- and di-ethoxylates) were 0.32–875 μg L-1 in creeks, 0.61–87.0 μg L-1 in WWTP effluents, and 29.3–230 μg g-1 TOC in sediments. Concentrations of COP were 0.09–19.0 μg L-1 in creeks, 0.11–44.0 μg L-1 in WWTP effluents, and 2.51–438 μg g-1 TOC in sediments. The spatial distributions of NPs in creeks and sediments from the inshore region were different from those of COP, suggesting that Lake Shihwa contamination patterns from industrial effluents differ from those from domestic effluents. The mass discharge from the combined outfall of the WWTPs, located in the offshore region, was 2.27 kg d-1 for NPs and 1.00 kg d-1 for COP, accounting for 91% and 95% of the total discharge into Lake Shihwa, respectively. The highest concentrations of NPs and COP in sediments were found in samples at sites near the submarine outfall of the WWTPs, indicating that the submarine outfall is an important point source of wastewater pollution in Lake Shihwa.

Effects of repeated exposure to 4-nonylphenol on the zooplankton community in littoral enclosures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

O`Halloran, S.L.; Liber, K.; Gangl, J.A.

1999-03-01

The effects of 4-nonylphenol (NP) on freshwater zooplankton were evaluated in 18 littoral enclosure mesocosms in northeastern Minnesota. The 18 enclosures were allocated to three blocks of six units with each block including two untreated control enclosures and one enclosure for each of four NP treatments. Treated enclosures received 11 applications of NP over a 20-d period between July 8 and 28, 1993. Maximum NP concentrations measured in the water column 2 h after each application averaged ({+-} SD) 5 {+-} 4, 23 {+-} 11, 76 {+-} 21, and 243 {+-} 41 {micro}g/L over the 11 applications. Nonylphenol dissipated rapidlymore » from the water column but was more persistent in sediments and in/on macrophytes. All cladoceran and copepod taxa were significantly reduced in abundance at 243 {+-} 41 {micro}g/L; some sensitive taxa were also affected by 76 {+-} 21 and 23 {+-} 11 {micro}g/L. While many rotifer taxa were unaffected at any of the test concentrations, several were affected at {ge} 76 {+-} 21 {micro}g/L. Ostracods were only affected at 2,243 {+-} 41 {micro}g/L. No zooplankton taxon was affected at 5 {+-} 4 {micro}g/L. The period of maximum impact usually occurred within 1 to 7 d of the last NP application, and recovery to control abundance levels generally occurred within 7 to 28 d of the last NP application. Two sensitive taxa, Acroperus and Calanoida, did not recover at {ge} 76 {+-} 21 {micro}g/L by the end of the study. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration for protection of all zooplankton taxa was estimated at {approximately} 10 {micro}g/L, although overall community diversity was unaffected at 23 {+-} 11. The water was the most probable route of NP exposure, but the greater persistence of NP residues in/on macrophytes may have contributed to the lack of recovery of some macrophyte-associated taxa.« less

Effects of 4-nonylphenol in drinking water on the reproductive capacity of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica).

PubMed

Cheng, Yan; Shan, Zhengjun; Zhou, Junying; Bu, Yuanqing; Li, Pengfu; Lu, Shan

2017-05-01

4-nonylphenol (4-NP), a major degradation product of Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs), is widespread in environment. In this study, the effects of long-term 4-NP exposure in drinking water on Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) were investigated. A total of 45 quails were evenly divided into 15 groups and administrated with various doses (0.1 μg L -1 , 1.0 μg L -1 , 10 μg L -1 and 100 μg L -1 , which reflected the environmental concentrations of 4-NP) of 4-NP in drinking water. The results showed that 4-NP in drinking water had no effect on quails' food intake, but significantly decreased the quails' body weights (P < 0.05) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The egg fertilization rates were also significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in all treatment groups. Moreover, the hatchability was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in 10 μg L -1 and 100 μg L -1 groups, and the 14 d survival rates of young quails were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in 1.0 μg L -1 , 10 μg L -1 and 100 μg L -1 groups. Damaged spermatogenesis in male quails was observed in all treatment groups. Therefore, administration of 4-NP in drinking water impaired the reproductive ability of Japanese quails, and led to pathological lesions in the male gonads. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Endocrine disruption of parr-smolt transformation and seawater tolerance of Atlantic salmon by 4-nonylphenol and 17β-estradiol

USGS Publications Warehouse

McCormick, Stephen D.; O'Dea, Michael F.; Moeckel, Amy M.; Lerner, Darrren T.; Bjornsson, Bjorn Thrandur

2005-01-01

Sex steroids are known to interfere with the parr-smolt transformation of anadromous salmonids, and environmental estrogens such as nonylphenol have recently been implicated in reduced returns of Atlantic salmon in the wild. To determine the endocrine pathways by which estrogenic compounds affect smolt development and seawater tolerance, groups of juvenile Atlantic salmon were injected with one of five doses (0.5, 2, 10, 40 or 150 μg g−1) of branched 4-nonylphenol (NP), 2 μg g−1 of 17β-estradiol (E2), or vehicle, during the parr-smolt transformation in April, and the treatment was repeated 4, 8, and 11 days after the first injection. Plasma was obtained for biochemical analysis 7 and 14 days after initiation of treatment. After 14 days of treatment, additional fish from each treatment group were exposed to seawater for 24 h to assess salinity tolerance. The E2 treatment and the highest NP dose resulted in lower salinity tolerance and decreased plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels, along with elevated levels of plasma vitellogenin and total calcium. Plasma growth hormone levels were elevated at intermediate NP doses only, and not affected by E2. After 7 days, plasma thyroxine (T4) levels decreased in a strong, dose-dependent manner in response to nonylphenol, but after 14 days, this suppressive effect of T4 occurred at the highest NP dose only. Similarly, E2 decreased plasma T4 levels at 7, but not 14 days. Plasma 3,3′,5-triodo-l-thyronine was reduced by E2 and the highest NP dose after 7 and 14 days of treatment. Plasmacortisol levels were not affected by any of the treatments. The results indicate that the parr-smolt transformation and salinity tolerance can be compromised by exposure to estrogenic compounds. Suppression of plasma IGF-I levels is a likely endocrine pathway for the effects of estrogenic compounds on hypo-osmoregulatory capacity, and the detrimental effects of E2 and NP on thyroid hormone levels are

Endocrine disruptors affect larval zebrafish behavior: Testing potential mechanisms and comparisons of behavioral sensitivity to alternative biomarkers.

PubMed

Fraser, Thomas W K; Khezri, Abdolrahman; Lewandowska-Sabat, Anna M; Henry, Theodore; Ropstad, Erik

2017-12-01

Larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) are a tool for assessing endocrine disruption during early development. Here, we investigated the extent to which a simple light/dark behavioral test at five days post fertilization could compliment current methods within the field. We exposed fertilized embryos to hormones (17β-estradiol, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, progesterone, and hydrocortisone) and other relevant compounds (17α ethinylestradiol, bisphenol A, bisphenol S, nonylphenol, flutamide, nilutamide, linuron, drospirenone, potassium perchlorate, mifepristone, and fadrozole) to screen for behavioral effects between 96 and 118h post fertilization (hpf). With the exception of progesterone, all the hormones tested resulted in altered behaviors. However, some inconsistencies were observed regarding the age of the larvae at testing. For example, the xenoestrogens 17α- ethinylestradiol and nonylphenol had behavioral effects at 96hpf, but not at 118hpf. Furthermore, although thyroxine exposure had pronounced effects on behavior, the thyroid disruptor potassium perchlorate did not. Finally, we were unable to demonstrate a role of nuclear receptors following testosterone and 17α- ethinylestradiol exposure, as neither the androgen receptor antagonist flutamide nor the general estrogen receptor inhibitor fulvestrant (ICI) could rescue the observed behavioral effects, respectively. Similarly, molecular markers for androgen and estrogen disruption were upregulated at concentrations below which behavioral effects were observed. These results demonstrate hormones and endocrine disruptors can alter the behavior of larval zebrafish, but the mechanistic pathways remain unclear. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Persistence and distribution of 4-nonylphenol following repeated application to littoral enclosures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Heinis, L.J.; Liber, K.; Tunell, R.L.

1999-03-01

The persistence and distribution of 4-nonylphenol (NP) were monitored for 440 d, following application to 18 littoral enclosures situated in a 2-ha mesotrophic pond near Duluth, Minnesota. Application was accomplished by subsurface, gravity-fed injection over a 20-d period, with a 2-d frequency, to achieve nominal aqueous concentrations of 0, 3, 30, 100, and 300 {micro}g/L. Mean maximum concentrations in the water over the 20-d application period ranged from 75.7 to 81.0% of nominal for the three highest treatment levels and was 181% of nominal at the lowest treatment level. Water was the major compartment, on a mass balance basis, formore » NP until 2 to 4 d after the application period, with a mean time to 50% dissipation (DT50) of 0.74 d and a mean time to 95% dissipation (DT95) of 13.8 d. 4-Nonylphenol partitioned to enclosure wall material, macrophytes, and sediment within 2 d of initial application. Macrophytes accumulated maximum NP concentrations of 11.5 and 139 mg/kg 1 to 2 d after the application period at the 30- and 300-{micro}g/L treatment levels, respectively. Mean DT50 and DT95 estimates of NP persistence in/on the macrophytes were 10.3 and 189 d, respectively. Sediment from the 30- and 300-{micro}g/L treatments accumulated maximum dry weight NP concentrations of 2.74 and 27.4 mg/kg, respectively within 20 to 48 d of the first application. The mean sediment porewater NP concentration was 18.6 {micro}g/L for the period 2 to 34 d after application 1 at the 300-{micro}g/L treatment. The sediment was the primary sink for NP 440 d after the initial application with a concentration of 1.97 mg/kg at the 300-{micro}g/L treatment. Mean sediment DT50 and DT95 values were 66.0 and 401 d, respectively, indicating a long-term persistence of NP. Ecocores collected 1 d after the final NP application did not show significant decreases in sediment NP concentration during a 55-d incubation period, corroborating the NP persistence observed in the littoral enclosures.« less

Pharmaceutical chemicals, steroids and xenoestrogens in water, sediments and fish from the tidal freshwater Potomac River (Virginia, USA).

PubMed

Arya, Golala; Tadayon, Sara; Sadighian, James; Jones, Jennifer; de Mutsert, Kim; Huff, Thomas B; Foster, Gregory D

2017-06-07

Selected pharmaceutical chemicals, steroids and xenoestrogens (PCSXs) consisting of 29 endocrine modulators, therapeutic drugs, pesticides, detergents, plastics, and active ingredients in household products were measured in water, riverbed sediments and fish collected in a tributary embayment of the Potomac River (Hunting Creek, Alexandria, VA, USA) in the vicinity of wastewater discharge. A total of 17 PCSXs were found in the Hunting Creek samples, with steroid hormones (e.g., progesterone and 17α-ethinylestradiol), triclosan, dextromethorphan and bisphenol A being the most prominent micropollutants detected.The geospatial distribution of the PCSXs in Hunting Creek indicated that the steroids correlated with wastewater treatment plant discharge in all matrices, but such an association is tentative in Hunting Creek given the complex nature of urban sources of PCSXs and hydrodynamics in an urban tidal river. The sediment PCSX concentrations correlated with sediment total organic carbon content at all sampling sites. For the most part, the PCSXs showed an enrichment in fish tissue relative to sediments when concentrations were normalized to lipids and sediment organic carbon contents, but the influence of endogenous steroids is also an important consideration for these chemicals.

Human cholestatic hepatitis owing to polyoxyethylene nonylphenol ingestion

PubMed Central

Min, Jihye; Han, Joohye; Kim, Kyungju; Park, Samel; Lee, Sunhyo; Hong, Jungrak; Gil, Hyowook; Song, Hoyeon; Hong, Saeyong

2017-01-01

Abstract Rationale: The purpose of this study was to identify the chemical responsible for cholestatic hepatitis in a 55-year-old woman who ingested 1,1′-iminodi (octamethylene) diguanidinium triacetate (iminoctadine triacetate), a fungicide. The fungicide formulation was also composed of polyoxyethylene nonylphenol (NP-40) and methanol. Patient concerns: Severe cholestatic hepatitis developed, which led to the patient's death on day 88 of hospitalization. Post-mortem necropsy of the liver showed focal hepatocyte necrosis involving mostly the mid-zone, along with intracytoplasmic and intracanalicular cholestasis. Diagnoses: To identify the chemical responsible for hepatic injury, the cellular toxicity of all chemicals in the fungicide formulation was assessed in HepG2 cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiaxol-2yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide test. Outcomes: Viability of cells treated with the surfactant NP-40 was significantly lower (P < .001), but that of cells treated with other components of the fungicide, including the active ingredient, iminoctadine triacetate, was unaffected. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis confirmed that necrosis was induced in HepG2 cells treated with 25–80 μM of NP-40, while significant numbers of apoptotic cells were not detected. Lessons: NP-40 appears to be the chemical responsible for the patient's irreversible hepatic injury, accompanied by intracytoplasmic and intracanalicular cholestasis. PMID:28796059

Combinations of Physiologic Estrogens with Xenoestrogens Alter ERK Phosphorylation Profiles in Rat Pituitary Cells

PubMed Central

Jeng, Yow-Jiun; Watson, Cheryl S.

2011-01-01

Background Estrogens are potent nongenomic phospho-activators of extracellular-signal–regulated kinases (ERKs). A major concern about the toxicity of xenoestrogens (XEs) is potential alteration of responses to physiologic estrogens when XEs are present simultaneously. Objectives We examined estrogen-induced ERK activation, comparing the abilities of structurally related XEs (alkylphenols and bisphenol A) to alter ERK responses induced by physiologic concentrations (1 nM) of estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and estriol (E3). Methods We quantified hormone/mimetic-induced ERK phosphorylations in the GH3/B6/F10 rat pituitary cell line using a plate immunoassay, comparing effects with those on cell proliferation and by estrogen receptor subtype-selective ligands. Results Alone, these structurally related XEs activate ERKs in an oscillating temporal pattern similar (but not identical) to that with physiologic estrogens. The potency of all estrogens was similar (active between femtomolar and nanomolar concentrations). XEs potently disrupted physiologic estrogen signaling at low, environmentally relevant concentrations. Generally, XEs potentiated (at the lowest, subpicomolar concentrations) and attenuated (at the highest, picomolar to 100 nM concentrations) the actions of the physiologic estrogens. Some XEs showed pronounced nonmonotonic responses/inhibitions. The phosphorylated ERK and proliferative responses to receptor-selective ligands were only partially correlated. Conclusions XEs are both imperfect potent estrogens and endocrine disruptors; the more efficacious an XE, the more it disrupts actions of physiologic estrogens. This ability to disrupt physiologic estrogen signaling suggests that XEs may disturb normal functioning at life stages where actions of particular estrogens are important (e.g., development, reproductive cycling, pregnancy, menopause). PMID:20870566

Computational insights into the molecular interactions of environmental xenoestrogens 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, bisphenol A (BPA), and BPA metabolite, 4-methyl-2, 4-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) pent-1-ene (MBP) with human sex hormone-binding globulin.

PubMed

Sheikh, Ishfaq A; Tayubi, Iftikhar A; Ahmad, Ejaz; Ganaie, Majid A; Bajouh, Osama S; AlBasri, Samera F; Abdulkarim, Ibtihal M J; Beg, Mohd A

2017-01-01

Environmental contamination has been one of the major drawbacks of the industrial revolution. Several man-made chemicals are constantly released into the environment during the manufacturing process and by leaching from the industrial products. As a result, human and animal populations are exposed to these synthetic chemicals on a regular basis. Many of these chemicals have adverse effects on the physiological functions, particularly on the hormone systems in human and animals and are called endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), and 4-nonylphenol (NP) are three high volume production EDCs that are widely used for industrial purposes and are present ubiquitously in the environment. Bisphenol A is metabolized in the human body to a more potent compound (MBP: 4-Methyl-2, 4-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) pent-1-ene). Epidemiological and experimental studies have shown the three EDCs to be associated with adverse effects on reproductive system in human and animals. Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a circulatory protein that binds sex steroids and is a potential target for endocrine disruptors in the human body. The current study was done in order to understand the binding mechanism of OP, BPA, NP, and MBP with human SHBG using in silico approaches. All four compounds showed high binding affinity with SHBG, however, the binding affinity values were higher (more negative) for MBP and NP than for OP and BPA. The four ligands interacted with 19-23 residues of SHBG and a consistent overlapping of the interacting residues for the four ligands with the residues for the natural ligand, dihydrotestosterone (DHT; 82-91% commonality) was shown. The overlapping SHBG interacting residues among DHT and the four endocrine disruptors suggested that these compounds have potential for interference and disruption in the steroid binding function. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Biochemical effects of nonylphenol polyethoxylate adjuvant, Diquat herbicide and their mixture on the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.).

PubMed

Sanchez, W; Palluel, O; Lagadic, L; Aït-Aïssa, S; Porcher, J-M

2006-07-01

This study examined the response of 7-ethoxyresorufine-O-deethylase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione content, level of thiobarbituric acid reactive compounds and circulating vitellogenin, in three-spined sticklebacks after 21 days of exposure to Diquat herbicide, commercial nonylphenol polyethoxylate adjuvant and mixture between Diquat and adjuvant. The results showed that adjuvant exerted more important oxidative effects than Diquat and that mixture effects were unlike to single additivity. This study argues for ecotoxicological risk assessment of adjuvants and mixtures of adjuvants and pesticides.

The distribution of 4-nonylphenol in marine organisms of North American Pacific Coast estuaries.

PubMed

Diehl, Jennifer; Johnson, Sarah E; Xia, Kang; West, Amy; Tomanek, Lars

2012-04-01

One of the chemical breakdown products of nonylphenol ethoxylates, 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), accumulates in organisms and is of concern as an environmental pollutant due to its endocrine disrupting effects. We measured 4-NP levels in the seawater, sediment, and twelve organisms within the California estuary, Morro Bay, and examined biomagnification of 4-NP using stable isotope abundances (δ(15)N and δ(13)C) to quantify trophic position. 4-NP concentrations in organisms from Morro Bay included 25000±8600 ng g(-1) lw in liver of California sea lion, 14000±5600 ng g(-1) lw in liver of harbor porpoise, 138000±55000 ng g(-1) lw in liver of sea otters, 15700±3600 ng g(-1) lw in liver of seabirds, 36100±6100 ng g(-1) lw in arrow goby fish, 62800±28400 ng g(-1) lw in oysters, and 12700±1300 ng g(-1) lw in mussels. 4-NP levels generally showed a pattern of trophic dilution among organisms in Morro Bay, with exceptions of biomagnification observed between three trophic links: mussel to sea otter (BMF 10.9), oyster to sea otter (BMF 2.2), and arrow goby to staghorn sculpin (BMF 2.7). Our examination of other west coast estuaries of USA and Canada revealed that mean 4-NP concentrations in gobies and mussels from Morro Bay were significantly higher than those from a more urbanized estuary, San Francisco Bay (goby: 11100±3800 ng g(-1) lw) and from a remote estuary, Bamfield Inlet, Canada (goby: 9000±900 ng g(-1) lw, mussel: 6100±700 ng g(-1) lw). Relative to other estuaries worldwide, 4-NP levels in seawater (0.42±0.16 μg L(-1)) and sediment (53±14 ng g(-1) dw) of Morro Bay are low, but gobies and oysters have higher 4-NP levels than comparable fauna. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Biosorption of nonylphenol by pure algae, field-collected planktons and their fractions.

PubMed

Zhang, Dainan; Ran, Yong; Cao, Xiaoyan; Mao, Jingdong; Cui, Jinfang; Schmidt-Rohr, Klaus

2015-03-01

Algal samples were fractionated into lipid (LP), lipid free (LF), alkaline nonhydrolyzable carbon (ANHC), and acid nonhydrolyzable carbon (NHC) fractions, and were characterized by the quantitative (13)C multiCP NMR technique. The biosorption isotherms for nonylphenol (NP) were established and compared with previously published data for phenanthrene (Phen). The log KOC values are significantly higher for the field-collected plankton samples than for the commercial algae and cultured algae samples, correlating with their lipid contents and aliphatic carbon structure. As the NHC fraction contains more poly(methylene) carbon, it exhibits a higher biosorption capacity. The sorption capacities are negatively related to the polarity index, COO/N-C=O, polar C and O-alkyl C concentrations, but are positively related to the H/O atomic ratios and poly(methylene) carbon. The higher sorption capacities observed for NP than for Phen on the investigated samples are explained by specific interactions such as hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Isolation of a Bacterial Strain Able To Degrade Branched Nonylphenol

PubMed Central

Tanghe, Tom; Dhooge, Willem; Verstraete, Willy

1999-01-01

Conventional enrichment of microorganisms on branched nonylphenol (NP) as only carbon and energy source yielded mixed cultures able to grow on the organic compound. However, plating yielded no single colonies capable, alone or in combination with other isolates, of degrading the NP in liquid culture. Therefore, a special approach was used, referred to as “serial dilution-plate resuspension,” to reduce culture complexity. In this way, one isolate, TTNP3, tentatively identified as a Sphingomonas sp., was found to be able to grow on NP in liquid culture. Remarkably, this isolate was able to be filtered through a 0.45-μm-pore-diameter filter. Moreover, isolate TTNP3 did not form visible colonies on mineral medium with NP, and it formed visible colonies on R2A agar only after a prolonged incubation of 1 week. High-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis of the culture media indicated that the strain starts the degradation of NP with a fission of the phenol ring and preferably uses the para isomer of NP and not the ortho isomer. No distinct accumulation of an intermediary product could be observed. PMID:9925611

Urinary Concentrations of Bisphenol A and 4-Nonylphenol in a Human Reference Population

PubMed Central

Calafat, Antonia M.; Kuklenyik, Zsuzsanna; Reidy, John A.; Caudill, Samuel P.; Ekong, John; Needham, Larry L.

2005-01-01

Bisphenol A (BPA) is used to manufacture polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins, which are used in baby bottles, as protective coatings on food containers, and for composites and sealants in dentistry. 4-Nonylphenol (NP) is used to make nonylphenol ethoxylates, nonionic surfactants applied as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing, or stabilizing agents in industrial, agricultural, and domestic consumer products. The potential for human exposure to BPA and NP is high because of their widespread use. We measured BPA and NP in archived urine samples from a reference population of 394 adults in the United States using isotope-dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The concentration ranges of BPA and NP were similar to those observed in other human populations. BPA was detected in 95% of the samples examined at concentrations ≥0.1 μg/L urine; the geometric mean and median concentrations were 1.33 μg/L (1.36 μg/g creatinine) and 1.28 μg/L (1.32 μg/g creatinine), respectively; the 95th percentile concentration was 5.18 μg/L (7.95 μg/g creatinine). NP was detected in 51% of the samples examined ≥0.1 μg/L. The median and 95th percentile concentrations were < 0.1 μg/L and 1.57 μg/L (1.39 μg/g creatinine), respectively. The frequent detection of BPA suggests widespread exposure to this compound in residents of the United States. The lower frequency of detection of NP than of BPA could be explained by a lower exposure of humans to NP, by different pharmacokinetic factors (i.e., absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination), by the fact that 4-n-nonylphenol—the measured NP isomer—represents a small percentage of the NP used in commercial mixtures, or a combination of all of the above. Additional research is needed to determine the best urinary biomarker(s) to assess exposure to NP. Despite the sample population’s nonrepresentativeness of the U.S. population (although sample weights were used to improve the extent to which the results represent the U

Removal and Biodegradation of Nonylphenol by Four Freshwater Microalgae

PubMed Central

He, Ning; Sun, Xian; Zhong, Yu; Sun, Kaifeng; Liu, Weijie; Duan, Shunshan

2016-01-01

The removal and biodegradation of nonylphenol (NP) by four freshwater microalgae, including three green algae (Scendesmus quadriauda, Chlorella vulgaris, and Ankistrodesmus acicularis) and one cyanobacterium (Chroococcus minutus) were studied in bacteria-free cultures exposed to different concentrations of NP for 5 days. All four algal species showed a rapid and high ability to remove NP (including bioaccumulation and biodegradation). Among these species, A. acicularis (Ankistrodesmus acicularis) had the highest NP removal rate (83.77%) at 120 h when exposed to different NP treatments (0.5–2.5 mg·L−1), followed by C. vulgaris (Chlorella vulgaris) (80.80%), S. quadriauda (Scendesmus quadriauda) (70.96%) and C. minutus (Chroococcus minutus) (64.26%). C. vulgaris had the highest NP biodegradation percentage (68.80%) at 120 h, followed by A. acicularis (65.63%), S. quadriauda (63.10%); and C. minutus (34.91%). The extracellular NP contents were lower than the intracellular NP contents in all tested algae. The ratio of the extracellular NP content and the intracellular NP content ranged from 0.04 to 0.85. Therefore, the removal of NP from the medium was mainly due to the algal degradation. These results indicate that A. acicularis and C. vulgaris are more tolerant to NP and could be used for treatment of NP contaminated aqueous systems effectively by bioremoval and biodegradation. PMID:27983663

Removal of surfactants nonylphenol ethoxylates from municipal sewage-comparison of an A/O process and biological aerated filters.

PubMed

Gao, Dawen; Li, Zhe; Guan, Junxue; Li, Yifan; Ren, Nanqi

2014-02-01

The concentrations of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPnEO, n=1 to 2) and nonylphenol (NP) in water and sludge samples were measured from a full scale sewage treatment plant (STP) with an Anaerobic/Oxic (A/O) and a Biological Aerated Filter (BAF) process. The A/O process was found to exhibit improved performance in comparison to the BAF process. Mean values of NP, NP1EO and NP2EO concentrations in influents from the STP were similar, ranging from 1.8 to 2.0×10(3)ngL(-1). In the A/O process, the removal efficiency of NP, NP1EO and NP2EO from the aqueous phase was 78%, 84%, and 89%, respectively. In contrast, the removal efficiencies of NP, NP1EO, and NP2EO were relatively lower for the BAF process, at 55%, 76%, and 79%, respectively. High concentrations of NP, NP1EO and NP2EO detected in the sludge samples had a maximum value of 2.7μgg(-1) dw, which indicates that improvement in the overall elimination of NP, NP1EO and NP2EO may be associated with adsorption by the sludge. To further investigate the fate of NP, NP1EO and NP2EO in the STP, our research assessed the degradation characteristics of NP by calculating its transformational loss in the STP. The results demonstrate that the quantity of NP measured in the effluent from the oxic unit increased by 32%, which indicates that NP1EO and NP2EO may undergo degradation in the oxic conditions. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Composting of 4-nonylphenol-contaminated river sediment with inocula of Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

PubMed

Huang, Danlian; Qin, Xingmeng; Xu, Piao; Zeng, Guangming; Peng, Zhiwei; Wang, Rongzhong; Wan, Jia; Gong, Xiaomin; Xue, Wenjing

2016-12-01

A composting study was performed to investigate the degradation of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in river sediment by inoculating Phanerochaete chrysosporium (Pc). Pc was inoculated into composting Reactor A, C and D, while Reactor B without inocula was used as control. The results showed that composting with Pc accelerated the degradation of 4-NP, increased the catalase and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activities in contaminated sediment. The dissipation half-life (t 1/2 ) of 4-NP in Reactor A, C and D with inocula of Pc were 2.079, 2.558, 2.424days, while in Reactor B without inocula of Pc it was 3.239days, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the contents of 4-NP in sediment in Reactor A and D were negatively correlated with the actives of laccase, whereas no obvious correlation was observed in Reactor B and C. All these findings also indicated that Pc enhanced the maturity of compost, and the best composting C/N ratio was 25.46:1. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Gender-specific induction of cytochrome P450s in nonylphenol-treated FVB/NJ mice

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hernandez, Juan P.; Chapman, Laura M.; Kretschmer, Xiomara C.

2006-10-15

Nonylphenol (NP) is a breakdown product of nonylphenol ethoxylates, which are used in a variety of industrial, agricultural, household cleaning, and beauty products. NP is one of the most commonly found toxicants in the United States and Europe and is considered a toxicant of concern because of its long half-life. NP is an environmental estrogen that also activates the pregnane X-receptor (PXR) and in turn induces P450s. No study to date has examined the gender-specific effects of NP on hepatic P450 expression. We provided NP at 0, 50 or 75 mg/kg/day for 7 days to male and female FVB/NJ micemore » and compared their P450 expression profiles. Q-PCR was performed on hepatic cDNA using primers to several CYP isoforms regulated by PXR or its relative, the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). In female mice, NP induced Cyp2b10 and Cyp2b13, and downregulated the female-specific P450s, Cyp3a41 and Cyp3a44. In contrast, male mice treated with NP showed increased expression of Cyp2a4, Cyp2b9, and Cyp2b10. Western blots confirmed induction of Cyp2b subfamily members in both males and females. Consistent with the Q-PCR data, Western blots showed dose-dependent downregulation of Cyp3a only in females and induction of Cyp2a only in males. The overall increase in female-predominant P450s in males (Cyp2a4, 2b9) and the decrease in female-predominant P450s in females (Cyp3a41, 3a44) suggest that NP is in part feminizing the P450 profile in males and masculinizing the P450 profile in females. Testosterone hydroxylation was also altered in a gender-specific manner, as testosterone 16{alpha}-hydroxylase activity was only induced in NP-treated males. In contrast, NP-treated females demonstrated a greater propensity for metabolizing zoxazolamine probably due to greater Cyp2b induction in females. In conclusion, NP causes gender-specific P450 induction and therefore exposure to NP may cause distinct pharmacological and toxicological effects in males compared to females.« less

Gender-specific induction of cytochrome P450s in nonylphenol-treated FVB/NJ mice

PubMed Central

Hernandez, Juan P.; Chapman, Laura M.; Kretschmer, Xiomara C.; Baldwin, William S.

2007-01-01

Nonylphenol (NP) is a breakdown product of nonylphenol ethoxylates, which are used in a variety of industrial, agricultural, household cleaning, and beauty products. NP is one of the most commonly found toxicants in the United States and Europe and is considered a toxicant of concern because of its long half-life. NP is an environmental estrogen that also activates the pregnane X-receptor (PXR) and in turn induces P450s. No study to date has examined the gender-specific effects of NP on hepatic P450 expression. We provided NP at 0, 50 or 75 mg/kg/day for 7 days to male and female FVB/NJ mice and compared their P450 expression profiles. Q-PCR was performed on hepatic cDNA using primers to several CYP isoforms regulated by PXR or its relative, the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). In female mice, NP induced Cyp2b10 and Cyp2b13, and downregulated the female-specific P450s, Cyp3a41 and Cyp3a44. In contrast, male mice treated with NP showed increased expression of Cyp2a4, Cyp2b9, and Cyp2b10. Western blots confirmed induction of Cyp2b subfamily members in both males and females. Consistent with the Q-PCR data, Western blots showed dose-dependent downregulation of Cyp3a only in females and induction of Cyp2a only in males. The overall increase in female-predominant P450s in males (Cyp2a4, 2b9) and the decrease in female-predominant P450s in females (Cyp3a41, 3a44) suggest that NP is in part feminizing the P450 profile in males and masculinizing the P450 profile in females. Testosterone hydroxylation was also altered in a gender-specific manner, as testosterone 16α-hydroxylase activity was only induced in NP-treated males. In contrast, NP-treated females demonstrated a greater propensity for metabolizing zoxazolamine probably due to greater Cyp2b induction in females. In conclusion, NP causes gender-specific P450 induction and therefore exposure to NP may cause distinct pharmacological and toxicological effects in males compared to females. PMID:16828826

Transcriptional response of mysid crustacean, Americamysis bahia, is affected by subchronic exposure to nonylphenol.

PubMed

Uchida, Masaya; Hirano, Masashi; Ishibashi, Hiroshi; Kobayashi, Jun; Kagami, Yoshihiro; Koyanagi, Akiko; Kusano, Teruhiko; Koga, Minoru; Arizono, Koji

2016-11-01

Nonylphenol (NP) has been classified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical. In this study, we conducted mysid DNA microarray analysis with which has 2240 oligo DNA probes to observe differential gene expressions in mysid crustacean (Americamysis bahia) exposed to 1, 3, 10 and 30 μg/l of NP for 14 days. As a result, we found 31, 27, 39 and 68 genes were differentially expressed in the respective concentrations. Among these genes, the expressions of five particular genes were regulated in a similar manner at all concentrations of the NP exposure. So, we focused on one gene encoding cuticle protein, and another encoding cuticular protein analogous to peritrophins 1-H precursor. These genes were down-regulated by NP exposure in a dose-dependent manner, and it suggested that they were related in a reduction of the number of molting in mysids. Thus, they might become useful molecular biomarker candidates to evaluate molting inhibition in mysids. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Determination of bisphenol A, 4-octylphenol, and 4-nonylphenol in soft drinks and dairy products by ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with derivatization and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

PubMed

Lv, Tao; Zhao, Xian-En; Zhu, Shuyun; Qu, Fei; Song, Cuihua; You, Jinmao; Suo, Yourui

2014-10-01

A novel hyphenated method based on ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled to precolumn derivatization has been established for the simultaneous determination of bisphenol A, 4-octylphenol, and 4-nonylphenol by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Different parameters that influence microextraction and derivatization have been optimized. The quantitative linear range of analytes is 5.0-400.0 ng/L, and the correlation coefficients are more than 0.9998. Limits of detection for soft drinks and dairy products have been obtained in the range of 0.5-1.2 ng/kg and 0.01-0.04 μg/kg, respectively. Relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-day precision for retention time and peak area are in the range of 0.47-2.31 and 2.76-8.79%, respectively. Accuracy is satisfactory in the range of 81.5-118.7%. Relative standard deviations of repeatability are in the range of 0.35-1.43 and 2.36-4.75% for retention time and peak area, respectively. Enrichment factors for bisphenol A, 4-octylphenol, and 4-nonylphenol are 170.5, 240.3, and 283.2, respectively. The results of recovery and matrix effect are in the range of 82.7-114.9 and 92.0-109.0%, respectively. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of bisphenol A, 4-octylphenol, and 4-nonylphenol in soft drinks and dairy products with much higher sensitivity than many other methods. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Structure-biodegradability relationship of nonylphenol isomers during biological wastewater treatment process.

PubMed

Hao, Ruixia; Li, Jianbing; Zhou, Yuwen; Cheng, Shuiyuan; Zhang, Yi

2009-05-01

The relationship between nonylphenol (NP) isomer structure and its biodegradability within the wastewater treatment process of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was investigated. The GC-MS method was used for detecting the NP isomers existing in the SBR influent, activated sludge and effluent. Fifteen NP isomers were detected in the influent, with significant biodegradability variations being observed among these isomers. It was found that the NP isomers associated with retention time of 10.553, 10.646, 10.774, and 10.906 min in the GC-MS analysis showed higher biodegradability, while the isomers with retention time of 10.475, 10.800, and 10.857 min illustrated lower biodegradability. Through analyzing the mass spectrograms, the chemical structures of four selected NP isomers in the wastewater were further deduced. The higher correlation coefficients of 0.9421 and 0.9085 were observed between the NP isomer biodegradation rates and the molecular connectivity indexes with the order of two and four, respectively. Such correlation analysis indicated that a more complex side branch structure (such as a larger side carbon-chain branch or more branches in the nonyl) of NP isomer would lead to lower biodegradability, and a longer nonyl chain of the isomer would result in a higher biodegradability.

In vitro effect of 4-nonylphenol on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulated hormone secretion, cell viability and reactive oxygen species generation in mice Leydig cells.

PubMed

Jambor, Tomáš; Tvrdá, Eva; Tušimová, Eva; Kováčik, Anton; Bistáková, Jana; Forgács, Zsolt; Lukáč, Norbert

2017-03-01

Nonylphenol is considered an endocrine disruptor and has been reported to affect male reproductive functions. In our in vitro study, we evaluated the effects of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) on cholesterol levels, hormone formation and viability in cultured Leydig cells from adult ICR male mice. We also determined the potential impact of 4-NP on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after 44 h of cultivation. The cells were cultured with addition of 0.04; 0.2; 1.0; 2.5 and 5.0 μg/mL of 4-NP in the present of 1 IU/mL human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and compared to the control. The quantity of cholesterol was determined from culture medium using photometry. Determination of hormone production was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Metabolic activity assay was used for quantification of cell viability. The chemiluminescence technique, which uses a luminometer to measure reactive oxygen species, was employed. Applied doses of 4-NP (0.04-5.0 μg/mL) slight increase cholesterol levels and decrease production of dehydroepiandrosterone after 44 h of cultivation, but not significantly. Incubation of 4-NP treated cells with hCG significantly (P < 0.001) inhibited androstenedione, but not testosterone, formation at the highest concentration (5.0 μg/mL). The viability was significantly (P < 0.05); (P < 0.001) increased at 1.0; 2.5 and 5.0 μg/mL of 4-NP after 44 h treatment. Furthermore, 44 h treatment of 4-NP (0.04-5.0 μg/mL) caused significant (P < 0.001) intracellular accumulation of ROS in exposed cells. Taken together, the results of our in vitro study reported herein is consistent with the conclusion that 4-nonylphenol is able to influence hormonal profile, cell viability and generate ROS. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The impact of co-contaminants and septic system effluent quality on the transport of estrogens and nonylphenols through soil.

PubMed

Stanford, Benjamin D; Amoozegar, Aziz; Weinberg, Howard S

2010-03-01

The impact that varying qualities of wastewater may have on the movement of steroid estrogens through soils into groundwater is little understood. In this study, the steroid estrogens 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) were followed through batch and column studies to examine the impact that organic wastewater constituents from on-site wastewater treatment systems (i.e., septic systems or decentralized systems) may have on influencing the rate of transport of estrogens through soils. Total organic carbon (TOC) content (as a surrogate indicator of overall wastewater quality) and the presence of nonyl-phenol polyethoxylate surfactants (NPEO) at concentrations well below the critical micelle concentration were independently shown to be indicative of earlier breakthrough and less partitioning to soil in batch and column experiments. Both NPEO and wastewater with increasing TOC concentrations led to shifts in the equilibrium of E1 and E2 towards the aqueous phase and caused the analytes to have an earlier breakthrough than in control experiments. The presence of nonylphenols, on the other hand, did not appreciably impact partitioning of E1 or E2. Biodegradation of the steroids in soil was also lower in the presence of septic tank effluents than in an organic-free control water. Furthermore, the data indicate that the rate of movement of E1 and E2 present in septic tank effluent through soils and into groundwater can be decreased by removing the NPEOs and TOC through wastewater treatment prior to sub-surface disposal. This study offers some insights into mechanisms which impact degradation, transformation, and retardation, and shows that TOC and NPEO surfactants play a role in estrogen transport. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Steroid estrogens, nonylphenol ethoxylate metabolites, and other wastewater contaminants in groundwater affected by a residential septic system on Cape Cod, MA.

PubMed

Swartz, Christopher H; Reddy, Sharanya; Benotti, Mark J; Yin, Haifei; Barber, Larry B; Brownawell, Bruce J; Rudel, Ruthann A

2006-08-15

Septic systems serve approximately 25% of U.S. households and may be an important source of estrogenic and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWC) to groundwater. We monitored several estrogenic OWC, including nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol mono- and diethoxycarboxylates (NP1EC and NP2EC), the steroid hormones 17beta-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) and their glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, and other OWC such as methylene blue active substances (MBAS), caffeine and its degradation product paraxanthine, and two fluorescent whitening agents in a residential septic system and in downgradient groundwater. E1 and E2 were present predominantly as free estrogens in groundwater, and near-source groundwater concentrations of all OWC were highest in the suboxic to anoxic portion of the wastewater plume, where concentrations of most OWC were similar to those observed in the septic tank on the same day. NP and NP2EC were up to 6- to 30-fold higher, and caffeine and paraxanthine were each 60-fold lower than septic tank concentrations, suggesting net production and removal, respectively, of these constituents. At the most shallow, oxic depth, concentrations of all OWC except for NP2EC were substantially lower than in the tank and in deeper wells. Yet boron, specific conductance, and the sum of nitrate-and ammonia-nitrogen were highest at this shallow depth, suggesting preferential losses of OWC along the more oxic flow lines. As far as 6.0 m downgradient, concentrations of many OWC were within a factor of 2 of near-source concentrations. The results suggest that there is the potential for migration of these OWC, which are unregulated and not routinely monitored, in groundwater.

Steroid estrogens, nonylphenol ethoxylate metabolites, and other wastewater contaminants in groundwater affected by a residential septic system on cape cod, MA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Swartz, C.H.; Reddy, S.; Benotti, M.J.; Yin, H.; Barber, L.B.; Brownawell, Bruce J.; Rudel, R.A.

2006-01-01

Septic systems serve approximately 25% of U.S. households and may be an important source of estrogenic and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWC) to groundwater. We monitored several estrogenic OWC, including nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol mono- and diethoxycarboxylates (NP1EC and NP2EC), the steroid hormones 17??-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) and their glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, and other OWC such as methylene blue active substances (MBAS), caffeine and its degradation product paraxanthine, and two fluorescent whitening agents in a residential septic system and in downgradient groundwater. E1 and E2 were present predominantly as free estrogens in groundwater, and near-source groundwater concentrations of all OWC were highest in the suboxic to anoxic portion of the wastewater plume, where concentrations of most OWC were similar to those observed in the septic tank on the same day. NP and NP2EC were up to 6- to 30-fold higher, and caffeine and paraxanthine were each 60-fold lower than septic tank concentrations, suggesting net production and removal, respectively, of these constituents. At the most shallow, oxic depth, concentrations of all OWC except for NP2EC were substantially lower than in the tank and in deeper wells. Yet boron, specific conductance, and the sum of nitrate-and ammonia-nitrogen were highest at this shallow depth, suggesting preferential losses of OWC along the more oxic flow lines. As far as 6.0 m downgradient, concentrations of many OWC were within a factor of 2 of near-source concentrations. The results suggest that there is the potential for migration of these OWC, which are unregulated and not routinely monitored, in groundwater. ?? 2006 American Chemical Society.

Degradation of the commercial surfactant nonylphenol ethoxylate by advanced oxidation processes.

PubMed

da Silva, Salatiel Wohlmuth; Klauck, Cláudia Regina; Siqueira, Marco Antônio; Bernardes, Andréa Moura

2015-01-23

Four different oxidation process, namely direct photolysis (DP) and three advanced oxidation processes (heterogeneous photocatalysis - HP, eletrochemical oxidation - EO and photo-assisted electrochemical oxidation - PEO) were applied in the treatment of wastewater containing nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPnEO). The objective of this work was to determine which treatment would be the best option in terms of degradation of NPnEO without the subsequent generation of toxic compounds. In order to investigate the degradation of the surfactant, the processes were compared in terms of UV/Vis spectrum, mineralization (total organic carbon), reaction kinetics, energy efficiency and phytotoxicity. A solution containing NPnEO was prepared as a surrogate of the degreasing wastewater, was used in the processes. The results showed that the photo-assisted processes degrade the surfactant, producing biodegradable intermediates in the reaction. On the other hand, the electrochemical process influences the mineralization of the surfactant. The process of PEO carried out with a 250W lamp and a current density of 10mA/cm(2) showed the best results in terms of degradation, mineralization, reaction kinetics and energy consumption, in addition to not presenting phytotoxicity. Based on this information, this process can be a viable alternative for treating wastewater containing NPnEO, avoiding the contamination of water resources. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Photolysis of nonylphenol ethoxylates: the determination of the degradation kinetics and the intermediate products.

PubMed

Chen, Ling; Zhou, Hai-Yun; Deng, Qin-Ying

2007-06-01

The photolysis of nonylphenol ethoxylates with an average oligomers length of ten ethoxylate units (NPEO(10)) in aqueous solution under UV, as well as the influence of humic acid (HA) on the photolysis was studied. A 125W high-pressure mercury lamp was employed as the light source. The intermediate products from the photolysis were determined by LC-MS. The results indicated that NPEO(10) underwent direct photolysis upon exposed to UV. The degradation pathway was complex. Besides the generally proposed degradation pathway of ethylene oxide (EO) side chains shortening, the oxidation of alkyl chain and EO chain led to intermediates having both a carboxylated (as well as carbonylated) ethoxylate and alkyl chain of varying lengths. The hydrogenation of benzene ring was also detected. The kinetics data showed that the first order reaction kinetics could be well used to describe the kinetics of NPEO(10) degradation. In the presence of dissolved organic matter by HA addition, the performance of NPEO(10) photodegradation was reduced. The photolysis rate decreased with increased HA concentration.

4-Nonylphenol induced DNA damage and repair in fish, Channa punctatus after subchronic exposure.

PubMed

Sharma, Madhu; Chadha, Pooja

2017-07-01

The detection of a possible DNA damaging effect of 4-nonylphenol (NP) after subchronic exposure and repair after cessation of exposure to Channa punctatus is the aim of the present study. Channa punctatus was exposed to different concentrations (0.15 mg/l, 0.10 mg/l, and 0.07 mg/l) of NP along with positive control (ethanol) and negative control (water) for 90 d and after that allowed to recover for 30 d. Comet assay and micronucleus assay were used for the determination of DNA damage and repair by using blood cells. The effect was seen after 30, 60, and 90 d of exposure. Time- and dose-dependent increase in DNA damage was found as revealed by both the end points studied. Evident recovery was observed after 30 d of cessation of exposure. Blood cells were successfully appeared to achieve the restoration of DNA integrity. Hence, the study aimed to improve the knowledge of the genetic hazard to fish associated with NP exposure and provide a wide scope to discover the efficiency of DNA repair system in C. punctatus.

Using a liver cell culture from Epinephelus coioides as a model to evaluate the nonylphenol-induced oxidative stress.

PubMed

Derakhshesh, Negin; Movahedinia, AbdolAli; Salamat, Negin; Hashemitabar, Mahmoud; Bayati, Vahid

2017-09-15

The present study aimed to use primary liver cell culture derived from the orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, to assess the toxic effects of nonylphenol (NP) on the hepatocyte viability and the liver antioxidant system. E. coioides was selected due to its commercial importance. NP was used in this study because of its high potential of producing oxidative stress due to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). A liver of E. coioides was digested with PBS containing 0.1% collagenase IV. The digested cells were moved to Leibovitz L-15 culture medium with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100IUmL -1 penicillin, 100μgmL -1 streptomycin. Aliquots of cell suspension were seeded as a monolayer into sterile 25cm 2 tissue culture flasks and incubated at 30°C for 14days. The medium, containing non-attached cells, was removed after 24 to 48h and a new medium was added. The IC50 of 10 -4 molL -1 was determined for nonylphenol using MTT assay. Cells were then incubated with L-15 medium containing 10 -5 , 2×10 -5 , 3×10 -5 molL -1 of NP and samples were taken after 6, 12 and 24h of incubation for analysis of LPO, SOD, CAT, GPx, LDH, AST, ALT, and ALP. Based on the results, the lowest concentration of NP was not markedly cytotoxic to primary hepatocytes and the cell sensitivity to NP increased dose-dependently. The activities of SOD, CAT and GPx decreased significantly, while activities of LPO, LDH, AST, ALT and ALP, increased significantly in a dose-related pattern in NP-treated cells. In conclusion, this study revealed that NP could induce the oxidative stress in cultivated hepatocytes of E. coioides during a short-term exposure. NP toxicity is mainly due to the induction of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), which lead to cell membrane disruption, damage of cellular metabolism, and interference with cellular macromolecules. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Subsurface fate and transport of sulfamethoxazole, 4-nonylphenol, and 17β-estradiol

USGS Publications Warehouse

Barber, L.B.; Meyer, M.T.; LeBlanc, D.R.; Kolpin, Dana W.; Radley, Paul; Chapelle, F.; Rubio, F.

2008-01-01

Subsurface fate and transport of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SX), the non-ionic surfactant degradation product 4-nonylphenol (NP), and the sex hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) were evaluated in a plume of contaminated groundwater at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. The plume is the result of 60 years of wastewater treatment plant effluent disposal into rapid infiltration beds. Natural-gradient, in situ tracer experiments were used to evaluate subsurface transport of SX, NP, and E2 (injected at 300, 530, and 0.55 µg/L, respectively) relative to the conservative tracer bromide. Two geochemical zones were evaluated: (1) uncontaminated groundwater overlying the plume, and (2) contaminated groundwater within the plume that has recently become oxic after decades of anoxic conditions. The uncontaminated groundwater is characterized by a microbial community unacclimated to treated wastewater, whereas the contaminated groundwater is characterized by microbes acclimated to wastewater contaminants. Results from the tracer tests in both zones showed that the antibiotic SX was co-transported with the conservative tracer bromide, with little retardation or mass removal. In contrast, NP and E2, which are more hydrophobic and biodegradable, showed sorption (relative retardation factors ranged up to 5.9) and mass loss at both the uncontaminated and contaminated sites.

Aerobic biodegradation of a nonylphenol polyethoxylate and toxicity of the biodegradation metabolites.

PubMed

Jurado, Encarnación; Fernández-Serrano, Mercedes; Núñez-Olea, Josefa; Lechuga, Manuela

2009-09-01

In this paper a study was made of the biodegradation of a non-ionic surfactant, a nonylphenol polyethoxylate, in biodegradability tests by monitoring the residual surfactant matter. The influence of the concentration on the extent of primary biodegradation, the toxicity of biodegradation metabolites, and the kinetics of degradation were also determined. The primary biodegradation was studied at different initial concentrations: 5, 25 and 50 mg/L, (at sub-and supra-critical micelle concentration). The NPEO used in this study can be considered biodegradable since the primary biodegradation had already taken place (a biodegradation greater than 80% was found for the different initial concentration tested). The initial concentration affected the shape of the resulting curve, the mean biodegradation rate and the percentage of biodegradation reached (99% in less than 8 days at 5 mg/L, 98% in less than 13 days at 25 mg/L and 95% in 14 days at 50 mg/L). The kinetic model of Quiroga and Sales (1991) was applied to predict the biodegradation of the NPEO. The toxicity value was measured as EC(20) and EC(50). In addition, during the biodegradation process of the surfactant a toxicity analysis was made of the evolution of metabolites generated, confirming that the subproducts of the biodegradation process were more toxic than the original.

Enhanced bioremediation of 4-nonylphenol and cadmium co-contaminated sediment by composting with Phanerochaete chrysosporium inocula.

PubMed

Xu, Piao; Lai, Cui; Zeng, Guangming; Huang, Danlian; Chen, Ming; Song, Biao; Peng, Xin; Wan, Jia; Hu, Liang; Duan, Abing; Tang, Wangwang

2018-02-01

Composting is identified as an effective approach for solid waste disposal. The bioremediation of 4-nonylphenol (4NP) and cadmium (Cd) co-contaminated sediment was investigated by composting with Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) inocula. P. chrysosporium inocula and proper C/N ratios (25.51) accelerated the composting process accompanied with faster total organic carbon loss, 4NP degradation and Cd passivation. Microbiological analysis demonstrated that elevated activities of lignocellulolytic enzymes and sediment enzymes was conducive to organic chemical transformation. Bacterial community diversity results illustrated that Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were predominant species during the whole composting process. Aerobic cellulolytic bacteria and organic degrading species played significant roles. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) extraction and germination indices results indicated the efficient detoxification of 4NP and Cd co-contaminated sediment after 120 days of composting. Overall, results demonstrated that P. chrysosporium enhanced composting was available for the bioremediation of 4NP and Cd co-contaminated sediment. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sexually disrupting effects of nonylphenol and diethylstilbestrol on male silver carp (Carassius auratus) in aquatic microcosms.

PubMed

Yang, Lihua; Lin, Li; Weng, Shaoping; Feng, Zhiqin; Luan, Tiangang

2008-10-01

Based on detected nonylphenol (NP) levels in aquaculture water, this study investigated sexually disrupting effects in mature male silver carp (Carassius auratus) exposed to NP and a positive control diethylstilbestrol (DES). The combined evidences of steroid hormone (17beta-estradiol, estrone and testosterone) levels and hispathological pictures showed that NP (10 microg/L) and DES could exert estrogenic effects through indirect mechanisms [i.e. increased estrogens levels (up to two times) and decreased androgen level in serum (down to 20-30%)], which might subsequently induce vitellogenin synthesis in liver. Environmental realistic concentrations of NP might be on the verge of inducing significant estrogenic effects in male silver carps. High amounts of NP and DES might be accumulated in fish serum, and the uptake by fish was possibly responsible for their quick attenuation in experimental tank water. NP and DES might have different metabolic mechanisms, the estrogenic effects of DES were more significant than those of NP.

Removal of nonylphenol from industrial sludge by using an electron beam

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, Jang-Seung; Park, Jun-Hyun; Kim, Yuri; Kim, JinKyu; Jung, SeungTae; Han, Bumsoo; Alkhuraiji, Turki S.

2016-09-01

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and potential EDCs are mostly man-made, found in various materials such as pesticides, additives or contaminants in food, and personal care products. EDCs have been suspected to be associated with altered reproductive function in males and females increased incidence of breast cancer, abnormal growth patterns and neuro-developmental delays in children and changes in immune function. A number of processes were investigated regarding their potential for removing of endocrine disrupters. Those processes are ferric chloride coagulation, powdered activated carbon, magnetic ion exchange combined with microfiltration or ultrafiltration, as well as nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. They show some good removal of EDCs in aqueous solution, but do not show good efficiency when EDCs are in sludge. High energy ionizing radiation has the ability to remove the EDCs with a very high degree of reliability and in a clean and efficient manner. The ionizing radiation interacts with EDCs both directly and indirectly. Direct interaction takes place with EDCs, and the structure of EDCs is destroyed or changed. During indirect interaction, radiolysis products of water result in the formation of highly reactive intermediates which then react with the target molecules, culminating in structural changes. For confirmation of radiation reduction of EDCs in industrial sludge, a pilot scale experiment up to 50 kGy of electron beam was conducted with samples from the textile dyeing industries. The experimental result showed over a 90% reduction of nonylphenol (NP) at absorbed doses of around 10 kGy.

A facile electrochemical sensor for nonylphenol determination based on the enhancement effect of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.

PubMed

Lu, Qing; Zhang, Weina; Wang, Zhihui; Yu, Guangxia; Yuan, Yuan; Zhou, Yikai

2013-01-07

A facile electrochemical sensor for the determination of nonylphenol (NP) was fabricated in this work. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), which formed a bilayer on the surface of the carbon paste (CP) electrode, displayed a remarkable enhancement effect for the electrochemical oxidation of NP. Moreover, the oxidation peak current of NP at the CTAB/CP electrode demonstrated a linear relationship with NP concentration, which could be applied in the direct determination of NP. Some experimental parameters were investigated, such as external solution pH, mode and time of accumulation, concentration and modification time of CTAB and so on. Under optimized conditions, a wide linear range from 1.0 × 10(-7) mol·L(-1) to 2.5 × 10(-5) mol·L(-1) was obtained for the sensor, with a low limit of detection at 1.0 × 10(-8) mol·L(-1). Several distinguishing advantages of the as-prepared sensor, including facile fabrication, easy operation, low cost and so on, suggest a great potential for its practical applications.

Aerobic biodegradation potential of endocrine disrupting chemicals in surface-water sediment at Rocky Mountains National Park, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Bradley, Paul M.; Battaglin, William A.; Iwanowicz, Luke R.; Clark, Jimmy M.; Journey, Celeste A.

2016-01-01

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) in surface water and bed sediment threaten the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. In natural, remote, and protected surface-water environments where contaminant releases are sporadic, contaminant biodegradation is a fundamental driver of exposure concentration, timing, duration, and, thus, EDC ecological risk. Anthropogenic contaminants, including known and suspected EDC, were detected in surface water and sediment collected from 2 streams and 2 lakes in Rocky Mountains National Park (ROMO). The potential for aerobic EDC biodegradation was assessed in collected sediments using 6 14C-radiolabeled model compounds. Aerobic microbial mineralization of natural (estrone and 17β-estradiol) and synthetic (17α-ethinylestradiol) estrogen was significant at all sites. ROMO bed sediment microbial communities also effectively degraded the xenoestrogens, bisphenol-A and 4-nonylphenol. The same sediment samples exhibited little potential for aerobic biodegradation of triclocarban, however, illustrating the need to assess a wider range of contaminant compounds. The current results support recent concerns over the widespread environmental occurrence of carbanalide antibacterials, like triclocarban and triclosan, and suggest that backcountry use of products containing these compounds should be discouraged.

Influence of heavy metals and 4-nonylphenol on reproductive function in fish.

PubMed

Popek, Włodzimierz; Dietrich, Grzegorz; Glogowski, Jan; Demska-Zakeś, Krystyna; Drag-Kozak, Ewa; Sionkowski, Jan; Łuszczek-Trojan, Ewa; Epler, Piotr; Demianowicz, Wiesław; Sarosiek, Beata; Kowalski, Radosław; Jankun, Małgorzata; Zakeś, Zdzisław; Król, Jarosław; Czerniak, Stanisław; Szczepkowski, Mirosław

2006-01-01

Many industrial and agricultural chemicals (including heavy metals and alkylphenols) present in the environment have adverse effects on the reproductive function in fish. Three studies were conducted to assess toxicity of these chemicals towards reproduction of freshwater fish. It was shown that heavy metals added to the diets accumulate in brain tissue of carp, and this accumulation results in inhibition of the secretion of noradrenaline and stimulation of the secretion of dopamine in the hypothalamus. These processes results in a disturbance of hormonal equilibrium of the hypothalamo-pituitary system, which can unfavorably influence the efficiency of artificial spawning in fish. Quality of salmonid and sturgeon sperm was impaired after in vitro exposure to heavy metals. The degree of this toxic effect was species-specific. It was demonstrated that sperm motility parameters appeared to be good indicators of adverse effects of heavy metals fish sperm. The protection role of seminal plasma against toxic effects of heavy metals was suggested for salmonid fish. Oral application of 4-nonylphenol (NP) disrupted reproduction in pikeperch. In juvenile fish a decrease in the percentage of males and an increase of intersex fish was observed in relation to dose of NP and time of exposure to this alkylphenol. Exposure of adult males to the NP led to the reduction in fecundity, milt quality and fertility.

Occurrence of nonylphenol and bisphenol A in household water pipes made of different materials.

PubMed

Cheng, Yang-Chen; Chen, Huei-Wen; Chen, Wen-Ling; Chen, Chia-Yang; Wang, Gen-Shuh

2015-10-01

We assessed the occurrence of nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) in tap water supplied through polyvinyl chloride (PVC), stainless steel, and galvanized pipes. Water samples were collected from selected households in Taipei and Kaohsiung (Northern and Southern Taiwan, respectively) in different seasons to elucidate the effects of pipeline materials and ambient temperatures on NP and BPA concentrations in tap water. We detected higher concentrations of NP in tap water from households using PVC pipes (64-195 ng/L) than from those using stainless steel pipes (17-44 ng/L) and galvanized pipes (27-96 ng/L). To verify that water can absorb NP and BPA from PVC pipes, we sealed Milli-Q and tap water in PVC and stainless steel pipes to assess the potential release of NP and BPA from the pipes into the water. Both NP and BPA concentrations initially increased with contact time in the PVC pipes, and the concentration profiles during the retention appeared to be more strongly affected by ambient temperatures. Concentration variations in the stainless steel pipes were smaller than those in the PVC pipes.

Developmental toxicity and risk assessment of nonylphenol to the South American toad, Rhinella arenarum.

PubMed

Mariel, Aronzon Carolina; Alejandra, Babay Paola; Silvia, Pérez Coll Cristina

2014-09-01

The toxicity of Nonylphenol, an emerging pollutant, on the common South American toad Rhinella arenarum was stage and time dependent, thus Median Lethal Concentrations (LC50) for acute (96h), short-term chronic (168h) and chronic exposure (336h) were 1.06; 0.96 and 0.17mgNP/L from embryonic period (S.4), whereas for exposure from larvae (S.25), LC50 remained constant at 0.37mgNP/L from 96h to 168h, decreasing to 0.11mgNP/L at 336h. NOEC-168h for exposure from embryos was 0.025mgNP/L. The Teratogenic Potential (NOEC-lethality/NOEC-sublethal effects) was 23 times higher than the threshold value, indicating a high risk for embryos to be malformed in absence of significant lethality and representing a threat for the species conservation. By comparing with other amphibians, the early development of R. arenarum was very sensitive to NP. The results highlight the relevance of extending the exposure time and look for the most sensitive stage in order to perform the bioassays for conservation purposes. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Variation of nonylphenol-degrading gene abundance and bacterial community structure in bioaugmented sediment microcosm.

PubMed

Wang, Zhao; Yang, Yuyin; Sun, Weimin; Dai, Yu; Xie, Shuguang

2015-02-01

Nonylphenol (NP) can accumulate in river sediment. Bioaugmentation is an attractive option to dissipate heavy NP pollution in river sediment. In this study, two NP degraders were isolated from crude oil-polluted soil and river sediment. Microcosms were constructed to test their ability to degrade NP in river sediment. The shift in the proportion of NP-degrading genes and bacterial community structure in sediment microcosms were characterized using quantitative PCR assay and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the soil isolate belonged to genus Stenotrophomonas, while the sediment isolate was a Sphingobium species. Both of them could almost completely clean up a high level of NP in river sediment (150 mg/kg NP) in 10 or 14 days after inoculation. An increase in the proportion of alkB and sMO genes was observed in sediment microcosms inoculated with Stenotrophomonas strain Y1 and Sphingobium strain Y2, respectively. Moreover, bioaugmentation using Sphingobium strain Y2 could have a strong impact on sediment bacterial community structure, while inoculation of Stenotrophomonas strain Y1 illustrated a weak impact. This study can provide some new insights towards NP biodegradation and bioremediation.

Spatial distribution and migration of nonylphenol in groundwater following long-term wastewater irrigation.

PubMed

Wang, Shiyu; Wu, Wenyong; Liu, Fei; Yin, Shiyang; Bao, Zhe; Liu, Honglu

2015-01-01

Seen as a solution to water shortages, wastewater reuse for crop irrigation does however poses a risk owing to the potential release of organic contaminants into soil and water. The frequency of detection (FOD), concentration, and migration of nonylphenol (NP) isomers in reclaimed water (FODRW), surface water (FODSW), and groundwater (FODGW) were investigated in a long-term wastewater irrigation area in Beijing. The FODRW, FODSW and FODGW of any or all of 12 NP isomers were 66.7% to 100%, 76.9% to 100% and 13.3% to 60%, respectively. The mean (±standard deviation) NP concentrations of the reclaimed water, surface water, and groundwater (NPRW, NPSW, NPGW, repectively) were 469.4±73.4 ng L(-1), 694.6±248.7 ng(-1) and 244.4±230.8 ng(-1), respectively. The existence of external pollution sources during water transmission and distribution resulted in NPSW exceeding NPRW. NP distribution in groundwater was related to the duration and quantity of wastewater irrigation, the sources of aquifer recharge, and was seen to decrease with increasing aquifer depth. Higher riverside infiltration rate nearby leads to higher FODGW values. The migration rate of NP isomers was classified as high, moderate or low. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Determination of bisphenol A, 4-n-nonylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenol by temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector.

PubMed

Zhou, Qingxiang; Gao, Yuanyuan; Xie, Guohong

2011-09-15

Present study described a simple, sensitive, and viable method for the determination of bisphenol A, 4-n-nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol in water samples using temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector. In this experiment, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C(8)MIM][PF(6)]) was used as the extraction solvent, and bisphenol A, 4-n-nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol were selected as the model analytes. Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as the volume of [C(8)MIM][PF(6)], dissolving temperature, extraction time, sample pH, centrifuging time and salting-out effect have been investigated in detail. Under the optimized conditions, good linear relationship was found in the concentration range of 1.0-100 μg L(-1) for BPA, 1.5-150 μg L(-1) for 4-NP, and 3-300 μg L(-1) for 4-OP, respectively. Limits of detection (LOD, S/N=3) were in the range of 0.23-0.48 μg L(-1). Intra day and inter day precisions (RSDs, n=6) were in the range of 4.6-5.5% and 8.5-13.3%, respectively. This method has been also successfully applied to analyze the real water samples at two different spiked concentrations and excellent results were obtained. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Anaerobic biodegradation of nonylphenol in river sediment under nitrate- or sulfate-reducing conditions and associated bacterial community.

PubMed

Wang, Zhao; Yang, Yuyin; Dai, Yu; Xie, Shuguang

2015-04-09

Nonylphenol (NP) is a commonly detected pollutant in aquatic ecosystem and can be harmful to aquatic organisms. Anaerobic degradation is of great importance for the clean-up of NP in sediment. However, information on anaerobic NP biodegradation in the environment is still very limited. The present study investigated the shift in bacterial community structure associated with NP degradation in river sediment microcosms under nitrate- or sulfate-reducing conditions. Nearly 80% of NP (100 mg kg(-1)) could be removed under these two anaerobic conditions after 90 or 110 days' incubation. Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis indicated that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi became the dominant phylum groups with NP biodegradation. The proportion of Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria and Choloroflexi showed a marked increase in nitrate-reducing microcosm, while Gammaproteobacteria and Firmicutes in sulfate-reducing microcosm. Moreover, sediment bacterial diversity changed with NP biodegradation, which was dependent on type of electron acceptor. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mechanism of and relation between the sorption and desorption of nonylphenol on black carbon-inclusive sediment.

PubMed

Liping, Lou; Guanghuan, Cheng; Jingyou, Deng; Mingyang, Sun; Huanyu, Chen; Qiang, Yang; Xinhua, Xu

2014-07-01

Correlation between the sorption and desorption of nonylphenol (NP) and binary linear regression were conducted to reveal the underlying mechanism of and relation between sorption domains and desorption sites in black carbon (BC)-amended sediment. The sorption and desorption data could be fitted well using dual-mode (R(2) = 0.971-0.996) and modified two-domain model (R(2) = 0.986-0.995), respectively, and there were good correlations between these two parts of parameters (R(2) = 0.884-0.939, P < 0.01). The NP percentage in desorbable fraction was almost equal to that of the partition fraction, suggesting the desorbed NP came from linear partition domain, whereas the resistant desorption NP was segregated in nonlinear adsorption sites, which were dominated by pores in BC-amended sediment. Our investigation refined theory about the relation between sorption domains and desorption sites in sediment and could be used to predict the release risk of NP using sorption data when BC is used for NP pollution control. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nonylphenol exposure is associated with oxidative and nitrative stress in pregnant women.

PubMed

Wang, Pei-Wei; Chen, Mei-Lien; Huang, Li-Wei; Yang, Winnie; Wu, Kuen-Yuh; Huang, Yu-Fang

2015-01-01

Animal studies have shown that exposure to nonylphenol (NP) increases oxidative/nitrative stress, but whether it does so in humans is unknown. This study examines prenatal exposure to NP and its effects on oxidatively/nitratively damaged DNA, lipid peroxidation, and the activities of antioxidants. A total of 146 urine and blood specimens were collected during gestational weeks 27-38 and hospital admission for delivery, respectively. Urinary NP was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Urinary biomarkers of oxidatively/nitratively damaged DNA and lipid peroxidation, including 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), 8-nitroguanine (8-NO(2)Gua), 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2α) (8-isoPF(2α)) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid (HNE-MA), were simultaneously analyzed using isotope-dilution liquid-chromatography/electron spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The activities of maternal plasma superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Urinary NP level was significantly associated with 8-oxodG and 8-NO(2)Gua levels in late pregnancy, suggesting that NP may enhance oxidatively and nitratively damaged DNA. The adjusted odds ratios for high 8-oxodG level exhibited a significantly dose-response relationship with NP levels, stratified into four quartiles. 8-oxodG appears to be a more sensitive and effective biomarker of NP exposure than 8-NO(2)Gua. These relationships suggest NP may play a role in the pregnancy complications.

Activation of the mTOR pathway by low levels of xenoestrogens in breast epithelial cells from high-risk women.

PubMed

Goodson, William H; Luciani, Maria Gloria; Sayeed, S Aejaz; Jaffee, Ian M; Moore, Dan H; Dairkee, Shanaz H

2011-11-01

Breast cancer is an estrogen-driven disease. Consequently, hormone replacement therapy correlates with disease incidence. However, increasing male breast cancer rates over the past three decades implicate additional sources of estrogenic exposure including wide spread estrogen-mimicking chemicals or xenoestrogens (XEs), such as bisphenol-A (BPA). By exposing renewable, human, high-risk donor breast epithelial cells (HRBECs) to BPA at concentrations that are detectable in human blood, placenta and milk, we previously identified gene expression profile changes associated with activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway genesets likely to trigger prosurvival changes in human breast cells. We now provide functional validation of mTOR activation using pairwise comparisons of 16 independent HRBEC samples with and without BPA exposure. We demonstrate induction of key genes and proteins in the PI3K-mTOR pathway--AKT1, RPS6 and 4EBP1 and a concurrent reduction in the tumor suppressor, phosphatase and tensin homolog gene protein. Altered regulation of mTOR pathway proteins in BPA-treated HRBECs led to marked resistance to rapamycin, the defining mTOR inhibitor. Moreover, HRBECs pretreated with BPA, or the XE, methylparaben (MP), surmounted antiestrogenic effects of tamoxifen showing dose-dependent apoptosis evasion and induction of cell cycling. Overall, XEs, when tested in benign breast cells from multiple human subjects, consistently initiated specific functional changes of the kind that are attributed to malignant onset in breast tissue. Our observations demonstrate the feasibility of studying renewable human samples as surrogates and reinforce the concern that BPA and MP, at low concentrations detected in humans, can have adverse health consequences.

Medaka extended one-generation reproduction test evaluating 4-nonylphenol.

PubMed

Watanabe, Haruna; Horie, Yoshifumi; Takanobu, Hitomi; Koshio, Masaaki; Flynn, Kevin; Iguchi, Taisen; Tatarazako, Norihisa

2017-12-01

The medaka extended one-generation test (MEOGRT) was developed as a multigenerational toxicity test for chemicals, particularly endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Briefly, 3 generations of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) are exposed to a chemical over a 20-wk period: 3 wk in the parental generation (F0), 15 wk in the first generation (F1), and 2 wk in the second generation (F2). The present study reports the first MEOGRT results concerning branched isomer mixtures of 4-nonylphenol (NP). Adult F0 medaka exposed to NP at 5 actual concentrations (1.27, 2.95, 9.81, 27.8, 89.4 µg/L) were unaffected in terms of reproduction, although vitellogenin in the male liver was increased dose-dependently at concentration of 2.95 µg/L and higher. In F1, in contrast, total egg (fecundity), fertile egg, and fertility decreased as NP increased; lowest-observed-effect concentrations (LOECs) for total egg, fertile egg, and fertility were 1.27, 1.27, 27.8 µg/L, respectively. In F1, but not in F0, secondary sex characteristics (i.e., anal fin papillae in males) were suppressed at 27.8 µg/L NP. Vitellogenin induction in adult male fish was slightly weaker in F1 than it was in F0, however. Gonadal sex abnormality and sex reversal occurred at 27.8 and 89.4 µg/L NP in F1 subadults. At 89.4 µg/L NP, all genotypic F1 males in breeding pairs had female phenotype, and some even demonstrated spawning. Concentrations of NP lower than 89.4 µg/L did not affect F2 survival or hatching. The highest detected NP level in environmental freshwater in Japan was approximately a half of the LOEC (1.27 µg/L for F1 fecundity); in other countries, however, environmental concentrations above the LOEC are reported, suggesting that NP may be affecting fish populations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:3254-3266. © 2017 SETAC. © 2017 SETAC.

Migration of nonylphenol from food-grade plastic is toxic to the coral reef fish species Pseudochromis fridmani.

PubMed

Hamlin, Heather J; Marciano, Kathleen; Downs, Craig A

2015-11-01

Nonylphenol (NP) is a non-ionic surfactant used extensively in industrial applications, personal care products, and many plastics. We exposed marine orchid dottybacks (Pseudochromis fridmani) for 48h to either glass, Teflon, or two bags labeled as FDA food-grade polyethylene (PE1 and PE2) from different manufacturers. The PE2 bags leached high levels of NP into the contact water, which were taken up by the fish, and decreased short and long-term survival. Concentrations of NP that leached from the bags were consistent with 96h LC50 values determined in this study, indicating NP is the likely toxic agent. Despite being similarly labeled, the NP concentrations that leached from the bags and the resultant toxicity to the fish varied dramatically between manufacturers. This study highlights that some plastics, labeled as food-safe, can be highly toxic to aquatic animals, and could pose a greater threat to humans than previously realized. This study also highlights risks for aquatic animals exposed to increasing quantities of plastic waste. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Reconstruction of the pollution history of alkylphenols (4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol) in the Baltic Sea.

PubMed

Graca, Bożena; Staniszewska, Marta; Zakrzewska, Danuta; Zalewska, Tamara

2016-06-01

This paper reports the reconstruction of the pollution history of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) and 4-nonylphenol (NP) in the Baltic Sea. Alkylphenols are endocrine-disrupting compound and therefore toxic to aquatic organisms. Sediment cores were collected from regions with relatively stable sedimentation conditions. The cores were dated by the (210)Pb method. The OP and NP were determined using HPLC-FL. The highest inventory of these compounds was observed in the Gotland Deep (610 μg m(2) of NP and 47 μg m(2) of OP) and the lowest-on the slope of the Gdansk Deep (24 μg m(2) of NP and 16 μg m(2) of OP). Such spatial distribution was probably, among other factors, the result of the uplift of the sea floor. The pollution trends of OP and NP in sediments coincided with the following: (1) the beginnings of eutrophication (1960s/1970s of the twentieth century) and (2) strong increase in the areal extent and volume of hypoxia and anoxia in the Baltic (present century).

Change of microbial community structure and functional gene abundance in nonylphenol-degrading sediment.

PubMed

Wang, Zhao; Yang, Yuyin; He, Tao; Xie, Shuguang

2015-04-01

Biodegradation by autochthonous microbial community is an important way to clean up nonylphenol (NP) from contaminated river sediment. Knowledge of sediment microbial community can aid in our understanding of biological processes related to NP degradation. However, the change in sediment microbial community associated with NP biodegradation remains unclear. The present study investigated the shift in bacterial community structure and NP-degrading gene abundance in response to NP attenuation in river sediment. Sediment microcosms with different levels of 4-NP (0, 100, or 300 μg/g) were constructed. A nearly complete attenuation of NP occurred in the microcosm with 100 μg/g NP after 9 days' incubation, while a residual NP rate of 8.1 % was observed in the microcosm with 300 μg/g NP after 22 days' incubation. Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis indicated that Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes predominated in NP-degrading river sediment. Sediment bacterial community structure varied significantly during NP biodegradation and subsequent incubation, which was affected by the level of added NP. The n-alkane biodegradation (alkB) gene abundance showed a significant variation in each NP-amended microcosm (100 or 300 μg/g), while a significant increase in the single component monooxygenase (sMO) gene abundance only occurred in the microcosm spiked with 300 μg/g NP. This study can provide some new insights toward NP-degrading microbial ecology in the environment.

Exploration of biodegradation mechanisms of black carbon-bound nonylphenol in black carbon-amended sediment.

PubMed

Cheng, Guanghuan; Sun, Mingyang; Ge, Xinlei; Xu, Xinhua; Lin, Qi; Lou, Liping

2017-12-01

The present study aimed to investigate biodegradation mechanisms of black carbon (BC)-bound contaminants in BC-amended sediment when BC was applied to control organic pollution. The single-point Tenax desorption technique was applied to track the species changes of nonylphenol (NP) during biodegradation process in the rice straw carbon (RC)-amended sediment. And the correlation between the biodegradation and desorption of NP was analyzed. Results showed that microorganisms firstly degraded the rapid-desorbing NP (6 h Tenax desorption) in RC-amended sediment. The biodegradation facilitated the desorption of slow-desorbing NP, which was subsequently degraded as well (192 h Tenax desorption). Notably, the final amount of NP degradation was greater than that of NP desorption, indicating that absorbed NP by RC amendment can be degraded by microorganisms. Finally, the residual NP amount in RC-amended sediment was decided by RC content and its physicochemical property. Moreover, the presence of the biofilm was observed by the confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) so that microorganisms were able to overcome the mass transfer resistance and directly utilized the absorbed NP. Therefore, single-point Tenax desorption alone may not be an adequate basis for the prediction of the bioaccessibility of contaminants to microorganisms or bioremediation potential in BC-amended sediment. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Catalytic Mechanism of Short Ethoxy Chain Nonylphenol Dehydrogenase Belonging to a Polyethylene Glycol Dehydrogenase Group in the GMC Oxidoreductase Family

PubMed Central

Liu, Xin; Ohta, Takeshi; Kawabata, Takeshi; Kawai, Fusako

2013-01-01

Ethoxy (EO) chain nonylphenol dehydrogenase (NPEO-DH) from Ensifer sp. AS08 and EO chain octylphenol dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida share common molecular characteristics with polyethylene glycol (PEG) dehydrogenases (PEG-DH) and comprise a PEG-DH subgroup in the family of glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductases that includes glucose/alcohol oxidase and glucose/choline dehydrogenase. Three-dimensional (3D) molecular modeling suggested that differences in the size, secondary structure and hydropathy in the active site caused differences in their substrate specificities toward EO chain alkylphenols and free PEGs. Based on 3D molecular modeling, site-directed mutagenesis was utilized to introduce mutations into potential catalytic residues of NPEO-DH. From steady state and rapid kinetic characterization of wild type and mutant NPEO-DHs, we can conclude that His465 and Asn507 are directly involved in the catalysis. Asn507 mediates the transfer of proton from a substrate to FAD and His465 transfers the same proton from the reduced flavin to an electron acceptor. PMID:23306149

Catalytic mechanism of short ethoxy chain nonylphenol dehydrogenase belonging to a polyethylene glycol dehydrogenase group in the GMC oxidoreductase family.

PubMed

Liu, Xin; Ohta, Takeshi; Kawabata, Takeshi; Kawai, Fusako

2013-01-10

Ethoxy (EO) chain nonylphenol dehydrogenase (NPEO-DH) from Ensifer sp. AS08 and EO chain octylphenol dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida share common molecular characteristics with polyethylene glycol (PEG) dehydrogenases (PEG-DH) and comprise a PEG-DH subgroup in the family of glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductases that includes glucose/alcohol oxidase and glucose/choline dehydrogenase. Three-dimensional (3D) molecular modeling suggested that differences in the size, secondary structure and hydropathy in the active site caused differences in their substrate specificities toward EO chain alkylphenols and free PEGs. Based on 3D molecular modeling, site-directed mutagenesis was utilized to introduce mutations into potential catalytic residues of NPEO-DH. From steady state and rapid kinetic characterization of wild type and mutant NPEO-DHs, we can conclude that His465 and Asn507 are directly involved in the catalysis. Asn507 mediates the transfer of proton from a substrate to FAD and His465 transfers the same proton from the reduced flavin to an electron acceptor.

Quantification of the xenoestrogens 4-tert.-octylphenol and bisphenol A in water and in fish tissue based on microwave assisted extraction, solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Pedersen, S N; Lindholst, C

1999-12-09

Extraction methods were developed for quantification of the xenoestrogens 4-tert.-octylphenol (tOP) and bisphenol A (BPA) in water and in liver and muscle tissue from the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The extraction of tOP and BPA from tissue samples was carried out using microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MASE) followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Water samples were extracted using only SPE. For the quantification of tOP and BPA, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) equipped with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation interface (APCI) was applied. The combined methods for tissue extraction allow the use of small sample amounts of liver or muscle (typically 1 g), low volumes of solvent (20 ml), and short extraction times (25 min). Limits of quantification of tOP in tissue samples were found to be approximately 10 ng/g in muscle and 50 ng/g in liver (both based on 1 g of fresh tissue). The corresponding values for BPA were approximately 50 ng/g in both muscle and liver tissue. In water, the limit of quantification for tOP and BPA was approximately 0.1 microg/l (based on 100 ml sample size).

Fast and selective pressurized liquid extraction with simultaneous in cell clean up for the analysis of alkylphenols and bisphenol A in bivalve molluscs.

PubMed

Salgueiro-González, N; Turnes-Carou, I; Muniategui-Lorenzoa, S; López-Mahía, P; Prada-Rodríguez, D

2012-12-28

A novel and green analytical methodology for the determination of alkylphenols (4-tert-octylphenol, 4-n-octylphenol, 4-n-nonylphenol, nonylphenol technical mixture) and bisphenol A in bivalve mollusc samples was developed and validated. The method was based on selective pressurized liquid extraction (SPLE) with a simultaneous in cell clean up combined with liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in negative mode (LC–ESI-MS/MS). Quantitation was performed by standard addition curves in order to correct matrix effects. The analytical features of the method were satisfactory: relative recoveries varied between 80 and 107% and repeatability and intermediate precision were <20% for all compounds. Uncertainty assessment of measurement was estimated on the basis of an in-house validation according to EURACHEM/CITAC guide. Quantitation limits of the method (MQL) ranged between 0.34 (4-n-octylphenol) and 3.6 ng g(−1) dry weight (nonylphenol). The main advantages of the method are sensitivity, selectivity, automaticity, low volumes of solvents required and low sample analysis time (according with the principles of Green Chemistry). The method was applied to the analysis of mussel samples of Galicia coast (NW of Spain). Nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol were measured in all samples at concentrations between 9.3 and 372 ng g(−1) dw. As an approach, the human daily intake of these compounds was estimated and no risk for human health was found.

Effects of nonylphenol on juveniles and adults in the grey mullet, Liza aurata.

PubMed

Cionna, Cristina; Maradonna, Francesca; Olivotto, Ike; Pizzonia, Gianluca; Carnevali, Oliana

2006-10-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nonylphenol (NP), an environmental pollutant known to have estrogenic activity, on grey mullets. Juvenile and adult physiology was monitored by the expression of vitellogenin (VTG), which is commonly induced by estrogenic pollutants, and cytochrome P4501A1(CYP1A1) as a first signal of detoxification. The dose-response estrogenic effects of NP (25, 100, 1000 microg/l) on hepatic VTG transcript and plasma protein levels, as well as on CYP1A1 transcription and its associated ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity, were assessed in juvenile Liza aurata; 17beta-estradiol (E2; 2 microg/l) treatment for 1 week served as positive control. In addition, we investigated VTG and CYP1A1 expression in adult males injected with two NP at 0.25 or 250 mg/kg body weight relative to 0.07 mg/kg of E2 as a positive control. Juvenile exposure to NP failed to induce a measurable VTG response. In the adult fish, NP exerted estrogenic effects only at the highest dose injected. E2 treatment elicited VTG induction only in adults in a time-related manner. In contrast, NP treatment induced a dose-dependent decrease in CYP1A1 response in both juveniles and adults. An inhibitory effect of E2 on CYP1A1 was evident in all treatment groups as well. These data suggest that, in biomonitoring studies, testing the expression of different biomarkers may provide a more realistic picture of the environmental conditions.

The possible DNA damage induced by environmental organic compounds: The case of Nonylphenol.

PubMed

Noorimotlagh, Zahra; Mirzaee, Seyyed Abbas; Ahmadi, Mehdi; Jaafarzadeh, Neemat; Rahim, Fakher

2018-08-30

Human impact on the environment leads to the release of many pollutants that produce artificial compounds, which can have harmful effects on the body's endocrine system; these are known as endocrine disruptors (EDs). Nonylphenol (NP) is a chemical compound with a nonyl group that is attached to a phenol ring. NP-induced H 2 AX is a sensitive genotoxic biomarker for detecting possible DNA damage; it also causes male infertility and carcinogenesis. We attempt to comprehensively review all the available evidence about the different ways with descriptive mechanisms for explaining the possible DNA damage that is induced by NP. We systematically searched several databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and gray literature, such as Google Scholar by using medical subheading (MeSH) terms and various combinations of selected keywords from January 1970 to August 2017. The initial search identified 62,737 potentially eligible studies; of these studies, 33 were included according to the established inclusion criteria. Thirty-three selected studies, include the topics of animal model (n = 21), cell line (n = 6), human model (n = 4), microorganisms (n = 1), solid DNA (n = 1), infertility (n = 4), apoptosis (n = 6), and carcinogenesis (n = 3). This review highlighted the possible deleterious effects of NP on DNA damage through the ability to produce ROS/RNS. Finally, it is significant to observe caution at this stage with the continued use of environmental pollutants such as NP, which may induce DNA damage and apoptosis. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effect of environmentally-relevant concentrations of nonylphenol on sexual differentiation in zebrafish: a multi-generational study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Dong; Chen, Qi; He, Ning; Diao, Pan-Pan; Jia, Li-Xing; Duan, Shun-Shan

2017-02-01

Nonylphenol (NP) is a persistent environmental chemical that can disrupt the organism’s endocrine system, and is detected in the surface water and sea. In this study, we investigated whether NP can alter transcriptional expression of sexual differentiation-related genes. Three generations of zebrafish were exposed to 0, 2, 20 and 200 μg·L-1 of NP, and transcriptional expression of sexual differentiation genes were assessed in 10, 20 and 40 dpf in the F1 and F2 generations. Growth of zebrafish exposed to 200 μg·L-1 of NP was inhibited at 125 dpf in the F1 generation. 20 μg·L-1 of NP resulted in 80% females in the F1 generation, but had no effect on the F2 generation. In terms of the sexual differentiation genes, the transcriptional expression of cyp19a1a and esr1 genes were upregulated in 20 μg·L-1 of NP in the F1 generation. But expression of the sexual differentiation genes were not affected in the F2 generation. Overall, NP could affect sexual differentiation and gene transcriptional expression in the F1 generation. The tolerance of contaminant in the offsprings was improved at low concentration.

Nonylphenol-mediated CYP induction is PXR-dependent: The use of humanized mice and human hepatocytes suggests that hPXR is less sensitive than mouse PXR to nonylphenol treatment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mota, Linda C.; Barfield, Christina; Hernandez, Juan P.

2011-05-01

Nonylphenol (NP), a by-product of alkylphenol ethoxylates, is a pervasive surfactant that activates the xenosensing nuclear receptor, the pregnane X-receptor (PXR) in transactivation assays in vitro. We are interested in determining if NP activates PXR in vivo, determining if hPXR and mPXR act similarly, and investigating the role of PXR in protecting individuals from NP. Wild-type (WT), PXR-null, and humanized PXR (hPXR) mice were treated with NP at 0, 50 or 75 mg/kg/day for one week, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction, liver histopathology, and serum NP concentrations were examined. WT mice treated with NP showed induction of Cyp2b, and male-specificmore » induction of Cyp2c and Cyp3a. CYPs were not induced in PXR-null mice, demonstrating that PXR is necessary for NP-mediated CYP induction. CAR-mediated CYP induction was not observed in the PXR-null mice despite previous data demonstrating that NP is also a CAR activator. hPXR mice only showed moderate Cyp induction, suggesting that hPXR is not as sensitive to NP as mPXR in vivo. NP-mediated Cyp3a induction from three human hepatocyte donors was not significant, confirming that hPXR is not very sensitive to NP-mediated CYP induction. Lastly, mice with PXR (mPXR and hPXR) showed lower NP serum concentrations than PXR-null mice treated with NP suggesting that PXR plays a role in decreasing liver toxicity by basally regulating phase I-III detoxification enzymes that promote the metabolism and elimination of NP. In summary, PXR is required for NP-mediated CYP-induction, mPXR mediates greater CYP induction than hPXR in vivo, and the presence of PXR, especially mPXR, is associated with altered histopathology and increased clearance of NP.« less

Nonylphenol-mediated CYP induction is PXR-dependent: The use of humanized mice and human hepatocytes suggests that hPXR is less sensitive than mouse PXR to nonylphenol treatment

PubMed Central

Mota, Linda C; Barfield, Christina; Hernandez, Juan P; Baldwin, William S.

2011-01-01

Nonylphenol (NP), a by-product of alkylphenol ethoxylates, is a pervasive surfactant that activates the xenosensing nuclear receptor, the pregnane X-receptor (PXR) in transactivation assays in vitro. We are interested in determining if NP activates PXR in vivo, determining if hPXR and mPXR act similarly, and investigating the role of PXR in protecting individuals from NP. Wild-type (WT), PXR-null, and humanized PXR (hPXR) mice were treated with NP at 0, 50 or 75 mg/kg/day for one week, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction, liver histopathology, and serum NP concentrations were examined. WT mice treated with NP showed induction of Cyp2b, and male-specific induction of Cyp2c and Cyp3a. CYPs were not induced in PXR-null mice, demonstrating that PXR is necessary for NP-mediated CYP induction. CAR-mediated CYP induction was not observed in the PXR-null mice despite previous data demonstrating NP is also a CAR activator. hPXR mice only showed moderate Cyp induction, suggesting that hPXR is not as sensitive to NP as mPXR in vivo. NP-mediated Cyp3a induction from three human hepatocyte donors was not significant, confirming that hPXR is not very sensitive to NP-mediated CYP induction. Lastly, mice with PXR (mPXR and hPXR) showed lower NP serum concentrations than PXR-null mice treated with NP suggesting that PXR plays a role in decreasing liver toxicity by basally regulating Phase I-III detoxification enzymes that promote the metabolism and elimination of NP. In summary, PXR is required for NP-mediated CYP-induction, and mPXR mediates greater CYP induction than hPXR in vivo, and the presence of PXR, especially mPXR, is associated with altered histopathology and increased clearance of NP. PMID:21376070

Toxicity studies of nonylphenol and octylphenol: hormonal, hematological and biochemical effects in Clarias gariepinus.

PubMed

Senthil Kumaran, Satyanarayanan; Kavitha, Chokkalingam; Ramesh, Mathan; Grummt, Tamara

2011-11-01

Among the numerous chemicals discharged into aquatic ecosystems, nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) have been shown to have a potent effect on the endocrine system of fish; this issue has been clearly dealt with in several studies. The objective of this study was to assess and compare the general toxicity of these estrogenic chemicals individually on Clarias gariepinus. Fish were exposed to different concentrations of both NP and OP (250, 500, 750 and 1000 μg l(-1) ) under semi-static conditions for a period of 7 days. The adverse effect was evaluated with use of blood cell counting, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), hematimetric indices, bilirubin, protein, glucose, serum transaminases, serum phosphatases, lactate dehydrogenase and cortisol. The results showed a clear indication of anemia, increases in leukocyte count and bilirubin content and a reduction in plasma protein levels with higher concentrations of both the toxicants compared with controls. Furthermore, with all the concentrations the inevitable increase in serum cortisol and plasma glucose showed primary and secondary stress responses. Moreover, probable tissue damage gave rise to a series of fluctuations of enzyme levels at lower concentrations, but a decrease with higher concentrations showed the severity of the effect. Depending on the parameters examined, OP had a relatively greater effect than NP. Overall, these two chemicals seemingly affected hematology and the activity of some enzymes, leading to serious impairment of the metabolism and physiology of C. gariepinus. 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Effects of 4-nonylphenol on oxidant/antioxidant balance system inducing hepatic steatosis in male rat.

PubMed

Kourouma, Ansoumane; Keita, Hady; Duan, Peng; Quan, Chao; Bilivogui, Koikoi Kebe; Qi, Suqin; Christiane, Ndjiembi Adjonga; Osamuyimen, Aidogie; Yang, Kedi

2015-01-01

An emerging literature suggests that early life exposure to 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), a widespread endocrine disrupting chemical, may increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that intraperitoneal administration of 4-NP induces hepatic steatosis in rat. 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with 4-NP (0, 2, 10 and 50 mg/kg b.wt) in corn oil for 30 days. Liver histology, biochemical analysis and gene expression profiling were examined. After treatment, abnormal liver morphology and function were observed in the 4-NP-treated rat, and significant changes in gene expression an indicator of hepatic steatosis and apoptosis were observed compared with controls. Up-regulated genes involved in apoptosis, hepatotoxity and oxidative stress, increased ROS and decrease of antioxidant enzyme were observed in the 4-NP exposed rat. Extensive fatty accumulation in liver section and elevated serum GOT, GPT, LDH and γ-GT were also observed. Incidence and severity of liver steatosis was scored and taken into consideration (steatosis, ballooning and lobular inflammation). Hepatocytes apoptosis could promote NAFLD progression; Fas/FasL, TNF-α and Caspase-9 mRNA activation were important contributing factors to hepatic steatosis. These findings provide the first evidence that 4-NP affects the gene expression related to liver hepatotoxicity, which is correlated with hepatic steatosis.

Effect of nonylphenol on volatile fatty acids accumulation during anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge.

PubMed

Duan, Xu; Wang, Xiao; Xie, Jing; Feng, Leiyu; Yan, Yuanyuan; Zhou, Qi

2016-11-15

Most of the reported studies on anaerobic fermentation of sludge focused on the influences of operating conditions, pretreatment methods, and its characteristics, and little attention was paid to those of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which widespreadly appeared in sludge. In this study, the effect of nonylphenol, a typical POPs in waste activated sludge (WAS), on anaerobic fermentation for volatile fatty acids (VFAs) accumulation was investigated. The concentration of VFAs during WAS anaerobic fermentation was found to be affected positively from 2856 mg COD/L in the control (without NP) to 5620 mg COD/L with NP of 200 mg/kg dry sludge. Mechanism exploration exhibited that the main reason for the enhanced VFAs accumulation in the presence of NP was that more acetic acid was generated during the acidification of WAS, which was increased by almost three times (3790 versus 1310 mg COD/L). In WAS fermentation systems, the abundance of anaerobic functional microorganisms was advantageous to the accumulation of acetic acid. Further investigation by the pure acetogen revealed that both the viability and activity of Proteiniphilum acetatigenes were improved by NP during anaerobic fermentation, resulting in more production of acetic acid and showing good agreement with that in the real WAS fermentation systems. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ultrastructural and developmental evidence of phytotoxicity on cos lettuce (Lactuca sativa) associated with nonylphenol exposure.

PubMed

de Bruin, Willeke; van der Merwe, Chris; Kritzinger, Quenton; Bornman, Riana; Korsten, Lise

2017-02-01

It has long been understood that the presence of endocrine disrupter chemicals (EDCs) in water can affect the reproductive, behavioural and regulatory systems of different types of mammals. Thus far, only a handful of studies have examined its impact on plant systems. Present research is limited to the potential uptake of these chemicals by plants and the general phytotoxic effects it can elicit. The aim of this study was to determine what effect an EDC has on developing plant and cell organelles and how it affects it. In this study, cos lettuce plants were exposed to different concentrations of nonylphenol (NP), an EDC, in a static hydroponic system. Changes in plant morphology, mass and length, chlorophyll content, as well as electrolyte leakage were examined. Furthermore an in-depth investigation of the plant cell ultrastructure was carried out with transmission electron microscopy. Results indicated that cos lettuce growth was severely restricted, chlorophyll content was reduced, leakage of electrolytes increased and roots were stunted especially after ≥3200 μg/l NP exposures. The structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole and chloroplast were also changed. This study emphasizes the importance of water quality management, since the presence of an EDC, like NP, can negatively impact the yield and internal structure of one of the world's most significant salad crops, namely lettuce. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Modeling the interaction of binary and ternary mixtures of estradiol with bisphenol A and bisphenol A F in an in vitro estrogen mediated transcriptional activation assay (T47D-KBluc).

EPA Science Inventory

Humans are concurrently exposed to xenoestrogens and to physiological levels of endogenous estrogens. Endogenous estrogen levels vary from low levels in infants to high levels during pregnancy and in young women. However, few studies have addressed how xenoestrogens interact with...

Effects of nonylphenol and ethinylestradiol on copper redhorse (Moxostoma hubbsi), an endangered species.

PubMed

Maltais, Domynick; Roy, Robert L

2014-10-01

The copper redhorse, Moxostoma hubbsi, is an endangered species endemic to Quebec. The presence of contaminants, in particular endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), in its habitat has been advanced as partly responsible for the reproductive difficulties encountered by the species. In the present study, immature copper redhorse were exposed to the estrogenic surfactant nonylphenol (NP; 1, 10 and 50µg/l) and the synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2; 10ng/l) for 21 days in a flow-through system. The endpoints investigated included general health indicators (hepatosomatic index and hematocrit), thyroid hormones, sex steroids, brain aromatase activity, plasma and mucus vitellogenin (VTG), cytochrome P4501A protein expression and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and muscle acetylcholinesterase. Exposure to 10ng EE2/l significantly increased brain aromatase activity. Exposure to 50µg NP/l resulted in a significant reduction of plasma testosterone concentrations and a significant induction of hepatic HSP70 protein expression. NP at 50µg/l also induced plasma and mucus VTG. The presence of elevated VTG levels in the surface mucus of immature copper redhorse exposed to NP, and its correlation to plasma VTG, supports the use of mucus VTG as a non-invasive biomarker to evaluate copper redhorse exposure to EDCs in the environment and contribute to restoration efforts of the species. The results of the present study indicate that exposure to high environmentally relevant concentrations of NP and EE2 can affect molecular endpoints related to reproduction in the copper redhorse. Crown Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Nonylphenol regulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression via Ros-activated NF-κB pathway in sertoli TM4 cells.

PubMed

Liu, Xiaozhen; Nie, Shaoping; Huang, Danfei; Xie, Mingyong

2015-09-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the signaling pathways involved in the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 regulation induced by nonylphenol (NP) in mouse testis Sertoli TM4 cells. Our results showed that treatment of TM4 cells with NP increased COX-2 protein expression and interleukin-6 (IL)-6 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), attenuated NP-induced ROS production, COX-2 expression, and IL-6 and PGE2 release in TM4 cells. Exposure to NP stimulated activation of NF-κB, whereas the NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, attenuated NP-enhanced COX-2 expression and IL-6 and PGE2 release in TM4 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, NAC blocked NP-induced activation of NF-κB. In addition, inhibition of COX-2 mitigated NP-induced IL-6 release. In conclusion, NP induced ROS generation, activation of NF-κB pathway, COX-2 upregulation, and IL-6 and PGE2 secretion in TM4 cells. NP may regulate COX-2 expression via ROS-activated NF-κB pathway in Sertoli TM4 cells. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Immunosuppressive Effects of Triclosan, Nonylphenol, and DDT on Human Natural Killer Cells In Vitro

PubMed Central

Udoji, Felicia; Martin, Tamara; Etherton, Rachel; Whalen, Margaret M.

2010-01-01

Human natural killer (NK) cells are a first line immune defense against tumor cells and virally infected cells. If their function is impaired, it leaves an individual more susceptible to cancer development or viral infection. The ability of compounds that contaminate the environment to suppress the function of NK cells could contribute to increased risk of cancer development. There are a wide spectrum of compounds that significantly contaminate water and food that is consumed by humans leading to accumulation of some of these compounds in human tissues. In the current study, we examined the ability of three such compounds to diminish the function of human NK cells. Triclosan (TC) is an antimicrobial agent used in a large number of antibacterial soaps. Nonylphenol (NP) is a degradation product of compounds used as surfactants and as stabilizers in plastics. 4, 4′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is a pesticide that is mainly used to control mosquitoes. The compounds were examined for their ability to suppress NK function following exposures of 1 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr, and 6 d. Each agent was able to substantially decrease NK lytic function within 24 hr. At a concentration of 5 μM, both TC and NP inhibited NK lytic function by 87 and 30%, respectively; DDT decreased function by 55% at 2.5 μM. The negative effects of each of these compounds persisted and/or intensified following a brief (1 hr) exposure to the compounds, indicating that the impairment of function cannot be eliminated by removal of the compound under in vitro conditions. PMID:20297919

Determination of nonylphenol ethoxylate and octylphenol ethoxylate surfactants in beehive samples by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Chen, Jing; Mullin, Christopher A

2014-09-01

Nonylphenol and octylphenol ethoxylates (NP(EO)n and OP(EO)n) are major toxicants in agrochemicals used around beehives. Here we developed a LC-MS method for analysis of NP(EO)3-13 and OP(EO)3-13 oligomers in bee hive matrices. Less than 2 g of honey, pollen or wax were extracted using the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) approach. Recoveries for each oligomer in all matrices are between 75% and 111% at three spiked concentrations. The method proved to be rapid, precise and sensitive. Five honey, 10 pollen and 12 wax samples were collected and analysed. NP(EO)n was detected in every sample with concentrations ranging from 26 ppb to 10,239 ppb. Much higher NP(EO)n residues levels were found in wax followed by pollen than in honey. OP(EO)n concentrations on average were more than 10 times lower in pollen and wax. This method demonstrates a probable wide occurrence of alkylphenol ethoxylates in USA beehives. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Uptake and distribution of bisphenol A and nonylphenol in vegetable crops irrigated with reclaimed water.

PubMed

Lu, Jian; Wu, Jun; Stoffella, Peter J; Wilson, P Chris

2015-01-01

The potential uptake and distribution of bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol (NP) (from reclaimed irrigation water) in edible crops was investigated. BPA and NP were spiked into simulated reclaimed water at environmentally relevant concentrations. Two crops (lettuce, Lactuca sativa and tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum) were grown hydroponically in a greenhouse using the spiked irrigation water under two irrigation exposure scenarios (overhead foliar exposure and subsurface root exposure). BPA concentrations in tomato fruit were 26.6 ± 5.8 (root exposure) and 18.3 ± 3.5 (foliar exposure) μg kg(-1), while concentrations in lettuce leaves were 80.6 ± 23.1 (root exposure) and 128.9 ± 17.4 (foliar exposure) μg kg(-1). NP concentrations in tomato fruit were 46.1 ± 6.6 (root exposure) and 24.6 ± 6.4 (foliar exposure) μg kg(-1), while concentrations in lettuce leaves were 144.1 ± 9.2 (root exposure) and 195.0 ± 16.9 (foliar exposure) μg kg(-1). BPA was relatively mobile in lettuce plants regardless of exposure route. Limited mobility was observed for NP in both crops and BPA in tomatoes. The estimated daily intake of BPA and NP through consumption of vegetables irrigated with reclaimed water ranged from 8.9-62.9 to 11.9-95.1 μg, respectively, depending on the exposure route. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Magnetic dummy molecularly imprinted polymers based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes for rapid selective solid-phase extraction of 4-nonylphenol in aqueous samples.

PubMed

Rao, Wei; Cai, Rong; Yin, Yuli; Long, Fang; Zhang, Zhaohui

2014-10-01

In this paper, a highly selective sample clean-up procedure combining magnetic dummy molecular imprinting with solid-phase extraction was developed for rapid separation and determination of 4-nonylphenol (NP) in the environmental water samples. The magnetic dummy molecularly imprinted polymers (mag-DMIPs) based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes were successfully synthesized with a surface molecular imprinting technique using 4-tert-octylphenol as the dummy template and tetraethylorthosilicate as the cross-linker. The maximum adsorption capacity of the mag-DMIPs for NP was 52.4 mg g(-1) and it took about 20 min to achieve the adsorption equilibrium. The mag-DMIPs exhibited the specific selective adsorption toward NP. Coupled with high performance liquid chromatography analysis, the mag-DMIPs were used to extract solid-phase and detect NP in real water samples successfully with the recoveries of 88.6-98.1%. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Polar herbicides, pharmaceutical products, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and nonylphenol and its carboxylates and ethoxylates in surface and tap waters around Lake Maggiore in Northern Italy.

PubMed

Loos, Robert; Wollgast, Jan; Huber, Tania; Hanke, Georg

2007-02-01

A survey of contamination of surface and drinking waters around Lake Maggiore in Northern Italy with polar anthropogenic environmental pollutants has been conducted. The target analytes were polar herbicides, pharmaceuticals (including antibiotics), steroid estrogens, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (including perfluorooctanoate PFOA), nonylphenol and its carboxylates and ethoxylates (NPEO surfactants), and triclosan, a bactericide used in personal-care products. Analysis of water samples was performed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) then liquid chromatography-triple-quadrupole (tandem) mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). By extraction of 1-L water samples and concentration of the extract to 100 microL, method detection limits (MDLs) as low as 0.05-0.1 ng L(-1) were achieved for most compounds. Lake-water samples from seven different locations in the Southern part of Lake Maggiore and eleven samples from different tributary rivers and creeks were investigated. Rain water was also analyzed to investigate atmospheric input of the contaminants. Compounds regularly detected at very low concentrations in the lake water included: caffeine (max. concentration 124 ng L(-1)), the herbicides terbutylazine (7 ng L(-1)), atrazine (5 ng L(-1)), simazine (16 ng L(-1)), diuron (11 ng L(-1)), and atrazine-desethyl (11 ng L(-1)), the pharmaceuticals carbamazepine (9 ng L(-1)), sulfamethoxazole (10 ng L(-1)), gemfibrozil (1.7 ng L(-1)), and benzafibrate (1.2 ng L(-1)), the surfactant metabolite nonylphenol (15 ng L(-1)), its carboxylates (NPE(1)C 120 ng L(-1), NPE(2)C 7 ng L(-1), NPE(3)C 15 ng L(-1)) and ethoxylates (NPE( n )Os, n = 3-17; 300 ng L(-1)), perfluorinated surfactants (PFOS 9 ng L(-1), PFOA 3 ng L(-1)), and estrone (0.4 ng L(-1)). Levels of these compounds in drinking water produced from Lake Maggiore were almost identical with those found in the lake itself, revealing the poor performance of sand filtration and chlorination applied by the local

Aerobic biodegradation potential of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in surface-water sediment at Rocky Mountain National Park, USA.

PubMed

Bradley, Paul M; Battaglin, William A; Iwanowicz, Luke R; Clark, Jimmy M; Journey, Celeste A

2016-05-01

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in surface water and bed sediment threaten the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. In natural, remote, and protected surface-water environments where contaminant releases are sporadic, contaminant biodegradation is a fundamental driver of exposure concentration, timing, duration, and, thus, EDC ecological risk. Anthropogenic contaminants, including known and suspected EDCs, were detected in surface water and sediment collected from 2 streams and 2 lakes in Rocky Mountain National Park (Colorado, USA). The potential for aerobic EDC biodegradation was assessed in collected sediments using 6 (14) C-radiolabeled model compounds. Aerobic microbial mineralization of natural (estrone and 17β-estradiol) and synthetic (17α-ethinylestradiol) estrogen was significant at all sites. Bed sediment microbial communities in Rocky Mountain National Park also effectively degraded the xenoestrogens bisphenol-A and 4-nonylphenol. The same sediment samples exhibited little potential for aerobic biodegradation of triclocarban, however, illustrating the need to assess a wider range of contaminant compounds. The present study's results support recent concerns over the widespread environmental occurrence of carbanalide antibacterials, like triclocarban and triclosan, and suggest that backcountry use of products containing these compounds should be discouraged. Published 2015 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.

Activation of Autophagic Flux against Xenoestrogen Bisphenol-A-induced Hippocampal Neurodegeneration via AMP kinase (AMPK)/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathways*

PubMed Central

Agarwal, Swati; Tiwari, Shashi Kant; Seth, Brashket; Yadav, Anuradha; Singh, Anshuman; Mudawal, Anubha; Chauhan, Lalit Kumar Singh; Gupta, Shailendra Kumar; Choubey, Vinay; Tripathi, Anurag; Kumar, Amit; Ray, Ratan Singh; Shukla, Shubha; Parmar, Devendra; Chaturvedi, Rajnish Kumar

2015-01-01

established as a biomarker of xenoestrogen exposure. PMID:26139607

Effects of 4-nonylphenol on benthic macroinvertebrates and insect emergence in littoral enclosures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schmude, K.L.; Liber, K.; Corry, T.D.

1999-03-01

The effect of 4-nonylphenol (NP) on benthic, freshwater macroinvertebrates in littoral enclosures was evaluated over a 2-year period. Enclosures received 11 NP applications, 48 h apart, with nominal rates of 3, 30, 100, and 300 {micro}g/L. Mean measured peak concentrations in integrated water column samples over the 20-d application period were 5 {+-} 4, 23 {+-} 11, 76 {+-} 21, and 243 {+-} 41 {micro}g/L NP. Concentrations of NP in the water column decreased rapidly after the last application. Maximum NP concentrations measured in sediments, pore water, and macrophytes of a 300-{micro}g/L enclosure were 27.4 mg/kg, 29.9 {micro}g/L, and 89.6more » mg/kg, respectively. The most abundant macroinvertebrate groups, Chironomidae, Oligochaeta, and Mollusca, decreased in abundance after application. Effects on Mollusca were the most severe. Their numbers were significantly reduced at the highest treatment throughout most of the study. Oligochaetes and chironomids were also significantly reduced at the highest treatment, but populations recovered within 6 weeks. Snails and naidid oligochaetes were slightly affected at the second highest treatment (76 {+-} 21 {micro}g/L NP). Insect emergence was reduced during and immediately post-application, but the effects were likely caused or compounded by a surfactant sheen on the surface of the water that interfered with emergence and/or oviposition. The observed effects on the benthic community were most likely due to exposure from the water, although more persistent macrophyte-associated residues may have contributed to effects on Gastropoda, Naididae, and Tanytarsini. Macrophyte-associated NP residues may pose a small risk to benthic organisms, but it is probably minor compared to water exposures. The no-observed and lowest-observed-effect concentration for the benthic community was 23 {+-} 11 and 76 {+-} 21 {micro}g/L NP, respectively.« less

Determination of 4-nonylphenol and 4-octylphenol in human blood samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with multi-electrode electrochemical coulometric-array detection.

PubMed

Inoue, K; Yoshimura, Y; Makino, T; Nakazawa, H

2000-11-01

Alkylphenols can affect human health because they disrupt the endocrine system. In this study, an analytical method for determining trace amounts of 4-nonylphenol (NP) and 4-octylphenol (OP) in human blood samples was developed. Reversed-phase HPLC with multi-electrode electrochemical coulometric-array detection was used for the determination of NP and OP in plasma and serum samples prepared with a solid-phase extraction method. The separation was achieved using an isocratic mobile phase of 0.7% phosphoric acid-acetonitrile with a C18 reversed phase column. The detection limits of NP and OP were 1.0 and 0.5 ng ml-1, respectively. The recoveries of NP and OP added to human plasma samples were above 70.0% with a relative standard deviation of less than 15.5%. The method was found to be applicable to the determination of NP and OP in various human blood samples such as serum and plasma.

Toxic effect of nonylphenol on the marine macroalgae Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta): antioxidant system and antitumor activity.

PubMed

Zhong, Mingqin; Yin, Pinghe; Zhao, Ling

2017-04-01

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the toxic effect of nonylphenol (NP) on the antioxidant response and antitumor activity of Gracilaria lemaneiformis. An obvious oxidative damage was observed in this study. The thallus exposed to NP showed 1.2-2.0-fold increase in lipid peroxide and displayed a maximum level of 16.58 μmol g -1 Fw on 0.6 mg L -1 for 15-day exposure. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enhanced significantly by 1.1-3.2-fold and subsequently diminished at the high concentrations and prolonged exposure. The results of DNA damage in comet assay also supported that NP was obviously toxic on G. lemaneiformis with increasing the percentage of tail DNA in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the ethanol extract of G. lemaneiformis (EEGL) did exhibit antitumor potential against HepG-2 cells. While decreased in cell inhibition, ROS generation, apoptosis, and caspase-3 in HepG-2 cells treated with the EEGL were observed when G. lemaneiformis was exposed to NP for 15 days, and which were related to exposure concentration of NP. These suggested that NP has strongly toxic effect on the antitumor activity of G. lemaneiformis. The results revealed in this study imply that macroalgae can be useful biomarkers to evaluate marine pollutions.

Role of melatonin in mitigating nonylphenol-induced toxicity in frontal cortex and hippocampus of rat brain.

PubMed

Tabassum, Heena; Ashafaq, Mohammad; Parvez, Suhel; Raisuddin, Sheikh

2017-03-01

Nonylphenol (NP), an environmental endocrine disruptor mimics estrogen and is a potential toxicant both under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In this study, the effect of melatonin on NP- induced neurotoxicity and cognitive alteration was investigated in adult male Wistar rats. Melatonin supplementation has been known to protect cells from neurotoxic injury. The animals were divided into three groups namely, control (vehicle) which received olive oil orally and treated rats received NP (25 mg/kg, per os) thrice a week for 45 days while the third group i.e., NP + melatonin, animals were co-administered melatonin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) along with NP. On the 46th day, rats were assessed for anxiety, motor co-ordination, grip strength and cognitive performance using Morris water maze test and then sacrificed for biochemical and histopathological assays in brain tissues. Melatonin improved the behavioral performance in NP exposed group. The results showed that NP significantly decreased the activity of acetylcholine esterase (AchE), monoamine oxidase (MAO) and Na + /K + -ATPase, in rat brain tissue along with other enzymes of antioxidant milieu. The outcome of the study shows that NP, like other persistent endocrine disrupting pollutants, creates a potential risk of cognitive, neurochemical and histopathological perturbations as a result of environmental exposure. Taken together, our study demonstrates that melatonin is protective against NP-induced neurotoxicity. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Technical writing versus technical writing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dillingham, J. W.

1981-01-01

Two terms, two job categories, 'technical writer' and 'technical author' are discussed in terms of industrial and business requirements and standards. A distinction between 'technical writing' and technical 'writing' is made. The term 'technical editor' is also considered. Problems inherent in the design of programs to prepare and train students for these jobs are discussed. A closer alliance between industry and academia is suggested as a means of preparing students with competent technical communication skills (especially writing and editing skills) and good technical skills.

Nanofibers mat-based solid-phase extraction method for the pretreatment of urine samples and its application in the primary study on the disposition of nonylphenol after long-term low-level exposure in rats.

PubMed

Qian, Liangliang; Li, Ruixian; Di, Qiannan; Shen, Yang; Xu, Qian; Li, Jian

2017-09-01

A method was established for the analysis of nonylphenol (NP) in rat urine samples based on a solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure with an amino functionalized polyacrylonitrile nanofibers mat (NH 2 -PAN NF S M) as sorbent coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The calibration curves prepared in three different days showed good linearity over a wide range of NP concentrations from 0.1 to 100.0ng/mL. It was remarkable that the proposed NH 2 -PAN NFsM based SPE method showed superior extraction efficiency with the consumption of only 4mg of sorbent and 500μL of eluent. The eluent without any further concentration was directly analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. As a result, a simple and effective sample preparation was achieved. In addition, the notable lower detection limit (LOD) of 0.03ng/mL revealed the excellent sensitivity of the proposed method in comparison with that in literatures. The recoveries ranged from 85.0% to 114.8% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 7.5% to 13.7%, which were better than or comparable to those from the published methods, suggesting high accuracy of the proposed method. The proposed method was applied in primary study on the disposition of nonylphenol after long-term low-level exposure in rats, providing information for health risk assessment on the real scenarios of NP exposure. NH 2 -PAN NFsM shows great potential as a novel SPE sorbent for the analysis of biological samples. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) process: a study on nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE) oxidation in batch mode using cerium (IV) oxidant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Setiyanto, H.; Adyatmika, I. M.; Syaifullah, M. M.; Zulfikar, M. A.; Buchari

2018-05-01

Nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE-10) is one type of non-ionic surfactants from the class of alkylphenol ethoxylate (APE). This compound is already tightened their use in European Union countries. However, these surfactants are still used widely in Indonesia because the price is relatively cheap. Consequently, these compounds can accumulate in aquatic environments. NPE-10 can disrupt aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to describe the electro-oxidation process of NPE-10 based on the parameters of a potential difference, concentration of NPE-10, concentration of Ce (III), and oxidation time. The result of oxidation NPE-10 was measured by the amount of current generated from voltammetry technique. Studies of cyclic voltammetry using carbon paste electrodes illustrates the potential value of the oxidation of Ce (III) / Ce (IV) of 1.25 V and the reduction potential value of Ce (IV) / Ce (III) of 1.192 V. NPE-10 are electroactive irreversible because it only provides the potential value of oxidation at 1.44 V. Percent of total degradation of 84.96% was obtained at electro-oxidation of 500 ppm NPE-10 by the addition of 0.015 M Ce (III) for 90 minutes at 0.2 M H2SO4and the use of potential of 6 V.

HPLC-FLD determination of 4-nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol in surface water samples.

PubMed

Cruceru, Ioana; Iancu, Vasile; Petre, Jana; Badea, Irinel Adriana; Vladescu, Luminita

2012-05-01

A simple, sensitive and reliable HPLC-FLD method for the routine determination of 4-nonylphenol, 4-NP and 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-t-OP content in water samples was developed. The method consists in a liquid-liquid extraction of the target analytes with dichloromethane at pH  3.0-3.5 followed by the HPLC-FLD analysis of the organic extract using a Zorbax Eclipse XDB C8 column, isocratic elution with a mixed solvent acetonitrile/water 65:35, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and applying a column temperature of 40°C. The method was validated and then applied with good results for the determination of 4-NP and 4-t-OP in Ialomiţa River water samples collected each month during 2006. The concentration levels of 4-NP and 4-t-OP vary between 0.08-0.17 μg/L with higher values of 0.24-0.37 μg/L in the summer months for 4-NP, and frequently <0.05 μg/L but also between 0.06-0.09 μg/L with higher values of 0.12-0.16 μg/L in July and August for 4-t-OP and were strongly influenced by sesonial and anthropic factors. The method was also applied on samples collected over 2 years 2007 and 2008 from urban wastewaters discharged into sewage or directly into the rivers by economic agents located in 30 Romanian towns. Good results were obtained when the method was used for analysis of effluents discharged into surface waters by 16 municipal wastewater treatment plants, during the year 2008.

Environmental Levels of para-Nonylphenol Are Able to Affect Cytokine Secretion in Human Placenta

PubMed Central

Bechi, Nicoletta; Ietta, Francesca; Romagnoli, Roberta; Jantra, Silke; Cencini, Marco; Galassi, Gianmichele; Serchi, Tommaso; Corsi, Ilaria; Focardi, Silvano; Paulesu, Luana

2010-01-01

Background para-Nonylphenol (p-NP) is a metabolite of alkylphenols widely used in the chemical industry and manufacturing. It accumulates in the environment, where it acts with estrogen-like activity. We previously showed that p-NP acts on human placenta by inducing trophoblast differentiation and apoptosis. Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of p-NP on cytokine secretion in human placenta. Methods In vitro cultures of chorionic villous explants from human placenta in the first trimester of pregnancy were treated with p-NP (10−13, 10−11, and 10−9 M) in 0.1% ethanol as vehicle. Culture medium was collected after 24 hr and assayed by specific immunoassays for the cytokines granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Results p-NP modulated cytokine secretion by inducing the release of GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-10, with a maximum effect at 10−11 M. It reduced the release of TNF-α at 10−13 M, whereas levels of IL-2 and IL-5 remained below the detection limit. IL-6 and IL-8 levels were 100–1,000 times higher than those of other cytokines, and they were not affected by p-NP. We observed significant differences from controls (ethanol alone) only for GM-CSF and IL-10. Conclusion An unbalanced cytokine network at the maternal–fetal interface may result in implantation failure, pregnancy loss, or other complications. The effects of extremely low doses of p-NP on the placental release of cytokines raise considerable concerns about maternal exposure to this endocrine disruptor during pregnancy. PMID:20194071

Exogenous hormonal regulation in breast cancer cells by phytoestrogens and endocrine disruptors.

PubMed

Albini, A; Rosano, C; Angelini, G; Amaro, A; Esposito, A I; Maramotti, S; Noonan, D M; Pfeffer, U

2014-01-01

Observations on the role of ovarian hormones in breast cancer growth, as well as interest in contraception, stimulated research into the biology of estrogens. The identification of the classical receptors ERα and ERβ and the transmembrane receptor GPER and the resolution of the structure of the ligand bound to its receptor established the principal molecular mechanisms of estrogen action. The presence of estrogen-like compounds in many plants used in traditional medicine or ingested as food ingredients, phytoestrogens, as well as the estrogenic activities of many industrial pollutants and pesticides, xenoestrogens, have prompted investigations into their role in human health. Phyto- and xenoestrogens bind to the estrogen receptors with a lower affinity than the endogenous estrogens and can compete or substitute the hormone. Xenoestrogens, which accumulate in the body throughout life, are believed to increase breast cancer risk, especially in cases of prenatal and prepuberal exposure whereas the role of phytoestrogens is still a matter of debate. At present, the application of phytoestrogens appears to be limited to the treatment of post-menopausal symptoms in women where the production of endogenous estrogens has ceased. In this review we discuss chemistry, structure and classification, estrogen signaling and the consequences of the interactions of estrogens, phytoestrogens and xenoestrogens with their receptors, the complex interactions of endogenous and exogenous ligands, the evaluation of the health risks related to xenoestrogens, and the perspectives toward the synthesis of potent third generation selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs).

Exogenous Hormonal Regulation in Breast Cancer Cells by Phytoestrogens and Endocrine Disruptors

PubMed Central

Albini, A.; Rosano, C.; Angelini, G.; Amaro, A.; Esposito, A.I.; Maramotti, S.; Noonan, D.M.; Pfeffer, U.

2014-01-01

Observations on the role of ovarian hormones in breast cancer growth, as well as interest in contraception, stimulated research into the biology of estrogens. The identification of the classical receptors ERα and ERβ and the transmembrane receptor GPER and the resolution of the structure of the ligand bound to its receptor established the principal molecular mechanisms of estrogen action. The presence of estrogen-like compounds in many plants used in traditional medicine or ingested as food ingredients, phytoestrogens, as well as the estrogenic activities of many industrial pollutants and pesticides, xenoestrogens, have prompted investigations into their role in human health. Phyto- and xenoestrogens bind to the estrogen receptors with a lower affinity than the endogenous estrogens and can compete or substitute the hormone. Xenoestrogens, which accumulate in the body throughout life, are believed to increase breast cancer risk, especially in cases of prenatal and prepuberal exposure whereas the role of phytoestrogens is still a matter of debate. At present, the application of phytoestrogens appears to be limited to the treatment of post-menopausal symptoms in women where the production of endogenous estrogens has ceased. In this review we discuss chemistry, structure and classification, estrogen signaling and the consequences of the interactions of estrogens, phytoestrogens and xenoestrogens with their receptors, the complex interactions of endogenous and exogenous ligands, the evaluation of the health risks related to xenoestrogens, and the perspectives toward the synthesis of potent third generation selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). PMID:24304271

Micropollutant loads in the urban water cycle.

PubMed

Musolff, Andreas; Leschik, Sebastian; Reinstorf, Frido; Strauch, Gerhard; Schirmer, Mario

2010-07-01

The assessment of micropollutants in the urban aquatic environment is a challenging task since both the water balance and the contaminant concentrations are characterized by a pronounced variability in time and space. In this study the water balance of a central European urban drainage catchment is quantified for a period of one year. On the basis of a concentration monitoring of several micropollutants, a contaminant mass balance for the study area's wastewater, surface water, and groundwater is derived. The release of micropollutants from the catchment was mainly driven by the discharge of the wastewater treatment plant. However, combined sewer overflows (CSO) released significant loads of caffeine, bisphenol A, and technical 4-nonylphenol. Since an estimated fraction of 9.9-13.0% of the wastewater's dry weather flow was lost as sewer leakages to the groundwater, considerable loads of bisphenol A and technical 4-nonylphenol were also released by the groundwater pathway. The different temporal dynamics of release loads by CSO as an intermittent source and groundwater as well as treated wastewater as continuous pathways may induce acute as well as chronic effects on the receiving aquatic ecosystem. This study points out the importance of the pollution pathway CSO and groundwater for the contamination assessments of urban water resources.

Influence of nonylphenol and octylphenol exposure on 5-HT, 5-HT transporter, and 5-HT2A receptor.

PubMed

Liu, Chunhong; Lai, Yuting; Ouyang, Junyan; Yang, Tongwang; Guo, Youting; Yang, Jie; Huang, Shaowen

2017-03-01

Nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) are priority environmental contaminants that have a potential role as endocrine disruptors. They can be biomagnified in the food chain and pose an estrogenic health risk to human health. A 28-day oral toxicity study was performed to observe the impact of single and combined exposure to NP and OP on 5-HT transporter (SERT) as well as 5-HT 2A receptor. Results showed that the 5-HT levels in rat plasma increased with exposure to middle-dose and high-dose NP, to high-dose OP, and to low, middle, and high doses of combined NP and OP (P < 0.05), while the 5-HT levels in rat platelets increased when exposed to NP/OP or combined NP and OP of middle or high dose (P < 0.05). The expression levels of SERT in rat platelets decreased when exposed to high-dose NP/OP or high dose of combined NP and OP (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the expression levels of 5-HT 2A in rat platelets decreased when exposed to high-dose NP/OP as well as combined NP and OP (P < 0.05). These findings suggested that exposure to NP and OP could influence the metabolic network of 5-hydroxytryptamine via transportation and receptor binding pathways.

Bisphenol A, 4-tert-octylphenol, and 4-nonylphenol in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Southern Baltic).

PubMed

Staniszewska, Marta; Falkowska, Lucyna; Grabowski, Paweł; Kwaśniak, Justyna; Mudrak-Cegiołka, Stella; Reindl, Andrzej R; Sokołowski, Adam; Szumiło, Emilia; Zgrundo, Aleksandra

2014-10-01

The organic derivatives of phenol are classed as dangerous compounds, and their presence has been detected in surface water, bottom water, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and mussel as well as liver and muscle of fish from the Gulf of Gdańsk and in liver, muscle, and guano of gulls residing in the coastal zone of this basin. The greatest sources of bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), and 4-nonylphenol (NP) were found to be the Vistula River and the water purification plant in Dębogórze. In living organisms, concentrations of BPA, OP, and NP ranged between the limit of quantification and several hundred ng g(-1) dry weight (dw), and the highest concentrations were found for BPA. Prolonged alimentary exposure to BPA, OP, and NP in fish and birds was indicated by liver/muscle concentration ratios generally >1. The most influential factors on BPA and alkylphenol concentrations in the tissues of fishes and gulls were mainly diet and habitat. The study confirmed possible bioaccumulation in the food web. High BPA and NP concentrations in guano (≤2,700 and ≤300 ng g(-1) dw, respectively) indicated the ability of birds to detoxify and signalled the reintroduction of these compounds to seawater. Herring, flounder, and cod from the Southern Baltic are a safe food source for human consumption because their BPA and alkylphenol contents are low.

Role of structure, accessibility and microporosity on sorption of phenanthrene and nonylphenol by sediments and their fractions.

PubMed

Zhang, Dainan; Duan, Dandan; Huang, Youda; Xiong, Yongqiang; Yang, Yu; Ran, Yong

2016-12-01

To better understand interaction mechanism of sediment organic matter with hydrophobic organic compounds, sorption of phenanthrene (Phen) and nonylphenol (NP) by bulk sediments and their fractions was investigated. Three surface sediments were selectively fractionated into different organic fractions, including the demineralized carbon (DM), lipid free carbon (LF), lipid (LP), and nonhydrolyzable carbon (NHC) fractions. The structure and microporosity of the isolated fractions were characterized by NMR and CO 2 adsorption techniques, and used as sorbents for Phen and NP. The calculated micropore volumes (V o ) and specific surface area (SSA) values are positively related to the concentrations of aromatic C and char for the DM, LF and NHC fractions, suggesting that aromatic moieties and char component significantly contribute to the microporosity. The LF fractions exhibit greater sorption affinity than the DM fractions do, indicating that the presence of LP could block the accessibility of sorption sites for Phen and NP. Significant and positive correlations among log K' FOC values for Phen and NP and aromatic carbon and char contents, and V o and SSA values suggest the aromatic moieties and microporosity dominate their sorption of HOCs by sediment organic matter (SOM). As the NHC fractions have much stronger sorption than other fractions do, they dominate the overall sorption by the bulk samples. This study indicated that the important roles of aromatic moieties, accessibility, and microporosity in the sorption of HOCs by SOM. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Teratogenic effects of 4-nonylphenol on early embryonic and larval development of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis.

PubMed

Chaube, Radha; Gautam, Geeta J; Joy, Keerikattil P

2013-05-01

Alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEs), which are widely used in detergents, paints, herbicides, insecticides, and in many other formulations, have been widely detected in aquatic environments. 4-Nonylphenol (NP) is an important APE detected at microgram levels per litre (0.1-336 μg/L) in water. The objective of the present study was to evaluate NP's toxic effects at low and high sublethal concentrations (0.1 and 1 μg/L) on embryonic development of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis at different time intervals. The data show that fertilization rate was decreased and cleavage and blastula were severely affected leading to complete mortality of embryos. NP exposure resulted in various body malformations in larvae, such as vertebral deformations, e.g., fin blistering/necrosis, axial deformities (lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis) of the spine in the abdominal and caudal region, tail curved completely backward, shortened body, severe spinal and yolk sac malformations, C-shaped severe spinal curvature, cranial malformation with undeveloped head, and failure of eye development. The level of body malformations increased with the concentration and exposure time. After 72 h of exposure, all larvae were dead at both concentrations. Scanning electron microscope study showed that epidermal cells (keratinocytes) were severely damaged in both low- and high-dose treatments throughout development, leading to development of numerous depressions representing sinking holes on the skin. Mucous glands increased significantly in treatment groups compared with control groups. The present study highlights the severe teratogenic effects of NP. The prevalence of the contaminant, if not checked, can lead to decreased population and ultimate disappearance of the species.

Ecological risk assessment of nonylphenol in coastal waters of China based on species sensitivity distribution model.

PubMed

Gao, Pei; Li, Zhengyan; Gibson, Mark; Gao, Huiwang

2014-06-01

Nonylphenol (NP) is an endocrine disruptor and causes feminization and carcinogenesis in various organisms. Consequently, the environmental distribution and ecological risks of NP have received wide concern. China accounts for approximately 10% of the total NP usage in the world, but the water quality criteria of NP have not been established in China and the ecological risks of this pollutant cannot be properly assessed. This study thus aims to determine the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) of NP and to assess the ecological risks of NP in coastal waters of China with the PNEC as water quality criteria. To obtain the HC5 (hazardous concentration for 5% of biological species) and PNEC estimates, the species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) models were built with chronic toxicity data of NP on aquatic organisms screened from the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) ECOTOX database. The results showed that the PNEC for NP in freshwater and seawater was 0.48 μg L(-1) and 0.28 μg L(-1), respectively. The RQ (risk quotient) values of NP in coastal waters of China ranged from 0.01 to 69.7. About 60% of the reported areas showed a high ecological risk with an RQ value ≥ 1.00. NP therefore exists ubiquitously in coastal waters of China and it poses various risks to aquatic ecosystems in the country. This study demonstrates that the SSD methodology can provide a feasible tool for the establishment of water quality criteria for emergent new pollutants when sufficient toxicity data is available. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Association between Nonylphenols and Sexual Hormones Levels among Pregnant Women: A Cohort Study in Taiwan

PubMed Central

Chang, Chia-Huang; Tsai, Ming-Song; Lin, Ching-Ling; Hou, Jia-Woei; Wang, Tzu-Hao; Tsai, Yen-An; Liao, Kai-Wei; Mao, I-Fang; Chen, Mei-Lien

2014-01-01

Background Nonylphenol (NP) has been proven as an endocrine disrupter and had the ability to interfere with the endocrine system. Though the health effects of NP on pregnant women and their fetuses are sustained, these negative associations related to the mechanisms of regulation for estrogen during pregnancy need to be further clarified. The objective of this study is to explore the association between maternal NP and hormonal levels, such as estradiol, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and progesterone. Methods A pregnant women cohort was established in North Taiwan between March and December 2010. Maternal urine and blood samples from the first, second, and third trimesters of gestation were collected. Urinary NP concentration was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescent detection. A mixed-effects model using a generalised estimating equation (GEE) was applied to assess the associations between maternal NP concentration and plasma hormones throughout the three trimesters. Results In total, 162 singleton pregnant women completed this study through delivery. The geometric mean of creatinine-adjusted urinary NP concentrations were 4.27, 4.21, and 4.10 µg/g cre. in the first, second, and third trimesters respectively. A natural log-transformation of urinary NP concentrations were significantly associated with LH in the GEE model (β = −0.23 mIU/ml, p<0.01). Conclusion This perspective cohort study demonstrates that negative association occurs between maternal NP exposure and plasma LH levels. The estrogen-mimic effect of NP might influence the negative feedback on LH during pregnancy. PMID:25148048

Removal of Nonylphenol by using Fe-doped NaBiO3 compound as an efficient visible-light-heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst.

PubMed

An, Junjian; Huang, Mengxuan; Wang, Mengling; Chen, Jiali; Wang, Peng

2018-04-12

Fe-doped NaBiO 3 nanoscaled compounds were prepared by hydrothermal method and evaluated as a highly efficient photo-Fenton-like catalyst under visible light irradiation. The Fe-doped NaBiO 3 compound had a specific surface area of 41.42 m 2  g -1 , which is considerably larger than that of NaBiO 3 nanoparticles (28.81 m 2  g -1 ). The compound exhibited an excellent visible light-Fenton-like catalysis activity, which is influenced by the iron content of the compound and the pH value of the solution. Under the optimal conditions, the Fe-doped NaBiO 3 compound led to fast degradation of Nonylphenol with an apparent rate constant of 5.71 × 10 -2 min -1 , which was 8.23-fold of that achieved by using NaBiO 3 . The significantly enhanced visible light-Fenton-like catalytic property of the Fe-doped NaBiO 3 was attributed to the large surface area and the high adsorption capacity of the compound, and the Fenton catalytic ability of iron in the compound.

Effect of nonylphenol on the regulation of cell growth in colorectal cancer cells.

PubMed

Yang, Xuefeng; Huang, Handong; Wang, Maijian; Zheng, Xingbin; Xu, Jie; Xie, Ming

2017-08-01

Nonylphenol (NP) is a well-known endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), which can enhance the progression of cancer by functioning as an estrogen‑like factor. In the present study, the effects of different concentrations of NP on COLO205 colorectal cancer (CRC) cells were examined. The results of flow cytometric analysis revealed that NP significantly decreased the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase in a dose‑dependent manner, which was accompanied by a marginal increase in the proportions of cells in S and G2/M phases. NP did not induce apoptosis, whereas estradiol (E2) did induce apoptosis. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the action of NP on COLO205 cells, the transcriptional levels of extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK)1, ERK2 and phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K) were assessed using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. The expressions levels of ERK1, ERK2 and PI3K were increased by treatment with NP in a dose‑dependent manner. On examining protein levels, the expression of PI3K p38 was increased by NP and E2, and the expression of ERK1/2 was increased by NP. The phosphorylation of the ERK protein was significantly increased by treatment with NP at a high concentration (10‑4 M; P<0.01), but significantly decreased by E2 (P<0.01). Two key proteins in the transforming growth factor (TGF)β pathway (c‑Fos and SnoN) were selected for analysis using western blot analysis in the COLO205 cells treated with NP and E2. The expression levels of c‑Fos and SnoN were significantly increased by treatment with E2 (10‑7 M; P<0.01) and NP (10‑7‑10‑4 M; P<0.01). Taken together, these results indicated that NP affected the development of CRC via the ERK signaling pathway and TGFβ pathway.

Migration and health risks of nonylphenol and bisphenol a in soil-winter wheat systems with long-term reclaimed water irrigation.

PubMed

Wang, Shiyu; Liu, Fei; Wu, Wenyong; Hu, Yaqi; Liao, Renkuan; Chen, Gaoting; Wang, Jiulong; Li, Jialin

2018-04-12

Reclaimed water reuse has become an important means of alleviating agricultural water shortage worldwide. However, the presence of endocrine disrupters has roused up considerable attention. Barrel test in farmland was conducted to investigate the migration of nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) in soil-winter wheat system simulating reclaimed water irrigation. Additionally, the health risks on humans were assessed based on US EPA risk assessment model. The migration of NP and BPA decreased from the soil to the winter wheat; the biological concentration factors (BCFs) of NP and BPA in roots, stems, leaves, and grains all decreased with their added concentrations in soils. The BCFs of NP and BPA in roots were greatest (0.60-5.80 and 0.063-1.45, respectively). The average BCFs of NP and BPA in winter wheat showed negative exponential relations to their concentrations in soil. The amounts of NP and BPA in soil-winter wheat system accounted for 8.99-28.24% and 2.35-4.95%, respectively, of the initial amounts added into the soils. The hazard quotient (HQ) for children and adults ranged between 10 -6 and 1, so carcinogenic risks could be induced by ingesting winter wheat grains under long-term reclaimed water irrigation. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Estrogenic activity of natural and synthetic estrogens in human breast cancer cells in culture.

PubMed Central

Zava, D T; Blen, M; Duwe, G

1997-01-01

We investigated the estrogenic activity of various environmental pollutants (xenobiotics), in particular the xenoestrogen o,p-DDT, and compared their effects with those of endogenous estrogens, phytoestrogens, and mycoestrogens on estrogen receptor binding capacity, induction of estrogen end products, and activation of cell proliferation in estrogen-sensitive human breast cancer cells in monolayer culture. We also quantified the levels of phytoestrogens in extracts of some common foods, herbs, and spices and in human saliva following consumption of a high phytoestrogen food source (soy milk) to compare phytoestrogen abundance and bioavailability relative to the reported xenoestrogen burden in humans. Results show that natural endogenous estrogens, phytoestrogens, mycoestrogens, and xenoestrogens bind estrogen receptor (ER) in intact cells, but demonstrate marked differences in their ability to induce end products of estrogen action and to regulate cell proliferation. All of the different classes of estrogens stimulated cell proliferation at concentrations that half-saturated ER, but only some classes were able to induce estrogen-regulated end products. Genistein, a common phytoestrogen found in soy foods, differed from the xenoestrogen DDT in its effects on cell proliferation and ability to induce estrogen-regulated end products. Moreover, we found that many of the foods, herbs, and spices commonly consumed by humans contain significant amounts of phytoestrogens, and consumption of soy milk, a phytoestrogen-rich food, markedly increases the levels of phytoestrogens in saliva. In conclusion, our in vitro results predict that a diet high in phytoestrogens would significantly reduce the binding of weak xenoestrogens to ER in target tissues in vivo. PMID:9168008

Bisphenol A, 4-t-octylphenol, and 4-nonylphenol determination in serum by Hybrid Solid Phase Extraction-Precipitation Technology technique tailored to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Asimakopoulos, Alexandros G; Thomaidis, Nikolaos S

2015-04-01

A rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and optimized for the simultaneous determination of bisphenol A, 4-t-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol in human blood serum. For the first time, the electrospray ionization (ESI) parameters of probe position, voltage potential, sheath gas flow rate, auxiliary gas flow rate, and ion transfer tube temperature were thoroughly studied and optimized for each phenol by a univariate approach. As a consequence, low instrumental limits of detection were reported, demonstrating at 0.2 ng/mL (in solvent matrix) excellent injection repeatability (RSD<14.5%) and a confirmation peak for all target phenols. Extraction and purification of serum was performed by the novel Hybrid Solid Phase Extraction-Precipitation Technology technique (Hybrid SPE-PPT). The limits of detection in human blood serum were 0.80, 1.3 and 1.4 ng/mL for BPA, 4-t-OP and 4-NP, respectively. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Low concentrations of Bisphenol A and para-Nonylphenol affect extravillous pathway of human trophoblast cells.

PubMed

Spagnoletti, Antonella; Paulesu, Luana; Mannelli, Chiara; Ermini, Leonardo; Romagnoli, Roberta; Cintorino, Marcella; Ietta, Francesca

2015-09-05

Bisphenol A (BPA) and para-Nonylphenol (p-NP) are chemicals of industrial origin which may influence human reproductive health. The effects of these substances in the prenatal life is an important topic that is receiving greater attention in the developed countries. In this study, human trophoblast cells HTR-8/SVneo were exposed to BPA and p-NP (1 × 10(-15), 1 × 10(-13), 1 × 10(-11), 1 × 10(-9) and 1 × 10(-7) M) and incubated for 24, 48 and/or 72 h then, examined for the main physiological processes which characterize the extravillous trophoblast. Cell proliferation showed no changes while the processes of cell migration and invasion were both reduced by BPA and p-NP. For each chemical, the activity was higher at lower concentrations with a maximum activity between 1 × 10(-13) and 1 × 10(-11) M (p < 0.05 for 1 × 10(-9) and p < 0.001 for 1 × 10(-11) M). Co-culture studies with human umbilical cord endothelial cells (HUVEC) revealed that trophoblast/endothelial interaction was significantly reduced by p-NP at 1 × 10(-11) M. Moreover, both chemicals were inducing differentiation of HTR-8/SVneo toward polyploidy by the process of endoreduplication. The estrogen-receptor antagonist ICI significantly reduced p-NP action, while it had no effect on BPA treated cells. In conclusion, p-NP and BPA act on trophoblast cells altering key physiological processes in placenta development. The exact mechanism of action of the chemicals in human trophoblast still needs to be clarified. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Quantification of bisphenol A, 353-nonylphenol and their chlorinated derivatives in drinking water treatment plants.

PubMed

Dupuis, Antoine; Migeot, Virginie; Cariot, Axelle; Albouy-Llaty, Marion; Legube, Bernard; Rabouan, Sylvie

2012-11-01

Bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenols (NP) are of major concern to public health due to their high potential for human exposure and to their demonstrated toxicity (endocrine disruptor effect). A limited number of studies have shown that BPA and NP are present in drinking water. The chlorinated derivatives that may be formed during the chlorination step in drinking water treatment plants (DWTP) exhibit a higher level of estrogenic activity than their parent compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate BPA, 353NP, and their chlorinated derivative concentrations using an accurate and reproducible method of quantification. This method was applied to both surface and treated water samples from eight French DWTPs producing from surface water. Solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed in order to quantify target compounds from water samples. The limits of detection ranged from 0.3 to 2.3 ng/L for BPA and chlorinated BPA and from 1.4 to 63.0 ng/L for 353NP and chlorinated 353NP. BPA and 353NP were found in most analyzed water samples, at a level ranging from 2.0 to 29.7 ng/L and from 0 to 124.9 ng/L, respectively. In most of DWTPs a decrease of BPA and 353NP was observed between surface water and treated water (36.6 to 78.9 % and 2.2 to 100.0 % for BPA and 353NP, respectively). Neither chlorinated BPA nor chlorinated 353NP was detected. Even though BPA and 353NP have been largely removed in the DWTPs studied, they have not been completely eliminated, and drinking water may consequently remain a source of human exposure.

Pollution by Nonylphenol in river, tap water, and aquatic in an acid rain-plagued city in southwest China.

PubMed

Jie, Yu; Jie, Zhou; Ya, Luo; Xuesong, Yang; Jing, Yang; Yu, Yang; Jiaqi, Yang; Jie, Xu

2017-06-01

Nonylphenol (NP) has provoked much environmental concern because of their weak estrogenic activities; however, few data are available on the environmental levels of the chemical in China. Environmental or river samples were assayed for NP by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. The concentration for NP measured in Xiangjiang River, ranging from 0.174 to 3.411 μg/L with a mean value of 1.73 μg/L, was lower than the Water Quality Criteria for NP of the US (6.6 μg/L); however, the NP concentration was maintained at a higher level compare to the developed countries and other civil cities. NP concentration in downstream water was markedly higher than that both in midstream and upstream water. Tissue accumulation of NP was observed in aquatics. A ratio of mean concentration of NP in aquatic (chlamys farreri and hemiculter leucisculus) to that in river water was 241 and 1087, respectively. The presence of NP in tap water in two urban districts of Zunyi was common with a detectable rate reached 100.0%. Mean NP concentration in terminal tap water in Huichuan district was six times as high as Honghuagang district, which was above Standards for the Drinking Water Quality for Phenols of China (2 μg/L). The pollution of NP in Xiangjiang River, tap water, and aquatic in Zunyi belongs to moderate or severe level in the world.

Nonylphenol reduces sperm viability and fertility of mature male breeders in Brown Tsaiya ducks (Anas platyrhynchos).

PubMed

Cheng, Min-Chien; Chiang, Hsin-I; Liao, Jiunn-Wang; Hung, Che-Ming; Tsai, Ming-Yang; Chen, Yu-Hsin; Ju, Jyh-Cherng; Cheng, Mei-Ping; Tso, Ko-Hua; Fan, Yang-Kwang

2016-11-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nonylphenol (NP), a widely used surfactant, on the reproductive performance of male Brown Tsaiya ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) (MBBTDs). Mature MBBTDs (n=100) were treated with NP by daily gavaging of 0, 1 (NP1), 10 (NP10) and 250 (NP250) mg/kg-BW/d for 14 wk. Semen quality, fertilization rate and specific factors in blood plasma were measured. Weights of organs were also measured at 14 wk after NP administration. Ducks from each treatment (n=4) were continually treated with NP thereafter for 12 mo to observe changes of tissue ultrastructure by microscopic examination. The results showed that ducks treated with amounts of NP of greater than 1mg NP/kg BW/d (NP1) for 14 wk had decreased sperm viability (32.3%) compared to those in the control group (74.1%, P<0.05). The fertilization rate of ducks treated with 250mg NP/kg-BW/d (NP250) for 14 wk was reduced (21.0%) compared to the control group (74.5%, P<0.05). Plasma aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were also greater in NP250 group at the 14th wk post-treatment. Plasma testosterone concentrations were increased by NP1 treatment at the 14th wk post-treatment. Administration at dosage 250mg NP/kg-BW/d for 12 mo resulted in reduced sperm counts (P<0.05) and histopathological changes, such as dilated seminiferous tubules (P<0.05) and degenerated spermatocytes (P<0.05). These findings strongly suggest that NP adversely affects the reproductive performance of MBBTDs. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Acute water quality criteria for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, plastic additives, and 4-Nonylphenol in seawater.

PubMed

Durán, I; Beiras, R

2017-05-01

Probabilistic environmental quality criteria for Naphthalene (Nap), Phenanthrene (Phe), Fluoranthene (Flu), Pyrene (Pyr), Triclosan (TCS), Tributyltin (TBT), Chlorpyrifos (CPY), Diuron (DUR), γ-Hexaclorocyclohexane (γ-HCH), Bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) were derived from acute toxicity data using saltwater species representative of marine ecosystems, including algae, mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms and chordates. Preferably, data concerns sublethal endpoints and early life stages from bioassays conducted in our laboratory, but the data set was completed with a broad literature survey. The Water Quality Criteria (WQC) obtained for TBT (7.1·10 -3  μg L -1 ) and CPY (6.6· 10 -3  μg L -1 ) were orders of magnitude lower than those obtained for PAHs (ranging from 3.75 to 45.2 μg L -1 ), BPA (27.7 μg L -1 ), TCS (8.66 μg L -1 ) and 4-NP (1.52 μg L -1 ). Critical values for DUR and HCH were 0.1 and 0.057 μg L -1 respectively. Within this context, non-selective toxicants could be quantitatively defined as those showing a maximum variability in toxicity thresholds (TT) of 3 orders of magnitude across the whole range of marine diversity, and a cumulative distribution of the TT fitting to a single log-logistic curve, while for selective toxicants variability was consistently found to span 5 orders of magnitude and the TT distribution showed a bimodal pattern. For the latter, protective WQC must be derived taking into account the SSD of the sensitive taxa only. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In vitro effects of nonylphenol on motility, mitochondrial, acrosomal and chromatin integrity of ram and boar spermatozoa.

PubMed

Uguz, C; Varisli, O; Agca, C; Evans, T; Agca, Y

2015-10-01

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of nonylphenol (NP) on viability of ram and boar sperm in vitro. Ram or boar spermatozoa were exposed to 1, 10, 100, 250 and 500 μg NP ml(-1) for 1, 2, 3 or 4 h. Computer-assisted sperm motility analysis (CASA) system was used to evaluate sperm motility characteristics. Flow cytometry was used to determine mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and chromatin integrity, while epifluorescent microscopy was used to determine sperm acrosomal status. Exposure of both species spermatozoa to 250 and 500 μg NP ml(-1) was detrimental to progressive motility (P < 0.05), and its adverse effect was significant at lower (100 μg NP ml(-1) ) concentration (P < 0.05). The percentages of ram and boar spermatozoa with high MMP declined drastically after exposures to ≥250 μg ml(-1) NP (P < 0.05). Unlike chromatin integrity, which did not appear to be altered by NP exposure, there were dose-dependent NP effects (P < 0.05) on acrosomal integrity of both species at as low as 1 μg ml(-1) NP for boar spermatozoa and 10 μg ml(-1) NP for ram spermatozoa. These data show adverse effects of NP on ram and boar spermatozoa and thus its potential harmful effects on male reproduction as NP is found in fruits, vegetables, human milk, fish and livestock products. © 2014 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Patterns of Fluctuating Asymmetry and Shape Variation in Chironomus riparius (Diptera, Chironomidae) Exposed to Nonylphenol or Lead

PubMed Central

Arambourou, Hélène; Beisel, Jean-Nicolas; Branchu, Philippe; Debat, Vincent

2012-01-01

Deformities and fluctuating asymmetry in chironomid larvae have been proposed as sensitive indicators of biological stress and are commonly used to assess the ecological impact of human activities. In particular, they have been associated in Chironomus riparius, the most commonly used species, with heavy metal and pesticide river pollution. In this study, the effect of lead and 4-nonylphenol on mouthpart morphological variation of Chironomus riparius larvae was investigated by traditional and geometric morphometrics. For this purpose, first to fourth instar larvae were exposed to sediment spiked with lead (from 3.0 to 456.9 mg/kg dry weight) or 4-NP (from 0.1 to 198.8 mg/kg dry weight). Mentum phenotypic response to pollutants was assessed by four parameters: (1) the frequency of deformities, (2) fluctuating asymmetry of mentum length, (3) fluctuating asymmetry of mentum shape and (4) the mentum mean shape changes. Despite the bioaccumulation of pollutants in the chironomid’s body, no significant differences between control and stressed groups were found for mouthpart deformities and fluctuating asymmetry of mentum length. Slight effects on mentum shape fluctuating asymmetry were observed for two stressed groups. Significant mean shape changes, consisting of tooth size increase and tooth closing, were detected for lead and 4-NP exposure respectively. Those variations, however, were negligible in comparison to mentum shape changes due to genetic effects. These results suggest that the use of mentum variation as an indicator of toxic stress in Chironomus riparius should be considered cautiously. PMID:23133660

Henry's law constants measurements of the nonylphenol isomer 4(3‧,5‧-dimethyl-3‧-heptyl)-phenol, tertiary octylphenol and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane between 278 and 298 K

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Zhiyong; Le Calvé, Stéphane; Feigenbrugel, Valérie; Preuß, Thomas G.; Vinken, Ralph; Ebinghaus, Ralf; Ruck, Wolfgang

2004-09-01

Henry's Law Constants (HLC, M atm-1) were determined for the diastereomeric mixture of the nonylphenol isomer 4(3‧,5‧-dimethyl-3‧-heptyl)-phenol diastereomers (NP353(+) and NP353(-)), tertiary octylphenol (t-OP) and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH) in artificial seawater over a temperature range 278-298 K using a dynamic equilibrium system. Trace organic substances present in the gas phase were trapped by tandem XAD-2 cartridges and extracted with a soxhlet extractor. The extracts were derivatived with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), and then analyzed with GC-MS in the selective ion mode. At 293 K and in artificial seawater, HLC (M atm-1) were found to be equal to: NP353(+), HLC=(483±169); NP353(-), HLC=(551±193); t-OP, HLC=(400±140); γ-HCH, HLC=(876±307). The obtained data were used to derive the following Van't Hoff expressions: ln HLC (NP353(+))=8.73 (±0.95)×(1000/T) -23.61 (±3.30); ln HLC (NP353(-))=8.61 (±0.91)×(1000/T)-23.08 (±3.18); ln HLC (t-OP)=9.03 (±1.40)×(1000/T)-24.83 (±4.86); ln HLC (γ-HCH)=6.17 (±1.08)×(1000/T)-14.28 (±3.75). The derived enthalpies of solvation for NP353(+), NP353(-), t-OP and γ-HCH are -72.6±7.9, -71.6±7.6, -75.1±11.5 and -51.3±9.0 kJ mol-1, respectively. The HLC measurements of γ-HCH, which was used as reference substance, were in good agreement with literature values and its corresponding derived enthalpy of solvation agrees well to the previous values reported in the literature. A reassessment of the air/water gas exchange based on experimentally derived HLC was made for the nonylphenol (NP) in the Lower Hudson River estuary (New York/New Jersey, USA) that was previously reported by Van Ry. A net atmospheric deposition was calculated for the gas exchange of NP in the Lower Bay (Ffw=0.13), and it nearly reaches the condition of equilibrium in the Upper Bay (Ffw=0.46).

Synergistic effect of co-exposure to cadmium (II) and 4-n-nonylphenol on growth inhibition and oxidative stress of Chlorella sorokiniana.

PubMed

Wang, Lu; Kang, Yuan; Liang, Siyun; Chen, Danying; Zhang, Qiuyun; Zeng, Lixuan; Luo, Jiwen; Jiang, Feng

2018-06-15

Toxicological effect of freshwater algae co-exposure to Cd and 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP) was seldom reported. In the present study, Chlorella sorokiniana was selected for testing the single and combined effect of Cd and 4-n-NP by detecting the growth inhibition and oxidative stress after exposure for 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h. The combined effects were evaluated by using toxic units (TU) method and concentration addition（CA）model. The synergistic effect of mixture on algal growth inhibition was both observed at 48 h and 72 h, and the additive effect was observed at 96 h. In addition, the significant alterations of superoxide, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and antioxidant defenses (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione) have been detected. It could be observed that the mixture predominantly lead to synergistic effects in superoxide induction, and the antagonistic effects in the GSH induction. A similar trend between the superoxide induction and growth inhibition were observed, which may indicate that the oxidative effects of Chlorella sorokiniana contributed to the growth inhibition after exposure to Cd and 4-n-NP. These findings may have important implications in the risk assessments of heavy metals and endocrine disruptors in the aquatic environment. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Enrichment and determination of octylphenol and nonylphenol in environmental water samples by solid-phase microextraction with carboxylated carbon nano-spheres coating prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Gong, Sheng-Xiang; Wang, Xia; Li, Lei; Wang, Ming-Lin; Zhao, Ru-Song

2015-11-01

In this paper, a novel and simple method for the sensitive determination of endocrine disrupter compounds octylphenol (OP) and nonylphenol (NP) in environmental water samples has been developed using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Carboxylated carbon nano-spheres (CNSs-COOH) are used as a novel SPME coating via physical adhesion. The CNSs-COOH fiber possessed higher adsorption efficiency than 100 μm polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) fiber and was similar to 85 μm polyacrylate (PA) fiber for the two analytes. Important parameters, such as extraction time, pH, agitation speed, ionic strength, and desorption temperature and time, were investigated and optimized in detail. Under the optimal parameters, the developed method achieved low limits of detection of 0.13~0.14 ng·L(-1) and a wide linear range of 1~1000 ng·(-1) for OP and NP. The novel method was validated with several real environmental water samples, and satisfactory results were obtained.

Fast analysis of 4-tertoctylphenol, pentachlorophenol and 4-nonylphenol in river sediments by QuEChERS extraction procedure combined with GC-QqQ-MS/MS.

PubMed

Czech, T; Bonilla, N Barco; Gambus, F; González, R Romero; Marín-Sáez, J; Vidal, J L Martínez; Frenich, A Garrido

2016-07-01

A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS)-based extraction method has been optimized for the determination of pentachlorophenol, 4-tertoctylphenol and 4-nonylphenol in river sediments. The extraction method was followed by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS/MS) analysis, which ensures the reliable identification of the target compounds. The proposed method has been validated allowing the successful determination of the selected compounds, with recoveries ranging from 72 to 96%, when three concentration levels were evaluated (10, 50 and 100μgkg(-1)) and inter-day and intra-day precision, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), were lower than 20%. The method showed limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) ranging from 0.1 to 2.0μgkg(-1) and from 0.5 to 5.0μgkg(-1), respectively. Finally, 25 real samples from Poland have been analyzed, and only 4-tertoctylphenol was detected at concentrations up to 8.9μgkg(-1) of soil dry weight. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The in vitro effect of nonylphenol, propranolol, and diethylstilbestrol on quality parameters and oxidative stress in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) spermatozoa.

PubMed

Shaliutina, Olena; Shaliutina-Kolešová, Anna; Lebeda, Ievgen; Rodina, Marek; Gazo, Ievgeniia

2017-09-01

The sturgeon is a highly endangered fish mostly due to over-fishing, habitat destruction, and water pollution. Nonylphenol (NP), propranolol (PN), and diethylstilbestrol (DES) are multifunctional xenobiotic compounds used in a variety of commercial and industrial products. The mechanism by which these xenobiotic compounds interfere with fish reproduction is not fully elucidated. This study assessed the effect of NP, PN, and DES on motility parameters, membrane integrity, and oxidative/antioxidant status in sterlet Acispenser ruthenus spermatozoa. Spermatozoa were incubated with several concentrations of target substances for 1h. Motility rate and velocity of spermatozoa decreased in the presence of xenobiotics in a dose-dependent manner compared with controls. A significant decrease in membrane integrity was recorded with exposure to 5μM of NP, 25μM of PN, and 50μM of DES. After 1h exposure at higher tested concentrations NP (5-25μM), PN (25-100μM), and DES (50-200μM), oxidative stress was apparent, as reflected by significantly higher levels of protein and lipid oxidation and significantly greater superoxide dismutase activity. The results demonstrated that NP, PN, and DES can induce reactive oxygen species stress in fish spermatozoa, which could impair sperm quality and the antioxidant defence system and decrease the percentage of intact sperm cells. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mechanism of nonylphenol-induced neurotoxicity in F1 rats during sexual maturity.

PubMed

Jie, Yu; Xuefeng, Yang; Mengxue, Yang; Xuesong, Yang; Jing, Yang; Yin, Tang; Jie, Xu

2016-06-01

The purpose of this study was to examine whether gestational and lactational exposure to environmental endocrine disrupting chemical, nonylphenol (NP), in pregnant dams would lead to the alterations in hormone levels in the body, apoptosis and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in hippocampus during weaning and sexual maturity periods in pups of rats. Dams were gavaged with NP at dose levels of 25 mg/kg/day (low dose), 50 mg/kg/day (middle dose), 100 mg/kg/day (high dose) and groundnut oil alone (vehicle control) respectively from gestational day 6 to postnatal day (PND) 21. At PND 21, serum testosterone (TT) level significantly decreased in the 50, 100 mg/kg NP-treated groups compared with the control (p < 0.01). Serum estradiol (E2) level was increased with the increase in the NP concentration; a dose-effect relationship was revealed (r = 0.462, p < 0.01). At both PND 21 and PND 60, pups exposed to 100 mg/kg/day NP had an obviously higher apoptotic rate than control did. We observed a significant positive correlation between the dose of NP and the apoptotic rate (r = 0.836, p < 0.05). The number of GFAP-positive cells in rat hippocampus and integral optical density (IOD) of 100 mg/kg/day NP-treated group were much higher than the control group. GFAP mRNA expressions increased at high dose (100 mg/kg/day) (p < 0.05), and positive correlations between the GFAP mRNA expressions and NP level was observed (r = 0.586, 0.737, p < 0.05). Both the number of growth-associated protein (GAP)-43 positive cells and IOD were much lower at high dose (100 mg/kg/day) than the control at both PND 21 and PND 60 (p < 0.05). The number of GAP-43 positive cells was negatively correlated with the NP exposure dose (r = - 0.562, - 0.649, p < 0.05) at these two time points. GAP-43 mRNA expressions in the hippocampus of pups decreased dramatically at high dose (100 mg/kg/day) at both PND 21 and PND 60 compared with the control (p�

Electrochemical preparation of composite polyaniline coating and its application in the determination of bisphenol A, 4-n-nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol using direct solid phase microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography.

PubMed

Huang, Minjia; Jiang, Guibin; Cai, Yaqi

2005-11-01

For SPME-HPLC, metal wires with better mechanical strength are preferred over the fused silica fibers. In this article, a novel composite polyaniline (CPANI) doped with PEG and polydimethylsiloxane coating (CPANI fiber) was prepared on a stainless steel wire by a three-electrode system: the fiber was used as the work electrode, a calomel electrode and a platinum electrode were used as the reference and the counter electrodes, respectively. To evaluate the new CPANI coating, the coating was used to extract three kinds of phenols (bisphenol A, 4-n-nonylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenol) in water samples by direct-SPME mode and then desorbed in commercial SPME-HPLC interface to separation. The extraction procedure was also optimized. Five real water samples were investigated. Good recoveries were gained when environmental samples were analyzed.

A novel application of three phase hollow fiber based liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) for the HPLC determination of two endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), n-octylphenol and n-nonylphenol, in environmental waters.

PubMed

Villar-Navarro, Mercedes; Ramos-Payán, María; Fernández-Torres, Rut; Callejón-Mochón, Manuel; Bello-López, Miguel Ángel

2013-01-15

This work proposes for the first time the use of a three phase hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) procedure for the extraction, and the later HPLC determination using fluorescence detection, of two much known endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs): n-octylphenol (OP) and n-nonylphenol (NP). The extraction was carried out through a dihexyl ether liquid membrane supported on an Accurel® Q3/2 polypropylene hollow fiber. Optimum pH for donor and acceptor phases and extraction time were established. Enrichment (preconcentration) factors of 50 were obtained that allows detection limits of 0.54 and 0.52 ng mL(-1) for OP and NP, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of these EDCs in environmental water samples, including urban wastewaters. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Adsorption of 4-n-Nonylphenol and Bisphenol-A on Magnetic Reduced Graphene Oxides: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Studies.

PubMed

Jin, Zhongxiu; Wang, Xiangxue; Sun, Yubing; Ai, Yuejie; Wang, Xiangke

2015-08-04

Adsorption of 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) on magnetic reduced graphene oxides (rGOs) as a function of contact time, pH, ionic strength and humic acid were investigated by batch techniques. Adsorption of 4-n-NP and BPA were independent of pH at 3.0- 8.0, whereas the slightly decreased adsorption was observed at pH 8.0-11.0. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms of 4-n-NP and BPA on magnetic rGOs can be satisfactorily fitted by pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich model, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities of magnetic rGOs at pH 6.5 and 293 K were 63.96 and 48.74 mg/g for 4-n-NP and BPA, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of activated carbon. Based on theoretical calculations, the higher adsorption energy of rGOs + 4-n-NP was mainly due to π-π stacking and flexible long alkyl chain of 4-n-NP, whereas adsorption of BPA on rGOs was energetically favored by a lying-down configuration due to π-π stacking and dispersion forces, which was further demonstrated by FTIR analysis. These findings indicate that magnetic rGOs is a promising adsorbent for the efficient elimination of 4-n-NP/BPA from aqueous solutions due to its excellent adsorption performance and simple magnetic separation, which are of great significance for the remediation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in environmental cleanup.

Fe(III) and Fe(II) induced photodegradation of nonylphenol polyethoxylate (NPEO) oligomer in aqueous solution and toxicity evaluation of the irradiated solution.

PubMed

Wang, Lei; Zhang, Junjie; Duan, Zhenghua; Sun, Hongwen

2017-06-01

Photodegradation of nonylphenol tri-ethoxylate (NPEO 3 ) in aqueous solution, and the effects of Fe(III) or Fe(II) were studied. The increasing degradation kinetics of NPEO 3 were observed when 500µM Fe(III) or Fe(II) was present in the solutions. Altered formation of NPEO oligomers with shorter EO chains, including nonyphenol (NP), NPEO 1 and NPEO 2 , was observed in water and in solutions containing Fe(III) or Fe(II). The molar percentage yields of NP and NPEO 1,2 production from NPEO 3 photodegradation were approximately 20% in NPEO 3 solution, while NPEO 3 solution with Fe(III), this percentage increased to approximately 50%. In solution with Fe(II), the molar balance between the photodegradation of NPEO 3 and the production of NP and NPEO 1,2 was observed. A luminescent bacterium, Vibrio fischeri, was used to identify changes in the toxicity of NPEO 3 solutions during the photodegradation process under different conditions, while dose addition (DA) model was used to estimate the toxicity of products. Toxicity of NPEO 3 /water solution increased significantly following the irradiation of UVA/UVB mixture. In contrast, obviously decreasing toxicity was observed when NPEO 3 underwent photodegradation in the presence of Fe(III). Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Endocrine disruptors in freshwater streams of Hesse, Germany: changes in concentration levels in the time span from 2003 to 2005.

PubMed

Quednow, Kristin; Püttmann, Wilhelm

2008-03-01

Four small freshwater streams in the region known as Hessisches Ried in Germany were investigated with respect to the temporal and spatial concentration variations of the endocrine disruptors bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-tert-OP), and the technical isomer mixture of 4-nonylphenol (tech.-4-NP). Measured concentrations of the target compounds in the river water samples ranged from <20 ng/l to 1927 ng/l, <10 ng/l to 770 ng/l, and <10 ng/l to 420 ng/l for BPA, 4-tert-OP and tech.-4-NP, respectively. BPA levels were, with the exception of two samples, below the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for water organisms. Tech.-4-NP concentrations showed a significant tendency of decreasing concentrations during the sampling period. This is mainly attributed to the implementation of the European Directive 2003/53/EG, which restricts both the marketing and use of nonylphenols. Results from the analysis of additionally collected water samples from sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents indicate that the STPs cannot be the only sources for tech.-4-NP found in the river water.

Impact of drying and composting procedures on the concentrations of 4-nonylphenols, di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and polychlorinated biphenyls in anaerobically digested sewage sludge.

PubMed

Gibson, Richard W; Wang, Min-Jian; Padgett, Emma; Lopez-Real, Joe M; Beck, Angus J

2007-07-01

Enhanced treatments of sewage sludge produce a more manageable product for agricultural use by stabilizing the material, removing water, and reducing the possibility of pathogen transfer. We investigated the impact of pilot-scale composting and drying of sludge on physicochemical characteristics and on the concentrations of some organic contaminants. During the 143 day composting procedure, organic matter fell 22% and moisture by half. Concentrations of 4-nonylphenols (4-NPs) fell by 88% and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) by 60%; losses continued throughout the procedure. Losses of total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were 11%, mostly from the lower molecular weight congeners, suggesting volatilization as the most likely loss mechanism. The drying process was much shorter, 40 days, yet organic matter content decreased by 27% and moisture by 85%. Losses of 4-NPs (39%) and DEHP (22%) were less than in composting and stopped when moisture content became constant. There were no losses of PCBs. Both treatments are simple, practical procedures that reduce the volume of waste and are applicable in situ on farms. Composting would be the method of choice for reducing organic contaminants but requires much longer times than drying.

Removal of trace nonylphenol from water in the coexistence of suspended inorganic particles and NOMs by using a cellulose-based flocculant.

PubMed

Yang, Zhen; Ren, Kexin; Guibal, Eric; Jia, Shuying; Shen, Jiachun; Zhang, Xuntong; Yang, Weiben

2016-10-01

A flocculation method was used for the removal of trace nonylphenol (NP) from synthetic surface water containing natural organic matters (humic acid, HA) and suspended inorganic particles (kaolin). A polymeric flocculant (CMCND), with enhanced cationic property and unique switchable hydrophobic/hydrophilic characteristic, was specially designed for this application. CMCND showed a high efficiency for trace NP removal, turbidity and UV254 abatements: under optimized conditions (pH: 4; T: 35 °C; dosage: 40 mg/L), the removal of NP reached up to 79%. By using dosage-pH flocculation diagrams and correlation analyses as tools, kaolin and HA were found to exert synergistic effects on NP removal, with the aid of CMCND; the synergistic effect of HA is higher due to π-π stacking. Zeta potential-dosage profiles clearly demonstrated charge neutralization predominated at pH 4, due to the strong cationic groups in the flocculant. Floc size monitoring displayed that the delayed phase transformation process (from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity) of CMCND at 35 °C enhanced NP removal. In addition, spectral analyses clarified the interactions among CMCND, NP, kaolin and HA: charge attraction and hydrophobic interaction between CMCND and NP played the key roles. The findings are of significance for removing endocrine-disrupting chemicals in environmental remediation. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of nonylphenol on early embryonic development, pigmentation and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine-induced metamorphosis in Bombina orientalis (Amphibia: Anura).

PubMed

Park, Chan Jin; Kang, Han Seung; Gye, Myung Chan

2010-11-01

Nonylphenol (NP) is an estrogenic endocrine disruptor in many aquatic species. In an effort to highlight the developmental toxicity of NP in amphibians, we examined the effects of NP on the embryonic survival, tadpole growth, melanophore development and metamorphosis of a native Korean amphibian species, Bombina orientalis (Anura). When treated to fertilized eggs, 1 μM NP significantly decreased embryonic survival at 48 h post fertilization (p.f.), suggesting that 1 μM NP can exert systemic toxicity in B. orientalis embryos. In the surviving embryos, there were no significant differences in malformation rates between NP-treated embryos and controls at 240 h p.f., suggesting no or low teratogenicity of NP in B. orientalis embryos. Below LC(50) NP significantly decreased body growth and development of melanophores at 0.1 μM, suggesting that NP far below the LC(50) targets multiple developmental events in tadpoles of this frog species. In metamorphosis assay using the premetamorphic tadpoles (corresponding to Nieuwkoop Faber stage 53 in Xenopus laevis) exogenous 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3)-induced tail resorption was significantly decreased by 1 μM NP. However, NP (0.1 and 1 μM)-only treatment did not affected total body T3 and T4 levels, suggesting that NP at tested concentrations inhibits thyroid hormones action but not the synthesis of hormones during metamorphosis. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nonylphenol in Human Breast Milk in Relation to Sociodemographic Variables, Diet, Obstetrics Histories and Lifestyle Habits in a Turkish Population

PubMed Central

SISE, Sengul; UGUZ, Cevdet

2017-01-01

Background: Human breast milk is the most important food for infants and one of the main roads to exposure to toxic substances. In this study, nonylphenol (NP) levels in human milk samples collected from Turkish mothers (n=100) were determined, and the factors including mothers’ demographics, eating habits, obstetric histories, and usage of cleaning and cosmetic products were examined. Methods: Participants were mothers of randomly selected infants and toddlers from the Primary Health Care Center Number-8 in Afyonkarahisar City in western Turkey. The concentrations of NP in milk samples were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: All the analyzed samples showed the occurrence of NP at levels up to 47 ng/ml. The mean± SE and the median NP concentrations were 10.1±0.98 ng/ml and 8.46 ng/ml or ppb, respectively. A negative correlation with infant age was observed. There was a significant correlation between fresh fish consumption and the level of NP in the breast milk of mothers. No significant association between body mass index (BMI) and the NP level in human milk of mothers was observed. The mothers who were using excessive cleaning products in comparison to those using less had significantly higher NP in their breast milk. Conclusion: This study provides the first report about NP levels in a population and characterizes individual variation, thus giving a measure of exposed infants through breastfeeding in Turkey. PMID:28540265

Spatial-temporal distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of nonylphenol and octylphenol in riverine outlets of Pearl River Delta, China.

PubMed

Chen, Ru; Yin, Pinghe; Zhao, Ling; Yu, Qiming; Hong, Aihua; Duan, Shunshan

2014-11-01

The aquatic environments of the Pearl River Delta in Southern China are subjected to contamination with various industrial chemicals from local industries. In this paper, the occurrence, seasonal variation and spatial distribution of alkylphenol octylphenol (OP) and nonylphenol (NP) in river surface water and sediments in the runoff outlets of the Pearl River Delta were investigated. NP and OP were detected in all water and sediment samples and their mean concentrations in surface water during the dry season ranged from 810 to 3366 ng/L and 85.5 to 581 ng/L, respectively, and those in sediments ranged from 14.2 to 95.2 ng/g dw and 0.4 to 3.0 ng/g dw, respectively. In surface water, much higher concentrations were detected in the dry season than those in the wet season. In sediments, the concentrations in the dry season were also mostly higher. High concentrations of NP and OP were found in Humen outlet, likely due to high levels of domestic and industrial wastewater discharges. An ecological risk assessment with the use of hazard quotient (HQ) was also carried out and the HQ values ranged from 3.6×10(-5) to 35 and 64% of samples gave a HQ>1, indicating that the current levels of NP and OP pose a significant risk to the relevant aquatic organisms in the region. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Investigation into the feasibility of black carbon for remediation of nonylphenol polluted sediment through desorption kinetics after different order spiking.

PubMed

Cheng, Guanghuan; Sun, Mingyang; Yao, Lingdan; Wang, Lixiao; Sorial, George A; Xu, Xinhua; Lou, Liping

2015-11-01

The binding order of sorbent, sediment and organic compounds, as well as binding time is important factors determining the potential success of sorbent amendment, which should be considered when the practicability of sorbents was assessed. But until now, relevant research was rare. In this study, desorption in three practical conditions were simulated, by three mixing spiking orders among nonylphenol (NP), rice straw black carbon (RC) and sediment (the order of mixing spiking is (RC+Sediment)+NP, (Sediment+NP)+RC and (RC+NP)+Sediment, for situation I, II and III, respectively), to discuss the feasibility of using RC to remedy NP pollution. Results demonstrated that amendment of RC into sediment decreased desorption fractions of NP, and increased the resistant desorption fraction (Fr), implying strong affinity of NP to RC and efficient sequestration by RC. No significant differences were observed for desorption among the three fresh situations, meaning NP may be adsorbed on RC exterior surface sites and inter-phase diffusion is faster than desorption. However, Fr for three aged situations was in the order: situation I0.5, suggesting RC is an effective sorbent for remedying NP pollution in the aquatic environment. Overall, we proposed a practical and analytical method for properly assessing the validity of a sorbent. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Evaluation of a recombinant yeast cell estrogen screening assay.

PubMed Central

Coldham, N G; Dave, M; Sivapathasundaram, S; McDonnell, D P; Connor, C; Sauer, M J

1997-01-01

A wide range of chemicals with diverse structures derived from plant and environmental origins are reported to have hormonal activity. The potential for appreciable exposure of humans to such substances prompts the need to develop sensitive screening methods to quantitate and evaluate the risk to the public. Yeast cells transformed with plasmids encoding the human estrogen receptor and an estrogen responsive promoter linked to a reporter gene were evaluated for screening compounds for estrogenic activity. Relative sensitivity to estrogens was evaluated by reference to 17 beta-estradiol (E2) calibration curves derived using the recombinant yeast cells, MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, and a prepubertal mouse uterotrophic bioassay. The recombinant yeast cell bioassay (RCBA) was approximately two and five orders of magnitude more sensitive to E2 than MCF-7 cells and the uterotrophic assay, respectively. The estrogenic potency of 53 chemicals, including steroid hormones, synthetic estrogens, environmental pollutants, and phytoestrogens, was measured using the RCBA. Potency values produced with the RCBA relative to E2 (100) included estrone (9.6), diethylstilbestrol (74.3), tamoxifen (0.0047), alpha-zearalanol (1.3), equol (0.085), 4-nonylphenol (0.005), and butylbenzyl phathalate (0.0004), which were similar to literature values but generally higher than those produced by the uterotrophic assay. Exquisite sensitivity, absence of test compound biotransformation, ease of use, and the possibility of measuring antiestrogenic activity are important attributes that argue for the suitability of the RCBA in screening for potential xenoestrogens to evaluate risk to humans, wildlife, and the environment. Images Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. PMID:9294720

Fate of sulfamethoxazole, 4-nonylphenol, and 17β-estradiol in groundwater contaminated by wastewater treatment plant effluent

USGS Publications Warehouse

Barber, Larry B.; Keefe, Steffanie H.; LeBlanc, Denis R.; Bradley, Paul M.; Chapelle, Francis H.; Meyer, Michael T.; Loftin, Keith A.; Koplin, Dana W.; Rubio, Fernando

2009-01-01

Organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) were measured in samples collected from monitoring wells located along a 4.5-km transect of a plume of groundwater contaminated by 60 years of continuous rapid infiltration disposal of wastewater treatment plant effluent. Fifteen percent of the 212 OWCs analyzed were detected, including the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SX), the nonionic surfactant degradation product 4-nonylphenol (NP), the solvent tetrachloroethene (PCE), and the disinfectant 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB). Comparison of the 2005 sampling results to data collected from the same wells in 1985 indicates that PCE and DCB are transported more rapidly in the aquifer than NP, consistent with predictions based on compound hydrophobicity. Natural gradient in situ tracer experiments were conducted to evaluate the subsurface behavior of SX, NP, and the female sex hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) in two oxic zones in the aquifer: (1) a downgradient transition zone at the interface between the contamination plume and the overlying uncontaminated groundwater and (2) a contaminated zone located beneath the infiltration beds, which have not been loaded for 10 years. In both zones, breakthrough curves for the conservative tracer bromide (Br−) and SX were nearly coincident, whereas NP and E2 were retarded relative to Br− and showed mass loss. Retardation was greater in the contaminated zone than in the transition zone. Attenuation of NP and E2 in the aquifer was attributed to biotransformation, and oxic laboratory microcosm experiments using sediments from the transition and contaminated zones show that uniform-ring-labeled 14C 4-normal-NP was biodegraded more rapidly (30−60% recovered as 14CO2 in 13 days) than 4-14C E2 (20−90% recovered as 14CO2in 54 days). There was little difference in mineralization potential between sites.

Continuing Exposure to Low-Dose Nonylphenol Aggravates Adenine-Induced Chronic Renal Dysfunction and Role of Rosuvastatin Therapy

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Nonylphenol (NP), an environmental organic compound, has been demonstrated to enhance reactive-oxygen species (ROS) synthesis. Chronic exposure to low-dose adenine (AD) has been reported to induce chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods In this study, we tested the hypothesis that chronic exposure to NP will aggravate AD-induced CKD through increasing generations of inflammation, ROS, and apoptosis that could be attenuated by rosuvastatin. Fifty male Wistar rats were equally divided into group 1 (control), group 2 (AD in fodder at a concentration of 0.25%), group 3 (NP: 2 mg/kg/day), group 4 (combined AD & NP), and group 5 (AD-NP + rosuvastatin: 20 mg/kg/day). Treatment was continued for 24 weeks for all animals before being sacrificed. Results By the end of 24 weeks, serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels were increased in group 4 than in groups 1–3, but significantly reduced in group 5 as compared with group 4 (all p < 0.05). Histopathology scorings of renal-parenchymal and tubular damages were significantly higher in group 4 than in groups 1–3, but remarkably lower in group 5 compared with group 4 (all p < 0.01). Both gene and protein levels of inflammation, oxidative stress, ROS, and cellular apoptosis were remarkably higher in group 4 compared with groups 1–3, but lowered in group 5 than in group 4 (all p < 0.001). Conversely, both gene and protein levels of anti-oxidants, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis were markedly increased in group 5 compared with group 4 (all p < 0.001). Conclusion NP worsened AD-induced CKD that could be reversed by rosuvastatin therapy. PMID:22812704

Persistence of nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants and their primary degradation products in sediments from near a municipal outfall in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shang, D.Y.; Macdonald, R.W.; Ikonomou, M.G.

1999-05-01

Marine sediment cores and surface grabs were collected from the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada, near the Iona municipal outfall and were analyzed for nonylphenol (NP) and its ethoxylate compounds (NPnEOs). The authors used normal-phase liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometric detection to determine concentrations of ethoxylates from n = 1 to n = 19. Over half the NPnEO inventory in marine sediments resides in ethoxylates of chain length greater than n = 2, suggesting that analyses limited to short-chain ethoxylates (n = 2) are under-reporting total NPnEO by a factor of 2. The NPnEO vertical profiles and oligomermore » distributions in dated sediment cores suggest that little degradation occurs once these compounds enter the sediments: the half-life for these compounds is estimated to be greater than 60 yr. The lack of change in NPnEO oligomer distribution with age suggests that degradation by chain shortening does not occur significantly. A rough inventory shows that over 30 t of NPnEO resides in Fraser River Delta sediments near the Iona municipal outfall and that the entire Strait of Georgia sediments contain over 170 t of NPnEO.« less

INDOT Technical Training Plan : [Technical Summary

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2012-01-01

A wide range of job classifications, increasing technical : performance expectations, licensing and certification requirements, : budget restrictions and frequent department : reorganization has made technical training of employees : more difficult, ...

Effects of diquat and fomesafen applied alone and in combination with a nonylphenol polyethoxylate adjuvant on Lemna minor in aquatic indoor microcosms.

PubMed

Gorzerino, Caroline; Quemeneur, Alphonse; Hillenweck, Anne; Baradat, Maryse; Delous, Georges; Ollitrault, Martine; Azam, Didier; Caquet, Thierry; Lagadic, Laurent

2009-03-01

The influence of tank-mix adjuvants on pesticide toxicity remains largely unknown. Agral 90, a nonylphenol polyethoxylated tank-mix adjuvant, has been used with diquat (bipyridylium herbicide) and fomesafen (diphenyl-ether herbicide) in aquatic indoor microcosms in order to compare the toxicity of the single compounds and of binary herbicide-adjuvant mixtures to Lemna minor. Twenty-four microcosms were used and treatments were performed with substances alone or with herbicide-adjuvant binary mixtures, at two concentrations levels (44.4 and 222.2 microg/L for the herbicides, and 100 and 500 microg/L for Agral 90). Toxicity was assessed weekly for 1 month through growth measurements, as inferred from the relative frond number (RFN) and relative frond area (RFA). Concentrations of diquat and fomesafen in water and sediments were measured weekly. The herbicides showed very different behaviour in microcosms, with a rapid disappearance of diquat from the aqueous phase whereas fomesafen levels remained almost constant over time. Diquat strongly inhibited the growth of L. minor whereas fomesafen had no effect on plant growth. Presence of the adjuvant only slightly reduced the effect of the lowest concentration of diquat, probably as a result of dispersion of the herbicide at the water surface. It is concluded that tank-mix adjuvant designed to improve herbicide efficiency in the terrestrial environment did not have any effect on aquatic plants when applied to the aquatic environment.

Stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: an effective tool for determining persistent organic pollutants and nonylphenol in coastal waters in compliance with existing Directives.

PubMed

Sánchez-Avila, Juan; Quintana, Jordi; Ventura, Francesc; Tauler, Romà; Duarte, Carlos M; Lacorte, Silvia

2010-01-01

A multi-residual method based on stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SBSE-TD-GC-MS) has been developed to measure 49 organic pollutants (organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and nonylphenol) in seawater. Using 100ml of water, the method exhibited good linearity, with recoveries between 86% and 118% and relative standard deviation between 2% and 24% for almost all compounds. The method was applied to determine target contaminants in Catalonian seawater, including coastal areas, ports and desalination plant feed water. Overall individual compound levels oscillated between 0.16 and 597 ng l(-1); PAHs and nonylpenol were the compounds found at the highest concentrations. The method provided LODs between 0.011 and 2.5 ng l(-1), lower than the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) fixed by Directive 2008/105/EC. In compliance with the directive, this method can be used as a tool to survey target compounds and is aimed at protecting coastal ecosystems from chemical pollution. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of nonylphenol on male reproduction: Analysis of rat epididymal biochemical markers and antioxidant defense enzymes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aly, Hamdy A.A., E-mail: hamdyaali@yahoo.com; Domènech, Òscar; Banjar, Zainy M.

The mechanism by which nonylphenol (NP) interferes with male reproduction is not fully elucidated. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of NP on male reproductive organ's weight, sperm characteristics, and to elucidate the nature and mechanism of action of NP on the epididymis. Adult male Wistar rats were gavaged with NP, dissolved in corn oil, at 0, 100, 200 or 300 mg/kg/day for 30 consecutive days. Control rats were gavaged with vehicle (corn oil) alone. Body weight did not show any significant change while, absolute testes and epididymides weights were significantly decreased. Sperm count in caudamore » and caput/corpus epididymides, and sperm motility was significantly decreased. Daily sperm production was significantly decreased in a dose-related manner. Sperm transit time in cauda epididymis was significantly decreased by 300 mg/kg, while in the caput/corpus epididymis it was significantly decreased by 200 and 300 mg/kg of NP. Plasma LDH was significantly increased while; plasma testosterone was significantly decreased in a dose-related pattern. In the epididymal sperm, NP decreased acrosome integrity, Δψm and 5′-nucleotidase activity. Hydrogen peroxide (H{sub 2}O{sub 2}) production and LPO were significantly increased in a dose-related pattern. The activities of SOD, CAT and GPx were significantly decreased in the epididymal sperm. In conclusion, this study revealed that NP treatment impairs spermatogenesis and has a cytotoxic effect on epididymal sperm. It disrupts the prooxidant and antioxidant balance. This leads oxidative stress in epididymal sperms of rat. Moreover, the reduction in sperm transit time may affect sperm quality and fertility potential. -- Highlights: ► The nature and mechanism of action of NP on rat epididymis were elucidated. ► NP decreased sperm count, motility, daily sperm production and sperm transit time. ► NP decreased sperm acrosome integrity, Δψm and 5′-nucleotidase activity. ► Plasma

Adverse effects of chronic exposure to nonylphenol on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in male rats

PubMed Central

Yu, Jie; Yang, Xuesong; Luo, Ya; Yang, Xuefeng; Yang, Mengxue; Yang, Jin; Zhou, Jie; Gao, Feng; He, Liting; Xu, Jie

2017-01-01

Endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) has been thought to play a role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the toxic effects of Nonylphenol (NP), an EDC, on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease have never been elaborated. This study aimed to investigate whether exposure to NP could induce NAFDL, a promoting effect of high-sucrose-high-fat diet (HSHFD) on the adverse effects caused by NP was evaluated. Fourth eight male rats were assigned to four groups and each group was treated with a specific testing sample: normal-diet (ND) control group (C-ND); normal diet plus NP (180mg/kg/day) group (NP-ND); high-sucrose-high-fat-diet control group (C-HSHFD); HSHFD plus NP (180mg/kg/day) group (NP-HSHFD). At the age of 80 day, sonogram presents diffusely increased hepatic echogenicity in the NP-HSHFD group. The oblique diameter of liver in the NP-HSHFD group was significantly bigger than that in both the C-ND and NP-ND groups. At the age of 90 day, exposure to NP-HSHFD and NP-ND caused a significant increase in NP concentration in liver as compared to the C-ND group. The rats in the groups treated with NP+ND, HSHFD and NP+HSHFD produced significant increases in the body weight, fat weight and FMI, respectively, when compared to the C-ND group. The liver weight and hepatosomatic indexes (HIS) of rats in the NP-HSHFD group are higher than those in the C-HSHFD group. Exposure to NP-HSHFD induced the increases in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) as compared to the C-ND group. Morphological examination of liver tissue from rats exposed to NP+HSHFD shown steatosis with marked accumulation of lipid droplets, hepatocellular ballooning degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration. Chronic exposure to NP might induce NAFLD in male rats. The high-sucrose-high-fat diet accelerates and exacerbates the development of NAFLD caused by NP exposure. PMID:28686624

The effects of phthalate and nonylphenol exposure on body size and secondary sexual characteristics during puberty.

PubMed

Hou, Jia-Woei; Lin, Ching-Ling; Tsai, Yen-An; Chang, Chia-Huang; Liao, Kai-Wei; Yu, Ching-Jung; Yang, Winnie; Lee, Ming-Jun; Huang, Po-Chin; Sun, Chien-Wen; Wang, Yin-Han; Lin, Fang-Ru; Wu, Wen-Chiu; Lee, Meng-Chih; Pan, Wen-Harn; Chen, Bai-Hsiun; Wu, Ming-Tsang; Chen, Chu-Chih; Wang, Shu-Li; Lee, Ching-Chang; Hsiung, Chao Agnes; Chen, Mei-Lien

2015-10-01

Some phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and nonylphenol (NP) are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that are widely used in consumer products. Consequently, the general population is exposed simultaneously to both groups of chemicals. To investigate the single- and co-exposure effects of PAEs (DMP, DEP, DnBP, DiBP, BBzP, and DEHP) and NP on obesity and pubertal maturity to compare the body sizes of general adolescents with the complainants of the phthalate-tainted foods scandal that occurred in Taiwan. This study included 270 general adolescents aged 6.5-15.0 years and 38 complainants aged 6.5-8.5 years. Nine metabolites of the five PAEs and of NP were measured in urine. We used a questionnaire to evaluate pubertal maturity, measured anthropometric indices (APs) to assess body size, and collected urine samples to measure the two groups of chemicals. We found that urinary PAE metabolite concentrations (specifically, metabolites of DEP, DnBP, DiBP, and DEHP) were positively associated with the APs for abdominal obesity (including skinfold thickness, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and waist-to-hip) and indicated a dose-response relationship. Mono-methyl phthalate (MMP) exposure was inversely associated with pubarche among boys. The daily intake of DEHP in general adolescents exceeded the reference doses (RfD-20 μg/kgbw/day) and tolerable daily intake (TDI-50 μg/kgbw/day) by 3.4% and 0.4%, respectively. No associations were observed between NP exposure or co-exposure and the APs or pubertal maturity. No significant differences were observed between general adolescents and the complainants with regard to weight, height, or BMI. The study suggests that PAE (specifically, DEP, DnBP, DiBP, and DEHP) exposure is associated with abdominal obesity in adolescents and that the APs for abdominal obesity are more sensitive than BMI for measuring obesity among adolescents. We suggest that the RfD and TDI for PAEs should be revised to provide sufficient protection

Characteristics of nonylphenol and bisphenol A accumulation by fish and implications for ecological and human health.

PubMed

Lee, Ching-Chang; Jiang, Ling-Ying; Kuo, Yi-Ling; Chen, Chung-Yu; Hsieh, Chia-Yi; Hung, Chung-Feng; Tien, Chien-Jung

2015-01-01

Fish populations constitute an important part of aquatic ecosystems. Thus, their accumulation of nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) may pose risks to ecosystems and human health. This study analyzed the concentrations of NP and BPA in four types of fishes (i.e., wild/farmed freshwater fishes and wild/farmed marine fishes). Wild freshwater fishes contained higher concentrations of NP and BPA than the other three types of fishes. The concentrations of NP in the wild freshwater fishes ranged from 1.01 to 277 μg/kg ww, with bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) ranging from 74.0 to 2.60 × 10(4)L/kg and from 0.003 to 18.3, respectively. The wild freshwater fishes contained relatively low amounts of BPA, varying from ND to 25.2 μg/kg ww, with the BCFs and BSAFs ranging from 1.00 to 274L/kg and from 0.003 to 3.40, respectively. Five fish species particularly showed high BCFs and BSAFs, indicating that they could be an important source of NP for higher trophic levels, most likely resulting in ecological risks. The demersal fishes showed a greater ability to accumulate NP than the pelagic ones. The fact that the 95th percentile values of the risk quotient (RQ) for NP and BPA were higher than the acceptable threshold indicated that these two compounds would have adverse effects on aquatic organisms in Taiwanese rivers. The consumption of wild marine fishes had the highest 95th percentile values of hazard quotient (HQ) for NP and BPA among the four types of fishes, particularly for the population aged 0-3 years. However, the 95th percentile values of HQ for NP and BPA were all less than 1, suggesting that exposure to NP and BPA through fish consumption posed no remarkable risk to human health in Taiwan. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Role of P450 monooxygenases in the degradation of the endocrine-disrupting chemical nonylphenol by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

PubMed

Subramanian, Venkataramanan; Yadav, Jagjit S

2009-09-01

The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium extensively degraded the endocrine disruptor chemical nonylphenol (NP; 100% of 100 ppm) in both nutrient-limited cultures and nutrient-sufficient cultures. The P450 enzyme inhibitor piperonyl butoxide caused significant inhibition (approximately 75%) of the degradation activity in nutrient-rich malt extract (ME) cultures but no inhibition in defined low-nitrogen (LN) cultures, indicating an essential role of P450 monooxygenase(s) in NP degradation under nutrient-rich conditions. A genome-wide analysis using our custom-designed P450 microarray revealed significant induction of multiple P450 monooxygenase genes by NP: 18 genes were induced (2- to 195-fold) under nutrient-rich conditions, 17 genes were induced (2- to 6-fold) in LN cultures, and 3 were induced under both nutrient-rich and LN conditions. The P450 genes Pff 311b (corresponding to protein identification number [ID] 5852) and Pff 4a (protein ID 5001) showed extraordinarily high levels of induction (195- and 167-fold, respectively) in ME cultures. The P450 oxidoreductase (POR), glutathione S-transferase (gst), and cellulose metabolism genes were also induced in ME cultures. In contrast, certain metabolic genes, such as five of the peroxidase genes, showed partial downregulation by NP. This study provides the first evidence for the involvement of P450 enzymes in NP degradation by a white rot fungus and the first genome-wide identification of specific P450 genes responsive to an environmentally significant toxicant.

Role of P450 Monooxygenases in the Degradation of the Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical Nonylphenol by the White Rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium▿

PubMed Central

Subramanian, Venkataramanan; Yadav, Jagjit S.

2009-01-01

The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium extensively degraded the endocrine disruptor chemical nonylphenol (NP; 100% of 100 ppm) in both nutrient-limited cultures and nutrient-sufficient cultures. The P450 enzyme inhibitor piperonyl butoxide caused significant inhibition (∼75%) of the degradation activity in nutrient-rich malt extract (ME) cultures but no inhibition in defined low-nitrogen (LN) cultures, indicating an essential role of P450 monooxygenase(s) in NP degradation under nutrient-rich conditions. A genome-wide analysis using our custom-designed P450 microarray revealed significant induction of multiple P450 monooxygenase genes by NP: 18 genes were induced (2- to 195-fold) under nutrient-rich conditions, 17 genes were induced (2- to 6-fold) in LN cultures, and 3 were induced under both nutrient-rich and LN conditions. The P450 genes Pff 311b (corresponding to protein identification number [ID] 5852) and Pff 4a (protein ID 5001) showed extraordinarily high levels of induction (195- and 167-fold, respectively) in ME cultures. The P450 oxidoreductase (POR), glutathione S-transferase (gst), and cellulose metabolism genes were also induced in ME cultures. In contrast, certain metabolic genes, such as five of the peroxidase genes, showed partial downregulation by NP. This study provides the first evidence for the involvement of P450 enzymes in NP degradation by a white rot fungus and the first genome-wide identification of specific P450 genes responsive to an environmentally significant toxicant. PMID:19542331

Reproductive toxicity effects of 4-nonylphenol with known endocrine disrupting effects and induction of vitellogenin gene expression in silkworm, Bombyx mori.

PubMed

Yuan, Hong-Xia; Xu, Xu; Sima, Yang-Hu; Xu, Shi-Qing

2013-09-01

4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) a known endocrine disrupting chemical is a persistent environmental contaminant. However, the mechanism of reproductive toxicity caused by 4-NP is still largely unresolved in invertebrates. In this study, Bombyx mori larvae were constantly fed 4-NP at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.4gkg(-1), reproductive toxicity and induction of vitellogenin gene (Vg) expression were investigated in this organism which is an ideal lepidopteran model insect. The results showed that gonad development was retarded and maturity was decreased in both male and female pupae, while the sex ratio was unaffected by 4-NP exposure. In the 4-NP exposed animals, the corresponding egg yolk protein, vitellin, involved in energy reserves for embryonic development in oviparous animals, was present in the testis of male pupae, and the mRNA transcript of the Vg gene was detected in the fat body, a specific organ of Vg synthesis, which is normally silent in males. In addition, expression of the Vg gene was up-regulated in the fat body of female pupae and adults, while the protein was decreased in developing eggs. Furthermore, expression of the ecdysone receptor gene (EcR) in the ovaries of pupae was down-regulated, suggested that the transport of Vg from the fat body to developing oocytes was disturbed by 4-NP due to interference in the expression of EcR related to ecdysone activity. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of p-nonylphenol and resveratrol on body and organ weight and in vivo fertility of outbred CD-1 mice

PubMed Central

Kyselova, Vendula; Peknicova, Jana; Buckiova, Daniela; Boubelik, Michael

2003-01-01

The aim of this study was to analyse the multigenerational effects of para-nonylphenol (NP) and resveratrol (RES) on the body weight, organ weight and reproductive fitness of outbred CD-1 mice. The data indicate that in male mice, NP had an effect on the weight of selected reproductive organs and the kidneys in the parental (P) generation males. Effects on selected reproductive organs, the liver and kidneys in the F1-generation males were also seen. In females, effects of NP on body weight and kidney weight were seen in the P generation, but no effects on any measured parameter were seen in the F1 generation. RES had no effect on body weight but did have some effect on selected male and female reproductive organs in the P generation. RES altered the spleen and liver weights of P-generation males and the kidney weight of F1-generation males. Acrosomal integrity (using a monoclonal antibody against intra-acrosomal sperm proteins) was assessed for both generations of NP- and RES-treated mice. A significant reduction in acrosomal integrity was seen in both generations of NP-treated, but not in RES-treated, mice. Fewer offspring were observed in the second litter of the F2 generation of mice treated with NP; no similar effect was seen in RES-treated mice. The litter sex ratio was not different from controls. Unlike RES, NP had a negative effect on spermatogenesis and sperm quality with a resultant impact on in vivo fertility. PMID:12749770

Fact Sheet: Nonylphenols and Nonylphenol Ethoxylates

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA's existing chemicals programs address pollution prevention, risk assessment, hazard and exposure assessment and/or characterization, and risk management for chemicals substances in commercial use.

Disturbing Effects of Chronic Low-dose 4-Nonylphenol exposing on Gonadal Weight and Reproductive Outcome over One-generation

PubMed Central

Cha, Sunyeong; Baek, Jeong Won; Ji, Hye Jin; Choi, Jun Hee; Kim, Chaelim; Lee, Min Young; Hwang, Yeon Jeong; Yang, Eunhyeok; Lee, Sung-Ho; Jung, Hyo-il; Cheon, Yong-Pil

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT 4-Nonylphenol (NP) is a surfactant that is a well-known and widespread estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). Although it has been known that the affinity of NP to ERs is low, it has been suggested that low-dose NP has toxicity. In the present study, the endocrine disrupting effects on reproduction, and the weight of gonads, epididymis, and uterus were evaluated with the chronic lower-dose NP exposing. This study was designed by following the OECD test guideline 443 and subjected to a complete necropsy. In male, NP had an effect on the weight of the testis and epididymis in both F0 and F1. In females, NP decreased the weight of ovary and uterus in F0 but not in pre-pubertal F1 pubs. Fertility of male and female in F0 or F1 was no related with NP administration. The number of caudal-epididymal sperm by body weight (BW) was not different between groups in both F0 and F1. Besides, the difference of the sperm number between generations was not detected. The number of ovulated oocytes was similar between groups in F0, but significantly decreased in NP 50 group of F1. The litter size and sex ratios of offspring in F1 and F2 were not different. The accumulated mating rate and gestation period were not affected by the NP administration. Those results shows that chronic lower-dose NP administration has an effect of endocrine disruptor on the weight of gonads and epididymis of F0 and F1 but not in reproduction. Based on the results, it is suggested that chronic lower-dose NP exposing causes endocrine disruption in the weight of gonad and epididymis but not in the reproductive ability of next generations. PMID:28785733

Distribution and fate modeling of 4-nonylphenol, 4-t-octylphenol, and bisphenol A in the Yong River of China.

PubMed

Cheng, Jun-Rui; Wang, Kan; Yu, Jie; Yu, Zhen-Xun; Yu, Xu-Biao; Zhang, Zhao-Zhao

2018-03-01

In this study, the concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP), and bisphenol A (BPA) in the water column of the Yong River were investigated and found to be in the range of 140-3948, 6-828, and 15-1415 ng L -1 , respectively. A fate and transport model coupled with the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) was developed. After model calibration and validation, the distributions of 4-NP, 4-t-OP, and BPA in the Yong River were modeled for the duration of 2015. The total contaminant loads from the upstream boundary, four tributaries and two wastewater treatment plants were determined to be 2318 kg yr -1 for 4-NP, 506 kg yr -1 for 4-t-OP, and 970 kg yr -1 for BPA. Both measured and modeled results reported higher concentrations of the selected contaminants near river confluences and at the outfalls of the wastewater treatment plants. Peak concentrations were found to always appear in months with relatively reduced precipitation. The influences of adsorption and degradation on the dissolved concentrations of the selected chemicals were also modeled. The combined effects of adsorption and degradation were found to reduce dissolved concentrations of 4-NP, 4-t-OP, and BPA by 17.9%, 30.7%, and 12.1%, respectively. Adsorption was shown to reduce 4-NP concentrations in the Yong River more than degradation. Conversely, adsorption and degradation caused almost equal reductions in the dissolved concentrations of 4-t-OP and degradation caused larger decreases than adsorption in the dissolved concentrations of BPA. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Development of a novel solid-phase extraction element for the detection of nonylphenol in the surface water of Hangzhou.

PubMed

Lou, Liping; Cheng, Guanghuan; Yang, Qiang; Xu, Xinhua; Hu, Baolan; Chen, Yingxu

2012-02-01

Nonylphenol (NP) is a representative environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical and persistent toxic pollutant. Previous studies have shown that the average concentration of NP in environmental waters was approximately tens to hundreds of ng L(-1) and it could even reach up to tens of μg L(-1). A simple, fast and accurate method employing a novel solid-phase extraction element named "Magic Chemisorber" (MC) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a fluorescence detector (FLD) was used for detecting NP. The most important parameters that affect the extraction process, including extraction time, desorption time, desorption solvent and repeatability, were optimized. The MC-HPLC method showed good linearity with concentrations of NP from 10 to 200 μg L(-1), a correlation coefficient of 0.9995 and the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of this method was 0.44 and 1.47 μg L(-1), respectively. Compared to commercial polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) glass fiber, MC had both higher capacity and recovery and it could be used repeatedly. Using the MC-HPLC method we found that the concentration of NP in river water from Hangzhou city ranged from 8.54 ± 1.23 μg L(-1) (Qiantang River) to 65.77 ± 3.69 μg L(-1) (Tiesha River), which was similar to that of international regions heavily polluted with NP and higher than that of Bohai Bay, the Yellow River and the Pearl River Delta in China. This level of NP pollution is possibly related to the rapid development of the textile, printing and paper industries of Zhejiang province.

Predictors of employer satisfaction: technical and non-technical skills.

PubMed

Danielson, Jared A; Wu, Tsui-Feng; Fales-Williams, Amanda J; Kirk, Ryan A; Preast, Vanessa A

2012-01-01

Employers of 2007-2009 graduates from Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine were asked to respond to a survey regarding their overall satisfaction with their new employees as well as their new employees' preparation in several technical and non-technical skill areas. Seventy-five responses contained complete data and were used in the analysis. Four technical skill areas (data collection, data interpretation, planning, and taking action) and five non-technical skill areas (interpersonal skills, ability to deal with legal issues, business skills, making referrals, and problem solving) were identified. All of the skill area subscales listed above had appropriate reliability (Cronbach's alpha>0.70) and were positively and significantly correlated with overall employer satisfaction. Results of two simultaneous regression analyses indicated that of the four technical skill areas, taking action is the most salient predictor of employer satisfaction. Of the five non-technical skill areas, interpersonal skills, business skills, making referrals, and problem solving were the most important skills in predicting employer satisfaction. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that all technical skills explained 25% of the variation in employer satisfaction; non-technical skills explained an additional 42% of the variation in employer satisfaction.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Urinary Nonylphenol Levels: A Case-Control Study in Taiwanese Children

PubMed Central

Yu, Ching-Jung; Du, Jung-Chieh; Chiou, Hsien-Chih; Yang, Shang-Han; Liao, Kai-Wei; Yang, Winnie; Chung, Ming-Yi; Chien, Ling-Chu; Hwang, Betau; Chen, Mei-Lien

2016-01-01

Objective Nonylphenol (NP) belongs to the family of endocrine disruptors, and it is widely used in industrial applications and is ubiquitous in daily foods. Animal studies have suggested that NP exposure might promote motor hyperactivity, likely by causing deficits in dopaminergic neurons. However, research assessing NP exposure and epidemiology studies on human populations are limited. The aim of this study was to explore the association between child NP exposure and ADHD while considering particular covariants, such as lead levels and dopamine-related gene variations. Methods A case-control study was conducted on patients with clinically diagnosed ADHD; the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham, Fourth Revision (SNAP-IV) questionnaire was used to identify normal controls aged 4–15 years. Participants were examined for urinary NP concentrations, blood lead levels, and select single-nucleotide polymorphisms of two dopamine-related genes (D4 dopamine receptor, DRD4, and dopamine transporter, DAT1). Socio-demographic variables, maternal lifestyle factors during pregnancy and family medical history were obtained using a questionnaire. Results A total of 97 children with doctor-diagnosed ADHD and 110 normal controls were enrolled. The blood lead levels in both groups were similar (1.57±0.73 vs. 1.73±0.77 μg/dL, p = 0.15). No significant difference in urinary NP concentration was found between the children with ADHD and the control subjects (4.52±3.22 μg/g cr. vs. 4.64±2.95 μg/g cr., p = 0.43). ADHD was significantly more prevalent among males in this study (male to female ratio: 5:1 for the ADHD group and 1.3:1 for the control group, p<0.01). The analysis was repeated after excluding the females, but this had no effect on the association between NP and ADHD. The regression model, including or excluding females, indicated no increased odds of having ADHD in the context of NP exposure after adjusting for covariants. Conclusion This study indicated that NP exposure might not

Specific binding of large aggregates of amphiphilic molecules to the respective antibodies.

PubMed

Nabok, Alexei; Tsargorodskaya, Anna; Holloway, Alan; Starodub, Nikolay F; Demchenko, Anna

2007-07-31

The Binding of nonylphenol to respective antibodies immobilized on solid substrates was studied with the methods of total internal reflection ellipsometry (TIRE) and QCM (quartz crystal microbalance) impedance spectroscopy. The binding reaction was proved to be highly specific having an association constant of KA=1.6x10(6) mol(-1) L and resulted in an increase in both the adsorbed layer thickness of 23 nm and the added mass of 18.3 microg/cm2 at saturation. The obtained responses of both TIRE and QCM methods are substantially higher than anticipated for the immune binding of single molecules of nonylphenol. The mechanism of binding of large aggregates of nonylphenol was suggested instead. Modeling of the micelle of amphiphilic nonylphenol molecules in aqueous solutions yielded a micelle size of about 38 nm. The mechanism of binding of large molecular aggregates to respective antibodies can be extended to other hydrophobic low-molecular-weight toxins such as T-2 mycotoxin. The formation of large molecular aggregates of nonylphenol and T-2 mycotoxin molecules on the surface was proved by the AFM study.

A study of parabens and bisphenol A in surface water and fish brain tissue from the Greater Pittsburgh Area.

PubMed

Renz, Lara; Volz, Conrad; Michanowicz, Drew; Ferrar, Kyle; Christian, Charles; Lenzner, Diana; El-Hefnawy, Talal

2013-05-01

Pollution from xenoestrogens has been discovered in the aquatic environment of the Greater Pittsburgh Area and is suspected to be caused by the failing sewer system. Personal care products and plasticizers have the potential to enter the water supply though treated and untreated sewage. Many of these compounds are suspected xenoestrogens. Paraben detection in surface waters was as follows: methyl paraben ranged between 2.2 to 17.3 ppt; ethyl paraben was not detectable; propyl paraben was detected at 9.2 and 12.0 ppt; butyl paraben was detected at 0.2 ppt. BPA was detected between 0.6 and 15.4 ppt. Estrogenic potential of extracts from fish brain tissue was tested via Bromodeoxyuridine MCF-7 analysis and paired with HPLC-MS to investigate the presence of xenoestrogens. All samples were non-detectable for parabens. BPA was detected in 44 of the 58 samples, with a range from non-detectable to 120 pg/g. BCFs were calculated. Results were statistically significant for location of capture (p < 0.05) and correlation existed between estrogenicity and BPA.

Urban-rural differences in breast cancer incidence by hormone receptor status across 6 years in Egypt

PubMed Central

Dey, Subhojit; Soliman, Amr S.; Hablas, Ahmad; Seifeldin, Ibrahim A.; Ismail, Kadry; Ramadan, Mohamed; El-Hamzawy, Hesham; Wilson, Mark L.; Banerjee, Mousumi; Boffetta, Paolo; Harford, Joe; Merajver, Sofia D.

2009-01-01

Breast cancer incidence is higher in developed countries with higher rates of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) tumors. ER+ tumors are caused by estrogenic exposures although known exposures explain approximately 50% of breast cancer risk. Unknown risk factors causing high breast cancer incidence exist that are estrogenic and development-related. Xenoestrogens are such risk factors but are difficult to study since developed countries lack unexposed populations. Developing countries have urban-rural populations with differential exposure to xenoestrogens. This study assessed urban-rural breast cancer incidence classified by hormone receptor status using data from Gharbiah population-based cancer registry in Egypt from 2001 to 2006. Urban ER+ incidence rate (per 100,000 women) was 2-4 times (IRR = 3.36, 95% CI = 4.84, 2.34) higher than rural incidence rate. ER− incidence rate was 2-3 times (IRR = 1.86, 95% CI = 2.38, 1.45) higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Our findings indicate that urban women may probably have a higher exposure to xenoestrogens. PMID:19548084

Molecular characterization of estrogen receptor genes in Gobiocypris rarus and their expression upon endocrine disrupting chemicals exposure in juveniles.

PubMed

Wang, Houpeng; Wang, Jingjing; Wu, Tingting; Qin, Fang; Hu, Xiaoqi; Wang, Lihong; Wang, Zaizhao

2011-01-17

Estrogens play an important role in many physiological processes of vertebrates, mediated by estrogen receptors (ERs). The full length of the cDNAs for ERα, ERβ1, and ERβ2 were isolated and characterized from Gobiocypris rarus. G. rarus ERs shared the highest amino acid identities with counterparts of three cyprinidae species (Pimephales promelas ERα: 91.1%, Rutilus rutilus ERβ1: 92.9%, Tanichthy albonubes ERβ2: 93.5%). The phylogenic tree of vertebrate ERs indicates G. rarus ER isoforms are more related to counterparts of cyprinidae species. The expression of ERα mRNA was high in gonad and liver. The ERβ1 transcript was the highest in the liver of female fish and was evenly high in the liver, testis and intestine in male. The ERβ2 transcript was high in liver, gonad, and intestine. G. rarus juvenile at 34 days post fertilization were exposed for 3 days to endocrine disrupting chemicals including 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), 4-nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA). ER mRNA expression following the xenoestrogens' exposure was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. EE2 exposure at 0.01, 0.1 and 1 nM significantly up-regulated ERα transcript. ERβ1 mRNA expression was suppressed by EE2 at all concentrations. However ERβ2 transcript had opposite response to EE2 at low and high concentrations (up-regulation at 0.1 nM, down-regulation at 1 nM). Except a weak increase of ERα at 10 nM EE2, varying decrease of three ER transcripts was resulted in by NP at 10, 100 and 1000 nM. ERα transcript was significantly up-regulated by BPA at 10 nM. A non-significant weak increase in ERβ1 mRNA expression was caused by 1 nM BPA. However 1 nM and 10 nM BPA exposures resulted in significant and non-significant decrease of ERβ2 transcript, respectively. The BPA exposures at other concentrations almost had no effect on the ER transcripts. Vitellogenin (Vtg) mRNA expression profiling following exposure to three xenoestrogens indicated that Vtg transcript is a sensitive

Characterize and Gene Expression of Heat Shock Protein 90 in Marine Crab Charybdis japonica following Bisphenol A and 4-Nonylphenol Exposures.

PubMed

Park, Kiyun; Kwak, Ihn-Sil

2014-01-01

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a highly conserved molecular chaperone important in the maturation of a broad spectrum of protein. In this study, an HSP90 gene was isolated from Asian paddle crab, Charybdis japonica, as a bio-indicator to monitor the marine ecosystem. This work reports the responses of C. japonica HSP90 mRNA expression to cellular stress by endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-nonylphenol (NP) using real-time. reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The deduced amino acid sequence of HSP90 from C. japonica shared a high degree of homology with their homologues in other species. In a phylogenetic analysis, C. japonica HSP90 is evolutionally related with an ortholog of the other crustacean species. The expression of HSP90 gene was almost distributed in all the examined tissues of the C. japonica crab but expression levels varied among the different body parts of the crabs. We examined HSP90 mRNA expression pattern in C. japonica crabs exposed to EDCs for various exposure times. The expression of HSP90 transcripts was significantly increased in C. japonica crabs exposed to BPA and NP at different concentrations for 12, 24, 48 and 96 hours. The mRNA expression of HSP90 gene was significantly induced in a concentration- and time-dependent manner after BPA or NP exposures for 96 hours. Taken together, expression analysis of Asian paddle crab HSP90 gene provided useful molecular information about crab responses in stress conditions and potential ways to monitor the EDCs stressors in marine environments.

The alkylphenols 4-nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-tert-butylphenol aggravate atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice.

PubMed

Sadakane, Kaori; Ichinose, Takamichi; Takano, Hirohisa; Yanagisawa, Rie; Koike, Eiko; Inoue, Ken-ichiro

2014-08-01

Phthalate esters in plastics act as adjuvants for immunoglobulin production, which aggravates allergic disease. However, the effects of alkylphenols (used as plasticizers and surfactants) on atopic dermatitis have not been studied in detail. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of the alkylphenols 4-nonylphenol (NP), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) and 4-tert-butylphenol (BP) in a murine model of atopic dermatitis. NC/Nga mice were intraperitoneally administered NP, OP or BP and were subcutaneously injected with mite allergen in one ear to induce atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions (ADSLs). The condition of the skin was observed, and the levels of immunoglobulin in serum and inflammatory cytokines in lesions were determined. NP exacerbated mite allergen-induced ADSLs according to dose. OP and BP also significantly exacerbated skin lesions but not as a function of dose. Alkylphenols tended to increase the levels of IgE and antigen-specific IgG1 in serum. Further, the treatment of the alkylphenols increased the expression in lesions of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-4 and monocyte chemotactic protein-3. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin levels increased according to ADSL severity. In contrast, the levels of the T-helper 1 cytokines (interleukin-18 and interferon-gamma) decreased. NP, OP or BP may enhance T-helper 2-type immune responses in NC/Nga mice, which aggravates mite allergen-induced ADSLs. Therefore, the uptake of very low levels of alkylphenols may contribute to the increase in the incidence of atopic dermatitis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Simultaneous determination and assessment of 4-nonylphenol, bisphenol A and triclosan in tap water, bottled water and baby bottles.

PubMed

Li, Xu; Ying, Guang-Guo; Su, Hao-Chang; Yang, Xiao-Bing; Wang, Li

2010-08-01

This study investigated the levels of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS) in bottled water and tap water in Guangzhou and release of these chemicals from baby bottles using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization. Results show that 4-NP was present in all the bottled water while 17 out of 21 contained BPA and 18 out of 21 contained TCS. Their concentrations in bottled water ranged from 108 to 298 ng/L, 17.6 to 324 ng/L and 0.6 to 9.7 ng/L, respectively. Five of the tap water samples from six drinking water plants were found to contain 4-NP and BPA both in June and December, while TCS was detected in the same five plants only in June. The highest concentrations in tap water for 4-NP, BPA and TCS were 1987, 317 and 14.5ng/L, respectively. Daily intakes of 4-NP, BPA and TCS of adults by drinking 2L of tap water were estimated to be 1410, 148 and 10 ng/day, respectively. BPA was found to be released within 24h from four brands of baby bottles at room temperature (24 degrees C), 40 degrees C and 100 degrees C. Increased temperature led to higher release of BPA from the baby bottles. Estimated daily intakes of 4-NP, BPA and TCS for infants were 705, 1340 and 5 ng/day, respectively, by drinking 1L of tap water from a baby bottle at 40 degrees C. This study showed that the exposure to the three compounds from drinking water is unlikely to pose a health risk. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Determination of trace endocrine active phenolic compounds by GC/MS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gang Sun; Geno, P.W.

1997-12-31

4-Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) and 4-octylphenol ethoxylates (OPEOs) are widely used as nonionic surfactants, Due to the potential estrogenic properties of these compounds and their biodegradation products, there is increasing concern about their presence in ground and drinking water. To assess their prevalence in drinking and ground water, a simple, highly sensitive and accurate analytical method for determination of trace amounts of 4-nonylphenol, 4-nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), 4-nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO), 4-nonylphenol monoethoxycarboxylate (NP1EC), 4-octylphenol, 4-octylphenol monoethoxylate (OP1EO), 4-octylphenol diethoxylate (OP2EO), and other 15 phenolic compounds has been developed and validated. One liter of drinking water sample was extracted and concentrated into dichloromethane.more » The analytes in the extracts were converted to their trimethylsilyl derivatives by reacting with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamine (BSTFA) and 10 % trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) at 90{degrees}C. The derivatized extracts were then directly analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operating in a selected-ion monitoring mode (GUMS-SIM). Method detection limits (MDLs) were 0.01 to 0.02 {mu}g/L for 4-nonylphenol, NP1EO, 2PNEO; 0.064 {mu}g/L for NP1EC; 0.005 to 0.02 {mu}g/L for 4-octylphenol, OP1EO, OP2EO; and 0.001 to 0.003 {mu}g/L, for other 15 phenolic compounds.« less

Relationship between intraoperative non-technical performance and technical events in bariatric surgery.

PubMed

Fecso, A B; Kuzulugil, S S; Babaoglu, C; Bener, A B; Grantcharov, T P

2018-03-30

The operating theatre is a unique environment with complex team interactions, where technical and non-technical performance affect patient outcomes. The correlation between technical and non-technical performance, however, remains underinvestigated. The purpose of this study was to explore these interactions in the operating theatre. A prospective single-centre observational study was conducted at a tertiary academic medical centre. One surgeon and three fellows participated as main operators. All patients who underwent a laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and had the procedures captured using the Operating Room Black Box ® platform were included. Technical assessment was performed using the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills and Generic Error Rating Tool instruments. For non-technical assessment, the Non-Technical Skills for Surgeons (NOTSS) and Scrub Practitioners' List of Intraoperative Non-Technical Skills (SPLINTS) tools were used. Spearman rank-order correlation and N-gram statistics were conducted. Fifty-six patients were included in the study and 90 procedural steps (gastrojejunostomy and jejunojejunostomy) were analysed. There was a moderate to strong correlation between technical adverse events (r s  = 0·417-0·687), rectifications (r s  = 0·380-0·768) and non-technical performance of the surgical and nursing teams (NOTSS and SPLINTS). N-gram statistics showed that after technical errors, events and prior rectifications, the staff surgeon and the scrub nurse exhibited the most positive non-technical behaviours, irrespective of operator (staff surgeon or fellow). This study demonstrated that technical and non-technical performances are related, on both an individual and a team level. Valuable data can be obtained around intraoperative errors, events and rectifications. © 2018 BJS Society Ltd Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Estrogenic alkylphenols in fish tissues, sediments, and waters from the U.K. Tyne and Tees estuaries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lye, C.M.; Frid, C.L.J.; Gill, M.E.

1999-04-01

Nonylphenols and related compounds are common products of biodegradation of a large group of nonionic surfactants, the nonylphenol polyethoxylates. Many of these compounds are known to be environmentally persistent and to elicit estrogenic response in both mammals and fish. In this study, nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), and octylphenol (OP) were found in tissues of mature male flounder, Platichthys flesus, and in tissues of juvenile flounder. These fish also showed detectable levels of the yolk protein vitellogenin in their plasma, indicative of estrogenic exposure. The compounds were also found in discharges from a major sewage treatment works and in sedimentsmore » from two estuaries in north-east England; the highest levels from the highly industrialized Tees and lower levels from the industrialized/urbanized Tyne estuary. The implications of these findings for fish populations are discussed.« less

LC-MS/MS analytical procedure to quantify tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite, as a source of the endocrine disruptors 4-nonylphenols, in food packaging materials.

PubMed

Mottier, Pascal; Frank, Nancy; Dubois, Mathieu; Tarres, Adrienne; Bessaire, Thomas; Romero, Roman; Delatour, Thierry

2014-01-01

Tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite, an antioxidant used in polyethylene resins for food applications, is problematic since it is a source of the endocrine-disrupting chemicals 4-nonylphenols (4NP) upon migration into packaged foods. As a response to concerns surrounding the presence of 4NP-based compounds in packaging materials, some resin producers and additive suppliers have decided to eliminate TNPP from formulations. This paper describes an analytical procedure to verify the "TNPP-free" statement in multilayer laminates used for bag-in-box packaging. The method involves extraction of TNPP from laminates with organic solvents followed by detection/quantification by LC-MS/MS using the atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) mode. A further acidic treatment of the latter extract allows the release of 4NP from potentially extracted TNPP. 4NP is then analysed by LC-MS/MS using electrospray ionisation (ESI) mode. This two-step analytical procedure ensures not only TNPP quantification in laminates, but also allows the flagging of other possible sources of 4NP in such packaging materials, typically as non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). The limits of quantification were 0.50 and 0.48 µg dm⁻² for TNPP and 4NP in laminates, respectively, with recoveries ranging between 87% and 114%. Usage of such analytical methodologies in quality control operations has pointed to a lack of traceability at the packaging supplier level and cross-contamination of extrusion equipment at the converter level, when TNPP-containing laminates are processed on the same machine beforehand.

76 FR 64083 - Reliability Technical Conference; Notice of Technical Conference

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-17

... Technical Conference; Notice of Technical Conference Take notice that the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission will hold a Technical Conference on Tuesday, November 29, 2011, from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. and... System. The conference will explore the progress made on the priorities for addressing risks to...

Characterize and Gene Expression of Heat Shock Protein 90 in Marine Crab Charybdis japonica following Bisphenol A and 4-Nonylphenol Exposures

PubMed Central

Park, Kiyun

2014-01-01

Objectives Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a highly conserved molecular chaperone important in the maturation of a broad spectrum of protein. In this study, an HSP90 gene was isolated from Asian paddle crab, Charybdis japonica, as a bio-indicator to monitor the marine ecosystem. Methods This work reports the responses of C. japonica HSP90 mRNA expression to cellular stress by endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-nonylphenol (NP) using real-time. reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results The deduced amino acid sequence of HSP90 from C. japonica shared a high degree of homology with their homologues in other species. In a phylogenetic analysis, C. japonica HSP90 is evolutionally related with an ortholog of the other crustacean species. The expression of HSP90 gene was almost distributed in all the examined tissues of the C. japonica crab but expression levels varied among the different body parts of the crabs. We examined HSP90 mRNA expression pattern in C. japonica crabs exposed to EDCs for various exposure times. The expression of HSP90 transcripts was significantly increased in C. japonica crabs exposed to BPA and NP at different concentrations for 12, 24, 48 and 96 hours. The mRNA expression of HSP90 gene was significantly induced in a concentration- and time-dependent manner after BPA or NP exposures for 96 hours. Conclusions Taken together, expression analysis of Asian paddle crab HSP90 gene provided useful molecular information about crab responses in stress conditions and potential ways to monitor the EDCs stressors in marine environments. PMID:24955332

76 FR 53372 - Receipt of Several Pesticide Petitions Filed for Residues of Pesticide Chemicals in or on Various...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

... requirement of a tolerance for residues of 2- propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, polymer with methyl 2-methyl-2... of a tolerance for residues of Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Phosphate and Sulfate Derivatives (NPEPSD...-49-1). NPE Sulfate Derivatives (NPESD): [alpha]-(p-nonylphenol)-[omega]- hydroxypoly(oxyethylene...

TECHNICAL REPORTS DATABASE

EPA Science Inventory

The Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC?) is the central facility for the collection and dissemination of scientific and technical information for the Department of Defense (DoD). Much of this information is made available by DTIC in the form of technical reports about com...

Legitimizing Technical Communication in English Departments: Carolyn Miller's "Humanistic Rationale for Technical Writing"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moore, Patrick

2006-01-01

Carolyn Miller's oft-cited "Humanistic Rationale for Technical Writing," published in 1979, tries to give technical communication faculty more cultural capital in English departments controlled by literature professors. Miller replaces a positivistic emphasis in technical communication pedagogy with rhetoric. She shows how technical knowledge is…

Urology technical and non-technical skills development: the emerging role of simulation.

PubMed

Rashid, Prem; Gianduzzo, Troy R J

2016-04-01

To review the emerging role of technical and non-technical simulation in urological education and training. A review was conducted to examine the current role of simulation in urology training. A PUBMED search of the terms 'urology training', 'urology simulation' and 'urology education' revealed 11,504 titles. Three hundred and fifty-seven abstracts were identified as English language, peer reviewed papers pertaining to the role of simulation in urology and related topics. Key papers were used to explore themes. Some cross-referenced papers were also included. There is an ongoing need to ensure that training time is efficiently utilised while ensuring that optimal technical and non-technical skills are achieved. Changing working conditions and the need to minimise patient harm by inadvertent errors must be taken into account. Simulation models for specific technical aspects have been the mainstay of graduated step-wise low and high fidelity training. Whole scenario environments as well as non-technical aspects can be slowly incorporated into the curriculum. Doing so should also help define what have been challenging competencies to teach and evaluate. Dedicated time, resources and trainer up-skilling are important. Concurrent studies are needed to help evaluate the effectiveness of introducing step-wise simulation for technical and non-technical competencies. Simulation based learning remains the best avenue of progressing surgical education. Technical and non-technical simulation could be used in the selection process. There are good economic, logistic and safety reasons to pursue the process of ongoing development of simulation co-curricula. While the role of simulation is assured, its progress will depend on a structured program that takes advantage of what can be delivered via this medium. Overall, simulation can be developed further for urological training programs to encompass technical and non-technical skill development at all stages, including

Nonylphenol induced apoptosis and autophagy involving the Akt/mTOR pathway in prepubertal Sprague-Dawley male rats in vivo and in vitro.

PubMed

Huang, Wenting; Quan, Chao; Duan, Peng; Tang, Sha; Chen, Wei; Yang, Kedi

2016-12-12

This research explores the detrimental effect of nonylphenol (NP) to prepubertal Sprague-Dawley male rats in vivo and in vitro. Herein, forty-two 3-week-old rats were randomly divided into six groups, which were treated with NP (0, NAC, 25, 50, 100, 100+NACmg/kg/2d for 30 consecutive days) by intraperitoneal injection. NP induced a reduction in testosterone (15.58%, 17.23%, 13.38% in 25, 50, 100mg/kg group, respectively), triggered apoptosis related to oxidative stress, and disturbed mRNA and/or protein levels of PI3K, PTEN, PDK1, p-Akt, p-mTOR, p70S6K, caspase-3, LC3B. NP induced morphological abnormality in epididymal sperm (2.00-, 3.02-fold in 50, 100mg/kg group, respectively). Pretreatment with NAC, attenuated NP-induced ROS production; recovered testosterone in serum, and ameliorated toxic effect in epididymal sperm. Sertoli cells were isolated, purified, treated with NP (0, 10, 20, and 30μM) for 12h. NP disturbed mRNA and/or protein levels of caspase-3, cleave-caspase-3, LC3B involving the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. It also decreased protein levels of ABP, FSHR, N-cadherin, transferrin, vimentin; disturbed the gene levels of all, but vimentin. Pretreatment with wortmannin, alleviated an NP-induced reduction in protein levels of PI3K and PTEN. In conclusion, excess NP exposure induces apoptosis and autophagy, causes reproductive lesions involving the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway both in vivo and in vitro. It also triggers oxidative stress and hormonal deficiency, reduces semen quality. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

An integrated evaluation of the persistence and effects of 4-nonylphenol in an experimental littoral ecosystem

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liber, K.; Knuth, M.L.; Stay, F.S.

1999-03-01

A comprehensive littoral enclosure study was conducted to assess the persistence and distribution of 4-nonylphenol (NP) in a littoral ecosystem, and to evaluate the compound`s effects on resident aquatic biota. Enclosures with a mean ({+-} SD) surface area and volume of 31.4 {+-} 3.3 m{sup 2} and 32.0 {+-} 6.4 m{sup 3}, respectively, received eleven applications at 48-h intervals with one of four different rates of NP. This created a 20-d application period which was followed by a three to fourteen month observation period, depending on the endpoint measured. Mean {+-} SD NP concentrations in the water column measured 2more » h after each application averaged 5 {+-} 4, 23 {+-} 11, 76 {+-} 21, and 243 {+-} 41 {micro}g/L at nominal treatments of 3, 30, 100, and 300 {micro}g/L, respectively. Persistence in the water column was relatively short, with a dissipation half-life estimated at {le} 1.2 d. Persistence of NP in sediment and on macrophytes was substantially longer, with estimated half-lives of 28 to 104 d and 8 to 13 d, respectively. Zooplankton was the most sensitive group of organisms evaluated, with significant reductions in population abundances of some copepod taxa observed at the 23 {+-} 11-{micro}g/L treatment. Fish survival was affected at 243 {+-} 41 {micro}g/L. The most sensitive benthic macroinvertebrate taxon, Pisidium (Bivalvia) was affected at 76 {+-} 21 {micro}g/L, but most taxa were only affected at the 243 {+-} 41-{micro}g/L treatment. None of the assessed populations were affected at the 5 {+-} 4-{micro}g/L treatment. Macrophytes and periphyton were not adversely affected by any of the treatments. Overall community composition, assessed at the family level or higher, was not affected at or below the 23 {+-} 11-{micro}g/L treatment, but did exhibit substantial changes at the 243 {+-} 41-{micro}g/L treatment. Some minor changes were observed at the 76 {+-} 21-{micro}g/L treatment. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration in the water

Ubiquitous occurrence of chlorinated byproducts of bisphenol A and nonylphenol in bleached food contacting papers and their implications for human exposure.

PubMed

Zhou, Yuyin; Chen, Mo; Zhao, Fanrong; Mu, Di; Zhang, Zhaobin; Hu, Jianying

2015-06-16

The occurrence of bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), and their six chlorinated byproducts were investigated in 74 food contacting papers (FCPs) from China, the U.S.A., Japan, and Europe using a sensitive dansylation LC-MS/MS method. BPA (

Expression of stress response HSP70 gene in Asian paddle crabs, Charybdis japonica, exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals, bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-nonylphenol (NP)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, Kiyun; Kwak, Ihn-Sil

2013-06-01

The Asian paddle crab, Charybdis japonica, is a potential bio-indicator reflecting marine sediment toxicity as well as a commercially important species living along coastal areas in Korea. This study investigated its stress response by looking at the heat shock protein (HSP70) gene of C. japonica when the organism is exposed to bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-nonylphenol (NP). We characterized partial sequence of HSP70 as the stressresponse gene of C. japonica. The nucleotide sequence of C. japonica HSP70 is over 90% homologous with the corresponding gene of other crabs. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed a close relationship between C. japonica HSP70 and HSP70 in other species of lobster and shrimps. HSP70 mRNA transcripts were detected in all the examined tissues of C. japonica, with the highest level in gills, the organ that most frequently came into contact with the external BPA or NP-laden water. As no reference data were available for C. japonica crab exposure, the BPA and NP 24-h LC50 values have not been previously determined. The expression of the C. japonica HSP70 gene to various BPA or NP concentrations during short and longer times was assessed. Gene expression was significantly induced in concentration- and time-dependent manners after BPA or NP exposures. These results support the postulation that crab C. japonica HSP70 could be a potential stress response molecular marker to monitor marine ecosystems.

Three-way spectrofluorimetric-assisted multivariate determination of nonylphenol ethoxylate and 2-naphtalene sulfonate in wastewater samples and optimization approach for their photocatalytic degradation by CoTiO3 nanostructure.

PubMed

Mohsenikia, Atefeh; Gholami, Ali; Masoum, Saeed; Abbasi, Saleheh

2017-09-01

This study presents a new strategy for the simultaneous quantification of two industrial contaminants. The excitation-emission fluorescence data matrix combined with a three-way chemometric method, such as parallel factor analysis, was used for the determination of nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE-9) as a nonionic surfactant and 2-naphthalene sulfonate (2-NS) in waste water samples. It is noticeable that this method can resolve overlapping signal into spectral and relative concentration profiles. By spiking the known concentrations of these compounds in the wastewater samples, the accuracy of the proposed methods was validated and recoveries of the spiked values were calculated. High recoveries (i.e. 90-110%) obtained for the waste water samples indicate the present method can be used successfully to determine the analytes concentration in the environmental contaminations. The photocatalytic degradation of NPE-9 and 2-NS in aqueous solution was studied using the CoTiO 3 nanoparticles catalyst. It was synthesized by the sol-gel technique. The catalytic activity of the prepared nanoparticles was measured in a batch photoreactor containing appropriate solutions of these compounds with UV irradiation. The photodegradation process of these compounds was optimized by using the central composite design. The CoTiO 3 showed high activity for UV-photocatalytic degradation of NPE-9 and 2-NS.

NASA Technical Standards Program and Implications for Lessons Learned and Technical Standard Integration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gill, Paul S.; Garcia, Danny; Vaughan, William W.; Parker, Nelson C. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

The National Aeronautics and Space Agency consists of fourteen Facilities throughout the United States. They are organized to support the Agency's principal Enterprises: (1) Space Science, (2) Earth Science, (3) Aerospace Technology, (4) Human Exploration and Development of Space, and (5) Biological and Physical Research. Technical Standards are important to the activities of each Enterprise and have been an integral part in the development and operation of NASA Programs and Projects since the Agency was established in 1959. However, for years each Center was responsible for its own standards development and selection of non-NASA technical standards that met the needs of Programs and Projects for which they were responsible. There were few Agencywide applicable Technical Standards, mainly those in area of safety. Department of Defense Standards and Specifications were the foundation and main source for Technical Standards used by the Agency. This process existed until about 1997 when NASA embarked on a Program to convert NASA's Center-developed Technical Standards into Agencywide endorsed NASA Preferred Technical Standards. In addition, action was taken regarding the formal adoption of non-NASA Technical Standards (DOD, SAE, ASTM, ASME, IEEE, etc.) as NASA Preferred Technical Standards.

Expressive/Exploratory Technical Writing (XTW) in Engineering: Shifting the Technical Writing Curriculum

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Warnock, Scott; Kahn, Michael

2007-01-01

While the importance of "expressive writing," or informal, self-directed writing, has been well established, teachers underutilize it, particularly in technical writing courses. We introduce the term expressive/exploratory technical writing (XTW), which is the use of informal, self-directed writing to problem-solve in technical fields. We describe…

2013 Technical Roundtable

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

On December 9, 2013, EPA reconvened the study’s Technical Roundtable. Subject-matter experts discussed the outcomes of the 2013 Technical Workshops, stakeholder engagement, and plans for draft assessment report.

Waste-indicator and pharmaceutical compounds in landfill-leachate-affected ground water near Elkhart, Indiana, 2000-2002.

PubMed

Buszka, P M; Yeskis, D J; Kolpin, D W; Furlong, E T; Zaugg, S D; Meyer, M T

2009-06-01

Four wells downgradient from a landfill near Elkhart, Indiana were sampled during 2000-2002 to evaluate the presence of waste-indicator and pharmaceutical compounds in landfill-leachate-affected ground water. Compounds detected in leachate-affected ground water included detergent metabolites (p-nonylphenol, nonylphenol monoethoxylate, nonylphenol diethoxylate, and octylphenol monoethoxylate), plasticizers (ethanol-2-butoxy-phosphate and diethylphthalate), a plastic monomer (bisphenol A), disinfectants (1,4-dichlorobenzene and triclosan), an antioxidant (5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole), three fire-retardant compounds (tributylphosphate and tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, and tri(dichlorisopropyl)phosphate), and several pharmaceuticals and metabolites (acetaminophen, caffeine, cotinine, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, fluoxetine, and ibuprofen). Acetaminophen, caffeine, and cotinine detections confirm prior indications of pharmaceutical and nicotinate disposal in the landfill.

Technical report writing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vidoli, Carol A.

1992-01-01

This manual covers the fundamentals of organizing, writing, and reviewing NASA technical reports. It was written to improve the writing skills of LeRC technical authors and the overall quality of their reports.

NASA Technical Standards Program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gill, Paul S.; Vaughan, William W.; Parker, Nelson C. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

The NASA Technical Standards Program was officially established in 1997 as result of a directive issued by the Administrator. It is responsible for Agency wide technical standards development, adoption (endorsement), and conversion of Center-unique standards for Agency wide use. One major element of the Program is the review of NSA technical standards products and replacement with non-Government Voluntary Consensus Standards in accordance with directions issued by the Office of Management and Budget. As part of the Program's function, it developed a NASA Integrated Technical Standards Initiative that consists of and Agency wide full-text system, standards update notification system, and lessons learned-standards integration system. The Program maintains a 'one stop-shop' Website for technical standards ad related information on aerospace materials, etc. This paper provides information on the development, current status, and plans for the NAS Technical Standards Program along with metrics on the utility of the products provided to both users within the nasa.gov Domain and the Public Domain.

NASA Technical Standards Program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gill, Paul S.; Vaughan, WIlliam W.

2003-01-01

The NASA Technical Standards Program was officially established in 1997 as result of a directive issued by the Administrator. It is responsible for Agency wide technical standards development, adoption (endorsement), and conversion of Center-unique standards for Agency wide use. One major element of the Program is the review of NSA technical standards products and replacement with non-Government Voluntary Consensus Standards in accordance with directions issued by the Office of Management and Budget. As part of the Program s function, it developed a NASA Integrated Technical Standards Initiative that consists of and Agency wide full-text system, standards update notification system, and lessons learned - standards integration system. The Program maintains a "one stop-shop" Website for technical standards ad related information on aerospace materials, etc. This paper provides information on the development, current status, and plans for the NAS Technical Standards Program along with metrics on the utility of the products provided to both users within the nasa.gov Domain and the Public Domain.

Behavioral Alterations in Response to Fear-Provoking Stimuli and Tranylcypromine Induced by Perinatal Exposure to Bisphenol A and Nonylphenol in Male Rats

PubMed Central

Negishi, Takayuki; Kawasaki, Katsuyoshi; Suzaki, Shingo; Maeda, Haruna; Ishii, Yoshiyuki; Kyuwa, Shigeru; Kuroda, Yoichiro; Yoshikawa, Yasuhiro

2004-01-01

The purpose of this study was to examine whether perinatal exposure to two major environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals, bisphenol A (BPA; 0.1 mg/kg/day orally) and nonylphenol [NP; 0.1 mg/kg/day (low dose) and 10 mg/kg/day (high dose) orally] daily from gestational day 3 to postnatal day 20 (transplacental and lactational exposures) would lead to behavioral alterations in the male offspring of F344 rats. Neither BPA nor NP exposure affected behavioral characteristics in an open-field test (8 weeks of age), in a measurement of spontaneous motor activity (12 weeks of age), or in an elevated plus-maze test (14 weeks of age). A passive avoidance test (13 weeks of age) showed that both BPA- and NP-treated offspring tended to delay entry into a dark compartment. An active avoidance test at 15 weeks of age revealed that BPA-treated offspring showed significantly fewer avoidance responses and low-dose NP-treated offspring exhibited slightly fewer avoidance responses. Furthermore, BPA-treated offspring significantly increased the number of failures to avoid electrical unconditioned stimuli within 5-sec electrical shock presentation compared with the control offspring. In a monoamine-disruption test using 5 mg/kg (intraperitoneal) tranylcypromine (Tcy), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, both BPA-treated and low-dose NP-treated offspring at 22–24 weeks of age failed to show a significant increment in locomotion in response to Tcy, whereas control and high-dose NP-treated offspring significantly increased locomotion behavior after Tcy injection. In addition, when only saline was injected during a monoamine-disruption test, low-dose NP-treated offspring showed frequent rearing compared with the control offspring. The present results indicate that perinatal low-dose BPA or NP exposure irreversibly influenced the reception of fear-provoking stimuli (e.g., electrical shock), as well as monoaminergic neural pathways. PMID:15289160

Determination of octylphenol and nonylphenol in aqueous sample using simultaneous derivatization and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Luo, Shusheng; Fang, Ling; Wang, Xiaowei; Liu, Hongtao; Ouyang, Gangfeng; Lan, Chongyu; Luan, Tiangang

2010-10-22

A simple and fast sample preparation method for the determination of nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) in aqueous samples by simultaneous derivatization and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In this method, a combined dispersant/derivatization catalyst (methanol/pyridine mixture) was firstly added to an aqueous sample, following which a derivatization reagent/extraction solvent (methyl chloroformate/chloroform) was rapidly injected to combine in situ derivatization and extraction in a single step. After centrifuging, the sedimented phase containing the analytes was injected into the GC port by autosampler for analysis. Several parameters, such as extraction solvent, dispersant solvent, amount of derivatization reagent, derivatization and extraction time, pH, and ionic strength were optimized to obtain higher sensitivity for the detection of NP and OP. Under the optimized conditions, good linearity was observed in the range of 0.1-1000 μg L⁻¹ and 0.01-100 μg L⁻¹ with the limits of detection (LOD) of 0.03 μg L⁻¹ and 0.002 μg L⁻¹ for NP and OP, respectively. Water samples collected from the Pearl River were analyzed with the proposed method, the concentrations of NP and OP were found to be 2.40 ± 0.16 μg L⁻¹ and 0.037 ± 0.001 μg L⁻¹, respectively. The relative recoveries of the water samples spiked with different concentrations of NP and OP were in the range of 88.3-106.7%. Compared with SPME and SPE, the proposed method can be successfully applied to the rapid and convenient determination of NP and OP in aqueous samples. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Detection and occurrence of chlorinated byproducts of bisphenol a, nonylphenol, and estrogens in drinking water of china: comparison to the parent compounds.

PubMed

Fan, Zhanlan; Hu, Jianying; An, Wei; Yang, Min

2013-10-01

This study applied a sensitive dansylation LC-MS/MS method to the investigation on the occurrence of bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), estrogens (E1 and E2), and their 11 chlorinated byproducts in 62 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) of 31 major cities across China. BPA (4.7-512 ng/L), NP (8.2-918 ng/L), and E1 (ND-9.9 ng/L) were widely detected in source waters, E2 was detected in less than half of the samples (ND-3.2 ng/L), while chlorinated byproducts were only detected in source waters of two DWTPs. In drinking water, chlorinated BPAs and monochloro-NP (MCNP) were detected in more than half of the samples with concentrations of 0.2-26.7 ng/L for monochloro-BPA (MCBPA), ND-6.3 ng/L for dichloro-BPA (DCBPA), ND-7.7 ng/L for trichloro-BPA (TCBPA), ND-4.8 ng/L for tetrachloro-BPA (TBBPA), and ND-13.3 ng/L for MCNP, while dichloro-E1 (DCE1, ND-0.2 ng/L) and dichloro-NP (DCNP, ND-1.6 ng/L) were less frequently detected (10/62 and 4/62). The production of chlorinated NPs in DWTPs was mainly influenced by the amount of NP in source water and chlorine added, while the concentrations of chlorinated BPAs in drinking waters were only found to be significantly correlated with those of BPA in source waters. Advanced treatment processes could be effective techniques for reducing target chlorinated byproducts in drinking water. This is the first report on the occurrence of chlorinated byproducts of BPA, NP, and estrogens in drinking water, and these chemicals should be considered when assessing the human risk of their parent compounds.

1980 Bibliography of Technical Writing.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Book, Virginia Alm; And Others

1981-01-01

Offers resources on technical writing that were published in 1980. Arranges the citations under 12 categories: bibliographies, books, reviews, and articles on theory and philosophy; pedagogy; writing technical articles and reports; research; technical writing and the computer; graphic/visual aids; correspondence; technical speech; and designing…

1981 Bibliography of Technical Writing.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Book, Virginia Alm; And Others

1982-01-01

Offers resources on technical writing published in 1981. Arranges the citations under the following categories: bibliographies, books, reviews, and articles on the profession; theory and philosophy; pedagogy; technical speech; research; designing degree programs; technical writing and the computer; writing technical articles and reports;…

Photodegradation performance and mechanism of 4-nonylphenol by WO3/TiO2 and TiO2 nanotube array photoelectrodes.

PubMed

Xin, Yanjun; Wang, Gang; Zhu, Xiangwei; Gao, Mengchun; Liu, Yongping; Chen, Qinghua

2017-12-01

TiO 2 Nanotube arrays (TNA) and WO 3 -coated TNA photoelectrodes were fabricated using an in situ anodization and pulse electrochemical deposition technology. The performance of the TNA photoelectrodes in the photocatalytic (PC) and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) was investigated. The effects of the initial pH and the anions on the degradation rates and reaction mechanism of 4-NP were studied by the photoluminescence (PL) spectra and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS). The degradation of 4-NP was fitted to a first-order reaction, and the apparent kinetic constants were 1.9 × 10 -2  min -1 for TNA photoelectrodes and 2.4 × 10 -2  min -1 for WO 3 /TNA photoelectrodes. When a bias potential of 1.0 V was applied, the values for TNA and WO 3 /TNA photoelectrodes increased to 2.5 × 10 -2 and 3.0 × 10 -2  min -1 , respectively. The degradation of 4-NP was controlled by a charge-transfer process one. WO 3 -decorated TNA photoelectrodes could increase the adsorption of 4-NP and promote its degradation. For the TNA and WO 3 /TNAs photoelectrodes, acid and alkaline solutions could facilitate the formation of hydroxyl radicals, whereas the removal of 4-NP was inhibited. The presence of [Formula: see text] , Cl - , [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] has a negative effect on the formation of •OH, so did the removal of 4-NP. For the TNA photoelectrodes, the inhibition effect of [Formula: see text] on the formation of hydroxyl radicals and the removal of 4-NP was the most serious compared with that of [Formula: see text], Cl - and [Formula: see text] , while for the WO 3 /TNA photoelectrodes the inhibition effect of [Formula: see text] on the removal of 4-NP was maximum.

Training the Technical Editor.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cathcart, Margaret E.

The demand for skilled technical editors is growing as society places increasing emphasis on receiving accurate, concise, and complete technical data. Since many organizations do not have inhouse programs for training technical editors, a need exists to provide inexperienced people with basic editing skills. One organization has developed two…

Histological alternation and vitellogenin induction in adult rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) after exposure to ethynylestradiol and nonylphenol

USGS Publications Warehouse

Zha, J.; Wang, Z.; Wang, N.; Ingersoll, C.

2007-01-01

Adult rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) were exposed to 0, 1, 5, and 25 ng/l (nominal concentrations) of 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) and 3, 10, and 30 μg/l (nominal concentrations) of 4-nonylphenol (NP) under flow-through conditions for a period of 28 d. Low mortality was observed at 5 and 25 ng/l EE2 and the growth of fish reduced significantly at 25 ng/l EE2 compared to controls. However, the gonadosomatic indices (GSI) of male fish were significantly higher in 1 ng/l EE2 treatments and in 10 and 30 μg/l NP treatments (p < 0.05). Renal somatic indices (RSI) of male fish in EE2 treatments were significantly higher than those in controls (p < 0.05). In contrast, significantly decreased GSI and RSI of female fish could only be observed in 5 and 25 ng/l EE2treatments (p < 0.05). Hepatosomatic indices (HSI) of male fish were significantly higher in 25 ng/l EE2 treatments. However, significantly increased of HSI of female fish could only be observed in 1 ng/l EE2 treatments. Plasma vitellogenin (VTG) induction could be observed in males after exposed to different concentrations of EE2 and NP, and plasma VTG concentrations in females exposed to 5 and 25 ng/l EE2 were also significantly higher than in controls (p < 0.05). At level higher than 5 ng/l EE2 or 30 μg/l NP, hepatic tissue and renal tissue impairment of males could be observed. The pathological male liver was associated with a hypertrophy of hepatocytes and damages to cellar structure and accumulated eosinophilic material. Renal tissue showed different pathological effects which was reflected by accumulated eosinophilic material, hemorrhages within the kidney tubules and hypertrophy of the tubular epithelia. Also at these levels of exposure, feminization of male fish could be noticed and parts of males manifested the testis-ova phenomenon. Ovaries of female rare minnow in 25 ng/l EE2 treatment group were degenerated. Therefore when exposed to EE2 and NP even at environmental observed

Technical Subjects in Secondary Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Howard, A. E.

2008-01-01

Purpose: This paper aims to examine technical education in various types of secondary schools, and suggests three levels of technical courses to be taught in secondary schools. Design/methodology/approach: The paper discusses the differences between technical schools and colleges, and vocational technical courses taught in "academic"…

78 FR 27963 - Reliability Technical Conference; Notice of Technical Conference

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-13

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Docket No. AD13-6-000] Reliability Technical Conference; Notice of Technical Conference Take notice that the Federal Energy Regulatory... related to the reliability of the Bulk-Power System. A more formal agenda will be issued at a later date...

Analysis of endocrine disruptor compounds in marine sediments by in cell clean up-pressurized liquid extraction-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination.

PubMed

Salgueiro-González, N; Turnes-Carou, I; Muniategui-Lorenzo, S; López-Mahía, P; Prada-Rodríguez, D

2014-12-10

A less time-, solvent- and sorbent-consuming analytical methodology for the determination of bisphenol A and alkylphenols (4-tert-octylphenol, 4-octylphenol, 4-n-nonylphenol, nonylphenol) in marine sediment was developed and validated. The method was based on selective pressurized liquid extraction (SPLE) with a simultaneous in cell clean up combined with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in negative mode (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The SPLE extraction conditions were optimized by a Plackett-Burman design followed by a central composite design. Quantitation was performed by standard addition curves in order to correct matrix effects. The analytical features of the method were satisfactory: relative recoveries varied between 94 and 100% and repeatability and intermediate precision were <6% for all compounds. Uncertainty assessment of measurement was estimated on the basis of an in-house validation according to EURACHEM/CITAC guide. Quantitation limits of the method (MQL) ranged between 0.17 (4-n-nonylphenol) and 4.01 ng g(-1) dry weight (nonylphenol). Sensitivity, selectivity, automaticity and fastness are the main advantages of this green methodology. As an application, marine sediment samples from Galicia coast (NW of Spain) were analysed. Nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol were measured in all samples at concentrations between 20.1 and 1409 ng g(-1) dry weight, respectively. Sediment toxicity was estimated and no risk to aquatic biota was found. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Skills that Technical Communicators Need: An Investigation of Technical Communication Graduates, Managers, and Curricula

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Whiteside, Aimee L.

2003-01-01

This study examines the skills that recent technical communication graduates and managers believe technical communication students need before entering business and industry as new technical communicators. Through questionnaires and interviews with recent graduates and managers of technical communication departments as well as an analysis of the…

SUPERFUND TECHNICAL SUPPORT

EPA Science Inventory

Under this task, technical support is provided to Regional Remedial Project Managers (RPMs)/On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs) at Superfund, RCRA, and Brownfields sites contaminated with hazardous materials by the Technical Support Center (TSC) for Monitoring and Site Characterization....

Synthesis of nonionic-anionic colloidal systems based on alkaline and ammonium β-nonylphenol polyethyleneoxy (n = 3-20) propionates/dodecylbenzenesulfonates with prospects for food hygiene

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background The main objective of this work was to obtain a binary system of surface-active components (nonionic soap – alkaline and/or ammonium dodecylbenzenesulfonate) with potential competences in food hygiene, by accessing a scheme of classical reactions (cyanoethylation, total acid hydrolysis and stoichiometric neutralization with inorganic alkaline and/or organic ammonium bases) adapted to heterogeneously polyethoxylated nonylphenols (n = 3-20). In the processing system mentioned, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, initially the acid catalyst for the exhaustive hydrolysis of β-nonylphenolpolyethyleneoxy (n = 3-20) propionitriles, becomes together with the nonionic soap formed the second surface-active component of the binary system. Results In the reaction scheme adopted the influence of the main operating (duration, temperature, molar ratio of reagents) and structural parameters (degree of oligomerization of the polyoxyethylene chain) on the processing yields for the synthetic steps was followed. The favorable role of the polyoxyethylene chain size is remarked, through its specific conformation and its alkaline cations sequestration competences on the yields of cyanoethylation, but also the beneficial influence of phase-transfer catalysts in the total acid hydrolysis step. The chemical stability of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSH) at the temperature and strongly acidic pH of the reaction environment is confirmed. The controlled change of the amount of DBSH in the final binary system will later confer it potential colloidal competences in food hygiene receipts. Conclusions The preliminary synthetic tests performed confirmed the prospect of obtaining a broad range of useful colloidal competences in various food hygiene scenarios. PMID:22958389

Nonylphenol in pregnant women and their matching fetuses: Placental transfer and potential risks of infants

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Huang, Yu-Fang; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Wang, Pei-Wei

As the predominant environmental biodegradation product of nonylphenol (NP) ethoxylates and with proven estrogenic effects, NP is formed during the alkylation process of phenols. The purposes of this study were (1) to examine maternal and prenatal exposure to NP in Taiwan, (2) to determine the level of placental protection against NP exposure as well as the level of NP in breast milk, and (3) to assess the potential risk for breastfed newborns exposed to NP through the milk. Thirty pairs of maternal and fetal blood samples, placenta, and breast milk during the 1st and the 3rd months of lactation weremore » collected. External NP exposures of these specimens were then analyzed by using high-performance liquid chromatography coupling with fluorescence detection. Next, the socio-demographics, lifestyle, delivery method, dietary and work history were collected using a questionnaire. In addition, the daily intake of NP from consuming breast milk in the 1st and 3rd months for newborns was studied through deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment methods. The geometric means and geometric standard deviation of NP levels in maternal blood, fetal cord blood, placenta, and breast milk in the 1st and 3rd months were 14.6 (1.7) ng/ml, 18.8 (1.8) ng/ml, 19.8 (1.9) ng/g, 23.5 (3.2) ng/ml, and 57.3 (1.4) ng/ml, respectively. The probabilistic percentiles (50th, 75th, and 95th) of daily intake NP in breast milk were 4.33, 7.79, and 18.39 μg/kg-bw/day in the 1st month, respectively, and were 8.11, 10.78, 16.08 μg/kg-bw/day in the 3rd month, respectively. The probabilistic distributions (5th, 25th, and 50th) of risk for infants aged 1 month old were 0.27, 0.64, and 1.15, respectively, and that for infants aged 3 month old were 0.31, 0.46, and 0.62, respectively. Through repeated exposure from the dietary intake of expectant mothers, fetuses could encounter a high NP exposure level due to transplacental absorption, partitioning between the maternal and fetal compartments

BASINS Technical Notes

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA has developed several technical notes that provide in depth information on a specific function in BASINS. Technical notes can be used to answer questions users may have, or to provide additional information on the application of features in BASINS.

Final Technical Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Glasser, Alan H.

Final technical report on DE-SC0016106. This is the final technical report for a portion of the multi-institutional CEMM project. This report is centered around 3 publications and a seminar presentation, which have been submitted to E-Link.

Relationship between non-technical skills and technical performance during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: does stress have an influence?

PubMed Central

Krage, Ralf; Zwaan, Laura; Tjon Soei Len, Lian; Kolenbrander, Mark W; van Groeningen, Dick; Loer, Stephan A; Wagner, Cordula; Schober, Patrick

2017-01-01

Background Non-technical skills, such as task management, leadership, situational awareness, communication and decision-making refer to cognitive, behavioural and social skills that contribute to safe and efficient team performance. The importance of these skills during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is increasingly emphasised. Nonetheless, the relationship between non-technical skills and technical performance is poorly understood. We hypothesise that non-technical skills become increasingly important under stressful conditions when individuals are distracted from their tasks, and investigated the relationship between non-technical and technical skills under control conditions and when external stressors are present. Methods In this simulator-based randomised cross-over study, 30 anaesthesiologists and anaesthesia residents from the VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, participated in two different CPR scenarios in random order. In one scenario, external stressors (radio noise and a distractive scripted family member) were added, while the other scenario without stressors served as control condition. Non-technical performance of the team leader and technical performance of the team were measured using the ‘Anaesthetists’ Non-technical Skill’ score and a recently developed technical skills score. Analysis of variance and Pearson correlation coefficients were used for statistical analyses. Results Non-technical performance declined when external stressors were present (adjusted mean difference 3.9 points, 95% CI 2.4 to 5.5 points). A significant correlation between non-technical and technical performance scores was observed when external stressors were present (r=0.67, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.83, p<0.001), while no evidence for such a relationship was observed under control conditions (r=0.15, 95% CI −0.22 to 0.49, p=0.42). This was equally true for all individual domains of the non-technical performance score (task management, team

Technical noise supplement : TeNS : a technical supplement to the Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-10-01

The purpose of this Technical Noise Supplement (TeNS) is to provide technical background : information on transportation-related noise in general and highway traffic noise in : particular. It is designed to elaborate on technical concepts and procedu...

Writing a technical note.

PubMed

Ng, K H; Peh, W C G

2010-02-01

A technical note is a short article giving a brief description of a specific development, technique or procedure, or it may describe a modification of an existing technique, procedure or device applicable to medicine. The technique, procedure or device described should have practical value and should contribute to clinical diagnosis or management. It could also present a software tool, or an experimental or computational method. Technical notes are variously referred to as technical innovations or technical developments. The main criteria for publication will be the novelty of concepts involved, the validity of the technique and its potential for clinical applications.

7 CFR 1469.9 - Technical assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Technical assistance. 1469.9 Section 1469.9... Provisions § 1469.9 Technical assistance. (a) NRCS may use the services of NRCS-approved or certified Technical Service Providers in performing its responsibilities for technical assistance. (b) Technical...

Towards technical interoperability in telemedicine.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Craft, Richard Layne, II

2004-05-01

For telemedicine to realize the vision of anywhere, anytime access to care, the question of how to create a fully interoperable technical infrastructure must be addressed. After briefly discussing how 'technical interoperability' compares with other types of interoperability being addressed in the telemedicine community today, this paper describes reasons for pursuing technical interoperability, presents a proposed framework for realizing technical interoperability, identifies key issues that will need to be addressed if technical interoperability is to be achieved, and suggests a course of action that the telemedicine community might follow to accomplish this goal.

Waste-indicator and pharmaceutical compounds in landfill-leachate-affected ground water near Elkhart, Indiana, 2000-2002

USGS Publications Warehouse

Buszka, P.M.; Yeskis, D.J.; Kolpin, D.W.; Furlong, E.T.; Zaugg, S.D.; Meyer, M.T.

2009-01-01

Four wells downgradient from a landfill near Elkhart, Indiana were sampled during 2000-2002 to evaluate the presence of waste-indicator and pharmaceutical compounds in landfill-leachate-affected ground water. Compounds detected in leachate-affected ground water included detergent metabolites (p-nonylphenol, nonylphenol monoethoxylate, nonylphenol diethoxylate, and octylphenol monoethoxylate), plasticizers (ethanol-2-butoxy-phosphate and diethylphthalate), a plastic monomer (bisphenol A), disinfectants (1,4-dichlorobenzene and triclosan), an antioxidant (5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole), three fire-retardant compounds (tributylphosphate and tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, and tri(dichlorisopropyl)phosphate), and several pharmaceuticals and metabolites (acetaminophen, caffeine, cotinine, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, fluoxetine, and ibuprofen). Acetaminophen, caffeine, and cotinine detections confirm prior indications of pharmaceutical and nicotinate disposal in the landfill. ?? 2009 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.

Relationship between non-technical skills and technical performance during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: does stress have an influence?

PubMed

Krage, Ralf; Zwaan, Laura; Tjon Soei Len, Lian; Kolenbrander, Mark W; van Groeningen, Dick; Loer, Stephan A; Wagner, Cordula; Schober, Patrick

2017-11-01

Non-technical skills, such as task management, leadership, situational awareness, communication and decision-making refer to cognitive, behavioural and social skills that contribute to safe and efficient team performance. The importance of these skills during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is increasingly emphasised. Nonetheless, the relationship between non-technical skills and technical performance is poorly understood. We hypothesise that non-technical skills become increasingly important under stressful conditions when individuals are distracted from their tasks, and investigated the relationship between non-technical and technical skills under control conditions and when external stressors are present. In this simulator-based randomised cross-over study, 30 anaesthesiologists and anaesthesia residents from the VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, participated in two different CPR scenarios in random order. In one scenario, external stressors (radio noise and a distractive scripted family member) were added, while the other scenario without stressors served as control condition. Non-technical performance of the team leader and technical performance of the team were measured using the 'Anaesthetists' Non-technical Skill' score and a recently developed technical skills score. Analysis of variance and Pearson correlation coefficients were used for statistical analyses. Non-technical performance declined when external stressors were present (adjusted mean difference 3.9 points, 95% CI 2.4 to 5.5 points). A significant correlation between non-technical and technical performance scores was observed when external stressors were present (r=0.67, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.83, p<0.001), while no evidence for such a relationship was observed under control conditions (r=0.15, 95% CI -0.22 to 0.49, p=0.42). This was equally true for all individual domains of the non-technical performance score (task management, team working, situation awareness, decision

Effect of acute exposure to nonylphenol on biochemical, hormonal, and hematological parameters and muscle tissues residues of Nile tilapia; Oreochromis niloticus

PubMed Central

Ismail, Hager Tarek H.; Mahboub, Heba Hassan H.

2016-01-01

Aim: This study was aimed to evaluate some biochemical, hormonal, hematological, and histopathological changes in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, after acute exposure to nonylphenol (NP). In addition to detection of NP residues in the fish, muscle tissues for human health concern. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 apparently healthy Nile tilapia, O. niloticus, were randomly divided into three equal groups; each containing 30 fish (three replicates). Groups 1 and 2 kept as a control and solvent control (acetone), respectively, and Group 3 exposed to NP at a dose level of 500 µg/L water for 7 successive days. Blood and tissue samples were collected 2 times randomly from each group after 7 days from fish exposure to NP and 10 days from exposure stopping. Results: Fish exposed to NP Group 3 showed anorexia, sluggish movement, erythema of the skin, areas of scales loss, and hemorrhagic ulcers in some areas of body region leading to exposing the viscera. Biochemical results revealed a significant increase in serum total proteins and globulins levels, a highly significant increase in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, triglycerides, cholesterol, and creatinine levels, insignificant increase in serum uric acid level, and a highly significant decrease in serum testosterone and estradiol-β17 levels in Group 3 in compare with the control group. Histopathological finding confirms these results. While hematological results of the same group revealed a significant increase in red blood cells count and packed cell volume value, insignificant increase in hemoglobin concentration, leukopenia, lymphopenia, and monocytopenia in compared with the control group. All of these changes appeared after 7 days from fish exposure to NP. Most of these alterations returned toward the normal level after 10 days from stopping exposure to NP. NP residues detected in fish muscle tissues of Group 3 during exposure and after stopping exposure to it

Technical Writing: Past, Present and Future

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mathes, J. C. (Compiler); Pinelli, T. E. (Compiler)

1981-01-01

The training of technical writers and the objectives of such education are discussed. Special emphasis was placed on the communication between technical personnel and non-technical personnel. The liabilities that affect technical writers were also discussed.

A procedural skills OSCE: assessing technical and non-technical skills of internal medicine residents.

PubMed

Pugh, Debra; Hamstra, Stanley J; Wood, Timothy J; Humphrey-Murto, Susan; Touchie, Claire; Yudkowsky, Rachel; Bordage, Georges

2015-03-01

Internists are required to perform a number of procedures that require mastery of technical and non-technical skills, however, formal assessment of these skills is often lacking. The purpose of this study was to develop, implement, and gather validity evidence for a procedural skills objective structured clinical examination (PS-OSCE) for internal medicine (IM) residents to assess their technical and non-technical skills when performing procedures. Thirty-five first to third-year IM residents participated in a 5-station PS-OSCE, which combined partial task models, standardized patients, and allied health professionals. Formal blueprinting was performed and content experts were used to develop the cases and rating instruments. Examiners underwent a frame-of-reference training session to prepare them for their rater role. Scores were compared by levels of training, experience, and to evaluation data from a non-procedural OSCE (IM-OSCE). Reliability was calculated using Generalizability analyses. Reliabilities for the technical and non-technical scores were 0.68 and 0.76, respectively. Third-year residents scored significantly higher than first-year residents on the technical (73.5 vs. 62.2%) and non-technical (83.2 vs. 75.1%) components of the PS-OSCE (p < 0.05). Residents who had performed the procedures more frequently scored higher on three of the five stations (p < 0.05). There was a moderate disattenuated correlation (r = 0.77) between the IM-OSCE and the technical component of the PS-OSCE scores. The PS-OSCE is a feasible method for assessing multiple competencies related to performing procedures and this study provides validity evidence to support its use as an in-training examination.

Isotope-dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with injection-port butylation for the determination of 4-t-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenols and bisphenol A in human urine.

PubMed

Chung, Shuang-Hung; Ding, Wang-Hsien

2018-02-05

An analytical method that utilizes isotope-dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (ID-GC-MS) coupled with injection-port butylation was developed. The method was validated, and confirmed to be able to determine the presence of three commonly detected endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs: 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP), 4-nonylphenols (4-NPs) and bisphenol A (BPA)) in human urine with high precision and accuracy. After sample preparation by solid-phase extraction, the extract was introduced into GC-MS via injection-port butylation. The butylated target analytes were identified and quantified by using ion-trap mass spectrometry operating in the selected-ion-storage mode, and employing the measurement of peak area ratios of the butylated target analytes and labeled-analogues in the samples and calibration standards. The labeled-analogues were also used to correct the variations associated with the analysis and matrix effect. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 0.1 to 0.3ng/mL. High precisions for both intra- and inter-day analysis ranged from 1 to 6%, and excellent accuracy (mean recovery) ranged from 92 to 105% on two concentration levels. In human urine, the total concentrations of three selected EDCs varied from 1.28 to 7.14ng/mL. 4-NPs were detected within all collected samples. The developed method allows accurate analysis of trace-level of EDCs in urine, and these target EDCs could act as useful biomarkers to assess exposure in biomonitoring studies and programs. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Technical Writing Tips

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kennedy, Patrick M.

2004-01-01

The main reason engineers, technicians, and programmers write poor technical documents is because they have had little training or experience in that area. This article addresses some of the basics that students can use to master technical writing tasks. The article covers the most common problems writers make and offers suggestions for improving…

SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC LORDOSIS BEHAVIOR IS MORE SENSITIVE TO DISRUPTION BY DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE TO ETHINYL ESTRADIOL THAN IS REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY IN THE LONG EVANS FEMALE RAT.

EPA Science Inventory

Anthropogenic estrogens are pervasive in the environment. Although the effects of these xenoestrogens are controversial in humans, some fish species are adversely affected in contaminated ecosystems. While studies investigating endocrine disruptors typically focus on reproducti...

Engineering Technical Review Planning Briefing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gardner, Terrie

2012-01-01

The general topics covered in the engineering technical planning briefing are 1) overviews of NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), and Engineering, 2) the NASA Systems Engineering(SE) Engine and its implementation , 3) the NASA Project Life Cycle, 4) MSFC Technical Management Branch Services in relation to the SE Engine and the Project Life Cycle , 5) Technical Reviews, 6) NASA Human Factor Design Guidance , and 7) the MSFC Human Factors Team. The engineering technical review portion of the presentation is the primary focus of the overall presentation and will address the definition of a design review, execution guidance, the essential stages of a technical review, and the overall review planning life cycle. Examples of a technical review plan content, review approaches, review schedules, and the review process will be provided and discussed. The human factors portion of the presentation will focus on the NASA guidance for human factors. Human factors definition, categories, design guidance, and human factor specialist roles will be addressed. In addition, the NASA Systems Engineering Engine description, definition, and application will be reviewed as background leading into the NASA Project Life Cycle Overview and technical review planning discussion.

The composing process in technical communication

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Masse, R. E.

1981-01-01

The theory and application of the composing process in technical communications is addressed. The composing process of engineers, some implications for composing research for the teaching and research of technical communication, and an interpretation of the processes as creative experience are also discussed. Two areas of technical communications summarized concern: the rhetorical features of technical communications, and the theoretical background for a process-based view, a problem-solving approach to technical writing.

49 CFR 552.6 - Technical review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... § 552.6 Technical review. The appropriate Associate Administrator conducts a technical review of the petition. The technical review may consist of an analysis of the material submitted, together with... 49 Transportation 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Technical review. 552.6 Section 552.6...

24 CFR 583.140 - Technical assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Technical assistance. 583.140... Technical assistance. (a) General. HUD may set aside funds annually to provide technical assistance, either... technical assistance is for the purpose of promoting the development of supportive housing and supportive...

49 CFR 552.6 - Technical review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... § 552.6 Technical review. The appropriate Associate Administrator conducts a technical review of the petition. The technical review may consist of an analysis of the material submitted, together with... 49 Transportation 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Technical review. 552.6 Section 552.6...

Ethics in Technical Communication. The Allyn & Bacon Series in Technical Communication.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dombrowski, Paul

Arguing that ethics is an important part of technical communication, this book discusses ethics in the broad sense including not only the act of communication but also where technical information came from and how it likely will be used. It is intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate audiences, and assumes some familiarity with technical…

47 CFR 18.207 - Technical report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Technical report. 18.207 Section 18.207... Applications and Authorizations § 18.207 Technical report. When required by the Commission a technical report...(s) under which the equipment is or will be marketed. (e) A statement of the rated technical...

47 CFR 18.207 - Technical report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Technical report. 18.207 Section 18.207... Applications and Authorizations § 18.207 Technical report. When required by the Commission a technical report...(s) under which the equipment is or will be marketed. (e) A statement of the rated technical...

47 CFR 18.207 - Technical report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Technical report. 18.207 Section 18.207... Applications and Authorizations § 18.207 Technical report. When required by the Commission a technical report...(s) under which the equipment is or will be marketed. (e) A statement of the rated technical...

12 CFR 705.10 - Technical assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Technical assistance. 705.10 Section 705.10... DEVELOPMENT REVOLVING LOAN PROGRAM FOR CREDIT UNIONS § 705.10 Technical assistance. NCUA may provide technical... or NCUA. NCUA will base technical assistance on funds availability, the needs of the participating...

Technical Assistance Plan (TAP)

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

A Technical Assistance Plan (TAP) enables community groups to retain the services of an independent technical advisor and to provide resources for a community group to help inform other community members about site decisions.

Reader-Centered Technical Writing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Narayanan, M.

2012-12-01

Technical writing is an essential part of professional communication and in recent years it has shifted from a genre-based approach. Formerly, technical writing primarily focused on generating templates of documents and sometimes it was creating or reproducing traditional forms with minor modifications and updates. Now, technical writing looks at the situations surrounding the need to write. This involves deep thinking about the goals and objectives of the project on hand. Furthermore, one observes that it is very important for any participatory process to have the full support of management. This support needs to be well understood and believed by employees. Professional writing may be very persuasive in some cases. When presented in the appropriate context, technical writing can persuade a company to improve work conditions ensuring employee safety and timely production. However, one must recognize that lot of professional writing still continues to make use of reports and instruction manuals. Normally, technical and professional writing addresses four aspects. Objective: The need for generating a given professionally written technical document and the goals the document is expected to achieve and accomplish. Clientele: The clientele who will utilize the technical document. This may include the people in the organization. This may also include "unintended readers." Customers: The population that may be affected by the content of the technical document generated. This includes the stakeholders who will be influenced. Environment: The background in which the document is created. Also, the nature of the situation that warranted the generation of the document. Swiss Psychologist Jean Piaget's view of Learning focuses on three aspects. The author likes to extend Jean Piaget's ideas to students, who are asked to prepare and submit Reader-Centered Technical Writing reports and exercises. Assimilation: Writers may benefit specifically, by assimilating a new object into

Assessing Students' Technical Skill Attainment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jorgensen, Haley

2010-01-01

The Wisconsin Technical College System (WTCS) is working to comply with the Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Improvement Act of 2006 (Perkins) to ensure that its graduates have mastered the technical skills needed by business and industry. The legislation requires that each state identify and approve program assessment strategies…

Integrating technical and non-technical skills coaching in an acute trauma surgery team training: Is it too much?

PubMed

Alken, Alexander; Luursema, Jan-Maarten; Weenk, Mariska; Yauw, Simon; Fluit, Cornelia; van Goor, Harry

2017-08-25

Research on effective integration of technical and non-technical skills in surgery team training is sparse. In a previous study we found that surgical teachers predominantly coached on technical and hardly on non-technical skills during the Definitive Surgical and Anesthetic Trauma Care (DSATC) integrated acute trauma surgery team training. This study aims to investigate whether the priming of teachers could increase the amount of non-technical skills coaching during such a training. Coaching activities of 12 surgical teachers were recorded on audio and video. Six teachers were primed on non-technical skills coaching prior to the training. Six others received no priming and served as controls. Blind observers reviewed the recordings of 2 training scenario's and scored whether the observed behaviors were directed on technical or non-technical skills. We compared the frequency of the non-technical skills coaching between the primed and the non-primed teachers and analyzed for differences according to the trainees' level of experience. Surgical teachers coached trainees during the highly realistic DSATC integrated acute trauma surgery team training. Trainees performed damage control surgery in operating teams on anesthetized porcine models during 6 training scenario's. Twelve experienced surgical teachers participated in this study. Coaching on non-technical skills was limited to about 5%. The primed teachers did not coach more often on non-technical skills than the non-primed teachers. We found no differences in the frequency of non-technical skills coaching based on the trainees' level of experience. Priming experienced surgical teachers does not increase the coaching on non-technical skills. The current DSATC acute trauma surgery team training seems too complex for integrating training on technical and non-technical skills. Patient care, Practice based learning and improvement. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Bibliography--Unclassified Technical Reports, Special Reports, and Technical Notes: FY 1982.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-11-01

in each category are listed in chronological order under seven areas: manpower management, personnel administration , organization management, education...7633). Technical reports listed that have unlimited distribution can also be obtained from the National Technical Information Service , 5285 Port Royal...simulations of manpower systems. This research exploits the technology of computer-managed large-scale data bases. PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION The personnel

Direct Final Rule: Nonroad Diesel Technical Amendments and Tier 3 Technical Relief Provision

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Rule making certain technical corrections to the rules establishing emission standards for nonroad diesel engines and amending those rules to provide manufacturers with a production technical relief provision for Tier 3 equipment.

Endocrine-Disrupting Potential of Bisphenol A, Bisphenol A Dimethacrylate, 4-n-Nonylphenol, and 4-n-Octylphenol in Vitro: New Data and a Brief Review

PubMed Central

Bonefeld-Jørgensen, Eva C.; Long, Manhai; Hofmeister, Marlene V.; Vinggaard, Anne Marie

2007-01-01

Background An array of environmental compounds is known to possess endocrine disruption (ED) potentials. Bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol A dimethacrylate (BPA-DM) are monomers used to a high extent in the plastic industry and as dental sealants. Alkylphenols such as 4-n-nonylphenol (nNP) and 4-n-octylphenol (nOP) are widely used as surfactants. Objectives We investigated the effect in vitro of these four compounds on four key cell mechanisms including transactivation of a) the human estrogen receptor (ER), b) the human androgen receptor (AR), c) the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and d) aromatase activity. Results All four compounds inhibited aromatase activity and were agonists and antagonists of ER and AR, respectively. nNP increased AhR activity concentration-dependently and further increased the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin AhR action. nOP caused dual responses with a weak increased and a decreased AhR activity at lower (10−8 M) and higher concentrations (10−5–10−4 M), respectively. AhR activity was inhibited with BPA (10−5–10−4 M) and weakly increased with BPA-DM (10−5 M), respectively. nNP showed the highest relative potency (REP) compared with the respective controls in the ER, AhR, and aromatase assays, whereas similar REP was observed for the four chemicals in the AR assay. Conclusion Our in vitro data clearly indicate that the four industrial compounds have ED potentials and that the effects can be mediated via several cellular pathways, including the two sex steroid hormone receptors (ER and AR), aromatase activity converting testosterone to estrogen, and AhR; AhR is involved in syntheses of steroids and metabolism of steroids and xenobiotic compounds. PMID:18174953

Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) - Its role in the USAF Scientific and Technical Information Program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kuhn, Allan D.

1991-01-01

The Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC), the central repository for DOD scientific and technical information concerning studies and research and engineering efforts, is discussed. The present makeup of DTIC is described and its functions in producing technical reports and technical report bibliographies are examined. DTIC's outreach services are reviewed, as are its DTIC information and technology transfer programs. DTIC's plans for the year 2000 and its relation to the mission of the U.S. Air Force, including the Air Force's STINFO program, are addressed.

Male reproductive health and environmental xenoestrogens.

PubMed Central

Toppari, J; Larsen, J C; Christiansen, P; Giwercman, A; Grandjean, P; Guillette, L J; Jégou, B; Jensen, T K; Jouannet, P; Keiding, N; Leffers, H; McLachlan, J A; Meyer, O; Müller, J; Rajpert-De Meyts, E; Scheike, T; Sharpe, R; Sumpter, J; Skakkebaek, N E

1996-01-01

Male reproductive health has deteriorated in many countries during the last few decades. In the 1990s, declining semen quality has been reported from Belgium, Denmark, France, and Great Britain. The incidence of testicular cancer has increased during the same time incidences of hypospadias and cryptorchidism also appear to be increasing. Similar reproductive problems occur in many wildlife species. There are marked geographic differences in the prevalence of male reproductive disorders. While the reasons for these differences are currently unknown, both clinical and laboratory research suggest that the adverse changes may be inter-related and have a common origin in fetal life or childhood. Exposure of the male fetus to supranormal levels of estrogens, such as diethlylstilbestrol, can result in the above-mentioned reproductive defects. The growing number of reports demonstrating that common environmental contaminants and natural factors possess estrogenic activity presents the working hypothesis that the adverse trends in male reproductive health may be, at least in part, associated with exposure to estrogenic or other hormonally active (e.g., antiandrogenic) environmental chemicals during fetal and childhood development. An extensive research program is needed to understand the extent of the problem, its underlying etiology, and the development of a strategy for prevention and intervention. Images Figure 3. A Figure 3. B Figure 3. C Figure 3. D Figure 3. E Figure 3. F PMID:8880001

Polycystic kidney disease induced in F(1) Sprague-Dawley rats fed para-nonylphenol in a soy-free, casein-containing diet.

PubMed

Latendresse, J R; Newbold, R R; Weis, C C; Delclos, K B

2001-07-01

para-Nonylphenol (NP; CAS #84852-15-3), an alkylphenol with a 9-carbon olefin side chain, is widely used in the manufacture of nonionic surfactants, lubricant additives, polymer stabilizers, and antioxidants. Due to its wide commercial use and putative endocrine activity in humans and wildlife, the NTP elected to assess its effects on reproduction in multigenerational studies. To avoid known estrogenic activity of phytoestrogens in soy and alfalfa, a soy- and alfalfa-free, casein-containing diet was used in a range-finding study to determine the doses of NP to be tested further. NP was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats in the diet at 0, 5, 25, 200, 500, 1000, or 2000 ppm to F(0) dams beginning on gestation-day 7. The F(1) pups were weaned at postnatal day (PND) 21, and their exposure via diet was continued at the same dose level as their respective dams. Pup weights from birth through weaning were not significantly different from controls in any dose group, but the average weight of both sexes was significantly less compared to controls, beginning with the PND 28 weighing. The F(1) rats were sacrificed on PND 50 (n = 15, 3 pups of each sex from 5 litters for all dose groups). Terminal body weights of males and females in the 2000-ppm dose group were 74% and 85% of controls, respectively. Severe polycystic kidney disease (PKD) was present in 100% of the 2000 ppm-exposed male and female rats. At 1000 ppm, 67% of males and 53% of females had mild to moderate PKD versus none of either sex in the control and lower-dose groups. The no-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for PKD was determined to be 500 ppm. Previous studies with comparable duration and route of exposure, but using soy-containing diets, reported either no or only mild PKD at 2000 ppm NP. We conclude that the renal toxicity of NP is highly dependent on the diet on which the animals are maintained. The potential interaction of diet and test compounds on nonreproductive as well as reproductive endpoints should be

Technical Vocabulary in Specialised Texts.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chung, Teresa Mihwa; Nation, Paul

2003-01-01

Describes two studies of technical vocabulary, one using an anatomy text and the other an applied linguistics text. Technical vocabulary was found by rating words in the texts on a four-step scale. Found that technical vocabulary made up a very substantial proportion of both the different words and the running words in texts. (Author/VWL)

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF GESTATIONAL AND LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE TO ETHINYL ESTRADIOL (EE) AND BISPHENOL A (BPA) ON REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR IN FEMALE AND MALE LONG EVANS HOODED RAT

EPA Science Inventory

Anthropogenic estrogens are pervasive in the environment. Although the effects of these 'xenoestrogens' are controversial in humans, some fish species are adversely affected in contaminated ecosystems. The current project focuses on the effects of developmental exposure to two ...

Technical Mathematics: Restructure of Technical Mathematics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Flannery, Carol A.

Designed to accompany a series of videotapes, this textbook provides information, examples, problems, and solutions relating to mathematics and its applications in technical fields. Chapter I deals with basic arithmetic, providing information on fractions, decimals, ratios, proportions, percentages, and order of operations. Chapter II focuses on…

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of phenolic compounds from vegetable oils using a magnetic ionic liquid.

PubMed

Zhu, Shuqiang; Wang, Lijun; Su, Along; Zhang, Haixia

2017-08-01

A novel method was developed for the determination of two endocrine-disrupting chemicals, bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol, in vegetable oil by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Using a magnetic liquid as the microextraction solvent, several key parameters were optimized, including the type and volume of the magnetic liquid, extraction time, amount of dispersant, and the type of reverse extractant. The detection limits for bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol were 0.1 and 0.06 μg/kg, respectively. The recoveries were 70.4-112.3%, and the relative standard deviations were less than 4.2%. The method is simple for the extraction of bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol from vegetable oil and suitable for routine analysis. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Australia: A New Technical Teacher College

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Senior, R. L.

1969-01-01

A new technical teacher college will open its doors in Hawthorn, Victoria, in January 1970. R.L. Senior, Inspector of Technical Schools, describes the development of technical teacher training in the State. (Editor)

OSH technical reference manual

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1993-11-01

In an evaluation of the Department of Energy (DOE) Occupational Safety and Health programs for government-owned contractor-operated (GOCO) activities, the Department of Labor`s Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommended a technical information exchange program. The intent was to share written safety and health programs, plans, training manuals, and materials within the entire DOE community. The OSH Technical Reference (OTR) helps support the secretary`s response to the OSHA finding by providing a one-stop resource and referral for technical information that relates to safe operations and practice. It also serves as a technical information exchange tool to reference DOE-wide materials pertinentmore » to specific safety topics and, with some modification, as a training aid. The OTR bridges the gap between general safety documents and very specific requirements documents. It is tailored to the DOE community and incorporates DOE field experience.« less

Renewable Energy Technical Potential | Geospatial Data Science | NREL

Science.gov Websites

Technical Potential Renewable Energy Technical Potential The renewable energy technical potential level from Resource to Technical to Economic to Market. The benefit of assessing technical potential is potential-resource, technical, economic, and market-as shown in the graphic with key assumptions. Technical

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF GESTATIONAL AND LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE TO ETHINYL ESTRADIOL (EE) AND BISPHENOL A (BPA) ON REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR IN THE FEMALE LONG EVANS HOODED RAT

EPA Science Inventory

Anthropogenic estrogens are pervasive in the environment. The effects of these 'xenoestrogens' are controversial in humans, although there is a clear indication that some fish species are adversely affected in contaminated ecosystems. The current project focuses on the effects ...

METHOXYCHLOR METABOLISM AND VITELLOGENINESIS IN MALE RAINBOW TROUT LIVER SLICES

EPA Science Inventory

Induction of vitellogenesis (VTG) in male fish has become an accepted biomarker for xenoestrogenicity. This study utilized the male rainbow trout liver slice model to determine the estrogenicity of parent compound, methoxychlor (MXC) and metabolites, di-hydroxy methoxychlor (HPTE...

IN VIVO RATE OF PHENOL GLUCURONIDATION BY RAINBOW TROUT

EPA Science Inventory

Induction of vitellogenin (VTG) in male fish has become an accepted biomarker for xenoestrogenicity. This study utilized the male rainbow trout liver slice model to determine the estrogenicity of parent compound, methoxychlor (MXC) and metabolites, di-hydroxy methoxychlor (HPTE) ...

Effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on mineralization and mobility of nonylphenol and sodium dodecyl sulfate in agricultural soils

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lillotte, Julia; Marschner, Bernd; Stumpe, Britta

2014-05-01

Nanotechnology is one of the major scientific research fields in this decade. One of the most wide-spread nanomaterials are carbon based nanoparticles (CNPs) which are increasingly be used in industry. Several studies shows that CNPs are interacting with other chemical compounds and organic pollutants in the environment. It is assumed that the interactions between CNPs and organic pollutants are affected by solution and aggregate behavior. Based on the knowledge of the behavior of CNPs and organic pollutants in aquatic systems the interactions of CNPs and organic pollutants in agricultural soils have to be studied. As organic pollutants two environmental substances, nonylphenol (NP) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were selected as model substances. They occur frequently in aqueous systems and also show different solubility behavior. As CNP representatives, two different multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were selected. They differed either in length or outer diameter. Conclusions therefrom are to be closed the influence of length and diameter of the sorption capacity of different organic pollutants. In addition, two agricultural soils (sandy and silty soil) and one forest soil (sandy soil) were chosen. Mineralization and sorption experiments were conducted to provide information about the degradation of organic pollutants in presence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in soils. To analyze the CNPs mineralization potential, peroxidase activity was measured. Further extraction experiments were conducted to detect the extractable part of organic pollutants. The results show that the surface area of the MWNT has a significant impact on the sorption behav-ior of NP and SDS in soils. The sorption of NP and SDS is much higher than without MWNT. However, the properties of the organic pollutants (different water solubility and hydrophobicity) are equally important and should be noted. The degradation of both pollutants is influenced by MWNT. Due to the strong sorption of

Simulation-based ureteroscopy skills training curriculum with integration of technical and non-technical skills: a randomised controlled trial.

PubMed

Brunckhorst, Oliver; Shahid, Shahab; Aydin, Abdullatif; McIlhenny, Craig; Khan, Shahid; Raza, Syed Johar; Sahai, Arun; Brewin, James; Bello, Fernando; Kneebone, Roger; Khan, Muhammad Shamim; Dasgupta, Prokar; Ahmed, Kamran

2015-09-01

Current training modalities within ureteroscopy have been extensively validated and must now be integrated within a comprehensive curriculum. Additionally, non-technical skills often cause surgical error and little research has been conducted to combine this with technical skills teaching. This study therefore aimed to develop and validate a curriculum for semi-rigid ureteroscopy, integrating both technical and non-technical skills teaching within the programme. Delphi methodology was utilised for curriculum development and content validation, with a randomised trial then conducted (n = 32) for curriculum evaluation. The developed curriculum consisted of four modules; initially developing basic technical skills and subsequently integrating non-technical skills teaching. Sixteen participants underwent the simulation-based curriculum and were subsequently assessed, together with the control cohort (n = 16) within a full immersion environment. Both technical (Time to completion, OSATS and a task specific checklist) and non-technical (NOTSS) outcome measures were recorded with parametric and non-parametric analyses used depending on the distribution of our data as evaluated by a Shapiro-Wilk test. Improvements within the intervention cohort demonstrated educational value across all technical and non-technical parameters recorded, including time to completion (p < 0.01), OSATS scores (p < 0.001), task specific checklist scores (p = 0.011) and NOTSS scores (p < 0.001). Content validity, feasibility and acceptability were all demonstrated through curriculum development and post-study questionnaire results. The current developed curriculum demonstrates that integrating both technical and non-technical skills teaching is both educationally valuable and feasible. Additionally, the curriculum offers a validated simulation-based training modality within ureteroscopy and a framework for the development of other simulation-based programmes.

RNA-seq: technical variability and sampling

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background RNA-seq is revolutionizing the way we study transcriptomes. mRNA can be surveyed without prior knowledge of gene transcripts. Alternative splicing of transcript isoforms and the identification of previously unknown exons are being reported. Initial reports of differences in exon usage, and splicing between samples as well as quantitative differences among samples are beginning to surface. Biological variation has been reported to be larger than technical variation. In addition, technical variation has been reported to be in line with expectations due to random sampling. However, strategies for dealing with technical variation will differ depending on the magnitude. The size of technical variance, and the role of sampling are examined in this manuscript. Results In this study three independent Solexa/Illumina experiments containing technical replicates are analyzed. When coverage is low, large disagreements between technical replicates are apparent. Exon detection between technical replicates is highly variable when the coverage is less than 5 reads per nucleotide and estimates of gene expression are more likely to disagree when coverage is low. Although large disagreements in the estimates of expression are observed at all levels of coverage. Conclusions Technical variability is too high to ignore. Technical variability results in inconsistent detection of exons at low levels of coverage. Further, the estimate of the relative abundance of a transcript can substantially disagree, even when coverage levels are high. This may be due to the low sampling fraction and if so, it will persist as an issue needing to be addressed in experimental design even as the next wave of technology produces larger numbers of reads. We provide practical recommendations for dealing with the technical variability, without dramatic cost increases. PMID:21645359

Technical and Vocational Training.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vocational Training, 1993

1993-01-01

This issue focuses on the various forms that secondary technical and vocational education takes in different European Community Member States. "The Future for Skilled Workers" is an interview with Burkart Lutz, a German researcher. Other articles are as follows: "Contradictions in Technical and Vocational Education: The…

Scientific and Technical English.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vaclavik, Jaroslav

Technical English differs from everyday English because of the specialized contexts in which it is used and because of the specialized interests of scientists and engineers. This text provides exercises in technical and scientific exposition in the following fields: mathematics, physics, temperature effects, mechanics, dynamics, conservation of…

Mixtures of 17â-trenbolone with Ethinylestradiol or Bisphenol A Altered Tubercle Formation and Steroid Production in the Fathead Minnow

EPA Science Inventory

The xenoestrogens, ethinylestradiol (EE2) and bisphenol A (BPA), and the androgen 17â-trenbolone (TRB) are examples of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) commonly detected in the environment. All have been shown to affect fish reproductive endocrinology individually, but littl...

Modeling the interaction of binary and ternary mixtures of estradiol with bisphenol A and bisphenol A F in an in vitro estrogen mediated transcriptional activation assay (T47D-KBluc)

EPA Science Inventory

Exposure to xenoestrogens occurs against a backdrop to physiological levels of endogenous estrogens. Endogenous estrogen levels vary from low levels in early childhood to high levels during pregnancy and in young women. For example, children have circulating E2concentrations rang...

METHOXYCHLOR METABOLISM AND VITELLOGENESIS IN MALE RAINBOW TROUT LIVER SLICES

EPA Science Inventory

Induction of vitellogenin (VTG) in male fish has become an accepted biomarker to xenoestrogenicity. This study utilized the male rainbow trout liver slice model to determine the estrogenicity of parent compound, methoxychlor (MXC) and metabolites, di-hydroxy methoxychlor (HPTE) a...

BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS: A SPECIES COMPARISON

EPA Science Inventory

Existence of endocrine active substances in the aquatic environment has been clearly established in several studies. Exposure of organisms to both natural and synthetic xenoestrogens have been found to alter biochemical homeostatis and, in some cases, result in reproductive and d...

48 CFR 825.870 - Technical assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Technical assistance. 825... SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS FOREIGN ACQUISITION Other International Agreements and Coordination 825.870 Technical assistance. Contracting officers may obtain technical information or guidance on international agreements and...

7 CFR 614.7 - Preliminary technical determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Preliminary technical determinations. 614.7 Section... Preliminary technical determinations. (a) A preliminary technical determination becomes final 30 days after... purpose of gathering additional information and discussing the facts relating to the preliminary technical...

Exploration studies technical report, FY1988 status. Volume 1: Technical summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1988-01-01

The Office of Exploration (OEXP) at NASA Headquarters has been tasked with defining and recommending alternatives for an early 1990's nationaL decision on a focused program of human exploration of the solar system. The Mission Analysis and System Engineering (MASE) group, which is managed by the Exploration Studies Office at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, is responsible for coordinating the technical studies necessary for accomplishing such a task. This technical report, produced by the MASE, describes the process that has been developed in a case study approach. The four case studies developed in FY88 include: (1) Human Expedition to Phobos; (2) Human Expedition to Mars; (3) Lunar Observatory; and (4) Lunar Outpost to Early Mars Evolution. The final outcome of this effort is a set of programmatic and technical conclusions and recommendations for the following year's work.

24 CFR 964.220 - Technical assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Technical assistance. 964.220....220 Technical assistance. (a) Financial assistance. HUD will provide financial assistance, to the extent available, to resident councils or resident management corporations for technical assistance and...

Technical Manual. The ACT®

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

ACT, Inc., 2014

2014-01-01

This manual contains technical information about the ACT® college readiness assessment. The principal purpose of this manual is to document the technical characteristics of the ACT in light of its intended purposes. ACT regularly conducts research as part of the ongoing formative evaluation of its programs. The research is intended to ensure that…

Technical Training for Managers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haverland, Edgar M.

The question has arisen as to what kind of information a manager without extensive technical training needs to learn to supervise effectively. For example, the Nike Hercules fire control platoon leader, usually an officer in his first active duty assignment, seldom has had extensive technical training. Yet he is responsibile for the…

The Changing Nature of Technical Assistance.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Noggle, Nelson L.

The changing nature of technical assistance activities and evaluation for compensatory education programs was discussed. The emphasis is on the Education Consolidation and Improvement Act (ECIA) Chapter 1 Technical Assistance Centers (TAC) and their clients. Improvement of school practices demands that the technical assistance process be developed…

10 CFR 61.13 - Technical analyses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Technical analyses. 61.13 Section 61.13 Energy NUCLEAR....13 Technical analyses. The specific technical information must also include the following analyses... air, soil, groundwater, surface water, plant uptake, and exhumation by burrowing animals. The analyses...

48 CFR 212.211 - Technical data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Technical data. 212.211 Section 212.211 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT... Acquisition of Commercial Items 212.211 Technical data. The DoD policy for acquiring technical data for...

48 CFR 212.211 - Technical data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Technical data. 212.211 Section 212.211 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT... Acquisition of Commercial Items 212.211 Technical data. The DoD policy for acquiring technical data for...

48 CFR 212.211 - Technical data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Technical data. 212.211 Section 212.211 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT... Acquisition of Commercial Items 212.211 Technical data. The DoD policy for acquiring technical data for...

Technical Communication, Knowledge Management, and XML.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Applen, J. D.

2002-01-01

Describes how technical communicators can become involved in knowledge management. Examines how technical communicators can teach organizations to design, access, and contribute to databases; alert them to new information; and facilitate trust and sharing. Concludes that successful technical communicators would do well to establish a culture that…

48 CFR 212.211 - Technical data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Technical data. 212.211 Section 212.211 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT... Acquisition of Commercial Items 212.211 Technical data. The DoD policy for acquiring technical data for...

48 CFR 212.211 - Technical data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Technical data. 212.211 Section 212.211 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT... Acquisition of Commercial Items 212.211 Technical data. The DoD policy for acquiring technical data for...

49 CFR 845.22 - Technical panel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Technical panel. 845.22 Section 845.22... Technical panel. The Director, Bureau of Accident Investigation, or the Director, Bureau of Field Operations, shall designate members of the Board's technical staff to participate in the hearing and initially...

24 CFR 891.175 - Technical assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Technical assistance. 891.175... Requirements § 891.175 Technical assistance. For purposes of the Section 202 Program and the Section 811 Program, the Secretary shall make available appropriate technical assistance to assure that applicants...

10 CFR 905.40 - Technical assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Technical assistance. 905.40 Section 905.40 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Energy Services § 905.40 Technical assistance. Western shall establish a program that provides technical assistance to customers to conduct integrated...

24 CFR 901.235 - Technical assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Technical assistance. 901.235... DEVELOPMENT PUBLIC HOUSING MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT PROGRAM § 901.235 Technical assistance. (a) The Department may provide technical assistance to a PHA that is in substantial default. (b) The Department may...

78 FR 70586 - Technical Support Document: Technical Update of the Social Cost of Carbon for Regulatory Impact...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-26

... OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET Technical Support Document: Technical Update of the Social Cost of... Budget, Executive Office of the President. ACTION: Notice of availability and request for comments. SUMMARY: The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) requests comments on the Technical Support Document...

12 CFR 1805.303 - Technical assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... proposes to become a CDFI. Such technical assistance may include training for management and other... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Technical assistance. 1805.303 Section 1805.303... COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS PROGRAM Use of Funds/Eligible Activities § 1805.303 Technical...

24 CFR 115.209 - Technical assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Technical assistance. 115.209... Substantially Equivalent Agencies § 115.209 Technical assistance. (a) The Assistant Secretary, through the FHEO regional office, may provide technical assistance to the interim and certified agencies at any time. The...

25 CFR 41.26 - Technical assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Technical assistance. 41.26 Section 41.26 Indians BUREAU... COLLEGES AND NAVAJO COMMUNITY COLLEGE Navajo Community College § 41.26 Technical assistance. The Director of Education shall furnish technical assistance, either directly or through contract, to the College...

44 CFR 300.2 - Technical assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Technical assistance. 300.2... HOMELAND SECURITY PREPAREDNESS DISASTER PREPAREDNESS ASSISTANCE § 300.2 Technical assistance. Requests for technical assistance under section 201(b) of the Act shall be made by the Governor or his/her designated...

Developing Technical Skill Assessments

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hyslop, Alisha

2009-01-01

One of the biggest challenges facing the career and technical education (CTE) community as it works to implement the 2006 Perkins Act is responding to more rigorous requirements for reporting on CTE students' technical skill attainment. The U.S. Department of Education suggested in non-regulatory guidance that states and locals use the number of…

Effects of Bisphenol A on the Ovarian Transcriptome of Two Small Fish Species

EPA Science Inventory

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume chemical widely used in the production of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, and many other commercial products. BPA has long been characterized as a xenoestrogen, and recent work suggests potential additional modes of endocrine ac...

46 CFR 160.066-13 - Technical tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Technical tests. 160.066-13 Section 160.066-13 Shipping....066-13 Technical tests. (a) The following conditions apply to technical tests as described in this... signals are protected by sealed packaging, then the conditioning for the technical tests must be conducted...

46 CFR 160.066-13 - Technical tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 6 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Technical tests. 160.066-13 Section 160.066-13 Shipping....066-13 Technical tests. (a) The following conditions apply to technical tests as described in this... signals are protected by sealed packaging, then the conditioning for the technical tests must be conducted...

The Technical Communicator as Advocate: Integrating a Social Justice Approach in Technical Communication

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Natasha N.

2016-01-01

This article argues for the need for a social justice approach to technical communication research and pedagogy. Given previous calls by scholars in technical and professional communication (TPC) for an attention to diversity, inclusion, and equality, the author examines the place and purpose of social justice in TPC and provides useful approaches…

Technical Writing: Past, Present, and Future.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mathes, J. C., Comp.; Pinelli, Thomas E., Comp.

This compilation of papers addresses the history, present status, and trends of technical and related writing. The first of the eight papers surveys the present environment of the technical report and assesses the effectiveness of the technical report format of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in transmitting information.…

34 CFR 300.702 - Technical assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 34 Education 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Technical assistance. 300.702 Section 300.702 Education..., and Use of Funds § 300.702 Technical assistance. (a) In general. The Secretary may reserve not more... to support technical assistance activities authorized under section 616(i) of the Act. (b) Maximum...

Research in Technical Colleges

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

MacLennan, A.

2008-01-01

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to list and demonstrate areas in which research needs to be carried out, or questions answered, in order to raise the quality of technical education. Design/methodology/approach: The area of technical education expanded very rapidly in the late 1950s, and there was little comprehensive knowledge regarding the…

World Wide Comparism of Technical and Vocational Education: Lessons for Nigerian Technical and Vocational Education Sector (I)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ayeni, Abiodun Olumide

2015-01-01

This paper compared technical/vocational education in: Germany, Australia, Finland, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, and Nigeria, and found that technical/vocational education was given proper attention in countries considered except Nigeria, where it was handled with laissez faire attitude. Set-Up of Technical/Vocational…

25 CFR 41.10 - Technical assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Community College's request in writing. In any case, where the type and source of technical assistance is... for technical assistance under this section shall be made in writing and sent to the applicant within... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Technical assistance. 41.10 Section 41.10 Indians BUREAU...

10 CFR 420.4 - Technical assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Technical assistance. 420.4 Section 420.4 Energy... Financial Assistance § 420.4 Technical assistance. At the request of the Governor of any State to DOE and subject to the availability of personnel and funds, DOE will provide information and technical assistance...

Technical Support for Contaminated Sites | Science Inventory ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

In 1987, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Office of Research and Development (ORD), Office of Land and Emergency Management, and EPA Regional waste management offices established the Technical Support Project. The creation of the Technical Support Project enabled ORD to provide effective technical assistance by ensuring ORD scientists and engineers were accessible to the Agency’s Office and Regional decision makers, including Remedial Project Managers, On-Scene Coordinators, and corrective action staff. Five ORD Technical Support Centers (TSCs) were created to facilitate this technical assistance. Three of the five TSCs are supported by the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Research Program, and are summarized in the poster being presented:• Engineering Technical Support Center (ETSC) in Cincinnati, Ohio• Ground Water Technical Support Center (GWTSC) in Ada, Oklahoma• Site Characterization and Monitoring Technical Support Center (SCMTSC) in Atlanta, GeorgiaOver the past 29 years, the Technical Support Centers have provided numerous influential products to its internal Agency clients and to those at the State level (through the EPA Regions). These products include, but are not limited to the following: Annual TSC reports from the three Centers, a hard-rock mining conference every other year, PRO-UCL software development for site characterization statistics, groundwater modeling using state-of-the-art modeling software, numerical mo

Occurrence of surfactants in wastewater: hourly and seasonal variations in urban and industrial wastewaters from Seville (Southern Spain).

PubMed

Camacho-Muñoz, Dolores; Martín, Julia; Santos, Juan Luís; Aparicio, Irene; Alonso, Esteban

2014-01-15

Surfactants are daily discharged to the environment from urban and industrial activities. The assessment of the risk derived from the presence of these compounds in the environment requires a deep knowledge about their sources and their distribution in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). However, in spite of several studies reporting their presence in WWTPs, only a small number is focused on their different sources. In this work, the distribution of anionic (linear alkylbenzene sulfonates) and non-ionic (nonylphenol ethoxylates) surfactants in WWTPs and in urban and industrial wastewater collection systems has been investigated. Seasonal and daily variability was also assessed. Concentrations of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in influent and effluent wastewaters ranged from 1155 to 9200 μg L(-1), and from below limit of detection to 770 μg L(-1), respectively, whereas the concentrations of nonylphenol ethoxylates were significantly lower. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates were efficiently removed (>96%), while mean removal rates of nonylphenol ethoxylates were significantly lower (<20%). Studies carried out in different seasons revealed seasonal discharge patterns from both urban and industrial activities. The analysis of wastewater collection systems showed a major contribution of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates from urban areas while, in the case of nonylphenol ethoxylates, their major contribution came from industrial activities. In all cases the discharge patterns of surfactants were related with the water consumption. © 2013.

Pressurized hot water extraction followed by miniaturized membrane assisted solvent extraction for the green analysis of alkylphenols in sediments.

PubMed

Salgueiro-González, N; Turnes-Carou, I; Muniategui-Lorenzo, S; López-Mahía, P; Prada-Rodríguez, D

2015-02-27

A novel and Green analytical methodology for the determination of alkylphenols (4-tert-octylphenol, 4-n-octylphenol, 4-n-nonylphenol, nonylphenol) in sediments was developed and validated. The method was based on pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) followed by miniaturized membrane assisted solvent extraction (MASE) and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The extraction conditions were optimized by a Plackett-Burman design in order to minimize the number of assays according to Green principles. Matrix effect was studied and compensated using deuterated labeled standards as surrogate standards for the quantitation of the target compounds. The analytical features of the method were satisfactory: relative recoveries varied between 92 and 103% and repeatability and intermediate precision were <9% for all compounds. Quantitation limits of the method (MQL) ranged from 0.061 (4-n-nonylphenol) to 1.7ngg(-1) dry weight (nonylphenol). Sensitivity, selectivity, automaticity and fastness are the main advantages of the exposed methodology. Reagent consumption, analysis time and waste generation were minimized. The "greenness" of the proposed method was evaluated using an analytical Eco-Scale approach and satisfactory results were obtained. The applicability of the proposed method was demonstrated analysing sediment samples of Galicia coast (NW of Spain) and the ubiquity of alkylphenols in the environment was demonstrated. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Identification of alkylphenols and other estrogenic compounds in wastewater, septage, and groundwater on Cape Cod, Massachusetts

USGS Publications Warehouse

Rudel, Ruthann A.; Melly, Steven J.; Geno, Paul W.; Sun, Gang; Brody , Julia G.

1998-01-01

As part of a larger effort to characterize the impacts to Cape Cod drinking water supplies from on-site wastewater disposal, we developed two analytical methods using HPLC and GC/MS for a range of compounds identified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including the nonionic surfactants alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEOs) and their degradation products. We analyzed samples for nonylphenol, octylphenol, and their ethoxylates up to the hexaethoxylate using an HPLC method, with detection limits ranging from 2 to 6 μg/L. A set of phenolic compounds including bisphenol A and nonylphenol were derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS with detection limits from 0.001 to 0.02 μg/L. Total APEOs in untreated wastewater and septage samples ranged from 1350 to 11 000 μg/L by the HPLC method. Nonylphenol was detected in all septage samples at concentrations above 1000 μg/L. Phenylphenol and bisphenol A were detected in septage and wastewater at about 1 μg/L. In groundwater downgradient of an infiltration bed for secondary treated effluent, nonyl/octylphenol and ethoxylates were present at about 30 μg/L. Bisphenol A, nonylphenol monoethoxycarboxylate, and nonyl/octylphenol tetraethoxylate were detected in some drinking water wells at concentrations ranging from below the quantitation limit to 32.9 μg/L. Results suggest that septic systems may be a significant source of APEOs to groundwater.

Technical Assistance Needs Assessments (TANAs)

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The Technical Assistance Needs Assessment (TANA) is a process to identify whether a community requires additional support from EPA in order to understand technical information and have meaningful participation in the Superfund decision-making process.

Head Start Impact Study. Technical Report

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Puma, Michael; Bell, Stephen; Cook, Ronna; Heid, Camilla; Shapiro, Gary; Broene, Pam; Jenkins, Frank; Fletcher, Philip; Quinn, Liz; Friedman, Janet; Ciarico, Janet; Rohacek, Monica; Adams, Gina; Spier, Elizabeth

2010-01-01

This Technical Report is designed to provide technical detail to support the analysis and findings presented in the "Head Start Impact Study Final Report" (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, January 2010). Chapter 1 provides an overview of the Head Start Impact Study and its findings. Chapter 2 provides technical information on the…

Non-technical skills assessment in surgery.

PubMed

Sharma, Bharat; Mishra, Amit; Aggarwal, Rajesh; Grantcharov, Teodor P

2011-09-01

Adverse events in surgery have highlighted the importance of non-technical skills, such as communication, decision-making, teamwork, situational awareness and leadership, to effective organizational performance. These skills carry particular importance to surgical oncology, as members of a multidisciplinary team must work cohesively to formulate effective patient care plans. Several non-technical skills evaluation tools have been developed for use in surgery, without adequate comparison and consensus on which should be standard for training. Eleven articles describing the use of three non-technical evaluation tools related to surgery: NOTSS (Non Technical Skills for Surgeons), NOTECHS (Non Technical Skills) and OTAS (Observational Teamwork Assessment for Surgery) were analyzed with respect to scale formulation, validity, reliability and feasibility. Furthermore, their use in training thus far and the future of non-technical rating scales in surgical curricula was discussed. Future work should focus on incorporating these assessment tools into training and into a real operating room setting to provide formative evaluations for surgical residents. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

ORD Scientific and Engineering Technical Support for RPMs – Ground Water Technical Support Center

EPA Science Inventory

ORD Scientific and Engineering Technical Support for RPMs (and Others) is a hybrid informational and panel session that focuses on the technical support available from EPA’s Office of Research and Development (ORD) to RPMs and other EPA cleanup program staff. Examples of technica...

SERC 2014 2018 Technical Plan: 2016 Update

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-02-18

Contract Number: HQ0034-13-D-0004 February 18, 2016 SERC 2014-2018 Technical Plan Update SERC 2014-2018 Technical Plan: 2016 Update...UNCLASSIFIED / APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Contract Number: HQ0034-13-D-0004 February 18, 2016 SERC 2014-2018 Technical Plan Update ii...18, 2016 SERC 2014-2018 Technical Plan Update iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents

Technical Skill Attainment and Post-Program Outcomes: An Analysis of Pennsylvania Secondary Career and Technical Education Graduates

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Staklis, Sandra; Klein, Steven

2010-01-01

Since the mid-1990s, the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE) has required all students concentrating in career and technical education (CTE) programs to complete a standardized technical skill assessment at or near the end of their program. Results of technical skill assessments are used for a number of purposes, including recognizing…

COMPARISON OF AN IN VIVO FISH VTG ASSAY WITH YES AND E-SCREEN

EPA Science Inventory

This study compares the efficacy of two in vitro, estrogen-sensitive bioassays to rank the "relative estrogenicity" of five natural, pharmaceutical and xenoestrogens with a newly developed in vivo bioassay. The E-SCREEN (MCF-7 tumor cells) and YES (Yeast Estrogen Screen) assays w...

ESTROGENIC RESPONSES TO XENOBIOTICS IN CHANNEL CATFISH (ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS) (R823450)

EPA Science Inventory

Abstract

Several environmentally relevant contaminants are characterized as xenoestrogens by virtue of their ability to induce responses similar to 17-estradiol (E2). T...

Matching Community and Technical College Professional/Technical Education Capacity to Employer Demand. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sommers, Paul; Heg, Deena

A project was conducted to improve the state of Washington's community and technical college system by developing and using an improved occupational forecasting system to assess and respond to education and training needs. First, long-term occupational forecast data from Washington's Employment Security Department were matched with technical and…

Marketing information: The technical report as product

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stoher, F. F.; Pinelli, T. E.

1981-01-01

Technical reports constitute a product, the primary means for communicating the results of research to the user. The Langley scientific and technical information (STI) review and evaluation project undertook a review of the technical report as an effective product for information communication. Style manuals describing theory and practice in technical report preparation; publication manuals covering such factors as design, layout, and type style; and copies of technical reports were obtained from industrial, academic, governmental, and research organizations. Based on an analysis of this material, criteria will be established for the report components, for the relationship of the components within the report context, and for the overall report organization. The criteria will be used as bench marks and compared with the publication standards currently used to prepare NASA technical reports.

Technical Support for Contaminated Sites

EPA Science Inventory

In 1987, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Office of Research and Development (ORD), Office of Land and Emergency Management, and EPA Regional waste management offices established the Technical Support Project. The creation of the Technical Support Project enabled...

Decontamination of a municipal landfill leachate from endocrine disruptors using a combined sorption/bioremoval approach.

PubMed

Loffredo, Elisabetta; Castellana, Giancarlo; Senesi, Nicola

2014-02-01

Sorption and biodegradation are the main mechanisms for the removal of endocrine disruptor compounds (EDs) from both solid and liquid matrices. There are recent evidences about the capacity of white-rot fungi to decontaminate water systems from phenolic EDs by means of their ligninolytic enzymes. Most of the available studies report the removal of EDs by biodegradation or adsorption separately. This study assessed the simultaneous removal of five EDs—the xenoestrogens bisphenol A (BPA), ethynilestradiol (EE2), and 4-n-nonylphenol (NP), and the herbicide linuron and the insecticide dimethoate—from a municipal landfill leachate (MLL) using a combined sorption/bioremoval approach. The adsorption matrices used were potato dextrose agar alone or added with each of the following adsorbent materials: ground almond shells, a coffee compost, a coconut fiber, and a river sediment. These matrices were either not inoculated or inoculated with the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus and superimposed on the MLL. The residual amount of each ED in the MLL was quantified after 4, 7, 12, and 20 days by HPLC analysis and UV detection. Preliminary experiments showed that (1) all EDs did not degrade significantly in the untreatedMLL for at least 28 days, (2) the mycelial growth of P. ostreatus was largely stimulated by components of the MLL, and (3) the enrichment of potato dextrose agar with any adsorbent material favored the fungal growth for 8 days after inoculation. A prompt relevant disappearance of EDs in the MLL occurred both without and, especially, with fungal activity, with the only exception of the very water soluble dimethoate that was poorly adsorbed and possibly degraded only during the first few days of experiments. An almost complete removal of phenolic EDs, especially EE2 and NP, occurred after 20 days or much earlier and was generally enhanced by the adsorbent materials used. Data obtained indicated that both adsorption and biodegradation mechanisms contribute

Technical Assistance to Developers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rockward, Tommy; Borup, Rodney L.; Garzon, Fernando H.

2012-07-17

This task supports the allowance of technical assistance to fuel-cell component and system developers as directed by the DOE. This task includes testing of novel materials and participation in the further development and validation of single cell test protocols. This task also covers technical assistance to DOE Working Groups, the U.S. Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) and the USCAR/DOE Driving Research and Innovation for Vehicle efficiency and Energy sustainability (U.S. Drive) Fuel Cell Technology Team. Assistance includes technical validation of new fuel cell materials and methods, single cell fuel cell testing to support the development of targets and test protocols,more » and regular advisory participation in other working groups and reviews. This assistance is made available to PEM fuel cell developers by request and DOE Approval. The objectives are to: (1) Support technically, as directed by DOE, fuel cell component and system developers; (2) Assess fuel cell materials and components and give feedback to developers; (3) Assist the DOE Durability Working Group with the development of various new material durability Testing protocols; and (4) Provide support to the U.S. Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) and the USCAR/DOE Fuel Cell Technology Team. FY2012 specific technical objectives are: (1) Evaluate novel MPL materials; (2) Develop of startup/ shutdown protocol; (3) Test the impact of hydrophobic treatment on graphite bi-polar plates; (4) Perform complete diagnostics on metal bi-polar plates for corrosion; and (5) Participate and lead efforts in the DOE Working Groups.« less

Tertiary ozonation of industrial wastewater for the removal of estrogenic compounds (NP and BPA): a full-scale case study.

PubMed

Bertanza, G; Papa, M; Pedrazzani, R; Repice, C; Dal Grande, M

2013-01-01

Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are considered to be a major source for the release in the aquatic environment of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). Ozone has proved to be a suitable solution for polishing secondary domestic effluents. In this work, the performance of a full-scale ozonation plant was investigated in order to assess the removal efficiency of four target EDCs: nonylphenol, nonylphenol monoethoxylate, nonylphenol diethoxylate and bisphenol A. The studied system was the tertiary treatment stage of a municipal WWTP which receives an important industrial (textile) load. Chemical analyses showed that the considered substances occurred with a significant variability, typical of real wastewaters; based on this, ozonation performance was carefully evaluated and it appeared to be negatively affected by flow-rate increase (during rainy days, with consequent contact time reduction). Moreover, EDCs' measured removal efficiency was lower than what could be predicted based on literature data, because of the relatively high residual content of biorefractory compounds still present after biological treatment.

Degradation of alkylphenols by white rot fungus Irpex lacteus and its manganese peroxidase.

PubMed

Moon, Dong-Soo; Song, Hong-Gyu

2012-10-01

Alkylphenols are common endocrine disrupters that are produced from the degradation of widely used surfactants. Since they cause various harmful effects on aquatic life and in humans, they should be removed from the environments being contaminated. White rot fungus Irpex lacteus can completely degrade 100 mg/L of octylphenol, nonylphenol, and phenylphenol during 1 day of incubation in the complex YMG medium, which was the highest degrading capability among nine strains of white rot fungi tested. In the N-limited Kirk's basal salts medium, I. lacteus could degrade almost 100 % of 100 mg/L octylphenol and nonylphenol in 1 h, and exhibited a high activity of manganese peroxidase (MnP; 1,790 U/L). MnP of I. lacteus was purified by ion exchange chromatography, and this degraded 99 % of 50 mg/L octylphenol and removed 80 % of estrogenic activity in 2 hours. In addition, the purified MnP (10 U/mL) degraded over 90 % of 50 mg/L nonylphenol in 1 h.

Occurrence of alkylphenols and bisphenol A in wild mussel samples from the Spanish Atlantic coast and Bay of Biscay.

PubMed

Salgueiro-González, N; Turnes-Carou, I; Viñas, L; Besada, V; Muniategui-Lorenzo, S; López-Mahía, P; Prada-Rodríguez, D

2016-05-15

Wild mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were selected as bioindicators of chemical pollution to evaluate the occurrence and spatial distribution of five endocrine disrupting compounds in the Spanish Atlantic coast and Bay of Biscay. A total of 24 samples were collected in May, 2011 and analysed by selective pressurized liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination. Branched alkylphenols (4-tert-octylphenol and nonylphenol) were determined in more than 90% of the analysed samples whereas the presence of linear alkylphenols (4-n-octylphenol and 4-n-nonylphenol) was scarcely detected (<12% of the samples). Wastewater treatment plants discharges and nautical, fishing and shipping activities were considered the primary sources of contamination by alkylphenols. Bisphenol A was found in 16% of the analysed samples associated to punctual industrial discharges. A total endocrine disrupting compound (alkylphenols and bisphenol A) average concentration of 604ngg(-1) dw was calculated and nonylphenol was the main contributor in almost all sampling points. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Determination of free and ethoxylated alkylphenols in leather with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Ma, He-Wei; Cheng, Ya

2010-12-10

An analytical approach was developed to determine nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEO(n)) and octylphenol ethoxylates (OPEO(n)) in leather samples involving the conversion of NPEO(n) and OPEO(n) into the corresponding NP and OP. The four targets were extracted from samples using ultrasonic-assisted acetonitrile extraction. NP and OP in the extracts were directly isolated with hexane and quantitatively determined with 4-n-nonylphenol as internal standard by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For NPEO(n) and OPEO(n) in the extracts, they were first converted into NP and OP with aluminum triiodide as cleavage agent, and the yielded NP and OP were determined by GC-MS. The contents of NPEO(n) and OPEO(n) were calculated by normalizing to NPEO(9) and OPEO(9), respectively. This method was properly validated and the real sample tests revealed the pollution significance of leather by NPEO(n) and OPEO(n). Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Technical Assistance Program: A Program Plan.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-09-01

interests, talents, and hobbies of current employees who wish to become involved in the technical assistance program . 4. Capitalize on the corporate...Center San Diego, CA 92152 Telephone (619) 225-6281 B-33 TAP ( EMPLOYEE ) QUESTIONNAIRE - The Technical Assistance Program (TAP) links technically skilled...Brochure, "Retired Technologist" C-11 C. Sample Letter to NOSC Employees C-13 Brochure D. The Technical Assistance Program C-15 C-1

Graduates Placement Report, 1981: New Hampshire Technical Institute and New Hampshire Vocational-Technical Colleges.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New Hampshire State Dept. of Education, Concord. Div. of Post-Secondary Education.

The New Hampshire Technical Institute (NHTI) and the six New Hampshire Vocational-Technical Colleges (NHVTC) offer collegiate education preparing men and women for direct employment in business, industry, health, and service-related fields. At the completion of the 1980-81 academic year, 1036 students had graduated from 48 different programs…

EDI and the Technical Communicator.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eiler, Mary Ann

1994-01-01

Assesses the role of technical communicators in electronic data interchange (EDI). Argues that, as experts in information design, human factors, instructional theory, and professional writing, technical communicators should be advocates of standard documentation protocols and should rethink the traditional concepts of "document" to…

Effect of the pollution level on the functional bacterial groups aiming at degrading bisphenol A and nonylphenol in natural biofilms of an urban river.

PubMed

Cai, Wei; Li, Yi; Wang, Peifang; Niu, Lihua; Zhang, Wenlong; Wang, Chao

2016-08-01

Bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-nonylphenol (NP) are ubiquitous pollutants with estrogenic activity in aquatic environment and have attracted global concern due to their disruption of endocrine systems. This study investigated the spatial distribution characteristics of the bacterial groups involved in the degradation of BPA and NP within biofilms in an urban river using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The effects of the pollution level and water parameters on these groups were also assessed. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the sampling sites into three clusters reflecting their varying nutrient pollution levels of relatively slight pollution (SP), moderate pollution (MP), and high pollution (HP) based on water quality data and Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water of China (GB3838-2002). The BPA and NP concentration in river water ranged from 0.8 to 77.5 and 10.2 to 162.9 ng L(-1), respectively. Comamonadaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Alcaligenaceae, Bacillaceae, Sphingomonadacea, Burkholderiaceae, and Rhizobiaceae were the dominant bacterial taxa involved in BPA and NP degradation, comprising an average of 9.8, 8.1, 7.6, 6.7, 6.2, 4.1, and 2.8 % of total sequences, respectively. The total abundance of these groups showed a slight upward trend and subsequently rapidly decreased with increasing pollution levels. The average proportion of Comamonadaceae in MP river sections was almost 1.5-2 times than that in SP or HP one. The distribution of functional groups was found related to environmental variables, especially pH, conductivity, ammonium nitrogen (NH3-N), and BPA. The abundance of Comamonadaceae and Rhizobiaceae was both closely related to higher values of pH and conductivity as well as lower concentrations of NP and BPA. Alcaligenaceae and Pseudomonadaceae were associated with higher concentrations of TP and CODMn and inversely correlated with DO concentration. This study might provide effective data on

48 CFR 435.010 - Scientific and technical reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONTRACTING 435.010 Scientific and technical reports... all scientific and technical reports to the National Technical Information Service at the address... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Scientific and technical...

Technical communication. Perspectives for the Eighties, part 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mathes, J. C. (Compiler); Pinelli, T. E. (Compiler)

1981-01-01

The importance of technical writing as a separate discipline is suggested. Some specific areas addressed were: technical writing skills industry needs, definitions of technical writing, the hows and whys of inhouse writing, and the nature of the composing process in technical comunication.

Effects of perinatal exposure to nonylphenol on delivery outcomes of pregnant rats and inflammatory hepatic injury in newborn rats

PubMed Central

Yu, J.; Luo, Y.; Yang, X.F.; Yang, M.X.; Yang, J.; Yang, X.S.; Zhou, J.; Gao, F.; He, L.T.; Xu, J.

2016-01-01

The current study aimed to investigate the effects of perinatal exposure to nonylphenol (NP) on delivery outcome of pregnant rats and subsequent inflammatory hepatic injury in newborn rats. The pregnant rats were divided into 2 groups: control group (corn oil) and NP exposure group. Thirty-four pregnant rats were administered NP or corn oil by gavage from the sixth day of pregnancy to 21 days postpartum, with blood samples collected at 12 and 21 days of pregnancy and 60 days after delivery. The NP concentration was measured by HPLC, with chemiluminescence used for detection of estrogen and progesterone levels. Maternal delivery parameters were also observed. Liver and blood of the newborn rats were collected and subjected to automatic biochemical detection of liver function and blood lipid analyzer (immunoturbidimetry), and ultrastructural observation of the hepatic microstructure, with the TNF-α and IL-1β hepatic tissue levels evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Compared with the control group, the pregnant and postpartum serum NP and estradiol levels of the mother rats in the NP group were significantly increased, together with lowered progesterone level, increased number of threatened abortion and dystocia, and fewer newborn rats and lower litter weight. Serum and hepatic NP levels of the newborn rats measured 60 days after birth were significantly higher than those of the control group, as well as lower testosterone levels and increased estradiol levels. When observed under electron microscope, the hepatocyte nuclei of the control group were large and round, with evenly distributed chromatin. The chromatin of hepatocytes in the NP group presented deep staining of the nuclei, significant lipid decrease in the cytoplasm, and the majority of cells bonded with lysate. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that there was almost no TNF-α or IL-1β expression in the hepatocytes of the control group, while the number of TNF-α-, PCNA-, and IL-1β-positive cells

Technical Manual: easyCBM. Technical Report #1408

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anderson, Daniel; Alonzo, Julie; Tindal, Gerald; Farley, Dan; Irvin, P. Shawn; Lai, Cheng-Fei; Saven, Jessica L.; Wray, Kraig A.

2014-01-01

Since the easyCBM© learning system was first published in 2006, over $8 million of federal funding (both from the Office of Special Education Programs and more recently from the Institute of Education Sciences) has been used to develop, study, and refine the assessments available on the system. This Technical Manual summarizes the ongoing research…

A Procedural Skills OSCE: Assessing Technical and Non-Technical Skills of Internal Medicine Residents

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pugh, Debra; Hamstra, Stanley J.; Wood, Timothy J.; Humphrey-Murto, Susan; Touchie, Claire; Yudkowsky, Rachel; Bordage, Georges

2015-01-01

Internists are required to perform a number of procedures that require mastery of technical and non-technical skills, however, formal assessment of these skills is often lacking. The purpose of this study was to develop, implement, and gather validity evidence for a procedural skills objective structured clinical examination (PS-OSCE) for internal…

The Independent Technical Analysis Process

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Duberstein, Corey A.; Ham, Kenneth D.; Dauble, Dennis D.

2007-04-13

The Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) contracted with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to provide technical analytical support for system-wide fish passage information (BPA Project No. 2006-010-00). The goal of this project was to produce rigorous technical analysis products using independent analysts and anonymous peer reviewers. In the past, regional parties have interacted with a single entity, the Fish Passage Center to access the data, analyses, and coordination related to fish passage. This project provided an independent technical source for non-routine fish passage analyses while allowing routine support functions to be performed by other well-qualified entities.

NetView technical research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1993-01-01

This is the Final Technical Report for the NetView Technical Research task. This report is prepared in accordance with Contract Data Requirements List (CDRL) item A002. NetView assistance was provided and details are presented under the following headings: NetView Management Systems (NMS) project tasks; WBAFB IBM 3090; WPAFB AMDAHL; WPAFB IBM 3084; Hill AFB; McClellan AFB AMDAHL; McClellan AFB IBM 3090; and Warner-Robins AFB.

48 CFR 3419.870 - Acquisition of technical requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... competition to submit written technical proposals. Otherwise, ED holds oral discussions with the participating... participating in a limited technical competition based on the written technical proposals or oral discussions... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Acquisition of technical...

75 FR 13680 - Commutation of Sentence: Technical Change

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-23

... Sentence: Technical Change AGENCY: Bureau of Prisons, Justice. ACTION: Interim rule. SUMMARY: This document makes a minor technical change to the Bureau of Prisons (Bureau) regulations on sentence commutation to.... Commutation of Sentence: Technical Change This document makes a minor technical change to the Bureau...

75 FR 29732 - Career and Technical Education Program-Promoting Rigorous Career and Technical Education Programs...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-27

... DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Career and Technical Education Program--Promoting Rigorous Career and Technical Education Programs of Study Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) Number: 84.051C. AGENCY: Office of Vocational and Adult Education, Department of Education. ACTION: Notice of proposed priorities...

Determination and residual characteristic of alkylphenols in household food detergents of Taiwan.

PubMed

Pan, Yi-Ping; Tsai, Shih-Wei

2009-07-01

The non-ionic surfactants are mostly composed of alkylphenols for the ingredients of synthetic food detergents. Due to the ability to mimic hormones, it has been noticed that the exposures of alkylphenols might cause a variety of adverse effects. To assess the associate risks from possible exposures, concentrations of alkylphenols, including 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), technical nonylphenol isomers (t-NP(S)), and 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP), in household food detergents of Taiwan were determined. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometer (GC/MS) was used to analyze alkylphenols in samples. The Taguchi experimental design was utilized to study the possible factors that might affect the residual characteristics of alkylphenols from detergents on dishware and fruits. By the analysis of variance, the orders of importance of different parameters were determined. The results showed that the concentrations of alkylphenols in food detergents ranged from 1.71 x 10(-5) to 2.13 x 10(-3) (APs/detergent, mgg(-1)). For residual characteristics, the cleaning temperature was found to be the only significant factor that will affect the 4-t-OP left on the dishware, while the concentrations of detergents used will affect the left of t-NPs and 4-NP on dishware as well. On the other hand, the varieties of fruits, the concentrations of detergents, and the concentrations of alkylphenols were found to have significant effects for the t-NPs left on fruits. As for the exposure assessments, the maximum dose of APs exposures from the use of household food detergents in Taiwan was also estimated in the study.

Technical Feasibility Assessment of Lunar Base Mission Scenarios

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Magelssen, Trygve ``Spike''; Sadeh, Eligar

2005-02-01

Investigation of the literature pertaining to lunar base (LB) missions and the technologies required for LB development has revealed an information gap that hinders technical feasibility assessment. This information gap is the absence of technical readiness levels (TRL) (Mankins, 1995) and information pertaining to the criticality of the critical enabling technologies (CETs) that enable mission success. TRL is a means of identifying technical readiness stages of a technology. Criticality is defined as the level of influence the CET has on the mission scenario. The hypothesis of this research study is that technical feasibility is a function of technical readiness and technical readiness is a function of criticality. A newly developed research analysis method is used to identify the technical feasibility of LB mission scenarios. A Delphi is used to ascertain technical readiness levels and CET criticality-to-mission. The research analysis method is applied to the Delphi results to determine the technical feasibility of the LB mission scenarios that include: observatory, science research, lunar settlement, space exploration gateway, space resource utilization, and space tourism. The CETs identified encompasses four major system level technologies of: transportation, life support, structures, and power systems. Results of the technical feasibility assessment show the observatory and science research LB mission scenarios to be more technical ready out of all the scenarios, but all mission scenarios are in very close proximity to each other in regard to criticality and TRL and no one mission scenario stands out as being absolutely more technically ready than any of the other scenarios. What is significant and of value are the Delphi results concerning CET criticality-to-mission and the TRL values evidenced in the Tables that can be used by anyone assessing the technical feasibility of LB missions.

Book Review: New Perspectives on Technical Editing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murphy, A. J. (Ed.); Sterken, Christiaan

2012-08-01

New Perspectives on Technical Editing by Avon J. Murphy (ed.) ISBN : 978-0895033949 (2010) Baywood Publishing Company Inc, Hardcover, 210 pages, 35.5 GBP This book presents a collection of 10 chapters dealing with diverse aspects of technical editing (ie, editorial planning, and analysis and structural changes made to other people's technological documents): research in technical editing, trends and teaching of technical editing, copyediting, and technical journal editing. The role and function of the modern journal and book editor is also dealt with in detail. Each chapter is written by an expert in the field: senior editors, university professors in technical communication, technical writers and linguists. The ever-evolving role of the editor is clearly elucidated in several historical reviews, and in the descriptions of the expectations for the future. A very striking aspect of this book is its extensive collection of bibliographic resources: every chapter lists dozens of very useful references, and the closing chapter, and annotated bibliography, contain many not so well known references, and are most useful. All in all, the book is a treasure trove listing more than 400 references, in addition to numerous webpage URLs embedded in the texts. The book is designed to help the reader to understand current practices and norms in technical editing, and to help to take action in editing as well as in teaching and educating would-be editors. The audience for this book thus includes editors and teachers, but also writers, researchers and students. A deep reading of this book will result in a better understanding of the difference between full technical editing and its much narrower component so well known as copyediting, and will convince any prospective editor that editing should not be undertaken if the people involved do not master the art of precision and accuracy in technical (as well as in human) communication, do not possess the technical know how and computer

Technical Subjects. Mathematics. Science. Curriculum RP-27.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ontario Dept. of Education, Toronto.

GRADES OR AGES: Grades 9-12. SUBJECT MATTER: Technical subjects and special mathematics and science courses for technical students. Technical subjects include air conditioning, auto mechanics, carpentry, drafting, applied electronics, masonry, painting, plumbing, service station operation, welding, and woodworking. ORGANIZATION AND PHYSICAL…

48 CFR 952.242-70 - Technical direction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

.... (3) Reviewing and, where required by the contract, approving, technical reports, drawings... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Technical direction. 952... FORMS SOLICITATION PROVISIONS AND CONTRACT CLAUSES Text of Provisions and Clauses 952.242-70 Technical...

48 CFR 952.242-70 - Technical direction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

.... (3) Reviewing and, where required by the contract, approving, technical reports, drawings... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Technical direction. 952... FORMS SOLICITATION PROVISIONS AND CONTRACT CLAUSES Text of Provisions and Clauses 952.242-70 Technical...

48 CFR 952.242-70 - Technical direction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

.... (3) Reviewing and, where required by the contract, approving, technical reports, drawings... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Technical direction. 952... FORMS SOLICITATION PROVISIONS AND CONTRACT CLAUSES Text of Provisions and Clauses 952.242-70 Technical...

48 CFR 952.242-70 - Technical direction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

.... (3) Reviewing and, where required by the contract, approving, technical reports, drawings... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Technical direction. 952... FORMS SOLICITATION PROVISIONS AND CONTRACT CLAUSES Text of Provisions and Clauses 952.242-70 Technical...

Chlordane (Technical)

Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)

TOXICOLOGICAL REVIEW of CHLORDANE ( TECHNICAL ) ( CAS No . 12789 - 03 - 6 ) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System ( IRIS ) December 1997 U.S . Environmental Protection Agency Washington , DC TABLE OF CONTENTS Authors and Reviewers . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31 CFR 21.300 - Professional and technical services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... technical services” shall be limited to advice and analysis directly applying any professional or technical... analysis directly applying their professional or technical expertise and unless the advice or analysis is... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Professional and technical services...

14 CFR 1271.300 - Professional and technical services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... technical services” shall be limited to advice and analysis directly applying any professional or technical... analysis directly applying their professional or technical expertise and unless the advice or analysis is... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Professional and technical services. 1271...

40 CFR 34.300 - Professional and technical services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... technical services” shall be limited to advice and analysis directly applying any professional or technical... analysis directly applying their professional or technical expertise and unless the advice or analysis is... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Professional and technical services. 34...

24 CFR 87.300 - Professional and technical services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... technical services shall be limited to advice and analysis directly applying any professional or technical... analysis directly applying their professional or technical expertise and unless the advice or analysis is... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Professional and technical services...

48 CFR 2052.211-71 - Technical progress report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Technical progress report... Technical progress report. As prescribed at 2011.104-70(b), the contracting officer shall insert the... solicitation. Technical Progress Report (JAN 1993) The contractor shall provide a monthly Technical Progress...

48 CFR 2052.211-71 - Technical progress report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Technical progress report... Technical progress report. As prescribed at 2011.104-70(b), the contracting officer shall insert the... solicitation. Technical Progress Report (JAN 1993) The contractor shall provide a monthly Technical Progress...

48 CFR 2052.211-71 - Technical progress report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Technical progress report... Technical progress report. As prescribed at 2011.104-70(b), the contracting officer shall insert the... solicitation. Technical Progress Report (JAN 1993) The contractor shall provide a monthly Technical Progress...

48 CFR 2052.211-71 - Technical progress report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Technical progress report... Technical progress report. As prescribed at 2011.104-70(b), the contracting officer shall insert the... solicitation. Technical Progress Report (JAN 1993) The contractor shall provide a monthly Technical Progress...

22 CFR 712.300 - Professional and technical services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... technical services” shall be limited to advice and analysis directly applying any professional or technical... analysis directly applying their professional or technical expertise and unless the advice or analysis is... 22 Foreign Relations 2 2011-04-01 2009-04-01 true Professional and technical services. 712.300...