Sample records for xscan linear detector

  1. Regression of non-linear coupling of noise in LIGO detectors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Da Silva Costa, C. F.; Billman, C.; Effler, A.; Klimenko, S.; Cheng, H.-P.

    2018-03-01

    In 2015, after their upgrade, the advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) detectors started acquiring data. The effort to improve their sensitivity has never stopped since then. The goal to achieve design sensitivity is challenging. Environmental and instrumental noise couple to the detector output with different, linear and non-linear, coupling mechanisms. The noise regression method we use is based on the Wiener–Kolmogorov filter, which uses witness channels to make noise predictions. We present here how this method helped to determine complex non-linear noise couplings in the output mode cleaner and in the mirror suspension system of the LIGO detector.

  2. Multispectral Linear Array detector technology

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tower, J. R.; McCarthy, B. M.; Pellon, L. E.; Strong, R. T.; Elabd, H.

    1984-01-01

    The Multispectral Linear Array (MLA) program sponsored by NASA has the aim to extend space-based remote sensor capabilities. The technology development effort involves the realization of very large, all-solid-state, pushbroom focal planes. The pushbroom, staring focal planes will contain thousands of detectors with the objective to provide two orders of magnitude improvement in detector dwell time compared to present Landsat mechanically scanned systems. Attenton is given to visible and near-infrared sensor development, the shortwave infrared sensor, aspects of filter technology development, the packaging concept, and questions of system performance. First-sample, four-band interference filters have been fabricated successfully, and a hybrid packaging technology is being developed.

  3. Light-operated proximity detector with linear output

    DOEpatents

    Simpson, M.L.; McNeilly, D.R.

    1984-01-01

    A light-operated proximity detector is described in which reflected light intensity from a surface whose proximity to the detector is to be gauged is translated directly into a signal proportional to the distance of the detector from the surface. A phototransistor is used to sense the reflected light and is connected in a detector circuit which maintains the phtotransistor in a saturated state. A negative feedback arrangement using an operational amplifier connected between the collector and emitter of the transistor provides an output at the output of the amplifier which is linearly proportional to the proximity of the surface to the detector containing the transistor. This direct proportional conversion is true even though the light intensity is varying with the proximity in proportion to the square of the inverse of the distance. The detector may be used for measuring the distance remotely from any target surface.

  4. Light-operated proximity detector with linear output

    DOEpatents

    Simpson, Marc L.; McNeilly, David R.

    1985-01-01

    A light-operated proximity detector is described in which reflected light intensity from a surface whose proximity to the detector is to be gauged is translated directly into a signal proportional to the distance of the detector from the surface. A phototransistor is used to sense the reflected light and is connected in a detector circuit which maintains the phototransistor in a saturated state. A negative feedback arrangement using an operational amplifier connected between the collector and emitter of the transistor provides an output at the output of the amplifier which is linearly proportional to the proximity of the surface to the detector containing the transistor. This direct proportional conversion is true even though the light intensity is varying with the proximity in proportion to the square of the inverse of the distance. The detector may be used for measuring the distance remotely from any target surface.

  5. Detector noise statistics in the non-linear regime

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Shopbell, P. L.; Bland-Hawthorn, J.

    1992-01-01

    The statistical behavior of an idealized linear detector in the presence of threshold and saturation levels is examined. It is assumed that the noise is governed by the statistical fluctuations in the number of photons emitted by the source during an exposure. Since physical detectors cannot have infinite dynamic range, our model illustrates that all devices have non-linear regimes, particularly at high count rates. The primary effect is a decrease in the statistical variance about the mean signal due to a portion of the expected noise distribution being removed via clipping. Higher order statistical moments are also examined, in particular, skewness and kurtosis. In principle, the expected distortion in the detector noise characteristics can be calibrated using flatfield observations with count rates matched to the observations. For this purpose, some basic statistical methods that utilize Fourier analysis techniques are described.

  6. On Performance of Linear Multiuser Detectors for Wireless Multimedia Applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Agarwal, Rekha; Reddy, B. V. R.; Bindu, E.; Nayak, Pinki

    In this paper, performance of different multi-rate schemes in DS-CDMA system is evaluated. The analysis of multirate linear multiuser detectors with multiprocessing gain is analyzed for synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems. Variable data rate is achieved by varying the processing gain. Our conclusion is that bit error rate for multirate and single rate systems can be made same with a tradeoff with number of users in linear multiuser detectors.

  7. Detector power linearity requirements and verification techniques for TMI direct detection receivers

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Reinhardt, Victor S. (Inventor); Shih, Yi-Chi (Inventor); Toth, Paul A. (Inventor); Reynolds, Samuel C. (Inventor)

    1997-01-01

    A system (36, 98) for determining the linearity of an RF detector (46, 106). A first technique involves combining two RF signals from two stable local oscillators (38, 40) to form a modulated RF signal having a beat frequency, and applying the modulated RF signal to a detector (46) being tested. The output of the detector (46) is applied to a low frequency spectrum analyzer (48) such that a relationship between the power levels of the first and second harmonics generated by the detector (46) of the beat frequency of the modulated RF signal are measured by the spectrum analyzer (48) to determine the linearity of the detector (46). In a second technique, an RF signal from a local oscillator (100) is applied to a detector (106) being tested through a first attenuator (102) and a second attenuator (104). The output voltage of the detector (106) is measured when the first attenuator (102) is set to a particular attenuation value and the second attenuator (104) is switched between first and second attenuation values. Further, the output voltage of the detector (106) is measured when the first attenuator (102) is set to another attenuation value, and the second attenuator (104) is again switched between the first and second attenuation values. A relationship between the voltage outputs determines the linearity of the detector (106).

  8. MTF measurement and analysis of linear array HgCdTe infrared detectors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Tong; Lin, Chun; Chen, Honglei; Sun, Changhong; Lin, Jiamu; Wang, Xi

    2018-01-01

    The slanted-edge technique is the main method for measurement detectors MTF, however this method is commonly used on planar array detectors. In this paper the authors present a modified slanted-edge method to measure the MTF of linear array HgCdTe detectors. Crosstalk is one of the major factors that degrade the MTF value of such an infrared detector. This paper presents an ion implantation guard-ring structure which was designed to effectively absorb photo-carriers that may laterally defuse between adjacent pixels thereby suppressing crosstalk. Measurement and analysis of the MTF of the linear array detectors with and without a guard-ring were carried out. The experimental results indicated that the ion implantation guard-ring structure effectively suppresses crosstalk and increases MTF value.

  9. High resolution, multiple-energy linear sweep detector for x-ray imaging

    DOEpatents

    Perez-Mendez, Victor; Goodman, Claude A.

    1996-01-01

    Apparatus for generating plural electrical signals in a single scan in response to incident X-rays received from an object. Each electrical signal represents an image of the object at a different range of energies of the incident X-rays. The apparatus comprises a first X-ray detector, a second X-ray detector stacked upstream of the first X-ray detector, and an X-ray absorber stacked upstream of the first X-ray detector. The X-ray absorber provides an energy-dependent absorption of the incident X-rays before they are incident at the first X-ray detector, but provides no absorption of the incident X-rays before they are incident at the second X-ray detector. The first X-ray detector includes a linear array of first pixels, each of which produces an electrical output in response to the incident X-rays in a first range of energies. The first X-ray detector also includes a circuit that generates a first electrical signal in response to the electrical output of each of the first pixels. The second X-ray detector includes a linear array of second pixels, each of which produces an electrical output in response to the incident X-rays in a second range of energies, broader than the first range of energies. The second X-ray detector also includes a circuit that generates a second electrical signal in response to the electrical output of each of the second pixels.

  10. High resolution, multiple-energy linear sweep detector for x-ray imaging

    DOEpatents

    Perez-Mendez, V.; Goodman, C.A.

    1996-08-20

    Apparatus is disclosed for generating plural electrical signals in a single scan in response to incident X-rays received from an object. Each electrical signal represents an image of the object at a different range of energies of the incident X-rays. The apparatus comprises a first X-ray detector, a second X-ray detector stacked upstream of the first X-ray detector, and an X-ray absorber stacked upstream of the first X-ray detector. The X-ray absorber provides an energy-dependent absorption of the incident X-rays before they are incident at the first X-ray detector, but provides no absorption of the incident X-rays before they are incident at the second X-ray detector. The first X-ray detector includes a linear array of first pixels, each of which produces an electrical output in response to the incident X-rays in a first range of energies. The first X-ray detector also includes a circuit that generates a first electrical signal in response to the electrical output of each of the first pixels. The second X-ray detector includes a linear array of second pixels, each of which produces an electrical output in response to the incident X-rays in a second range of energies, broader than the first range of energies. The second X-ray detector also includes a circuit that generates a second electrical signal in response to the electrical output of each of the second pixels. 12 figs.

  11. Multiband selection with linear array detectors

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Richard, H. L.; Barnes, W. L.

    1985-01-01

    Several techniques that can be used in an earth-imaging system to separate the linear image formed after the collecting optics into the desired spectral band are examined. The advantages and disadvantages of the Multispectral Linear Array (MLA) multiple optics, the MLA adjacent arrays, the imaging spectrometer, and the MLA beam splitter are discussed. The beam-splitter design approach utilizes, in addition to relatively broad spectral region separation, a movable Multiband Selection Device (MSD), placed between the exit ports of the beam splitter and a linear array detector, permitting many bands to be selected. The successful development and test of the MSD is described. The device demonstrated the capacity to provide a wide field of view, visible-to-near IR/short-wave IR and thermal IR capability, and a multiplicity of spectral bands and polarization measuring means, as well as a reasonable size and weight at minimal cost and risk compared to a spectrometer design approach.

  12. Cable tunnel fire experiment study based on linear optical fiber fire detectors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fan, Dian; Ding, Hongjun

    2013-09-01

    Aiming at exiting linear temperature fire detection technology including temperature sensing cable, fiber Raman scattering, fiber Bragg grating, this paper establish an experimental platform in cable tunnel, set two different experimental scenes of the fire and record temperature variation and fire detector response time in the processing of fire simulation. Since a small amount of thermal radiation and no flame for the beginning of the small-scale fire, only directly contacting heat detectors can make alarm response and the rest of other non- contact detectors are unable to respond. In large-scale fire, the alarm response time of the fiber Raman temperature sensing fire detector and fiber Bragg grating temperature sensing fire detector is about 30 seconds, and depending on the thermocouples' record the temperature over the fire is less than 35° in first 60 seconds of large-scale fire, while the temperature rising is more than 5°/min within the range of +/- 3m. According to the technical characteristics of the three detectors, the engineering suitability of the typical linear heat detectors in cable tunnels early fire detection is analyzed, which provide technical support for the preparation of norms.

  13. A semiempirical linear model of indirect, flat-panel x-ray detectors.

    PubMed

    Huang, Shih-Ying; Yang, Kai; Abbey, Craig K; Boone, John M

    2012-04-01

    It is important to understand signal and noise transfer in the indirect, flat-panel x-ray detector when developing and optimizing imaging systems. For optimization where simulating images is necessary, this study introduces a semiempirical model to simulate projection images with user-defined x-ray fluence interaction. The signal and noise transfer in the indirect, flat-panel x-ray detectors is characterized by statistics consistent with energy-integration of x-ray photons. For an incident x-ray spectrum, x-ray photons are attenuated and absorbed in the x-ray scintillator to produce light photons, which are coupled to photodiodes for signal readout. The signal mean and variance are linearly related to the energy-integrated x-ray spectrum by empirically determined factors. With the known first- and second-order statistics, images can be simulated by incorporating multipixel signal statistics and the modulation transfer function of the imaging system. To estimate the semiempirical input to this model, 500 projection images (using an indirect, flat-panel x-ray detector in the breast CT system) were acquired with 50-100 kilovolt (kV) x-ray spectra filtered with 0.1-mm tin (Sn), 0.2-mm copper (Cu), 1.5-mm aluminum (Al), or 0.05-mm silver (Ag). The signal mean and variance of each detector element and the noise power spectra (NPS) were calculated and incorporated into this model for accuracy. Additionally, the modulation transfer function of the detector system was physically measured and incorporated in the image simulation steps. For validation purposes, simulated and measured projection images of air scans were compared using 40 kV∕0.1-mm Sn, 65 kV∕0.2-mm Cu, 85 kV∕1.5-mm Al, and 95 kV∕0.05-mm Ag. The linear relationship between the measured signal statistics and the energy-integrated x-ray spectrum was confirmed and incorporated into the model. The signal mean and variance factors were linearly related to kV for each filter material (r(2) of signal mean to k

  14. Absolute linearity measurements on a gold-black-coated deuterated L-alanine-doped triglycine sulfate pyroelectric detector.

    PubMed

    Theocharous, E

    2008-07-20

    The nonlinearity characteristics of a commercially available deuterated L-alanine-doped triglycine sulfate (DLATGS) pyroelectric detector were experimentally investigated at high levels of illumination using the National Physical Laboratory detector linearity characterization facility. The detector was shown to exhibit a superlinear response at high levels of illumination. Moreover, the linearity factor was shown to depend on the area of the spot on the detector active area being illuminated, i.e., the incident irradiance. Possible reasons for the observed behavior are proposed and discussed. The temperature coefficient of the response of the DLATGS pyroelectric detector was measured and found to be higher than +2.5% degrees C(-1). This large and positive temperature coefficient of response is the most likely cause of the superlinear behavior of the DLATGS pyroelectric detector.

  15. Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) measurement techniques for lenses and linear detector arrays

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Schnabel, J. J., Jr.; Kaishoven, J. E., Jr.; Tom, D.

    1984-01-01

    Application is the determination of the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) for linear detector arrays. A system set up requires knowledge of the MTF of the imaging lens. Procedure for this measurement is described for standard optical lab equipment. Given this information, various possible approaches to MTF measurement for linear arrays is described. The knife edge method is then described in detail.

  16. Rayleigh scattering of linear alkylbenzene in large liquid scintillator detectors.

    PubMed

    Zhou, Xiang; Liu, Qian; Wurm, Michael; Zhang, Qingmin; Ding, Yayun; Zhang, Zhenyu; Zheng, Yangheng; Zhou, Li; Cao, Jun; Wang, Yifang

    2015-07-01

    Rayleigh scattering poses an intrinsic limit for the transparency of organic liquid scintillators. This work focuses on the Rayleigh scattering length of linear alkylbenzene (LAB), which will be used as the solvent of the liquid scintillator in the central detector of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory. We investigate the anisotropy of the Rayleigh scattering in LAB, showing that the resulting Rayleigh scattering length will be significantly shorter than reported before. Given the same overall light attenuation, this will result in a more efficient transmission of photons through the scintillator, increasing the amount of light collected by the photosensors and thereby the energy resolution of the detector.

  17. Rayleigh scattering of linear alkylbenzene in large liquid scintillator detectors

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Zhou, Xiang, E-mail: xiangzhou@whu.edu.cn; Zhang, Zhenyu; Liu, Qian

    2015-07-15

    Rayleigh scattering poses an intrinsic limit for the transparency of organic liquid scintillators. This work focuses on the Rayleigh scattering length of linear alkylbenzene (LAB), which will be used as the solvent of the liquid scintillator in the central detector of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory. We investigate the anisotropy of the Rayleigh scattering in LAB, showing that the resulting Rayleigh scattering length will be significantly shorter than reported before. Given the same overall light attenuation, this will result in a more efficient transmission of photons through the scintillator, increasing the amount of light collected by the photosensors and therebymore » the energy resolution of the detector.« less

  18. Digital Radiography and Computed Tomography Project -- Fully Integrated Linear Detector ArrayStatus Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tim Roney; Robert Seifert; Bob Pink

    2011-09-01

    The field-portable Digital Radiography and Computed Tomography (DRCT) x-ray inspection systems developed for the Project Manager for NonStockpile Chemical Materiel (PMNSCM) over the past 13 years have used linear diode detector arrays from two manufacturers; Thomson and Thales. These two manufacturers no longer produce this type of detector. In the interest of insuring the long term viability of the portable DRCT single munitions inspection systems and to improve the imaging capabilities, this project has been investigating improved, commercially available detectors. During FY-10, detectors were evaluated and one in particular, manufactured by Detection Technologies (DT), Inc, was acquired for possible integrationmore » into the DRCT systems. The remainder of this report describes the work performed in FY-11 to complete evaluations and fully integrate the detector onto a representative DRCT platform.« less

  19. The International Linear Collider Technical Design Report - Volume 4: Detectors

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Behnke, Ties

    2013-06-26

    The International Linear Collider Technical Design Report (TDR) describes in four volumes the physics case and the design of a 500 GeV centre-of-mass energy linear electron-positron collider based on superconducting radio-frequency technology using Niobium cavities as the accelerating structures. The accelerator can be extended to 1 TeV and also run as a Higgs factory at around 250 GeV and on the Z0 pole. A comprehensive value estimate of the accelerator is give, together with associated uncertainties. It is shown that no significant technical issues remain to be solved. Once a site is selected and the necessary site-dependent engineering is carriedmore » out, construction can begin immediately. The TDR also gives baseline documentation for two high-performance detectors that can share the ILC luminosity by being moved into and out of the beam line in a "push-pull" configuration. These detectors, ILD and SiD, are described in detail. They form the basis for a world-class experimental programme that promises to increase significantly our understanding of the fundamental processes that govern the evolution of the Universe.« less

  20. Detector Outline Document for the Fourth Concept Detector ("4th") at the International Linear Collider

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Barbareschi, Daniele; et al.

    We describe a general purpose detector ( "Fourth Concept") at the International Linear Collider (ILC) that can measure with high precision all the fundamental fermions and bosons of the standard model, and thereby access all known physics processes. The 4th concept consists of four basic subsystems: a pixel vertex detector for high precision vertex definitions, impact parameter tagging and near-beam occupancy reduction; a Time Projection Chamber for robust pattern recognition augmented with three high-precision pad rows for precision momentum measurement; a high precision multiple-readout fiber calorimeter, complemented with an EM dual-readout crystal calorimeter, for the energy measurement of hadrons, jets,more » electrons, photons, missing momentum, and the tagging of muons; and, an iron-free dual-solenoid muon system for the inverse direction bending of muons in a gas volume to achieve high acceptance and good muon momentum resolution. The pixel vertex chamber, TPC and calorimeter are inside the solenoidal magnetic field. All four subsytems separately achieve the important scientific goal to be 2-to-10 times better than the already excellent LEP detectors, ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL. All four basic subsystems contribute to the identification of standard model partons, some in unique ways, such that consequent physics studies are cogent. As an integrated detector concept, we achieve comprehensive physics capabilities that puts all conceivable physics at the ILC within reach.« less

  1. The piecewise-linear dynamic attenuator reduces the impact of count rate loss with photon-counting detectors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hsieh, Scott S.; Pelc, Norbert J.

    2014-06-01

    Photon counting x-ray detectors (PCXDs) offer several advantages compared to standard energy-integrating x-ray detectors, but also face significant challenges. One key challenge is the high count rates required in CT. At high count rates, PCXDs exhibit count rate loss and show reduced detective quantum efficiency in signal-rich (or high flux) measurements. In order to reduce count rate requirements, a dynamic beam-shaping filter can be used to redistribute flux incident on the patient. We study the piecewise-linear attenuator in conjunction with PCXDs without energy discrimination capabilities. We examined three detector models: the classic nonparalyzable and paralyzable detector models, and a ‘hybrid’ detector model which is a weighted average of the two which approximates an existing, real detector (Taguchi et al 2011 Med. Phys. 38 1089-102 ). We derive analytic expressions for the variance of the CT measurements for these detectors. These expressions are used with raw data estimated from DICOM image files of an abdomen and a thorax to estimate variance in reconstructed images for both the dynamic attenuator and a static beam-shaping (‘bowtie’) filter. By redistributing flux, the dynamic attenuator reduces dose by 40% without increasing peak variance for the ideal detector. For non-ideal PCXDs, the impact of count rate loss is also reduced. The nonparalyzable detector shows little impact from count rate loss, but with the paralyzable model, count rate loss leads to noise streaks that can be controlled with the dynamic attenuator. With the hybrid model, the characteristic count rates required before noise streaks dominate the reconstruction are reduced by a factor of 2 to 3. We conclude that the piecewise-linear attenuator can reduce the count rate requirements of the PCXD in addition to improving dose efficiency. The magnitude of this reduction depends on the detector, with paralyzable detectors showing much greater benefit than nonparalyzable detectors.

  2. A Fast Monte Carlo Simulation for the International Linear Collider Detector

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Furse, D.; /Georgia Tech

    2005-12-15

    The following paper contains details concerning the motivation for, implementation and performance of a Java-based fast Monte Carlo simulation for a detector designed to be used in the International Linear Collider. This simulation, presently included in the SLAC ILC group's org.lcsim package, reads in standard model or SUSY events in STDHEP file format, stochastically simulates the blurring in physics measurements caused by intrinsic detector error, and writes out an LCIO format file containing a set of final particles statistically similar to those that would have found by a full Monte Carlo simulation. In addition to the reconstructed particles themselves, descriptionsmore » of the calorimeter hit clusters and tracks that these particles would have produced are also included in the LCIO output. These output files can then be put through various analysis codes in order to characterize the effectiveness of a hypothetical detector at extracting relevant physical information about an event. Such a tool is extremely useful in preliminary detector research and development, as full simulations are extremely cumbersome and taxing on processor resources; a fast, efficient Monte Carlo can facilitate and even make possible detector physics studies that would be very impractical with the full simulation by sacrificing what is in many cases inappropriate attention to detail for valuable gains in time required for results.« less

  3. A comparative study of linear and nonlinear anomaly detectors for hyperspectral imagery

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Goldberg, Hirsh; Nasrabadi, Nasser M.

    2007-04-01

    In this paper we implement various linear and nonlinear subspace-based anomaly detectors for hyperspectral imagery. First, a dual window technique is used to separate the local area around each pixel into two regions - an inner-window region (IWR) and an outer-window region (OWR). Pixel spectra from each region are projected onto a subspace which is defined by projection bases that can be generated in several ways. Here we use three common pattern classification techniques (Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Fisher Linear Discriminant (FLD) Analysis, and the Eigenspace Separation Transform (EST)) to generate projection vectors. In addition to these three algorithms, the well-known Reed-Xiaoli (RX) anomaly detector is also implemented. Each of the four linear methods is then implicitly defined in a high- (possibly infinite-) dimensional feature space by using a nonlinear mapping associated with a kernel function. Using a common machine-learning technique known as the kernel trick all dot products in the feature space are replaced with a Mercer kernel function defined in terms of the original input data space. To determine how anomalous a given pixel is, we then project the current test pixel spectra and the spectral mean vector of the OWR onto the linear and nonlinear projection vectors in order to exploit the statistical differences between the IWR and OWR pixels. Anomalies are detected if the separation of the projection of the current test pixel spectra and the OWR mean spectra are greater than a certain threshold. Comparisons are made using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves.

  4. Application of an oscillation-type linear cadmium telluride detector to enhanced gadolinium K-edge computed tomography

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Matsukiyo, Hiroshi; Sato, Eiichi; Hagiwara, Osahiko; Abudurexiti, Abulajiang; Osawa, Akihiro; Enomoto, Toshiyuki; Watanabe, Manabu; Nagao, Jiro; Sato, Shigehiro; Ogawa, Akira; Onagawa, Jun

    2011-03-01

    A linear cadmium telluride (CdTe) detector is useful for carrying out energy-discrimination X-ray imaging, including computed tomography (CT). To perform enhanced gadolinium K-edge CT, we used an oscillation-type linear CdTe detector with an energy resolution of 1.2 keV. CT is performed by repeating the linear scan and the rotation of an object. Penetrating X-ray photons from the object are detected by the CdTe detector, and event signals of X-ray photons are produced using charge-sensitive and shaping amplifiers. Both the photon energy and the energy width are selected using a multichannel analyzer, and the number of photons is counted by a counter card. In energy-discrimination CT, tube voltage and current were 80 kV and 20 μA, respectively, and X-ray intensity was 1.55 μGy/s at 1.0 m from the source at a tube voltage of 80 kV. Demonstration of enhanced gadolinium K-edge X-ray CT was carried out by selecting photons with energies just beyond gadolinium K-edge energy of 50.3 keV.

  5. A neutron track etch detector for electron linear accelerators in radiotherapy

    PubMed Central

    Vukovic, Branko; Faj, Dario; Poje, Marina; Varga, Maja; Radolic, Vanja; Miklavcic, Igor; Ivkovic, Ana; Planinic, Josip

    2010-01-01

    Background Electron linear accelerators in medical radiotherapy have replaced cobalt and caesium sources of radiation. However, medical accelerators with photon energies over 10 MeV generate undesired fast neutron contamination in a therapeutic X-ray photon beam. Photons with energies above 10 MeV can interact with the atomic nucleus of a high-Z material, of which the target and the head of an accelerator consist, and lead to the neutron ejection. Results and conclusions. Our neutron dosimeter, composed of the LR-115 track etch detector and boron foil BN-1 converter, was calibrated on thermal neutrons generated in the nuclear reactor of the Josef Stefan Institute (Slovenia), and applied to dosimetry of undesirable neutrons in photon radiotherapy by the linear accelerator 15 MV Siemens Mevatron. Having considered a high dependence of a cross-section between neutron and boron on neutron energy, and broad neutron spectrum in a photon beam, as well as outside the entrance door to maze of the Mevatron, we developed a method for determining the effective neutron detector response. A neutron dose rate in the photon beam was measured to be 1.96 Sv/h. Outside the Mevatron room the neutron dose rate was 0.62 μSv/h. PACS: 87.52. Ga; 87.53.St; 29.40.Wk. PMID:22933893

  6. 3D imaging LADAR with linear array devices: laser, detector and ROIC

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kameyama, Shumpei; Imaki, Masaharu; Tamagawa, Yasuhisa; Akino, Yosuke; Hirai, Akihito; Ishimura, Eitaro; Hirano, Yoshihito

    2009-07-01

    This paper introduces the recent development of 3D imaging LADAR (LAser Detection And Ranging) in Mitsubishi Electric Corporation. The system consists of in-house-made key devices which are linear array: the laser, the detector and the ROIC (Read-Out Integrated Circuit). The laser transmitter is the high power and compact planar waveguide array laser at the wavelength of 1.5 micron. The detector array consists of the low excess noise Avalanche Photo Diode (APD) using the InAlAs multiplication layer. The analog ROIC array, which is fabricated in the SiGe- BiCMOS process, includes the Trans-Impedance Amplifiers (TIA), the peak intensity detectors, the Time-Of-Flight (TOF) detectors, and the multiplexers for read-out. This device has the feature in its detection ability for the small signal by optimizing the peak intensity detection circuit. By combining these devices with the one dimensional fast scanner, the real-time 3D range image can be obtained. After the explanations about the key devices, some 3D imaging results are demonstrated using the single element key devices. The imaging using the developed array devices is planned in the near future.

  7. Enhancing the Linear Dynamic Range in Multi-Channel Single Photon Detector beyond 7OD

    PubMed Central

    Gudkov, Dmytro; Gudkov, George; Gorbovitski, Boris; Gorfinkel, Vera

    2015-01-01

    We present design, implementation, and characterization of a single photon detector based on 32-channel PMT sensor [model H7260-20, Hamamatsu]. The developed high speed electronics enables the photon counting with linear dynamic range (LDR) up to 108count/s per detector's channel. The experimental characterization and Monte-Carlo simulations showed that in the single photon counting mode the LDR of the PMT sensor is limited by (i) “photon” pulse width (current pulse) of 900ps and (ii) substantial decrease of amplitudes of current pulses for count rates exceeding 108 count/s. The multi-channel architecture of the detector and the developed firm/software allow further expansion of the dynamic range of the device by 32-fold by using appropriate beam shaping. The developed single photon counting detector was tested for the detection of fluorescence labeled microbeads in capillary flow. PMID:27087788

  8. Assessment of the setup dependence of detector response functions for mega-voltage linear accelerators

    PubMed Central

    Fox, Christopher; Simon, Tom; Simon, Bill; Dempsey, James F.; Kahler, Darren; Palta, Jatinder R.; Liu, Chihray; Yan, Guanghua

    2010-01-01

    Purpose: Accurate modeling of beam profiles is important for precise treatment planning dosimetry. Calculated beam profiles need to precisely replicate profiles measured during machine commissioning. Finite detector size introduces perturbations into the measured profiles, which, in turn, impact the resulting modeled profiles. The authors investigate a method for extracting the unperturbed beam profiles from those measured during linear accelerator commissioning. Methods: In-plane and cross-plane data were collected for an Elekta Synergy linac at 6 MV using ionization chambers of volume 0.01, 0.04, 0.13, and 0.65 cm3 and a diode of surface area 0.64 mm2. The detectors were orientated with the stem perpendicular to the beam and pointing away from the gantry. Profiles were measured for a 10×10 cm2 field at depths ranging from 0.8 to 25.0 cm and SSDs from 90 to 110 cm. Shaping parameters of a Gaussian response function were obtained relative to the Edge detector. The Gaussian function was deconvolved from the measured ionization chamber data. The Edge detector profile was taken as an approximation to the true profile, to which deconvolved data were compared. Data were also collected with CC13 and Edge detectors for additional fields and energies on an Elekta Synergy, Varian Trilogy, and Siemens Oncor linear accelerator and response functions obtained. Response functions were compared as a function of depth, SSD, and detector scan direction. Variations in the shaping parameter were introduced and the effect on the resulting deconvolution profiles assessed. Results: Up to 10% setup dependence in the Gaussian shaping parameter occurred, for each detector for a particular plane. This translated to less than a ±0.7 mm variation in the 80%–20% penumbral width. For large volume ionization chambers such as the FC65 Farmer type, where the cavity length to diameter ratio is far from 1, the scan direction produced up to a 40% difference in the shaping parameter between in

  9. Detectors for Linear Colliders: Detector design for a Future Electron-Positron Collider (4/4)

    ScienceCinema

    Thomson, Mark

    2018-05-21

    In this lecture I will discuss the issues related to the overall design and optimization of a detector for ILC and CLIC energies. I will concentrate on the two main detector concepts which are being developed in the context of the ILC. Here there has been much recent progress in developing realistic detector models and in understanding the physics performance of the overall detector concept. In addition, I will discuss the how the differences in the detector requirements for the ILC and CLIC impact the overall detector design.

  10. SiD Linear Collider Detector R&D, DOE Final Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Brau, James E.; Demarteau, Marcel

    2015-05-15

    The Department of Energy’s Office of High Energy Physics supported the SiD university detector R&D projects in FY10, FY11, and FY12 with no-cost extensions through February, 2015. The R&D projects were designed to advance the SiD capabilities to address the fundamental questions of particle physics at the International Linear Collider (ILC): • What is the mechanism responsible for electroweak symmetry breaking and the generation of mass? • How do the forces unify? • Does the structure of space-time at small distances show evidence for extra dimensions? • What are the connections between the fundamental particles and forces and cosmology? Siliconmore » detectors are used extensively in SiD and are well-matched to the challenges presented by ILC physics and the ILC machine environment. They are fast, robust against machine-induced background, and capable of very fine segmentation. SiD is based on silicon tracking and silicon-tungsten sampling calorimetry, complemented by powerful pixel vertex detection, and outer hadronic calorimetry and muon detection. Radiation hard forward detectors which can be read out pulse by pulse are required. Advanced calorimetry based on a particle flow algorithm (PFA) provides excellent jet energy resolution. The 5 Tesla solenoid is outside the calorimeter to improve energy resolution. PFA calorimetry requires fine granularity for both electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters, leading naturally to finely segmented silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimetry. Since silicon-tungsten calorimetry is expensive, the detector architecture is compact. Precise tracking is achieved with the large magnetic field and high precision silicon microstrips. An ancillary benefit of the large magnetic field is better control of the e⁺e⁻ pair backgrounds, permitting a smaller radius beampipe and improved impact parameter resolution. Finally, SiD is designed with a cost constraint in mind. Significant advances and new capabilities have been

  11. Resonant and resistive dual-mode uncooled infrared detectors toward expanded dynamic range and high linearity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Xin; Liang, Ji; Zhang, Hongxiang; Yang, Xing; Zhang, Hao; Pang, Wei; Zhang, Menglun

    2017-06-01

    This paper reports an uncooled infrared (IR) detector based on a micromachined piezoelectric resonator operating in resonant and resistive dual-modes. The two sensing modes achieved IR responsivities of 2.5 Hz/nW and 900 μdB/nW, respectively. Compared with the single mode operation, the dual-mode measurement improves the limit of detection by two orders of magnitude and meanwhile maintains high linearity and responsivity in a higher IR intensity range. A combination of the two sensing modes compensates for its own shortcomings and provides a much larger dynamic range, and thus, a wider application field of the proposed detector is realized.

  12. SU-E-I-25: Performance Evaluation of a Proposed CMOS-Based X-Ray Detector Using Linear Cascade Model Analysis.

    PubMed

    Jain, A; Bednarek, D; Rudin, S

    2012-06-01

    The need for high-resolution, dynamic x-ray imaging capability for neurovascular applications has put an ever increasing demand on x-ray detector technology. Present state-of-the-art detectors such as flat panels have limited resolution and noise performance. A linear cascade model analysis was used to estimate the theoretical performance for a proposed CMOS-based detector. The proposed CMOS-based detector was assumed to have a 300-micron thick HL type CsI phosphor, 35-micron pixels, a variable gain light image intensifier (LU), and 400 electron readout noise. The proposed detector has a CMOS sensor coupled to an LII which views the output of the CsI phosphor. For the analysis the whole imaging chain was divided into individual stages characterized by one of the basic processes (stochastic/deterministic blurring, binomial selection, quantum gain, additive noise). Standard linear cascade modeling was used for the propagation of signal and noise through the stages and an RQA5 spectrum was assumed. The gain, blurring or transmission of different stages was either measured or taken from manufacturer's specifications. The theoretically calculated MTF and DQE for the proposed detector were compared with a high-resolution, high-sensitive Micro-Angio Fluoroscope (MAF), predecessor of the proposed detector. Signal and noise for each of the 19 stages in the complete imaging chain were calculated and showed improved performance. For example, at 5 cycles/mm the MTF and DQE were 0.08 and 0.28, respectively, for the CMOS detector compared to 0.05 and 0.07 for the MAF detector. The proposed detector will have improved MTF and DQE and slimmer physical dimension due to the elimination of the large fiber-optic taper used in the MAF. Once operational, the proposed CMOS detector will serve as a further improvement over standard flat panel detectors compared to the MAF which is already receiving a very positive reception by neuro-vascular interventionalists. (Support:NIH-Grant R01EB

  13. A CMOS pixel sensor prototype for the outer layers of linear collider vertex detector

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, L.; Morel, F.; Hu-Guo, C.; Himmi, A.; Dorokhov, A.; Hu, Y.

    2015-01-01

    The International Linear Collider (ILC) expresses a stringent requirement for high precision vertex detectors (VXD). CMOS pixel sensors (CPS) have been considered as an option for the VXD of the International Large Detector (ILD), one of the detector concepts proposed for the ILC. MIMOSA-31 developed at IPHC-Strasbourg is the first CPS integrated with 4-bit column-level ADC for the outer layers of the VXD, adapted to an original concept minimizing the power consumption. It is composed of a matrix of 64 rows and 48 columns. The pixel concept combines in-pixel amplification with a correlated double sampling (CDS) operation in order to reduce the temporal noise and fixed pattern noise (FPN). At the bottom of the pixel array, each column is terminated with a self-triggered analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The ADC design was optimized for power saving at a sampling frequency of 6.25 MS/s. The prototype chip is fabricated in a 0.35 μm CMOS technology. This paper presents the details of the prototype chip and its test results.

  14. Mcps-range photon-counting X-ray computed tomography system utilizing an oscillating linear-YAP(Ce) photon detector

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Oda, Yasuyuki; Sato, Eiichi; Abudurexiti, Abulajiang; Hagiwara, Osahiko; Osawa, Akihiro; Matsukiyo, Hiroshi; Enomoto, Toshiyuki; Watanabe, Manabu; Kusachi, Shinya; Sugimura, Shigeaki; Endo, Haruyuki; Sato, Shigehiro; Ogawa, Akira; Onagawa, Jun

    2011-07-01

    High-speed X-ray photon counting is useful for discriminating photon energy, and the counting can be used for constructing an X-ray computed tomography (CT) system. A photon-counting X-ray CT system consists of an X-ray generator, a turntable, an oscillation linear detector, a two-stage controller, a multipixel photon counter (MPPC) module, a 1.0 mm-thick crystal (scintillator) of YAP(Ce) (cerium-doped yttrium aluminum perovskite), a counter card (CC), and a personal computer (PC). Tomography is accomplished by repeating the linear scanning and the rotation of an object, and projection curves of the object are obtained by the linear scanning using the detector consisting of an MPPC module, the YAP(Ce), and a scan stage. The pulses of the event signal from the module are counted by the CC in conjunction with the PC. Because the lower level of the photon energy was roughly determined by a comparator in the module, the average photon energy of the X-ray spectra increased with increase in the lower-level voltage of the comparator at a constant tube voltage. The maximum count rate was approximately 3 Mcps (mega counts per second), and photon-counting CT was carried out.

  15. Full-field fan-beam x-ray fluorescence computed tomography system design with linear-array detectors and pinhole collimation: a rapid Monte Carlo study

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Siyuan; Li, Liang; Li, Ruizhe; Chen, Zhiqiang

    2017-11-01

    We present the design concept and initial simulations for a polychromatic full-field fan-beam x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) device with pinhole collimators and linear-array photon counting detectors. The phantom is irradiated by a fan-beam polychromatic x-ray source filtered by copper. Fluorescent photons are stimulated and then collected by two linear-array photon counting detectors with pinhole collimators. The Compton scatter correction and the attenuation correction are applied in the data processing, and the maximum-likelihood expectation maximization algorithm is applied for the image reconstruction of XFCT. The physical modeling of the XFCT imaging system was described, and a set of rapid Monte Carlo simulations was carried out to examine the feasibility and sensitivity of the XFCT system. Different concentrations of gadolinium (Gd) and gold (Au) solutions were used as contrast agents in simulations. Results show that 0.04% of Gd and 0.065% of Au can be well reconstructed with the full scan time set at 6 min. Compared with using the XFCT system with a pencil-beam source or a single-pixel detector, using a full-field fan-beam XFCT device with linear-array detectors results in significant scanning time reduction and may satisfy requirements of rapid imaging, such as in vivo imaging experiments.

  16. Small field detector correction factors: effects of the flattening filter for Elekta and Varian linear accelerators

    PubMed Central

    Liu, Paul Z.Y.; Lee, Christopher; McKenzie, David R.; Suchowerska, Natalka

    2016-01-01

    Flattening filter‐free (FFF) beams are becoming the preferred beam type for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR), as they enable an increase in dose rate and a decrease in treatment time. This work assesses the effects of the flattening filter on small field output factors for 6 MV beams generated by both Elekta and Varian linear accelerators, and determines differences between detector response in flattened (FF) and FFF beams. Relative output factors were measured with a range of detectors (diodes, ionization chambers, radiochromic film, and microDiamond) and referenced to the relative output factors measured with an air core fiber optic dosimeter (FOD), a scintillation dosimeter developed at Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney. Small field correction factors were generated for both FF and FFF beams. Diode measured detector response was compared with a recently published mathematical relation to predict diode response corrections in small fields. The effect of flattening filter removal on detector response was quantified using a ratio of relative detector responses in FFF and FF fields for the same field size. The removal of the flattening filter was found to have a small but measurable effect on ionization chamber response with maximum deviations of less than ±0.9% across all field sizes measured. Solid‐state detectors showed an increased dependence on the flattening filter of up to ±1.6%. Measured diode response was within ±1.1% of the published mathematical relation for all fields up to 30 mm, independent of linac type and presence or absence of a flattening filter. For 6 MV beams, detector correction factors between FFF and FF beams are interchangeable for a linac between FF and FFF modes, providing that an additional uncertainty of up to ±1.6% is accepted. PACS number(s): 87.55.km, 87.56.bd, 87.56.Da PMID:27167280

  17. Time-resolved imaging of the MALDI linear-TOF ion cloud: direct visualization and exploitation of ion optical phenomena using a position- and time-sensitive detector.

    PubMed

    Ellis, Shane R; Soltwisch, Jens; Heeren, Ron M A

    2014-05-01

    In this study, we describe the implementation of a position- and time-sensitive detection system (Timepix detector) to directly visualize the spatial distributions of the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization ion cloud in a linear-time-of-flight (MALDI linear-ToF) as it is projected onto the detector surface. These time-resolved images allow direct visualization of m/z-dependent ion focusing effects that occur within the ion source of the instrument. The influence of key parameters, namely extraction voltage (E(V)), pulsed-ion extraction (PIE) delay, and even the matrix-dependent initial ion velocity was investigated and were found to alter the focusing properties of the ion-optical system. Under certain conditions where the spatial focal plane coincides with the detector plane, so-called x-y space focusing could be observed (i.e., the focusing of the ion cloud to a small, well-defined spot on the detector). Such conditions allow for the stigmatic ion imaging of intact proteins for the first time on a commercial linear ToF-MS system. In combination with the ion-optical magnification of the system (~100×), a spatial resolving power of 11–16 μm with a pixel size of 550 nm was recorded within a laser spot diameter of ~125 μm. This study demonstrates both the diagnostic and analytical advantages offered by the Timepix detector in ToF-MS.

  18. Potential and challenges of the physics measurements with very forward detectors at linear colliders

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Božović Jelisavčić, Ivanka; Kačarević, G.; Lukić, S.; Poss, S.; Sailer, A.; Smiljanić, I.; FCAL Collaboration

    2016-04-01

    The instrumentation of the very forward region of a detector at a future linear collider (ILC, CLIC) is briefly reviewed. The status of the FCAL R&D activity is given with emphasis on physics and technological challenges. The current status of studies on absolute luminosity measurement, luminosity spectrum reconstruction and high-energy electron identification with the forward calorimeters is given. The impact of FCAL measurements on physics studies is illustrated with an example of the σHWW ṡBR (H →μ+μ-) measurement at 1.4 TeV CLIC.

  19. Optimization of detectors for the ILC

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Suehara, Taikan; ILD Group; SID Group

    2016-04-01

    International Linear Collider (ILC) is a next-generation e+e- linear collider to explore Higgs, Beyond-Standard-Models, top and electroweak particles with great precision. We are optimizing our two detectors, International Large Detector (ILD) and Silicon Detector (SiD) to maximize the physics reach expected in ILC with reasonable detector cost and good reliability. The optimization study on vertex detectors, main trackers and calorimeters is underway. We aim to conclude the optimization to establish final designs in a few years, to finish detector TDR and proposal in reply to expected ;green sign; of the ILC project.

  20. Linearity enhancement design of a 16-channel low-noise front-end readout ASIC for CdZnTe detectors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zeng, Huiming; Wei, Tingcun; Wang, Jia

    2017-03-01

    A 16-channel front-end readout application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) with linearity enhancement design for cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) detectors is presented in this paper. The resistors in the slow shaper are realized using a high-Z circuit to obtain constant resistance value instead of using only a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor, thus the shaping time of the slow shaper can be kept constant for different amounts of input energies. As a result, the linearity of conversion gain is improved significantly. The ASIC was designed and fabricated in a 0.35 μm CMOS process with a die size of 2.60 mm×3.53 mm. The tested results show that a typical channel provides an equivalent noise charge (ENC) of 109.7e-+16.3e-/pF with a power consumption of 4 mW and achieves a conversion gain of 87 mV/fC with a nonlinearity of <0.4%. The linearity of conversion gain is improved by at least 86.6% as compared with the traditional approaches using the same front-end readout architecture and manufacture process. Moreover, the inconsistency among channels is <0.3%. An energy resolution of 2.975 keV (FWHM) for gamma rays of 59.5 keV was measured by connecting the ASIC to a 5 mm×5 mm ×2 mm CdZnTe detector at room temperature. The front-end readout ASIC presented in this paper achieves an outstanding linearity performance without compromising the noise, power consumption, and chip size performances.

  1. Nuclear resonant scattering measurements on (57)Fe by multichannel scaling with a 64-pixel silicon avalanche photodiode linear-array detector.

    PubMed

    Kishimoto, S; Mitsui, T; Haruki, R; Yoda, Y; Taniguchi, T; Shimazaki, S; Ikeno, M; Saito, M; Tanaka, M

    2014-11-01

    We developed a silicon avalanche photodiode (Si-APD) linear-array detector for use in nuclear resonant scattering experiments using synchrotron X-rays. The Si-APD linear array consists of 64 pixels (pixel size: 100 × 200 μm(2)) with a pixel pitch of 150 μm and depletion depth of 10 μm. An ultrafast frontend circuit allows the X-ray detector to obtain a high output rate of >10(7) cps per pixel. High-performance integrated circuits achieve multichannel scaling over 1024 continuous time bins with a 1 ns resolution for each pixel without dead time. The multichannel scaling method enabled us to record a time spectrum of the 14.4 keV nuclear radiation at each pixel with a time resolution of 1.4 ns (FWHM). This method was successfully applied to nuclear forward scattering and nuclear small-angle scattering on (57)Fe.

  2. Deflection angle detecting system for the large-angle and high-linearity fast steering mirror using quadrant detector

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ni, Yingxue; Wu, Jiabin; San, Xiaogang; Gao, Shijie; Ding, Shaohang; Wang, Jing; Wang, Tao

    2018-02-01

    A deflection angle detecting system (DADS) using a quadrant detector (QD) is developed to achieve the large deflection angle and high linearity for the fast steering mirror (FSM). The mathematical model of the DADS is established by analyzing the principle of position detecting and error characteristics of the QD. Based on this mathematical model, the method of optimizing deflection angle and linearity of FSM is demonstrated, which is proved feasible by simulation and experimental results. Finally, a QD-based FSM is designed and tested. The results show that it achieves 0.72% nonlinearity, ±2.0 deg deflection angle, and 1.11-μrad resolution. Therefore, the application of this method will be beneficial to design the FSM.

  3. Universal Three-Qubit Entanglement Generation Based on Linear Optical Elements and Quantum Non-Demolition Detectors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Xin-Chang

    2017-02-01

    Recently, entanglement plays an important role in quantum information science. Here we propose an efficient and applicable method which transforms arbitrary three-qubit unknown state to a maximally entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state, and the proposed method could be further generalized to multi-qubit case. The proposed setup exploits only linear optical elements and quantum non-demolition detectors using cross-Kerr media. As the quantum non-demolition detection could reveal us the output state of the photons without destroying them. This property may make our proposed setup flexible and can be widely used in current quantum information science and technology.

  4. Inverter ratio failure detector

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Wagner, A. P.; Ebersole, T. J.; Andrews, R. E. (Inventor)

    1974-01-01

    A failure detector which detects the failure of a dc to ac inverter is disclosed. The inverter under failureless conditions is characterized by a known linear relationship of its input and output voltages and by a known linear relationship of its input and output currents. The detector includes circuitry which is responsive to the detector's input and output voltages and which provides a failure-indicating signal only when the monitored output voltage is less by a selected factor, than the expected output voltage for the monitored input voltage, based on the known voltages' relationship. Similarly, the detector includes circuitry which is responsive to the input and output currents and provides a failure-indicating signal only when the input current exceeds by a selected factor the expected input current for the monitored output current based on the known currents' relationship.

  5. Response function and linearity for high energy γ-rays in large volume LaBr3:Ce detectors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gosta, G.; Blasi, N.; Camera, F.; Million, B.; Giaz, A.; Wieland, O.; Rossi, F. M.; Utsunomiya, H.; Ari-izumi, T.; Takenaka, D.; Filipescu, D.; Gheorghe, I.

    2018-01-01

    The response function to high energy γ-rays of two large volume LaBr3:Ce crystals (3.5"x8") and the linearity of the coupled PMT's were investigated at the NewSUBARU facility, where γ-rays in the energy range 6-38 MeV were produced and sent into the detectors. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to reproduce the experimental spectra. The photopeak and interaction efficiencies were also evaluated both in case of a collimated beam and an isotropic source.

  6. Generalized two-dimensional (2D) linear system analysis metrics (GMTF, GDQE) for digital radiography systems including the effect of focal spot, magnification, scatter, and detector characteristics.

    PubMed

    Jain, Amit; Kuhls-Gilcrist, Andrew T; Gupta, Sandesh K; Bednarek, Daniel R; Rudin, Stephen

    2010-03-01

    The MTF, NNPS, and DQE are standard linear system metrics used to characterize intrinsic detector performance. To evaluate total system performance for actual clinical conditions, generalized linear system metrics (GMTF, GNNPS and GDQE) that include the effect of the focal spot distribution, scattered radiation, and geometric unsharpness are more meaningful and appropriate. In this study, a two-dimensional (2D) generalized linear system analysis was carried out for a standard flat panel detector (FPD) (194-micron pixel pitch and 600-micron thick CsI) and a newly-developed, high-resolution, micro-angiographic fluoroscope (MAF) (35-micron pixel pitch and 300-micron thick CsI). Realistic clinical parameters and x-ray spectra were used. The 2D detector MTFs were calculated using the new Noise Response method and slanted edge method and 2D focal spot distribution measurements were done using a pin-hole assembly. The scatter fraction, generated for a uniform head equivalent phantom, was measured and the scatter MTF was simulated with a theoretical model. Different magnifications and scatter fractions were used to estimate the 2D GMTF, GNNPS and GDQE for both detectors. Results show spatial non-isotropy for the 2D generalized metrics which provide a quantitative description of the performance of the complete imaging system for both detectors. This generalized analysis demonstrated that the MAF and FPD have similar capabilities at lower spatial frequencies, but that the MAF has superior performance over the FPD at higher frequencies even when considering focal spot blurring and scatter. This 2D generalized performance analysis is a valuable tool to evaluate total system capabilities and to enable optimized design for specific imaging tasks.

  7. Performance of a high-resolution depth-encoding PET detector module using linearly-graded SiPM arrays

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Du, Junwei; Bai, Xiaowei; Gola, Alberto; Acerbi, Fabio; Ferri, Alessandro; Piemonte, Claudio; Yang, Yongfeng; Cherry, Simon R.

    2018-02-01

    The goal of this study was to exploit the excellent spatial resolution characteristics of a position-sensitive silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) and develop a high-resolution depth-of-interaction (DOI) encoding positron emission tomography (PET) detector module. The detector consists of a 30  ×  30 array of 0.445  ×  0.445  ×  20 mm3 polished LYSO crystals coupled to two 15.5  ×  15.5 mm2 linearly-graded SiPM (LG-SiPM) arrays at both ends. The flood histograms show that all the crystals in the LYSO array can be resolved. The energy resolution, the coincidence timing resolution and the DOI resolution were 21.8  ±  5.8%, 1.23  ±  0.10 ns and 3.8  ±  1.2 mm, respectively, at a temperature of -10 °C and a bias voltage of 35.0 V. The performance did not degrade significantly for event rates of up to 130 000 counts s-1. This detector represents an attractive option for small-bore PET scanner designs that simultaneously emphasize high spatial resolution and high detection efficiency, important, for example, in preclinical imaging of the rodent brain with neuroreceptor ligands.

  8. Towards a Future Linear Collider and The Linear Collider Studies at CERN

    ScienceCinema

    Heuer, Rolf-Dieter

    2018-06-15

    During the week 18-22 October, more than 400 physicists will meet at CERN and in the CICG (International Conference Centre Geneva) to review the global progress towards a future linear collider. The 2010 International Workshop on Linear Colliders will study the physics, detectors and accelerator complex of a linear collider covering both the CLIC and ILC options. Among the topics presented and discussed will be the progress towards the CLIC Conceptual Design Report in 2011, the ILC Technical Design Report in 2012, physics and detector studies linked to these reports, and an increasing numbers of common working group activities. The seminar will give an overview of these topics and also CERN’s linear collider studies, focusing on current activities and initial plans for the period 2011-16. n.b: The Council Chamber is also reserved for this colloquium with a live transmission from the Main Auditorium.

  9. Towards a Future Linear Collider and The Linear Collider Studies at CERN

    ScienceCinema

    Stapnes, Steinar

    2017-12-18

    During the week 18-22 October, more than 400 physicists will meet at CERN and in the CICG (International Conference Centre Geneva) to review the global progress towards a future linear collider. The 2010 International Workshop on Linear Colliders will study the physics, detectors and accelerator complex of a linear collider covering both the CLIC and ILC options. Among the topics presented and discussed will be the progress towards the CLIC Conceptual Design Report in 2011, the ILC Technical Design Report in 2012, physics and detector studies linked to these reports, and an increasing numbers of common working group activities. The seminar will give an overview of these topics and also CERN’s linear collider studies, focusing on current activities and initial plans for the period 2011-16. n.b: The Council Chamber is also reserved for this colloquium with a live transmission from the Main Auditorium.

  10. 2009 Linear Collider Workshop of the Americas

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Seidel, Sally

    The 2009 Linear Collider Workshop of the Americas was held on the campus of the University of New Mexico from 29 September to 3 October, 2009. This was a joint meeting of the American Linear Collider Physics Group and the ILC Global Design Effort. Two hundred fifty people attended. The number of scientific contributions was 333. The complete agenda, with links to all of the presentations, is available at physics.unm.edu/LCWA09/. The meeting brought together international experts as well as junior scientists, to discuss the physics potential of the linear collider and advances in detector technology. The validation of detector designsmore » was announced, and the detector design groups planned the next phase of the effort. Detector R&D teams reported on progress on many topics including calorimetry and tracking. Recent accelerator design considerations were discussed in a special session for experimentalists and theorists.« less

  11. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Li, Xinhua; Shi, Jim Q.; Zhang, Da

    Purpose: To present a noninvasive technique for directly measuring the CT bow-tie filter attenuation with a linear array x-ray detector. Methods: A scintillator based x-ray detector of 384 pixels, 307 mm active length, and fast data acquisition (model X-Scan 0.8c4-307, Detection Technology, FI-91100 Ii, Finland) was used to simultaneously detect radiation levels across a scan field-of-view. The sampling time was as short as 0.24 ms. To measure the body bow-tie attenuation on a GE Lightspeed Pro 16 CT scanner, the x-ray tube was parked at the 12 o’clock position, and the detector was centered in the scan field at themore » isocenter height. Two radiation exposures were made with and without the bow-tie in the beam path. Each readout signal was corrected for the detector background offset and signal-level related nonlinear gain, and the ratio of the two exposures gave the bow-tie attenuation. The results were used in the GEANT4 based simulations of the point doses measured using six thimble chambers placed in a human cadaver with abdomen/pelvis CT scans at 100 or 120 kV, helical pitch at 1.375, constant or variable tube current, and distinct x-ray tube starting angles. Results: Absolute attenuation was measured with the body bow-tie scanned at 80–140 kV. For 24 doses measured in six organs of the cadaver, the median or maximum difference between the simulation results and the measurements on the CT scanner was 8.9% or 25.9%, respectively. Conclusions: The described method allows fast and accurate bow-tie filter characterization.« less

  12. A new technique to characterize CT scanner bow-tie filter attenuation and applications in human cadaver dosimetry simulations

    PubMed Central

    Li, Xinhua; Shi, Jim Q.; Zhang, Da; Singh, Sarabjeet; Padole, Atul; Otrakji, Alexi; Kalra, Mannudeep K.; Xu, X. George; Liu, Bob

    2015-01-01

    Purpose: To present a noninvasive technique for directly measuring the CT bow-tie filter attenuation with a linear array x-ray detector. Methods: A scintillator based x-ray detector of 384 pixels, 307 mm active length, and fast data acquisition (model X-Scan 0.8c4-307, Detection Technology, FI-91100 Ii, Finland) was used to simultaneously detect radiation levels across a scan field-of-view. The sampling time was as short as 0.24 ms. To measure the body bow-tie attenuation on a GE Lightspeed Pro 16 CT scanner, the x-ray tube was parked at the 12 o’clock position, and the detector was centered in the scan field at the isocenter height. Two radiation exposures were made with and without the bow-tie in the beam path. Each readout signal was corrected for the detector background offset and signal-level related nonlinear gain, and the ratio of the two exposures gave the bow-tie attenuation. The results were used in the geant4 based simulations of the point doses measured using six thimble chambers placed in a human cadaver with abdomen/pelvis CT scans at 100 or 120 kV, helical pitch at 1.375, constant or variable tube current, and distinct x-ray tube starting angles. Results: Absolute attenuation was measured with the body bow-tie scanned at 80–140 kV. For 24 doses measured in six organs of the cadaver, the median or maximum difference between the simulation results and the measurements on the CT scanner was 8.9% or 25.9%, respectively. Conclusions: The described method allows fast and accurate bow-tie filter characterization. PMID:26520720

  13. Determination of time zero from a charged particle detector

    DOEpatents

    Green, Jesse Andrew [Los Alamos, NM

    2011-03-15

    A method, system and computer program is used to determine a linear track having a good fit to a most likely or expected path of charged particle passing through a charged particle detector having a plurality of drift cells. Hit signals from the charged particle detector are associated with a particular charged particle track. An initial estimate of time zero is made from these hit signals and linear tracks are then fit to drift radii for each particular time-zero estimate. The linear track having the best fit is then searched and selected and errors in fit and tracking parameters computed. The use of large and expensive fast detectors needed to time zero in the charged particle detectors can be avoided by adopting this method and system.

  14. Properties of a novel linear sulfur response mode in a multiple flame photometric detector.

    PubMed

    Clark, Adrian G; Thurbide, Kevin B

    2014-01-24

    A new linear sulfur response mode was established in the multiple flame photometric detector (mFPD) by monitoring HSO* emission in the red spectral region above 600nm. Optimal conditions for this mode were found by using a 750nm interference filter and oxygen flows to the worker flames of this device that were about 10mL/min larger than those used for monitoring quadratic S2* emission. By employing these parameters, this mode provided a linear response over about 4 orders of magnitude, with a detection limit near 5.8×10(-11)gS/s and a selectivity of sulfur over carbon of about 3.5×10(3). Specifically, the minimum detectable masses for 10 different sulfur analytes investigated ranged from 0.4 to 3.6ng for peak half-widths spanning 4-6s. The response toward ten different sulfur compounds was examined and produced an average reproducibility of 1.7% RSD (n=10) and an average equimolarity value of 1.0±0.1. In contrast to this, a conventional single flame S2* mode comparatively yielded respective values of 6.7% RSD (n=10) and 1.1±0.4. HSO* emission in the mFPD was also found to be relatively much less affected by response quenching due to hydrocarbons compared to a conventional single flame S2* emission mode. Results indicate that this new alternative linear mFPD response mode could be beneficial for sulfur monitoring applications. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  15. Thermopile Detector Arrays for Space Science Applications

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Foote, M. C.; Kenyon, M.; Krueger, T. R.; McCann, T. A.; Chacon, R.; Jones, E. W.; Dickie, M. R.; Schofield, J. T.; McCleese, D. J.; Gaalema, S.

    2004-01-01

    Thermopile detectors are widely used in uncooled applications where small numbers of detectors are required, particularly in low-cost commercial applications or applications requiring accurate radiometry. Arrays of thermopile detectors, however, have not been developed to the extent of uncooled bolometer and pyroelectric/ferroelectric arrays. Efforts at JPL seek to remedy this deficiency by developing high performance thin-film thermopile detectors in both linear and two-dimensional formats. The linear thermopile arrays are produced by bulk micromachining and wire bonded to separate CMOS readout electronic chips. Such arrays are currently being fabricated for the Mars Climate Sounder instrument, scheduled for launch in 2005. Progress is also described towards realizing a two-dimensional thermopile array built over CMOS readout circuitry in the substrate.

  16. Smile detectors correlation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yuksel, Kivanc; Chang, Xin; Skarbek, Władysław

    2017-08-01

    The novel smile recognition algorithm is presented based on extraction of 68 facial salient points (fp68) using the ensemble of regression trees. The smile detector exploits the Support Vector Machine linear model. It is trained with few hundreds exemplar images by SVM algorithm working in 136 dimensional space. It is shown by the strict statistical data analysis that such geometric detector strongly depends on the geometry of mouth opening area, measured by triangulation of outer lip contour. To this goal two Bayesian detectors were developed and compared with SVM detector. The first uses the mouth area in 2D image, while the second refers to the mouth area in 3D animated face model. The 3D modeling is based on Candide-3 model and it is performed in real time along with three smile detectors and statistics estimators. The mouth area/Bayesian detectors exhibit high correlation with fp68/SVM detector in a range [0:8; 1:0], depending mainly on light conditions and individual features with advantage of 3D technique, especially in hard light conditions.

  17. Gaseous leak detector

    DOEpatents

    Juravic, Jr., Frank E.

    1988-01-01

    In a short path length mass-spectrometer type of helium leak detector wherein the helium trace gas is ionized, accelerated and deflected onto a particle counter, an arrangement is provided for converting the detector to neon leak detection. The magnetic field of the deflection system is lowered so as to bring the non linear fringe area of the magnetic field across the ion path, thereby increasing the amount of deflection of the heavier neon ions.

  18. Comparison of morphological and conventional edge detectors in medical imaging applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kaabi, Lotfi; Loloyan, Mansur; Huang, H. K.

    1991-06-01

    Recently, mathematical morphology has been used to develop efficient image analysis tools. This paper compares the performance of morphological and conventional edge detectors applied to radiological images. Two morphological edge detectors including the dilation residue found by subtracting the original signal from its dilation by a small structuring element, and the blur-minimization edge detector which is defined as the minimum of erosion and dilation residues of the blurred image version, are compared with the linear Laplacian and Sobel and the non-linear Robert edge detectors. Various structuring elements were used in this study: regular 2-dimensional, and 3-dimensional. We utilized two criterions for edge detector's performance classification: edge point connectivity and the sensitivity to the noise. CT/MR and chest radiograph images have been used as test data. Comparison results show that the blur-minimization edge detector, with a rolling ball-like structuring element outperforms other standard linear and nonlinear edge detectors. It is less noise sensitive, and performs the most closed contours.

  19. The International Linear Collider

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    List, Benno

    2014-04-01

    The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a proposed e+e- linear collider with a centre-of-mass energy of 200-500 GeV, based on superconducting RF cavities. The ILC would be an ideal machine for precision studies of a light Higgs boson and the top quark, and would have a discovery potential for new particles that is complementary to that of LHC. The clean experimental conditions would allow the operation of detectors with extremely good performance; two such detectors, ILD and SiD, are currently being designed. Both make use of novel concepts for tracking and calorimetry. The Japanese High Energy Physics community has recently recommended to build the ILC in Japan.

  20. Investigation of 3D diamond detector dosimetric characteristics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kanxheri, K.; Alunni Solestizi, L.; Biasini, M.; Caprai, M.; Dipilato, A. C.; Iacco, M.; Ionica, M.; Lagomarsino, S.; Menichelli, M.; Morozzi, A.; Passeri, D.; Sciortino, S.; Talamonti, C.; Zucchetti, C.; Servoli, L.

    2018-06-01

    Recently, a polycrystalline chemical vapor deposited (pCVD) 3D diamond detector with graphitic in bulk electrodes, fabricated using a pulsed laser technique has been evaluated for photon beam radiation dosimetry during in-air exposure. The same 3D diamond detector, has now been investigated to evaluate its performance under clinically relevant conditions putting the detector inside a Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) phantom, to obtain higher precision dosimetric measurements. The detector leakage current was of the order of ± 25 pA or less for bias voltages up to ‑100 V. The 3D detector was tested for time stability and repeatability showing excellent performance with less than 0.6% signal variation. It also showed a linear response for low dose rates with a deviation from linearity of 2%. It was also possible to verify the detector response as a function of the depth in PMMA up to 18 cm.

  1. Evaluation of linear array MOSFET detectors for in vivo dosimetry to measure rectal dose in HDR brachytherapy.

    PubMed

    Haughey, Aisling; Coalter, George; Mugabe, Koki

    2011-09-01

    The study aimed to assess the suitability of linear array metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor detectors (MOSFETs) as in vivo dosimeters to measure rectal dose in high dose rate brachytherapy treatments. The MOSFET arrays were calibrated with an Ir192 source and phantom measurements were performed to check agreement with the treatment planning system. The angular dependence, linearity and constancy of the detectors were evaluated. For in vivo measurements two sites were investigated, transperineal needle implants for prostate cancer and Fletcher suites for cervical cancer. The MOSFETs were inserted into the patients' rectum in theatre inside a modified flatus tube. The patients were then CT scanned for treatment planning. Measured rectal doses during treatment were compared with point dose measurements predicted by the TPS. The MOSFETs were found to require individual calibration factors. The calibration was found to drift by approximately 1% ±0.8 per 500 mV accumulated and varies with distance from source due to energy dependence. In vivo results for prostate patients found only 33% of measured doses agreed with the TPS within ±10%. For cervix cases 42% of measured doses agreed with the TPS within ±10%, however of those not agreeing variations of up to 70% were observed. One of the most limiting factors in this study was found to be the inability to prevent the MOSFET moving internally between the time of CT and treatment. Due to the many uncertainties associated with MOSFETs including calibration drift, angular dependence and the inability to know their exact position at the time of treatment, we consider them to be unsuitable for in vivo dosimetry in rectum for HDR brachytherapy.

  2. Measuring partial fluorescence yield using filtered detectors.

    PubMed

    Boyko, T D; Green, R J; Moewes, A; Regier, T Z

    2014-07-01

    Typically, X-ray absorption near-edge structure measurements aim to probe the linear attenuation coefficient. These measurements are often carried out using partial fluorescence yield techniques that rely on detectors having photon energy discrimination improving the sensitivity and the signal-to-background ratio of the measured spectra. However, measuring the partial fluorescence yield in the soft X-ray regime with reasonable efficiency requires solid-state detectors, which have limitations due to the inherent dead-time while measuring. Alternatively, many of the available detectors that are not energy dispersive do not suffer from photon count rate limitations. A filter placed in front of one of these detectors will make the energy-dependent efficiency non-linear, thereby changing the responsivity of the detector. It is shown that using an array of filtered X-ray detectors is a viable method for measuring soft X-ray partial fluorescence yield spectra without dead-time. The feasibility of this technique is further demonstrated using α-Fe2O3 as an example and it is shown that this detector technology could vastly improve the photon collection efficiency at synchrotrons and that these detectors will allow experiments to be completed with a much lower photon flux reducing X-ray-induced damage.

  3. CdTe Timepix detectors for single-photon spectroscopy and linear polarimetry of high-flux hard x-ray radiation.

    PubMed

    Hahn, C; Weber, G; Märtin, R; Höfer, S; Kämpfer, T; Stöhlker, Th

    2016-04-01

    Single-photon spectroscopy of pulsed, high-intensity sources of hard X-rays - such as laser-generated plasmas - is often hampered by the pileup of several photons absorbed by the unsegmented, large-volume sensors routinely used for the detection of high-energy radiation. Detectors based on the Timepix chip, with a segmentation pitch of 55 μm and the possibility to be equipped with high-Z sensor chips, constitute an attractive alternative to commonly used passive solutions such as image plates. In this report, we present energy calibration and characterization measurements of such devices. The achievable energy resolution is comparable to that of scintillators for γ spectroscopy. Moreover, we also introduce a simple two-detector Compton polarimeter setup with a polarimeter quality of (98 ± 1)%. Finally, a proof-of-principle polarimetry experiment is discussed, where we studied the linear polarization of bremsstrahlung emitted by a laser-driven plasma and found an indication of the X-ray polarization direction depending on the polarization state of the incident laser pulse.

  4. CdTe Timepix detectors for single-photon spectroscopy and linear polarimetry of high-flux hard x-ray radiation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hahn, C.; Weber, G.; Märtin, R.; Höfer, S.; Kämpfer, T.; Stöhlker, Th.

    2016-04-01

    Single-photon spectroscopy of pulsed, high-intensity sources of hard X-rays — such as laser-generated plasmas — is often hampered by the pileup of several photons absorbed by the unsegmented, large-volume sensors routinely used for the detection of high-energy radiation. Detectors based on the Timepix chip, with a segmentation pitch of 55 μm and the possibility to be equipped with high-Z sensor chips, constitute an attractive alternative to commonly used passive solutions such as image plates. In this report, we present energy calibration and characterization measurements of such devices. The achievable energy resolution is comparable to that of scintillators for γ spectroscopy. Moreover, we also introduce a simple two-detector Compton polarimeter setup with a polarimeter quality of (98 ± 1)%. Finally, a proof-of-principle polarimetry experiment is discussed, where we studied the linear polarization of bremsstrahlung emitted by a laser-driven plasma and found an indication of the X-ray polarization direction depending on the polarization state of the incident laser pulse.

  5. CdTe Timepix detectors for single-photon spectroscopy and linear polarimetry of high-flux hard x-ray radiation

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hahn, C., E-mail: christoph.hahn@uni-jena.de; Höfer, S.; Kämpfer, T.

    Single-photon spectroscopy of pulsed, high-intensity sources of hard X-rays — such as laser-generated plasmas — is often hampered by the pileup of several photons absorbed by the unsegmented, large-volume sensors routinely used for the detection of high-energy radiation. Detectors based on the Timepix chip, with a segmentation pitch of 55 μm and the possibility to be equipped with high-Z sensor chips, constitute an attractive alternative to commonly used passive solutions such as image plates. In this report, we present energy calibration and characterization measurements of such devices. The achievable energy resolution is comparable to that of scintillators for γ spectroscopy.more » Moreover, we also introduce a simple two-detector Compton polarimeter setup with a polarimeter quality of (98 ± 1)%. Finally, a proof-of-principle polarimetry experiment is discussed, where we studied the linear polarization of bremsstrahlung emitted by a laser-driven plasma and found an indication of the X-ray polarization direction depending on the polarization state of the incident laser pulse.« less

  6. Development of a Bolometer Detector System for the NIST High Accuracy Infrared Spectrophotometer

    PubMed Central

    Zong, Y.; Datla, R. U.

    1998-01-01

    A bolometer detector system was developed for the high accuracy infrared spectrophotometer at the National Institute of Standards and Technology to provide maximum sensitivity, spatial uniformity, and linearity of response covering the entire infrared spectral range. The spatial response variation was measured to be within 0.1 %. The linearity of the detector output was measured over three decades of input power. After applying a simple correction procedure, the detector output was found to deviate less than 0.2 % from linear behavior over this range. The noise equivalent power (NEP) of the bolometer system was 6 × 10−12 W/Hz at the frequency of 80 Hz. The detector output 3 dB roll-off frequency was 200 Hz. The detector output was stable to within ± 0.05 % over a 15 min period. These results demonstrate that the bolometer detector system will serve as an excellent detector for the high accuracy infrared spectrophotometer. PMID:28009364

  7. Requirements on high resolution detectors

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Koch, A.

    For a number of microtomography applications X-ray detectors with a spatial resolution of 1 {mu}m are required. This high spatial resolution will influence and degrade other parameters of secondary importance like detective quantum efficiency (DQE), dynamic range, linearity and frame rate. This note summarizes the most important arguments, for and against those detector systems which could be considered. This article discusses the mutual dependencies between the various figures which characterize a detector, and tries to give some ideas on how to proceed in order to improve present technology.

  8. Achieving a Linear Dose Rate Response in Pulse-Mode Silicon Photodiode Scintillation Detectors Over a Wide Range of Excitations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Carroll, Lewis

    2014-02-01

    We are developing a new dose calibrator for nuclear pharmacies that can measure radioactivity in a vial or syringe without handling it directly or removing it from its transport shield “pig”. The calibrator's detector comprises twin opposing scintillating crystals coupled to Si photodiodes and current-amplifying trans-resistance amplifiers. Such a scheme is inherently linear with respect to dose rate over a wide range of radiation intensities, but accuracy at low activity levels may be impaired, beyond the effects of meager photon statistics, by baseline fluctuation and drift inevitably present in high-gain, current-mode photodiode amplifiers. The work described here is motivated by our desire to enhance accuracy at low excitations while maintaining linearity at high excitations. Thus, we are also evaluating a novel “pulse-mode” analog signal processing scheme that employs a linear threshold discriminator to virtually eliminate baseline fluctuation and drift. We will show the results of a side-by-side comparison of current-mode versus pulse-mode signal processing schemes, including perturbing factors affecting linearity and accuracy at very low and very high excitations. Bench testing over a wide range of excitations is done using a Poisson random pulse generator plus an LED light source to simulate excitations up to ˜106 detected counts per second without the need to handle and store large amounts of radioactive material.

  9. Monolithic short wave infrared (SWIR) detector array

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1983-01-01

    A monolithic self-scanned linear detector array was developed for remote sensing in the 1.1- 2.4-micron spectral region. A high-density IRCCD test chip was fabricated to verify new design approaches required for the detector array. The driving factors in the Schottky barrier IRCCD (Pdsub2Si) process development are the attainment of detector yield, uniformity, adequate quantum efficiency, and lowest possible dark current consistent with radiometric accuracy. A dual-band module was designed that consists of two linear detector arrays. The sensor architecture places the floating diffusion output structure in the middle of the chip, away from the butt edges. A focal plane package was conceptualized and includes a polycrystalline silicon substrate carrying a two-layer, thick-film interconnecting conductor pattern and five epoxy-mounted modules. A polycrystalline silicon cover encloses the modules and bond wires, and serves as a radiation and EMI shield, thermal conductor, and contamination seal.

  10. Non-Linear Acoustic Concealed Weapons Detector

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2006-05-01

    signature analysis 8 the interactions of the beams with concealed objects. The Khokhlov- Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov ( KZK ) equation is the most widely used...Hamilton developed a finite difference method based on the KZK equation to model pulsed acoustic emissions from axial symmetric sources. Using a...College of William & Mary, we have developed a simulation code using the KZK equation to model non-linear acoustic beams and visualize beam patterns

  11. TH-CD-201-02: A Monte Carlo Investigation of a Novel Detector Arrangement for the Energy Spectrum Measurement of a 6MV Linear Accelerator

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Taneja, S; Bartol, L; Culberson, W

    2016-06-15

    Purpose: Direct measurement of the energy spectrum of a 6MV linear accelerator has not been successful due to the high fluence rate, high energy nature of these photon beams. Previous work used a Compton Scattering (CS) spectrometry setup with a shielded spectrometer for spectrum measurements. Despite substantial lead shielding, excessive pulse pile-up was seen. MCNP6 transport code was used to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of performing measurements using a novel detector setup. Methods: Simulations were performed with a shielded high-purity germanium (HPGe) semiconductor detector placed in the accelerator vault’s maze, with a 2 cm diameter collimator through a 92more » cm thick concrete wall. The detector was positioned 660 cm from a scattering rod (placed at isocenter) at an angle of 45° relative to the central axis. This setup was compared with the shielded detector positioned in the room, 200 cm from the scattering rod at the same CS angle. Simulations were used to determine fluence contributions from three sources: (1) CS photons traveling through the collimator aperture, the intended signal, (2) CS scatter photons penetrating the detector shield, and (3) room-scattered photons penetrating the detector shield. Variance reduction techniques including weight windows, DXTRAN spheres, forced collisions, and energy cutoffs were used. Results: Simulations showed that the number of pulses per starting particle from an F8 detector tally for the intended signal decreased by a factor of 10{sup 2} when moving the detector out of the vault. This reduction in signal was amplified for the unwanted scatter signal which decreased by up to a factor of 10{sup 9}. Conclusion: This work used MCNP6 to show that using a vault wall to shield unwanted scatter and increasing isocenter-to-detector distance reduces unwanted fluence to the detector. This study aimed to provide motivation for future experimental work using the proposed setup.« less

  12. Testing the Linearity of the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph FUV Channel Thermal Correction

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fix, Mees B.; De Rosa, Gisella; Sahnow, David

    2018-05-01

    The Far Ultraviolet Cross Delay Line (FUV XDL) detector on the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) is subject to temperature-dependent distortions. The correction performed by the COS calibration pipeline (CalCOS) assumes that these changes are linear across the detector. In this report we evaluate the accuracy of the linear approximations using data obtained on orbit. Our results show that the thermal distortions are consistent with our current linear model.

  13. Efficient linear phase contrast in scanning transmission electron microscopy with matched illumination and detector interferometry

    DOE PAGES

    Ophus, Colin; Ciston, Jim; Pierce, Jordan; ...

    2016-02-29

    The ability to image light elements in soft matter at atomic resolution enables unprecedented insight into the structure and properties of molecular heterostructures and beam-sensitive nanomaterials. In this study, we introduce a scanning transmission electron microscopy technique combining a pre-specimen phase plate designed to produce a probe with structured phase with a high-speed direct electron detector to generate nearly linear contrast images with high efficiency. We demonstrate this method by using both experiment and simulation to simultaneously image the atomic-scale structure of weakly scattering amorphous carbon and strongly scattering gold nanoparticles. Our method demonstrates strong contrast for both materials, makingmore » it a promising candidate for structural determination of heterogeneous soft/hard matter samples even at low electron doses comparable to traditional phase-contrast transmission electron microscopy. Ultimately, simulated images demonstrate the extension of this technique to the challenging problem of structural determination of biological material at the surface of inorganic crystals.« less

  14. Efficient linear phase contrast in scanning transmission electron microscopy with matched illumination and detector interferometry

    PubMed Central

    Ophus, Colin; Ciston, Jim; Pierce, Jordan; Harvey, Tyler R.; Chess, Jordan; McMorran, Benjamin J.; Czarnik, Cory; Rose, Harald H.; Ercius, Peter

    2016-01-01

    The ability to image light elements in soft matter at atomic resolution enables unprecedented insight into the structure and properties of molecular heterostructures and beam-sensitive nanomaterials. In this study, we introduce a scanning transmission electron microscopy technique combining a pre-specimen phase plate designed to produce a probe with structured phase with a high-speed direct electron detector to generate nearly linear contrast images with high efficiency. We demonstrate this method by using both experiment and simulation to simultaneously image the atomic-scale structure of weakly scattering amorphous carbon and strongly scattering gold nanoparticles. Our method demonstrates strong contrast for both materials, making it a promising candidate for structural determination of heterogeneous soft/hard matter samples even at low electron doses comparable to traditional phase-contrast transmission electron microscopy. Simulated images demonstrate the extension of this technique to the challenging problem of structural determination of biological material at the surface of inorganic crystals. PMID:26923483

  15. Efficient linear phase contrast in scanning transmission electron microscopy with matched illumination and detector interferometry.

    PubMed

    Ophus, Colin; Ciston, Jim; Pierce, Jordan; Harvey, Tyler R; Chess, Jordan; McMorran, Benjamin J; Czarnik, Cory; Rose, Harald H; Ercius, Peter

    2016-02-29

    The ability to image light elements in soft matter at atomic resolution enables unprecedented insight into the structure and properties of molecular heterostructures and beam-sensitive nanomaterials. In this study, we introduce a scanning transmission electron microscopy technique combining a pre-specimen phase plate designed to produce a probe with structured phase with a high-speed direct electron detector to generate nearly linear contrast images with high efficiency. We demonstrate this method by using both experiment and simulation to simultaneously image the atomic-scale structure of weakly scattering amorphous carbon and strongly scattering gold nanoparticles. Our method demonstrates strong contrast for both materials, making it a promising candidate for structural determination of heterogeneous soft/hard matter samples even at low electron doses comparable to traditional phase-contrast transmission electron microscopy. Simulated images demonstrate the extension of this technique to the challenging problem of structural determination of biological material at the surface of inorganic crystals.

  16. How noise affects quantum detector tomography

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wang, Q., E-mail: wang@physics.leidenuniv.nl; Renema, J. J.; Exter, M. P.van

    2015-10-07

    We determine the full photon number response of a NbN superconducting nanowire single photon detector via quantum detector tomography, and the results show the separation of linear, effective absorption efficiency from the internal detection efficiencies. In addition, we demonstrate an error budget for the complete quantum characterization of the detector. We find that for short times, the dominant noise source is shot noise, while laser power fluctuations limit the accuracy for longer timescales. The combined standard uncertainty of the internal detection efficiency derived from our measurements is about 2%.

  17. Detectors for Linear Colliders: Tracking and Vertexing (2/4)

    ScienceCinema

    Battaglia, Marco

    2018-04-16

    Efficient and precise determination of the flavour of partons in multi-hadron final states is essential to the anticipated LC physics program. This makes tracking in the vicinity of the interaction region of great importance. Tracking extrapolation and momentum resolution are specified by precise physics requirements. The R&D; towards detectors able to meet these specifications will be discussed, together with some of their application beyond particle physics.

  18. 6 Mcps photon-counting X-ray computed tomography system using a 25 mm/s-scan linear LSO-MPPC detector and its application to gadolinium imaging

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sato, Eiichi; Oda, Yasuyuki; Abudurexiti, Abulajiang; Hagiwara, Osahiko; Matsukiyo, Hiroshi; Osawa, Akihiro; Enomoto, Toshiyuki; Watanabe, Manabu; Kusachi, Shinya; Sugimura, Shigeaki; Endo, Haruyuki; Sato, Shigehiro; Ogawa, Akira; Onagawa, Jun

    2011-12-01

    6 Mcps photon counting was carried out using a detector consisting of a 1.0 mm-thick LSO [Lu 2(SiO 4)O] single-crystal scintillator and an MPPC (multipixel photon counter) module in an X-ray computed tomography (CT) system. The maximum count rate was 6 Mcps (mega counts per second) at a tube voltage of 100 kV and a tube current of 0.91 mA. Next, a photon-counting X-ray CT system consists of an X-ray generator, a turntable, a scan stage, a two-stage controller, the LSO-MPPC detector, a counter card (CC), and a personal computer (PC). Tomography is accomplished by repeated linear scans and rotations of an object, and projection curves of the object are obtained by the linear scan with a scan velocity of 25 mm/s. The pulses of the event signal from the module are counted by the CC in conjunction with the PC. The exposure time for obtaining a tomogram was 600 s at a scan step of 0.5 mm and a rotation step of 1.0°, and photon-counting CT was accomplished using gadolinium-based contrast media.

  19. Detector response function of an energy-resolved CdTe single photon counting detector.

    PubMed

    Liu, Xin; Lee, Hyoung Koo

    2014-01-01

    While spectral CT using single photon counting detector has shown a number of advantages in diagnostic imaging, knowledge of the detector response function of an energy-resolved detector is needed to correct the signal bias and reconstruct the image more accurately. The objective of this paper is to study the photo counting detector response function using laboratory sources, and investigate the signal bias correction method. Our approach is to model the detector response function over the entire diagnostic energy range (20 keV detector response function at six photon energies. The 12 parameters are obtained by non-linear least-square fitting with the measured detector response functions at the six energies. The correlations of the 12 parameters with energy are also investigated with the measured data. The analytical model generally describes the detector response function and is in good agreement with the measured data. The trend lines of the 12 parameters indicate higher energies tend to cause grater spectrum distortion. The spectrum distortion caused by the detector response function on spectral CT reconstruction is analyzed theoretically, and a solution to correct this spectrum distortion is also proposed. In spectral and fluorescence CT, the spectrum distortion caused by detector response function poses a problem and cannot be ignored in any quantitative analysis. The detector response function of a CdTe detector can be obtained by a semi-analytical method.

  20. Development of semiconductor tracking: The future linear collider case

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Savoy-Navarro, Aurore

    2011-04-01

    An active R&D on silicon tracking for the linear collider, SiLC, is pursued since several years to develop the new generation of large area silicon trackers for the future linear collider(s). The R&D objectives on new sensors, new front end processing of the signal, and the related mechanical and integration challenges for building such large detectors within the proposed detector concepts are described. Synergies and differences with the LHC construction and upgrades are explained. The differences between the linear collider projects, namely the international linear collider, ILC, and the compact linear collider, CLIC, are discussed as well. Two final objectives are presented for the construction of this important sub-detector for the future linear collider experiments: a relatively short term design based on micro-strips combined or not with a gaseous central tracker and a longer term design based on an all-pixel tracker.The R&D objectives on sensors include single sided micro-strips as baseline for the shorter term with the strips from large wafers (at least 6 in), 200 μm thick, 50 μm pitch and the edgeless and alignment friendly options. This work is conducted by SiLC in collaboration with three technical research centers in Italy, Finland, and Spain and HPK. SiLC is studied as well, using advanced Si sensor technologies for higher granularity trackers especially short strips and pixels all based on 3D technology. New Deep Sub-Micron CMOS mix mode (analog and digital) FE and readout electronics are developed to fully process the detector signals currently adapted to the ILC cycle. It is a high-level processing and a fully programmable ASIC; highly fault tolerant. In its latest version, handling 128 channels will equip these next coming years larger size silicon tracking prototypes at test beams. Connection of the FEE chip on the silicon detector especially in the strip case is a major issue. Very preliminary results with inline pitch adapter based on wiring

  1. Characterization of Photon-Counting Detector Responsivity for Non-Linear Two-Photon Absorption Process

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Sburlan, S. E.; Farr, W. H.

    2011-01-01

    Sub-band absorption at 1550 nm has been demonstrated and characterized on silicon Geiger mode detectors which normally would be expected to have no response at this wavelength. We compare responsivity measurements to singlephoton absorption for wavelengths slightly above the bandgap wavelength of silicon (approx. 1100 microns). One application for this low efficiency sub-band absorption is in deep space optical communication systems where it is desirable to track a 1030 nm uplink beacon on the same flight terminal detector array that monitors a 1550 nm downlink signal for pointingcontrol. The currently observed absorption at 1550 nm provides 60-70 dB of isolation compared to the response at 1064 nm, which is desirable to avoid saturation of the detector by scattered light from the downlink laser.

  2. International Workshop on Linear Colliders 2010

    ScienceCinema

    Lebrun, Ph.

    2018-06-20

    IWLC2010 International Workshop on Linear Colliders 2010ECFA-CLIC-ILC joint meeting: Monday 18 October - Friday 22 October 2010Venue: CERN and CICG (International Conference Centre Geneva, Switzerland). This year, the International Workshop on Linear Colliders organized by the European Committee for Future Accelerators (ECFA) will study the physics, detectors and accelerator complex of a linear collider covering both CLIC and ILC options. Contact Workshop Secretariat  IWLC2010 is hosted by CERN.

  3. International Workshop on Linear Colliders 2010

    ScienceCinema

    Yamada, Sakue

    2018-05-24

    IWLC2010 International Workshop on Linear Colliders 2010ECFA-CLIC-ILC joint meeting: Monday 18 October - Friday 22 October 2010Venue: CERN and CICG (International Conference Centre Geneva, Switzerland) This year, the International Workshop on Linear Colliders organized by the European Committee for Future Accelerators (ECFA) will study the physics, detectors and accelerator complex of a linear collider covering both CLIC and ILC options. Contact Workshop Secretariat  IWLC2010 is hosted by CERN

  4. Relative Humidity in Limited Streamer Tubes for Stanford Linear Accelerator Center's BaBar Detector

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lang, M.I.; /MIT; Convery, M.

    2005-12-15

    The BABAR Detector at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center studies the decay of B mesons created in e{sup +}e{sup -} collisions. The outermost layer of the detector, used to detect muons and neutral hadrons created during this process, is being upgraded from Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) to Limited Streamer Tubes (LSTs). The standard-size LST tube consists of eight cells, where a silver-plated wire runs down the center of each. A large potential difference is placed between the wires and ground. Gas flows through a series of modules connected with tubing, typically four. LSTs must be carefully tested before installation, asmore » it will be extremely difficult to repair any damage once installed in the detector. In the testing process, the count rate in most modules showed was stable and consistent with cosmic ray rate over an approximately 500 V operating range between 5400 to 5900 V. The count in some modules, however, was shown to unexpectedly spike near the operation point. In general, the modules through which the gas first flows did not show this problem, but those further along the gas chain were much more likely to do so. The suggestion was that this spike was due to higher humidity in the modules furthest from the fresh, dry inflowing gas, and that the water molecules in more humid modules were adversely affecting the modules' performance. This project studied the effect of humidity in the modules, using a small capacitive humidity sensor (Honeywell). The sensor provided a humidity-dependent output voltage, as well as a temperature measurement from a thermistor. A full-size hygrometer (Panametrics) was used for testing and calibrating the Honeywell sensors. First the relative humidity of the air was measured. For the full calibration, a special gas-mixing setup was used, where relative humidity of the LST gas mixture could be varied from almost dry to almost fully saturated. With the sensor calibrated, a set of sensors was used to measure humidity vs

  5. Ion profiling in an ambient drift tube-ion mobility spectrometer using a high pixel density linear array detector IonCCD.

    PubMed

    Davila, Stephen J; Hadjar, Omar; Eiceman, Gary A

    2013-07-16

    A linear pixel-based detector array, the IonCCD, is characterized for use under ambient conditions with thermal (<1 eV) positive ions derived from purified air and a 10 mCi (63)Ni foil. The IonCCD combined with a drift tube-ion mobility spectrometer permitted the direct detection of gas phase ions at atmospheric pressure and confirmed a limit of detection of 3000 ions/pixel/frame established previously in both the keV (1-2 keV) and the hyper-thermal (10-40 eV) regimes. Results demonstrate the "broad-band" application of the IonCCD over 10(5) orders in ion energy and over 10(10) in operating pressure. The Faraday detector of a drift tube for an ion mobility spectrometer was replaced with the IonCCD providing images of ion profiles over the cross-section of the drift tube. Patterns in the ion profiles were developed in the drift tube cross-section by control of electric fields between wires of Bradbury Nielson and Tyndall Powell shutter designs at distances of 1-8 cm from the detector. Results showed that ion beams formed in wire sets, retained their shape with limited mixing by diffusion and Coulombic repulsion. Beam broadening determined as 95 μm/cm for hydrated protons in air with moisture of ~10 ppmv. These findings suggest a value of the IonCCD in further studies of ion motion and diffusion of thermalized ions, enhancing computational results from simulation programs, and in the design or operation of ion mobility spectrometers.

  6. Diamond detector in absorbed dose measurements in high-energy linear accelerator photon and electron beams.

    PubMed

    Ravichandran, Ramamoorthy; Binukumar, John Pichy; Al Amri, Iqbal; Davis, Cheriyathmanjiyil Antony

    2016-03-08

    Diamond detectors (DD) are preferred in small field dosimetry of radiation beams because of small dose profile penumbras, better spatial resolution, and tissue-equivalent properties. We investigated a commercially available 'microdiamond' detector in realizing absorbed dose from first principles. A microdiamond detector, type TM 60019 with tandem electrometer is used to measure absorbed doses in water, nylon, and PMMA phantoms. With sensitive volume 0.004 mm3, radius 1.1mm, thickness 1 x10(-3) mm, the nominal response is 1 nC/Gy. It is assumed that the diamond detector could collect total electric charge (nC) developed during irradiation at 0 V bias. We found that dose rate effect is less than 0.7% for changing dose rate by 500 MU/min. The reproducibility in obtaining readings with diamond detector is found to be ± 0.17% (1 SD) (n = 11). The measured absorbed doses for 6 MV and 15 MV photons arrived at using mass energy absorption coefficients and stop-ping power ratios compared well with Nd, water calibrated ion chamber measured absorbed doses within 3% in water, PMMA, and nylon media. The calibration factor obtained for diamond detector confirmed response variation is due to sensitivity due to difference in manufacturing process. For electron beams, we had to apply ratio of electron densities of water to carbon. Our results qualify diamond dosimeter as a transfer standard, based on long-term stability and reproducibility. Based on micro-dimensions, we recommend these detectors for pretreatment dose verifications in small field irradiations like stereotactic treatments with image guidance.

  7. A vertex detector for SLD

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Damerell, C. J. S.; English, R. L.; Gillman, A. R.; Lintern, A. L.; Phillips, D.; Rong, G.; Sutton, C.; Wickens, F. J.; Agnew, G.; Clarke, P.; Hedges, S.; Watts, S. J.

    1989-03-01

    The SLAC Linear Collider is currently being commissioned. A second-generation detector for SLC, known as SLD, is now under construction. In the centre of this 4000 ton detector there will be a vertex detector (VXD) consisting of 4 barrels of 2-dimensional CCDs, approximately 250 CCDs in total. This detector will be used as a tracking microscope, able to pinpoint the outgoing tracks with a precision of about 5 μm, and thus to distinguish between particles produced at the primary vertex and those which result from the decay of heavy-flavour quarks (charm, bottom and possibly others) or from the decay of heavy leptons. This paper describes the present state of the VXD project, with particular emphasis on the signal processing procedures which will reduce the 60 million measurements of pixel contents for each event to a manageable level (some tens of kilobytes).

  8. Comparative dosimetric characterization for different types of detectors in high-energy electron beams

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, Chang Yeol; Kim, Woo Chul; Kim, Hun Jeong; Huh, Hyun Do; Park, Seungwoo; Choi, Sang Hyoun; Kim, Kum Bae; Min, Chul Kee; Kim, Seong Hoon; Shin, Dong Oh

    2017-02-01

    The purpose of this study is to perform a comparison and on analysis of measured dose factor values by using various commercially available high-energy electron beam detectors to measure dose profiles and energy property data. By analyzing the high-energy electron beam data from each detector, we determined the optimal detector for measuring electron beams in clinical applications. The dose linearity, dose-rate dependence, percentage depth dose, and dose profile of each detector were measured to evaluate the dosimetry characteristics of high-energy electron beams. The dose profile and the energy characteristics of high-energy electron beams were found to be different when measured by different detectors. Through comparison with other detectors based on the analyzed data, the microdiamond detector was found to have outstanding dose linearity, a low dose-rate dependency, and a small effective volume. Thus, this detector has outstanding spatial resolution and is the optimal detector for measuring electron beams. Radiation therapy results can be improved and related medical accidents can be prevented by using the procedure developed in this research in clinical practice for all beam detectors when measuring the electron beam dose.

  9. A robust approach to measuring the detective quantum efficiency of radiographic detectors in a clinical setting

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    McDonald, Michael C.; Kim, H. K.; Henry, J. R.; Cunningham, I. A.

    2012-03-01

    The detective quantum efficiency (DQE) is widely accepted as a primary measure of x-ray detector performance in the scientific community. A standard method for measuring the DQE, based on IEC 62220-1, requires the system to have a linear response meaning that the detector output signals are proportional to the incident x-ray exposure. However, many systems have a non-linear response due to characteristics of the detector, or post processing of the detector signals, that cannot be disabled and may involve unknown algorithms considered proprietary by the manufacturer. For these reasons, the DQE has not been considered as a practical candidate for routine quality assurance testing in a clinical setting. In this article we described a method that can be used to measure the DQE of both linear and non-linear systems that employ only linear image processing algorithms. The method was validated on a Cesium Iodide based flat panel system that simultaneously stores a raw (linear) and processed (non-linear) image for each exposure. It was found that the resulting DQE was equivalent to a conventional standards-compliant DQE with measurement precision, and the gray-scale inversion and linear edge enhancement did not affect the DQE result. While not IEC 62220-1 compliant, it may be adequate for QA programs.

  10. Diamond detector in absorbed dose measurements in high‐energy linear accelerator photon and electron beams

    PubMed Central

    Binukumar, John Pichy; Amri, Iqbal Al; Davis, Cheriyathmanjiyil Antony

    2016-01-01

    Diamond detectors (DD) are preferred in small field dosimetry of radiation beams because of small dose profile penumbras, better spatial resolution, and tissue‐equivalent properties. We investigated a commercially available ‘microdiamond’ detector in realizing absorbed dose from first principles. A microdiamond detector, type TM 60019 with tandem electrometer is used to measure absorbed doses in water, nylon, and PMMA phantoms. With sensitive volume 0.004 mm3, radius 1.1 mm, thickness 1×10−3mm, the nominal response is 1 nC/Gy. It is assumed that the diamond detector could collect total electric charge (nC) developed during irradiation at 0 V bias. We found that dose rate effect is less than 0.7% for changing dose rate by 500 MU/min. The reproducibility in obtaining readings with diamond detector is found to be ±0.17% (1 SD) (n=11). The measured absorbed doses for 6 MV and 15 MV photons arrived at using mass energy absorption coefficients and stopping power ratios compared well with Nd, water calibrated ion chamber measured absorbed doses within 3% in water, PMMA, and nylon media. The calibration factor obtained for diamond detector confirmed response variation is due to sensitivity due to difference in manufacturing process. For electron beams, we had to apply ratio of electron densities of water to carbon. Our results qualify diamond dosimeter as a transfer standard, based on long‐term stability and reproducibility. Based on micro‐dimensions, we recommend these detectors for pretreatment dose verifications in small field irradiations like stereotactic treatments with image guidance. PACS number(s): 87.56.Da PMID:27074452

  11. Determination of small field synthetic single-crystal diamond detector correction factors for CyberKnife, Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion and linear accelerator.

    PubMed

    Veselsky, T; Novotny, J; Pastykova, V; Koniarova, I

    2017-12-01

    The aim of this study was to determine small field correction factors for a synthetic single-crystal diamond detector (PTW microDiamond) for routine use in clinical dosimetric measurements. Correction factors following small field Alfonso formalism were calculated by comparison of PTW microDiamond measured ratio M Qclin fclin /M Qmsr fmsr with Monte Carlo (MC) based field output factors Ω Qclin,Qmsr fclin,fmsr determined using Dosimetry Diode E or with MC simulation itself. Diode measurements were used for the CyberKnife and Varian Clinac 2100C/D linear accelerator. PTW microDiamond correction factors for Leksell Gamma Knife (LGK) were derived using MC simulated reference values from the manufacturer. PTW microDiamond correction factors for CyberKnife field sizes 25-5 mm were mostly smaller than 1% (except for 2.9% for 5 mm Iris field and 1.4% for 7.5 mm fixed cone field). The correction of 0.1% and 2.0% for 8 mm and 4 mm collimators, respectively, needed to be applied to PTW microDiamond measurements for LGK Perfexion. Finally, PTW microDiamond M Qclin fclin /M Qmsr fmsr for the linear accelerator varied from MC corrected Dosimetry Diode data by less than 0.5% (except for 1 × 1 cm 2 field size with 1.3% deviation). Regarding low resulting correction factor values, the PTW microDiamond detector may be considered an almost ideal tool for relative small field dosimetry in a large variety of stereotactic and radiosurgery treatment devices. Copyright © 2017 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  12. Linear encoding device

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Leviton, Douglas B. (Inventor)

    1993-01-01

    A Linear Motion Encoding device for measuring the linear motion of a moving object is disclosed in which a light source is mounted on the moving object and a position sensitive detector such as an array photodetector is mounted on a nearby stationary object. The light source emits a light beam directed towards the array photodetector such that a light spot is created on the array. An analog-to-digital converter, connected to the array photodetector is used for reading the position of the spot on the array photodetector. A microprocessor and memory is connected to the analog-to-digital converter to hold and manipulate data provided by the analog-to-digital converter on the position of the spot and to compute the linear displacement of the moving object based upon the data from the analog-to-digital converter.

  13. Bolometric detectors for the Planck surveyor

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Yun, M.; Koch, T.; Bock, J.; Holmes, W.; Hustead, L.; Wild, L.; Mulder, J.; Turner, A.; Lange, A.; Bhatia, R.

    2002-01-01

    The High Frequency Instrument on the NASA/ESA Planck Surveyor, scheduled for launch in 2007, will map the entire sky in 6 frequency bands ranging from 100 GHz to 857 GHz to probe Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropy and polarization with angular resolution ranging from 9' to 5'. The HFI focal plane will contain 48 silicon nitride micromesh bolometers operating from a 100 mK heat sink. Four detectors in each of the 6 bands will detect unpolarized radiation. An additional 4 pairs of detectors will provide sensitivity to linear polarization of emission at 143, 217 and 353 GHz. We report on the development and characterization of these detectors before delivery to the European HFI consortium.

  14. The 150 ns detector project: Prototype preamplifier results

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Warburton, W. K.; Russell, S. R.; Kleinfelder, Stuart A.

    1994-08-01

    The long-term goal of the 150 ns detector project is to develop a pixel area detector capable of 6 MHz frame rates (150 ns/frame). Our milestones toward this goal are: a single pixel, 1×256 1D and 8×8 2D detectors, 256×256 2D detectors and, finally, 1024 × 1024 2D detectors. The design strategy is to supply a complete electronics chain (resetting preamp, selectable gain amplifier, analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and memory) for each pixel. In the final detectors these will all be custom integrated circuits. The front-end preamplifiers are integrated first, since their design and performance are the most unusual and also critical to the project's success. Similarly, our early work is concentrated on devising and perfecting detector structures. In this paper we demonstrate the performance of prototypes of our integrated preamplifiers. While the final design will have 64 preamps to a chip, including a switchable gain stage, the prototypes were integrated 8 channels to a "Tiny Chip" and tested in 4 configurations (feedback capacitor Cf equal 2.5 or 4.0 pF, output directly or through a source follower). These devices have been tested thoroughly for reset settling times, gain, linearity, and electronic noise. They generally work as designed, being fast enough to easily integrate detector charge, settle, and reset in 150 ns. Gain and linearity appear to be acceptable. Current values of electronic noise, in double-sampling mode, are about twice the design goal of {2}/{3} of a single photon at 6 keV. We expect this figure to improve with the addition of the onboard amplifier stage and improved packaging. Our next test chip will include these improvements and allow testing with our first detector samples, which will be 1×256 (50 μm wide pixels) and 8×8 (1 mm 2 pixels) element detector on 1 mm thick silicon.

  15. Bolometric detectors for the high frequency instrument on the Planck surveyor

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Koch, T. C.; Paine, C.; Husted, L.; Yun, M.; Lange, A.; Bock, J.; Jones, B.; Ade, P.; Sudiwala, R.

    2002-01-01

    The High Frequency Instrument (HFI) on Planck will obtain all-sky images of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and other astrophysical sources of emission with resolution of 9 arcniin at 100 GHz, 7 arcmin at 143 GHz and 5 arcniin at 217, 353, 545 and 857 GHz. The HFI focal plane will contain 48 silicon nitride micromesh bolometric detectors operating from a 100 mK heat sink. Four detectors in each of the 6 bands will detect the sum of the power in both linear polarizations. An additional 4 pair of detectors will provide sensitivity to linear polarization of emission at 143, 217 and 353 GHz. We report on the development of these detectors, which are being produced at the JPL Micro Devices Laboratory, packaged at JPL Electronics Packaging, characterized at 100 mK before delivery to our HFI consortium partners at the UWCC, UK.

  16. Design, construction, and evaluation of new high resolution medical imaging detector/systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jain, Amit

    Increasing need of minimally invasive endovascular image guided interventional procedures (EIGI) for accurate and successful treatment of vascular disease has set a quest for better image quality. Current state of the art detectors are not up to the mark for these complex procedures due to their inherent limitations. Our group has been actively working on the design and construction of a high resolution, region of interest CCD-based X-ray imager for some time. As a part of that endeavor, a Micro-angiographic fluoroscope (MAF) was developed to serve as a high resolution, ROI X-ray imaging detector in conjunction with large lower resolution full field of view (FOV) state-of-the-art x-ray detectors. The newly developed MAF is an indirect x-ray imaging detector capable of providing real-time images with high resolution, high sensitivity, no lag and low instrumentation noise. It consists of a CCD camera coupled to a light image intensifier (LII) through a fiber optic taper. The CsI(Tl) phosphor serving as the front end is coupled to the LII. For this work, the MAF was designed and constructed. The linear system cascade theory was used to evaluate the performance theoretically. Linear system metrics such as MTF and DQE were used to gauge the detector performance experimentally. The capabilities of the MAF as a complete system were tested using generalized linear system metrics. With generalized linear system metrics the effects of finite size focal spot, geometric magnification and the presence of scatter are included in the analysis and study. To minimize the effect of scatter, an anti-scatter grid specially designed for the MAF was also studied. The MAF was compared with the flat panel detector using signal-to-noise ratio and the two dimensional linear system metrics. The signal-to-noise comparison was carried out to point out the effect of pixel size and Point Spread Function of the detector. The two dimensional linear system metrics were used to investigate the

  17. Detector Simulations with DD4hep

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Petrič, M.; Frank, M.; Gaede, F.; Lu, S.; Nikiforou, N.; Sailer, A.

    2017-10-01

    Detector description is a key component of detector design studies, test beam analyses, and most of particle physics experiments that require the simulation of more and more different detector geometries and event types. This paper describes DD4hep, which is an easy-to-use yet flexible and powerful detector description framework that can be used for detector simulation and also extended to specific needs for a particular working environment. Linear collider detector concepts ILD, SiD and CLICdp as well as detector development collaborations CALICE and FCal have chosen to adopt the DD4hep geometry framework and its DDG4 pathway to Geant4 as its core simulation and reconstruction tools. The DDG4 plugins suite includes a wide variety of input formats, provides access to the Geant4 particle gun or general particles source and allows for handling of Monte Carlo truth information, eg. by linking hits and the primary particle that caused them, which is indispensable for performance and efficiency studies. An extendable array of segmentations and sensitive detectors allows the simulation of a wide variety of detector technologies. This paper shows how DD4hep allows to perform complex Geant4 detector simulations without compiling a single line of additional code by providing a palette of sub-detector components that can be combined and configured via compact XML files. Simulation is controlled either completely via the command line or via simple Python steering files interpreted by a Python executable. It also discusses how additional plugins and extensions can be created to increase the functionality.

  18. Extraction of linear features on SAR imagery

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Junyi; Li, Deren; Mei, Xin

    2006-10-01

    Linear features are usually extracted from SAR imagery by a few edge detectors derived from the contrast ratio edge detector with a constant probability of false alarm. On the other hand, the Hough Transform is an elegant way of extracting global features like curve segments from binary edge images. Randomized Hough Transform can reduce the computation time and memory usage of the HT drastically. While Randomized Hough Transform will bring about a great deal of cells invalid during the randomized sample. In this paper, we propose a new approach to extract linear features on SAR imagery, which is an almost automatic algorithm based on edge detection and Randomized Hough Transform. The presented improved method makes full use of the directional information of each edge candidate points so as to solve invalid cumulate problems. Applied result is in good agreement with the theoretical study, and the main linear features on SAR imagery have been extracted automatically. The method saves storage space and computational time, which shows its effectiveness and applicability.

  19. Operation and performance of new NIR detectors from SELEX

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Atkinson, D.; Bezawada, N.; Hipwood, L. G.; Shorrocks, N.; Milne, H.

    2012-07-01

    The European Space Agency (ESA) has funded SELEX Galileo, Southampton, UK to develop large format near infrared (NIR) detectors for its future space and ground based programmes. The UKATC has worked in collaboration with SELEX Galileo to test and characterise the new detectors produced during phase-1 of the development. In order to demonstrate the detector material performance, the HgCdTe (MCT) detector diodes (grown on GaAs substrate through MOVPE process in small 320×256, 24μm pixel format) are hybridised to the existing SELEX Galileo SWALLOW CMOS readout chip. The substrate removed and MCT thinned detector arrays were then tested and evaluated at the UKATC following screening tests at SELEX. This paper briefly describes the test setup, the operational aspects of the readout multiplexer and presents the performance parameters of the detector arrays including: conversion gain, detector dark current, read noise, linearity, quantum efficiency and persistence for various detector temperatures between 80K and 140K.

  20. Entangled γ-photons—classical laboratory exercise with modern detectors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hetfleiš, Jakub; Lněnička, Jindřich; Šlégr, Jan

    2018-03-01

    This paper describes the application of modern semiconductor detectors of γ and β radiation, which can be used in undergraduate laboratory experiments and lecture demonstrations as a replacement for Geiger-Müller (GM) tubes. Unlike GM tubes, semiconductor detectors do not require a high voltage power source or shaping circuits. The principle of operation of semiconductor detectors is discussed briefly, and classical experiments from nuclear physics are described, ranging from the measurements of linear and mass attenuation coefficient to a demonstration of entangled γ-photons.

  1. Convergent input from brainstem coincidence detectors onto delay-sensitive neurons in the inferior colliculus.

    PubMed

    McAlpine, D; Jiang, D; Shackleton, T M; Palmer, A R

    1998-08-01

    Responses of low-frequency neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of anesthetized guinea pigs were studied with binaural beats to assess their mean best interaural phase (BP) to a range of stimulating frequencies. Phase plots (stimulating frequency vs BP) were produced, from which measures of characteristic delay (CD) and characteristic phase (CP) for each neuron were obtained. The CD provides an estimate of the difference in travel time from each ear to coincidence-detector neurons in the brainstem. The CP indicates the mechanism underpinning the coincidence detector responses. A linear phase plot indicates a single, constant delay between the coincidence-detector inputs from the two ears. In more than half (54 of 90) of the neurons, the phase plot was not linear. We hypothesized that neurons with nonlinear phase plots received convergent input from brainstem coincidence detectors with different CDs. Presentation of a second tone with a fixed, unfavorable delay suppressed the response of one input, linearizing the phase plot and revealing other inputs to be relatively simple coincidence detectors. For some neurons with highly complex phase plots, the suppressor tone altered BP values, but did not resolve the nature of the inputs. For neurons with linear phase plots, the suppressor tone either completely abolished their responses or reduced their discharge rate with no change in BP. By selectively suppressing inputs with a second tone, we are able to reveal the nature of underlying binaural inputs to IC neurons, confirming the hypothesis that the complex phase plots of many IC neurons are a result of convergence from simple brainstem coincidence detectors.

  2. A Curved Image-Plate Detector System for High-Resolution Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sarin, P.; Haggerty, R; Yoon, W

    2009-01-01

    The developed curved image plate (CIP) is a one-dimensional detector which simultaneously records high-resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns over a 38.7 2{theta} range. In addition, an on-site reader enables rapid extraction, transfer and storage of X-ray intensity information in {le}30 s, and further qualifies this detector to study kinetic processes in materials science. The CIP detector can detect and store X-ray intensity information linearly proportional to the incident photon flux over a dynamical range of about five orders of magnitude. The linearity and uniformity of the CIP detector response is not compromised in the unsaturated regions of the image plate,more » regardless of saturation in another region. The speed of XRD data acquisition together with excellent resolution afforded by the CIP detector is unique and opens up wide possibilities in materials research accessible through X-ray diffraction. This article presents details of the basic features, operation and performance of the CIP detector along with some examples of applications, including high-temperature XRD.« less

  3. Parametric Characterization of TES Detectors Under DC Bias

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Chiao, Meng P.; Smith, Stephen James; Kilbourne, Caroline A.; Adams, Joseph S.; Bandler, Simon R.; Betancourt-Martinez, Gabriele L.; Chervenak, James A.; Datesman, Aaron M.; Eckart, Megan E.; Ewin, Audrey J.; hide

    2016-01-01

    The X-ray integrated field unit (X-IFU) in European Space Agency's (ESA's) Athena mission will be the first high-resolution X-ray spectrometer in space using a large-format transition-edge sensor microcalorimeter array. Motivated by optimization of detector performance for X-IFU, we have conducted an extensive campaign of parametric characterization on transition-edge sensor (TES) detectors with nominal geometries and physical properties in order to establish sensitivity trends relative to magnetic field, dc bias on detectors, operating temperature, and to improve our understanding of detector behavior relative to its fundamental properties such as thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and transition temperature. These results were used for validation of a simple linear detector model in which a small perturbation can be introduced to one or multiple parameters to estimate the error budget for X-IFU. We will show here results of our parametric characterization of TES detectors and briefly discuss the comparison with the TES model.

  4. Reticle stage based linear dosimeter

    DOEpatents

    Berger, Kurt W [Livermore, CA

    2007-03-27

    A detector to measure EUV intensity employs a linear array of photodiodes. The detector is particularly suited for photolithography systems that includes: (i) a ringfield camera; (ii) a source of radiation; (iii) a condenser for processing radiation from the source of radiation to produce a ringfield illumination field for illuminating a mask; (iv) a reticle that is positioned at the ringfield camera's object plane and from which a reticle image in the form of an intensity profile is reflected into the entrance pupil of the ringfield camera, wherein the reticle moves in a direction that is transverse to the length of the ringfield illumination field that illuminates the reticle; (v) detector for measuring the entire intensity along the length of the ringfield illumination field that is projected onto the reticle; and (vi) a wafer onto which the reticle imaged is projected from the ringfield camera.

  5. Reticle stage based linear dosimeter

    DOEpatents

    Berger, Kurt W.

    2005-06-14

    A detector to measure EUV intensity employs a linear array of photodiodes. The detector is particularly suited for photolithography systems that includes: (i) a ringfield camera; (ii) a source of radiation; (iii) a condenser for processing radiation from the source of radiation to produce a ringfield illumination field for illuminating a mask; (iv) a reticle that is positioned at the ringfield camera's object plane and from which a reticle image in the form of an intensity profile is reflected into the entrance pupil of the ringfield camera, wherein the reticle moves in a direction that is transverse to the length of the ringfield illumination field that illuminates the reticle; (v) detector for measuring the entire intensity along the length of the ringfield illumination field that is projected onto the reticle; and (vi) a wafer onto which the reticle imaged is projected from the ringfield camera.

  6. Detectors for Linear Colliders: Physics Requirements and Experimental Conditions (1/4)

    ScienceCinema

    Battaglia, Marco

    2018-01-12

    How is the anticipated physics program of a future e+e- collider shaping the R&D; for new detectors in collider particle physics ? This presentation will review the main physics requirements and experimental conditions comparing to LHC and LEP. In particular, I shall discuss how e+e- experimentation is expected to change moving from LEP-2 up to multi-TeV energies.

  7. Linear electric field mass spectrometry

    DOEpatents

    McComas, David J.; Nordholt, Jane E.

    1992-01-01

    A mass spectrometer and methods for mass spectrometry. The apparatus is compact and of low weight and has a low power requirement, making it suitable for use on a space satellite and as a portable detector for the presence of substances. High mass resolution measurements are made by timing ions moving through a gridless cylindrically symmetric linear electric field.

  8. Performance improvements of wavelength-shifting-fiber neutron detectors using high-resolution positioning algorithms

    DOE PAGES

    Wang, C. L.

    2016-05-17

    On the basis of FluoroBancroft linear-algebraic method [S.B. Andersson, Opt. Exp. 16, 18714 (2008)] three highly-resolved positioning methods were proposed for wavelength-shifting fiber (WLSF) neutron detectors. Using a Gaussian or exponential-decay light-response function (LRF), the non-linear relation of photon-number profiles vs. x-pixels was linearized and neutron positions were determined. The proposed algorithms give an average 0.03-0.08 pixel position error, much smaller than that (0.29 pixel) from a traditional maximum photon algorithm (MPA). The new algorithms result in better detector uniformity, less position misassignment (ghosting), better spatial resolution, and an equivalent or better instrument resolution in powder diffraction than the MPA.more » Moreover, these characters will facilitate broader applications of WLSF detectors at time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction beamlines, including single-crystal diffraction and texture analysis.« less

  9. Characterization of MOSkin detector for in vivo skin dose measurement during megavoltage radiotherapy

    PubMed Central

    Jong, Wei Loong; Wong, Jeannie Hsiu Ding; Ng, Kwan Hoong; Ho, Gwo Fuang; Cutajar, Dean L.; Rosenfeld, Anatoly B.

    2014-01-01

    In vivo dosimetry is important during radiotherapy to ensure the accuracy of the dose delivered to the treatment volume. A dosimeter should be characterized based on its application before it is used for in vivo dosimetry. In this study, we characterize a new MOSFET‐based detector, the MOSkin detector, on surface for in vivo skin dosimetry. The advantages of the MOSkin detector are its water equivalent depth of measurement of 0.07 mm, small physical size with submicron dosimetric volume, and the ability to provide real‐time readout. A MOSkin detector was calibrated and the reproducibility, linearity, and response over a large dose range to different threshold voltages were determined. Surface dose on solid water phantom was measured using MOSkin detector and compared with Markus ionization chamber and GAFCHROMIC EBT2 film measurements. Dependence in the response of the MOSkin detector on the surface of solid water phantom was also tested for different (i) source to surface distances (SSDs); (ii) field sizes; (iii) surface dose; (iv) radiation incident angles; and (v) wedges. The MOSkin detector showed excellent reproducibility and linearity for dose range of 50 cGy to 300 cGy. The MOSkin detector showed reliable response to different SSDs, field sizes, surface, radiation incident angles, and wedges. The MOSkin detector is suitable for in vivo skin dosimetry. PACS number: 87.55.Qr PMID:25207573

  10. Continuous quantum measurement with independent detector cross correlations.

    PubMed

    Jordan, Andrew N; Büttiker, Markus

    2005-11-25

    We investigate the advantages of using two independent, linear detectors for continuous quantum measurement. For single-shot measurement, the detection process may be quantum limited if the detectors are twins. For weak continuous measurement, cross correlations allow a violation of the Korotkov-Averin bound for the detector's signal-to-noise ratio. The joint weak measurement of noncommuting observables is also investigated, and we find the cross correlation changes sign as a function of frequency, reflecting a crossover from incoherent relaxation to coherent, out of phase oscillations. Our results are applied to a double quantum-dot charge qubit, simultaneously measured by two quantum point contacts.

  11. Dosimetry of cone-defined stereotactic radiosurgery fields with a commercial synthetic diamond detector.

    PubMed

    Morales, Johnny E; Crowe, Scott B; Hill, Robin; Freeman, Nigel; Trapp, J V

    2014-11-01

    Small field x-ray beam dosimetry is difficult due to lack of lateral electronic equilibrium, source occlusion, high dose gradients, and detector volume averaging. Currently, there is no single definitive detector recommended for small field dosimetry. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of a new commercial synthetic diamond detector, namely, the PTW 60019 microDiamond, for the dosimetry of small x-ray fields as used in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Small field sizes were defined by BrainLAB circular cones (4-30 mm diameter) on a Novalis Trilogy linear accelerator and using the 6 MV SRS x-ray beam mode for all measurements. Percentage depth doses (PDDs) were measured and compared to an IBA SFD and a PTW 60012 E diode. Cross profiles were measured and compared to an IBA SFD diode. Field factors, ΩQclin,Qmsr (fclin,fmsr) , were calculated by Monte Carlo methods using BEAMnrc and correction factors, kQclin,Qmsr (fclin,fmsr) , were derived for the PTW 60019 microDiamond detector. For the small fields of 4-30 mm diameter, there were dose differences in the PDDs of up to 1.5% when compared to an IBA SFD and PTW 60012 E diode detector. For the cross profile measurements the penumbra values varied, depending upon the orientation of the detector. The field factors, ΩQclin,Qmsr (fclin,fmsr) , were calculated for these field diameters at a depth of 1.4 cm in water and they were within 2.7% of published values for a similar linear accelerator. The corrections factors, kQclin,Qmsr (fclin,fmsr) , were derived for the PTW 60019 microDiamond detector. The authors conclude that the new PTW 60019 microDiamond detector is generally suitable for relative dosimetry in small 6 MV SRS beams for a Novalis Trilogy linear equipped with circular cones.

  12. The role of a microDiamond detector in the dosimetry of proton pencil beams.

    PubMed

    Gomà, Carles; Marinelli, Marco; Safai, Sairos; Verona-Rinati, Gianluca; Würfel, Jan

    2016-03-01

    In this work, the performance of a microDiamond detector in a scanned proton beam is studied and its potential role in the dosimetric characterization of proton pencil beams is assessed. The linearity of the detector response with the absorbed dose and the dependence on the dose-rate were tested. The depth-dose curve and the lateral dose profiles of a proton pencil beam were measured and compared to reference data. The feasibility of calibrating the beam monitor chamber with a microDiamond detector was also studied. It was found the detector reading is linear with the absorbed dose to water (down to few cGy) and the detector response is independent of both the dose-rate (up to few Gy/s) and the proton beam energy (within the whole clinically-relevant energy range). The detector showed a good performance in depth-dose curve and lateral dose profile measurements; and it might even be used to calibrate the beam monitor chambers-provided it is cross-calibrated against a reference ionization chamber. In conclusion, the microDiamond detector was proved capable of performing an accurate dosimetric characterization of proton pencil beams. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier GmbH.

  13. Development and calibration of a new gamma camera detector using large square Photomultiplier Tubes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zeraatkar, N.; Sajedi, S.; Teimourian Fard, B.; Kaviani, S.; Akbarzadeh, A.; Farahani, M. H.; Sarkar, S.; Ay, M. R.

    2017-09-01

    Large area scintillation detectors applied in gamma cameras as well as Single Photon Computed Tomography (SPECT) systems, have a major role in in-vivo functional imaging. Most of the gamma detectors utilize hexagonal arrangement of Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs). In this work we applied large square-shaped PMTs with row/column arrangement and positioning. The Use of large square PMTs reduces dead zones in the detector surface. However, the conventional center of gravity method for positioning may not introduce an acceptable result. Hence, the digital correlated signal enhancement (CSE) algorithm was optimized to obtain better linearity and spatial resolution in the developed detector. The performance of the developed detector was evaluated based on NEMA-NU1-2007 standard. The acquired images using this method showed acceptable uniformity and linearity comparing to three commercial gamma cameras. Also the intrinsic and extrinsic spatial resolutions with low-energy high-resolution (LEHR) collimator at 10 cm from surface of the detector were 3.7 mm and 7.5 mm, respectively. The energy resolution of the camera was measured 9.5%. The performance evaluation demonstrated that the developed detector maintains image quality with a reduced number of used PMTs relative to the detection area.

  14. Linear electric field mass spectrometry

    DOEpatents

    McComas, D.J.; Nordholt, J.E.

    1992-12-01

    A mass spectrometer and methods for mass spectrometry are described. The apparatus is compact and of low weight and has a low power requirement, making it suitable for use on a space satellite and as a portable detector for the presence of substances. High mass resolution measurements are made by timing ions moving through a gridless cylindrically symmetric linear electric field. 8 figs.

  15. Design and Performance Testing of a Linear Array of Position-Sensitive Virtual Frisch-Grid CdZnTe Detectors for Uranium Enrichment Measurements

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ocampo, Luis

    Abstract— Arrays of position-sensitive virtual Frisch-grid CdZnTe (CZT) detectors with enhanced energy resolution have been proposed for spectroscopy and imaging of gamma-ray sources in different applications. The flexibility of the array design, which can employ CZT crystals with thicknesses up to several centimeters in the direction of electron drift, allows for integration into different kinds of field-portable instruments. These can include small hand-held devices, compact gamma cameras and large field-of-view imaging systems. In this work, we present results for a small linear array of such detectors optimized for the low-energy region, 50-400 keV gamma-rays, which is principally intended for incorporationmore » into hand-held instruments. There are many potential application areas for such instruments, including uranium enrichment measurements, storage monitoring, dosimetry and other safeguards-related tasks that can benefit from compactness and isotope-identification capability. The array described here provides a relatively large area with a minimum number of readout channels, which potentially allows the developers to avoid using an ASIC-based electronic readout by substituting it with hybrid preamplifiers followed by digitizers. The array prototype consists of six (5x5.7x25 mm3) CZT detectors positioned in a line facing the source to achieve a maximum exposure area (~10 cm2). Each detector is furnished with 5 mm-wide charge-sensing pads placed near the anode. The pad signals are converted into X-Y coordinates for each interaction event, which are combined with the cathode signals (for determining the Z coordinates) to give 3D positional information for all interaction points. This information is used to correct the response non-uniformity caused by material inhomogeneity, which therefore allows the usage of standard-grade (unselected) CZT crystals, while achieving high-resolution spectroscopic performance for the instrument. In this presentation we

  16. A GEM readout with radial zigzag strips and linear charge-sharing response

    DOE PAGES

    Zhang, Aiwu; Hohlmann, Marcus; Azmoun, Babak; ...

    2018-01-10

    Here, we study the position sensitivity of radial zigzag strips intended to read out large GEM detectors for tracking at future experiments. Zigzag strips can cover a readout area with fewer strips than regular straight strips while maintaining good spatial resolution. Consequently, they can reduce the number of required electronic channels and related cost for large-area GEM detector systems. A non-linear relation between incident particle position and hit position measured from charge sharing among zigzag strips was observed in a previous study. We significantly reduce this non-linearity by improving the interleaving of adjacent physical zigzag strips. Zigzag readout structures aremore » implemented on PCBs and on a flexible foil and are tested using a 10 cm × 10 cm triple-GEM detector scanned with a strongly collimated X-ray gun on a 2D motorized stage. Lastly, angular resolutions of 60–84 μrad are achieved with a 1.37 mrad angular strip pitch at a radius of 784 mm. On a linear scale this corresponds to resolutions below 100 μm.« less

  17. A GEM readout with radial zigzag strips and linear charge-sharing response

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Aiwu; Hohlmann, Marcus; Azmoun, Babak; Purschke, Martin L.; Woody, Craig

    2018-04-01

    We study the position sensitivity of radial zigzag strips intended to read out large GEM detectors for tracking at future experiments. Zigzag strips can cover a readout area with fewer strips than regular straight strips while maintaining good spatial resolution. Consequently, they can reduce the number of required electronic channels and related cost for large-area GEM detector systems. A non-linear relation between incident particle position and hit position measured from charge sharing among zigzag strips was observed in a previous study. We significantly reduce this non-linearity by improving the interleaving of adjacent physical zigzag strips. Zigzag readout structures are implemented on PCBs and on a flexible foil and are tested using a 10 cm × 10 cm triple-GEM detector scanned with a strongly collimated X-ray gun on a 2D motorized stage. Angular resolutions of 60-84 μrad are achieved with a 1.37 mrad angular strip pitch at a radius of 784 mm. On a linear scale this corresponds to resolutions below 100 μm.

  18. Negative Avalanche Feedback Detectors for Photon-Counting Optical Communications

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Farr, William H.

    2009-01-01

    Negative Avalanche Feedback photon counting detectors with near-infrared spectral sensitivity offer an alternative to conventional Geiger mode avalanche photodiode or phototube detectors for free space communications links at 1 and 1.55 microns. These devices demonstrate linear mode photon counting without requiring any external reset circuitry and may even be operated at room temperature. We have now characterized the detection efficiency, dark count rate, after-pulsing, and single photon jitter for three variants of this new detector class, as well as operated these uniquely simple to use devices in actual photon starved free space optical communications links.

  19. Reproducibility of CVD diamond detectors for radiotherapy dosimetry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Betzel, G. T.; Lansley, S. P.; McKay, D.; Meyer, J.

    2012-11-01

    Three in-house X-ray detectors based on diamond chemical vapor deposition (CVD) from the same manufactured batch of single crystal films were investigated for their reproducibility. Leakage current, priming dose, response dynamics, dose linearity, dependence on dose rate and angular dependence were used to evaluate differences between detectors. Slight differences were seen in leakage currents before (<1.5 pA) and after (<12 pA) irradiation. A priming dose of ˜7 Gy and rise and fall times of 2 s were found for all three detectors. Sensitivities differed by up to 10%. Dependence on dose rate were similar (∆=0.92-0.94). Angular dependence was minimal (97-102% avg.). Differences in detector performance appeared to be primarily due to film thickness, which can significantly change sensitivities (nC Gy-1) and applied fields (V μm-1) for detectors with small sensitive volumes. Results suggest that preselection of CVD diamond films according to thickness in addition to material quality would be required to avoid individual calibration, which is performed for commercially available natural diamond detectors.

  20. DEPFET pixel detector for future e-e+ experiments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Boronat, M.; DEPFET Collaboration

    2016-04-01

    The DEPFET Collaboration develops highly granular, ultra-thin pixel detectors for outstanding vertex reconstruction at future e+e- collider experiments. A DEPFET sensor provides, simultaneously, position sensitive detector capabilities and in-pixel amplification by the integration of a field effect transistor on a fully depleted silicon bulk. The characterization of the latest DEPFET prototypes has proven that a comfortable signal to noise ratio and excellent single point resolution can be achieved for a sensor thickness of 50 μm. A complete detector concept is being developed for the Belle II experiment at the new Japanese super flavor factory. The close to Belle related final auxiliary ASICs have been produced and found to operate a DEPFET pixel detector of the latest generation with the Belle II required read-out speed. DEPFET is not only the technology of choice for the Belle II vertex detector, but also a solid candidate for the International Linear Collider (ILC). Therefore, in this paper, the status of DEPFET R&D project is reviewed in the light of the requirements of the vertex detector at a future e+e- collider.

  1. Characterization and optimization for detector systems of IGRINS

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jeong, Ueejeong; Chun, Moo-Young; Oh, Jae Sok; Park, Chan; Yuk, In-Soo; Oh, Heeyoung; Kim, Kang-Min; Ko, Kyeong Yeon; Pavel, Michael D.; Yu, Young Sam; Jaffe, Daniel T.

    2014-07-01

    IGRINS (Immersion GRating INfrared Spectrometer) is a high resolution wide-band infrared spectrograph developed by the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) and the University of Texas at Austin (UT). This spectrograph has H-band and K-band science cameras and a slit viewing camera, all three of which use Teledyne's λc~2.5μm 2k×2k HgCdTe HAWAII-2RG CMOS detectors. The two spectrograph cameras employ science grade detectors, while the slit viewing camera includes an engineering grade detector. Teledyne's cryogenic SIDECAR ASIC boards and JADE2 USB interface cards were installed to control those detectors. We performed experiments to characterize and optimize the detector systems in the IGRINS cryostat. We present measurements and optimization of noise, dark current, and referencelevel stability obtained under dark conditions. We also discuss well depth, linearity and conversion gain measurements obtained using an external light source.

  2. Calorimetry at the International Linear Collider

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Repond, José

    2007-03-01

    The physics potential of the International Linear Collider depends critically on the jet energy resolution of its detector. Detector concepts are being developed which optimize the jet energy resolution, with the aim of achieving σjet=30%/√{Ejet}. Under the assumption that Particle Flow Algorithms (PFAs), which combine tracking and calorimeter information to reconstruct the energy of hadronic jets, can provide this unprecedented jet energy resolution, calorimeters with very fine granularity are being developed. After a brief introduction outlining the principles of PFAs, the current status of various calorimeter prototype construction projects and their plans for the next few years will be reviewed.

  3. Multispectral linear array visible and shortwave infrared sensors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tower, J. R.; Warren, F. B.; Pellon, L. E.; Strong, R.; Elabd, H.; Cope, A. D.; Hoffmann, D. M.; Kramer, W. M.; Longsderff, R. W.

    1984-08-01

    All-solid state pushbroom sensors for multispectral linear array (MLA) instruments to replace mechanical scanners used on LANDSAT satellites are introduced. A buttable, four-spectral-band, linear-format charge coupled device (CCD) and a buttable, two-spectral-band, linear-format, shortwave infrared CCD are described. These silicon integrated circuits may be butted end to end to provide multispectral focal planes with thousands of contiguous, in-line photosites. The visible CCD integrated circuit is organized as four linear arrays of 1024 pixels each. Each array views the scene in a different spectral window, resulting in a four-band sensor. The shortwave infrared (SWIR) sensor is organized as 2 linear arrays of 512 detectors each. Each linear array is optimized for performance at a different wavelength in the SWIR band.

  4. A new silicon detector telescope for measuring the linear energy transfer distribution over the range from 0.2 to 400 keV/micrometer in space.

    PubMed

    Doke, T; Hayashi, T; Hasebe, N; Kikuchi, J; Kono, S; Murakami, T; Sakaguchi, T; Takahashi, K; Takashima, T

    1996-12-01

    A new telescope consisting of three two-dimensional position-sensitive silicon detectors which can measure the linear energy transfer (LET) distribution over the range from 0.2 to 400keV/micrometers has been developed as a real-time radiation monitor in manned spacecraft. First, the principle of LET measurement and its design method are described. Second, suitable electronic parameters for the LET measurement are experimentally determined. Finally the telescope performance is investigated by using, relativistic heavy ions. The first in-flight test of this type of telescope on the US Space Shuttle (STS-84) is scheduled for May, 1997.

  5. Novel inter-crystal scattering event identification method for PET detectors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, Min Sun; Kang, Seung Kwan; Lee, Jae Sung

    2018-06-01

    Here, we propose a novel method to identify inter-crystal scattering (ICS) events from a PET detector that is even applicable to light-sharing designs. In the proposed method, the detector observation was considered as a linear problem and ICS events were identified by solving this problem. Two ICS identification methods were suggested for solving the linear problem, pseudoinverse matrix calculation and convex constrained optimization. The proposed method was evaluated based on simulation and experimental studies. For the simulation study, an 8  ×  8 photo sensor was coupled to 8  ×  8, 10  ×  10 and 12  ×  12 crystal arrays to simulate a one-to-one coupling and two light-sharing detectors, respectively. The identification rate, the rate that the identified ICS events correctly include the true first interaction position and the energy linearity were evaluated for the proposed ICS identification methods. For the experimental study, a digital silicon photomultiplier was coupled with 8  ×  8 and 10  ×  10 arrays of 3  ×  3  ×  20 mm3 LGSO crystals to construct the one-to-one coupling and light-sharing detectors, respectively. Intrinsic spatial resolutions were measured for two detector types. The proposed ICS identification methods were implemented, and intrinsic resolutions were compared with and without ICS recovery. As a result, the simulation study showed that the proposed convex optimization method yielded robust energy estimation and high ICS identification rates of 0.93 and 0.87 for the one-to-one and light-sharing detectors, respectively. The experimental study showed a resolution improvement after recovering the identified ICS events into the first interaction position. The average intrinsic spatial resolutions for the one-to-one and light-sharing detector were 1.95 and 2.25 mm in the FWHM without ICS recovery, respectively. These values improved to 1.72 and 1.83 mm after ICS

  6. Correction of complex nonlinear signal response from a pixel array detector

    PubMed Central

    van Driel, Tim Brandt; Herrmann, Sven; Carini, Gabriella; Nielsen, Martin Meedom; Lemke, Henrik Till

    2015-01-01

    The pulsed free-electron laser light sources represent a new challenge to photon area detectors due to the intrinsic spontaneous X-ray photon generation process that makes single-pulse detection necessary. Intensity fluctuations up to 100% between individual pulses lead to high linearity requirements in order to distinguish small signal changes. In real detectors, signal distortions as a function of the intensity distribution on the entire detector can occur. Here a robust method to correct this nonlinear response in an area detector is presented for the case of exposures to similar signals. The method is tested for the case of diffuse scattering from liquids where relevant sub-1% signal changes appear on the same order as artifacts induced by the detector electronics. PMID:25931072

  7. Correction of complex nonlinear signal response from a pixel array detector.

    PubMed

    van Driel, Tim Brandt; Herrmann, Sven; Carini, Gabriella; Nielsen, Martin Meedom; Lemke, Henrik Till

    2015-05-01

    The pulsed free-electron laser light sources represent a new challenge to photon area detectors due to the intrinsic spontaneous X-ray photon generation process that makes single-pulse detection necessary. Intensity fluctuations up to 100% between individual pulses lead to high linearity requirements in order to distinguish small signal changes. In real detectors, signal distortions as a function of the intensity distribution on the entire detector can occur. Here a robust method to correct this nonlinear response in an area detector is presented for the case of exposures to similar signals. The method is tested for the case of diffuse scattering from liquids where relevant sub-1% signal changes appear on the same order as artifacts induced by the detector electronics.

  8. Correction of complex nonlinear signal response from a pixel array detector

    DOE PAGES

    van Driel, Tim Brandt; Herrmann, Sven; Carini, Gabriella; ...

    2015-04-22

    The pulsed free-electron laser light sources represent a new challenge to photon area detectors due to the intrinsic spontaneous X-ray photon generation process that makes single-pulse detection necessary. Intensity fluctuations up to 100% between individual pulses lead to high linearity requirements in order to distinguish small signal changes. In real detectors, signal distortions as a function of the intensity distribution on the entire detector can occur. Here a robust method to correct this nonlinear response in an area detector is presented for the case of exposures to similar signals. The method is tested for the case of diffuse scattering frommore » liquids where relevant sub-1% signal changes appear on the same order as artifacts induced by the detector electronics.« less

  9. GARLIC: GAmma Reconstruction at a LInear Collider experiment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jeans, D.; Brient, J.-C.; Reinhard, M.

    2012-06-01

    The precise measurement of hadronic jet energy is crucial to maximise the physics reach of a future Linear Collider. An important ingredient required to achieve this is the efficient identification of photons within hadronic showers. One configuration of the ILD detector concept employs a highly granular silicon-tungsten sampling calorimeter to identify and measure photons, and the GARLIC algorithm described in this paper has been developed to identify photons in such a calorimeter. We describe the algorithm and characterise its performance using events fully simulated in a model of the ILD detector.

  10. Response regime studies on standard detectors for decay time determination in phosphor thermometry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Knappe, C.; Abou Nada, F.; Lindén, J.; Richter, M.; Aldén, M.

    2013-09-01

    This work compares the extent of linear response regimes from standard time-resolving optical detectors for phosphor thermometry. Different types of Photomultipliers (ordinary and time-gated) as well as an Avalanche Photodiode are tested and compared using the phosphorescent time decay of CdWO4 that ranges from 10 μs down to a few ns within a temperature span of 290 to 580 K. Effects originating from incipient detector saturation, far from obvious to the operator's eye, are revealed as a change in evaluated phosphorescence decay time. Since the decay time of thermographic phosphors itself is used for temperature determination - systematic temperature errors up to several tens of Kelvins may be introduced by such detector saturation. A detector mapping procedure is suggested in order to identify linear response regions where the decay-to-temperature evaluation can be performed unbiased. Generation of such a library is highly recommended prior to any quantitative measurement attempt. Using this detector library, even signals collected in the partly saturated regime can be corrected to their unbiased value extending the usable detector operating range significantly. Further, the use of an external current-to-voltage amplifier proved useful for most applications in time-based phosphor thermometry helping to limit saturation effects whilst maintaining a reasonable bandwidth and signal outputs.

  11. A bench-top megavoltage fan-beam CT using CdWO4-photodiode detectors. I. System description and detector characterization.

    PubMed

    Rathee, S; Tu, D; Monajemi, T T; Rickey, D W; Fallone, B G

    2006-04-01

    We describe the components of a bench-top megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) scanner that uses an 80-element detector array consisting of CdWO4 scintillators coupled to photodiodes. Each CdWO4 crystal is 2.75 x 8 x 10 mm3. The detailed design of the detector array, timing control, and multiplexer are presented. The detectors show a linear response to dose (dose rate was varied by changing the source to detector distance) with a correlation coefficient (R2) nearly unity with the standard deviation of signal at each dose being less than 0.25%. The attenuation of a 6 MV beam by solid water measured by this detector array indicates a small, yet significant spectral hardening that needs to be corrected before image reconstruction. The presampled modulation transfer function is strongly affected by the detector's large pitch and a large improvement can be obtained by reducing the detector pitch. The measured detective quantum efficiency at zero spatial frequency is 18.8% for 6 MV photons which will reduce the dose to the patient in MVCT applications. The detector shows a less than a 2% reduction in response for a dose of 24.5 Gy accumulated in 2 h; however, the lost response is recovered on the following day. A complete recovery can be assumed within the experimental uncertainty (standard deviation <0.5%); however, any smaller permanent damage could not be assessed.

  12. Cascaded systems analysis of photon counting detectors.

    PubMed

    Xu, J; Zbijewski, W; Gang, G; Stayman, J W; Taguchi, K; Lundqvist, M; Fredenberg, E; Carrino, J A; Siewerdsen, J H

    2014-10-01

    Photon counting detectors (PCDs) are an emerging technology with applications in spectral and low-dose radiographic and tomographic imaging. This paper develops an analytical model of PCD imaging performance, including the system gain, modulation transfer function (MTF), noise-power spectrum (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE). A cascaded systems analysis model describing the propagation of quanta through the imaging chain was developed. The model was validated in comparison to the physical performance of a silicon-strip PCD implemented on an experimental imaging bench. The signal response, MTF, and NPS were measured and compared to theory as a function of exposure conditions (70 kVp, 1-7 mA), detector threshold, and readout mode (i.e., the option for coincidence detection). The model sheds new light on the dependence of spatial resolution, charge sharing, and additive noise effects on threshold selection and was used to investigate the factors governing PCD performance, including the fundamental advantages and limitations of PCDs in comparison to energy-integrating detectors (EIDs) in the linear regime for which pulse pileup can be ignored. The detector exhibited highly linear mean signal response across the system operating range and agreed well with theoretical prediction, as did the system MTF and NPS. The DQE analyzed as a function of kilovolt (peak), exposure, detector threshold, and readout mode revealed important considerations for system optimization. The model also demonstrated the important implications of false counts from both additive electronic noise and charge sharing and highlighted the system design and operational parameters that most affect detector performance in the presence of such factors: for example, increasing the detector threshold from 0 to 100 (arbitrary units of pulse height threshold roughly equivalent to 0.5 and 6 keV energy threshold, respectively), increased the f50 (spatial-frequency at which the MTF falls to a value of

  13. Single-Photon-Sensitive HgCdTe Avalanche Photodiode Detector

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Huntington, Andrew

    2013-01-01

    The purpose of this program was to develop single-photon-sensitive short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) and mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) avalanche photodiode (APD) receivers based on linear-mode HgCdTe APDs, for application by NASA in light detection and ranging (lidar) sensors. Linear-mode photon-counting APDs are desired for lidar because they have a shorter pixel dead time than Geiger APDs, and can detect sequential pulse returns from multiple objects that are closely spaced in range. Linear-mode APDs can also measure photon number, which Geiger APDs cannot, adding an extra dimension to lidar scene data for multi-photon returns. High-gain APDs with low multiplication noise are required for efficient linear-mode detection of single photons because of APD gain statistics -- a low-excess-noise APD will generate detectible current pulses from single photon input at a much higher rate of occurrence than will a noisy APD operated at the same average gain. MWIR and LWIR electron-avalanche HgCdTe APDs have been shown to operate in linear mode at high average avalanche gain (M > 1000) without excess multiplication noise (F = 1), and are therefore very good candidates for linear-mode photon counting. However, detectors fashioned from these narrow-bandgap alloys require aggressive cooling to control thermal dark current. Wider-bandgap SWIR HgCdTe APDs were investigated in this program as a strategy to reduce detector cooling requirements.

  14. Comparison of photo detectors and operating conditions for decay time determination in phosphor thermometry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Knappe, C.; Nada, F. Abou; Richter, M.; Aldén, M.

    2012-09-01

    This work compares the extent of linear response regions from standard time-resolving optical detectors for phosphor thermometry. Different types of photomultipliers (ordinary and time-gated) as well as an avalanche photodiode were tested and compared using the phosphorescence decay time of cadmium tungstate (CdWO4). Effects originating from incipient detector saturation are revealed as a change in evaluated phosphorescence decay time, which was found to be a more sensitive measure for saturation than the conventional signal strength comparison between in- and output. Since the decay time of thermographic phosphors is used for temperature determination systematic temperature errors in the order of several tens of Kelvins may be introduced. Saturation from the initial intensity is isolated from temporally developed saturation by varying the CdWO4 decay time over the microsecond to nanosecond range, resultant of varying the temperature from 290 to 580 K. A detector mapping procedure is developed in order to identify linear response regions where the decay-to-temperature evaluations are unbiased. In addition, this mapping procedure generates a library of the degree of distortion for operating points outside of linear response regions. Signals collected in the partly saturated regime can thus be corrected to their unbiased value using this library, extending the usable detector operating range significantly.

  15. Small Angle X-Ray Scattering Detector

    DOEpatents

    Hessler, Jan P.

    2004-06-15

    A detector for time-resolved small-angle x-ray scattering includes a nearly constant diameter, evacuated linear tube having an end plate detector with a first fluorescent screen and concentric rings of first fiber optic bundles for low angle scattering detection and an annular detector having a second fluorescent screen and second fiber optic bundles concentrically disposed about the tube for higher angle scattering detection. With the scattering source, i.e., the specimen under investigation, located outside of the evacuated tube on the tube's longitudinal axis, scattered x-rays are detected by the fiber optic bundles, to each of which is coupled a respective photodetector, to provide a measurement resolution, i.e., dq/q, where q is the momentum transferred from an incident x-ray to an x-ray scattering specimen, of 2% over two (2) orders of magnitude in reciprocal space, i.e., q.sub.max /q.sub.min.congruent.100.

  16. BTDI detector technology for reconnaissance application

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hilbert, Stefan; Eckardt, Andreas; Krutz, David

    2017-11-01

    The Institute of Optical Sensor Systems (OS) at the Robotics and Mechatronics Center of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) has more than 30 years of experience with high-resolution imaging technology. This paper shows the institute's scientific results of the leading-edge detector design in a BTDI (Bidirectional Time Delay and Integration) architecture. This project demonstrates an approved technological design for high or multi-spectral resolution spaceborne instruments. DLR OS and BAE Systems were driving the technology of new detectors and the FPA design for future projects, new manufacturing accuracy in order to keep pace with ambitious scientific and user requirements. Resulting from customer requirements and available technologies the current generation of space borne sensor systems is focusing on VIS/NIR high spectral resolution to meet the requirements on earth and planetary observation systems. The combination of large swath and high-spectral resolution with intelligent control applications and new focal plane concepts opens the door to new remote sensing and smart deep space instruments. The paper gives an overview of the detector development and verification program at DLR on detector module level and key parameters like SNR, linearity, spectral response, quantum efficiency, PRNU, DSNU and MTF.

  17. Performance evaluation of a modular detector unit for X-ray computed tomography.

    PubMed

    Guo, Zhe; Tang, Zhiwei; Wang, Xinzeng; Deng, Mingliang; Hu, Guangshu; Zhang, Hui

    2013-04-18

    A research prototype CT scanner is currently under development in our lab. One of the key components in this project is the CT detector. This paper describes the design and performance evaluation of the modular CT detector unit for our proposed scanner. It consists of a Photodiode Array Assembly which captures irradiating X-ray photons and converts the energy into electrical current, and a mini Data Acquisition System which performs current integration and converts the analog signal into digital samples. The detector unit can be easily tiled together to form a CT detector. Experiments were conducted to characterize the detector performance both at the single unit level and system level. The noise level, linearity and uniformity of the proposed detector unit were reported and initial imaging studies were also presented which demonstrated the potential application of the proposed detector unit in actual CT scanners.

  18. Wide angle sun sensor. [consisting of cylinder, insulation and pair of detectors

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Schumacher, L. L. (Inventor)

    1975-01-01

    A single-axis sun sensor consists of a cylinder of an insulating material on which at least one pair of detectors is deposited on a circumference of the cylinder, was disclosed. At any time only one-half of the cylinder is illuminated so that the total resistance of the two detectors is a constant. Due to the round surface on which the detectors are deposited, the sensor exhibits a linear wide angle of + or - 50 deg to within an accuracy of about 2%. By depositing several pairs of detectors on adjacent circumferences, sufficient redundancy is realized to provide high reliability. A two-axis sensor is provided by depositing detectors on the surface of a sphere along at least two orthogonal great circles.

  19. Detector signal correction method and system

    DOEpatents

    Carangelo, Robert M.; Duran, Andrew J.; Kudman, Irwin

    1995-07-11

    Corrective factors are applied so as to remove anomalous features from the signal generated by a photoconductive detector, and to thereby render the output signal highly linear with respect to the energy of incident, time-varying radiation. The corrective factors may be applied through the use of either digital electronic data processing means or analog circuitry, or through a combination of those effects.

  20. Coaxial CVD diamond detector for neutron diagnostics at ShenGuang III laser facility.

    PubMed

    Yu, Bo; Liu, Shenye; Chen, Zhongjing; Huang, Tianxuan; Jiang, Wei; Chen, Bolun; Pu, Yudong; Yan, Ji; Zhang, Xing; Song, Zifeng; Tang, Qi; Hou, Lifei; Ding, Yongkun; Zheng, Jian

    2017-06-01

    A coaxial, high performance diamond detector has been developed for neutron diagnostics of inertial confinement fusion at ShenGuangIII laser facility. A Φ10 mm × 1 mm "optical grade" chemical-vapor deposition diamond wafer is assembled in coaxial-designing housing, and the signal is linked to a SubMiniature A connector by the cathode cone. The coaxial diamond detector performs excellently for neutron measurement with the full width at half maximum of response time to be 444 ps for a 50 Ω measurement system. The average sensitivity is 0.677 μV ns/n for 14 MeV (DT fusion) neutrons at an electric field of 1000 V/mm, and the linear dynamic range is beyond three orders of magnitude. The ion temperature results fluctuate widely from the neutron time-of-flight scintillator detector results because of the short flight length. These characteristics of small size, large linear dynamic range, and insensitive to x-ray make the diamond detector suitable to measure the neutron yield, ion temperature, and neutron emission time.

  1. High-performance linear arrays of YBa2Cu3O7 superconducting infrared microbolometers on silicon

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Johnson, Burgess R.; Foote, Marc C.; Marsh, Holly A.

    1995-06-01

    Single detectors and linear arrays of microbolometers utilizing the superconducting transition edge of YBa(subscript 2)Cu(subscript 3)O(subscript 7) have been fabricated by micromachining on silicon wafers. A D* of 8 +/- 2 X 10(superscript 9) cm Hz(superscript 1/2)/watt has been measured on a single detector. This is the highest D* reported on any superconducting microbolometer operating at temperatures higher than about 70 K. The NEP of this device was 1.5 X 10(superscript -12) watts/Hz(superscript HLF) at 2 Hz, at a temperature of 80.7 K. The thermal time constant was 105 msec, and the detector area was 140 micrometers X 105 micrometers . The use of batch silicon processing makes fabrication of linear arrays of these detectors relatively straightforward. The measured responsivity of detectors in one such array varied by less than 20% over the 6 mm length of the 64-element linear array. This measurement shows that good uniformity can be achieved at a single operating temperature in a superconductor microbolometer array, even when the superconducting resistive transition is a sharp function of temperature. The thermal detection mechanism of these devices gives them broadband response. This makes them especially useful at long wavelengths (e.g. (lambda) > 20 micrometers ), where they provide very high sensitivity at relatively high operating temperatures.

  2. High-performance IR detector modules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wendler, Joachim; Cabanski, Wolfgang; Rühlich, Ingo; Ziegler, Johann

    2004-02-01

    The 3rd generation of infrared (IR) detection modules is expected to provide higher video resolution, advanced functions like multi band or multi color capability, higher frame rates, and better thermal resolution. AIM has developed staring and linear high performance focal plane arrays (FPA) integrated into detector/dewar cooler assemblies (IDCA). Linear FPA"s support high resolution formats such as 1920 x 1152 (HDTV), 1280 x 960, or 1536 x 1152. Standard format for staring FPA"s is 640 x 512. In this configuration, QEIP devices sensitive in the 8 10 µm band as well as MCT devices sensitive in the 3.4 5.0 µm band are available. A 256 x 256 high speed detection module allows a full frame rate >800 Hz. Especially usability of long wavelength devices in high performance FLIR systems does not only depend on the classical electrooptical performance parameters such as NEDT, detectivity, and response homogeneity, but are mainly characterized by the stability of the correction coefficients used for image correction. The FPA"s are available in suited integrated detector/dewar cooler assemblies. The linear cooling engines are designed for maximum stability of the focal plane temperature, low operating temperatures down to 60K, high MTTF lifetimes of 6000h and above even under high ambient temperature conditions. The IDCA"s are equipped with AIM standard or custom specific command and control electronics (CCE) providing a well defined interface to the system electronics. Video output signals are provided as 14 bit digital data rates up to 80 MHz for the high speed devices.

  3. On the use of Lineal Energy Measurements to Estimate Linear Energy Transfer Spectra

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Adams, David A.; Howell, Leonard W., Jr.; Adam, James H., Jr.

    2007-01-01

    This paper examines the error resulting from using a lineal energy spectrum to represent a linear energy transfer spectrum for applications in the space radiation environment. Lineal energy and linear energy transfer spectra are compared in three diverse but typical space radiation environments. Different detector geometries are also studied to determine how they affect the error. LET spectra are typically used to compute dose equivalent for radiation hazard estimation and single event effect rates to estimate radiation effects on electronics. The errors in the estimations of dose equivalent and single event rates that result from substituting lineal energy spectra for linear energy spectra are examined. It is found that this substitution has little effect on dose equivalent estimates in interplanetary quiet-time environment regardless of detector shape. The substitution has more of an effect when the environment is dominated by solar energetic particles or trapped radiation, but even then the errors are minor especially if a spherical detector is used. For single event estimation, the effect of the substitution can be large if the threshold for the single event effect is near where the linear energy spectrum drops suddenly. It is judged that single event rate estimates made from lineal energy spectra are unreliable and the use of lineal energy spectra for single event rate estimation should be avoided.

  4. Measurement Of Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) Detector Characteristics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Park, Seongtae; Baldelomar, Edwin; Park, Kwangjune; Sosebee, Mark; White, Andy; Yu, Jaehoon

    2011-06-01

    The High Energy Physics group of the University of Texas at Arlington has been developing gas electron multiplier detectors to use them as sensitive gap detectors in digital hadron calorimeters for the International Linear Collider, a future high energy particle accelerator. For this purpose, we constructed numerous GEM detectors that employ double GEM layers. In this study, two kinds of prototype GEM detectors were tested; one with 28×28 cm2 active area double GEM structure with a 3 mm drift gap, a 1 mm transfer gap and a 1 mm induction gap and the other with two 3×3 cm2 GEM foils in the amplifier stage with a 5 mm drift gap, a 2 mm transfer gap and a 1 mm induction gap. The detectors' characteristics from exposure to high-energy charged particles and other radiations were measured using cosmic rays and 55Fe radioactive source. From the 55Fe tests, we observed two well separated characteristic X-ray emission peaks and confirmed the detectors' functionality. We also measured chamber gains to be over 6000 at a high voltage of 395 V across each GEM electrode. The responses to cosmic rays show the spectra that fit well to Landau distributions as expected from minimum ionizing particles.

  5. Detector with internal gain for short-wave infrared ranging applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fathipour, Vala; Mohseni, Hooman

    2017-09-01

    Abstarct.Highly sensitive photon <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are regarded as the key enabling elements in many applications. Due to the low photon energy at the short-wave infrared (SWIR), photon detection and imaging at this band are very challenging. As such, many efforts in photon <span class="hlt">detector</span> research are directed toward improving the performance of the photon <span class="hlt">detectors</span> operating in this wavelength range. To solve these problems, we have developed an electron-injection (EI) technique. The significance of this detection mechanism is that it can provide both high efficiency and high sensitivity at room temperature, a condition that is very difficult to achieve in conventional SWIR <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. An EI <span class="hlt">detector</span> offers an overall system-level sensitivity enhancement due to a feedback stabilized internal avalanche-free gain. Devices exhibit an excess noise of unity, operate in <span class="hlt">linear</span> mode, require bias voltage of a few volts, and have a cutoff wavelength of 1700 nm. We review the material system, operating principle, and development of EI <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The shortcomings of the first-generation devices were addressed in the second-generation <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Measurement on second-generation devices showed a high-speed response of ˜6 ns rise time, low jitter of less than 20 ps, high amplification of more than 2000 (at optical power levels larger than a few nW), unity excess noise factor, and low leakage current (amplified dark current ˜10 nA at a bias voltage of -3 V and at room temperature. These characteristics make EI <span class="hlt">detectors</span> a good candidate for high-resolution flash light detection and ranging (LiDAR) applications with millimeter scale depth resolution at longer ranges compared with conventional p-i-n diodes. Based on our experimentally measured device characteristics, we compare the performance of the EI <span class="hlt">detector</span> with commercially available <span class="hlt">linear</span> mode InGaAs avalanche photodiode (APD) as well as a p-i-n diode using a theoretical model. Flash LiDAR images obtained by our model show that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4281040','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4281040"><span>Cascaded systems analysis of photon counting <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Xu, J.; Zbijewski, W.; Gang, G.; Stayman, J. W.; Taguchi, K.; Lundqvist, M.; Fredenberg, E.; Carrino, J. A.; Siewerdsen, J. H.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Purpose: Photon counting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (PCDs) are an emerging technology with applications in spectral and low-dose radiographic and tomographic imaging. This paper develops an analytical model of PCD imaging performance, including the system gain, modulation transfer function (MTF), noise-power spectrum (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE). Methods: A cascaded systems analysis model describing the propagation of quanta through the imaging chain was developed. The model was validated in comparison to the physical performance of a silicon-strip PCD implemented on an experimental imaging bench. The signal response, MTF, and NPS were measured and compared to theory as a function of exposure conditions (70 kVp, 1–7 mA), <span class="hlt">detector</span> threshold, and readout mode (i.e., the option for coincidence detection). The model sheds new light on the dependence of spatial resolution, charge sharing, and additive noise effects on threshold selection and was used to investigate the factors governing PCD performance, including the fundamental advantages and limitations of PCDs in comparison to energy-integrating <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (EIDs) in the <span class="hlt">linear</span> regime for which pulse pileup can be ignored. Results: The <span class="hlt">detector</span> exhibited highly <span class="hlt">linear</span> mean signal response across the system operating range and agreed well with theoretical prediction, as did the system MTF and NPS. The DQE analyzed as a function of kilovolt (peak), exposure, <span class="hlt">detector</span> threshold, and readout mode revealed important considerations for system optimization. The model also demonstrated the important implications of false counts from both additive electronic noise and charge sharing and highlighted the system design and operational parameters that most affect <span class="hlt">detector</span> performance in the presence of such factors: for example, increasing the <span class="hlt">detector</span> threshold from 0 to 100 (arbitrary units of pulse height threshold roughly equivalent to 0.5 and 6 keV energy threshold, respectively), increased the f50 (spatial-frequency at</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27929510','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27929510"><span>Deriving <span class="hlt">detector</span>-specific correction factors for rectangular small fields using a scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Qin, Yujiao; Zhong, Hualiang; Wen, Ning; Snyder, Karen; Huang, Yimei; Chetty, Indrin J</p> <p>2016-11-08</p> <p>The goal of this study was to investigate small field output factors (OFs) for flat-tening filter-free (FFF) beams on a dedicated stereotactic <span class="hlt">linear</span> accelerator-based system. From this data, the collimator exchange effect was quantified, and <span class="hlt">detector</span>-specific correction factors were generated. Output factors for 16 jaw-collimated small fields (from 0.5 to 2 cm) were measured using five different <span class="hlt">detectors</span> including an ion chamber (CC01), a stereotactic field diode (SFD), a diode <span class="hlt">detector</span> (Edge), Gafchromic film (EBT3), and a plastic scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> (PSD, W1). Chamber, diodes, and PSD measurements were performed in a Wellhofer water tank, while films were irradiated in solid water at 100 cm source-to-surface distance and 10 cm depth. The collimator exchange effect was quantified for rectangular fields. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of the measured configurations were also performed using the EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc code. Output factors measured by the PSD and verified against film and MC calculations were chosen as the benchmark measurements. Compared with plastic scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> (PSD), the small volume ion chamber (CC01) underestimated output factors by an average of -1.0% ± 4.9% (max. = -11.7% for 0.5 × 0.5 cm2 square field). The stereotactic diode (SFD) overestimated output factors by 2.5% ± 0.4% (max. = 3.3% for 0.5 × 1 cm2 rectangular field). The other diode <span class="hlt">detector</span> (Edge) also overestimated the OFs by an average of 4.2% ± 0.9% (max. = 6.0% for 1 × 1 cm2 square field). Gafchromic film (EBT3) measure-ments and MC calculations agreed with the scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> measurements within 0.6% ± 1.8% and 1.2% ± 1.5%, respectively. Across all the X and Y jaw combinations, the average collimator exchange effect was computed: 1.4% ± 1.1% (CC01), 5.8% ± 5.4% (SFD), 5.1% ± 4.8% (Edge diode), 3.5% ± 5.0% (Monte Carlo), 3.8% ± 4.7% (film), and 5.5% ± 5.1% (PSD). Small field <span class="hlt">detectors</span> should be used with caution with a clear understanding of their</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27171681','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27171681"><span>Polyethylene Naphthalate Scintillator: A Novel <span class="hlt">Detector</span> for the Dosimetry of Radioactive Ophthalmic Applicators.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Flühs, Dirk; Flühs, Andrea; Ebenau, Melanie; Eichmann, Marion</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>Dosimetric measurements in small radiation fields with large gradients, such as eye plaque dosimetry with β or low-energy photon emitters, require dosimetrically almost water-equivalent <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with volumes of <1 mm(3) and <span class="hlt">linear</span> responses over several orders of magnitude. Polyvinyltoluene-based scintillators fulfil these conditions. Hence, they are a standard for such applications. However, they show disadvantages with regard to certain material properties and their dosimetric behaviour towards low-energy photons. Polyethylene naphthalate, recently recognized as a scintillator, offers chemical, physical and basic dosimetric properties superior to polyvinyltoluene. Its general applicability as a clinical dosimeter, however, has not been shown yet. To prove this applicability, extensive measurements at several clinical photon and electron radiation sources, ranging from ophthalmic plaques to a <span class="hlt">linear</span> accelerator, were performed. For all radiation qualities under investigation, covering a wide range of dose rates, a <span class="hlt">linearity</span> of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response to the dose was shown. Polyethylene naphthalate proved to be a suitable <span class="hlt">detector</span> material for the dosimetry of ophthalmic plaques, including low-energy photon emitters and other small radiation fields. Due to superior properties, it has the potential to replace polyvinyltoluene as the standard scintillator for such applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29426534','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29426534"><span>Multiple-channel ultra-violet absorbance <span class="hlt">detector</span> for two-dimensional chromatographic separations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lynch, Kyle B; Yang, Yu; Ren, Jiangtao; Liu, Shaorong</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>In recent years, much research has gone into developing online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatographic systems allowing for high peak capacities in comparable separation times to that of one-dimensional liquid chromatographic systems. However, the speed requirements in the second dimension (2nd-D) still remain one challenge for complex biological samples due to the current configuration of two column/two <span class="hlt">detector</span> systems. Utilization of multiple 2nd-D columns can mitigate this challenge. To adapt this approach, we need a multiple channel <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Here we develop a versatile multichannel ultraviolet (UV) light absorbance <span class="hlt">detector</span> that is capable of simultaneously monitoring separations in 12 columns. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> consists of a deuterium lighthouse, a flow cell assembly (a 13-channel flow cell fitted with a 13-photodiode-detection system), and a data acquisition and monitoring terminal. Through the use of a custom high optical quality furcated fiber to improve light transmission, precise machining of a flow cell to reduce background stray light through precision alignment, and sensitive electronic circuitry to reduce electronic noise through an active low pass filter, the background noise level is measured in the tens of µAU. We obtain a <span class="hlt">linear</span> dynamic range of close to three orders of magnitude. Compared to a commercialized multichannel UV light absorbance <span class="hlt">detector</span> like the Waters 2488 UV/Vis, our device provides an increase in channel detection while residing within the same noise region and <span class="hlt">linear</span> range. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/87768','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/87768"><span><span class="hlt">Detector</span> signal correction method and system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Carangelo, R.M.; Duran, A.J.; Kudman, I.</p> <p>1995-07-11</p> <p>Corrective factors are applied so as to remove anomalous features from the signal generated by a photoconductive <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and to thereby render the output signal highly <span class="hlt">linear</span> with respect to the energy of incident, time-varying radiation. The corrective factors may be applied through the use of either digital electronic data processing means or analog circuitry, or through a combination of those effects. 5 figs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880004947','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880004947"><span>Visible and infrared <span class="hlt">linear</span> <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays for the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bailey, Gary C.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) instrument uses four separate focal plane assemblies consisting of line array <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that are multiplexed to a common J-FET preamp using a FET switch multiplexing (MUX) technique. A 32-element silicon line array covers the spectral range from 0.41 to 0.70 microns. Three additional 64-element indium antimonide (InSb) line arrays cover the spectral range from 0.68 to 2.45 microns. The spectral sampling interval per <span class="hlt">detector</span> element is nominally 9.8 nm, giving a total of 224 spectral channels. All focal planes operate at liquid nitrogen temperature and are housed in separate dewars. Electrical performance characteristics include a read noise of less than 1000 e(-) in all channels, response and dark nonuniformity of 5 percent peak to peak, and quantum efficiency of greater than 60 percent.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007OERv...15..215J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007OERv...15..215J"><span>Numerical analysis of three-colour HgCdTe <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jóźwikowski, K.; Rogalski, A.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>The performance of three-colour HgCdTe photovoltaic heterostructure <span class="hlt">detector</span> is examined theoretically. In comparison with two-colour <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with two back-to-back junctions, three-colour structure contains an absorber of intermediate wavelength placed between two junctions and electronic barriers are used to isolate this intermediate region. This structure was first proposed by British workers. Three-<span class="hlt">detector</span> structures with different localizations of separating barriers are analyzed. The calculation results are presented in the form of spatial distributions of bandgap energy and quantum efficiency. Enhanced original computer programs are applied to solve the system of non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> continuity equations for carriers and Poisson equations. In addition, the numerical analysis includes the dependence of absorption coefficient on Burstein effect as well as interference effects in heterostructure with metallic electrical contacts. It is shown that the performance of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> is critically dependent on the barrier’s doping level and position in relation to the junction. This behaviour is serious disadvantage of the considered three-colour <span class="hlt">detector</span>. A small shift of the barrier location and doping level causes serious changes in spectral responsivity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PMB....60.7069S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PMB....60.7069S"><span>Monte Carlo study of microdosimetric diamond <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Solevi, Paola; Magrin, Giulio; Moro, Davide; Mayer, Ramona</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>Ion-beam therapy provides a high dose conformity and increased radiobiological effectiveness with respect to conventional radiation-therapy. Strict constraints on the maximum uncertainty on the biological weighted dose and consequently on the biological weighting factor require the determination of the radiation quality, defined as the types and energy spectra of the radiation at a specific point. However the experimental determination of radiation quality, in particular for an internal target, is not simple and the features of ion interactions and treatment delivery require dedicated and optimized <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Recently chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have been suggested as ion-beam therapy microdosimeters. Diamond <span class="hlt">detectors</span> can be manufactured with small cross sections and thin shapes, ideal to cope with the high fluence rate. However the sensitive volume of solid state <span class="hlt">detectors</span> significantly deviates from conventional microdosimeters, with a diameter that can be up to 1000 times the height. This difference requires a redefinition of the concept of sensitive thickness and a deep study of the secondary to primary radiation, of the wall effects and of the impact of the orientation of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> with respect to the radiation field. The present work intends to study through Monte Carlo simulations the impact of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> geometry on the determination of radiation quality quantities, in particular on the relative contribution of primary and secondary radiation. The dependence of microdosimetric quantities such as the unrestricted <span class="hlt">linear</span> energy L and the lineal energy y are investigated for different <span class="hlt">detector</span> cross sections, by varying the particle type (carbon ions and protons) and its energy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AcSpe..57..189Q','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AcSpe..57..189Q"><span>Simultaneous determination of chlorinated organic compounds from environmental samples using gas chromatography coupled with a micro electron capture <span class="hlt">detector</span> and micro-plasma atomic emission <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Quan, Xie; Chen, Shuo; Platzer, Bernhard; Chen, Jingwen; Gfrerer, Marion</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Water and sediment samples were screened simultaneously for the presence of polychlorinated organic compounds using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with an micro electron capture <span class="hlt">detector</span> (μ-ECD) and a newly developed helium plasma based on a micro-atomic emission <span class="hlt">detector</span> (μ-AED). The GC column effluent was split 15:85 between two <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. In this way, two chromatograms, one obtained by μ-ECD and another by μ-AED, were recorded simultaneously. α-, β-hexachlorocyclohexane and p, p'-DDE were detected. RSDs of the monitoring results from the two detection methods were <20% for the three compounds. A detection limit of 8.5 pg and at least 3 orders of magnitude of <span class="hlt">linear</span> range for μ-AED was observed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060042172&hterms=Mahoney&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DMahoney','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060042172&hterms=Mahoney&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DMahoney"><span>High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Imaging Measurements Using Externally Segmented Germanium <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Callas, J.; Mahoney, W.; Skelton, R.; Varnell, L.; Wheaton, W.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Fully two-dimensional gamma-ray imaging with simultaneous high-resolution spectroscopy has been demonstrated using an externally segmented germanium sensor. The system employs a single high-purity coaxial <span class="hlt">detector</span> with its outer electrode segmented into 5 distinct charge collection regions and a lead coded aperture with a uniformly redundant array (URA) pattern. A series of one-dimensional responses was collected around 511 keV while the system was rotated in steps through 180 degrees. A non-negative, <span class="hlt">linear</span> least-squares algorithm was then employed to reconstruct a 2-dimensional image. Corrections for multiple scattering in the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and the finite distance of source and <span class="hlt">detector</span> are made in the reconstruction process.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810063486&hterms=satellite+radiation+damage&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dsatellite*%2Bradiation%2Bdamage','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810063486&hterms=satellite+radiation+damage&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dsatellite*%2Bradiation%2Bdamage"><span>Radiation damage of the HEAO C-1 germanium <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mahoney, W. A.; Ling, J. C.; Jacobson, A. S.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>The effects of radiation damage from proton bombardment of the four HEAO C-1 high purity germanium <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have been measured and compared to predictions. Because of the presence of numerous gamma-ray lines in the <span class="hlt">detector</span> background spectra and because of the relatively long exposure time of the HEAO 3 satellite to cosmic-ray and trapped protons, it has been possible to measure both the energy and time dependence of radiation damage. After 100 d in orbit, each of the four <span class="hlt">detectors</span> has been exposed to approximately 3 x 10 to the 7th protons/sq cm, and the average energy resolution at 1460 keV had degraded from 3.2 keV fwhm to 8.6 keV fwhm. The lines were all broadened to the low energy side although the line profile was different for each of the four <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The damage-related contribution to the degradation in energy resolution was found to be <span class="hlt">linear</span> in energy and proton influence.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22413561-characterization-moskin-detector-vivo-skin-dose-measurements-during-interventional-radiology-procedures','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22413561-characterization-moskin-detector-vivo-skin-dose-measurements-during-interventional-radiology-procedures"><span>Characterization of a MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> for in vivo skin dose measurements during interventional radiology procedures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Safari, M. J.; Wong, J. H. D.; Ng, K. H., E-mail: ngkh@um.edu.my</p> <p>2015-05-15</p> <p>Purpose: The MOSkin is a MOSFET <span class="hlt">detector</span> designed especially for skin dose measurements. This <span class="hlt">detector</span> has been characterized for various factors affecting its response for megavoltage photon beams and has been used for patient dose measurements during radiotherapy procedures. However, the characteristics of this <span class="hlt">detector</span> in kilovoltage photon beams and low dose ranges have not been studied. The purpose of this study was to characterize the MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> to determine its suitability for in vivo entrance skin dose measurements during interventional radiology procedures. Methods: The calibration and reproducibility of the MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> and its dependency on different radiation beam qualitiesmore » were carried out using RQR standard radiation qualities in free-in-air geometry. Studies of the other characterization parameters, such as the dose <span class="hlt">linearity</span> and dependency on exposure angle, field size, frame rate, depth-dose, and source-to-surface distance (SSD), were carried out using a solid water phantom under a clinical x-ray unit. Results: The MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> showed good reproducibility (94%) and dose <span class="hlt">linearity</span> (99%) for the dose range of 2 to 213 cGy. The sensitivity did not significantly change with the variation of SSD (±1%), field size (±1%), frame rate (±3%), or beam energy (±5%). The <span class="hlt">detector</span> angular dependence was within ±5% over 360° and the dose recorded by the MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> in different depths of a solid water phantom was in good agreement with the Markus parallel plate ionization chamber to within ±3%. Conclusions: The MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> proved to be reliable when exposed to different field sizes, SSDs, depths in solid water, dose rates, frame rates, and radiation incident angles within a clinical x-ray beam. The MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> with water equivalent depth equal to 0.07 mm is a suitable <span class="hlt">detector</span> for in vivo skin dosimetry during interventional radiology procedures.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25979047','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25979047"><span>Characterization of a MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> for in vivo skin dose measurements during interventional radiology procedures.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Safari, M J; Wong, J H D; Ng, K H; Jong, W L; Cutajar, D L; Rosenfeld, A B</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>The MOSkin is a MOSFET <span class="hlt">detector</span> designed especially for skin dose measurements. This <span class="hlt">detector</span> has been characterized for various factors affecting its response for megavoltage photon beams and has been used for patient dose measurements during radiotherapy procedures. However, the characteristics of this <span class="hlt">detector</span> in kilovoltage photon beams and low dose ranges have not been studied. The purpose of this study was to characterize the MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> to determine its suitability for in vivo entrance skin dose measurements during interventional radiology procedures. The calibration and reproducibility of the MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> and its dependency on different radiation beam qualities were carried out using RQR standard radiation qualities in free-in-air geometry. Studies of the other characterization parameters, such as the dose <span class="hlt">linearity</span> and dependency on exposure angle, field size, frame rate, depth-dose, and source-to-surface distance (SSD), were carried out using a solid water phantom under a clinical x-ray unit. The MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> showed good reproducibility (94%) and dose <span class="hlt">linearity</span> (99%) for the dose range of 2 to 213 cGy. The sensitivity did not significantly change with the variation of SSD (± 1%), field size (± 1%), frame rate (± 3%), or beam energy (± 5%). The <span class="hlt">detector</span> angular dependence was within ± 5% over 360° and the dose recorded by the MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> in different depths of a solid water phantom was in good agreement with the Markus parallel plate ionization chamber to within ± 3%. The MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> proved to be reliable when exposed to different field sizes, SSDs, depths in solid water, dose rates, frame rates, and radiation incident angles within a clinical x-ray beam. The MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> with water equivalent depth equal to 0.07 mm is a suitable <span class="hlt">detector</span> for in vivo skin dosimetry during interventional radiology procedures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863537','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863537"><span>Precision envelope <span class="hlt">detector</span> and <span class="hlt">linear</span> rectifier circuitry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Davis, Thomas J.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>Disclosed is a method and apparatus for the precise <span class="hlt">linear</span> rectification and envelope detection of oscillatory signals. The signal is applied to a voltage-to-current converter which supplies current to a constant current sink. The connection between the converter and the sink is also applied through a diode and an output load resistor to a ground connection. The connection is also connected to ground through a second diode of opposite polarity from the diode in series with the load resistor. Very small amplitude voltage signals applied to the converter will cause a small change in the output current of the converter, and the difference between the output current and the constant current sink will be applied either directly to ground through the single diode, or across the output load resistor, dependent upon the polarity. Disclosed also is a full-wave rectifier utilizing constant current sinks and voltage-to-current converters. Additionally, disclosed is a combination of the voltage-to-current converters with differential integrated circuit preamplifiers to boost the initial signal amplitude, and with low pass filtering applied so as to obtain a video or signal envelope output.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983MsT..........2J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983MsT..........2J"><span>A recursive <span class="hlt">linear</span> predictive vocoder</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Janssen, W. A.</p> <p>1983-12-01</p> <p>A non-real time 10 pole recursive autocorrelation <span class="hlt">linear</span> predictive coding vocoder was created for use in studying effects of recursive autocorrelation on speech. The vocoder is composed of two interchangeable pitch <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, a speech analyzer, and speech synthesizer. The time between updating filter coefficients is allowed to vary from .125 msec to 20 msec. The best quality was found using .125 msec between each update. The greatest change in quality was noted when changing from 20 msec/update to 10 msec/update. Pitch period plots for the center clipping autocorrelation pitch <span class="hlt">detector</span> and simplified inverse filtering technique are provided. Plots of speech into and out of the vocoder are given. Formant versus time three dimensional plots are shown. Effects of noise on pitch detection and formants are shown. Noise effects the voiced/unvoiced decision process causing voiced speech to be re-constructed as unvoiced.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPA.893...26K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPA.893...26K"><span>Energy dependent features of X-ray signals in a GridPix <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Krieger, C.; Kaminski, J.; Vafeiadis, T.; Desch, K.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>We report on the calibration of an argon/isobutane (97.7%/2.3%)-filled GridPix <span class="hlt">detector</span> with soft X-rays (277 eV to 8 keV) using the variable energy X-ray source of the CAST <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Lab at CERN. We study the <span class="hlt">linearity</span> and energy resolution of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> using both the number of pixels hit and the total measured charge as energy measures. For the latter, the energy resolution σE / E is better than 10% (20%) for energies above 2 keV (0.5 keV). Several characteristics of the recorded events are studied.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPA.808..109S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPA.808..109S"><span>LCFIPlus: A framework for jet analysis in <span class="hlt">linear</span> collider studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Suehara, Taikan; Tanabe, Tomohiko</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>We report on the progress in flavor identification tools developed for a future e+e- <span class="hlt">linear</span> collider such as the International <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider (ILC) and Compact <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider (CLIC). Building on the work carried out by the LCFIVertex collaboration, we employ new strategies in vertex finding and jet finding, and introduce new discriminating variables for jet flavor identification. We present the performance of the new algorithms in the conditions simulated using a <span class="hlt">detector</span> concept designed for the ILC. The algorithms have been successfully used in ILC physics simulation studies, such as those presented in the ILC Technical Design Report.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22095229-singular-value-description-digital-radiographic-detector-theory-measurements','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22095229-singular-value-description-digital-radiographic-detector-theory-measurements"><span>Singular value description of a digital radiographic <span class="hlt">detector</span>: Theory and measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kyprianou, Iacovos S.; Badano, Aldo; Gallas, Brandon D.</p> <p></p> <p>The H operator represents the deterministic performance of any imaging system. For a <span class="hlt">linear</span>, digital imaging system, this system operator can be written in terms of a matrix, H, that describes the deterministic response of the system to a set of point objects. A singular value decomposition of this matrix results in a set of orthogonal functions (singular vectors) that form the system basis. A <span class="hlt">linear</span> combination of these vectors completely describes the transfer of objects through the <span class="hlt">linear</span> system, where the respective singular values associated with each singular vector describe the magnitude with which that contribution to the objectmore » is transferred through the system. This paper is focused on the measurement, analysis, and interpretation of the H matrix for digital x-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. A key ingredient in the measurement of the H matrix is the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response to a single x ray (or infinitestimal x-ray beam). The authors have developed a method to estimate the 2D <span class="hlt">detector</span> shift-variant, asymmetric ray response function (RRF) from multiple measured line response functions (LRFs) using a modified edge technique. The RRF measurements cover a range of x-ray incident angles from 0 deg. (equivalent location at the <span class="hlt">detector</span> center) to 30 deg. (equivalent location at the <span class="hlt">detector</span> edge) for a standard radiographic or cone-beam CT geometric setup. To demonstrate the method, three beam qualities were tested using the inherent, Lu/Er, and Yb beam filtration. The authors show that measures using the LRF, derived from an edge measurement, underestimate the system's performance when compared with the H matrix derived using the RRF. Furthermore, the authors show that edge measurements must be performed at multiple directions in order to capture rotational asymmetries of the RRF. The authors interpret the results of the H matrix SVD and provide correlations with the familiar MTF methodology. Discussion is made about the benefits of the H matrix technique with regards to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JHEP...11..119D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JHEP...11..119D"><span>Unruh effect under non-equilibrium conditions: oscillatory motion of an Unruh-DeWitt <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Doukas, Jason; Lin, Shih-Yuin; Hu, B. L.; Mann, Robert B.</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>The Unruh effect refers to the thermal fluctuations a <span class="hlt">detector</span> experiences while undergoing <span class="hlt">linear</span> motion with uniform acceleration in a Minkowski vacuum. This thermality can be demonstrated by tracing the vacuum state of the field over the modes beyond the accelerated <span class="hlt">detector</span>'s event horizon. However, the event horizon is well-defined only if the <span class="hlt">detector</span> moves with eternal uniform <span class="hlt">linear</span> acceleration. This idealized condition cannot be fulfilled in realistic situations when the motion unavoidably involves periods of non-uniform acceleration. Many experimental proposals to test the Unruh effect are of this nature. Often circular or oscillatory motion, which lacks an obvious geometric description, is considered in such proposals. The proper perspective for theoretically going beyond, or experimentally testing, the Unruh-Hawking effect in these more general conditions has to be offered by concepts and techniques in non-equilibrium quantum field theory. In this paper we provide a detailed analysis of how an Unruh-DeWitt <span class="hlt">detector</span> undergoing oscillatory motion responds to the fluctuations of a quantum field. Numerical results for the late-time temperatures of the oscillating <span class="hlt">detector</span> are presented. We comment on the digressions of these results from what one would obtain from a naive application of Unruh's result.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPJWC.17004015L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPJWC.17004015L"><span>Study of the <span class="hlt">linearity</span> of CABRI experimental ionization chambers during RIA transients</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lecerf, J.; Garnier, Y.; Hudelot, JP.; Duc, B.; Pantera, L.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>CABRI is an experimental pulse reactor operated by CEA at the Cadarache research center and funded by the French Nuclear Safety and Radioprotection Institute (IRSN). For the purpose of the CABRI International Program (CIP), operated and managed by IRSN under an OECD/NEA framework it has been refurbished since 2003 to be able to provide experiments in prototypical PWR conditions (155 bar, 300 °C) in order to study the fuel behavior under Reactivity Initiated Accident (RIA) conditions. This paper first reminds the objectives of the power commissioning tests performed on the CABRI facility. The design and location of the neutron <span class="hlt">detectors</span> monitoring the core power are also presented. Then it focuses on the different methodologies used to calibrate the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and check the consistency and co-<span class="hlt">linearity</span> of the measurements. Finally, it presents the methods used to check the <span class="hlt">linearity</span> of the neutron <span class="hlt">detectors</span> up to the high power levels ( 20 GW) reached during power transients. Some results obtained during the power tests campaign are also presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040037778&hterms=Dark+web&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DDark%2Bweb','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040037778&hterms=Dark+web&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DDark%2Bweb"><span>Independent Testing of JWST <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Prototypes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Figer, D. F.; Rauscher, B. J.; Regan, M. W.; Balleza, J.; Bergeron, L.; Morse, E.; Stockman, H. S.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>The Independent <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Testing Laboratory (IDTL) is jointly operated by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) and the Johns Hopkins University (MU), and is assisting the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) mission in choosing and operating the best near-infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span> under a NASA Grant. The JWST is the centerpiece of the NASA Office of Space Science theme, the Astronomical Search for Origins, and the highest priority astronomy project for the next decade, according to the National Academy of Science. JWST will need to have the sensitivity to see the first light in the Universe to determine how galaxies formed in the web of dark matter that existed when the Universe was in its infancy (z approx. 10 - 20). To achieve this goal, the JWST Project must pursue an aggressive technology program and advance infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to performance levels beyond what is now possible. As part of this program, NASA has selected the IDTL to verify comparative performance between prototype JWST <span class="hlt">detectors</span> developed by Rockwell Scientific (HgCdTe) and Raytheon (InSb). The IDTL is charged with obtaining an independent assessment of the ability of these two competing technologies to achieve the demanding specifications of the JWST program within the 0.6 - 5 approx. mum bandpass and in an ultra-low background (less than 0.01 e'/s/pixel) environment. We describe results from the JWST <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Characterization Project that is being performed in the IDTL. In this project, we are measuring first-order <span class="hlt">detector</span> parameters, i.e. dark current, read noise, QE, intra-pixel sensitivity, <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, as functions of temperature, well size, and operational mode.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040182251','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040182251"><span>Independent Testing of JWST <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Prototypes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Figer, Donald F.; Rauscher, Bernie J.; Regan, Michael W.; Morse, Ernie; Balleza, Jesus; Bergeron, Louis; Stockman, H. S.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>The Independent <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Testing Laboratory (IDTL) is jointly operated by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) and the Johns Hopkins University (JHU), and is assisting the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) mission in choosing and operating the best near-infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The JWST is the centerpiece of the NASA Office of Space Science theme, the Astronomical Search for Origins, and the highest priority astronomy project for the next decade, according to the National Academy of Science. JWST will need to have the sensitivity to see the first light in the Universe to determine how galaxies formed in the web of dark matter that existed when the Universe was in its infancy (z is approximately 10-20). To achieve this goal, the JWST Project must pursue an aggressive technology program and advance infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to performance levels beyond what is now possible. As part of this program, NASA has selected the IDTL to verify comparative performance between prototype JWST <span class="hlt">detectors</span> developed by Rockwell Scientific (HgCdTe) and Raytheon (InSb). The IDTL is charged with obtaining an independent assessment of the ability of these two competing technologies to achieve the demanding specifications of the JWST program within the 0.6-5 micron bandpass and in an ultra-low background (less than 0.01 e(-)/s/pixel) environment. We describe results from the JWST <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Characterization Project that is being performed in the LDTL. In this project, we are measuring first-order <span class="hlt">detector</span> parameters, i.e. dark current, read noise, QE, intra-pixel sensitivity, <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, as functions of temperature, well size, and operational mode.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1339101-neutron-response-function-characterization-scintillation-detectors','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1339101-neutron-response-function-characterization-scintillation-detectors"><span>Neutron response function characterization of 4He scintillation <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Kelley, Ryan P.; Rolison, Lucas M.; Lewis, Jason M.; ...</p> <p>2015-04-15</p> <p>Time-of-flight measurements were conducted to characterize the neutron energy response of pressurized 4He fast neutron scintillation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for the first time, using the Van de Graaff generator at Ohio University. The time-of-flight spectra and pulse height distributions were measured. This data was used to determine the light output response function, which was found to be <span class="hlt">linear</span> at energies below 3.5 MeV. The intrinsic efficiency of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> as a function of incident energy was also calculated: the average efficiency up to 10 MeV was 3.1%, with a maximum efficiency of 6.6% at 1.05 MeV. Furthermore, these results will enable developmentmore » of neutron spectrum unfolding algorithms for neutron spectroscopy applications with these <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RaPC..144...76J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RaPC..144...76J"><span>Characterisation of a MOSFET-based <span class="hlt">detector</span> for dose measurement under megavoltage electron beam radiotherapy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jong, W. L.; Ung, N. M.; Tiong, A. H. L.; Rosenfeld, A. B.; Wong, J. H. D.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The aim of this study is to investigate the fundamental dosimetric characteristics of the MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> for megavoltage electron beam dosimetry. The reproducibility, <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, energy dependence, dose rate dependence, depth dose measurement, output factor measurement, and surface dose measurement under megavoltage electron beam were tested. The MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> showed excellent reproducibility (>98%) and <span class="hlt">linearity</span> (R2= 1.00) up to 2000 cGy for 4-20 MeV electron beams. The MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> also showed minimal dose rate dependence (within ±3%) and energy dependence (within ±2%) over the clinical range of electron beams, except for an energy dependence at 4 MeV electron beam. An energy dependence correction factor of 1.075 is needed when the MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> is used for 4 MeV electron beam. The output factors measured by the MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> were within ±2% compared to those measured with the EBT3 film and CC13 chamber. The measured depth doses using the MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> agreed with those measured using the CC13 chamber, except at the build-up region due to the dose volume averaging effect of the CC13 chamber. For surface dose measurements, MOSkin measurements were in agreement within ±3% to those measured using EBT3 film. Measurements using the MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> were also compared to electron dose calculation algorithms namely the GGPB and eMC algorithms. Both algorithms were in agreement with measurements to within ±2% and ±4% for output factor (except for the 4 × 4 cm2 field size) and surface dose, respectively. With the uncertainties taken into account, the MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> was found to be a suitable <span class="hlt">detector</span> for dose measurement under megavoltage electron beam. This has been demonstrated in the in vivo skin dose measurement on patients during electron boost to the breast tumour bed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013InPhT..59..118B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013InPhT..59..118B"><span>Optimization of light polarization sensitivity in QWIP <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Berurier, Arnaud; Nedelcu, Alexandru</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>The current development of QWIPs (Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors) at III-V Lab led to the production of 20 μm pitch, mid-format and full TV-format LWIR starring arrays with excellent performances, uniformity and stability. At the present time III-V Lab, together with TOL (Thales Optronics Ltd.) and SOFRADIR (Société Française de Détecteurs Infrarouges), work on the demonstration of a 20 μm pitch, 640 × 512 LWIR focal plane array (FPA) which detects the incident IR light polarization. Manufactured objects present a strong <span class="hlt">linear</span> polarization signature in thermal emission. It is of high interest to achieve a <span class="hlt">detector</span> able to measure precisely the degree of <span class="hlt">linear</span> polarization, in order to distinguish artificial and natural objects in the observed scene. In this paper, we present a theoretical investigation of the optical coupling in polarization sensitive pixels. The QWIP modeling is performed by the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. The aim is to optimize the sensitivity to light polarization as well as the performance of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4847207','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4847207"><span>Polyethylene Naphthalate Scintillator: A Novel <span class="hlt">Detector</span> for the Dosimetry of Radioactive Ophthalmic Applicators</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Flühs, Dirk; Flühs, Andrea; Ebenau, Melanie; Eichmann, Marion</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Background Dosimetric measurements in small radiation fields with large gradients, such as eye plaque dosimetry with β or low-energy photon emitters, require dosimetrically almost water-equivalent <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with volumes of <1 mm3 and <span class="hlt">linear</span> responses over several orders of magnitude. Polyvinyltoluene-based scintillators fulfil these conditions. Hence, they are a standard for such applications. However, they show disadvantages with regard to certain material properties and their dosimetric behaviour towards low-energy photons. Purpose, Materials and Methods Polyethylene naphthalate, recently recognized as a scintillator, offers chemical, physical and basic dosimetric properties superior to polyvinyltoluene. Its general applicability as a clinical dosimeter, however, has not been shown yet. To prove this applicability, extensive measurements at several clinical photon and electron radiation sources, ranging from ophthalmic plaques to a <span class="hlt">linear</span> accelerator, were performed. Results For all radiation qualities under investigation, covering a wide range of dose rates, a <span class="hlt">linearity</span> of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response to the dose was shown. Conclusion Polyethylene naphthalate proved to be a suitable <span class="hlt">detector</span> material for the dosimetry of ophthalmic plaques, including low-energy photon emitters and other small radiation fields. Due to superior properties, it has the potential to replace polyvinyltoluene as the standard scintillator for such applications. PMID:27171681</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPJWC.16401020S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPJWC.16401020S"><span>Overview of the CLIC <span class="hlt">detector</span> and its physics potential</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ström, Rickard</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The CLIC <span class="hlt">detector</span> and physics study (CLICdp) is an international collaboration that investigates the physics potential of the Compact <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider (CLIC). CLIC is a high-energy electron-positron collider under development, aiming for centre-of-mass energies from a few hundred GeV to 3 TeV. In addition to physics studies based on full Monte Carlo simulations of signal and background processes, CLICdp performs cuttingedge hardware R&D. In this contribution CLICdp will present recent results from physics prospect studies, emphasising Higgs studies. Additionally the new CLIC <span class="hlt">detector</span> model and the recently updated CLIC baseline staging scenario will be presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/874519','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/874519"><span>Polyaniline-based optical ammonia <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Duan, Yixiang; Jin, Zhe; Su, Yongxuan</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Electronic absorption spectroscopy of a polyaniline film deposited on a polyethylene surface by chemical oxidation of aniline monomer at room temperature was used to quantitatively detect ammonia gas. The present optical ammonia gas <span class="hlt">detector</span> was found to have a response time of less than 15 s, a regeneration time of less than 2 min. at room temperature, and a detection limit of 1 ppm (v/v) for ammonia, with a <span class="hlt">linear</span> dynamic range from 180 ppm to 18,000 ppm.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SPIE.8868E..03F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SPIE.8868E..03F"><span>Isolated nanoinjection photo <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for high-speed and high-sensitivity single-photon detection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fathipour, V.; Memis, O. G.; Jang, S. J.; Khalid, F.; Brown, R. L.; Hassaninia, I.; Gelfand, R.; Mohseni, H.</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>Our group has designed and developed a new SWIR single photon <span class="hlt">detector</span> called the nano-injection <span class="hlt">detector</span> that is conceptually designed with biological inspirations taken from the rod cells in human eye. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> couples a nanoscale sensory region with a large absorption volume to provide avalanche free internal amplification while operating at <span class="hlt">linear</span> regime with low bias voltages. The low voltage operation makes the <span class="hlt">detector</span> to be fully compatible with available CMOS technologies. Because there is no photon reemission, <span class="hlt">detectors</span> can be formed into high-density single-photon <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays. As such, the nano injection <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are viable candidates for SPD and imaging at the short-wave infrared band. Our measurements in 2007 proved a high SNR and a stable excess noise factor of near unity. We are reporting on a high speed version of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> with 4 orders of magnitude enhancement in speed as well as 2 orders of magnitude reduction in dark current (30nA vs. 10 uA at 1.5V).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5716407','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5716407"><span>In vivo proton dosimetry using a MOSFET <span class="hlt">detector</span> in an anthropomorphic phantom with tissue inhomogeneity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hotta, Kenji; Matsubara, Kana; Nishioka, Shie; Matsuura, Taeko; Kawashima, Mitsuhiko</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>When in vivo proton dosimetry is performed with a metal‐oxide semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFET) <span class="hlt">detector</span>, the response of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> depends strongly on the <span class="hlt">linear</span> energy transfer. The present study reports a practical method to correct the MOSFET response for <span class="hlt">linear</span> energy transfer dependence by using a simplified Monte Carlo dose calculation method (SMC). A depth‐output curve for a mono‐energetic proton beam in polyethylene was measured with the MOSFET <span class="hlt">detector</span>. This curve was used to calculate MOSFET output distributions with the SMC (SMCMOSFET). The SMCMOSFET output value at an arbitrary point was compared with the value obtained by the conventional SMCPPIC, which calculates proton dose distributions by using the depth‐dose curve determined by a parallel‐plate ionization chamber (PPIC). The ratio of the two values was used to calculate the correction factor of the MOSFET response at an arbitrary point. The dose obtained by the MOSFET <span class="hlt">detector</span> was determined from the product of the correction factor and the MOSFET raw dose. When in vivo proton dosimetry was performed with the MOSFET <span class="hlt">detector</span> in an anthropomorphic phantom, the corrected MOSFET doses agreed with the SMCPPIC results within the measurement error. To our knowledge, this is the first report of successful in vivo proton dosimetry with a MOSFET <span class="hlt">detector</span>. PACS number: 87.56.‐v PMID:22402385</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22402385','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22402385"><span>In vivo proton dosimetry using a MOSFET <span class="hlt">detector</span> in an anthropomorphic phantom with tissue inhomogeneity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kohno, Ryosuke; Hotta, Kenji; Matsubara, Kana; Nishioka, Shie; Matsuura, Taeko; Kawashima, Mitsuhiko</p> <p>2012-03-08</p> <p>When in vivo proton dosimetry is performed with a metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) <span class="hlt">detector</span>, the response of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> depends strongly on the <span class="hlt">linear</span> energy transfer. The present study reports a practical method to correct the MOSFET response for <span class="hlt">linear</span> energy transfer dependence by using a simplified Monte Carlo dose calculation method (SMC). A depth-output curve for a mono-energetic proton beam in polyethylene was measured with the MOSFET <span class="hlt">detector</span>. This curve was used to calculate MOSFET output distributions with the SMC (SMC(MOSFET)). The SMC(MOSFET) output value at an arbitrary point was compared with the value obtained by the conventional SMC(PPIC), which calculates proton dose distributions by using the depth-dose curve determined by a parallel-plate ionization chamber (PPIC). The ratio of the two values was used to calculate the correction factor of the MOSFET response at an arbitrary point. The dose obtained by the MOSFET <span class="hlt">detector</span> was determined from the product of the correction factor and the MOSFET raw dose. When in vivo proton dosimetry was performed with the MOSFET <span class="hlt">detector</span> in an anthropomorphic phantom, the corrected MOSFET doses agreed with the SMC(PPIC) results within the measurement error. To our knowledge, this is the first report of successful in vivo proton dosimetry with a MOSFET <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SPIE.6542E..11J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SPIE.6542E..11J"><span>Enhanced numerical analysis of three-color HgCdTe <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jóźwikowski, K.; Rogalski, A.</p> <p>2007-04-01</p> <p>The performance of three-color HgCdTe photovoltaic heterostructure <span class="hlt">detector</span> is examined theoretically. In comparison with two-color <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with two back-to-back junctions, three-color structure contain an absorber of intermediate wavelength placed between two junctions, and electronic barriers are used to isolate this intermediate region. This structure was first proposed by British workers. Enhanced original computer programs are applied to solve the system of non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> continuity equations for carriers and Poisson equations. In addition, the numerical analysis includes the dependence of absorption coefficient on Burstein effect as well as interference effects in heterostructure with metallic electrical contacts. Three <span class="hlt">detector</span> structures with different localizations of separating barriers are analyzed. The calculations results are presented in the form of spatial distributions of bandgap energy and quantum efficiency. It is shown that the performance of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> is critically dependent on the barrier's doping level and position in relation to the junction. This behavior is serious disadvantage of the considered three color <span class="hlt">detector</span>. A small shift of the barrier location and doping level causes serious changes in spectral responsivity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA496930','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA496930"><span><span class="hlt">Linearized</span> Optically Phase-Modulated Fiber Optic Links for Microwave Signal Transport</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2009-03-03</p> <p><span class="hlt">detectors</span> (with internal 50- Ohm resistors) capable of 40-mA dc current per <span class="hlt">detector</span>. With this link, the <span class="hlt">linearized</span> SFDR would improve to 133 dB/Hz4/5...the IF) limitation on the signal. All calculations consider the 3dB power loss from the hybrid combiner and 6dB loss from parallel 50- Ohm resistors...283. [25] M. Nazarathy, J. Berger, A. Ley , I. Levi, and Y. Kagan, “Externally Modulated 80 Channel Am Catv Fiber-to-feeder Distribution System Over</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29529726','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29529726"><span>Multi-frame <span class="hlt">linear</span> regressive filter for the measurement of infrared pixel spatial response and MTF from sparse data.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Huard, Edouard; Derelle, Sophie; Jaeck, Julien; Nghiem, Jean; Haïdar, Riad; Primot, Jérôme</p> <p>2018-03-05</p> <p>A challenging point in the prediction of the image quality of infrared imaging systems is the evaluation of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> modulation transfer function (MTF). In this paper, we present a <span class="hlt">linear</span> method to get a 2D continuous MTF from sparse spectral data. Within the method, an object with a predictable sparse spatial spectrum is imaged by the focal plane array. The sparse data is then treated to return the 2D continuous MTF with the hypothesis that all the pixels have an identical spatial response. The <span class="hlt">linearity</span> of the treatment is a key point to estimate directly the error bars of the resulting <span class="hlt">detector</span> MTF. The test bench will be presented along with measurement tests on a 25 μm pitch InGaAs <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7660E..2KV','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7660E..2KV"><span>Split Stirling <span class="hlt">linear</span> cryogenic cooler for a new generation of high temperature infrared imagers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Veprik, A.; Zechtzer, S.; Pundak, N.</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>Split <span class="hlt">linear</span> cryocoolers find use in a variety of infrared equipment installed in airborne, heliborne, marine and vehicular platforms along with hand held and ground fixed applications. An upcoming generation of portable, high-definition night vision imagers will rely on the high-temperature infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, operating at elevated temperatures, ranging from 95K to 200K, while being able to show the performance indices comparable with these of their traditional 77K competitors. Recent technological advances in industrial development of such high-temperature <span class="hlt">detectors</span> initialized attempts for developing compact split Stirling <span class="hlt">linear</span> cryogenic coolers. Their known advantages, as compared to the rotary integral coolers, are superior flexibility in the system packaging, constant and relatively high driving frequency, lower wideband vibration export, unsurpassed reliability and aural stealth. Unfortunately, such off-the-shelf available <span class="hlt">linear</span> cryogenic coolers still cannot compete with rotary integral rivals in terms of size, weight and power consumption. Ricor developed the smallest in the range, 1W@95K, <span class="hlt">linear</span> split Stirling cryogenic cooler for demanding infrared applications, where power consumption, compactness, vibration, aural noise and ownership costs are of concern.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9819E..07A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9819E..07A"><span>A 400 KHz line rate 2048-pixel stitched SWIR <span class="hlt">linear</span> array</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Anchlia, Ankur; Vinella, Rosa M.; Gielen, Daphne; Wouters, Kristof; Vervenne, Vincent; Hooylaerts, Peter; Deroo, Pieter; Ruythooren, Wouter; De Gaspari, Danny; Das, Jo; Merken, Patrick</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Xenics has developed a family of stitched SWIR long <span class="hlt">linear</span> arrays that operate up to 400 KHz of line rate. These arrays serve medical and industrial applications that require high line rates as well as space applications that require long <span class="hlt">linear</span> arrays. The arrays are based on a modular ROIC design concept: modules of 512 pixels are stitched during fabrication to achieve 512, 1024 and 2048 pixel arrays. Each 512-pixel module has its own on-chip digital sequencer, analog readout chain and 4 output buffers. This modular concept enables a long array to run at a high line rates irrespective of the array length, which limits the line rate in a traditional <span class="hlt">linear</span> array. The ROIC is flip-chipped with InGaAs <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays. The FPA has a pixel pitch of 12.5μm and has two pixel flavors: square (12.5μm) and rectangular (250μm). The frontend circuit is based on Capacitive Trans-impedance Amplifier (CTIA) to attain stable <span class="hlt">detector</span> bias, and good <span class="hlt">linearity</span> and signal integrity, especially at high speeds. The CTIA has an input auto-zero mechanism that allows to have low <span class="hlt">detector</span> bias (<20mV). An on-chip Correlated Double Sample (CDS) facilitates removal of CTIA KTC and 1/f noise, and other offsets, achieving low noise performance. There are five gain modes in the FPA giving the full well range from 85Ke- to 40Me-. The measured input referred noise is 35e-rms in the highest gain mode. The FPA operates in Integrate While Read mode and, at a master clock rate of 60MHz and a minimum integration time of 1.4μs, achieves the highest line rate of 400 KHz. In this paper, design details and measurements results are presented in order to demonstrate the array performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPA.888...44B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPA.888...44B"><span>A new PET <span class="hlt">detector</span> concept for compact preclinical high-resolution hybrid MR-PET</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Berneking, Arne; Gola, Alberto; Ferri, Alessandro; Finster, Felix; Rucatti, Daniele; Paternoster, Giovanni; Jon Shah, N.; Piemonte, Claudio; Lerche, Christoph</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>This work presents a new PET <span class="hlt">detector</span> concept for compact preclinical hybrid MR-PET. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> concept is based on <span class="hlt">Linearly</span>-Graded SiPM produced with current FBK RGB-HD technology. One 7.75 mm x 7.75 mm large sensor chip is coupled with optical grease to a black coated 8 mm x 8 mm large and 3 mm thick monolithic LYSO crystal. The readout is obtained from four readout channels with the <span class="hlt">linear</span> encoding based on integrated resistors and the Center of Gravity approach. To characterize the new <span class="hlt">detector</span> concept, the spatial and energy resolutions were measured. Therefore, the measurement setup was prepared to radiate a collimated beam to 25 different points perpendicular to the monolithic scintillator crystal. Starting in the center point of the crystal at 0 mm / 0 mm and sampling a grid with a pitch of 1.75 mm, all significant points of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> were covered by the collimator beam. The measured intrinsic spatial resolution (FWHM) was 0.74 +/- 0.01 mm in x- and 0.69 +/- 0.01 mm in the y-direction at the center of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. At the same point, the measured energy resolution (FWHM) was 13.01 +/- 0.05 %. The mean intrinsic spatial resolution (FWHM) over the whole <span class="hlt">detector</span> was 0.80 +/- 0.28 mm in x- and 0.72 +/- 0.19 mm in y-direction. The energy resolution (FWHM) of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> was between 13 and 17.3 % with an average energy resolution of 15.7 +/- 1.0 %. Due to the reduced thickness, the sensitivity of this gamma <span class="hlt">detector</span> is low but still higher than pixelated designs with the same thickness due to the monolithic crystals. Combining compact design, high spatial resolution, and high sensitivity, the <span class="hlt">detector</span> concept is particularly suitable for applications where the scanner bore size is limited and high resolution is required - as is the case in small animal hybrid MR-PET.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E2088Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E2088Y"><span>The plastic scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> calibration circuit for DAMPE</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Haibo; Kong, Jie; Zhao, Hongyun; Su, Hong</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>The Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is being constructed as a scientific satellite to observe high energy cosmic rays in space. Plastic scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> array (PSD), developed by Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMPCAS), is one of the most important parts in the payload of DAMPE which is mainly used for the study of dark matter. As an anti-coincidence <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and a charged-particle identification <span class="hlt">detector</span>, the PSD has a total of 360 electronic readout channels, which are distributed at four sides of PSD using four identical front end electronics (FEE). Each FEE reads out 90 charge signals output by the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. A special calibration circuit is designed in FEE. FPGA is used for on-line control, enabling the calibration circuit to generate the pulse signal with known charge. The generated signal is then sent to the FEE for calibration and self-test. This circuit mainly consists of DAC, operation amplifier, analog switch, capacitance and resistance. By using controllable step pulse, the charge can be coupled to the charge measuring chip using the small capacitance. In order to fulfill the system's objective of large dynamic range, the FEE is required to have good <span class="hlt">linearity</span>. Thus, the charge-controllable signal is needed to do sweep test on all channels in order to obtain the non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> parameters for off-line correction. On the other hand, the FEE will run on the satellite for three years. The changes of the operational environment and the aging of devices will lead to parameter variation of the FEE, highlighting the need for regular calibration. The calibration signal generation circuit also has a compact structure and the ability to work normally, with the PSD system's voltage resolution being higher than 0.6%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26757857','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26757857"><span>Choice of crystal surface finishing for a dual-ended readout depth-of-interaction (DOI) <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fan, Peng; Ma, Tianyu; Wei, Qingyang; Yao, Rutao; Liu, Yaqiang; Wang, Shi</p> <p>2016-02-07</p> <p>The objective of this study was to choose the crystal surface finishing for a dual-ended readout (DER) DOI <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Through Monte Carlo simulations and experimental studies, we evaluated 4 crystal surface finishing options as combinations of crystal surface polishing (diffuse or specular) and reflector (diffuse or specular) options on a DER <span class="hlt">detector</span>. We also tested one <span class="hlt">linear</span> and one logarithm DOI calculation algorithm. The figures of merit used were DOI resolution, DOI positioning error, and energy resolution. Both the simulation and experimental results show that (1) choosing a diffuse type in either surface polishing or reflector would improve DOI resolution but degrade energy resolution; (2) crystal surface finishing with a diffuse polishing combined with a specular reflector appears a favorable candidate with a good balance of DOI and energy resolution; and (3) the <span class="hlt">linear</span> and logarithm DOI calculation algorithms show overall comparable DOI error, and the <span class="hlt">linear</span> algorithm was better for photon interactions near the ends of the crystal while the logarithm algorithm was better near the center. These results provide useful guidance in DER DOI <span class="hlt">detector</span> design in choosing the crystal surface finishing and DOI calculation methods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26470807','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26470807"><span>Characterization of commercial MOSFET <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and their feasibility for in-vivo HDR brachytherapy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Phurailatpam, Reena; Upreti, Rituraj; Nojin Paul, Siji; Jamema, Swamidas V; Deshpande, Deepak D</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The present study was to investigate the use of MOSFET as an vivo dosimeter for the application of Ir-192 HDR brachytherapy treatments. MOSFET was characterized for dose <span class="hlt">linearity</span> in the range of 50-1000 cGy, depth dose dependence from 2 to 7 cm, angular dependence. Signal fading was checked for two weeks. Dose <span class="hlt">linearity</span> was found to be within 2% in the dose range (50-1000 cGy). The response varied within 8.07% for <span class="hlt">detector</span>-source distance of 2-7 cm. The response of MOSFET with the epoxy side facing the source (0 degree) is the highest and the lowest response was observed at 90 and 270 degrees. Signal was stable during the study period. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> showed high dose <span class="hlt">linearity</span> and insignificant fading. But due to angular and depth dependence, care should be taken and corrections must be applied for clinical dosimetry. Copyright © 2015 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JInst..11P3022K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JInst..11P3022K"><span>Characterizing X-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for prototype digital breast tomosynthesis systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Y.-s.; Park, H.-s.; Park, S.-J.; Choi, S.; Lee, H.; Lee, D.; Choi, Y.-W.; Kim, H.-J.</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>The digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) system is a newly developed 3-D imaging technique that overcomes the tissue superposition problems of conventional mammography. Therefore, it produces fewer false positives. In DBT system, several parameters are involved in image acquisition, including geometric components. A series of projections should be acquired at low exposure. This makes the system strongly dependent on the <span class="hlt">detector</span>'s characteristic performance. This study compares two types of x-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> developed by the Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI). The first prototype DBT system has a CsI (Tl) scintillator/CMOS based flat panel digital <span class="hlt">detector</span> (2923 MAM, Dexela Ltd.), with a pixel size of 0.0748 mm. The second uses a-Se based direct conversion full field <span class="hlt">detector</span> (AXS 2430, analogic) with a pixel size of 0.085 mm. The geometry of both systems is same, with a focal spot 665.8 mm from the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and a center of rotation 33 mm above the <span class="hlt">detector</span> surface. The systems were compared with regard to modulation transfer function (MTF), normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS), detective quantum efficiency (DQE) and a new metric, the relative object detectability (ROD). The ROD quantifies the relative performance of each <span class="hlt">detector</span> at detecting specified objects. The system response function demonstrated excellent <span class="hlt">linearity</span> (R2>0.99). The CMOS-based <span class="hlt">detector</span> had a high sensitivity, while the Anrad <span class="hlt">detector</span> had a large dynamic range. The higher MTF and noise power spectrum (NPS) values were measured using an Anrad <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The maximum DQE value of the Dexela <span class="hlt">detector</span> was higher than that of the Anrad <span class="hlt">detector</span> with a low exposure level, considering one projection exposure for tomosynthesis. Overall, the Dexela <span class="hlt">detector</span> performed better than did the Anrad <span class="hlt">detector</span> with regard to the simulated Al wires, spheres, test objects of ROD with low exposure level. In this study, we compared the newly developed prototype DBT system with two different types of x</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22614028-system-monitoring-radiation-effects-proton-linear-accelerator','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22614028-system-monitoring-radiation-effects-proton-linear-accelerator"><span>A system for monitoring the radiation effects of a proton <span class="hlt">linear</span> accelerator</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Skorkin, V. M., E-mail: skorkin@inr.ru; Belyanski, K. L.; Skorkin, A. V.</p> <p>2016-12-15</p> <p>The system for real-time monitoring of radioactivity of a high-current proton <span class="hlt">linear</span> accelerator detects secondary neutron emission from proton beam losses in transport channels and measures the activity of radionuclides in gas and aerosol emissions and the radiation background in the environment affected by a <span class="hlt">linear</span> accelerator. The data provided by gamma, beta, and neutron <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are transferred over a computer network to the central server. The system allows one to monitor proton beam losses, the activity of gas and aerosol emissions, and the radiation emission level of a <span class="hlt">linear</span> accelerator in operation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090011884','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090011884"><span>Smaller, Lower-Power Fast-Neutron Scintillation <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Patel, Jagdish; Blaes, Brent</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Scintillation-based fast-neutron <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that are smaller and less power-hungry than mainstream scintillation-based fast-neutron <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are undergoing development. There are numerous applications for such <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in monitoring fast-neutron fluxes from nuclear reactors, nuclear materials, and natural sources, both on Earth and in outer space. A particularly important terrestrial application for small, low-power, portable fast-neutron <span class="hlt">detectors</span> lies in the requirement to scan for nuclear materials in cargo and baggage arriving at international transportation facilities. The present development of miniature, low-power scintillation-based fast-neutron <span class="hlt">detectors</span> exploits recent advances in the fabrication of avalanche photodiodes (APDs). Basically, such a <span class="hlt">detector</span> includes a plastic scintillator, typically between 300 and 400 m thick with very thin silver mirror coating on all its faces except the one bonded to an APD. All photons generated from scintillation are thus internally reflected and eventually directed to the APD. This design affords not only compactness but also tight optical coupling for utilization of a relatively large proportion of the scintillation light. The combination of this tight coupling and the avalanche-multiplication gain (typically between 750 and 1,000) of the APD is expected to have enough sensitivity to enable monitoring of a fast-neutron flux as small as 1,000 cm(exp -2)s(exp -1). Moreover, pulse-height analysis can be expected to provide information on the kinetic energies of incident neutrons. It has been estimated that a complete, fully developed fast-neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> of this type, would be characterized by <span class="hlt">linear</span> dimensions of the order of 10 cm or less, a mass of no more than about 0.5 kg, and a power demand of no more than a few watts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28678023','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28678023"><span>Error detection capability of a novel transmission <span class="hlt">detector</span>: a validation study for online VMAT monitoring.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pasler, Marlies; Michel, Kilian; Marrazzo, Livia; Obenland, Michael; Pallotta, Stefania; Björnsgard, Mari; Lutterbach, Johannes</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to characterize a new single large-area ionization chamber, the integral quality monitor system (iRT, Germany), for online and real-time beam monitoring. Signal stability, monitor unit (MU) <span class="hlt">linearity</span> and dose rate dependence were investigated for static and arc deliveries and compared to independent ionization chamber measurements. The dose verification capability of the transmission <span class="hlt">detector</span> system was evaluated by comparing calculated and measured <span class="hlt">detector</span> signals for 15 volumetric modulated arc therapy plans. The error detection sensitivity was tested by introducing MLC position and linac output errors. Deviations in dose distributions between the original and error-induced plans were compared in terms of <span class="hlt">detector</span> signal deviation, dose-volume histogram (DVH) metrics and 2D γ-evaluation (2%/2 mm and 3%/3 mm). The <span class="hlt">detector</span> signal is <span class="hlt">linearly</span> dependent on linac output and shows negligible (<0.4%) dose rate dependence up to 460 MU min -1 . Signal stability is within 1% for cumulative <span class="hlt">detector</span> output; substantial variations were observed for the segment-by-segment signal. Calculated versus measured cumulative signal deviations ranged from  -0.16%-2.25%. DVH, mean 2D γ-value and <span class="hlt">detector</span> signal evaluations showed increasing deviations with regard to the respective reference with growing MLC and dose output errors; good correlation between DVH metrics and <span class="hlt">detector</span> signal deviation was found (e.g. PTV D mean : R 2   =  0.97). Positional MLC errors of 1 mm and errors in linac output of 2% were identified with the transmission <span class="hlt">detector</span> system. The extensive tests performed in this investigation show that the new transmission <span class="hlt">detector</span> provides a stable and sensitive cumulative signal output and is suitable for beam monitoring during patient treatment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PMB....62.7440P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PMB....62.7440P"><span>Error detection capability of a novel transmission <span class="hlt">detector</span>: a validation study for online VMAT monitoring</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pasler, Marlies; Michel, Kilian; Marrazzo, Livia; Obenland, Michael; Pallotta, Stefania; Björnsgard, Mari; Lutterbach, Johannes</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to characterize a new single large-area ionization chamber, the integral quality monitor system (iRT, Germany), for online and real-time beam monitoring. Signal stability, monitor unit (MU) <span class="hlt">linearity</span> and dose rate dependence were investigated for static and arc deliveries and compared to independent ionization chamber measurements. The dose verification capability of the transmission <span class="hlt">detector</span> system was evaluated by comparing calculated and measured <span class="hlt">detector</span> signals for 15 volumetric modulated arc therapy plans. The error detection sensitivity was tested by introducing MLC position and linac output errors. Deviations in dose distributions between the original and error-induced plans were compared in terms of <span class="hlt">detector</span> signal deviation, dose-volume histogram (DVH) metrics and 2D γ-evaluation (2%/2 mm and 3%/3 mm). The <span class="hlt">detector</span> signal is <span class="hlt">linearly</span> dependent on linac output and shows negligible (<0.4%) dose rate dependence up to 460 MU min-1. Signal stability is within 1% for cumulative <span class="hlt">detector</span> output; substantial variations were observed for the segment-by-segment signal. Calculated versus measured cumulative signal deviations ranged from  -0.16%-2.25%. DVH, mean 2D γ-value and <span class="hlt">detector</span> signal evaluations showed increasing deviations with regard to the respective reference with growing MLC and dose output errors; good correlation between DVH metrics and <span class="hlt">detector</span> signal deviation was found (e.g. PTV D mean: R 2  =  0.97). Positional MLC errors of 1 mm and errors in linac output of 2% were identified with the transmission <span class="hlt">detector</span> system. The extensive tests performed in this investigation show that the new transmission <span class="hlt">detector</span> provides a stable and sensitive cumulative signal output and is suitable for beam monitoring during patient treatment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840026637','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840026637"><span>Conceptual design of a hybrid Ge:Ga <span class="hlt">detector</span> array</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Parry, C. M.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>For potential applications in space infrared astronomy missions such as the Space Infrared Telescope Facility and the Large Deployable Reflector, integrated arrays of long-wavelength <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are desired. The results of a feasibility study which developed a design for applying integrated array techniques to a long-wavelength (gallium-doped germanium) material to achieve spectral coverage between 30 and 200 microns are presented. An approach which builds up a two-dimensional array by stacking <span class="hlt">linear</span> <span class="hlt">detector</span> modules is presented. The spectral response of the Ge:Ga <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is extended to 200 microns by application of uniaxial stress to the stack of modules. The <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are assembled with 1 mm spacing between the elements. Multiplexed readout of each module is accomplished with integration sampling of a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) switch chip. Aspects of the overall design, including the anticipated level of particle effects on the array in the space environment, a transparent electrode design for 200 microns response, estimates of optical crosstalk, and mechanical stress design calculations are included.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10057E..0JM','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10057E..0JM"><span>Multi-segment <span class="hlt">detector</span> array for hybrid reflection-mode ultrasound and optoacoustic tomography (Conference Presentation)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Merčep, Elena; Burton, Neal C.; Deán-Ben, Xosé Luís.; Razansky, Daniel</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>The complementary contrast of the optoacoustic (OA) and pulse-echo ultrasound (US) modalities makes the combined usage of these imaging technologies highly advantageous. Due to the different physical contrast mechanisms development of a <span class="hlt">detector</span> array optimally suited for both modalities is one of the challenges to efficient implementation of a single OA-US imaging device. We demonstrate imaging performance of the first hybrid <span class="hlt">detector</span> array whose novel design, incorporating array segments of <span class="hlt">linear</span> and concave geometry, optimally supports image acquisition in both reflection-mode ultrasonography and optoacoustic tomography modes. Hybrid <span class="hlt">detector</span> array has a total number of 256 elements and three segments of different geometry and variable pitch size: a central 128-element <span class="hlt">linear</span> segment with pitch of 0.25mm, ideally suited for pulse-echo US imaging, and two external 64-elements segments with concave geometry and 0.6mm pitch optimized for OA image acquisition. Interleaved OA and US image acquisition with up to 25 fps is facilitated through a custom-made multiplexer unit. Spatial resolution of the transducer was characterized in numerical simulations and validated in phantom experiments and comprises 230 and 300 μm in the respective OA and US imaging modes. Imaging performance of the multi-segment <span class="hlt">detector</span> array was experimentally shown in a series of imaging sessions with healthy volunteers. Employing mixed array geometries allows at the same time achieving excellent OA contrast with a large field of view, and US contrast for complementary structural features with reduced side-lobes and improved resolution. The newly designed hybrid <span class="hlt">detector</span> array that comprises segments of <span class="hlt">linear</span> and concave geometries optimally fulfills requirements for efficient US and OA imaging and may expand the applicability of the developed hybrid OPUS imaging technology and accelerate its clinical translation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29495813','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29495813"><span>Evaluation of fiber Bragg grating sensor interrogation using InGaAs <span class="hlt">linear</span> <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays and Gaussian approximation on embedded hardware.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kumar, Saurabh; Amrutur, Bharadwaj; Asokan, Sundarrajan</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors have become popular for applications related to structural health monitoring, biomedical engineering, and robotics. However, for successful large scale adoption, FBG interrogation systems are as important as sensor characteristics. Apart from accuracy, the required number of FBG sensors per fiber and the distance between the device in which the sensors are used and the interrogation system also influence the selection of the interrogation technique. For several measurement devices developed for applications in biomedical engineering and robotics, only a few sensors per fiber are required and the device is close to the interrogation system. For these applications, interrogation systems based on InGaAs <span class="hlt">linear</span> <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays provide a good choice. However, their resolution is dependent on the algorithms used for curve fitting. In this work, a detailed analysis of the choice of algorithm using the Gaussian approximation for the FBG spectrum and the number of pixels used for curve fitting on the errors is provided. The points where the maximum errors occur have been identified. All comparisons for wavelength shift detection have been made against another interrogation system based on the tunable swept laser. It has been shown that maximum errors occur when the wavelength shift is such that one new pixel is included for curve fitting. It has also been shown that an algorithm with lower computation cost compared to the more popular methods using iterative non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> least squares estimation can be used without leading to the loss of accuracy. The algorithm has been implemented on embedded hardware, and a speed-up of approximately six times has been observed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RScI...89b5102K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RScI...89b5102K"><span>Evaluation of fiber Bragg grating sensor interrogation using InGaAs <span class="hlt">linear</span> <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays and Gaussian approximation on embedded hardware</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kumar, Saurabh; Amrutur, Bharadwaj; Asokan, Sundarrajan</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors have become popular for applications related to structural health monitoring, biomedical engineering, and robotics. However, for successful large scale adoption, FBG interrogation systems are as important as sensor characteristics. Apart from accuracy, the required number of FBG sensors per fiber and the distance between the device in which the sensors are used and the interrogation system also influence the selection of the interrogation technique. For several measurement devices developed for applications in biomedical engineering and robotics, only a few sensors per fiber are required and the device is close to the interrogation system. For these applications, interrogation systems based on InGaAs <span class="hlt">linear</span> <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays provide a good choice. However, their resolution is dependent on the algorithms used for curve fitting. In this work, a detailed analysis of the choice of algorithm using the Gaussian approximation for the FBG spectrum and the number of pixels used for curve fitting on the errors is provided. The points where the maximum errors occur have been identified. All comparisons for wavelength shift detection have been made against another interrogation system based on the tunable swept laser. It has been shown that maximum errors occur when the wavelength shift is such that one new pixel is included for curve fitting. It has also been shown that an algorithm with lower computation cost compared to the more popular methods using iterative non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> least squares estimation can be used without leading to the loss of accuracy. The algorithm has been implemented on embedded hardware, and a speed-up of approximately six times has been observed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950019506','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950019506"><span><span class="hlt">Linear</span> Energy Transfer (LET) spectra of cosmic radiation in low Earth orbit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Parnell, T. A.; Watts, J. W., Jr.; Akopova, A. B.; Magradze, N. V.; Dudkin, V. E.; Kovalev, E. E.; Potapov, Yu. V.; Benton, E. V.; Frank, A. L.; Benton, E. R.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Integral <span class="hlt">linear</span> energy transfer (LET) spectra of cosmic radiation (CR) particles were measured on five Cosmos series spacecraft in low Earth orbit (LEO). Particular emphasis is placed on results of the Cosmos 1887 biosatellite which carried a set of joint U.S.S.R.-U.S.A. radiation experiments involving passive <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that included thermoluminescent <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (TLD's), plastic nuclear track <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (PNTD's), fission foils, nuclear photo-emulsions, etc. which were located both inside and outside the spacecraft. Measured LET spectra are compared with those theoretically calculated. Results show that there is some dependence of LET spectra on orbital parameters. The results are used to estimate the CR quality factor (QF) for the COSMOS 1887 mission.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20515130','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20515130"><span>Optical scattering lengths in large liquid-scintillator neutrino <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wurm, M; von Feilitzsch, F; Göger-Neff, M; Hofmann, M; Lachenmaier, T; Lewke, T; Marrodán Undagoitia, T; Meindl, Q; Möllenberg, R; Oberauer, L; Potzel, W; Tippmann, M; Todor, S; Traunsteiner, C; Winter, J</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>For liquid-scintillator neutrino <span class="hlt">detectors</span> of kiloton scale, the transparency of the organic solvent is of central importance. The present paper reports on laboratory measurements of the optical scattering lengths of the organic solvents phenylxylylethane, <span class="hlt">linear</span> alkylbenzene (LAB), and dodecane, which are under discussion for next-generation experiments such as SNO+ (Sudbury Neutrino Observatory), HanoHano, or LENA (Low Energy Neutrino Astronomy). Results comprise the wavelength range of 415-440 nm. The contributions from Rayleigh and Mie scattering as well as from absorption/re-emission processes are discussed. Based on the present results, LAB seems to be the preferred solvent for a large-volume <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010RScI...81e3301W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010RScI...81e3301W"><span>Optical scattering lengths in large liquid-scintillator neutrino <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wurm, M.; von Feilitzsch, F.; Göger-Neff, M.; Hofmann, M.; Lachenmaier, T.; Lewke, T.; Undagoitia, T. Marrodán; Meindl, Q.; Möllenberg, R.; Oberauer, L.; Potzel, W.; Tippmann, M.; Todor, S.; Traunsteiner, C.; Winter, J.</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>For liquid-scintillator neutrino <span class="hlt">detectors</span> of kiloton scale, the transparency of the organic solvent is of central importance. The present paper reports on laboratory measurements of the optical scattering lengths of the organic solvents phenylxylylethane, <span class="hlt">linear</span> alkylbenzene (LAB), and dodecane, which are under discussion for next-generation experiments such as SNO+ (Sudbury Neutrino Observatory), HanoHano, or LENA (Low Energy Neutrino Astronomy). Results comprise the wavelength range of 415-440 nm. The contributions from Rayleigh and Mie scattering as well as from absorption/re-emission processes are discussed. Based on the present results, LAB seems to be the preferred solvent for a large-volume <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.931a2005A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.931a2005A"><span>Examining the Spatial Frequency Components of a Digital Dental <span class="hlt">Detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Anastasiou, A.; Michail, C.; Koukou, V.; Martini, N.; Bakas, A.; Papastamati, F.; Maragkaki, P.; Lavdas, L.; Fountos, G.; Valais, I.; Kalyvas, N.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Digital X-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are widely used in dental radiography. The scope of this work is the examination of the spatial frequency component of a dedicated dental CMOS <span class="hlt">detector</span>. A commercially available SCHICK CDR CMOS <span class="hlt">detector</span> was irradiated at a Del Medical Eureka X-ray system at 60kVp and 70kVp. The irradiation setup included images of an edge, for Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) calculation. The air-KERMA was measured with an RTI PIRANHA X-ray multimeter. The images were evaluated in ‘for presentation’ format with the use of ImageJ software. The <span class="hlt">linear</span> range of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> was found in the range 13μGy-183μGy at 60 kVp and 18μGy-180μGy at 70 kVp. By inspecting the MTF curves it was found that MTF(6lp/mm)60kVp=0.29 and MTF(6lp/mm)70kVp=0.25. The inspection of the Normalized Noise Power Spetrum (NNPS) showed similar low noise components. Our results indicate that this <span class="hlt">detector</span> presents comparable performance at both kVp, although its X-ray response (pixel value vs air KERMA) was not equal to previously published results, for the same <span class="hlt">detector</span> type.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..370a2013K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..370a2013K"><span>Validation of Harris <span class="hlt">Detector</span> and Eigen Features <span class="hlt">Detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kok, K. Y.; Rajendran, P.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Harris <span class="hlt">detector</span> is one of the most common features detection for applications such as object recognition, stereo matching and target tracking. In this paper, a similar Harris <span class="hlt">detector</span> algorithm is written using MATLAB and the performance is compared with MATLAB built in Harris <span class="hlt">detector</span> for validation. This is to ensure that rewritten version of Harris <span class="hlt">detector</span> can be used for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) application research purpose yet can be further improvised. Another corner <span class="hlt">detector</span> close to Harris <span class="hlt">detector</span>, which is Eigen features <span class="hlt">detector</span> is rewritten and compared as well using same procedures with same purpose. The simulation results have shown that rewritten version for both Harris and Eigen features <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have the same performance with MATLAB built in <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with not more than 0.4% coordination deviation, less than 4% & 5% response deviation respectively, and maximum 3% computational cost error.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SPIE.4320..339C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SPIE.4320..339C"><span>Analytical approximations to the Hotelling trace for digital x-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Clarkson, Eric; Pineda, Angel R.; Barrett, Harrison H.</p> <p>2001-06-01</p> <p>The Hotelling trace is the signal-to-noise ratio for the ideal <span class="hlt">linear</span> observer in a detection task. We provide an analytical approximation for this figure of merit when the signal is known exactly and the background is generated by a stationary random process, and the imaging system is an ideal digital x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span>. This approximation is based on assuming that the <span class="hlt">detector</span> is infinite in extent. We test this approximation for finite-size <span class="hlt">detectors</span> by comparing it to exact calculations using matrix inversion of the data covariance matrix. After verifying the validity of the approximation under a variety of circumstances, we use it to generate plots of the Hotelling trace as a function of pairs of parameters of the system, the signal and the background.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12C6006S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12C6006S"><span>Silicon technologies for the CLIC vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Spannagel, S.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>CLIC is a proposed <span class="hlt">linear</span> e+e- collider designed to provide particle collisions at center-of-mass energies of up to 3 TeV. Precise measurements of the properties of the top quark and the Higgs boson, as well as searches for Beyond the Standard Model physics require a highly performant CLIC <span class="hlt">detector</span>. In particular the vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span> must provide a single point resolution of only a few micrometers while not exceeding the envisaged material budget of around 0.2% X0 per layer. Beam-beam interactions and beamstrahlung processes impose an additional requirement on the timestamping capabilities of the vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span> of about 10 ns. These goals can only be met by using novel techniques in the sensor and ASIC design as well as in the <span class="hlt">detector</span> construction. The R&D program for the CLIC vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span> explores various technologies in order to meet these demands. The feasibility of planar sensors with a thickness of 50-150 μm, including different active edge designs, are evaluated using Timepix3 ASICs. First prototypes of the CLICpix readout ASIC, implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology and with a pixel size of 25×25μm 2, have been produced and tested in particle beams. An updated version of the ASIC with a larger pixel matrix and improved precision of the time-over-threshold and time-of-arrival measurements has been submitted. Different hybridization concepts have been developed for the interconnection between the sensor and readout ASIC, ranging from small-pitch bump bonding of planar sensors to capacitive coupling of active HV-CMOS sensors. <span class="hlt">Detector</span> simulations based on Geant 4 and TCAD are compared with experimental results to assess and optimize the performance of the various designs. This contribution gives an overview of the R&D program undertaken for the CLIC vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span> and presents performance measurements of the prototype <span class="hlt">detectors</span> currently under investigation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhPro..37..923R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhPro..37..923R"><span>An EUDET/AIDA Pixel Beam Telescope for <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Development</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rubinskiy, I.; EUDET Consortium; AIDA Consortium</p> <p></p> <p>Ahigh resolution(σ< 2 μm) beam telescope based on monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) was developed within the EUDET collaboration. EUDET was a coordinated <span class="hlt">detector</span> R&D programme for the future International <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider providing test beam infrastructure to <span class="hlt">detector</span> R&D groups. The telescope consists of six sensor planes with a pixel pitch of either 18.4 μm or 10 μmand canbe operated insidea solenoidal magnetic fieldofupto1.2T.Ageneral purpose cooling, positioning, data acquisition (DAQ) and offine data analysis tools are available for the users. The excellent resolution, readout rate andDAQintegration capabilities made the telescopea primary beam tests tool also for several CERN based experiments. In this report the performance of the final telescope is presented. The plans for an even more flexible telescope with three differentpixel technologies(ATLASPixel, Mimosa,Timepix) withinthenew European <span class="hlt">detector</span> infrastructure project AIDA are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170000876','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170000876"><span>Multidirectional Cosmic Ray Ion <span class="hlt">Detector</span> for Deep Space CubeSats</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wrbanek, John D.; Wrbanek, Susan Y.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Understanding the nature of anisotropy of solar energetic protons (SEPs) and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) fluxes in the interplanetary medium is crucial in characterizing time-dependent radiation exposure in interplanetary space for future exploration missions. NASA Glenn Research Center has proposed a CubeSat-based instrument to study solar and cosmic ray ions in lunar orbit or deep space. The objective of Solar Proton Anisotropy and Galactic cosmic ray High Energy Transport Instrument (SPAGHETI) is to provide multi-directional ion data to further understand anisotropies in SEP and GCR flux. The instrument is to be developed using large area <span class="hlt">detectors</span> fabricated from high density, high purity silicon carbide (SiC) to measure <span class="hlt">linear</span> energy transfer (LET) of ions. Stacks of these LET <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are arranged in a CubeSat at orthogonal directions to provide multidirectional measurements. The low-noise, thermally-stable nature of silicon carbide and its radiation tolerance allows the multidirectional array of <span class="hlt">detector</span> stacks to be packed in a 6U CubeSat without active cooling. A concept involving additional coincidence/anticoincidence <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and a high energy Cherenkov <span class="hlt">detector</span> is possible to further expand ion energy range and sensitivity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890041919&hterms=acetone&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dacetone','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890041919&hterms=acetone&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dacetone"><span>Sensitive gas chromatographic detection of acetaldehyde and acetone using a reduction gas <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>O'Hara, Dean; Singh, Hanwant B.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>The response of a newly available mercuric oxide Reduction Gas <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (RGD-2) to subpicomole and larger quantities of acetaldehyde and acetone is tested. The RGD-2 is found to be capable of subpicomole detection for these carbonyls and is more sensitive than an FID (Flame Ionization <span class="hlt">Detector</span>) by an order of magnitude. Operating parameters can be further optimized to make the RGD-2 some 20-40 times more sensitive than an FID. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is <span class="hlt">linear</span> over a wide range and is easily adapted to a conventional gas chromatograph (GC). Such a GC-RGD-2 system should be suitable for atmospheric carbonyl measurements in clean as well as polluted environments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275563','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275563"><span>Characterization of responses and comparison of calibration factor for commercial MOSFET <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bharanidharan, Ganesan; Manigandan, Durai; Devan, Krishnamurthy; Subramani, Vellaiyan; Gopishankar, Natanasabapathi; Ganesh, Tharmar; Joshi, Rakeshchander; Rath, Gourakishore; Velmurugan, Jagadeesan; Aruna, Prakasarao; Ganesan, Singaravelu</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>A commercial metal oxide silicon field effect transistor (MOSFET) dosimeter of model TN502-RD has been characterized for its <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, reproducibility, field size dependency, dose rate dependency, and angular dependency for Cobalt-60 (60Co), 6-MV, and 15-MV beam energies. The performance of the MOSFET clearly shows that it is highly reproducible, independent of field size and dose rate. Furthermore, MOSFET has a very high degree of <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, with r-value>0.9 for all 3 energies. The calibration factor for 2 similar MOSFET <span class="hlt">detectors</span> of model TN502-RD were also estimated and compared for all 3 energies. The calibration factor between the 2 similar MOSFET <span class="hlt">detectors</span> shows a variation of about 1.8% for 60Co and 15 MV, and for 6 MV it shows variation of about 2.5%, indicating that calibration should be done whenever a new MOSFET is used. However, the <span class="hlt">detector</span> shows considerable angular dependency of about 8.8% variation. This may be due to the variation in radiation sensitivity between flat and bubble sides of the MOSFET, and indicates that positional care must be taken while using MOSFET for stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy dosimetric applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3658710','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3658710"><span>Virtual Estimator for Piecewise <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Systems Based on Observability Analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Morales-Morales, Cornelio; Adam-Medina, Manuel; Cervantes, Ilse; Vela-Valdés and, Luis G.; García Beltrán, Carlos Daniel</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>This article proposes a virtual sensor for piecewise <span class="hlt">linear</span> systems based on observability analysis that is in function of a commutation law related with the system's outpu. This virtual sensor is also known as a state estimator. Besides, it presents a <span class="hlt">detector</span> of active mode when the commutation sequences of each <span class="hlt">linear</span> subsystem are arbitrary and unknown. For the previous, this article proposes a set of virtual estimators that discern the commutation paths of the system and allow estimating their output. In this work a methodology in order to test the observability for piecewise <span class="hlt">linear</span> systems with discrete time is proposed. An academic example is presented to show the obtained results. PMID:23447007</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9033E..3MZ','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9033E..3MZ"><span>Characterization of a hybrid energy-resolving photon-counting <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zang, A.; Pelzer, G.; Anton, G.; Ballabriga Sune, R.; Bisello, F.; Campbell, M.; Fauler, A.; Fiederle, M.; Llopart Cudie, X.; Ritter, I.; Tennert, F.; Wölfel, S.; Wong, W. S.; Michel, T.</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>Photon-counting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in medical x-ray imaging provide a higher dose efficiency than integrating <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Even further possibilities for imaging applications arise, if the energy of each photon counted is measured, as for example K-edge-imaging or optimizing image quality by applying energy weighting factors. In this contribution, we show results of the characterization of the Dosepix <span class="hlt">detector</span>. This hybrid photon- counting pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span> allows energy resolved measurements with a novel concept of energy binning included in the pixel electronics. Based on ideas of the Medipix <span class="hlt">detector</span> family, it provides three different modes of operation: An integration mode, a photon-counting mode, and an energy-binning mode. In energy-binning mode, it is possible to set 16 energy thresholds in each pixel individually to derive a binned energy spectrum in every pixel in one acquisition. The hybrid setup allows using different sensor materials. For the measurements 300 μm Si and 1 mm CdTe were used. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> matrix consists of 16 x 16 square pixels for CdTe (16 x 12 for Si) with a pixel pitch of 220 μm. The Dosepix was originally intended for applications in the field of radiation measurement. Therefore it is not optimized towards medical imaging. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> concept itself still promises potential as an imaging <span class="hlt">detector</span>. We present spectra measured in one single pixel as well as in the whole pixel matrix in energy-binning mode with a conventional x-ray tube. In addition, results concerning the count rate <span class="hlt">linearity</span> for the different sensor materials are shown as well as measurements regarding energy resolution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353390','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353390"><span>Theoretical performance analysis for CMOS based high resolution <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jain, Amit; Bednarek, Daniel R; Rudin, Stephen</p> <p>2013-03-06</p> <p>High resolution imaging capabilities are essential for accurately guiding successful endovascular interventional procedures. Present x-ray imaging <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are not always adequate due to their inherent limitations. The newly-developed high-resolution micro-angiographic fluoroscope (MAF-CCD) <span class="hlt">detector</span> has demonstrated excellent clinical image quality; however, further improvement in performance and physical design may be possible using CMOS sensors. We have thus calculated the theoretical performance of two proposed CMOS <span class="hlt">detectors</span> which may be used as a successor to the MAF. The proposed <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have a 300 μm thick HL-type CsI phosphor, a 50 μm-pixel CMOS sensor with and without a variable gain light image intensifier (LII), and are designated MAF-CMOS-LII and MAF-CMOS, respectively. For the performance evaluation, <span class="hlt">linear</span> cascade modeling was used. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> imaging chains were divided into individual stages characterized by one of the basic processes (quantum gain, binomial selection, stochastic and deterministic blurring, additive noise). Ranges of readout noise and exposure were used to calculate the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>' MTF and DQE. The MAF-CMOS showed slightly better MTF than the MAF-CMOS-LII, but the MAF-CMOS-LII showed far better DQE, especially for lower exposures. The proposed <span class="hlt">detectors</span> can have improved MTF and DQE compared with the present high resolution MAF <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The performance of the MAF-CMOS is excellent for the angiography exposure range; however it is limited at fluoroscopic levels due to additive instrumentation noise. The MAF-CMOS-LII, having the advantage of the variable LII gain, can overcome the noise limitation and hence may perform exceptionally for the full range of required exposures; however, it is more complex and hence more expensive.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29858132','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29858132"><span>Dosimetric characterization of a single crystal diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> in X-ray beams for preclinical research.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kampfer, Severin; Cho, Nathan; Combs, Stephanie E; Wilkens, Jan J</p> <p>2018-05-29</p> <p>The aim of this study was to investigate a single crystal diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span>, the microDiamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> from PTW (PTW-Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany), concerning the particular requirements in the set-up and energy range used in small animal radiotherapy (RT) research (around 220kV). We tested it to find out the minimal required pre-irradiation dose, the dose <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, dose rate dependency and the angular response as well as usability in the small animal radiation research platform, SARRP (Xstrahl Ltd., Camberley, UK). For a stable signal in the range of energies used in the study, we found a required pre-irradiation dose of 10Gy. The dose <span class="hlt">linearity</span> and dose rate dependence measurements showed a very good performance of the microDiamond <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Regarding the effect of angular dependency, the variation of the response signal is less than 0.5% within the first 15° of the polar angle. In the azimuthal angle, however, there are differences in <span class="hlt">detector</span> response up to 20%, depending on the range of energies used in the study. In addition, we compared the <span class="hlt">detector</span> to a radiosensitive film for a profile measurement of a 5×5mm 2 irradiation field. Both methods showed a good accordance with the field size, however, the film has a steeper dose gradient in the penumbra region but also a higher noise than the microDiamond <span class="hlt">detector</span>. We demonstrated that the microDiamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> is a useful measurement tool for small animal RT research due to its small size. Nevertheless, it seems to be very important to verify the response of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> in the given set-up and energy range. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier GmbH.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JChPh.148d5104S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JChPh.148d5104S"><span>Optimized "<span class="hlt">detectors</span>" for dynamics analysis in solid-state NMR</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Smith, Albert A.; Ernst, Matthias; Meier, Beat H.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Relaxation in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results from stochastic motions that modulate anisotropic NMR interactions. Therefore, measurement of relaxation-rate constants can be used to characterize molecular-dynamic processes. The motion is often characterized by Markov processes using an auto-correlation function, which is assumed to be a sum of multiple decaying exponentials. We have recently shown that such a model can lead to severe misrepresentation of the real motion, when the real correlation function is more complex than the model. Furthermore, multiple distributions of motion may yield the same set of dynamics data. Therefore, we introduce optimized dynamics "<span class="hlt">detectors</span>" to characterize motions which are <span class="hlt">linear</span> combinations of relaxation-rate constants. A <span class="hlt">detector</span> estimates the average or total amplitude of motion for a range of motional correlation times. The information obtained through the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is less specific than information obtained using an explicit model, but this is necessary because the information contained in the relaxation data is ambiguous, if one does not know the correct motional model. On the other hand, if one has a molecular dynamics trajectory, one may calculate the corresponding <span class="hlt">detector</span> responses, allowing direct comparison to experimental NMR dynamics analysis. We describe how to construct a set of optimized <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for a given set of relaxation measurements. We then investigate the properties of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for a number of different data sets, thus gaining an insight into the actual information content of the NMR data. Finally, we show an example analysis of ubiquitin dynamics data using <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, using the DIFRATE software.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7279E..0ZY','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7279E..0ZY"><span>Modulation transfer function of partial gating <span class="hlt">detector</span> by liquid crystal auto-controlling light intensity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Xusan; Tang, Yuanhe; Liu, Kai; Liu, Hanchen; Gao, Haiyang; Li, Qing; Zhang, Ruixia; Ye, Na; Liang, Yuan; Zhao, Gaoxiang</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>Based on the electro-optical properties of liquid crystal, we have designed a novel partial gating <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Liquid crystal can be taken to change its own transmission according to the light intensity outside. Every single pixel of the image is real-time modulated by liquid crystal, thus the strong light is weakened and low light goes through the <span class="hlt">detector</span> normally .The purpose of partial-gating strong light (>105lx) can be achieved by this <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The modulation transfer function (MTF) equations of the main optical sub-systems are calculated in this paper, they are liquid crystal panels, <span class="hlt">linear</span> fiber panel and CCD array <span class="hlt">detector</span>. According to the relevant size, the MTF value of this system is fitted out. The result is MTF= 0.518 at Nyquist frequency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/868421','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/868421"><span>Method and system for photoconductive <span class="hlt">detector</span> signal correction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Carangelo, Robert M.; Hamblen, David G.; Brouillette, Carl R.</p> <p>1992-08-04</p> <p>A corrective factor is applied so as to remove anomalous features from the signal generated by a photoconductive <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and to thereby render the output signal highly <span class="hlt">linear</span> with respect to the energy of incident, time-varying radiation. The corrective factor may be applied through the use of either digital electronic data processing means or analog circuitry, or through a combination of those effects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7117795','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7117795"><span>Method and system for photoconductive <span class="hlt">detector</span> signal correction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Carangelo, R.M.; Hamblen, D.G.; Brouillette, C.R.</p> <p>1992-08-04</p> <p>A corrective factor is applied so as to remove anomalous features from the signal generated by a photoconductive <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and to thereby render the output signal highly <span class="hlt">linear</span> with respect to the energy of incident, time-varying radiation. The corrective factor may be applied through the use of either digital electronic data processing means or analog circuitry, or through a combination of those effects. 5 figs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH51C2503W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH51C2503W"><span><span class="hlt">Linearity</span> Analysis and Efficiency Testing of The Chromospheric Lyman-Alpha Spectro-Polarimeter (CLASP) Science Cameras for Flight</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Walker, S. C.; Rachmeler, L.; Winebarger, A. R.; Champey, P. R.; Bethge, C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>To unveil the complexity of the solar atmosphere, measurement of the magnetic field in the upper chromosphere and transition region is fundamentally important, as this is where the forces transition from plasma to magnetic field dominated. Measurements of the field are also needed to shed light on the energy transport from the lower atmospheric regions to the corona beyond. Such an advance in heliospheric knowledge became possible with the first flight of the international solar sounding rocket mission, CLASP. For the first time, <span class="hlt">linear</span> polarization was measured in H Lyman-Alpha at 121.60 nm in September 2015. For <span class="hlt">linear</span> polarization measurements in this line, high sensitivity is required due to the relatively weak polarization signal compared to the intensity. To achieve this high sensitivity, a low-noise sensor is required with good knowledge of its characterization, including <span class="hlt">linearity</span>. This work presents further refinement of the <span class="hlt">linearity</span> characterization of the cameras flown in 2015. We compared the current from a photodiode in the light path to the digital response of the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Pre-flight CCD <span class="hlt">linearity</span> measurements were taken for all three flight cameras and calculations of the <span class="hlt">linear</span> fits and residuals were performed. However, the previous calculations included a smearing pattern and a digital saturation region on the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> which were not properly taken into account. The calculations have been adjusted and were repeated for manually chosen sub-regions on the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that were found not to be affected. We present a brief overview of the instrument, the calibration data and procedures, and a comparison of the old and new <span class="hlt">linearity</span> results. The CLASP cameras will be reused for the successor mission, CLASP2, which will measure the Mg II h & k lines between 279.45 nm and 280.35 nm. The new approach will help to better prepare for and to improve the camera characterization for CLASP2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170011703','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170011703"><span><span class="hlt">Linearity</span> Analysis and Efficiency Testing of The Chromospheric Lyman-Alpha Spectro-Polarimeter (CLASP) Science Cameras for Flight</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Walker, Salma C.; Rachmeler, Laurel; Winebarger, Amy; Champey, Patrick; Bethge, Christian</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>To unveil the complexity of the solar atmosphere, measurement of the magnetic field in the upper chromosphere and transition region is fundamentally important, as this is where the forces transition from plasma to magnetic field dominated. Measurements of the field are also needed to elucidate the energy transport from the lower atmospheric regions to the corona beyond. Such an advance in heliospheric knowledge became possible with the first flight of the international solar sounding rocket mission, CLASP. For the first time, <span class="hlt">linear</span> polarization was measured in Hydrogen Lyman-Alpha at 121.60 nm in September 2015. For <span class="hlt">linear</span> polarization measurements in this emission line, high sensitivity is required due to the relatively weak polarization signal compared to the intensity. To achieve this high sensitivity, a low-noise sensor is required with good knowledge of its characterization, including <span class="hlt">linearity</span>. This work presents further refinement of the <span class="hlt">linearity</span> characterization of the cameras flown in 2015. We compared the current from a photodiode in the light path to the digital response of the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Pre-flight CCD <span class="hlt">linearity</span> measurements were taken for all three flight cameras and calculations of the <span class="hlt">linear</span> fits and residuals were performed. However, the previous calculations included a smearing pattern and a digital saturation region on the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> which were not properly taken into account. The calculations have been adjusted and were repeated for manually chosen sub-regions on the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that were found not to be affected. We present a brief overview of the instrument, the calibration data and procedures, and a comparison of the old and new <span class="hlt">linearity</span> results. The CLASP cameras will be reused for the successor mission, CLASP2, which will measure the Magnesium II h & k emission lines between 279.45 nm and 280.35 nm. The new approach will help to better prepare for and to improve the camera characterization for CLASP2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001611','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001611"><span><span class="hlt">Linearity</span> Analysis and Efficiency Testing of The Chromospheric Lyman-Alpha Spectro-Polarimeter (CLASP) Science Cameras for Flight</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Walker, Salma C.; Rachmeler, Laurel; Winebarger, Amy; Champey, Patrick; Bethge, Christian</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>To unveil the complexity of the solar atmosphere, measurement of the magnetic field in the upper chromosphere and transition region is fundamentally important, as this is where the forces transition from plasma to magnetic field dominated. Measurements of the field are also needed to elucidate the energy transport from the lower atmospheric regions to the corona beyond. Such an advance in heliospheric knowledge became possible with the first flight of the international solar sounding rocket mission, CLASP. For the first time, <span class="hlt">linear</span> polarization was measured in Hydrogen Lyman-Alpha at 121.60 nm in September 2015. For <span class="hlt">linear</span> polarization measurements in this emission line, high sensitivity is required due to the relatively weak polarization signal compared to the intensity. To achieve this high sensitivity, a low-noise sensor is required with good knowledge of its characterization, including <span class="hlt">linearity</span>. This work presents further refinement of the <span class="hlt">linearity</span> characterization of the cameras flown in 2015. We compared the current from a photodiode in the light path to the digital response of the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Pre-flight CCD <span class="hlt">linearity</span> measurements were taken for all three flight cameras and calculations of the <span class="hlt">linear</span> fits and residuals were performed. However, the previous calculations included a smearing pattern and a digital saturation region on the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> which were not properly taken into account. The calculations have been adjusted and were repeated for manually chosen sub-regions on the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that were found not to be affected. We present a brief overview of the instrument, the calibration data and procedures, and a comparison of the old and new <span class="hlt">linearity</span> results. The CLASP cameras will be reused for the successor mission, CLASP2, which will measure the Magnesium II h & k emission lines between 279.45 nm and 280.35 nm. The new approach will help to better prepare for and to improve the camera characterization for CLASP2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25832098','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25832098"><span>Dosimetric characterization of a microDiamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> in clinical scanned carbon ion beams.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Marinelli, Marco; Prestopino, G; Verona, C; Verona-Rinati, G; Ciocca, M; Mirandola, A; Mairani, A; Raffaele, L; Magro, G</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>To investigate for the first time the dosimetric properties of a new commercial synthetic diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> (PTW microDiamond) in high-energy scanned clinical carbon ion beams generated by a synchrotron at the CNAO facility. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> response was evaluated in a water phantom with actively scanned carbon ion beams ranging from 115 to 380 MeV/u (30-250 mm Bragg peak depth in water). Homogeneous square fields of 3 × 3 and 6 × 6 cm(2) were used. Short- and medium-term (2 months) <span class="hlt">detector</span> response stability, dependence on beam energy as well as ion type (carbon ions and protons), <span class="hlt">linearity</span> with dose, and directional and dose-rate dependence were investigated. The depth dose curve of a 280 MeV/u carbon ion beam, scanned over a 3 × 3 cm(2) area, was measured with the microDiamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> and compared to that measured using a PTW Advanced Markus ionization chamber, and also simulated using fluka Monte Carlo code. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> response in two spread-out-Bragg-peaks (SOBPs), respectively, centered at 9 and 21 cm depths in water and calculated using the treatment planning system (TPS) used at CNAO, was measured. A negligible drift of <span class="hlt">detector</span> sensitivity within the experimental session was seen, indicating that no <span class="hlt">detector</span> preirradiation was needed. Short-term response reproducibility around 1% (1 standard deviation) was found. Only 2% maximum variation of microDiamond sensitivity was observed among all the evaluated proton and carbon ion beam energies. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> response showed a good <span class="hlt">linear</span> behavior. <span class="hlt">Detector</span> sensitivity was found to be dose-rate independent, with a variation below 1.3% in the evaluated dose-rate range. A very good agreement between measured and simulated Bragg curves with both microDiamond and Advanced Markus chamber was found, showing a negligible LET dependence of the tested <span class="hlt">detector</span>. A depth dose curve was also measured by positioning the microDiamond with its main axis oriented orthogonally to the beam direction. A strong distortion in Bragg</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25564826','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25564826"><span>Properties of a commercial PTW-60019 synthetic diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the dosimetry of small radiotherapy beams.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lárraga-Gutiérrez, José Manuel; Ballesteros-Zebadúa, Paola; Rodríguez-Ponce, Miguel; García-Garduño, Olivia Amanda; de la Cruz, Olga Olinca Galván</p> <p>2015-01-21</p> <p>A CVD based radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> has recently become commercially available from the manufacturer PTW-Freiburg (Germany). This <span class="hlt">detector</span> has a sensitive volume of 0.004 mm(3), a nominal sensitivity of 1 nC Gy(-1) and operates at 0 V. Unlike natural diamond based <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, the CVD diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> reports a low dose rate dependence. The dosimetric properties investigated in this work were dose rate, angular dependence and <span class="hlt">detector</span> sensitivity and <span class="hlt">linearity</span>. Also, percentage depth dose, off-axis dose profiles and total scatter ratios were measured and compared against equivalent measurements performed with a stereotactic diode. A Monte Carlo simulation was carried out to estimate the CVD small beam correction factors for a 6 MV photon beam. The small beam correction factors were compared with those obtained from stereotactic diode and ionization chambers in the same irradiation conditions The experimental measurements were performed in 6 and 15 MV photon beams with the following square field sizes: 10 × 10, 5 × 5, 4 × 4, 3 × 3, 2 × 2, 1.5 × 1.5, 1 × 1 and 0.5 × 0.5 cm. The CVD <span class="hlt">detector</span> showed an excellent signal stability (<0.2%) and <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, negligible dose rate dependence (<0.2%) and lower response angular dependence. The percentage depth dose and off-axis dose profiles measurements were comparable (within 1%) to the measurements performed with ionization chamber and diode in both conventional and small radiotherapy beams. For the 0.5 × 0.5 cm, the measurements performed with the CVD <span class="hlt">detector</span> showed a partial volume effect for all the dosimetric quantities measured. The Monte Carlo simulation showed that the small beam correction factors were close to unity (within 1.0%) for field sizes ≥1 cm. The synthetic diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> had high <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, low angular and negligible dose rate dependence, and its response was energy independent within 1% for field sizes from 1.0 to 5.0 cm. This work provides new data showing the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22608536-one-dimensional-spatial-resolution-optimization-hybrid-low-field-mri-gamma-detector','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22608536-one-dimensional-spatial-resolution-optimization-hybrid-low-field-mri-gamma-detector"><span>One dimensional spatial resolution optimization on a hybrid low field MRI-gamma <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Agulles-Pedrós, L., E-mail: lagullesp@unal.edu.co; Abril, A., E-mail: ajabrilf@unal.edu.co</p> <p></p> <p>Hybrid systems like Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (PET/MRI) and MRI/gamma camera, offer advantages combining the resolution and contrast capability of MRI with the better contrast and functional information of nuclear medicine techniques. However, the radiation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are expensive and need an electronic set-up, which can interfere with the MRI acquisition process or viceversa. In order to improve these drawbacks, in this work it is presented the design of a low field NMR system made up of permanent magnets compatible with a gamma radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> based on gel dosimetry. The design is performed using the software FEMM for estimation ofmore » the magnetic field, and GEANT4 for the physical process involved in radiation detection and effect of magnetic field. The homogeneity in magnetic field is achieved with an array of NbFeB magnets in a <span class="hlt">linear</span> configuration with a separation between the magnets, minimizing the effect of Compton back scattering compared with a no-spacing <span class="hlt">linear</span> configuration. The final magnetic field in the homogeneous zone is ca. 100 mT. In this hybrid proposal, although the gel <span class="hlt">detector</span> do not have spatial resolution per se, it is possible to obtain a dose profile (1D image) as a function of the position by using a collimator array. As a result, the gamma <span class="hlt">detector</span> system described allows a complete integrated radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> within the low field NMR (lfNMR) system. Finally we present the better configuration for the hybrid system considering the collimator parameters such as height, thickness and distance.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27386366','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27386366"><span>An LFMCW <span class="hlt">detector</span> with new structure and FRFT based differential distance estimation method.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yue, Kai; Hao, Xinhong; Li, Ping</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>This paper describes a <span class="hlt">linear</span> frequency modulated continuous wave (LFMCW) <span class="hlt">detector</span> which is designed for a collision avoidance radar. This <span class="hlt">detector</span> can estimate distance between the <span class="hlt">detector</span> and pedestrians or vehicles, thereby it will help to reduce the likelihood of traffic accidents. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> consists of a transceiver and a signal processor. A novel structure based on the intermediate frequency signal (IFS) is designed for the transceiver which is different from the traditional LFMCW transceiver using the beat frequency signal (BFS) based structure. In the signal processor, a novel fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) based differential distance estimation (DDE) method is used to detect the distance. The new IFS based structure is beneficial for the FRFT based DDE method to reduce the computation complexity, because it does not need the scan of the optimal FRFT order. Low computation complexity ensures the feasibility of practical applications. Simulations are carried out and results demonstrate the efficiency of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> designed in this paper.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1344270-improved-neutron-gamma-discrimination-neutron-detector-using-subspace-learning-methods','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1344270-improved-neutron-gamma-discrimination-neutron-detector-using-subspace-learning-methods"><span>Improved neutron-gamma discrimination for a 3He neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> using subspace learning methods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Wang, C. L.; Funk, L. L.; Riedel, R. A.; ...</p> <p>2017-02-10</p> <p>3He gas based neutron <span class="hlt">linear</span>-position-sensitive <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (LPSDs) have been applied for many neutron scattering instruments. Traditional Pulse-Height Analysis (PHA) for Neutron-Gamma Discrimination (NGD) resulted in the neutron-gamma efficiency ratio on the orders of 10 5-10 6. The NGD ratios of 3He <span class="hlt">detectors</span> need to be improved for even better scientific results from neutron scattering. Digital Signal Processing (DSP) analyses of waveforms were proposed for obtaining better NGD ratios, based on features extracted from rise-time, pulse amplitude, charge integration, a simplified Wiener filter, and the cross-correlation between individual and template waveforms of neutron and gamma events. Fisher <span class="hlt">linear</span> discriminant analysis (FLDA)more » and three multivariate analyses (MVAs) of the features were performed. The NGD ratios are improved by about 10 2-10 3 times compared with the traditional PHA method. Finally, our results indicate the NGD capabilities of 3He tube <span class="hlt">detectors</span> can be significantly improved with subspace-learning based methods, which may result in a reduced data-collection time and better data quality for further data reduction.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27552753','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27552753"><span>Beyond the Sparsity-Based Target <span class="hlt">Detector</span>: A Hybrid Sparsity and Statistics Based <span class="hlt">Detector</span> for Hyperspectral Images.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Du, Bo; Zhang, Yuxiang; Zhang, Liangpei; Tao, Dacheng</p> <p>2016-08-18</p> <p>Hyperspectral images provide great potential for target detection, however, new challenges are also introduced for hyperspectral target detection, resulting that hyperspectral target detection should be treated as a new problem and modeled differently. Many classical <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are proposed based on the <span class="hlt">linear</span> mixing model and the sparsity model. However, the former type of model cannot deal well with spectral variability in limited endmembers, and the latter type of model usually treats the target detection as a simple classification problem and pays less attention to the low target probability. In this case, can we find an efficient way to utilize both the high-dimension features behind hyperspectral images and the limited target information to extract small targets? This paper proposes a novel sparsitybased <span class="hlt">detector</span> named the hybrid sparsity and statistics <span class="hlt">detector</span> (HSSD) for target detection in hyperspectral imagery, which can effectively deal with the above two problems. The proposed algorithm designs a hypothesis-specific dictionary based on the prior hypotheses for the test pixel, which can avoid the imbalanced number of training samples for a class-specific dictionary. Then, a purification process is employed for the background training samples in order to construct an effective competition between the two hypotheses. Next, a sparse representation based binary hypothesis model merged with additive Gaussian noise is proposed to represent the image. Finally, a generalized likelihood ratio test is performed to obtain a more robust detection decision than the reconstruction residual based detection methods. Extensive experimental results with three hyperspectral datasets confirm that the proposed HSSD algorithm clearly outperforms the stateof- the-art target <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22624431-su-dosimetric-characterization-small-photons-beams-novel-linear-accelerator','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22624431-su-dosimetric-characterization-small-photons-beams-novel-linear-accelerator"><span>SU-F-E-06: Dosimetric Characterization of Small Photons Beams of a Novel <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Accelerator</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Almonte, A; Polanco, G; Sanchez, E</p> <p>2016-06-15</p> <p>Purpose: The aim of the present contribution was to measure the main dosimetric quantities of small fields produced by UNIQUE and evaluate its matching with the corresponding dosimetric data of one 21EX conventional <span class="hlt">linear</span> accelerator (Varian) in operation at the same center. The second step was to evaluate comparative performance of the EDGE diode <span class="hlt">detector</span> and the PinPoint micro-ionization chamber for dosimetry of small fields. Methods: UNIQUE is configured with MLC (120 leaves with 0.5 cm leaf width) and a single low photon energy of 6 MV. Beam data were measured with scanning EDGE diode <span class="hlt">detector</span> (volume of 0.019 mm{supmore » 3}), a PinPoint micro-ionization chamber (PTW) and for larger fields (≥ 4×4cm{sup 2}) a PTW Semi flex chamber (0.125 cm{sup 3}) was used. The scanning system used was the 3D cylindrical tank manufactured by Sun Nuclear, Inc. The measurement of PDD and profiles were done at 100 cm SSD and 1.5 depth; the relative output factors were measured at 10 cm depth. Results: PDD and the profile data showed less than 1% variation between the two <span class="hlt">linear</span> accelerators for fields size between 2×2 cm{sup 2} and 5×5cm{sup 2}. Output factor differences was less than 1% for field sizes between 3×3 cm{sup 2} and 10×10 cm{sup 2} and less of 1.5 % for fields of 1.5×1.5 cm{sup 2} and 2×2 cm{sup 2} respectively. The dmax value of the EDGE diode <span class="hlt">detector</span>, measured from the PDD, was 8.347 mm for 0.5×0,5cm{sup 2} for UNIQUE. The performance of EDGE diode <span class="hlt">detector</span> was comparable for all measurements in small fields. Conclusion: UNIQUE <span class="hlt">linear</span> accelerator show similar dosimetrics characteristics as conventional 21EX Varian <span class="hlt">linear</span> accelerator for small, medium and large field sizes.EDGE <span class="hlt">detector</span> show good performance by measuring dosimetrics quantities in small fields typically used in IMRT and radiosurgery treatments.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JInst..11C1039N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JInst..11C1039N"><span>Silicon pixel-<span class="hlt">detector</span> R&D for CLIC</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nürnberg, A.</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>The physics aims at the future CLIC high-energy <span class="hlt">linear</span> e+e- collider set very high precision requirements on the performance of the vertex and tracking <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Moreover, these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have to be well adapted to the experimental conditions, such as the time structure of the collisions and the presence of beam-induced backgrounds. The principal challenges are: a point resolution of a few μm, ultra-low mass (~ 0.2%X0 per layer for the vertex region and ~ 1%X0 per layer for the outer tracker), very low power dissipation (compatible with air-flow cooling in the inner vertex region) and pulsed power operation, complemented with ~ 10 ns time stamping capabilities. A highly granular all-silicon vertex and tracking <span class="hlt">detector</span> system is under development, following an integrated approach addressing simultaneously the physics requirements and engineering constraints. For the vertex-<span class="hlt">detector</span> region, hybrid pixel <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with small pitch (25 μm) and analog readout are explored. For the outer tracking region, both hybrid concepts and fully integrated CMOS sensors are under consideration. The feasibility of ultra-thin sensor layers is validated with Timepix3 readout ASICs bump bonded to active edge planar sensors with 50 μm to 150 μm thickness. Prototypes of CLICpix readout ASICs implemented in 6525 nm CMOS technology with 25 μm pixel pitch have been produced. Hybridisation concepts have been developed for interconnecting these chips either through capacitive coupling to active HV-CMOS sensors or through bump-bonding to planar sensors. Recent R&D achievements include results from beam tests with all types of hybrid assemblies. Simulations based on Geant4 and TCAD are used to validate the experimental results and to assess and optimise the performance of various <span class="hlt">detector</span> designs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22559615','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22559615"><span>Dose rate dependence for different dosimeters and <span class="hlt">detectors</span>: TLD, OSL, EBT films, and diamond <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Karsch, L; Beyreuther, E; Burris-Mog, T; Kraft, S; Richter, C; Zeil, K; Pawelke, J</p> <p>2012-05-01</p> <p>The use of laser accelerators in radiation therapy can perhaps increase the low number of proton and ion therapy facilities in some years due to the low investment costs and small size. The laser-based acceleration technology leads to a very high peak dose rate of about 10(11) Gy∕s. A first dosimetric task is the evaluation of dose rate dependence of clinical dosimeters and other <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The measurements were done at ELBE, a superconductive <span class="hlt">linear</span> electron accelerator which generates electron pulses with 5 ps length at 20 MeV. The different dose rates are reached by adjusting the number of electrons in one beam pulse. Three clinical dosimeters (TLD, OSL, and EBT radiochromic films) were irradiated with four different dose rates and nearly the same dose. A faraday cup, an integrating current transformer, and an ionization chamber were used to control the particle flux on the dosimeters. Furthermore two diamond <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were tested. The dosimeters are dose rate independent up to 4●10(9) Gy∕s within 2% (OSL and TLD) and up to 15●10(9) Gy∕s within 5% (EBT films). The diamond <span class="hlt">detectors</span> show strong dose rate dependence. TLD, OSL dosimeters, and EBT films are suitable for pulsed beams with a very high pulse dose rate like laser accelerated particle beams.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22098839-dose-rate-dependence-different-dosimeters-detectors-tld-osl-ebt-films-diamond-detectors','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22098839-dose-rate-dependence-different-dosimeters-detectors-tld-osl-ebt-films-diamond-detectors"><span>Dose rate dependence for different dosimeters and <span class="hlt">detectors</span>: TLD, OSL, EBT films, and diamond <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Karsch, L.; Beyreuther, E.; Burris-Mog, T.</p> <p></p> <p>Purpose: The use of laser accelerators in radiation therapy can perhaps increase the low number of proton and ion therapy facilities in some years due to the low investment costs and small size. The laser-based acceleration technology leads to a very high peak dose rate of about 10{sup 11} Gy/s. A first dosimetric task is the evaluation of dose rate dependence of clinical dosimeters and other <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Methods: The measurements were done at ELBE, a superconductive <span class="hlt">linear</span> electron accelerator which generates electron pulses with 5 ps length at 20 MeV. The different dose rates are reached by adjusting the numbermore » of electrons in one beam pulse. Three clinical dosimeters (TLD, OSL, and EBT radiochromic films) were irradiated with four different dose rates and nearly the same dose. A faraday cup, an integrating current transformer, and an ionization chamber were used to control the particle flux on the dosimeters. Furthermore two diamond <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were tested. Results: The dosimeters are dose rate independent up to 410{sup 9} Gy/s within 2% (OSL and TLD) and up to 1510{sup 9} Gy/s within 5% (EBT films). The diamond <span class="hlt">detectors</span> show strong dose rate dependence. Conclusions: TLD, OSL dosimeters, and EBT films are suitable for pulsed beams with a very high pulse dose rate like laser accelerated particle beams.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10397E..1KU','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10397E..1KU"><span>Characterization of the UV <span class="hlt">detector</span> of Solar Orbiter/Metis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Uslenghi, Michela; Schühle, Udo H.; Teriaca, Luca; Heerlein, Klaus; Werner, Stephan</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Metis, one of the instruments of the ESA mission Solar Orbiter (to be launched in February 2019), is a coronograph able to perform broadband polarization imaging in the visible range (580-640 nm), and narrow band imaging in UV (HI Lyman-α 121.6 nm) . The <span class="hlt">detector</span> of the UV channel is an intensified camera, based on a Star-1000 rad-hard CMOS APS coupled via a 2:1 fiber optic taper to a single stage Microchannel Plate intensifier, sealed with an entrance MgF2 window and provided with an opaque KBr photocathode. Before integration in the instrument, the UVDA (UV <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Assembly) Flight Model has been characterized at the MPS laboratory and calibrated in the UV range using the <span class="hlt">detector</span> calibration beamline of the Metrology Light Source synchrotron of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). <span class="hlt">Linearity</span>, spectral calibration, and response uniformity at 121.6 nm have been measured. Preliminary results are reported in this paper.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPB.417...51C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPB.417...51C"><span>Silicon Drift <span class="hlt">Detector</span> response function for PIXE spectra fitting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Calzolai, G.; Tapinassi, S.; Chiari, M.; Giannoni, M.; Nava, S.; Pazzi, G.; Lucarelli, F.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The correct determination of the X-ray peak areas in PIXE spectra by fitting with a computer program depends crucially on accurate parameterization of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> peak response function. In the Guelph PIXE software package, GUPIXWin, one of the most used PIXE spectra analysis code, the response of a semiconductor <span class="hlt">detector</span> to monochromatic X-ray radiation is described by a <span class="hlt">linear</span> combination of several analytical functions: a Gaussian profile for the X-ray line itself, and additional tail contributions (exponential tails and step functions) on the low-energy side of the X-ray line to describe incomplete charge collection effects. The literature on the spectral response of silicon X-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for PIXE applications is rather scarce, in particular data for Silicon Drift <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> (SDD) and for a large range of X-ray energies are missing. Using a set of analytical functions, the SDD response functions were satisfactorily reproduced for the X-ray energy range 1-15 keV. The behaviour of the parameters involved in the SDD tailing functions with X-ray energy is described by simple polynomial functions, which permit an easy implementation in PIXE spectra fitting codes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DNP.JD005Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DNP.JD005Z"><span>Calibration and Characterization of the UNCB and Nab <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zeck, Bryan; UCNB Collaboration; Nab Collaboration</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>The UCNB and Nab experiments are designed to produce precision measurements of the free neutron decay angular correlations B, a, and b. Measurements of B and a require a coincident detection of the proton and electron produced in neutron decay, while for b, which manifests as a subtle shift in the electron energy spectrum, energy resolution better than 3 keV is desired and excellent fidelity for energy reconstruction is required, including characterization of non-<span class="hlt">linearity</span> to the 10-4 level. To this end, a thick segmented silicon <span class="hlt">detector</span> with a 100 nm dead layer and a 100 cm active area has been extensively characterized at LANL. The thin dead layer allows protons accelerated to 30 keV to deposit energy above threshold in the active volume of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and the paired amplifer chain, developed at LANL, has a risetime of approximately 40 ns. Comparison of simulation to experiment reveals a <span class="hlt">detector</span> resolution better than σ = 2.5 keV. A complete characterization of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> will be presented. This work has been supported by Grants from the US National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/982806','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/982806"><span>High-resolution ionization <span class="hlt">detector</span> and array of such <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>McGregor, Douglas S [Ypsilanti, MI; Rojeski, Ronald A [Pleasanton, CA</p> <p>2001-01-16</p> <p>A high-resolution ionization <span class="hlt">detector</span> and an array of such <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are described which utilize a reference pattern of conductive or semiconductive material to form interaction, pervious and measurement regions in an ionization substrate of, for example, CdZnTe material. The ionization <span class="hlt">detector</span> is a room temperature semiconductor radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Various geometries of such a <span class="hlt">detector</span> and an array of such <span class="hlt">detectors</span> produce room temperature operated gamma ray spectrometers with relatively high resolution. For example, a 1 cm.sup.3 <span class="hlt">detector</span> is capable of measuring .sup.137 Cs 662 keV gamma rays with room temperature energy resolution approaching 2% at FWHM. Two major types of such <span class="hlt">detectors</span> include a parallel strip semiconductor Frisch grid <span class="hlt">detector</span> and the geometrically weighted trapezoid prism semiconductor Frisch grid <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The geometrically weighted <span class="hlt">detector</span> records room temperature (24.degree. C.) energy resolutions of 2.68% FWHM for .sup.137 Cs 662 keV gamma rays and 2.45% FWHM for .sup.60 Co 1.332 MeV gamma rays. The <span class="hlt">detectors</span> perform well without any electronic pulse rejection, correction or compensation techniques. The devices operate at room temperature with simple commercially available NIM bin electronics and do not require special preamplifiers or cooling stages for good spectroscopic results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PMB....59..615K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PMB....59..615K"><span>Dual source and dual <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays tetrahedron beam computed tomography for image guided radiotherapy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Joshua; Lu, Weiguo; Zhang, Tiezhi</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is an important online imaging modality for image guided radiotherapy. But suboptimal image quality and the lack of a real-time stereoscopic imaging function limit its implementation in advanced treatment techniques, such as online adaptive and 4D radiotherapy. Tetrahedron beam computed tomography (TBCT) is a novel online imaging modality designed to improve on the image quality provided by CBCT. TBCT geometry is flexible, and multiple <span class="hlt">detector</span> and source arrays can be used for different applications. In this paper, we describe a novel dual source-dual <span class="hlt">detector</span> TBCT system that is specially designed for LINAC radiation treatment machines. The imaging system is positioned in-line with the MV beam and is composed of two <span class="hlt">linear</span> array x-ray sources mounted aside the electrical portal imaging device and two <span class="hlt">linear</span> arrays of x-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> mounted below the machine head. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> and x-ray source arrays are orthogonal to each other, and each pair of source and <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays forms a tetrahedral volume. Four planer images can be obtained from different view angles at each gantry position at a frame rate as high as 20 frames per second. The overlapped regions provide a stereoscopic field of view of approximately 10-15 cm. With a half gantry rotation, a volumetric CT image can be reconstructed having a 45 cm field of view. Due to the scatter rejecting design of the TBCT geometry, the system can potentially produce high quality 2D and 3D images with less radiation exposure. The design of the dual source-dual <span class="hlt">detector</span> system is described, and preliminary results of studies performed on numerical phantoms and simulated patient data are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NIMPA.607..538Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NIMPA.607..538Z"><span>Charge shielding in the In-situ Storage Image Sensor for a vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span> at the ILC</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Z.; Stefanov, K. D.; Bailey, D.; Banda, Y.; Buttar, C.; Cheplakov, A.; Cussans, D.; Damerell, C.; Devetak, E.; Fopma, J.; Foster, B.; Gao, R.; Gillman, A.; Goldstein, J.; Greenshaw, T.; Grimes, M.; Halsall, R.; Harder, K.; Hawes, B.; Hayrapetyan, K.; Heath, H.; Hillert, S.; Jackson, D.; Pinto Jayawardena, T.; Jeffery, B.; John, J.; Johnson, E.; Kundu, N.; Laing, A.; Lastovicka, T.; Lau, W.; Li, Y.; Lintern, A.; Lynch, C.; Mandry, S.; Martin, V.; Murray, P.; Nichols, A.; Nomerotski, A.; Page, R.; Parkes, C.; Perry, C.; O'Shea, V.; Sopczak, A.; Tabassam, H.; Thomas, S.; Tikkanen, T.; Velthuis, J.; Walsh, R.; Woolliscroft, T.; Worm, S.</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider Flavour Identification (LCFI) collaboration has successfully developed the first prototype of a novel particle <span class="hlt">detector</span>, the In-situ Storage Image Sensor (ISIS). This device ideally suits the challenging requirements for the vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span> at the future International <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider (ILC), combining the charge storing capabilities of the Charge-Coupled Devices (CCD) with readout commonly used in CMOS imagers. The ISIS avoids the need for high-speed readout and offers low power operation combined with low noise, high immunity to electromagnetic interference and increased radiation hardness compared to typical CCDs. The ISIS is one of the most promising <span class="hlt">detector</span> technologies for vertexing at the ILC. In this paper we describe the measurements on the charge-shielding properties of the p-well, which is used to protect the storage register from parasitic charge collection and is at the core of device's operation. We show that the p-well can suppress the parasitic charge collection by almost two orders of magnitude, satisfying the requirements for the application.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/874295','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/874295"><span><span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Orr, Christopher Henry; Luff, Craig Janson; Dockray, Thomas; Macarthur, Duncan Whittemore; Bounds, John Alan; Allander, Krag</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>The apparatus and method provide techniques through which both alpha and beta emission determinations can be made simultaneously using a simple <span class="hlt">detector</span> structure. The technique uses a beta <span class="hlt">detector</span> covered in an electrically conducting material, the electrically conducting material discharging ions generated by alpha emissions, and as a consequence providing a measure of those alpha emissions. The technique also offers improved mountings for alpha <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and other forms of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> against vibration and the consequential effects vibration has on measurement accuracy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1185855-trustworthiness-detectors-quantum-key-distribution-untrusted-detectors','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1185855-trustworthiness-detectors-quantum-key-distribution-untrusted-detectors"><span>Trustworthiness of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in quantum key distribution with untrusted <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Qi, Bing</p> <p>2015-02-25</p> <p>Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocol has been demonstrated as a viable solution to <span class="hlt">detector</span> side-channel attacks. One of the main advantages of MDI-QKD is that the security can be proved without making any assumptions about how the measurement device works. The price to pay is the relatively low secure key rate comparing with conventional quantum key distribution (QKD), such as the decoy-state BB84 protocol. Recently a new QKD protocol, aiming at bridging the strong security of MDI-QKD with the high e ciency of conventional QKD, has been proposed. In this protocol, the legitimate receiver employs a trusted <span class="hlt">linear</span> opticsmore » network to encode information on photons received from an insecure quantum channel, and then performs a Bell state measurement (BSM) using untrusted <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. One crucial assumption made in most of these studies is that the untrusted BSM located inside the receiver's laboratory cannot send any unwanted information to the outside. Here in this paper, we show that if the BSM is completely untrusted, a simple scheme would allow the BSM to send information to the outside. Combined with Trojan horse attacks, this scheme could allow Eve to gain information of the quantum key without being detected. Ultimately, to prevent the above attack, either countermeasures to Trojan horse attacks or some trustworthiness to the "untrusted" BSM device is required.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9915E..11W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9915E..11W"><span>Performance overview of the Euclid infrared focal plane <span class="hlt">detector</span> subsystems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Waczynski, A.; Barbier, R.; Cagiano, S.; Chen, J.; Cheung, S.; Cho, H.; Cillis, A.; Clémens, J.-C.; Dawson, O.; Delo, G.; Farris, M.; Feizi, A.; Foltz, R.; Hickey, M.; Holmes, W.; Hwang, T.; Israelsson, U.; Jhabvala, M.; Kahle, D.; Kan, Em.; Kan, Er.; Loose, M.; Lotkin, G.; Miko, L.; Nguyen, L.; Piquette, E.; Powers, T.; Pravdo, S.; Runkle, A.; Seiffert, M.; Strada, P.; Tucker, C.; Turck, K.; Wang, F.; Weber, C.; Williams, J.</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>In support of the European space agency (ESA) Euclid mission, NASA is responsible for the evaluation of the H2RG mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and electronics assemblies fabricated by Teledyne imaging systems. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> evaluation is performed in the <span class="hlt">detector</span> characterization laboratory (DCL) at the NASA Goddard space flight center (GSFC) in close collaboration with engineers and scientists from the jet propulsion laboratory (JPL) and the Euclid project. The Euclid near infrared spectrometer and imaging photometer (NISP) will perform large area optical and spectroscopic sky surveys in the 0.9-2.02 μm infrared (IR) region. The NISP instrument will contain sixteen <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays each coupled to a Teledyne SIDECAR application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The focal plane will operate at 100K and the SIDECAR ASIC will be in close proximity operating at a slightly higher temperature of 137K. This paper will describe the test configuration, performance tests and results of the latest engineering run, also known as pilot run 3 (PR3), consisting of four H2RG <span class="hlt">detectors</span> operating simultaneously. Performance data will be presented on; noise, spectral quantum efficiency, dark current, persistence, pixel yield, pixel to pixel uniformity, <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, inter pixel crosstalk, full well and dynamic range, power dissipation, thermal response and unit cell input sensitivity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JLTP..176..741J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JLTP..176..741J"><span>The <span class="hlt">Detector</span> System for the Stratospheric Kinetic Inductance Polarimeter ( Skip)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Johnson, B. R.; Ade, P. A. R.; Araujo, D.; Bradford, K. J.; Chapman, D.; Day, P. K.; Didier, J.; Doyle, S.; Eriksen, H. K.; Flanigan, D.; Groppi, C.; Hillbrand, S.; Jones, G.; Limon, M.; Mauskopf, P.; McCarrick, H.; Miller, A.; Mroczkowski, T.; Reichborn-Kjennerud, B.; Smiley, B.; Sobrin, J.; Wehus, I. K.; Zmuidzinas, J.</p> <p>2014-09-01</p> <p>The stratospheric kinetic inductance polarimeter is a proposed balloon-borne experiment designed to study the cosmic microwave background, the cosmic infrared background and Galactic dust emission by observing 1,133 deg of sky in the Northern Hemisphere with launches from Kiruna, Sweden. The instrument contains 2,317 single-polarization, horn-coupled, aluminum lumped-element kinetic inductance <span class="hlt">detectors</span> ( Lekids). The Lekids will be maintained at 100 mK with an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator. The polarimeter operates in two configurations, one sensitive to a spectral band centered on 150 GHz and the other sensitive to 260 and 350 GHz bands. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> readout system is based on the ROACH-1 board, and the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> will be biased below 300 MHz. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> array is fed by an F/2.4 crossed-Dragone telescope with a 500 mm aperture yielding a 15 arcmin FWHM beam at 150 GHz. To minimize <span class="hlt">detector</span> loading and maximize sensitivity, the entire optical system will be cooled to 1 K. <span class="hlt">Linearly</span> polarized sky signals will be modulated with a metal-mesh half-wave plate that is mounted at the telescope aperture and rotated by a superconducting magnetic bearing. The observation program consists of at least two, 5-day flights beginning with the 150 GHz observations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006NIMPA.569...48S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006NIMPA.569...48S"><span>CCD-based vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span> for ILC</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stefanov, Konstantin D.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) have been successfully used in several high-energy physics experiments over the last 20 years. Their small pixel size and excellent precision provide a superb tool for studying of short-lived particles and understanding the nature at fundamental level. Over the last few years the <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider Flavour Identification (LCFI) collaboration has developed Column-Parallel CCDs (CPCCD) and CMOS readout chips, to be used for the vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span> at the International <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider (ILC). The CPCCDs are very fast devices capable of satisfying the challenging requirements imposed by the beam structure of the superconducting accelerator. The first set of prototype devices have been successfully designed, manufactured and tested, with second generation chips on the way. Another idea for CCD-based device, the In-situ Storage Image Sensor (ISIS) is also under development and the first prototype has been manufactured.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007OERv...15..110V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007OERv...15..110V"><span>Polycrystalline lead selenide: the resurgence of an old infrared <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vergara, G.; Montojo, M. T.; Torquemada, M. C.; Rodrigo, M. T.; Sánchez, F. J.; Gómez, L. J.; Almazán, R. M.; Verdú, M.; Rodríguez, P.; Villamayor, V.; Álvarez, M.; Diezhandino, J.; Plaza, J.; Catalán, I.</p> <p>2007-06-01</p> <p>The existing technology for uncooled MWIR photon <span class="hlt">detectors</span> based on polycrystalline lead salts is stigmatized for being a 50-year-old technology. It has been traditionally relegated to single-element <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and relatively small <span class="hlt">linear</span> arrays due to the limitations imposed by its standard manufacture process based on a chemical bath deposition technique (CBD) developed more than 40 years ago. Recently, an innovative method for processing <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, based on a vapour phase deposition (VPD) technique, has allowed manufacturing the first 2D array of polycrystalline PbSe with good electro optical characteristics. The new method of processing PbSe is an all silicon technology and it is compatible with standard CMOS circuitry. In addition to its affordability, VPD PbSe constitutes a perfect candidate to fill the existing gap in the photonic and uncooled IR imaging <span class="hlt">detectors</span> sensitive to the MWIR photons. The perspectives opened are numerous and very important, converting the old PbSe <span class="hlt">detector</span> in a serious alternative to others uncooled technologies in the low cost IR detection market. The number of potential applications is huge, some of them with high commercial impact such as personal IR imagers, enhanced vision systems for automotive applications and other not less important in the security/defence domain such as sensors for active protection systems (APS) or low cost seekers. Despite the fact, unanimously accepted, that uncooled will dominate the majority of the future IR detection applications, today, thermal <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are the unique plausible alternative. There is plenty of room for photonic uncooled and complementary alternatives are needed. This work allocates polycrystalline PbSe in the current panorama of the uncooled IR <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, underlining its potentiality in two areas of interest, i.e., very low cost imaging IR <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and MWIR fast uncooled <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for security and defence applications. The new method of processing again converts PbSe into an</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28089106','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28089106"><span>"Edge-on" MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> for stereotactic beam measurement and verification.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jong, Wei Loong; Ung, Ngie Min; Vannyat, Ath; Jamalludin, Zulaikha; Rosenfeld, Anatoly; Wong, Jeannie Hsiu Ding</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Dosimetry in small radiation field is challenging and complicated because of dose volume averaging and beam perturbations in a <span class="hlt">detector</span>. We evaluated the suitability of the "Edge-on" MOSkin (MOSFET) <span class="hlt">detector</span> in small radiation field measurement. We also tested the feasibility for dosimetric verification in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT). "Edge-on" MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> was calibrated and the reproducibility and <span class="hlt">linearity</span> were determined. Lateral dose profiles and output factors were measured using the "Edge-on" MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span>, ionization chamber, SRS diode and EBT2 film. Dosimetric verification was carried out on two SRS and five SRT plans. In dose profile measurements, the "Edge-on" MOSkin measurements concurred with EBT2 film measurements. It showed full width at half maximum of the dose profile with average difference of 0.11mm and penumbral width with difference of ±0.2mm for all SRS cones as compared to EBT2 film measurement. For output factor measurements, a 1.1% difference was observed between the "Edge-on" MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> and EBT2 film for 4mm SRS cone. The "Edge-on" MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> provided reproducible measurements for dose verification in real-time. The measured doses concurred with the calculated dose for SRS (within 1%) and SRT (within 3%). A set of output correction factors for the "Edge-on" MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> for small radiation fields were derived from EBT2 film measurement and presented. This study showed that the "Edge-on" MOSkin <span class="hlt">detector</span> is a suitable tool for dose verification in small radiation field. Copyright © 2017 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPA.877..346A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPA.877..346A"><span>Plastic scintillation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for dose monitoring in digital breast tomosynthesis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Antunes, J.; Machado, J.; Peralta, L.; Matela, N.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Plastic scintillators <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (PSDs) have been studied as dosimeters, since they provide a cost-effective alternative to conventional ionization chambers. Measurement and analysis of energy dependency were performed on a Siemens Mammomat tomograph for two different peak kilovoltages: 26 kV and 35 kV. Both PSD displayed good <span class="hlt">linearity</span> for each energy considered and almost no energy dependence.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011pade.book.....G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011pade.book.....G"><span>Particle <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grupen, Claus; Shwartz, Boris</p> <p>2011-09-01</p> <p>Preface to the first edition; Preface to the second edition; Introduction; 1. Interactions of particles and radiation with matter; 2. Characteristic properties of <span class="hlt">detectors</span>; 3. Units of radiation measurements and radiation sources; 4. Accelerators; 5. Main physical phenomena used for particle detection and basic counter types; 6. Historical track <span class="hlt">detectors</span>; 7. Track <span class="hlt">detectors</span>; 8. Calorimetry; 9. Particle identification; 10. Neutrino <span class="hlt">detectors</span>; 11. Momentum measurement and muon detection; 12. Ageing and radiation effects; 13. Example of a general-purpose <span class="hlt">detector</span>: Belle; 14. Electronics; 15. Data analysis; 16. Applications of particle <span class="hlt">detectors</span> outside particle physics; 17. Glossary; 18. Solutions; 19. Resumé; Appendixes; Index.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17767231','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17767231"><span>Theory of chromatic noise masking applied to testing <span class="hlt">linearity</span> of S-cone detection mechanisms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Giulianini, Franco; Eskew, Rhea T</p> <p>2007-09-01</p> <p>A method for testing the <span class="hlt">linearity</span> of cone combination of chromatic detection mechanisms is applied to S-cone detection. This approach uses the concept of mechanism noise, the noise as seen by a postreceptoral neural mechanism, to represent the effects of superposing chromatic noise components in elevating thresholds and leads to a parameter-free prediction for a <span class="hlt">linear</span> mechanism. The method also provides a test for the presence of multiple <span class="hlt">linear</span> <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and off-axis looking. No evidence for multiple <span class="hlt">linear</span> mechanisms was found when using either S-cone increment or decrement tests. The results for both S-cone test polarities demonstrate that these mechanisms combine their cone inputs nonlinearly.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992seam.conf...15B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992seam.conf...15B"><span>Pulse-by-pulse energy measurement at the Stanford <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Blaylock, G.; Briggs, D.; Collins, B.; Petree, M.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>The Stanford <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider (SLC) collides a beam of electrons and positrons at 92 GeV. It is the first colliding linac, and produces Z(sup 0) particles for High-Energy Physics measurements. The energy of each beam must be measured to one part in 10(exp 4) on every collision (120 Hz). An Energy Spectrometer in each beam line after the collision produces two stripes of high-energy synchrotron radiation with critical energy of a few MeV. The distance between these two stripes at an imaging plane measures the beam energy. The Wire-Imaging Synchrotron Radiation <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (WISRD) system comprises a novel <span class="hlt">detector</span>, data acquisition electronics, readout, and analysis. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> comprises an array of wires for each synchrotron stripe. The electronics measure secondary emission charge on each wire of each array. A Macintosh II (using THINK C, THINK Class Library) and DSP coprocessor (using ANSI C) acquire and analyze the data, and display and report the results for SLC operation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NPPP..273.1109M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NPPP..273.1109M"><span>Study of a Large Prototype TPC for the ILC using Micro-Pattern Gas <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Münnich, A.; LCTPC Collaboration</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>In the last decade, R&D for <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for the future International <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider (ILC) has been performed by the community. The International Large <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (ILD) is one of two <span class="hlt">detector</span> concepts at the ILC. Its tracking system consists of a Si vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span>, forward tracking disks and a large volume Time Projection Chamber (TPC). Within the LCTPC collaboration, a Large Prototype (LP) TPC has been built as a demonstrator. Its endplate is able to house up to seven identical modules with Micro-Pattern Gas <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> (MPGD) amplification. Recently, the LP has been equipped with resistive anode Micromegas (MM) or Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) modules. Both the MM and GEM technologies have been studied with an electron beam up to 6 GeV in a 1 Tesla solenoid magnet. After introducing the current R&D status, recent results will be presented including field distortions, ion gating and spatial resolution as well as future plans of the LCTPC R&D.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MeScT..18.3651E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MeScT..18.3651E"><span>Track analysis of laser-illuminated etched track <span class="hlt">detectors</span> using an opto-digital imaging system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eghan, Moses J.; Buah-Bassuah, Paul K.; Oppon, Osborne C.</p> <p>2007-11-01</p> <p>An opto-digital imaging system for counting and analysing tracks on a LR-115 <span class="hlt">detector</span> is described. One batch of LR-115 track <span class="hlt">detectors</span> was irradiated with Am-241 for a determined period and distance for <span class="hlt">linearity</span> test and another batch was exposed to radon gas. The laser-illuminated etched track <span class="hlt">detector</span> area was imaged, digitized and analysed by the system. The tracks that were counted on the opto-digital system with the aid of media cybernetics software as well as spark gap counter showed comparable track density results ranging between 1500 and 2750 tracks cm-2 and 65 tracks cm-2 in the two different batch <span class="hlt">detector</span> samples with 0.5% and 1% track counts, respectively. Track sizes of the incident alpha particles from the radon gas on the LR-115 <span class="hlt">detector</span> demonstrating different track energies are statistically and graphically represented. The opto-digital imaging system counts and measures other track parameters at an average process time of 3-5 s.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17132442','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17132442"><span>Attenuated total internal reflection infrared microspectroscopic imaging using a large-radius germanium internal reflection element and a <span class="hlt">linear</span> array <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Patterson, Brian M; Havrilla, George J</p> <p>2006-11-01</p> <p>The number of techniques and instruments available for Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopic imaging has grown significantly over the past few years. Attenuated total internal reflectance (ATR) FT-IR microspectroscopy reduces sample preparation time and has simplified the analysis of many difficult samples. FT-IR imaging has become a powerful analytical tool using either a focal plane array or a <span class="hlt">linear</span> array <span class="hlt">detector</span>, especially when coupled with a chemometric analysis package. The field of view of the ATR-IR microspectroscopic imaging area can be greatly increased from 300 x 300 microm to 2500 x 2500 microm using a larger internal reflection element of 12.5 mm radius instead of the typical 1.5 mm radius. This gives an area increase of 70x before aberrant effects become too great. Parameters evaluated include the change in penetration depth as a function of beam displacement, measurements of the active area, magnification factor, and change in spatial resolution over the imaging area. Drawbacks such as large file size will also be discussed. This technique has been successfully applied to the FT-IR imaging of polydimethylsiloxane foam cross-sections, latent human fingerprints, and a model inorganic mixture, which demonstrates the usefulness of the method for pharmaceuticals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ESASP.723E.105B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ESASP.723E.105B"><span>HVI-Test Setup for Debris <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Verification</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bauer, Waldemar; Romberg, Oliver; Wiedemann, Carsten; Putzar, Robin; Drolshagen, Gerhard; Vorsmann, Peter</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>Risk assessment concerning impacting space debris or micrometeoroids with spacecraft or payloads can be performed by using environmental models such as MASTER (ESA) or ORDEM (NASA). The validation of such models is performed by comparison of simulated results with measured data. Such data can be obtained from ground-based or space-based radars or telescopes, or by analysis of space hardware (e.g. Hubble Space Telescope, Space Shuttle Windows), which are retrieved from orbit. An additional data source is in-situ impact <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, which are purposed for the collection of space debris and micrometeoroids impact data. In comparison to the impact data gained by analysis of the retrieved surfaces, the detected data contains additional information regarding impact time and orbit. In the past, many such in-situ <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have been developed, with different measurement methods for the identification and classification of impacting objects. However, existing <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have a drawback in terms of data acquisition. Generally the detection area is small, limiting the collected data as the number of recorded impacts has a <span class="hlt">linear</span> dependence to the exposed area. An innovative impact <span class="hlt">detector</span> concept is currently under development at the German Aerospace Centre (DLR) in Bremen, in order to increase the surface area while preserving the advantages offered by dedicated in-situ impact <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The Solar Generator based Impact <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (SOLID) is not an add-on component on the spacecraft, making it different to all previous impact <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. SOLID utilises existing subsystems of the spacecraft and adapts them for impact detection purposes. Solar generators require large panel surfaces in order to provide the spacecraft with sufficient energy. Therefore, the spacecraft solar panels provide a perfect opportunity for application as impact <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Employment of the SOLID method in several spacecraft in various orbits would serve to significantly increase the spatial coverage</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RNAAS...1a...7L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RNAAS...1a...7L"><span><span class="hlt">Linear</span> Models for Systematics and Nuisances</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Luger, Rodrigo; Foreman-Mackey, Daniel; Hogg, David W.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The target of many astronomical studies is the recovery of tiny astrophysical signals living in a sea of uninteresting (but usually dominant) noise. In many contexts (i.e., stellar time-series, or high-contrast imaging, or stellar spectroscopy), there are structured components in this noise caused by systematic effects in the astronomical source, the atmosphere, the telescope, or the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. More often than not, evaluation of the true physical model for these nuisances is computationally intractable and dependent on too many (unknown) parameters to allow rigorous probabilistic inference. Sometimes, housekeeping data---and often the science data themselves---can be used as predictors of the systematic noise. <span class="hlt">Linear</span> combinations of simple functions of these predictors are often used as computationally tractable models that can capture the nuisances. These models can be used to fit and subtract systematics prior to investigation of the signals of interest, or they can be used in a simultaneous fit of the systematics and the signals. In this Note, we show that if a Gaussian prior is placed on the weights of the <span class="hlt">linear</span> components, the weights can be marginalized out with an operation in pure <span class="hlt">linear</span> algebra, which can (often) be made fast. We illustrate this model by demonstrating the applicability of a <span class="hlt">linear</span> model for the non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> systematics in K2 time-series data, where the dominant noise source for many stars is spacecraft motion and variability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24434681','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24434681"><span>Dual source and dual <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays tetrahedron beam computed tomography for image guided radiotherapy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, Joshua; Lu, Weiguo; Zhang, Tiezhi</p> <p>2014-02-07</p> <p>Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is an important online imaging modality for image guided radiotherapy. But suboptimal image quality and the lack of a real-time stereoscopic imaging function limit its implementation in advanced treatment techniques, such as online adaptive and 4D radiotherapy. Tetrahedron beam computed tomography (TBCT) is a novel online imaging modality designed to improve on the image quality provided by CBCT. TBCT geometry is flexible, and multiple <span class="hlt">detector</span> and source arrays can be used for different applications. In this paper, we describe a novel dual source-dual <span class="hlt">detector</span> TBCT system that is specially designed for LINAC radiation treatment machines. The imaging system is positioned in-line with the MV beam and is composed of two <span class="hlt">linear</span> array x-ray sources mounted aside the electrical portal imaging device and two <span class="hlt">linear</span> arrays of x-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> mounted below the machine head. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> and x-ray source arrays are orthogonal to each other, and each pair of source and <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays forms a tetrahedral volume. Four planer images can be obtained from different view angles at each gantry position at a frame rate as high as 20 frames per second. The overlapped regions provide a stereoscopic field of view of approximately 10-15 cm. With a half gantry rotation, a volumetric CT image can be reconstructed having a 45 cm field of view. Due to the scatter rejecting design of the TBCT geometry, the system can potentially produce high quality 2D and 3D images with less radiation exposure. The design of the dual source-dual <span class="hlt">detector</span> system is described, and preliminary results of studies performed on numerical phantoms and simulated patient data are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9033E..3LP','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9033E..3LP"><span>Energy-resolved CT imaging with a photon-counting silicon-strip <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Persson, Mats; Huber, Ben; Karlsson, Staffan; Liu, Xuejin; Chen, Han; Xu, Cheng; Yveborg, Moa; Bornefalk, Hans; Danielsson, Mats</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>Photon-counting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are promising candidates for use in the next generation of x-ray CT scanners. Among the foreseen benefits are higher spatial resolution, better trade-off between noise and dose, and energy discriminating capabilities. Silicon is an attractive <span class="hlt">detector</span> material because of its low cost, mature manufacturing process and high hole mobility. However, it is sometimes claimed to be unsuitable for use in computed tomography because of its low absorption efficiency and high fraction of Compton scatter. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate that high-quality energy-resolved CT images can nonetheless be acquired with clinically realistic exposure parameters using a photon-counting silicon-strip <span class="hlt">detector</span> with eight energy thresholds developed in our group. We use a single <span class="hlt">detector</span> module, consisting of a <span class="hlt">linear</span> array of 50 0.5 × 0.4 mm <span class="hlt">detector</span> elements, to image a phantom in a table-top lab setup. The phantom consists of a plastic cylinder with circular inserts containing water, fat and aqueous solutions of calcium, iodine and gadolinium, in different concentrations. We use basis material decomposition to obtain water, calcium, iodine and gadolinium basis images and demonstrate that these basis images can be used to separate the different materials in the inserts. We also show results showing that the <span class="hlt">detector</span> has potential for quantitative measurements of substance concentrations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170006553&hterms=detector&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Ddetector','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170006553&hterms=detector&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Ddetector"><span>H2RG <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Characterization for RIMAS and Instrument Efficiencies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Toy, Vicki L.; Kutyrev, Alexander S.; Capone, John I.; Hams, Thomas; Robinson, F. David; Lotkin, Gennadiy N.; Veilleux, Sylvain; Moseley, Samuel H.; Gehrels, Neil A.; Vogel, Stuart N.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The Rapid infrared IMAger-Spectrometer (RIMAS) is a near-infrared (NIR) imager and spectrometer that will quickly follow up gamma-ray burst afterglows on the 4.3-meter Discovery Channel Telescope (DCT). RIMAS has two optical arms which allows simultaneous coverage over two bandpasses (YJ and HK) in either imaging or spectroscopy mode. RIMAS utilizes two Teledyne HgCdTe H2RG <span class="hlt">detectors</span> controlled by Astronomical Research Cameras, Inc. (ARC/Leach) drivers. We report the laboratory characterization of RIMAS's <span class="hlt">detectors</span>: conversion gain, read noise, <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, saturation, dynamic range, and dark current. We also present RIMAS's instrument efficiency from atmospheric transmission models and optics data (both telescope and instrument) in all three observing modes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4693611','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4693611"><span>The NSLS 100 element solid state array <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Furenlid, L.R.; Kraner, H.W.; Rogers, L.C.; Cramer, S.P.; Stephani, D.; Beuttenmuller, R.H.; Beren, J.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>X-ray absorption studies of dilute samples require fluorescence detection techniques. Since signal-to-noise ratios are governed by the ratio of fluorescent to scattered photons counted by a <span class="hlt">detector</span>, solid state <span class="hlt">detectors</span> which can discriminate between fluorescence and scattered photons have become the instruments of choice for trace element measurements. Commercially available 13 element Ge array <span class="hlt">detectors</span> permitting total count rates < 500000 counts per second are now in routine use. Since X-ray absorption beamlines at high brightness synchrotron sources can already illuminate most dilute samples with enough flux to saturate the current generation of solid state <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, the development of next-generation instruments with significantly higher total count rates is essential. We present the design and current status of the 100 element Si array <span class="hlt">detector</span> being developed in a collaboration between the NSLS and the Instrumentation Division at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The detecting array consists of a 10×10 matrix of 4 mm×4 mm elements laid out on a single piece of ultrahigh purity silicon mounted at the front end of a liquid nitrogen dewar assembly. A matrix of charge sensitive integrating preamplifiers feed signals to an array of shaping amplifiers, single channel analyzers, and scalers. An electronic switch, delay amplifier, <span class="hlt">linear</span> gate, digital scope, peak sensing A/D converter, and histogramining memory module provide for complete diagnostics and channel calibration. The entire instrument is controlled by a LabView 2 application on a MacII ci; the software also provides full control over beamline hardware and performs the data collection. PMID:26722135</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NIMPA.770..155A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NIMPA.770..155A"><span>VEGA: A low-power front-end ASIC for large area multi-<span class="hlt">linear</span> X-ray silicon drift <span class="hlt">detectors</span>: Design and experimental characterization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ahangarianabhari, Mahdi; Macera, Daniele; Bertuccio, Giuseppe; Malcovati, Piero; Grassi, Marco</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>We present the design and the first experimental characterization of VEGA, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) designed to read out large area monolithic <span class="hlt">linear</span> Silicon Drift <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> (SDD's). VEGA consists of an analog and a digital/mixed-signal section to accomplish all the functionalities and specifications required for high resolution X-ray spectroscopy in the energy range between 500 eV and 50 keV. The analog section includes a charge sensitive preamplifier, a shaper with 3-bit digitally selectable shaping times from 1.6 μs to 6.6 μs and a peak stretcher/sample-and-hold stage. The digital/mixed-signal section includes an amplitude discriminator with coarse and fine threshold level setting, a peak discriminator and a logic circuit to fulfill pile-up rejection, signal sampling, trigger generation, channel reset and the preamplifier and discriminators disabling functionalities. A Serial Peripherical Interface (SPI) is integrated in VEGA for loading and storing all configuration parameters in an internal register within few microseconds. The VEGA ASIC has been designed and manufactured in 0.35 μm CMOS mixed-signal technology in single and 32 channel versions with dimensions of 200 μm×500 μm per channel. A minimum intrinsic Equivalent Noise Charge (ENC) of 12 electrons r.m.s. at 3.6 μs peaking time and room temperature is measured and the <span class="hlt">linearity</span> error is between -0.9% and +0.6% in the whole input energy range. The total power consumption is 481 μW and 420 μW per channel for the single and 32 channels version, respectively. A comparison with other ASICs for X-ray SDD's shows that VEGA has a suitable low noise and offers high functionality as ADC-ready signal processing but at a power consumption that is a factor of four lower than other similar existing ASICs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16723758','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16723758"><span>Verification of intensity modulated profiles using a pixel segmented liquid-filled <span class="hlt">linear</span> array.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pardo, J; Roselló, J V; Sánchez-Doblado, F; Gómez, F</p> <p>2006-06-07</p> <p>A liquid isooctane (C8H18) filled ionization chamber <span class="hlt">linear</span> array developed for radiotherapy quality assurance, consisting of 128 pixels (each of them with a 1.7 mm pitch), has been used to acquire profiles of several intensity modulated fields. The results were compared with film measurements using the gamma test. The comparisons show a very good matching, even in high gradient dose regions. The volume-averaging effect of the pixels is negligible and the spatial resolution is enough to verify these regions. However, some mismatches between the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have been found in regions where low-energy scattered photons significantly contribute to the total dose. These differences are not very important (in fact, the measurements of both <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are in agreement using the gamma test with tolerances of 3% and 3 mm in most of those regions), and may be associated with the film energy dependence. In addition, the <span class="hlt">linear</span> array repeatability (0.27% one standard deviation) is much better than the film one ( approximately 3%). The good repeatability, small pixel size and high spatial resolution make the <span class="hlt">detector</span> ideal for the real time profile verification of high gradient beam profiles like those present in intensity modulated radiation therapy and radiosurgery.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25079505','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25079505"><span>Vacuum ultraviolet <span class="hlt">detector</span> for gas chromatography.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schug, Kevin A; Sawicki, Ian; Carlton, Doug D; Fan, Hui; McNair, Harold M; Nimmo, John P; Kroll, Peter; Smuts, Jonathan; Walsh, Phillip; Harrison, Dale</p> <p>2014-08-19</p> <p>Analytical performance characteristics of a new vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) <span class="hlt">detector</span> for gas chromatography (GC) are reported. GC-VUV was applied to hydrocarbons, fixed gases, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, fatty acids, pesticides, drugs, and estrogens. Applications were chosen to feature the sensitivity and universal detection capabilities of the VUV <span class="hlt">detector</span>, especially for cases where mass spectrometry performance has been limited. Virtually all chemical species absorb and have unique gas phase absorption cross sections in the approximately 120-240 nm wavelength range monitored. Spectra are presented, along with the ability to use software for deconvolution of overlapping signals. Some comparisons with experimental synchrotron data and computed theoretical spectra show good agreement, although more work is needed on appropriate computational methods to match the simultaneous broadband electronic and vibronic excitation initiated by the deuterium lamp. Quantitative analysis is governed by Beer-Lambert Law relationships. Mass on-column detection limits reported for representatives of different classes of analytes ranged from 15 (benzene) to 246 pg (water). <span class="hlt">Linear</span> range measured at peak absorption for benzene was 3-4 orders of magnitude. Importantly, where absorption cross sections are known for analytes, the VUV <span class="hlt">detector</span> is capable of absolute determination (without calibration) of the number of molecules present in the flow cell in the absence of chemical interferences. This study sets the stage for application of GC-VUV technology across a wide breadth of research areas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1347944','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1347944"><span>The International <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider Technical Design Report - Volume 2: Physics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Baer, Howard; Barklow, Tim; Fujii, Keisuke</p> <p>2013-06-26</p> <p>The International <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider Technical Design Report (TDR) describes in four volumes the physics case and the design of a 500 GeV centre-of-mass energy <span class="hlt">linear</span> electron-positron collider based on superconducting radio-frequency technology using Niobium cavities as the accelerating structures. The accelerator can be extended to 1 TeV and also run as a Higgs factory at around 250 GeV and on the Z0 pole. A comprehensive value estimate of the accelerator is give, together with associated uncertainties. It is shown that no significant technical issues remain to be solved. Once a site is selected and the necessary site-dependent engineering is carriedmore » out, construction can begin immediately. The TDR also gives baseline documentation for two high-performance <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that can share the ILC luminosity by being moved into and out of the beam line in a "push-pull" configuration. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, ILD and SiD, are described in detail. They form the basis for a world-class experimental programme that promises to increase significantly our understanding of the fundamental processes that govern the evolution of the Universe.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SPIE.5957..161N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SPIE.5957..161N"><span>High-performance IR <span class="hlt">detectors</span> at SCD present and future</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nesher, O.; Klipstein, P. C.</p> <p>2005-09-01</p> <p>For over 27 years, SCD has been manufacturing and developing a wide range of high performance infra-red <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, designed to operate in either the mid-wave (MWIR) or the long-wave (LWIR) atmospheric windows. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have been integrated successfully into many different types of system including missile seekers, Time Delay Integration scanning systems, Hand-Held cameras, Missile Warning Systems and many others. SCD's technology for the MWIR wavelength range is based on its well established 2-D arrays of InSb photodiodes. The arrays are flip-chip bonded to SCD's analogue or digital signal processors, all of which have been designed in-house. The 2-D Focal Plane Array (FPA) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have a format of 320×256 elements for a 30 μm pitch and 480×384 or 640×512 elements for a 20 μm pitch. Typical operating temperatures are around 77-85K. Five years ago SCD began to develop a new generation of MWIR <span class="hlt">detectors</span> based on the epitaxial growth of Antimonide Based Compound Semiconductors (ABCS). This ABCS technology allows band-gap engineering of the detection material which enables higher operating temperatures and multi-spectral detection. This year SCD presented its first prototype FPA from this program, an InAlSb based <span class="hlt">detector</span> operating at a temperature of 100 K. By the end of this year SCD will introduce the first prototype MWIR <span class="hlt">detector</span> with a 640×512 element format and a pitch of 15 μm. For the LWIR wave-length range SCD manufactures both <span class="hlt">linear</span> Hg1-xCdxTe (MCT) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with a line of 250 elements and Time Delay and Integration (TDI) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with formats of 288×4 and 480×6. Recently, SCD has demonstrated its first prototype un-cooled <span class="hlt">detector</span> which is based on VOx technology and which has a format of 384×288 elements, a pitch of 25 μm and a typical NETD of 50mK at F/1. In this paper we describe the present technologies and products of SCD and the future evolution of our <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for the MWIR and LWIR detection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006OERv...14...59N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006OERv...14...59N"><span>High-performance IR <span class="hlt">detectors</span> at SCD present and future</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nesher, O.; Klipstein, P. C.</p> <p>2006-03-01</p> <p>For over 27 years, SCD has been manufacturing and developing a wide range of high performance infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, designed to operate in either the mid-wave (MWIR) or the long-wave (LWIR) atmospheric windows. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have been integrated successfully into many different types of system including missile seekers, time delay integration scanning systems, hand-held cameras, missile warning systems and many others. SCD's technology for the MWIR wavelength range is based on its well established 2D arrays of InSb photodiodes. The arrays are flip-chip bonded to SCD's analogue or digital signal processors, all of which have been designed in-house. The 2D focal plane array (FPA) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have a format of 320×256 elements for a 30-μm pitch and 480×384 or 640×512 elements for a 20-μm pitch. Typical operating temperatures are around 77-85 K. Five years ago SCD began to develop a new generation of MWIR <span class="hlt">detectors</span> based on the epitaxial growth of antimonide based compound semiconductors (ABCS). This ABCS technology allows band-gap engineering of the detection material which enables higher operating temperatures and multi-spectral detection. This year SCD presented its first prototype FPA from this program, an InAlSb based <span class="hlt">detector</span> operating at a temperature of 100 K. By the end of this year SCD will introduce the first prototype MWIR <span class="hlt">detector</span> with a 640×512 element format and a pitch of 15 μm. For the LWIR wavelength range SCD manufactures both <span class="hlt">linear</span> Hg1-xCdxTe (MCT) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with a line of 250 elements and time delay and integration (TDI) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with formats of 288×4 and 480×6. Recently, SCD has demonstrated its first prototype uncooled <span class="hlt">detector</span> which is based on VOx technology and which has a format of 384×288 elements, a pitch of 25 μm, and a typical NETD of 50 mK at F/1. In this paper, we describe the present technologies and products of SCD and the future evolution of our <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for the MWIR and LWIR detection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990ITCom..38.1375T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990ITCom..38.1375T"><span>Sequential CFAR <span class="hlt">detectors</span> using a dead-zone limiter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tantaratana, Sawasd</p> <p>1990-09-01</p> <p>The performances of some proposed sequential constant-false-alarm-rate (CFAR) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are evaluated. The observations are passed through a dead-zone limiter, the output of which is -1, 0, or +1, depending on whether the input is less than -c, between -c and c, or greater than c, where c is a constant. The test statistic is the sum of the outputs. The test is performed on a reduced set of data (those with absolute value larger than c), with the test statistic being the sum of the signs of the reduced set of data. Both constant and <span class="hlt">linear</span> boundaries are considered. Numerical results show a significant reduction of the average number of observations needed to achieve the same false alarm and detection probabilities as a fixed-sample-size CFAR <span class="hlt">detector</span> using the same kind of test statistic.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19366647','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19366647"><span>An ultra low-power CMOS automatic action potential <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gosselin, Benoit; Sawan, Mohamad</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>We present a low-power complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) analog integrated biopotential <span class="hlt">detector</span> intended for neural recording in wireless multichannel implants. The proposed <span class="hlt">detector</span> can achieve accurate automatic discrimination of action potential (APs) from the background activity by means of an energy-based preprocessor and a <span class="hlt">linear</span> delay element. This strategy improves detected waveforms integrity and prompts for better performance in neural prostheses. The delay element is implemented with a low-power continuous-time filter using a ninth-order equiripple allpass transfer function. All circuit building blocks use subthreshold OTAs employing dedicated circuit techniques for achieving ultra low-power and high dynamic range. The proposed circuit function in the submicrowatt range as the implemented CMOS 0.18- microm chip dissipates 780 nW, and it features a size of 0.07 mm(2). So it is suitable for massive integration in a multichannel device with modest overhead. The fabricated <span class="hlt">detector</span> succeeds to automatically detect APs from underlying background activity. Testbench validation results obtained with synthetic neural waveforms are presented.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EJASP2008...24K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EJASP2008...24K"><span>A Practical, Hardware Friendly MMSE <span class="hlt">Detector</span> for MIMO-OFDM-Based Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Hun Seok; Zhu, Weijun; Bhatia, Jatin; Mohammed, Karim; Shah, Anish; Daneshrad, Babak</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>Design and implementation of a highly optimized MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) <span class="hlt">detector</span> requires cooptimization of the algorithm with the underlying hardware architecture. Special attention must be paid to application requirements such as throughput, latency, and resource constraints. In this work, we focus on a highly optimized matrix inversion free [InlineEquation not available: see fulltext.] MMSE (minimum mean square error) MIMO <span class="hlt">detector</span> implementation. The work has resulted in a real-time field-programmable gate array-based implementation (FPGA-) on a Xilinx Virtex-2 6000 using only 9003 logic slices, 66 multipliers, and 24 Block RAMs (less than 33% of the overall resources of this part). The design delivers over 420 Mbps sustained throughput with a small 2.77-microsecond latency. The designed [InlineEquation not available: see fulltext.] <span class="hlt">linear</span> MMSE MIMO <span class="hlt">detector</span> is capable of complying with the proposed IEEE 802.11n standard.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22945141','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22945141"><span>Back-focal-plane position detection with extended <span class="hlt">linear</span> range for photonic force microscopy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Martínez, Ignacio A; Petrov, Dmitri</p> <p>2012-09-01</p> <p>In photonic force microscopes, the position detection with high temporal and spatial resolution is usually implemented by a quadrant position <span class="hlt">detector</span> placed in the back focal plane of a condenser. An objective with high numerical aperture (NA) for the optical trap has also been used to focus a detection beam. In that case the displacement of the probe at a fixed position of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> produces a unique and <span class="hlt">linear</span> response only in a restricted region of the probe displacement, usually several hundred nanometers. There are specific experiments where the absolute position of the probe is a relevant measure together with the probe position relative the optical trap focus. In our scheme we introduce the detection beam into the condenser with low NA through a pinhole with tunable size. This combination permits us to create a wide detection spot and to achieve the <span class="hlt">linear</span> range of several micrometers by the probe position detection without reducing the trapping force.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040088291&hterms=RSD&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DRSD','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040088291&hterms=RSD&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DRSD"><span>Contactless conductivity <span class="hlt">detector</span> for microchip capillary electrophoresis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pumera, Martin; Wang, Joseph; Opekar, Frantisek; Jelinek, Ivan; Feldman, Jason; Lowe, Holger; Hardt, Steffen; Svehla, D. (Principal Investigator)</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>A microfabricated electrophoresis chip with an integrated contactless conductivity detection system is described. The new contactless conductivity microchip <span class="hlt">detector</span> is based on placing two planar sensing aluminum film electrodes on the outer side of a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microchip (without contacting the solution) and measuring the impedance of the solution in the separation channel. The contactless route obviates problems (e.g., fouling, unwanted reactions) associated with the electrode-solution contact, offers isolation of the detection system from high separation fields, does not compromise the separation efficiency, and greatly simplifies the <span class="hlt">detector</span> fabrication. Relevant experimental variables, such as the frequency and amplitude of the applied ac voltage or the separation voltage, were examined and optimized. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> performance was illustrated by the separation of potassium, sodium, barium, and lithium cations and the chloride, sulfate, fluoride, acetate, and phosphate anions. The response was <span class="hlt">linear</span> (over the 20 microM-7 mM range) and reproducible (RSD = 3.4-4.9%; n = 10), with detection limits of 2.8 and 6.4 microM (for potassium and chloride, respectively). The advantages associated with the contactless conductivity detection, along with the low cost of the integrated PMMA chip/detection system, should enhance the power and scope of microfluidic analytical devices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.975a2041D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.975a2041D"><span>Assessment of Ethylene Vinyl-Acetato Copolymer (EVA) Samples Bombarded by Gamma Radiation via <span class="hlt">Linearity</span> Analyses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>de Oliveira, L. N.; do Nascimento, E. O.; Schimidt, F.; Antonio, P. L.; Caldas, L. V. E.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Materials with the potential to become dosimeters are of interest in radiation physics. In this research, the materials were analyzed and compared in relation to their <span class="hlt">linearity</span> ranges. Samples of ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer (EVA) were irradiated with doses from 10 Gy to 10 kGy using a 60Co Gamma-Cell system 220 and evaluated with the FTIR technique. The <span class="hlt">linearity</span> analyses were applied through two methodologies, searching for <span class="hlt">linear</span> regions in their response. The results show that both applied analyses indicate <span class="hlt">linear</span> regions in defined dose interval. The radiation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> EVA can be useful for radiation dosimetry in intermediate and high doses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014cosp...40E.229B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014cosp...40E.229B"><span>Debris <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Verification by Hvi-Tests</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bauer, Waldemar; Drolshagen, Gerhard; Vörsmann, Peter; Romberg, Oliver; Putzar, Robin</p> <p></p> <p>Information regarding Space Debris (SD) or Micrometeoroids (MM) impacting on spacecraft (S/C) or payloads (P/L) can be obtained by using environmental models e.g. MASTER (ESA) or ORDEM (NASA). The validation of such models is performed by comparison of simulated results with measured or orbital observed data. The latter is utilised for large particles and can be obtained from ground based or space based radars or telescopes. Data regarding very small but abundant particles can also be gained by analysis of retrieved hardware (e.g. Hubble Space Telescope, Space Shuttle Windows), which are brought from orbit back to Earth. Furthermore, in-situ impact <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are an essential source for information on small size meteoroids and space debris. These kind of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are placed in orbit and collect impact data regarding SD and MM, sending data near real time via telemetry. Compared to the impact data which is gained by analysis of retrieved surfaces, the detected data comprise additional information regarding exact impact time and, depending on the type of <span class="hlt">detector</span>, on the orbit and particles composition. Nevertheless, existing <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have limitations. Since the detection area is small, statistically meaningful number of impacts are obtained for very small particles only. Measurements of particles in the size range of hundreds of microns to mm which are potentially damaging to S/C require larger sensor areas. To make use of the advantages of in-situ impact <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and to increase the amount of impact data an innovative impact <span class="hlt">detector</span> concept is currently under development at DLR in Bremen. Different to all previous impact <span class="hlt">detectors</span> the Solar Generator based Impact <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (SOLID) is not an add-on component on the S/C. SOLID makes use of existing subsystems of the S/C and adopts them for impact detection purposes. Since the number of impacts on a target in space depends <span class="hlt">linearly</span> on the exposed area, the S/C solar panels offer a unique opportunity to use them for</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27461699','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27461699"><span>Study on the measurement of photo-neutron for15 MV photon beam from medical <span class="hlt">linear</span> accelerator under different irradiation geometries using passive <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Thekkedath, Siji Cyriac; Raman, R Ganapathi; Musthafa, M M; Bakshi, A K; Pal, Rupali; Dawn, Sandipan; Kummali, Abdul Haneefa; Huilgol, Nagraj G; Selvam, T Palani; Datta, D</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The photo-neutron dose equivalents of 15 MV Elekta precise accelerators were measured for different depths in phantom, for various field sizes, at different distances from the isocenter in the patient plane and for various wedged fields. Fast and thermal neutrons are measured using passive <span class="hlt">detectors</span> such as Columbia Resin-39 and pair of thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) 600 and TLD 700 <span class="hlt">detector</span> from Elekta medical <span class="hlt">linear</span> accelerator. It is found that fast photo-neutron dose rate decreases as the depth increases, with a maximum of 0.57 ± 0.08 mSv/Gy photon dose at surface and minimum of 0.09 ± 0.02 mSv/Gy photon dose at 15 cm depth of water equivalent phantom with 10 cm backscatter. Photo neutrons decreases from 1.28 ± 0.03 mSv/Gy to 0.063 ± 0.032 when measured at isocenter and at 100 cm far from the field edge along the longitudinal direction in the patient plane. Fast and thermal neutron doses increases from 0.65 ± 0.05 mSv/Gy to 1.08 ± 0.07 mSv/Gy as the field size increases; from 5 cm × 5 cm to 30 cm × 30 cm for fast neutrons. With increase in wedge field angle from 0° to 60°, it is observed that the fast neutron dose increases from 0.42 ± 0.03 mSv/Gy to 0.95 ± 0.05 mSv/Gy.s Measurements indicate the photo-neutrons at few field sizes are slightly higher than the International Electrotechnical Commission standard specifications. Photo-neutrons from Omni wedged fields are studied in details. These studies of the photo-neutron energy response will enlighten the neutron dose to radiation therapy patients and are expected to further improve radiation protection guidelines.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9070E..2PR','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9070E..2PR"><span>AIM cryocooler developments for HOT <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rühlich, I.; Mai, M.; Withopf, A.; Rosenhagen, C.</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>Significantly increased FPA temperatures for both Mid Wave and Long Wave IR <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, i.e. HOT <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, which have been developed in recent years are now leaving the development phase and are entering real application. HOT <span class="hlt">detectors</span> allowing to push size weight and power (SWaP) of Integrated <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> Cooler Assemblies (IDCA's) to a new level. Key component mainly driving achievable weight, volume and power consumption is the cryocooler. AIM cryocooler developments are focused on compact, lightweight <span class="hlt">linear</span> cryocoolers driven by compact and high efficient digital cooler drive electronics (DCE) to also achieve highest MTTF targets. This technology is using moving magnet driving mechanisms and dual or single piston compressors. Whereas SX030 which was presented at SPIE in 2012 consuming less 3 WDC to operate a typical IDCA at 140K, next smaller cooler SX020 is designed to provide sufficient cooling power at <span class="hlt">detector</span> temperature above 160K. The cooler weight of less than 200g and a total compressor length of 60mm makes it an ideal solution for all applications with limited weight and power budget, like in handheld applications. For operating a typical 640x512, 15μm MW IR <span class="hlt">detector</span> the power consumption will be less than 1.5WDC. MTTF for the cooler will be in excess of 30,000h and thus achieving low maintenance cost also in 24/7 applications. The SX020 compressor is based on a single piston design with integrated passive balancer in a new design achieves very low exported vibration in the order of 100mN in the compressor axis. AIM is using a modular approach, allowing the chose between 5 different compressor types for one common Stirling expander. The 6mm expander with a total length of 74mm is now available in a new design that fits into standard dewar bores originally designed for rotary coolers. Also available is a 9mm coldfinger in both versions. In development is an ultra-short expander with around 35mm total length to achieve highest compactness. Technical</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SPIE.5745..478J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SPIE.5745..478J"><span><span class="hlt">Detector</span> evaluation of a prototype amorphous selenium-based full field digital mammography system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jesneck, Jonathan L.; Saunders, Robert S.; Samei, Ehsan; Xia, Jessie Q.; Lo, Joseph Y.</p> <p>2005-04-01</p> <p>This study evaluated the physical performance of a selenium-based direct full-field digital mammography prototype <span class="hlt">detector</span> (Siemens Mammomat NovationDR), including the pixel value vs. exposure <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, the modulation transfer function (MTF), the normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS), and the detective quantum efficiency (DQE). The current <span class="hlt">detector</span> is the same model which received an approvable letter from FDA for release to the US market. The results of the current prototype are compared to those of an earlier prototype. Two IEC standard beam qualities (RQA-M2: Mo/Mo, 28 kVp, 2 mm Al; RQA-M4: Mo/Mo, 35 kVp, 2 mm Al) and two additional beam qualities (MW2: W/Rh, 28 kVp, 2 mm Al; MW4: W/Rh, 35 kVp, 2 mm Al) were investigated. To calculate the modulation transfer function (MTF), a 0.1 mm Pt-Ir edge was imaged at each beam quality. <span class="hlt">Detector</span> pixel values responded <span class="hlt">linearly</span> against exposure values (R2 0.999). As before, above 6 cycles/mm Mo/Mo MTF was slightly higher along the chest-nipple axis compared to the left-right axis. MTF was comparable to the previously reported prototype, with slightly reduced resolution. The DQE peaks ranged from 0.71 for 3.31 μC/kg (12.83 mR) to 0.4 for 0.48 μC/kg (1.86 mR) at 1.75 cycles/mm for Mo/Mo at 28 kVp. The DQE range for W/Rh at 28 kVP was 0.81 at 2.03 μC/kg (7.87 mR) to 0.50 at 0.50 μC/kg (1.94 mR) at 1 cycle/mm. NNPS tended to increase with greater exposures, while all exposures had a significant low-frequency component. Bloom and <span class="hlt">detector</span> edge artifacts observed previously were no longer present in this prototype. The new <span class="hlt">detector</span> shows marked noise improvement, with slightly reduced resolution. There remain artifacts due to imperfect gain calibration, but at a reduced magnitude compared to a prototype <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.6621E..0WS','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.6621E..0WS"><span>Multi-object detection and tracking technology based on hexagonal opto-electronic <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Song, Yong; Hao, Qun; Li, Xiang</p> <p>2008-02-01</p> <p>A novel multi-object detection and tracking technology based on hexagonal opto-electronic <span class="hlt">detector</span> is proposed, in which (1) a new hexagonal <span class="hlt">detector</span>, which is composed of 6 <span class="hlt">linear</span> CCDs, has been firstly developed to achieve the field of view of 360 degree, (2) to achieve the detection and tracking of multi-object with high speed, the object recognition criterions of Object Signal Width Criterion (OSWC) and Horizontal Scale Ratio Criterion (HSRC) are proposed. In this paper, Simulated Experiments have been carried out to verify the validity of the proposed technology, which show that the detection and tracking of multi-object can be achieved with high speed by using the proposed hexagonal <span class="hlt">detector</span> and the criterions of OSWC and HSRC, indicating that the technology offers significant advantages in Photo-electric Detection, Computer Vision, Virtual Reality, Augment Reality, etc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970009824','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970009824"><span>Delay Line <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> for the UVCS and Sumer Instruments on the SOHO Satellite</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Seigmund, O. H. W.; Stock, J. M.; Marsh, D. R.; Gummin, M. A.; Raffanti, R.; Hull, J.; Gaines, G. A.; Welsh, B.; Donakowski, B.; Jelinsky, P.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_19970009824'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_19970009824_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_19970009824_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_19970009824_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_19970009824_hide"></p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Microchannel plate based <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with cross delay line image readout have been rapidly implemented for the SUMER and UVCS instruments aboard the Solar Orbiting Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) mission to be launched in July 1995. In October 1993 a fast track program to build and characterize <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and <span class="hlt">detector</span> control electronics was initiated. We present the <span class="hlt">detector</span> system design for the SOHO UVCS and SUMER <span class="hlt">detector</span> programs, and results from the <span class="hlt">detector</span> test program. Two deliverable <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have been built at this point, a demonstration model for UVCS, and the flight Ly alpha <span class="hlt">detector</span> for UVCS, both of which are to be delivered in the next few weeks. Test results have also been obtained with one other demonstration <span class="hlt">detector</span> system. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> format is 26mm x 9mm, with 1024 x 360 digitized pixels, using a low resistance Z stack of microchannel plates (MCP's) and a multilayer cross delay line anode (XDL). This configuration provides gains of approximately 2 x 10(exp 7) with good pulse height distributions (less than 50% FWHM) under uniform flood illumination, and background levels typical for this configuration (approximately 0.6 event cm (exp -2)sec(exp -1)). Local counting rates up to about 400 events/pixel/sec have been achieved with no degradation of the MCP gain. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> and event encoding electronics achieves about 25 millimeter FVHM with good <span class="hlt">linearity</span> (plus or minus approximately 1 pixel) and is stable to high global counting rates (greater than 4 x 10(exp 5) events sec(exp -1)). Flat field images are dominated by MCP fixed pattern noise and are stable, but the MCP multifiber modulation usually expected is uncharacteristically absent. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> and electronics have also successfully passed both thermal vacuum and vibration tests.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28818326','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28818326"><span>Dual-wavelength light-emitting diode-based ultraviolet absorption <span class="hlt">detector</span> for nano-flow capillary liquid chromatography.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xie, Xiaofeng; Tolley, Luke T; Truong, Thy X; Tolley, H Dennis; Farnsworth, Paul B; Lee, Milton L</p> <p>2017-11-10</p> <p>The design of a miniaturized LED-based UV-absorption <span class="hlt">detector</span> was significantly improved for on-column nanoflow LC. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> measures approximately 27mm×24mm×10mm and weighs only 30g. Detection limits down to the nanomolar range and <span class="hlt">linearity</span> across 3 orders of magnitude were obtained using sodium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate as a test analyte. Using two miniaturized <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, a dual-<span class="hlt">detector</span> system was assembled containing 255nm and 275nm LEDs with only 216nL volume between the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> A 100μm slit was used for on-column detection with a 150μm i.d. packed capillary column. Chromatographic separation of a phenol mixture was demonstrated using the dual-<span class="hlt">detector</span> system, with each <span class="hlt">detector</span> producing a unique chromatogram. Less than 6% variation in the ratios of absorbances measured at the two wavelengths for specific analytes was obtained across 3 orders of magnitude concentration, which demonstrates the potential of using absorption ratio measurements for target analyte detection. The dual-<span class="hlt">detector</span> system was used for simple, but accurate, mobile phase flow rate measurement at the exit of the column. With a flow rate range from 200 to 2000nL/min, less than 3% variation was observed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080008180','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080008180"><span><span class="hlt">Linear</span> array optical edge sensor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bejczy, Antal K. (Inventor); Primus, Howard C. (Inventor)</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>A series of independent parallel pairs of light emitting and detecting diodes for a <span class="hlt">linear</span> pixel array, which is laterally positioned over an edge-like discontinuity in a workpiece to be scanned, is disclosed. These independent pairs of light emitters and <span class="hlt">detectors</span> sense along intersecting pairs of separate optical axes. A discontinuity, such as an edge in the sensed workpiece, reflects a detectable difference in the amount of light from that discontinuity in comparison to the amount of light that is reflected on either side of the discontinuity. A sequentially sychronized clamping and sampling circuit detects that difference as an electrical signal which is recovered by circuitry that exhibits an improved signal-to-noise capability for the system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830050765&hterms=MOOS&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DMOOS','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830050765&hterms=MOOS&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DMOOS"><span>Photon counting photodiode array <span class="hlt">detector</span> for far ultraviolet (FUV) astronomy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hartig, G. F.; Moos, H. W.; Pembroke, R.; Bowers, C.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>A compact, stable, single-stage intensified photodiode array <span class="hlt">detector</span> designed for photon-counting, far ultraviolet astronomy applications employs a saturable, 'C'-type MCP (Galileo S. MCP 25-25) to produce high gain pulses with a narrowly peaked pulse height distribution. The P-20 output phosphor exhibits a very short decay time, due to the high current density of the electron pulses. This intensifier is being coupled to a self-scanning <span class="hlt">linear</span> photodiode array which has a fiber optic input window which allows direct, rigid mechanical coupling with minimal light loss. The array was scanned at a 250 KHz pixel rate. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> exhibits more than adequate signal-to-noise ratio for pulse counting and event location. Previously announced in STAR as N82-19118</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130011070','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130011070"><span>Fabrication of Silicon Backshort Assembly for Waveguide-Coupled Superconducting <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Crowe, E.; Bennett, C. L.; Chuss, D. T.; Denis, K. L.; Eimer, J.; Lourie, N.; Marriage, T.; Moseley, S. H.; Rostem, K.; Stevenson, T. R.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20130011070'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20130011070_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20130011070_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20130011070_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20130011070_hide"></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) is a ground-based instrument that will measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background to search for gravitational waves from a posited epoch of inflation early in the universe s history. We are currently developing <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that address the challenges of this measurement by combining the excellent beam-forming attributes of feedhorns with the low-noise performance of Transition-Edge sensors. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span> utilize a planar orthomode transducer that maps the horizontal and vertical <span class="hlt">linear</span> polarized components in a dual-mode waveguide to separate microstrip lines. On-chip filters define the bandpass in each channel, and the signals are terminated in resistors that are thermally coupled to the transition-edge sensors operating at 150 mK.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25435236','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25435236"><span>Direct-injection chemiluminescence <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Properties and potential applications in flow analysis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Koronkiewicz, Stanislawa; Kalinowski, Slawomir</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>We present a novel chemiluminescence <span class="hlt">detector</span>, with a cone-shaped detection chamber where the analytical reaction takes place. The sample and appropriate reagents are injected directly into the chamber in countercurrent using solenoid-operated pulse micro-pumps. The proposed <span class="hlt">detector</span> allows for fast measurement of the chemiluminescence signal in stop-flow conditions from the moment of reagents mixing. To evaluate potential applications of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> the Fenton-like reaction with a luminol-H2O2 system and several transition metal ions (Co(2+), Cu(2+), Cr(3+), Fe(3+)) as a catalyst were investigated. The results demonstrate suitability of the proposed <span class="hlt">detector</span> for quantitative analysis and for investigations of reaction kinetics, particularly rapid reactions. A multi-pumping flow system was designed and optimized. The developed methodology demonstrated that the shape of the analytical signals strongly depends on the type and concentration of the metal ions. The application of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> in quantitative analysis was assessed for determination of Fe(III). The direct-injection chemiluminescence <span class="hlt">detector</span> allows for a sensitive and repeatable (R.S.D. 2%) determination. The intensity of chemiluminescence increased <span class="hlt">linearly</span> in the range from about 0.5 to 10 mg L(-1) Fe(III) with the detection limit of 0.025 mg L(-1). The time of analysis depended mainly on reaction kinetics. It is possible to achieve the high sampling rate of 144 samples per hour. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PMB....63eNT04W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PMB....63eNT04W"><span>Performance of a PTW 60019 microDiamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> in a 1.5 T MRI-linac</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Woodings, S. J.; Wolthaus, J. W. H.; van Asselen, B.; de Vries, J. H. W.; Kok, J. G. M.; Lagendijk, J. J. W.; Raaymakers, B. W.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Accurate small-field dosimetry is critical for a magnetic resonance linac (MRI-linac). The PTW 60019 microDiamond is close to an ideal <span class="hlt">detector</span> for small field dosimetry due to its small physical size, high signal-to-noise ratio and approximate water equivalence. It is important to fully characterise the performance of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> in a 1.5 T magnetic field prior to its use for MRI-linac commissioning and quality assurance. Standard techniques of <span class="hlt">detector</span> testing have been implemented, or adapted where necessary to suit the capabilities of the MRI-linac. <span class="hlt">Detector</span> warmup, constancy, dose <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, dose rate <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, field size dependence and leakage were within tolerance. Measurements with the <span class="hlt">detector</span> were consistent with ion chamber measurements for medium sized fields. The effective point of measurement of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> when used within a 1.5 T magnetic field was determined to be 0.80 ± 0.23 mm below the top surface of the device, consistent with the existing vendor recommendation and alignment mark at 1.0 mm. The angular dependence was assessed. Variations of up to 9.7% were observed, which are significantly greater than in a 0 T environment. Within the expected range of use, the maximum effect is approximately 0.6% which is within tolerance. However for large beams within a magnetic field, the divergence and consequent variation in angle of photon incidence means that the microDiamond would not be ideal for characterising the profiles and it would not be suitable for determining large-field beam parameters such as symmetry. It would also require a correction factor prior to use for patient-specific QA measurements where radiation is delivered from different gantry angles. The results of this study demonstrate that the PTW 60019 microDiamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> is suitable for measuring small radiation fields within a 1.5 T magnetic field and thus is suitable for use in MRI-linac commissioning and quality assurance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29239857','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29239857"><span>Performance of a PTW 60019 microDiamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> in a 1.5 T MRI-linac.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Woodings, S J; Wolthaus, J W H; van Asselen, B; de Vries, J H W; Kok, J G M; Lagendijk, J J W; Raaymakers, B W</p> <p>2018-03-08</p> <p>Accurate small-field dosimetry is critical for a magnetic resonance linac (MRI-linac). The PTW 60019 microDiamond is close to an ideal <span class="hlt">detector</span> for small field dosimetry due to its small physical size, high signal-to-noise ratio and approximate water equivalence. It is important to fully characterise the performance of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> in a 1.5 T magnetic field prior to its use for MRI-linac commissioning and quality assurance. Standard techniques of <span class="hlt">detector</span> testing have been implemented, or adapted where necessary to suit the capabilities of the MRI-linac. <span class="hlt">Detector</span> warmup, constancy, dose <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, dose rate <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, field size dependence and leakage were within tolerance. Measurements with the <span class="hlt">detector</span> were consistent with ion chamber measurements for medium sized fields. The effective point of measurement of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> when used within a 1.5 T magnetic field was determined to be 0.80 ± 0.23 mm below the top surface of the device, consistent with the existing vendor recommendation and alignment mark at 1.0 mm. The angular dependence was assessed. Variations of up to 9.7% were observed, which are significantly greater than in a 0 T environment. Within the expected range of use, the maximum effect is approximately 0.6% which is within tolerance. However for large beams within a magnetic field, the divergence and consequent variation in angle of photon incidence means that the microDiamond would not be ideal for characterising the profiles and it would not be suitable for determining large-field beam parameters such as symmetry. It would also require a correction factor prior to use for patient-specific QA measurements where radiation is delivered from different gantry angles. The results of this study demonstrate that the PTW 60019 microDiamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> is suitable for measuring small radiation fields within a 1.5 T magnetic field and thus is suitable for use in MRI-linac commissioning and quality assurance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930000626&hterms=metal+detector&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dmetal%2Bdetector','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930000626&hterms=metal+detector&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dmetal%2Bdetector"><span>Fast, Low-Power, Hysteretic Level-<span class="hlt">Detector</span> Circuit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Arditti, Mordechai</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Circuit for detection of preset levels of voltage or current intended to replace standard fast voltage comparator. Hysteretic analog/digital level <span class="hlt">detector</span> operates at unusually low power with little sacrifice of speed. Comprises low-power analog circuit and complementary metal oxide/semiconductor (CMOS) digital circuit connected in overall closed feedback loop to decrease rise and fall times, provide hysteresis, and trip-level control. Contains multiple subloops combining <span class="hlt">linear</span> and digital feedback. Levels of sensed signals and hysteresis level easily adjusted by selection of components to suit specific application.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820011244','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820011244"><span>A photon-counting photodiode array <span class="hlt">detector</span> for far ultraviolet (FUV) astronomy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hartig, G. F.; Moos, H. W.; Pembroke, R.; Bowers, C.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>A compact, stable, single-stage intensified photodiode array <span class="hlt">detector</span> designed for photon-counting, far ultraviolet astronomy applications employs a saturable, 'C'-type MCP (Galileo S. MCP 25-25) to produce high gain pulses with a narrowly peaked pulse height distribution. The P-20 output phosphor exhibits a very short decay time, due to the high current density of the electron pulses. This intensifier is being coupled to a self-scanning <span class="hlt">linear</span> photodiode array which has a fiber optic input window which allows direct, rigid mechanical coupling with minimal light loss. The array was scanned at a 250 KHz pixel rate. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> exhibits more than adequate signal-to-noise ratio for pulse counting and event location.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RPFSU..24....9M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RPFSU..24....9M"><span>Comparison of Available Technologies for Fire Spots Detection via <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Heat <span class="hlt">Detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Miksa, František; Nemlaha, Eduard</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>It is very demanding to detect fire spots under difficult conditions with high occurrence of interfering external factors such as large distances, airflow difficultly, high dustiness, high humidity, etc. Spot fire sensors do not meet the requirements due to the aforementioned conditions as well as large distances. Therefore, the detection of a fire spot via <span class="hlt">linear</span> heat sensing cables is utilized.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RScI...88c3301K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RScI...88c3301K"><span>Techniques for precise energy calibration of particle pixel <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kroupa, M.; Campbell-Ricketts, T.; Bahadori, A.; Empl, A.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>We demonstrate techniques to improve the accuracy of the energy calibration of Timepix pixel <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, used for the measurement of energetic particles. The typical signal from such particles spreads among many pixels due to charge sharing effects. As a consequence, the deposited energy in each pixel cannot be reconstructed unless the <span class="hlt">detector</span> is calibrated, limiting the usability of such signals for calibration. To avoid this shortcoming, we calibrate using low energy X-rays. However, charge sharing effects still occur, resulting in part of the energy being deposited in adjacent pixels and possibly lost. This systematic error in the calibration process results in an error of about 5% in the energy measurements of calibrated devices. We use FLUKA simulations to assess the magnitude of charge sharing effects, allowing a corrected energy calibration to be performed on several Timepix pixel <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and resulting in substantial improvement in energy deposition measurements. Next, we address shortcomings in calibration associated with the huge range (from kiloelectron-volts to megaelectron-volts) of energy deposited per pixel which result in a nonlinear energy response over the full range. We introduce a new method to characterize the non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> response of the Timepix <span class="hlt">detectors</span> at high input energies. We demonstrate improvement using a broad range of particle types and energies, showing that the new method reduces the energy measurement errors, in some cases by more than 90%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28372389','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28372389"><span>Techniques for precise energy calibration of particle pixel <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kroupa, M; Campbell-Ricketts, T; Bahadori, A; Empl, A</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>We demonstrate techniques to improve the accuracy of the energy calibration of Timepix pixel <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, used for the measurement of energetic particles. The typical signal from such particles spreads among many pixels due to charge sharing effects. As a consequence, the deposited energy in each pixel cannot be reconstructed unless the <span class="hlt">detector</span> is calibrated, limiting the usability of such signals for calibration. To avoid this shortcoming, we calibrate using low energy X-rays. However, charge sharing effects still occur, resulting in part of the energy being deposited in adjacent pixels and possibly lost. This systematic error in the calibration process results in an error of about 5% in the energy measurements of calibrated devices. We use FLUKA simulations to assess the magnitude of charge sharing effects, allowing a corrected energy calibration to be performed on several Timepix pixel <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and resulting in substantial improvement in energy deposition measurements. Next, we address shortcomings in calibration associated with the huge range (from kiloelectron-volts to megaelectron-volts) of energy deposited per pixel which result in a nonlinear energy response over the full range. We introduce a new method to characterize the non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> response of the Timepix <span class="hlt">detectors</span> at high input energies. We demonstrate improvement using a broad range of particle types and energies, showing that the new method reduces the energy measurement errors, in some cases by more than 90%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10749524','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10749524"><span>Monte Carlo calculations of LR115 <span class="hlt">detector</span> response to 222Rn in the presence of 220Rn.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nikezić, D; Yu, K N</p> <p>2000-04-01</p> <p>The sensitivities (in m) of bare LR115 <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in diffusion chambers to 222Rn and 220Rn chains are calculated by the Monte Carlo method. The partial sensitivities of bare <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to the 222Rn chain are larger than those to the 220Rn chain, which is due to the higher energies of alpha particles in the 220Rn chain and the upper energy limit for detection for the LR115 <span class="hlt">detector</span>. However, the total sensitivities are approximately equal because 220Rn is always in equilibrium with its first progeny, which is not the case for the 222Rn chain. The total sensitivity of bare LR115 <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to 222Rn chain depends <span class="hlt">linearly</span> on the equilibrium factor. The overestimation in 222Rn measurements with bare <span class="hlt">detectors</span> caused by 220Rn in air can reach 10% in normal environmental conditions. An analytical relationship between the equilibrium factor and the ratio between track densities on the bare <span class="hlt">detector</span> and the <span class="hlt">detector</span> enclosed in chamber is given in the last part of the paper. This ratio is also affected by 220Rn, which can disturb the determination of the equilibrium factor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1347945','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1347945"><span>The International <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider Technical Design Report - Volume 1: Executive Summary</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Behnke, Ties; Brau, James E.; Foster, Brian</p> <p>2013-06-26</p> <p>The International <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider Technical Design Report (TDR) describes in four volumes the physics case and the design of a 500 GeV centre-of-mass energy <span class="hlt">linear</span> electron-positron collider based on superconducting radio-frequency technology using Niobium cavities as the accelerating structures. The accelerator can be extended to 1 TeV and also run as a Higgs factory at around 250 GeV and on the Z0 pole. A comprehensive value estimate of the accelerator is give, together with associated uncertainties. It is shown that no significant technical issues remain to be solved. Once a site is selected and the necessary site-dependent engineering is carriedmore » out, construction can begin immediately. The TDR also gives baseline documentation for two high-performance <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that can share the ILC luminosity by being moved into and out of the beam line in a "push-pull" configuration. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, ILD and SiD, are described in detail. They form the basis for a world-class experimental programme that promises to increase significantly our understanding of the fundamental processes that govern the evolution of the Universe.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NIMPA.574..127A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NIMPA.574..127A"><span>Development of an inconel self powered neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> for in-core reactor monitoring</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Alex, M.; Ghodgaonkar, M. D.</p> <p>2007-04-01</p> <p>The paper describes the development and testing of an Inconel600 (2 mm diameter×21 cm long) self-powered neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> for in-core neutron monitoring. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> has 3.5 mm overall diameter and 22 cm length and is integrally coupled to a 12 m long mineral insulated cable. The performance of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> was compared with cobalt and platinum <span class="hlt">detectors</span> of similar dimensions. Gamma sensitivity measurements performed at the 60Co irradiation facility in 14 MR/h gamma field showed values of -4.4×10 -18 A/R/h/cm (-9.3×10 -24 A/ γ/cm 2-s/cm), -5.2×10 -18 A/R/h/cm (-1.133×10 -23 A/ γ/cm 2-s/cm) and 34×10 -18 A/R/h/cm (7.14×10 -23 A/ γ/cm 2-s/cm) for the Inconel, Co and Pt <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, respectively. The <span class="hlt">detectors</span> together with a miniature gamma ion chamber and fission chamber were tested in the in-core Apsara Swimming Pool type reactor. The ion chambers were used to estimate the neutron and gamma fields. With an effective neutron cross-section of 4b, the Inconel <span class="hlt">detector</span> has a total sensitivity of 6×10 -23 A/nv/cm while the corresponding sensitivities for the platinum and cobalt <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were 1.69×10 -22 and 2.64×10 -22 A/nv/cm. The <span class="hlt">linearity</span> of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> responses at power levels ranging from 100 to 200 kW was within ±5%. The response of the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to reactor scram showed that the prompt response of the Inconel <span class="hlt">detector</span> was 0.95 while it was 0.7 and 0.95 for the platinum and cobalt self-powered <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, respectively. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> was also installed in the horizontal flux unit of 540 MW Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR). The neutron flux at the <span class="hlt">detector</span> location was calculated by Triveni code. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> response was measured from 0.02% to 0.07% of full power and showed good correlation between power level and <span class="hlt">detector</span> signals. Long-term tests and the dynamic response of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> to shut down in PHWR are in progress.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26698064','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26698064"><span>X-ray characterization of a multichannel smart-pixel array <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ross, Steve; Haji-Sheikh, Michael; Huntington, Andrew; Kline, David; Lee, Adam; Li, Yuelin; Rhee, Jehyuk; Tarpley, Mary; Walko, Donald A; Westberg, Gregg; Williams, George; Zou, Haifeng; Landahl, Eric</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The Voxtel VX-798 is a prototype X-ray pixel array <span class="hlt">detector</span> (PAD) featuring a silicon sensor photodiode array of 48 × 48 pixels, each 130 µm × 130 µm × 520 µm thick, coupled to a CMOS readout application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The first synchrotron X-ray characterization of this <span class="hlt">detector</span> is presented, and its ability to selectively count individual X-rays within two independent arrival time windows, a programmable energy range, and localized to a single pixel is demonstrated. During our first trial run at Argonne National Laboratory's Advance Photon Source, the <span class="hlt">detector</span> achieved a 60 ns gating time and 700 eV full width at half-maximum energy resolution in agreement with design parameters. Each pixel of the PAD holds two independent digital counters, and the discriminator for X-ray energy features both an upper and lower threshold to window the energy of interest discarding unwanted background. This smart-pixel technology allows energy and time resolution to be set and optimized in software. It is found that the <span class="hlt">detector</span> <span class="hlt">linearity</span> follows an isolated dead-time model, implying that megahertz count rates should be possible in each pixel. Measurement of the line and point spread functions showed negligible spatial blurring. When combined with the timing structure of the synchrotron storage ring, it is demonstrated that the area <span class="hlt">detector</span> can perform both picosecond time-resolved X-ray diffraction and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1916d0003Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1916d0003Y"><span>Monte Carlo simulations and measurements for efficiency determination of lead shielded plastic scintillator <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yasin, Zafar; Negoita, Florin; Tabbassum, Sana; Borcea, Ruxandra; Kisyov, Stanimir</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The plastic scintillators are used in different areas of science and technology. One of the use of these scintillator <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is as beam loss monitors (BLM) for new generation of high intensity heavy ion in superconducting <span class="hlt">linear</span> accelerators. Operated in pulse counting mode with rather high thresholds and shielded by few centimeters of lead in order to cope with radiofrequency noise and X-ray background emitted by accelerator cavities, they preserve high efficiency for high energy gamma ray and neutrons produced in the nuclear reactions of lost beam particles with accelerator components. Efficiency calculation and calibration of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is very important before their practical usage. In the present work, the efficiency of plastic scintillator <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is simulated using FLUKA for different gamma and neutron sources like, 60Co, 137Cs and 238Pu-Be. The sources are placed at different positions around the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Calculated values are compared with the measured values and a reasonable agreement is observed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840020521','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840020521"><span>Integrating IR <span class="hlt">detector</span> imaging systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bailey, G. C. (Inventor)</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>An integrating IR <span class="hlt">detector</span> array for imaging is provided in a hybrid circuit with InSb mesa diodes in a <span class="hlt">linear</span> array, a single J-FET preamplifier for readout, and a silicon integrated circuit multiplexer. Thin film conductors in a fan out pattern deposited on an Al2O3 substrate connect the diodes to the multiplexer, and thick film conductors also connect the reset switch and preamplifier to the multiplexer. Two phase clock pulses are applied with a logic return signal to the multiplexer through triax comprised of three thin film conductors deposited between layers. A lens focuses a scanned image onto the diode array for horizontal read out while a scanning mirror provides vertical scan.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21335901','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21335901"><span>X-ray analog pixel array <span class="hlt">detector</span> for single synchrotron bunch time-resolved imaging.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Koerner, Lucas J; Gruner, Sol M</p> <p>2011-03-01</p> <p>Dynamic X-ray studies can reach temporal resolutions limited by only the X-ray pulse duration if the <span class="hlt">detector</span> is fast enough to segregate synchrotron pulses. An analog integrating pixel array <span class="hlt">detector</span> with in-pixel storage and temporal resolution of around 150 ns, sufficient to isolate pulses, is presented. Analog integration minimizes count-rate limitations and in-pixel storage captures successive pulses. Fundamental tests of noise and <span class="hlt">linearity</span> as well as high-speed laser measurements are shown. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> resolved individual bunch trains at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source at levels of up to 3.7 × 10(3) X-rays per pixel per train. When applied to turn-by-turn X-ray beam characterization, single-shot intensity measurements were made with a repeatability of 0.4% and horizontal oscillations of the positron cloud were detected.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3042326','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3042326"><span>X-ray analog pixel array <span class="hlt">detector</span> for single synchrotron bunch time-resolved imaging</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Koerner, Lucas J.; Gruner, Sol M.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Dynamic X-ray studies can reach temporal resolutions limited by only the X-ray pulse duration if the <span class="hlt">detector</span> is fast enough to segregate synchrotron pulses. An analog integrating pixel array <span class="hlt">detector</span> with in-pixel storage and temporal resolution of around 150 ns, sufficient to isolate pulses, is presented. Analog integration minimizes count-rate limitations and in-pixel storage captures successive pulses. Fundamental tests of noise and <span class="hlt">linearity</span> as well as high-speed laser measurements are shown. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> resolved individual bunch trains at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source at levels of up to 3.7 × 103 X-rays per pixel per train. When applied to turn-by-turn X-ray beam characterization, single-shot intensity measurements were made with a repeatability of 0.4% and horizontal oscillations of the positron cloud were detected. PMID:21335901</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NIMPA.610..640M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NIMPA.610..640M"><span>Study of cluster shapes in a monolithic active pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Maçzewski, ł.; Adamus, M.; Ciborowski, J.; Grzelak, G.; łużniak, P.; Nieżurawski, P.; Żarnecki, A. F.</p> <p>2009-11-01</p> <p>Beamstrahlung will constitute an important source of background in a pixel vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span> at the future International <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider. Electron and positron tracks of this origin impact the pixel planes at angles generally larger than those of secondary hadrons and the corresponding clusters are elongated. We report studies of cluster characteristics using test beam electron tracks incident at various angles on a MIMOSA-5 monolithic active pixel sensor matrix.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760026377','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760026377"><span>Breadboard <span class="hlt">linear</span> array scan imager using LSI solid-state technology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Tracy, R. A.; Brennan, J. A.; Frankel, D. G.; Noll, R. E.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>The performance of large scale integration photodiode arrays in a <span class="hlt">linear</span> array scan (pushbroom) breadboard was evaluated for application to multispectral remote sensing of the earth's resources. The technical approach, implementation, and test results of the program are described. Several self scanned <span class="hlt">linear</span> array visible photodetector focal plane arrays were fabricated and evaluated in an optical bench configuration. A 1728-<span class="hlt">detector</span> array operating in four bands (0.5 - 1.1 micrometer) was evaluated for noise, spectral response, dynamic range, crosstalk, MTF, noise equivalent irradiance, <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, and image quality. Other results include image artifact data, temporal characteristics, radiometric accuracy, calibration experience, chip alignment, and array fabrication experience. Special studies and experimentation were included in long array fabrication and real-time image processing for low-cost ground stations, including the use of computer image processing. High quality images were produced and all objectives of the program were attained.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4235650','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4235650"><span>Characterization of energy response for photon-counting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> using x-ray fluorescence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ding, Huanjun; Cho, Hyo-Min; Barber, William C.; Iwanczyk, Jan S.; Molloi, Sabee</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of characterizing a Si strip photon-counting <span class="hlt">detector</span> using x-ray fluorescence. Methods: X-ray fluorescence was generated by using a pencil beam from a tungsten anode x-ray tube with 2 mm Al filtration. Spectra were acquired at 90° from the primary beam direction with an energy-resolved photon-counting <span class="hlt">detector</span> based on an edge illuminated Si strip <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The distances from the source to target and the target to <span class="hlt">detector</span> were approximately 19 and 11 cm, respectively. Four different materials, containing silver (Ag), iodine (I), barium (Ba), and gadolinium (Gd), were placed in small plastic containers with a diameter of approximately 0.7 cm for x-ray fluorescence measurements. <span class="hlt">Linear</span> regression analysis was performed to derive the gain and offset values for the correlation between the measured fluorescence peak center and the known fluorescence energies. The energy resolutions and charge-sharing fractions were also obtained from analytical fittings of the recorded fluorescence spectra. An analytical model, which employed four parameters that can be determined from the fluorescence calibration, was used to estimate the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response function. Results: Strong fluorescence signals of all four target materials were recorded with the investigated geometry for the Si strip <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The average gain and offset of all pixels for <span class="hlt">detector</span> energy calibration were determined to be 6.95 mV/keV and −66.33 mV, respectively. The detector’s energy resolution remained at approximately 2.7 keV for low energies, and increased slightly at 45 keV. The average charge-sharing fraction was estimated to be 36% within the investigated energy range of 20–45 keV. The simulated <span class="hlt">detector</span> output based on the proposed response function agreed well with the experimental measurement. Conclusions: The performance of a spectral imaging system using energy-resolved photon-counting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is very dependent on the energy calibration of the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25298932','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25298932"><span>Study of a new design of p-N semiconductor <span class="hlt">detector</span> array for nuclear medicine imaging by monte carlo simulation codes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hajizadeh-Safar, M; Ghorbani, M; Khoshkharam, S; Ashrafi, Z</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>Gamma camera is an important apparatus in nuclear medicine imaging. Its detection part is consists of a scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span> with a heavy collimator. Substitution of semiconductor <span class="hlt">detectors</span> instead of scintillator in these cameras has been effectively studied. In this study, it is aimed to introduce a new design of P-N semiconductor <span class="hlt">detector</span> array for nuclear medicine imaging. A P-N semiconductor <span class="hlt">detector</span> composed of N-SnO2 :F, and P-NiO:Li, has been introduced through simulating with MCNPX monte carlo codes. Its sensitivity with different factors such as thickness, dimension, and direction of emission photons were investigated. It is then used to configure a new design of an array in one-dimension and study its spatial resolution for nuclear medicine imaging. One-dimension array with 39 <span class="hlt">detectors</span> was simulated to measure a predefined <span class="hlt">linear</span> distribution of Tc(99_m) activity and its spatial resolution. The activity distribution was calculated from <span class="hlt">detector</span> responses through mathematical <span class="hlt">linear</span> optimization using LINPROG code on MATLAB software. Three different configurations of one-dimension <span class="hlt">detector</span> array, horizontal, vertical one sided, and vertical double-sided were simulated. In all of these configurations, the energy windows of the photopeak were ± 1%. The results show that the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response increases with an increase of dimension and thickness of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> with the highest sensitivity for emission photons 15-30° above the surface. Horizontal configuration array of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is not suitable for imaging of line activity sources. The measured activity distribution with vertical configuration array, double-side <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, has no similarity with emission sources and hence is not suitable for imaging purposes. Measured activity distribution using vertical configuration array, single side <span class="hlt">detectors</span> has a good similarity with sources. Therefore, it could be introduced as a suitable configuration for nuclear medicine imaging. It has been shown that using</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PPNL....6...70S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PPNL....6...70S"><span>Spectrometry of <span class="hlt">linear</span> energy transfer and dosimetry measurements onboard spacecrafts and aircrafts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Spurný, F.; Ploc, O.; Jadrníčková, I.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>There are only a few methods of dosimetry which can estimate the contribution of different particles to onboard spacecraft and/or aircraft exposure. This contribution describes an attempt to estimate the contribution of different components to the exposure level using MDU-Liulin energy deposition spectrometer and thermoluminescent <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (TLD’s), in combination with a spectrometer of <span class="hlt">linear</span> energy transfer (LET) based on track etch <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. This equipment was exposed onboard: the International Space Station for a long period and two shorter shuttle missions and a commercial subsonic aircraft for several long-term monitoring periods from 2001 to 2006. The data obtained are analyzed from several points of view and the obtained results are presented, analyzed, and discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13C3023H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13C3023H"><span>Development of a stable and sensitive semiconductor <span class="hlt">detector</span> by using a mixture of lead(II) iodide and lead monoxide for NDT radiation dose detection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Heo, Y. J.; Kim, K. T.; Han, M. J.; Moon, C. W.; Kim, J. E.; Park, J. K.; Park, S. K.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Recently, high-energy radiation has been widely used in various industrial fields, including the medical industry, and increasing research efforts have been devoted to the development of radiation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to be used with high-energy radiation. In particular, nondestructive industrial applications use high-energy radiation for ships and multilayered objects for accurate inspection. Therefore, it is crucial to verify the accuracy of radiation dose measurements and evaluate the precision and reproducibility of the radiation output dose. Representative <span class="hlt">detectors</span> currently used for detecting the dose in high-energy regions include Si diodes, diamond diodes, and ionization chambers. However, the process of preparing these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is complex in addition to the processes of conducting dosimetric measurements, analysis, and evaluation. Furthermore, the minimum size that can be prepared for a <span class="hlt">detector</span> is limited. In the present study, the disadvantages of original <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are compensated by the development of a <span class="hlt">detector</span> made of a mixture of polycrystalline PbI2 and PbO powder, which are both excellent semiconducting materials suitable for detecting high-energy gamma rays and X-rays. The proposed <span class="hlt">detector</span> shows characteristics of excellent reproducibility and stable signal detection in response to the changes in energy, and was analyzed for its applicability. Moreover, the <span class="hlt">detector</span> was prepared through a simple process of particle-in-binder to gain control over the thickness and meet the specific value designated by the user. A mixture mass ratio with the highest reproducibility was determined through reproducibility testing with respect to changes in the photon energy. The proposed <span class="hlt">detector</span> was evaluated for its detection response characteristics with respect to high-energy photon beam, in terms of dose-rate dependence, sensitivity, and <span class="hlt">linearity</span> evaluation. In the reproducibility assessment, the <span class="hlt">detector</span> made with 15 wt% PbO powder showed the best characteristics of 0</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhDT.......397M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhDT.......397M"><span>Measurements and simulations of MAPS (Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors) response to charged particles - a study towards a vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span> at the ILC</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Maczewski, Lukasz</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>The International <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider (ILC) is a project of an electron-positron (e+e-) <span class="hlt">linear</span> collider with the centre-of-mass energy of 200-500 GeV. Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) are one of the proposed silicon pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span> concepts for the ILC vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span> (VTX). Basic characteristics of two MAPS pixel matrices MIMOSA-5 (17 μm pixel pitch) and MIMOSA-18 (10 μm pixel pitch) are studied and compared (pedestals, noises, calibration of the ADC-to-electron conversion gain, <span class="hlt">detector</span> efficiency and charge collection properties). The e+e- collisions at the ILC will be accompanied by intense beamsstrahlung background of electrons and positrons hitting inner planes of the vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Tracks of this origin leave elongated clusters contrary to those of secondary hadrons. Cluster characteristics and orientation with respect to the pixels netting are studied for perpendicular and inclined tracks. Elongation and precision of determining the cluster orientation as a function of the angle of incidence were measured. A simple model of signal formation (based on charge diffusion) is proposed and tested using the collected data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26207950','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26207950"><span>Pulse height tests of a large diameter fast LaBr₃:Ce scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Naqvi, A A; Khiari, F Z; Maslehuddin, M; Gondal, M A; Al-Amoudi, O S B; Ukashat, M S; Ilyas, A M; Liadi, F A; Isab, A A; Khateeb-ur Rehman; Raashid, M; Dastageer, M A</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>The pulse height response of a large diameter fast 100 mm × 100 mm LaBr3:Ce <span class="hlt">detector</span> was measured for 0.1-10 MeV gamma-rays. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> has a claimed time resolution of 608 ps for 511 keV gamma rays, but has relatively poor energy resolution due to the characteristics of its fast photomultiplier. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> pulse height response was measured for gamma rays from cobalt, cesium, and bismuth radioisotope sources as well as prompt gamma rays from thermal neutron capture in water samples contaminated with mercury (3.1 wt%), boron (2.5 wt%), cadmium (0.25 wt%), chromium (52 wt%), and nickel (22 wt%) compounds. The energy resolution of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> was determined from full width at half maximum (FWHM) of element-characteristic gamma ray peaks in the pulse height spectrum associated with the element present in the contaminated water sample. The measured energy resolution of the 100 mm × 100 mm <span class="hlt">detector</span> varies from 12.7±0.2% to 1.9±0.1% for 0.1 to 10 MeV gamma rays, respectively. The graph showing the energy resolution ΔE/E(%) versus 1/√Eγ was fitted with a <span class="hlt">linear</span> function to study the <span class="hlt">detector</span> light collection from the slope of the curve. The slope of the present 100 mm × 100 mm <span class="hlt">detector</span> is almost twice as large as the slope of a similar curve of previously published data for a 89 mm × 203 mm LaBr3:Ce <span class="hlt">detector</span>. This indicates almost two times poorer light collection in the 100 mm × 100 mm <span class="hlt">detector</span> as compared to the other <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NIMPA.767..310M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NIMPA.767..310M"><span>Dosimetric characterization of a synthetic single crystal diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> in a clinical 62 MeV ocular therapy proton beam</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Marinelli, Marco; Pompili, F.; Prestopino, G.; Verona, C.; Verona-Rinati, G.; Cirrone, G. A. P.; Cuttone, G.; La Rosa, R. M.; Raffaele, L.; Romano, F.; Tuvè, C.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>A synthetic single crystal diamond based Schottky photodiode was tested at INFN-LNS on the proton beam line (62 MeV) dedicated to the radiation treatment of ocular disease. The diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> response was studied in terms of pre-irradiation dose, <span class="hlt">linearity</span> with dose and dose rate, and angular dependence. Depth dose curves were measured for the 62 MeV pristine proton beam and for three unmodulated range-shifted proton beams; furthermore, the spread-out Bragg peak was measured for a modulated therapeutic proton beam. Beam parameters, recommended by the ICRU report 78, were evaluated to analyze depth-dose curves from diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Measured dose distributions were compared with the corresponding dose distributions acquired with reference plane-parallel ionization chambers. Field size dependence of the output factor (dose per monitor unit) in a therapeutic modulated proton beam was measured with the diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> over the range of ocular proton therapy collimator diameters (5-30 mm). Output factors measured with the diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> were compared to the ones by a Markus ionization chamber, a Scanditronix Hi-p Si stereotactic diode and a radiochromic EBT2 film. Signal stability within 0.5% was demonstrated for the diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> with no need of any pre-irradiation dose. Dose and dose rate dependence of the diamond response was measured: deviations from <span class="hlt">linearity</span> resulted to be within ±0.5% over the investigated ranges of 0.5-40.0 Gy and 0.3-30.0 Gy/min respectively. Output factors from diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> measured with the smallest collimator (5 mm in diameter) showed a maximum deviation of about 3% with respect to the high resolution radiochromic EBT2 film. Depth-dose curves measured by diamond for unmodulated and modulated beams were in good agreement with those from the reference plane-parallel Markus chamber, with relative differences lower than ±1% in peak-to-plateau ratios, well within experimental uncertainties. A 2.5% variation in diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1185386-corrections-geometric-distortion-tube-detectors-sans-instruments-ornl','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1185386-corrections-geometric-distortion-tube-detectors-sans-instruments-ornl"><span>Corrections for the geometric distortion of the tube <span class="hlt">detectors</span> on SANS instruments at ORNL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>He, Lilin; Do, Changwoo; Qian, Shuo; ...</p> <p>2014-11-25</p> <p>Small-angle neutron scattering instruments at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor were upgraded in area <span class="hlt">detectors</span> from the large, single volume crossed-wire <span class="hlt">detectors</span> originally installed to staggered arrays of <span class="hlt">linear</span> position-sensitive <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (LPSDs). The specific geometry of the LPSD array requires that approaches to data reduction traditionally employed be modified. Here, two methods for correcting the geometric distortion produced by the LPSD array are presented and compared. The first method applies a correction derived from a <span class="hlt">detector</span> sensitivity measurement performed using the same configuration as the samples are measured. In the second method, a solid angle correctionmore » is derived that can be applied to data collected in any instrument configuration during the data reduction process in conjunction with a <span class="hlt">detector</span> sensitivity measurement collected at a sufficiently long camera length where the geometric distortions are negligible. Furthermore, both methods produce consistent results and yield a maximum deviation of corrected data from isotropic scattering samples of less than 5% for scattering angles up to a maximum of 35°. The results are broadly applicable to any SANS instrument employing LPSD array <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, which will be increasingly common as instruments having higher incident flux are constructed at various neutron scattering facilities around the world.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8452E..1VC','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8452E..1VC"><span>The DCU: the <span class="hlt">detector</span> control unit of the SAFARI instrument onboard SPICA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Clénet, A.; Ravera, L.; Bertrand, B.; Cros, A.; Hou, R.; Jackson, B. D.; van Leeuwen, B. J.; Van Loon, D.; Parot, Y.; Pointecouteau, E.; Sournac, A.; Ta, N.</p> <p>2012-09-01</p> <p>The SpicA FAR infrared Instrument (SAFARI) is a European instrument for the infrared domain telescope SPICA, a JAXA space mission. The SAFARI <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are Transistor Edge Sensors (TES) arranged in 3 matrixes. The TES front end electronic is based on Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) and it does the readout of the 3500 <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) type architecture. The <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Control Unit (DCU), contributed by IRAP, manages the readout of the TES by computing and providing the AC-bias signals (1 - 3 MHz) to the TES and by computing the demodulation of the returning signals. The SQUID being highly non-<span class="hlt">linear</span>, the DCU has also to provide a feedback signal to increase the SQUID dynamic. Because of the propagation delay in the cables and the processing time, a classic feedback will not be stable for AC-bias frequencies up to 3 MHz. The DCU uses a specific technique to compensate for those delays: the BaseBand FeedBack (BBFB). This digital data processing is done for the 3500 pixels in parallel. Thus, to keep the DCU power budget within its allocation we have to specifically optimize the architecture of the digital circuit with respect to the power consumption. In this paper we will mainly present the DCU architecture. We will particularly focus on the BBFB technique used to <span class="hlt">linearize</span> the SQUID and on the optimization done to reduce the power consumption of the digital processing circuit.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10569E..1YL','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10569E..1YL"><span>Very long stripe-filters for a multispectral <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Laubier, D.; Mercier Ythier, Renaud</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>In order to simplify instrument design, a new <span class="hlt">linear</span> area CCD sensor has been developed under CNES responsibility. This <span class="hlt">detector</span> has four lines 6000 13-μm square pixels long with four stripe filters, one in front of each of them. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> itself was manufactured and mounted by ATMEL, and the filters were made by SAGEM/REOSC. Assembly was done in two ways, one by ATMEL, the other by SESO. CNES was responsible for the overall design and mechanical/optical interfaces. This paper reports the optical part of this work, including filters placement strategy and line spacing. It will be shown how these two features are closely linked to straylight performance. First, a trade-off study was conducted between several concepts: the results of this study will be presented, as well as the filter design and manufacturing results. They show good transmission and excellent rejection. Final performance of the complete prototypes has been measured, and it will be compared to theoretical models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JInst...8P3008R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JInst...8P3008R"><span>A pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span> system for laser-accelerated ion detection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Reinhardt, S.; Draxinger, W.; Schreiber, J.; Assmann, W.</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>Laser ion acceleration is an unique acceleration process that creates ultra-short ion pulses of high intensity ( > 107 ions/cm2/ns), which makes online detection an ambitious task. Non-electronic <span class="hlt">detectors</span> such as radio-chromic films (RCF), imaging plates (IP) or nuclear track <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (e.g. CR39) are broadly used at present. Only offline information on ion pulse intensity and position are available by these <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, as minutes to hours of processing time are required after their exposure. With increasing pulse repetition rate of the laser system, there is a growing need for detection of laser accelerated ions in real-time. Therefore, we have investigated a commercial pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span> system for online detection of laser-accelerated proton pulses. The CMOS imager RadEye1 was chosen, which is based on a photodiode array, 512 × 1024 pixels with 48 μm pixel pitch, thus offering a large sensitive area of approximately 25 × 50 mm2. First detection tests were accomplished at the conventional electrostatic 14 MV Tandem accelerator in Munich as well as Atlas laser accelerator. <span class="hlt">Detector</span> response measurements at the conventional accelerator have been accomplished in a proton beam in dc (15 MeV) and pulsed (20 MeV) irradiation mode, the latter providing comparable particle flux as under laser acceleration conditions. Radiation hardness of the device was studied using protons (20 MeV) and C-ions (77 MeV), additionally. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> system shows a <span class="hlt">linear</span> response up to a maximum pulse flux of about 107 protons/cm2/ns. Single particle detection is possible in a low flux beam (104 protons/cm2/s) for all investigated energies. The radiation hardness has shown to give reasonable lifetime for an application at the laser accelerator. The results from the irradiation at a conventional accelerator are confirmed by a cross-calibration with CR39 in a laser-accelerated proton beam at the MPQ Atlas Laser in Garching, showing no problems of <span class="hlt">detector</span> operation in presence of electro</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21315361','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21315361"><span>Comparison of the response of four aerosol <span class="hlt">detectors</span> used with ultra high pressure liquid chromatography.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hutchinson, Joseph P; Li, Jianfeng; Farrell, William; Groeber, Elizabeth; Szucs, Roman; Dicinoski, Greg; Haddad, Paul R</p> <p>2011-03-25</p> <p>The responses of four different types of aerosol <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have been evaluated and compared to establish their potential use as a universal <span class="hlt">detector</span> in conjunction with ultra high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Two charged-aerosol <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, namely Corona CAD and Corona Ultra, and also two different types of light-scattering <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (an evaporative light scattering <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and a nano-quantity analyte <span class="hlt">detector</span> [NQAD]) were evaluated. The responses of these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were systematically investigated under changing experimental and instrumental parameters, such as the mobile phase flow-rate, analyte concentration, mobile phase composition, nebulizer temperature, evaporator temperature, evaporator gas flow-rate and instrumental signal filtering after detection. It was found that these parameters exerted non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> effects on the responses of the aerosol <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and must therefore be considered when designing analytical separation conditions, particularly when gradient elution is performed. Identical reversed-phase gradient separations were compared on all four aerosol <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and further compared with UV detection at 200 nm. The aerosol <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were able to detect all 11 analytes in a test set comprising species having a variety of physicochemical properties, whilst UV detection was applicable only to those analytes containing chromophores. The reproducibility of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response for 11 analytes over 10 consecutive separations was found to be approximately 5% for the charged-aerosol <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and approximately 11% for the light-scattering <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The tested analytes included semi-volatile species which exhibited a more variable response on the aerosol <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Peak efficiencies were generally better on the aerosol <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in comparison to UV detection and particularly so for the light-scattering <span class="hlt">detectors</span> which exhibited efficiencies of around 110,000 plates per metre. Limits of detection were calculated using different mobile phase</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.898c2022B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.898c2022B"><span><span class="hlt">Detector</span> Control System for the AFP <span class="hlt">detector</span> in ATLAS experiment at CERN</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Banaś, E.; Caforio, D.; Czekierda, S.; Hajduk, Z.; Olszowska, J.; Seabra, L.; Šícho, P.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The ATLAS Forward Proton (AFP) <span class="hlt">detector</span> consists of two forward <span class="hlt">detectors</span> located at 205 m and 217 m on either side of the ATLAS experiment. The aim is to measure the momenta and angles of diffractively scattered protons. In 2016, two <span class="hlt">detector</span> stations on one side of the ATLAS interaction point were installed and commissioned. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> infrastructure and necessary services were installed and are supervised by the <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Control System (DCS), which is responsible for the coherent and safe operation of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. A large variety of used equipment represents a considerable challenge for the AFP DCS design. Industrial Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) product Siemens WinCCOA, together with the CERN Joint Control Project (JCOP) framework and standard industrial and custom developed server applications and protocols are used for reading, processing, monitoring and archiving of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> parameters. Graphical user interfaces allow for overall <span class="hlt">detector</span> operation and visualization of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> status. Parameters, important for the <span class="hlt">detector</span> safety, are used for alert generation and interlock mechanisms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1032874','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1032874"><span>High-energy <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Bolotnikov, Aleksey E [South Setauket, NY; Camarda, Giuseppe [Farmingville, NY; Cui, Yonggang [Upton, NY; James, Ralph B [Ridge, NY</p> <p>2011-11-22</p> <p>The preferred embodiments are directed to a high-energy <span class="hlt">detector</span> that is electrically shielded using an anode, a cathode, and a conducting shield to substantially reduce or eliminate electrically unshielded area. The anode and the cathode are disposed at opposite ends of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> and the conducting shield substantially surrounds at least a portion of the longitudinal surface of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The conducting shield extends longitudinally to the anode end of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> and substantially surrounds at least a portion of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Signals read from one or more of the anode, cathode, and conducting shield can be used to determine the number of electrons that are liberated as a result of high-energy particles impinge on the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. A correction technique can be implemented to correct for liberated electron that become trapped to improve the energy resolution of the high-energy <span class="hlt">detectors</span> disclosed herein.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996APS..DNP..AE05L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996APS..DNP..AE05L"><span>Silicon Drift <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> - A Novel Technology for Vertex <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lynn, D.</p> <p>1996-10-01</p> <p>Silicon Drift <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> (SDD) are novel position sensing silicon <span class="hlt">detectors</span> which operate in a manner analogous to gas drift <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Single SDD's were shown in the CERN NA45 experiment to permit excellent spatial resolution (< 10 μm), to handle large particle occupancy, and to require a small fraction of the number of electronic channels of an equivalent pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The Silicon Vertex Tracker (SVT) for the STAR experiment at RHIC is based on this new technology. The SVT will consist of 216 SDD's, each 6.3 cm by 6.3 cm, arranged in a three layer barrel design, covering 2 π in azimuth and ±1 in pseudo-rapidity. Over the last three years we undertook a concentrated R+D effort to optimize the performance of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> by minimizing the inactive area, the operating voltage and the data volume. We will present test results from several wafer prototypes. The charge produced by the passage of ionizing particles through the bulk of the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is collected on segmented anodes, with a pitch of 250 μm, on the far edges of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The anodes are wire-bonded to a thick film multi-chip module which contains preamplifier/shaper chips and CMOS based switched capacitor arrays used as an analog memory pipeline. The ADC is located off-<span class="hlt">detector</span>. The complete readout chain from the wafer to the DAQ will be presented. Finally we will show physics performance simulations based on the resolution achieved by the SVT prototypes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFMIN33D..08G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFMIN33D..08G"><span>Onboard autonomous mineral <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for Mars rovers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gilmore, M. S.; Bornstein, B.; Castano, R.; Merrill, M.; Greenwood, J.</p> <p>2005-12-01</p> <p>Mars rovers and orbiters currently collect far more data than can be downlinked to Earth, which reduces mission science return; this problem will be exacerbated by future rovers of enhanced capabilities and lifetimes. We are developing onboard intelligence sufficient to extract geologically meaningful data from spectrometer measurements of soil and rock samples, and thus to guide the selection, measurement and return of these data from significant targets at Mars. Here we report on techniques to construct mineral <span class="hlt">detectors</span> capable of running on current and future rover and orbital hardware. We focus on carbonate and sulfate minerals which are of particular geologic importance because they can signal the presence of water and possibly life. Sulfates have also been discovered at the Eagle and Endurance craters in Meridiani Planum by the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Opportunity and at other regions on Mars by the OMEGA instrument aboard Mars Express. We have developed highly accurate artificial neural network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) based <span class="hlt">detectors</span> capable of identifying calcite (CaCO3) and jarosite (KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6) in the visible/NIR (350-2500 nm) spectra of both laboratory specimens and rocks in Mars analogue field environments. To train the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, we used a generative model to create 1000s of <span class="hlt">linear</span> mixtures of library end-member spectra in geologically realistic percentages. We have also augmented the model to include nonlinear mixing based on Hapke's models of bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy. Both <span class="hlt">detectors</span> perform well on the spectra of real rocks that contain intimate mixtures of minerals, rocks in natural field environments, calcite covered by Mars analogue dust, and AVIRIS hyperspectral cubes. We will discuss the comparison of ANN and SVM classifiers for this task, technical challenges (weathering rinds, atmospheric compositions, and computational complexity), and plans for integration of these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> into both the Coupled Layer</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NIMPA.581..549W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NIMPA.581..549W"><span>RAVE—a <span class="hlt">Detector</span>-independent vertex reconstruction toolkit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Waltenberger, Wolfgang; Mitaroff, Winfried; Moser, Fabian</p> <p>2007-10-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">detector</span>-independent toolkit for vertex reconstruction (RAVE ) is being developed, along with a standalone framework (VERTIGO ) for testing, analyzing and debugging. The core algorithms represent state of the art for geometric vertex finding and fitting by both <span class="hlt">linear</span> (Kalman filter) and robust estimation methods. Main design goals are ease of use, flexibility for embedding into existing software frameworks, extensibility, and openness. The implementation is based on modern object-oriented techniques, is coded in C++ with interfaces for Java and Python, and follows an open-source approach. A beta release is available. VERTIGO = "vertex reconstruction toolkit and interface to generic objects".</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24989398','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24989398"><span><span class="hlt">Detector</span> to <span class="hlt">detector</span> corrections: a comprehensive experimental study of <span class="hlt">detector</span> specific correction factors for beam output measurements for small radiotherapy beams.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Azangwe, Godfrey; Grochowska, Paulina; Georg, Dietmar; Izewska, Joanna; Hopfgartner, Johannes; Lechner, Wolfgang; Andersen, Claus E; Beierholm, Anders R; Helt-Hansen, Jakob; Mizuno, Hideyuki; Fukumura, Akifumi; Yajima, Kaori; Gouldstone, Clare; Sharpe, Peter; Meghzifene, Ahmed; Palmans, Hugo</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>The aim of the present study is to provide a comprehensive set of <span class="hlt">detector</span> specific correction factors for beam output measurements for small beams, for a wide range of real time and passive <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> specific correction factors determined in this study may be potentially useful as a reference data set for small beam dosimetry measurements. Dose response of passive and real time <span class="hlt">detectors</span> was investigated for small field sizes shaped with a micromultileaf collimator ranging from 0.6 × 0.6 cm(2) to 4.2 × 4.2 cm(2) and the measurements were extended to larger fields of up to 10 × 10 cm(2). Measurements were performed at 5 cm depth, in a 6 MV photon beam. <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> used included alanine, thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), stereotactic diode, electron diode, photon diode, radiophotoluminescent dosimeters (RPLDs), radioluminescence <span class="hlt">detector</span> based on carbon-doped aluminium oxide (Al2O3:C), organic plastic scintillators, diamond <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, liquid filled ion chamber, and a range of small volume air filled ionization chambers (volumes ranging from 0.002 cm(3) to 0.3 cm(3)). All <span class="hlt">detector</span> measurements were corrected for volume averaging effect and compared with dose ratios determined from alanine to derive a <span class="hlt">detector</span> correction factors that account for beam perturbation related to nonwater equivalence of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> materials. For the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> used in this study, volume averaging corrections ranged from unity for the smallest <span class="hlt">detectors</span> such as the diodes, 1.148 for the 0.14 cm(3) air filled ionization chamber and were as high as 1.924 for the 0.3 cm(3) ionization chamber. After applying volume averaging corrections, the <span class="hlt">detector</span> readings were consistent among themselves and with alanine measurements for several small <span class="hlt">detectors</span> but they differed for larger <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, in particular for some small ionization chambers with volumes larger than 0.1 cm(3). The results demonstrate how important it is for the appropriate corrections to be applied to give</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13C2036N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13C2036N"><span>PantherPix hybrid pixel γ-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> for radio-therapeutic applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Neue, G.; Benka, T.; Havránek, M.; Hejtmánek, M.; Janoška, Z.; Kafka, V.; Korchak, O.; Lednický, D.; Marčišovská, M.; Marčišovský, M.; Popule, J.; Şmarhák, J.; Şvihra, P.; Tomášek, L.; Vrba, V.; Konček, O.; Semmler, M.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>This work focuses on the design of a semiconductor pixelated γ-ray camera with a pixel size of 1 mm2. The cost of semiconductor manufacturing is mainly driven by economies of scale, which makes silicon the cheapest semiconductor material due to its widespread utilization. The energy of γ-photons used in radiation therapy are in a range, in which the dominant interaction mechanism is Compton scattering in every conceivable sensor material. Since the Compton scattering cross section is <span class="hlt">linearly</span> dependent upon Z, it is less rewarding to utilize high Z sensor materials, than it is in the case of X-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (X-rays interact also via the photoelectric effect whose cross section scales proportional to Zn, where n is ≈ 4,5). For the stated reasons it was decided to use the low Z material silicon (Z = 14) despite its worse detection efficiency. The proposed <span class="hlt">detector</span> is designed as a portal <span class="hlt">detector</span> to be used in radiation cancer therapy. The purpose of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> is to ensure correct patient alignment, spatial dose monitoring and to provide the feedback necessary for an emergency shutdown should the spatial dose rate profile deviate from the treatment plan. Radiation therapy equipment is complex and thus failure prone and the consequences of malfunction are often life threatening. High spatial resolution and high detection efficiency are not a high design priority. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> design priorities are focused up on radiation hardness, robustness and the ability to cover a large area cost efficiently. The quintessential idea of the PanterPix <span class="hlt">detector</span> exploits the relaxed spatial resolution requirement to achieve the stated goals. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is composed of submodules, each submodule consisting of a Si sensor with an array of fully depleted detection diodes and 8 miniature custom design readout ASICs collecting and measuring the minuscule charge packets generated due to ionization in the PN junctions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13C1027R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13C1027R"><span>First full dynamic range calibration of the JUNGFRAU photon <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Redford, S.; Andrä, M.; Barten, R.; Bergamaschi, A.; Brückner, M.; Dinapoli, R.; Fröjdh, E.; Greiffenberg, D.; Lopez-Cuenca, C.; Mezza, D.; Mozzanica, A.; Ramilli, M.; Ruat, M.; Ruder, C.; Schmitt, B.; Shi, X.; Thattil, D.; Tinti, G.; Vetter, S.; Zhang, J.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The JUNGFRAU <span class="hlt">detector</span> is a charge integrating hybrid silicon pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span> developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut for photon science applications, in particular for the upcoming free electron laser SwissFEL. With a high dynamic range, analogue readout, low noise and three automatically switching gains, JUNGFRAU promises excellent performance not only at XFELs but also at synchrotrons in areas such as protein crystallography, ptychography, pump-probe and time resolved measurements. To achieve its full potential, the <span class="hlt">detector</span> must be calibrated on a pixel-by-pixel basis. This contribution presents the current status of the JUNGFRAU calibration project, in which a variety of input charge sources are used to parametrise the energy response of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> across four orders of magnitude of dynamic range. Building on preliminary studies, the first full calibration procedure of a JUNGFRAU 0.5 Mpixel module is described. The calibration is validated using alternative sources of charge deposition, including laboratory experiments and measurements at ESRF and LCLS. The findings from these measurements are presented. Calibrated modules have already been used in proof-of-principle style protein crystallography experiments at the SLS. A first look at selected results is shown. Aspects such as the conversion of charge to number of photons, treatment of multi-size pixels and the origin of non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> response are also discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999NIMPA.422..698M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999NIMPA.422..698M"><span>A fast 1-D <span class="hlt">detector</span> for imaging and time resolved SAXS experiments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Menk, R. H.; Arfelli, F.; Bernstorff, S.; Pontoni, D.; Sarvestani, A.; Besch, H. J.; Walenta, A. H.</p> <p>1999-02-01</p> <p>A one-dimensional test <span class="hlt">detector</span> on the principle of a highly segmented ionization chamber with shielding grid (Frisch grid) was developed to evaluate if this kind of <span class="hlt">detector</span> is suitable for advanced small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments. At present it consists of 128 pixels which can be read out within 0.2 ms with a noise floor of 2000 e-ENC. A quantum efficiency of 80% for a photon energy of 8 keV was achieved. This leads to DQE values of 80% for photon fluxes above 1000 photons/pixel and integration time. The shielding grid is based on the principles of the recently invented MCAT structure and the GEM structure which also allows electron amplification in the gas. In the case of the MCAT structure, an energy resolution of 20% at 5.9 keV was observed. The gas amplification mode enables imaging with this integrating <span class="hlt">detector</span> on a subphoton noise level with respect to the integration time. Preliminary experiments of saturation behavior show that this kind of <span class="hlt">detector</span> digests a photon flux density up to 10 12 photons/mm 2 s and operates <span class="hlt">linearly</span>. A spatial resolution of at least three line pairs/mm was obtained. All these features show that this type of <span class="hlt">detector</span> is well suited for time-resolved SAXS experiments as well as high flux imaging applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12P8014B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12P8014B"><span>Basis material decomposition method for material discrimination with a new spectrometric X-ray imaging <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brambilla, A.; Gorecki, A.; Potop, A.; Paulus, C.; Verger, L.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Energy sensitive photon counting X-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> provide energy dependent information which can be exploited for material identification. The attenuation of an X-ray beam as a function of energy depends on the effective atomic number Zeff and the density. However, the measured attenuation is degraded by the imperfections of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response such as charge sharing or pile-up. These imperfections lead to non-<span class="hlt">linearities</span> that limit the benefits of energy resolved imaging. This work aims to implement a basis material decomposition method which overcomes these problems. Basis material decomposition is based on the fact that the attenuation of any material or complex object can be accurately reproduced by a combination of equivalent thicknesses of basis materials. Our method is based on a calibration phase to learn the response of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> for different combinations of thicknesses of the basis materials. The decomposition algorithm finds the thicknesses of basis material whose spectrum is closest to the measurement, using a maximum likelihood criterion assuming a Poisson law distribution of photon counts for each energy bin. The method was used with a ME100 <span class="hlt">linear</span> array spectrometric X-ray imager to decompose different plastic materials on a Polyethylene and Polyvinyl Chloride base. The resulting equivalent thicknesses were used to estimate the effective atomic number Zeff. The results are in good agreement with the theoretical Zeff, regardless of the plastic sample thickness. The <span class="hlt">linear</span> behaviour of the equivalent lengths makes it possible to process overlapped materials. Moreover, the method was tested with a 3 materials base by adding gadolinium, whose K-edge is not taken into account by the other two materials. The proposed method has the advantage that it can be used with any number of energy channels, taking full advantage of the high energy resolution of the ME100 <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Although in principle two channels are sufficient, experimental measurements show</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880020716','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880020716"><span>Development of a unit cell for a Ge:Ga <span class="hlt">detector</span> array</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>Two modules of gallium-doped germanium (Ge:Ga) infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with integrated multiplexing readouts and supporting drive electronics were designed and tested. This development investigated the feasibility of producing two-dimensional Ge:Ga arrays by stacking <span class="hlt">linear</span> modules in a housing capable of providing uniaxial stress for enhanced long-wavelength response. Each module includes 8 <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (1x1x2 mm) mounted to a sapphire board. The element spacing is 12 microns. The back faces of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> elements are beveled with an 18 deg angle, which was proved to significantly enhance optical absorption. Each module includes a different silicon metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) readout. The first circuit was built from discrete MOSFET components; the second incorporated devices taken from low-temperature integrated circuit multiplexers. The latter circuit exhibited much lower stray capacitance and improved stability. Using these switched-FET circuits, it was demonstrated that burst readout, with multiplexer active only during the readout period, could successfully be implemented at approximately 3.5 K.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/1958','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/1958"><span>Examination of the Arborsonic Decay <span class="hlt">Detector</span> for Detecting Bacterial Wetwood in Red Oaks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Zicai Xu; Theodor D. Leininger; James G. Williams; Frank H. Tainter</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>The Arborsonic Decay <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (ADD; Fujikura Europe Limited, Wiltshire, England) was used to measure the time it took an ultrasound wave to cross 280 diameters in red oak trees with varying degrees of bacterial wetwood or heartwood decay. <span class="hlt">Linear</span> regressions derived from the ADD readings of trees in Mississippi and South Carolina with wetwood and heartwood decay...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740011899','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740011899"><span>Carbon monoxide <span class="hlt">detector</span>. [electrochemical gas <span class="hlt">detector</span> for spacecraft use</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Holleck, G. L.; Bradspies, J. L.; Brummer, S. B.; Nelsen, L. L.</p> <p>1973-01-01</p> <p>A sensitive carbon monoxide <span class="hlt">detector</span>, developed specifically for spacecraft use, is described. An instrument range of 0 to 60 ppm CO in air was devised. The fuel cell type <span class="hlt">detector</span> is used as a highly sensitive electrolysis cell for electrochemically detecting gases. The concept of an electrochemical CO <span class="hlt">detector</span> is discussed and the CO oxidation behavior in phosphoric and sulfuric acid electrolytes is reported.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9154E..0VH','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9154E..0VH"><span>Focal plane alignment and <span class="hlt">detector</span> characterization for the Subaru prime focus spectrograph</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hart, Murdock; Barkhouser, Robert H.; Carr, Michael; Golebiowski, Mirek; Gunn, James E.; Hope, Stephen C.; Smee, Stephen A.</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>We describe the infrastructure being developed to align and characterize the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for the Subaru Measure- ment of Images and Redshifts (SuMIRe) Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS). PFS will employ four three-channel spectrographs with an operating wavelength range of 3800 °A to 12600 °A. Each spectrograph will be comprised of two visible channels and one near infrared (NIR) channel, where each channel will use a separate Schmidt camera to image the captured spectra onto their respective <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. In the visible channels, Hamamatsu 2k × 4k CCDs will be mounted in pairs to create a single 4k × 4k <span class="hlt">detector</span>, while the NIR channel will use a single Teledyne 4k × 4k H4RG HgCdTe device. The fast f/1.1 optics of the Schmidt cameras will give a shallow depth of focus necessitating an optimization of the focal plane array flatness. The minimum departure from flatness of the focal plane array for the visible channels is set the by the CCD flatness, typically 10 μm peak-to-valley. We will adjust the coplanarity for a pair of CCDs such that the flatness of the array is consistent with the flatness of the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> themselves. To achieve this we will use an optical non-contact measurement system to measure surface flatness and coplanarity at both ambient and operating temperatures, and use shims to adjust the coplanarity of the CCDs. We will characterize the performance of the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for PFS consistent with the scientific goals for the project. To this end we will measure the gain, <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, full well, quantum efficiency (QE), charge diffusion, charge transfer inefficiency (CTI), and noise properties of these devices. We also desire to better understand the non-<span class="hlt">linearity</span> of the photon transfer curve for the CCDs, and the charge persistence/reciprocity problems of the HgCdTe devices. To enable the metrology and characterization of these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> we are building two test cryostats nearly identical in design. The first test cryostat will primarily be used for the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10391E..1GD','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10391E..1GD"><span>Characterization of a spectroscopic <span class="hlt">detector</span> for application in x-ray computed tomography</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dooraghi, Alex A.; Fix, Brian J.; Smith, Jerel A.; Brown, William D.; Azevedo, Stephen G.; Martz, Harry E.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Recent advances in cadmium telluride (CdTe) energy-discriminating pixelated <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have enabled the possibility of Multi-Spectral X-ray Computed Tomography (MSXCT) to incorporate spectroscopic information into CT. MultiX ME 100 V2 is a CdTe-based spectroscopic x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> array capable of recording energies from 20 to 160 keV in 1.1 keV energy bin increments. Hardware and software have been designed to perform radiographic and computed tomography tasks with this spectroscopic <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Energy calibration is examined using the end-point energy of a bremsstrahlung spectrum and radioisotope spectral lines. When measuring the spectrum from Am-241 across 500 <span class="hlt">detector</span> elements, the standard deviation of the peak-location and FWHM measurements are +/- 0.4 and +/- 0.6 keV, respectively. As these values are within the energy bin size (1.1 keV), <span class="hlt">detector</span> elements are consistent with each other. The count rate is characterized, using a nonparalyzable model with a dead time of 64 +/- 5 ns. This is consistent with the manufacturer's quoted per <span class="hlt">detector</span>-element <span class="hlt">linear</span>-deviation at 2 Mpps (million photons per sec) of 8.9 % (typical) and 12 % (max). When comparing measured and simulated spectra, a low-energy tail is visible in the measured data due to the spectral response of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. If no valid photon detections are expected in the low-energy tail, then a background subtraction may be applied to allow for a possible first-order correction. If photons are expected in the low-energy tail, a detailed model must be implemented. A radiograph of an aluminum step wedge with a maximum height of 20 mm shows an underestimation of attenuation by about 10 % at 60 keV. This error is due to partial energy deposition from higher energy (>60 keV) photons into a lower-energy ( 60 keV) bin, reducing the apparent attenuation. A radiograph of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) cylinder taken using a bremsstrahlung spectrum from an x-ray voltage of 100 kV filtered by 1.3 mm Cu is</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22096940-material-separation-ray-ct-energy-resolved-photon-counting-detectors','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22096940-material-separation-ray-ct-energy-resolved-photon-counting-detectors"><span>Material separation in x-ray CT with energy resolved photon-counting <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wang Xiaolan; Meier, Dirk; Taguchi, Katsuyuki</p> <p></p> <p>Purpose: The objective of the study was to demonstrate that, in x-ray computed tomography (CT), more than two types of materials can be effectively separated with the use of an energy resolved photon-counting <span class="hlt">detector</span> and classification methodology. Specifically, this applies to the case when contrast agents that contain K-absorption edges in the energy range of interest are present in the object. This separation is enabled via the use of recently developed energy resolved photon-counting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with multiple thresholds, which allow simultaneous measurements of the x-ray attenuation at multiple energies. Methods: To demonstrate this capability, we performed simulations and physical experimentsmore » using a six-threshold energy resolved photon-counting <span class="hlt">detector</span>. We imaged mouse-sized cylindrical phantoms filled with several soft-tissue-like and bone-like materials and with iodine-based and gadolinium-based contrast agents. The <span class="hlt">linear</span> attenuation coefficients were reconstructed for each material in each energy window and were visualized as scatter plots between pairs of energy windows. For comparison, a dual-kVp CT was also simulated using the same phantom materials. In this case, the <span class="hlt">linear</span> attenuation coefficients at the lower kVp were plotted against those at the higher kVp. Results: In both the simulations and the physical experiments, the contrast agents were easily separable from other soft-tissue-like and bone-like materials, thanks to the availability of the attenuation coefficient measurements at more than two energies provided by the energy resolved photon-counting <span class="hlt">detector</span>. In the simulations, the amount of separation was observed to be proportional to the concentration of the contrast agents; however, this was not observed in the physical experiments due to limitations of the real <span class="hlt">detector</span> system. We used the angle between pairs of attenuation coefficient vectors in either the 5-D space (for non-contrast-agent materials using energy resolved photon</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1368028','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1368028"><span>Characterization of a spectroscopic <span class="hlt">detector</span> for application in x-ray computed tomography</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Dooraghi, A. A.; Fix, B. J.; Smith, J. A.</p> <p></p> <p>Recent advances in cadmium telluride (CdTe) energy-discriminating pixelated <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have enabled the possibility of Multi-Spectral X-ray Computed Tomography (MSXCT) to incorporate spectroscopic information into CT. MultiX ME 100 V2 is a CdTe-based spectroscopic x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> array capable of recording energies from 20 to 160 keV in 1.1 keV energy bin increments. Hardware and software have been designed to perform radiographic and computed tomography tasks with this spectroscopic <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Energy calibration is examined using the end-point energy of a bremsstrahlung spectrum and radioisotope spectral lines. When measuring the spectrum from Am-241 across 500 <span class="hlt">detector</span> elements, the standard deviation of the peak-locationmore » and FWHM measurements are ±0.4 and ±0.6 keV, respectively. As these values are within the energy bin size (1.1 keV), <span class="hlt">detector</span> elements are consistent with each other. The count rate is characterized, using a nonparalyzable model with a dead time of 64 ± 5 ns. This is consistent with the manufacturer’s quoted per <span class="hlt">detector</span>-element <span class="hlt">linear</span>-deviation at 2 Mpps (million photons per sec) of 8.9% (typical) and 12% (max). When comparing measured and simulated spectra, a low-energy tail is visible in the measured data due to the spectral response of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. If no valid photon detections are expected in the low-energy tail, then a background subtraction may be applied to allow for a possible first-order correction. If photons are expected in the low-energy tail, a detailed model must be implemented. A radiograph of an aluminum step wedge with a maximum height of about 20 mm shows an underestimation of attenuation by about 10% at 60 keV. This error is due to partial energy deposition from higher-energy (> 60 keV) photons into a lower-energy (~60 keV) bin, reducing the apparent attenuation. A radiograph of a PTFE cylinder taken using a bremsstrahlung spectrum from an x-ray voltage of 100 kV filtered by 1.3 mm Cu is reconstructed using Abel</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6080327-thallium-bromide-radiation-detectors','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6080327-thallium-bromide-radiation-detectors"><span>Thallium bromide radiation <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Shah, K.S.; Lund, J.C.; Olschner, F.</p> <p>1989-02-01</p> <p>Radiation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have been fabricated from crystals of the semiconductor material thallium bromide (TlBr) and the performance of these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> as room temperature photon spectrometers has been measured. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span> exhibit improved energy resolution over previously reported TlBr <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. These results indicate that TlBr is a very promising radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> material.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPRS...98..119C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPRS...98..119C"><span>Multi-class geospatial object detection and geographic image classification based on collection of part <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cheng, Gong; Han, Junwei; Zhou, Peicheng; Guo, Lei</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The rapid development of remote sensing technology has facilitated us the acquisition of remote sensing images with higher and higher spatial resolution, but how to automatically understand the image contents is still a big challenge. In this paper, we develop a practical and rotation-invariant framework for multi-class geospatial object detection and geographic image classification based on collection of part <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (COPD). The COPD is composed of a set of representative and discriminative part <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, where each part <span class="hlt">detector</span> is a <span class="hlt">linear</span> support vector machine (SVM) classifier used for the detection of objects or recurring spatial patterns within a certain range of orientation. Specifically, when performing multi-class geospatial object detection, we learn a set of seed-based part <span class="hlt">detectors</span> where each part <span class="hlt">detector</span> corresponds to a particular viewpoint of an object class, so the collection of them provides a solution for rotation-invariant detection of multi-class objects. When performing geographic image classification, we utilize a large number of pre-trained part <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to discovery distinctive visual parts from images and use them as attributes to represent the images. Comprehensive evaluations on two remote sensing image databases and comparisons with some state-of-the-art approaches demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the developed framework.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPA.888..177M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPA.888..177M"><span>On determining dead layer and <span class="hlt">detector</span> thicknesses for a position-sensitive silicon <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Manfredi, J.; Lee, Jenny; Lynch, W. G.; Niu, C. Y.; Tsang, M. B.; Anderson, C.; Barney, J.; Brown, K. W.; Chajecki, Z.; Chan, K. P.; Chen, G.; Estee, J.; Li, Z.; Pruitt, C.; Rogers, A. M.; Sanetullaev, A.; Setiawan, H.; Showalter, R.; Tsang, C. Y.; Winkelbauer, J. R.; Xiao, Z.; Xu, Z.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>In this work, two particular properties of the position-sensitive, thick silicon <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (known as the "E" <span class="hlt">detectors</span>) in the High Resolution Array (HiRA) are investigated: the thickness of the dead layer on the front of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and the overall thickness of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> itself. The dead layer thickness for each E <span class="hlt">detector</span> in HiRA is extracted using a measurement of alpha particles emitted from a 212Pb pin source placed close to the <span class="hlt">detector</span> surface. This procedure also allows for energy calibrations of the E <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, which are otherwise inaccessible for alpha source calibration as each one is sandwiched between two other <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The E <span class="hlt">detector</span> thickness is obtained from a combination of elastically scattered protons and an energy-loss calculation method. Results from these analyses agree with values provided by the manufacturer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7742E..0VC','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7742E..0VC"><span>Development of a 3D CZT <span class="hlt">detector</span> prototype for Laue Lens telescope</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Caroli, Ezio; Auricchio, Natalia; Del Sordo, Stefano; Abbene, Leonardo; Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl; Casini, Fabio; Curado da Silva, Rui M.; Kuvvetlli, Irfan; Milano, Luciano; Natalucci, Lorenzo; Quadrini, Egidio M.; Stephen, John B.; Ubertini, Pietro; Zanichelli, Massimiliano; Zappettini, Andrea</p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>We report on the development of a 3D position sensitive prototype suitable as focal plane <span class="hlt">detector</span> for Laue lens telescope. The basic sensitive unit is a drift strip <span class="hlt">detector</span> based on a CZT crystal, (~19×8 mm2 area, 2.4 mm thick), irradiated transversally to the electric field direction. The anode side is segmented in 64 strips, that divide the crystal in 8 independent sensor (pixel), each composed by one collecting strip and 7 (one in common) adjacent drift strips. The drift strips are biased by a voltage divider, whereas the anode strips are held at ground. Furthermore, the cathode is divided in 4 horizontal strips for the reconstruction of the third interaction position coordinate. The 3D prototype will be made by packing 8 <span class="hlt">linear</span> modules, each composed by one basic sensitive unit, bonded on a ceramic layer. The <span class="hlt">linear</span> modules readout is provided by a custom front end electronics implementing a set of three RENA-3 for a total of 128 channels. The front-end electronics and the operating logics (in particular coincidence logics for polarisation measurements) are handled by a versatile and modular multi-parametric back end electronics developed using FPGA technology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24320488','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24320488"><span>Evaluation of the dosimetric properties of a synthetic single crystal diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> in high energy clinical proton beams.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mandapaka, A K; Ghebremedhin, A; Patyal, B; Marinelli, Marco; Prestopino, G; Verona, C; Verona-Rinati, G</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>To investigate the dosimetric properties of a synthetic single crystal diamond Schottky diode for accurate relative dose measurements in large and small field high-energy clinical proton beams. The dosimetric properties of a synthetic single crystal diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> were assessed by comparison with a reference Markus parallel plate ionization chamber, an Exradin A16 microionization chamber, and Exradin T1a ion chamber. The diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> was operated at zero bias voltage at all times. Comparative dose distribution measurements were performed by means of Fractional depth dose curves and lateral beam profiles in clinical proton beams of energies 155 and 250 MeV for a 14 cm square cerrobend aperture and 126 MeV for 3, 2, and 1 cm diameter circular brass collimators. ICRU Report No. 78 recommended beam parameters were used to compare fractional depth dose curves and beam profiles obtained using the diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> and the reference ionization chamber. Warm-up∕stability of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response and <span class="hlt">linearity</span> with dose were evaluated in a 250 MeV proton beam and dose rate dependence was evaluated in a 126 MeV proton beam. Stem effect and the azimuthal angle dependence of the diode response were also evaluated. A maximum deviation in diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> signal from the average reading of less than 0.5% was found during the warm-up irradiation procedure. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> response showed a good <span class="hlt">linear</span> behavior as a function of dose with observed deviations below 0.5% over a dose range from 50 to 500 cGy. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> response was dose rate independent, with deviations below 0.5% in the investigated dose rates ranging from 85 to 300 cGy∕min. Stem effect and azimuthal angle dependence of the diode signal were within 0.5%. Fractional depth dose curves and lateral beam profiles obtained with the diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> were in good agreement with those measured using reference dosimeters. The observed dosimetric properties of the synthetic single crystal diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> indicate that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SPIE.6542E..2FV','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SPIE.6542E..2FV"><span>Microminiature <span class="hlt">linear</span> split Stirling cryogenic cooler for portable infrared imagers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Veprik, A.; Vilenchik, H.; Riabzev, S.; Pundak, N.</p> <p>2007-04-01</p> <p>Novel tactics employed in carrying out military and antiterrorist operations call for the development of a new generation of warfare, among which sophisticated portable infrared (IR) imagers for surveillance, reconnaissance, targeting and navigation play an important role. The superior performance of such imagers relies on novel optronic technologies and maintaining the infrared focal plane arrays at cryogenic temperatures using closed cycle refrigerators. Traditionally, rotary driven Stirling cryogenic engines are used for this purpose. As compared to their military off-theshelf <span class="hlt">linear</span> rivals, they are lighter, more compact and normally consume less electrical power. Latest technological advances in industrial development of high-temperature (100K) infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span> initialized R&D activity towards developing microminiature cryogenic coolers, both of rotary and <span class="hlt">linear</span> types. On this occasion, split <span class="hlt">linearly</span> driven cryogenic coolers appear to be more suitable for the above applications. Their known advantages include flexibility in the system design, inherently longer life time, low vibration export and superior aural stealth. Moreover, recent progress in designing highly efficient "moving magnet" resonant <span class="hlt">linear</span> drives and driving electronics enable further essential reduction of the cooler size, weight and power consumption. The authors report on the development and project status of a novel Ricor model K527 microminiature split Stirling <span class="hlt">linear</span> cryogenic cooler designed especially for the portable infrared imagers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1407147-electron-performance-measurements-atlas-detector-using-lhc-proton-proton-collision-data','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1407147-electron-performance-measurements-atlas-detector-using-lhc-proton-proton-collision-data"><span>Electron performance measurements with the ATLAS <span class="hlt">detector</span> using the 2010 LHC proton-proton collision data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Aad, G.; Abbott, B.; Abdallah, J.; ...</p> <p>2012-03-09</p> <p>Here, detailed measurements of the electron performance of the ATLAS <span class="hlt">detector</span> at the LHC are reported, using decays of the Z, W and J/ψ particles. Data collected in 2010 at √s = 7 TeV are used, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of almost 40 pb -1. The inter-alignment of the inner <span class="hlt">detector</span> and the electromagnetic calorimeter, the determination of the electron energy scale and resolution, and the performance in terms of response uniformity and <span class="hlt">linearity</span> are discussed. The electron identification, reconstruction and trigger efficiencies, as well as the charge misidentification probability, are also presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10423E..1JP','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10423E..1JP"><span>Characterisation results of the CMOS VISNIR spectral band <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the METimage instrument</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pratlong, Jérôme; Schmuelling, Frank; Benitez, Victor; Breart De Boisanger, Michel; Skegg, Michael; Simpson, Robert; Bowring, Steve; Krzizok, Natalie</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>The METimage instrument is part of the EPS-SG (EUMETSAT Polar System Second Generation) program. It will be situated on the MetOp-SG platform which in operation has an objective of collecting data for meteorology and climate monitoring as well as their forecasting. Teledyne e2v has developed and characterised the CMOS VISNIR <span class="hlt">detector</span> flight module part of the METimage instrument. This paper will focus on the silicon results obtained from the CMOS VISNIR <span class="hlt">detector</span> flight model. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is a large multi-<span class="hlt">linear</span> device composed of 7 spectral bands covering a wavelength range from 428 nm to 923 nm (some bands are placed twice and added together to enhance the signal-to-noise performance). This <span class="hlt">detector</span> uses a 4T pixel, with a size of 250μm square, presenting challenges to achieve good charge transfer efficiency with high conversion factor and good <span class="hlt">linearity</span> for signal levels up to 2M electrons and with high line rates. Low noise has been achieved using correlated double sampling to suppress the read-out noise and give a maximum dynamic range that is significantly larger than in standard commercial devices. The photodiode occupies a significant fraction of the large pixel area. This makes it possible to meet the detection efficiency when front illuminated. A thicker than standard epitaxial silicon is used to improve NIR response. However, the dielectric stack on top of the sensor produces Fabry-Perot étalon effects, which are problematic for narrow band illumination as this causes the detection efficiency to vary significantly over a small wavelength range. In order to reduce this effect and to meet the specification, the silicon manufacturing process has been modified. The flight model will have black coating deposited between each spectral channel, onto the active silicon regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JLTP..tmp..156K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JLTP..tmp..156K"><span>Development of MMC Gamma <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> for Precise Characterization of Uranium Isotopes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, G. B.; Flynn, C. C.; Kempf, S.; Gastaldo, L.; Fleischmann, A.; Enss, C.; Friedrich, S.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Precise nuclear data from radioactive decays are important for the accurate non-destructive assay of fissile materials in nuclear safeguards. We are developing high energy resolution gamma <span class="hlt">detectors</span> based on metallic magnetic calorimeters (MMCs) to accurately measure gamma-ray energies and branching ratios of uranium isotopes. Our MMC gamma <span class="hlt">detectors</span> exhibit good <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, reproducibility and a consistent response function for low energy gamma-rays. We illustrate the capabilities of MMCs to improve literature values of nuclear data with an analysis of gamma spectra of U-233. In this context, we also improve the value of the energy for the single gamma-ray of the U-233 daughter Ra-225 by over an order of magnitude from 40.09 ± 0.05 to 40.0932 ± 0.0007 keV.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22031870','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22031870"><span>Computation of interaural time difference in the owl's coincidence <span class="hlt">detector</span> neurons.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Funabiki, Kazuo; Ashida, Go; Konishi, Masakazu</p> <p>2011-10-26</p> <p>Both the mammalian and avian auditory systems localize sound sources by computing the interaural time difference (ITD) with submillisecond accuracy. The neural circuits for this computation in birds consist of axonal delay lines and coincidence <span class="hlt">detector</span> neurons. Here, we report the first in vivo intracellular recordings from coincidence <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in the nucleus laminaris of barn owls. Binaural tonal stimuli induced sustained depolarizations (DC) and oscillating potentials whose waveforms reflected the stimulus. The amplitude of this sound analog potential (SAP) varied with ITD, whereas DC potentials did not. The amplitude of the SAP was correlated with firing rate in a <span class="hlt">linear</span> fashion. Spike shape, synaptic noise, the amplitude of SAP, and responsiveness to current pulses differed between cells at different frequencies, suggesting an optimization strategy for sensing sound signals in neurons tuned to different frequencies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E1035K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E1035K"><span>The readout electronics for Plastic Scintillator <span class="hlt">Detector</span> of DAMPE</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kong, Jie; Yang, Haibo; Zhao, Hongyun; Su, Hong; Sun, Zhiyu; Yu, Yuhong; JingZhe, Zhang; Wang, XiaoHui; Liu, Jie; Xiao, Guoqing; Ma, Xinwen</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>The Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) satellite, which launched in December 2015, is designed to find the evidence of the existence of dark matter particles in the universe via the detection of the high-energy electrons and gamma-ray particles produced possibly by the annihilation of dark matter particles. Plastic Scintillator <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (PSD) is one of major part of the satellite payload, which is comprised of a crossed pair of layers with 41 plastic scintillator-strips, each read out from both ends by the same Hamamatsu R4443MOD2 photo-multiplier tubes (PMTs). In order to extend <span class="hlt">linear</span> dynamic range of <span class="hlt">detector</span>, PMTs read out each plastic scintillator-strip separately with two dynode pickoffs. Therefore, the readout electronics system comprises of four Front-end boards to receive the pulses from 328 PMTs and implement charge measurement, which is based on the Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) chip VA160, 16 bits ADC and FPGA. The electronics of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> has been designed following stringent requirements on mechanical and thermal stability, power consumption, radiation hardness and double redundancy. Various experiments are designed and implemented to check the performance of the electronics, some excellent results has been achieved.According to experimental results analysis, it is proved that the readout electronics works well.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070019744','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070019744"><span>Smoke <span class="hlt">Detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>In the photo, Fire Chief Jay Stout of Safety Harbor, Florida, is explaining to young Richard Davis the workings of the Honeywell smoke and fire <span class="hlt">detector</span> which probably saved Richard's life and that of his teen-age brother. Alerted by the <span class="hlt">detector</span>'s warning, the pair were able to escape their burning home. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> in the Davis home was one of 1,500 installed in Safety Harbor residences in a cooperative program conducted by the city and Honeywell Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhLB..773...68A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhLB..773...68A"><span><span class="hlt">Linear</span> and non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> flow mode in Pb-Pb collisions at √{sNN} = 2.76 TeV</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Acharya, S.; Adamová, D.; Adolfsson, J.; Aggarwal, M. M.; Aglieri Rinella, G.; Agnello, M.; Agrawal, N.; Ahammed, Z.; Ahmad, N.; Ahn, S. U.; Aiola, S.; Akindinov, A.; Alam, S. N.; Alba, J. L. B.; Albuquerque, D. S. D.; Aleksandrov, D.; Alessandro, B.; Alfaro Molina, R.; Alici, A.; Alkin, A.; Alme, J.; Alt, T.; Altenkamper, L.; Altsybeev, I.; Alves Garcia Prado, C.; An, M.; Andrei, C.; Andreou, D.; Andrews, H. A.; Andronic, A.; Anguelov, V.; Anson, C.; Antičić, T.; Antinori, F.; Antonioli, P.; Anwar, R.; Aphecetche, L.; Appelshäuser, H.; Arcelli, S.; Arnaldi, R.; Arnold, O. W.; Arsene, I. C.; Arslandok, M.; Audurier, B.; Augustinus, A.; Averbeck, R.; Azmi, M. D.; Badalà, A.; Baek, Y. W.; Bagnasco, S.; Bailhache, R.; Bala, R.; Baldisseri, A.; Ball, M.; Baral, R. C.; Barbano, A. M.; Barbera, R.; Barile, F.; Barioglio, L.; Barnaföldi, G. G.; Barnby, L. S.; Barret, V.; Bartalini, P.; Barth, K.; Bartsch, E.; Basile, M.; Bastid, N.; Basu, S.; Bathen, B.; Batigne, G.; Batista Camejo, A.; Batyunya, B.; Batzing, P. C.; Bearden, I. G.; Beck, H.; Bedda, C.; Behera, N. K.; Belikov, I.; Bellini, F.; Bello Martinez, H.; Bellwied, R.; Beltran, L. G. E.; Belyaev, V.; Bencedi, G.; Beole, S.; Bercuci, A.; Berdnikov, Y.; Berenyi, D.; Bertens, R. A.; Berzano, D.; Betev, L.; Bhasin, A.; Bhat, I. R.; Bhati, A. K.; Bhattacharjee, B.; Bhom, J.; Bianchi, L.; Bianchi, N.; Bianchin, C.; Bielčík, J.; Bielčíková, J.; Bilandzic, A.; Biro, G.; Biswas, R.; Biswas, S.; Blair, J. T.; Blau, D.; Blume, C.; Boca, G.; Bock, F.; Bogdanov, A.; Boldizsár, L.; Bombara, M.; Bonomi, G.; Bonora, M.; Book, J.; Borel, H.; Borissov, A.; Borri, M.; Botta, E.; Bourjau, C.; Braun-Munzinger, P.; Bregant, M.; Broker, T. A.; Browning, T. A.; Broz, M.; Brucken, E. J.; Bruna, E.; Bruno, G. E.; Budnikov, D.; Buesching, H.; Bufalino, S.; Buhler, P.; Buncic, P.; Busch, O.; Buthelezi, Z.; Butt, J. B.; Buxton, J. T.; Cabala, J.; Caffarri, D.; Caines, H.; Caliva, A.; Calvo Villar, E.; Camerini, P.; Capon, A. A.; Carena, F.; Carena, W.; Carnesecchi, F.; Castillo Castellanos, J.; Castro, A. J.; Casula, E. A. R.; Ceballos Sanchez, C.; Cerello, P.; Chandra, S.; Chang, B.; Chapeland, S.; Chartier, M.; Charvet, J. L.; Chattopadhyay, S.; Chattopadhyay, S.; Chauvin, A.; Cherney, M.; Cheshkov, C.; Cheynis, B.; Chibante Barroso, V.; Chinellato, D. D.; Cho, S.; Chochula, P.; Choi, K.; Chojnacki, M.; Choudhury, S.; Chowdhury, T.; Christakoglou, P.; Christensen, C. H.; Christiansen, P.; Chujo, T.; Chung, S. U.; Cicalo, C.; Cifarelli, L.; Cindolo, F.; Cleymans, J.; Colamaria, F.; Colella, D.; Collu, A.; Colocci, M.; Concas, M.; Conesa Balbastre, G.; Conesa Del Valle, Z.; Connors, M. E.; Contreras, J. G.; Cormier, T. M.; Corrales Morales, Y.; Cortés Maldonado, I.; Cortese, P.; Cosentino, M. R.; Costa, F.; Costanza, S.; Crkovská, J.; Crochet, P.; Cuautle, E.; Cunqueiro, L.; Dahms, T.; Dainese, A.; Danisch, M. C.; Danu, A.; Das, D.; Das, I.; Das, S.; Dash, A.; Dash, S.; de, S.; de Caro, A.; de Cataldo, G.; de Conti, C.; de Cuveland, J.; de Falco, A.; de Gruttola, D.; De Marco, N.; de Pasquale, S.; de Souza, R. D.; Degenhardt, H. F.; Deisting, A.; Deloff, A.; Deplano, C.; Dhankher, P.; di Bari, D.; di Mauro, A.; di Nezza, P.; di Ruzza, B.; Diaz Corchero, M. A.; Dietel, T.; Dillenseger, P.; Divià, R.; Djuvsland, Ø.; Dobrin, A.; Domenicis Gimenez, D.; Dönigus, B.; Dordic, O.; Doremalen, L. V. V.; Drozhzhova, T.; Dubey, A. K.; Dubla, A.; Ducroux, L.; Duggal, A. K.; Dupieux, P.; Ehlers, R. J.; Elia, D.; Endress, E.; Engel, H.; Epple, E.; Erazmus, B.; Erhardt, F.; Espagnon, B.; Esumi, S.; Eulisse, G.; Eum, J.; Evans, D.; Evdokimov, S.; Fabbietti, L.; Faivre, J.; Fantoni, A.; Fasel, M.; Feldkamp, L.; Feliciello, A.; Feofilov, G.; Ferencei, J.; Fernández Téllez, A.; Ferreiro, E. G.; Ferretti, A.; Festanti, A.; Feuillard, V. J. G.; Figiel, J.; Figueredo, M. A. S.; Filchagin, S.; Finogeev, D.; Fionda, F. M.; Fiore, E. M.; Floris, M.; Foertsch, S.; Foka, P.; Fokin, S.; Fragiacomo, E.; Francescon, A.; Francisco, A.; Frankenfeld, U.; Fronze, G. G.; Fuchs, U.; Furget, C.; Furs, A.; Fusco Girard, M.; Gaardhøje, J. J.; Gagliardi, M.; Gago, A. M.; Gajdosova, K.; Gallio, M.; Galvan, C. D.; Ganoti, P.; Gao, C.; Garabatos, C.; Garcia-Solis, E.; Garg, K.; Garg, P.; Gargiulo, C.; Gasik, P.; Gauger, E. F.; Gay Ducati, M. B.; Germain, M.; Ghosh, J.; Ghosh, P.; Ghosh, S. K.; Gianotti, P.; Giubellino, P.; Giubilato, P.; Gladysz-Dziadus, E.; Glässel, P.; Goméz Coral, D. M.; Gomez Ramirez, A.; Gonzalez, A. S.; Gonzalez, V.; González-Zamora, P.; Gorbunov, S.; Görlich, L.; Gotovac, S.; Grabski, V.; Graczykowski, L. K.; Graham, K. L.; Greiner, L.; Grelli, A.; Grigoras, C.; Grigoriev, V.; Grigoryan, A.; Grigoryan, S.; Grion, N.; Gronefeld, J. M.; Grosa, F.; Grosse-Oetringhaus, J. F.; Grosso, R.; Gruber, L.; Guber, F.; Guernane, R.; Guerzoni, B.; Gulbrandsen, K.; Gunji, T.; Gupta, A.; Gupta, R.; Guzman, I. B.; Haake, R.; Hadjidakis, C.; Hamagaki, H.; Hamar, G.; Hamon, J. C.; Harris, J. W.; Harton, A.; Hassan, H.; Hatzifotiadou, D.; Hayashi, S.; Heckel, S. T.; Hellbär, E.; Helstrup, H.; Herghelegiu, A.; Herrera Corral, G.; Herrmann, F.; Hess, B. A.; Hetland, K. F.; Hillemanns, H.; Hills, C.; Hippolyte, B.; Hladky, J.; Hohlweger, B.; Horak, D.; Hornung, S.; Hosokawa, R.; Hristov, P.; Hughes, C.; Humanic, T. J.; Hussain, N.; Hussain, T.; Hutter, D.; Hwang, D. S.; Iga Buitron, S. A.; Ilkaev, R.; Inaba, M.; Ippolitov, M.; Irfan, M.; Isakov, V.; Ivanov, M.; Ivanov, V.; Izucheev, V.; Jacak, B.; Jacazio, N.; Jacobs, P. M.; Jadhav, M. B.; Jadlovska, S.; Jadlovsky, J.; Jaelani, S.; Jahnke, C.; Jakubowska, M. J.; Janik, M. A.; Jayarathna, P. H. S. Y.; Jena, C.; Jena, S.; Jercic, M.; Jimenez Bustamante, R. T.; Jones, P. G.; Jusko, A.; Kalinak, P.; Kalweit, A.; Kang, J. H.; Kaplin, V.; Kar, S.; Karasu Uysal, A.; Karavichev, O.; Karavicheva, T.; Karayan, L.; Karpechev, E.; Kebschull, U.; Keidel, R.; Keijdener, D. L. D.; Keil, M.; Ketzer, B.; Khabanova, Z.; Khan, P.; Khan, S. A.; Khanzadeev, A.; Kharlov, Y.; Khatun, A.; Khuntia, A.; Kielbowicz, M. M.; Kileng, B.; Kim, D.; Kim, D. W.; Kim, D. J.; Kim, H.; Kim, J. S.; Kim, J.; Kim, M.; Kim, M.; Kim, S.; Kim, T.; Kirsch, S.; Kisel, I.; Kiselev, S.; Kisiel, A.; Kiss, G.; Klay, J. L.; Klein, C.; Klein, J.; Klein-Bösing, C.; Klewin, S.; Kluge, A.; Knichel, M. L.; Knospe, A. G.; Kobdaj, C.; Kofarago, M.; Kollegger, T.; Kolojvari, A.; Kondratiev, V.; Kondratyeva, N.; Kondratyuk, E.; Konevskikh, A.; Konyushikhin, M.; Kopcik, M.; Kour, M.; Kouzinopoulos, C.; Kovalenko, O.; Kovalenko, V.; Kowalski, M.; Koyithatta Meethaleveedu, G.; Králik, I.; Kravčáková, A.; Krivda, M.; Krizek, F.; Kryshen, E.; Krzewicki, M.; Kubera, A. M.; Kučera, V.; Kuhn, C.; Kuijer, P. G.; Kumar, A.; Kumar, J.; Kumar, L.; Kumar, S.; Kundu, S.; Kurashvili, P.; Kurepin, A.; Kurepin, A. B.; Kuryakin, A.; Kushpil, S.; Kweon, M. J.; Kwon, Y.; La Pointe, S. L.; La Rocca, P.; Lagana Fernandes, C.; Lai, Y. S.; Lakomov, I.; Langoy, R.; Lapidus, K.; Lara, C.; Lardeux, A.; Lattuca, A.; Laudi, E.; Lavicka, R.; Lazaridis, L.; Lea, R.; Leardini, L.; Lee, S.; Lehas, F.; Lehner, S.; Lehrbach, J.; Lemmon, R. C.; Lenti, V.; Leogrande, E.; León Monzón, I.; Lévai, P.; Li, S.; Li, X.; Lien, J.; Lietava, R.; Lim, B.; Lindal, S.; Lindenstruth, V.; Lindsay, S. W.; Lippmann, C.; Lisa, M. A.; Litichevskyi, V.; Ljunggren, H. M.; Llope, W. J.; Lodato, D. F.; Loenne, P. I.; Loginov, V.; Loizides, C.; Loncar, P.; Lopez, X.; López Torres, E.; Lowe, A.; Luettig, P.; Lunardon, M.; Luparello, G.; Lupi, M.; Lutz, T. H.; Maevskaya, A.; Mager, M.; Mahajan, S.; Mahmood, S. M.; Maire, A.; Majka, R. D.; Malaev, M.; Malinina, L.; Mal'Kevich, D.; Malzacher, P.; Mamonov, A.; Manko, V.; Manso, F.; Manzari, V.; Mao, Y.; Marchisone, M.; Mareš, J.; Margagliotti, G. V.; Margotti, A.; Margutti, J.; Marín, A.; Markert, C.; Marquard, M.; Martin, N. A.; Martinengo, P.; Martinez, J. A. L.; Martínez, M. I.; Martínez García, G.; Martinez Pedreira, M.; Mas, A.; Masciocchi, S.; Masera, M.; Masoni, A.; Masson, E.; Mastroserio, A.; Mathis, A. M.; Matyja, A.; Mayer, C.; Mazer, J.; Mazzilli, M.; Mazzoni, M. A.; Meddi, F.; Melikyan, Y.; Menchaca-Rocha, A.; Meninno, E.; Mercado Pérez, J.; Meres, M.; Mhlanga, S.; Miake, Y.; Mieskolainen, M. M.; Mihaylov, D.; Mihaylov, D. L.; Mikhaylov, K.; Milano, L.; Milosevic, J.; Mischke, A.; Mishra, A. N.; Miśkowiec, D.; Mitra, J.; Mitu, C. M.; Mohammadi, N.; Mohanty, B.; Mohisin Khan, M.; Montes, E.; Moreira de Godoy, D. A.; Moreno, L. A. P.; Moretto, S.; Morreale, A.; Morsch, A.; Muccifora, V.; Mudnic, E.; Mühlheim, D.; Muhuri, S.; Mukherjee, M.; Mulligan, J. D.; Munhoz, M. G.; Münning, K.; Munzer, R. H.; Murakami, H.; Murray, S.; Musa, L.; Musinsky, J.; Myers, C. J.; Myrcha, J. W.; Naik, B.; Nair, R.; Nandi, B. K.; Nania, R.; Nappi, E.; Narayan, A.; Naru, M. U.; Natal da Luz, H.; Nattrass, C.; Navarro, S. R.; Nayak, K.; Nayak, R.; Nayak, T. K.; Nazarenko, S.; Nedosekin, A.; Negrao de Oliveira, R. A.; Nellen, L.; Nesbo, S. V.; Ng, F.; Nicassio, M.; Niculescu, M.; Niedziela, J.; Nielsen, B. S.; Nikolaev, S.; Nikulin, S.; Nikulin, V.; Nobuhiro, A.; Noferini, F.; Nomokonov, P.; Nooren, G.; Noris, J. C. C.; Norman, J.; Nyanin, A.; Nystrand, J.; Oeschler, H.; Oh, S.; Ohlson, A.; Okubo, T.; Olah, L.; Oleniacz, J.; Oliveira da Silva, A. C.; Oliver, M. H.; Onderwaater, J.; Oppedisano, C.; Orava, R.; Oravec, M.; Ortiz Velasquez, A.; Oskarsson, A.; Otwinowski, J.; Oyama, K.; Pachmayer, Y.; Pacik, V.; Pagano, D.; Pagano, P.; Paić, G.; Palni, P.; Pan, J.; Pandey, A. K.; Panebianco, S.; Papikyan, V.; Pappalardo, G. S.; Pareek, P.; Park, J.; Parmar, S.; Passfeld, A.; Pathak, S. P.; Paticchio, V.; Patra, R. N.; Paul, B.; Pei, H.; Peitzmann, T.; Peng, X.; Pereira, L. G.; Pereira da Costa, H.; Peresunko, D.; Perez Lezama, E.; Peskov, V.; Pestov, Y.; Petráček, V.; Petrov, V.; Petrovici, M.; Petta, C.; Pezzi, R. P.; Piano, S.; Pikna, M.; Pillot, P.; Pimentel, L. O. D. L.; Pinazza, O.; Pinsky, L.; Piyarathna, D. B.; Płoskoń, M.; Planinic, M.; Pliquett, F.; Pluta, J.; Pochybova, S.; Podesta-Lerma, P. L. M.; Poghosyan, M. G.; Polichtchouk, B.; Poljak, N.; Poonsawat, W.; Pop, A.; Poppenborg, H.; Porteboeuf-Houssais, S.; Porter, J.; Pozdniakov, V.; Prasad, S. K.; Preghenella, R.; Prino, F.; Pruneau, C. A.; Pshenichnov, I.; Puccio, M.; Puddu, G.; Pujahari, P.; Punin, V.; Putschke, J.; Rachevski, A.; Raha, S.; Rajput, S.; Rak, J.; Rakotozafindrabe, A.; Ramello, L.; Rami, F.; Rana, D. B.; Raniwala, R.; Raniwala, S.; Räsänen, S. S.; Rascanu, B. T.; Rathee, D.; Ratza, V.; Ravasenga, I.; Read, K. F.; Redlich, K.; Rehman, A.; Reichelt, P.; Reidt, F.; Ren, X.; Renfordt, R.; Reolon, A. R.; Reshetin, A.; Reygers, K.; Riabov, V.; Ricci, R. A.; Richert, T.; Richter, M.; Riedler, P.; Riegler, W.; Riggi, F.; Ristea, C.; Rodríguez Cahuantzi, M.; Røed, K.; Rogochaya, E.; Rohr, D.; Röhrich, D.; Rokita, P. S.; Ronchetti, F.; Rosas, E. D.; Rosnet, P.; Rossi, A.; Rotondi, A.; Roukoutakis, F.; Roy, A.; Roy, C.; Roy, P.; Rubio Montero, A. J.; Rueda, O. V.; Rui, R.; Russo, R.; Rustamov, A.; Ryabinkin, E.; Ryabov, Y.; Rybicki, A.; Saarinen, S.; Sadhu, S.; Sadovsky, S.; Šafařík, K.; Saha, S. K.; Sahlmuller, B.; Sahoo, B.; Sahoo, P.; Sahoo, R.; Sahoo, S.; Sahu, P. K.; Saini, J.; Sakai, S.; Saleh, M. A.; Salzwedel, J.; Sambyal, S.; Samsonov, V.; Sandoval, A.; Sarkar, D.; Sarkar, N.; Sarma, P.; Sas, M. H. P.; Scapparone, E.; Scarlassara, F.; Scharenberg, R. P.; Scheid, H. S.; Schiaua, C.; Schicker, R.; Schmidt, C.; Schmidt, H. R.; Schmidt, M. O.; Schmidt, M.; Schuchmann, S.; Schukraft, J.; Schutz, Y.; Schwarz, K.; Schweda, K.; Scioli, G.; Scomparin, E.; Scott, R.; Šefčík, M.; Seger, J. E.; Sekiguchi, Y.; Sekihata, D.; Selyuzhenkov, I.; Senosi, K.; Senyukov, S.; Serradilla, E.; Sett, P.; Sevcenco, A.; Shabanov, A.; Shabetai, A.; Shahoyan, R.; Shaikh, W.; Shangaraev, A.; Sharma, A.; Sharma, A.; Sharma, M.; Sharma, M.; Sharma, N.; Sheikh, A. I.; Shigaki, K.; Shou, Q.; Shtejer, K.; Sibiriak, Y.; Siddhanta, S.; Sielewicz, K. M.; Siemiarczuk, T.; Silvermyr, D.; Silvestre, C.; Simatovic, G.; Simonetti, G.; Singaraju, R.; Singh, R.; Singhal, V.; Sinha, T.; Sitar, B.; Sitta, M.; Skaali, T. B.; Slupecki, M.; Smirnov, N.; Snellings, R. J. M.; Snellman, T. W.; Song, J.; Song, M.; Soramel, F.; Sorensen, S.; Sozzi, F.; Spiriti, E.; Sputowska, I.; Srivastava, B. K.; Stachel, J.; Stan, I.; Stankus, P.; Stenlund, E.; Stocco, D.; Strmen, P.; Suaide, A. A. P.; Sugitate, T.; Suire, C.; Suleymanov, M.; Suljic, M.; Sultanov, R.; Šumbera, M.; Sumowidagdo, S.; Suzuki, K.; Swain, S.; Szabo, A.; Szarka, I.; Szczepankiewicz, A.; Tabassam, U.; Takahashi, J.; Tambave, G. J.; Tanaka, N.; Tarhini, M.; Tariq, M.; Tarzila, M. G.; Tauro, A.; Tejeda Muñoz, G.; Telesca, A.; Terasaki, K.; Terrevoli, C.; Teyssier, B.; Thakur, D.; Thakur, S.; Thomas, D.; Tieulent, R.; Tikhonov, A.; Timmins, A. R.; Toia, A.; Tripathy, S.; Trogolo, S.; Trombetta, G.; Tropp, L.; Trubnikov, V.; Trzaska, W. H.; Trzeciak, B. A.; Tsuji, T.; Tumkin, A.; Turrisi, R.; Tveter, T. S.; Ullaland, K.; Umaka, E. N.; Uras, A.; Usai, G. L.; Utrobicic, A.; Vala, M.; van der Maarel, J.; van Hoorne, J. W.; van Leeuwen, M.; Vanat, T.; Vande Vyvre, P.; Varga, D.; Vargas, A.; Vargyas, M.; Varma, R.; Vasileiou, M.; Vasiliev, A.; Vauthier, A.; Vázquez Doce, O.; Vechernin, V.; Veen, A. M.; Velure, A.; Vercellin, E.; Vergara Limón, S.; Vernet, R.; Vértesi, R.; Vickovic, L.; Vigolo, S.; Viinikainen, J.; Vilakazi, Z.; Villalobos Baillie, O.; Villatoro Tello, A.; Vinogradov, A.; Vinogradov, L.; Virgili, T.; Vislavicius, V.; Vodopyanov, A.; Völkl, M. A.; Voloshin, K.; Voloshin, S. A.; Volpe, G.; von Haller, B.; Vorobyev, I.; Voscek, D.; Vranic, D.; Vrláková, J.; Wagner, B.; Wagner, J.; Wang, H.; Wang, M.; Watanabe, D.; Watanabe, Y.; Weber, M.; Weber, S. G.; Weiser, D. F.; Wenzel, S. C.; Wessels, J. P.; Westerhoff, U.; Whitehead, A. M.; Wiechula, J.; Wikne, J.; Wilk, G.; Wilkinson, J.; Willems, G. A.; Williams, M. C. S.; Willsher, E.; Windelband, B.; Witt, W. E.; Yalcin, S.; Yamakawa, K.; Yang, P.; Yano, S.; Yin, Z.; Yokoyama, H.; Yoo, I.-K.; Yoon, J. H.; Yurchenko, V.; Zaccolo, V.; Zaman, A.; Zampolli, C.; Zanoli, H. J. C.; Zardoshti, N.; Zarochentsev, A.; Závada, P.; Zaviyalov, N.; Zbroszczyk, H.; Zhalov, M.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, C.; Zhigareva, N.; Zhou, D.; Zhou, Y.; Zhou, Z.; Zhu, H.; Zhu, J.; Zhu, X.; Zichichi, A.; Zimmermann, A.; Zimmermann, M. B.; Zinovjev, G.; Zmeskal, J.; Zou, S.; Alice Collaboration</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The second and the third order anisotropic flow, V2 and V3, are mostly determined by the corresponding initial spatial anisotropy coefficients, ε2 and ε3, in the initial density distribution. In addition to their dependence on the same order initial anisotropy coefficient, higher order anisotropic flow, Vn (n > 3), can also have a significant contribution from lower order initial anisotropy coefficients, which leads to mode-coupling effects. In this Letter we investigate the <span class="hlt">linear</span> and non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> modes in higher order anisotropic flow Vn for n = 4, 5, 6 with the ALICE <span class="hlt">detector</span> at the Large Hadron Collider. The measurements are done for particles in the pseudorapidity range | η | < 0.8 and the transverse momentum range 0.2 <pT < 5.0 GeV / c as a function of collision centrality. The results are compared with theoretical calculations and provide important constraints on the initial conditions, including initial spatial geometry and its fluctuations, as well as the ratio of the shear viscosity to entropy density of the produced system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1421823-linear-non-linear-flow-mode-pbpb-collisions-snn-nbsp-tev','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1421823-linear-non-linear-flow-mode-pbpb-collisions-snn-nbsp-tev"><span><span class="hlt">Linear</span> and non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> flow mode in Pb–Pb collisions at s NN = 2.76  TeV</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Acharya, S.; Adamová, D.; Adolfsson, J.; ...</p> <p>2017-08-04</p> <p>The second and the third order anisotropic flow, V 2 and V 3, are mostly determined by the corresponding initial spatial anisotropy coefficients, and , in the initial density distribution. In addition to their dependence on the same order initial anisotropy coefficient, higher order anisotropic flow, V n (n > 3), can also have a significant contribution from lower order initial anisotropy coefficients, which leads to mode-coupling effects. In this Letter we investigate the <span class="hlt">linear</span> and non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> modes in higher order anisotropic flow V n for n = 4, 5, 6 with the ALICE <span class="hlt">detector</span> at the Large Hadron Collider.more » The measurements are done for particles in the pseudorapidity range |η| < 0.8 and the transverse momentum range 0.2 < p T < 5.0 GeV/c as a function of collision centrality. The results are compared with theoretical calculations and provide important constraints on the initial conditions, including initial spatial geometry and its fluctuations, as well as the ratio of the shear viscosity to entropy density of the produced system.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1421823','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1421823"><span><span class="hlt">Linear</span> and non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> flow mode in Pb–Pb collisions at s NN = 2.76  TeV</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Acharya, S.; Adamová, D.; Adolfsson, J.</p> <p></p> <p>The second and the third order anisotropic flow, V 2 and V 3, are mostly determined by the corresponding initial spatial anisotropy coefficients, and , in the initial density distribution. In addition to their dependence on the same order initial anisotropy coefficient, higher order anisotropic flow, V n (n > 3), can also have a significant contribution from lower order initial anisotropy coefficients, which leads to mode-coupling effects. In this Letter we investigate the <span class="hlt">linear</span> and non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> modes in higher order anisotropic flow V n for n = 4, 5, 6 with the ALICE <span class="hlt">detector</span> at the Large Hadron Collider.more » The measurements are done for particles in the pseudorapidity range |η| < 0.8 and the transverse momentum range 0.2 < p T < 5.0 GeV/c as a function of collision centrality. The results are compared with theoretical calculations and provide important constraints on the initial conditions, including initial spatial geometry and its fluctuations, as well as the ratio of the shear viscosity to entropy density of the produced system.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011NuPhS.215...48V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011NuPhS.215...48V"><span>Studies for a 10 μs, thin, high resolution CMOS pixel sensor for future vertex <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Voutsinas, G.; Amar-Youcef, S.; Baudot, J.; Bertolone, G.; Brogna, A.; Chon-Sen, N.; Claus, G.; Colledani, C.; Dorokhov, A.; Dozière, G.; Dulinski, W.; Degerli, Y.; De Masi, R.; Deveaux, M.; Gelin, M.; Goffe, M.; Hu-Guo, Ch.; Himmi, A.; Jaaskelainen, K.; Koziel, M.; Morel, F.; Müntz, C.; Orsini, F.; Santos, C.; Schrader, C.; Specht, M.; Stroth, J.; Valin, I.; Wagner, F. M.; Winter, M.</p> <p>2011-06-01</p> <p>Future high energy physics (HEP) experiments require <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with unprecedented performances for track and vertex reconstruction. These requirements call for high precision sensors, with low material budget and short integration time. The development of CMOS sensors for HEP applications was initiated at IPHC Strasbourg more than 10 years ago, motivated by the needs for vertex <span class="hlt">detectors</span> at the International <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider (ILC) [R. Turchetta et al, NIM A 458 (2001) 677]. Since then several other applications emerged. The first real scale digital CMOS sensor MIMOSA26 equips Flavour Tracker at RHIC, as well as for the microvertex <span class="hlt">detector</span> of the CBM experiment at FAIR. MIMOSA sensors may also offer attractive performances for the ALICE upgrade at LHC. This paper will demonstrate the substantial performance improvement of CMOS sensors based on a high resistivity epitaxial layer. First studies for integrating the sensors into a <span class="hlt">detector</span> system will be addressed and finally the way to go to a 10 μs readout sensor will be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12P7001R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12P7001R"><span>Characterization of high density SiPM non-<span class="hlt">linearity</span> and energy resolution for prompt gamma imaging applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Regazzoni, V.; Acerbi, F.; Cozzi, G.; Ferri, A.; Fiorini, C.; Paternoster, G.; Piemonte, C.; Rucatti, D.; Zappalà, G.; Zorzi, N.; Gola, A.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) (Trento, Italy) has recently introduced High Density (HD) and Ultra High-Density (UHD) SiPMs, featuring very small micro-cell pitch. The high cell density is a very important factor to improve the <span class="hlt">linearity</span> of the SiPM in high-dynamic-range applications, such as the scintillation light readout in high-energy gamma-ray spectroscopy and in prompt gamma imaging for proton therapy. The energy resolution at high energies is a trade-off between the excess noise factor caused by the non-<span class="hlt">linearity</span> of the SiPM and the photon detection efficiency of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. To study these effects, we developed a new setup that simulates the LYSO light emission in response to gamma photons up to 30 MeV, using a pulsed light source. We measured the non-<span class="hlt">linearity</span> and energy resolution vs. energy of the FBK RGB-HD e RGB-UHD SiPM technologies. We considered five different cell sizes, ranging from 10 μm up to 25 μm. With the UHD technology we were able to observe a remarkable reduction of the SiPM non-<span class="hlt">linearity</span>, less than 5% at 5 MeV with 10 μm cells, which should be compared to a non-<span class="hlt">linearity</span> of 50% with 25 μm-cell HD-SiPMs. With the same setup, we also measured the different components of the energy resolution (intrinsic, statistical, <span class="hlt">detector</span> and electronic noise) vs. cell size, over-voltage and energy and we separated the different sources of excess noise factor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28025530','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28025530"><span>High Performance CMOS Light <span class="hlt">Detector</span> with Dark Current Suppression in Variable-Temperature Systems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lin, Wen-Sheng; Sung, Guo-Ming; Lin, Jyun-Long</p> <p>2016-12-23</p> <p>This paper presents a dark current suppression technique for a light <span class="hlt">detector</span> in a variable-temperature system. The light <span class="hlt">detector</span> architecture comprises a photodiode for sensing the ambient light, a dark current diode for conducting dark current suppression, and a current subtractor that is embedded in the current amplifier with enhanced dark current cancellation. The measured dark current of the proposed light <span class="hlt">detector</span> is lower than that of the epichlorohydrin photoresistor or cadmium sulphide photoresistor. This is advantageous in variable-temperature systems, especially for those with many infrared light-emitting diodes. Experimental results indicate that the maximum dark current of the proposed current amplifier is approximately 135 nA at 125 °C, a near zero dark current is achieved at temperatures lower than 50 °C, and dark current and temperature exhibit an exponential relation at temperatures higher than 50 °C. The dark current of the proposed light <span class="hlt">detector</span> is lower than 9.23 nA and the <span class="hlt">linearity</span> is approximately 1.15 μA/lux at an external resistance R SS = 10 kΩ and environmental temperatures from 25 °C to 85 °C.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5298588','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5298588"><span>High Performance CMOS Light <span class="hlt">Detector</span> with Dark Current Suppression in Variable-Temperature Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lin, Wen-Sheng; Sung, Guo-Ming; Lin, Jyun-Long</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>This paper presents a dark current suppression technique for a light <span class="hlt">detector</span> in a variable-temperature system. The light <span class="hlt">detector</span> architecture comprises a photodiode for sensing the ambient light, a dark current diode for conducting dark current suppression, and a current subtractor that is embedded in the current amplifier with enhanced dark current cancellation. The measured dark current of the proposed light <span class="hlt">detector</span> is lower than that of the epichlorohydrin photoresistor or cadmium sulphide photoresistor. This is advantageous in variable-temperature systems, especially for those with many infrared light-emitting diodes. Experimental results indicate that the maximum dark current of the proposed current amplifier is approximately 135 nA at 125 °C, a near zero dark current is achieved at temperatures lower than 50 °C, and dark current and temperature exhibit an exponential relation at temperatures higher than 50 °C. The dark current of the proposed light <span class="hlt">detector</span> is lower than 9.23 nA and the <span class="hlt">linearity</span> is approximately 1.15 μA/lux at an external resistance RSS = 10 kΩ and environmental temperatures from 25 °C to 85 °C. PMID:28025530</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13P3019A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13P3019A"><span>The CosmicWatch Desktop Muon <span class="hlt">Detector</span>: a self-contained, pocket sized particle <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Axani, S. N.; Frankiewicz, K.; Conrad, J. M.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The CosmicWatch Desktop Muon <span class="hlt">Detector</span> is a self-contained, hand-held cosmic ray muon <span class="hlt">detector</span> that is valuable for astro/particle physics research applications and outreach. The material cost of each <span class="hlt">detector</span> is under 100 and it takes a novice student approximately four hours to build their first <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are powered via a USB connection and the data can either be recorded directly to a computer or to a microSD card. Arduino- and Python-based software is provided to operate the <span class="hlt">detector</span> and an online application to plot the data in real-time. In this paper, we describe the various design features, evaluate the performance, and illustrate the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> capabilities by providing several example measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1163837','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1163837"><span>GADRAS <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Response Function.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Mitchell, Dean J.; Harding, Lee; Thoreson, Gregory G</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>The Gamma <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Response and Analysis Software (GADRAS) applies a <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Response Function (DRF) to compute the output of gamma-ray and neutron <span class="hlt">detectors</span> when they are exposed to radiation sources. The DRF is fundamental to the ability to perform forward calculations (i.e., computation of the response of a <span class="hlt">detector</span> to a known source), as well as the ability to analyze spectra to deduce the types and quantities of radioactive material to which the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are exposed. This document describes how gamma-ray spectra are computed and the significance of response function parameters that define characteristics of particular <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1347940','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1347940"><span>The International <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider Technical Design Report - Volume 3.II: Accelerator Baseline Design</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Adolphsen, Chris</p> <p>2013-06-26</p> <p>The International <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider Technical Design Report (TDR) describes in four volumes the physics case and the design of a 500 GeV centre-of-mass energy <span class="hlt">linear</span> electron-positron collider based on superconducting radio-frequency technology using Niobium cavities as the accelerating structures. The accelerator can be extended to 1 TeV and also run as a Higgs factory at around 250 GeV and on the Z0 pole. A comprehensive value estimate of the accelerator is give, together with associated uncertainties. It is shown that no significant technical issues remain to be solved. Once a site is selected and the necessary site-dependent engineering is carriedmore » out, construction can begin immediately. The TDR also gives baseline documentation for two high-performance <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that can share the ILC luminosity by being moved into and out of the beam line in a "push-pull" configuration. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, ILD and SiD, are described in detail. They form the basis for a world-class experimental programme that promises to increase significantly our understanding of the fundamental processes that govern the evolution of the Universe.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9934E..0GS','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9934E..0GS"><span>Novel ultrasensitive plasmonic <span class="hlt">detector</span> of terahertz pulses enhanced by femtosecond optical pulses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shur, M.; Rudin, S.; Rupper, G.; Muraviev, A.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>Plasmonic Field Effect Transistor <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (first proposed in 1996) have emerged as superior room temperature terahertz (THz) <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Recent theoretical and experimental results showed that such <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are capable of subpicosecond resolution. Their sensitivity can be greatly enhanced by applying the DC drain-to-source current that increases the responsivity due to the enhanced non-<span class="hlt">linearity</span> of the device but also adds 1/f noise. We now propose, and demonstrate a dramatic responsivity enhancement of these plasmonic THz pulse <span class="hlt">detectors</span> by applying a femtosecond optical laser pulse superimposed on the THz pulse. The proposed physical mechanism links the enhanced detection to the superposition of the THz pulse field and the rectified optical field. A femtosecond pulse generates a large concentration of the electron-hole pairs shorting the drain and source contacts and, therefore, determining the moment of time when the THz induced charge starts discharging into the transmission line connecting the FET to an oscilloscope. This allows for scanning the THz pulse with the strongly enhanced sensitivity and/or for scanning the response waveform after the THz pulse is over. The experimental results obtained using AlGaAs/InGaAs deep submicron HEMTs are in good agreement with this mechanism. This new technique could find numerous imaging, sensing, and quality control applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830016492','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830016492"><span>Pyroelectric <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fripp, A. L.; Robertson, J. B.; Breckenridge, R. (Inventor)</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>A pyroelectric <span class="hlt">detector</span> array and the method for using it are described. A series of holes formed through a silicon dioxide layer on the surface of a silicon substrate forms the mounting fixture for the pyroelectric <span class="hlt">detector</span> array. A series of nontouching strips of indium are formed around the holes to make contact with the backside electrodes and form the output terminals for individual <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. A pyroelectric <span class="hlt">detector</span> strip with front and back electrodes, respectively, is mounted over the strips. Biasing resistors are formed on the surface of the silicon dioxide layer and connected to the strips. A metallized pad formed on the surface of layer is connected to each of the biasing resistors and to the film to provide the ground for the pyroelectric <span class="hlt">detector</span> array.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/874416','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/874416"><span>Position <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, methods of detecting position, and methods of providing positional <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Weinberg, David M.; Harding, L. Dean; Larsen, Eric D.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Position <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, welding system position <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, methods of detecting various positions, and methods of providing position <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are described. In one embodiment, a welding system positional <span class="hlt">detector</span> includes a base that is configured to engage and be moved along a curved surface of a welding work piece. At least one position detection apparatus is provided and is connected with the base and configured to measure angular position of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> relative to a reference vector. In another embodiment, a welding system positional <span class="hlt">detector</span> includes a weld head and at least one inclinometer mounted on the weld head. The one inclinometer is configured to develop positional data relative to a reference vector and the position of the weld head on a non-planar weldable work piece.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12P2003V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12P2003V"><span>Characterisation of the high dynamic range Large Pixel <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (LPD) and its use at X-ray free electron laser sources</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Veale, M. C.; Adkin, P.; Booker, P.; Coughlan, J.; French, M. J.; Hart, M.; Nicholls, T.; Schneider, A.; Seller, P.; Pape, I.; Sawhney, K.; Carini, G. A.; Hart, P. A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory have delivered the Large Pixel <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (LPD) for MHz frame rate imaging at the European XFEL. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> system has an active area of 0.5 m × 0.5 m and consists of a million pixels on a 500 μm pitch. Sensors have been produced from 500 μm thick Hammamatsu silicon tiles that have been bump bonded to the readout ASIC using a silver epoxy and gold stud technique. Each pixel of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> system is capable of measuring 105 12 keV photons per image readout at 4.5 MHz. In this paper results from the testing of these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> at the Diamond Light Source and the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) are presented. The performance of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> in terms of <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, spatial uniformity and the performance of the different ASIC gain stages is characterised.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22265482','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22265482"><span>A micro GC <span class="hlt">detector</span> array based on chemiresistors employing various surface functionalized monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jian, Rih-Sheng; Huang, Rui-Xuan; Lu, Chia-Jung</p> <p>2012-01-15</p> <p>Aspects of the design, fabrication, and characterization of a chemiresistor type of microdetector for use in conjunction with gas chromatograph are described. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> was manufactured on silicon chips using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. Detection was based on measuring changes in resistance across a film comprised of monolayer-protected gold nanoclusters (MPCs). When chromatographic separated molecules entered the <span class="hlt">detector</span> cell, the MPC film absorbed vapor and undergoes swelling, then the resistance changes accordingly. Thiolates were used as ligand shells to encapsulate the nano-gold core and to manipulate the selectivity of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> array. The dimensions of the μ-<span class="hlt">detector</span> array were 14(L)×3.9(W)×1.2(H)mm. Mixtures of eight volatile organic compounds with different functional groups and volatility were tested to characterize the selectivity of the μ-<span class="hlt">detector</span> array. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> responses were rapid, reversible, and <span class="hlt">linear</span> for all of the tested compounds. The detection limits ranged from 2 to 111ng, and were related to both the compound volatility and the selectivity of the surface ligands on the gold nanoparticles. Design and operation parameters such as flow rate, <span class="hlt">detector</span> temperature, and width of the micro-fluidic channel were investigated. Reduction of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> temperature resulted in improved sensitivity due to increased absorption. When a wider flow channel was used, the signal-to-noise ratio was improved due to the larger sensing area. The extremely low power consumption and small size makes this μ-<span class="hlt">detector</span> array potentially useful for the development of integrated μ-GC. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.718f2020G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.718f2020G"><span>Development of microwave-multiplexed superconductive <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for the HOLMES experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Giachero, A.; Becker, D.; Bennett, D. A.; Faverzani, M.; Ferri, E.; Fowler, J. W.; Gard, J. D.; Hays-Wehle, J. P.; Hilton, G. C.; Maino, M.; Mates, J. A. B.; Puiu, A.; Nucciotti, A.; Reintsema, C. D.; Swetz, D. S.; Ullom, J. N.; Vale, L. R.</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>In recent years, the progress on low temperature <span class="hlt">detector</span> technologies has allowed design of large scale experiments aiming at pushing down the sensitivity on the neutrino mass below 1 eV. Even with outstanding performances in both energy (~eV on keV) and time resolution (~ 1 μs) on the single channel, a large number of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> working in parallel is required to reach a sub-eV sensitivity. HOLMES is a new experiment to directly measure the neutrino mass with a sensitivity as low as 2eV. HOLMES will perform a calorimetric measurement of the energy released in the electron capture (EC) decay of 163 Ho. In its final configuration, HOLMES will deploy 1000 <span class="hlt">detectors</span> of low temperature microcalorimeters with implanted 163 Ho nuclei. The baseline sensors for HOLMES are Mo/Cu TESs (Transition Edge Sensors) on SiNx membrane with gold absorbers. The readout is based on the use of rf-SQUIDs as input devices with flux ramp modulation for <span class="hlt">linearization</span> purposes; the rf-SQUID is then coupled to a superconducting lambda/4-wave resonator in the GHz range, and the modulated signal is finally read out using the homodyne technique. The TES <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have been designed with the aim of achieving an energy resolution of a few eV at the spectrum endpoint and a time resolution of a few micro-seconds, in order to minimize pile-up artifacts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhDT.........5F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhDT.........5F"><span>Kinetic Inductance <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> for Measuring the Polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Flanigan, Daniel</p> <p></p> <p>Kinetic inductance <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (KIDs) are superconducting thin-film microresonators that are sensitive photon <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are a candidate for the next generation of experiments designed to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). I discuss the basic theory needed to understand the response of a KID to light, focusing on the dynamics of the quasiparticle system. I derive an equation that describes the dynamics of the quasiparticle number, solve it in a simplified form not previously published, and show that it can describe the dynamic response of a <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Magnetic flux vortices in a superconducting thin film can be a significant source of dissipation, and I demonstrate some techniques to prevent their formation. Based on the presented theory, I derive a corrected version of a widely-used equation for the quasiparticle recombination noise in a KID. I show that a KID consisting of a lumped-element resonator can be sensitive enough to be limited by photon noise, which is the fundamental limit for photometry, at a level of optical loading below levels in ground-based CMB experiments. Finally, I describe an ongoing project to develop multichroic KID pixels that are each sensitive to two <span class="hlt">linear</span> polarization states in two spectral bands, intended for the next generation of CMB experiments. I show that a prototype 23-pixel array can detect millimeter-wave light, and present characterization measurements of the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13C1046R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13C1046R"><span>Photon counting microstrip X-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with GaAs sensors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ruat, M.; Andrä, M.; Bergamaschi, A.; Barten, R.; Brückner, M.; Dinapoli, R.; Fröjdh, E.; Greiffenberg, D.; Lopez-Cuenca, C.; Lozinskaya, A. D.; Mezza, D.; Mozzanica, A.; Novikov, V. A.; Ramilli, M.; Redford, S.; Ruder, C.; Schmitt, B.; Shi, X.; Thattil, D.; Tinti, G.; Tolbanov, O. P.; Tyazhev, A.; Vetter, S.; Zarubin, A. N.; Zhang, J.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>High-Z sensors are increasingly used to overcome the poor efficiency of Si sensors above 15 keV, and further extend the energy range of synchrotron and FEL experiments. <span class="hlt">Detector</span>-grade GaAs sensors of 500 μm thickness offer 98% absorption efficiency at 30 keV and 50% at 50 keV . In this work we assess the usability of GaAs sensors in combination with the MYTHEN photon-counting microstrip readout chip developed at PSI. Different strip length and pitch are compared, and the <span class="hlt">detector</span> performance is evaluated in regard of the sensor material properties. Despite increased leakage current and noise, photon-counting strips mounted with GaAs sensors can be used with photons of energy as low as 5 keV, and exhibit excellent <span class="hlt">linearity</span> with energy. The charge sharing is doubled as compared to silicon strips, due to the high diffusion coefficient of electrons in GaAs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28405102','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28405102"><span>Measurement of Total Scatter Factor for Stereotactic Cones with Plastic Scintillation <span class="hlt">Detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chaudhari, Suresh H; Dobhal, Rishabh; Kinhikar, Rajesh A; Kadam, Sudarshan S; Deshpande, Deepak D</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Advanced radiotherapy modalities such as stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and image-guided radiotherapy may employ very small beam apertures for accurate localized high dose to target. Accurate measurement of small radiation fields is a well-known challenge for many dosimeters. The purpose of this study was to measure total scatter factors for stereotactic cones with plastic scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span> and its comparison against diode <span class="hlt">detector</span> and theoretical estimates. Measurements were performed on Novalis Tx ™ <span class="hlt">linear</span> accelerator for 6MV SRS beam with stereotactic cones of diameter 6 mm, 7.5 mm, 10 mm, 12.5 mm, and 15 mm. The advantage of plastic scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> is in its energy dependence. The total scatter factor was measured in water at the depth of dose maximum. Total scatter factor with plastic scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span> was determined by normalizing the readings to field size of 10 cm × 10 cm. To overcome energy dependence of diode <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the determination of scatter factor with diode <span class="hlt">detector</span>, daisy chaining method was used. The plastic scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> was calibrated against the ionization chamber, and the reproducibility in the measured doses was found to be within ± 1%. Total scatter factor measured with plastic scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span> was 0.728 ± 0.3, 0.783 ± 0.05, 0.866 ± 0.55, 0.885 ± 0.5, and 0.910 ± 0.06 for cone sizes of 6 mm, 7.5 mm, 10 mm, 12.5 mm, and 15 mm, respectively. Total scatter factor measured with diode <span class="hlt">detector</span> was 0.733 ± 0.03, 0.782 ± 0.02, 0.834 ± 0.07, 0.854 ± 0.02, and 0.872 ± 0.02 for cone sizes of 6 mm, 7.5 mm, 10 mm, 12.5 mm, and 15 mm, respectively. The variation in the measurement of total scatter factor with published Monte Carlo data was found to be -1.3%, 1.9%, -0.4%, and 0.4% for cone sizes of 7.5 mm, 10 mm, 12.5 mm, and 15 mm, respectively. We conclude that total scatter factor measurements for stereotactic cones can be adequately carried out with a plastic scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Our results show a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29157607','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29157607"><span>Is vacuum ultraviolet <span class="hlt">detector</span> a concentration or a mass dependent <span class="hlt">detector</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Huian; Raffin, Guy; Trutt, Guillaume; Randon, Jérôme</p> <p>2017-12-29</p> <p>The vacuum ultraviolet <span class="hlt">detector</span> (VUV) is a very effective tool for chromatogram deconvolution and peak identification, and can also be used for quantification. To avoid quantitative issues in relation to time drift, such as variation of peak area or peak height, the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response type has to be well defined. Due to the make-up flow and pressure regulation of make-up, the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response (height of the peak) and peak area appeared to be dependent on experimental conditions such as inlet pressure and make-up pressure. Even if for some experimental conditions, VUV looks like mass-flow sensitive <span class="hlt">detector</span>, it has been demonstrated that VUV is a concentration sensitive <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28179836','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28179836"><span>Quantum Measurement Theory in Gravitational-Wave <span class="hlt">Detectors</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Danilishin, Stefan L; Khalili, Farid Ya</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The fast progress in improving the sensitivity of the gravitational-wave <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, we all have witnessed in the recent years, has propelled the scientific community to the point at which quantum behavior of such immense measurement devices as kilometer-long interferometers starts to matter. The time when their sensitivity will be mainly limited by the quantum noise of light is around the corner, and finding ways to reduce it will become a necessity. Therefore, the primary goal we pursued in this review was to familiarize a broad spectrum of readers with the theory of quantum measurements in the very form it finds application in the area of gravitational-wave detection. We focus on how quantum noise arises in gravitational-wave interferometers and what limitations it imposes on the achievable sensitivity. We start from the very basic concepts and gradually advance to the general <span class="hlt">linear</span> quantum measurement theory and its application to the calculation of quantum noise in the contemporary and planned interferometric <span class="hlt">detectors</span> of gravitational radiation of the first and second generation. Special attention is paid to the concept of the Standard Quantum Limit and the methods of its surmounting.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/860417-ms-detectors','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/860417-ms-detectors"><span>MS <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Koppenaal, David W.; Barinaga, Charles J.; Denton, M Bonner B.</p> <p>2005-11-01</p> <p>Good eyesight is often taken for granted, a situation that everyone appreciates once vision begins to fade with age. New eyeglasses or contact lenses are traditional ways to improve vision, but recent new technology, i.e. LASIK laser eye surgery, provides a new and exciting means for marked vision restoration and improvement. In mass spectrometry, <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are the 'eyes' of the MS instrument. These 'eyes' have also been taken for granted. New <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and new technologies are likewise needed to correct, improve, and extend ion detection and hence, our 'chemical vision'. The purpose of this report is to review and assessmore » current MS <span class="hlt">detector</span> technology and to provide a glimpse towards future <span class="hlt">detector</span> technologies. It is hoped that the report will also serve to motivate interest, prompt ideas, and inspire new visions for ion detection research.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820023783','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820023783"><span>Pyroelectric <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fripp, A. L.; Robertson, J. B.; Breckenridge, R. A. (Inventor)</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>A pryoelectric <span class="hlt">detector</span> array and the method for making it are described. A series of holes formed through a silicon dioxide layer on the surface of a silicon substrate forms the mounting fixture for the pyroelectric <span class="hlt">detector</span> array. A series of nontouching strips of indium are formed around the holes to make contact with the backside electrodes and form the output terminals for individual <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. A pyroelectric <span class="hlt">detector</span> strip with front and back electrodes, respectively, is mounted over the strip. Biasing resistors are formed on the surface of the silicon dioxide layer and connected to the strips. A metallized pad formed on the surface of the layer is connected to each of the biasing resistors and to the film to provide the ground for the pyroelectric <span class="hlt">detector</span> array.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1107793','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1107793"><span>Nanomechanical resonance <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Grossman, Jeffrey C; Zettl, Alexander K</p> <p>2013-10-29</p> <p>An embodiment of a nanomechanical frequency <span class="hlt">detector</span> includes a support structure and a plurality of elongated nanostructures coupled to the support structure. Each of the elongated nanostructures has a particular resonant frequency. The plurality of elongated nanostructures has a range of resonant frequencies. An embodiment of a method of identifying an object includes introducing the object to the nanomechanical resonance <span class="hlt">detector</span>. A resonant response by at least one of the elongated nanostructures of the nanomechanical resonance <span class="hlt">detector</span> indicates a vibrational mode of the object. An embodiment of a method of identifying a molecular species of the present invention includes introducing the molecular species to the nanomechanical resonance <span class="hlt">detector</span>. A resonant response by at least one of the elongated nanostructures of the nanomechanical resonance <span class="hlt">detector</span> indicates a vibrational mode of the molecular species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23041387','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23041387"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">detector</span>-source distance and <span class="hlt">detector</span> bias voltage variations on time resolution of general purpose plastic scintillation <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ermis, E E; Celiktas, C</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Effects of source-<span class="hlt">detector</span> distance and the <span class="hlt">detector</span> bias voltage variations on time resolution of a general purpose plastic scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span> such as BC400 were investigated. (133)Ba and (207)Bi calibration sources with and without collimator were used in the present work. Optimum source-<span class="hlt">detector</span> distance and bias voltage values were determined for the best time resolution by using leading edge timing method. Effect of the collimator usage on time resolution was also investigated. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4176052','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4176052"><span>RADIATION <span class="hlt">DETECTOR</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Wilson, H.N.; Glass, F.M.</p> <p>1960-05-10</p> <p>A radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> of the type is described wherein a condenser is directly connected to the electrodes for the purpose of performing the dual function of a guard ring and to provide capacitance coupling for resetting the <span class="hlt">detector</span> system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012OERv...20..279R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012OERv...20..279R"><span>History of infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rogalski, A.</p> <p>2012-09-01</p> <p>This paper overviews the history of infrared <span class="hlt">detector</span> materials starting with Herschel's experiment with thermometer on February 11th, 1800. Infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are in general used to detect, image, and measure patterns of the thermal heat radiation which all objects emit. At the beginning, their development was connected with thermal <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, such as thermocouples and bolometers, which are still used today and which are generally sensitive to all infrared wavelengths and operate at room temperature. The second kind of <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, called the photon <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, was mainly developed during the 20th Century to improve sensitivity and response time. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have been extensively developed since the 1940's. Lead sulphide (PbS) was the first practical IR <span class="hlt">detector</span> with sensitivity to infrared wavelengths up to ˜3 μm. After World War II infrared <span class="hlt">detector</span> technology development was and continues to be primarily driven by military applications. Discovery of variable band gap HgCdTe ternary alloy by Lawson and co-workers in 1959 opened a new area in IR <span class="hlt">detector</span> technology and has provided an unprecedented degree of freedom in infrared <span class="hlt">detector</span> design. Many of these advances were transferred to IR astronomy from Departments of Defence research. Later on civilian applications of infrared technology are frequently called "dual-use technology applications." One should point out the growing utilisation of IR technologies in the civilian sphere based on the use of new materials and technologies, as well as the noticeable price decrease in these high cost technologies. In the last four decades different types of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are combined with electronic readouts to make <span class="hlt">detector</span> focal plane arrays (FPAs). Development in FPA technology has revolutionized infrared imaging. Progress in integrated circuit design and fabrication techniques has resulted in continued rapid growth in the size and performance of these solid state arrays.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992NIMPA.315..156G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992NIMPA.315..156G"><span>Study of the effects of neutron irradiation on silicon strip <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Guibellino, P.; Panizza, G.; Hall, G.; Sotthibandhu, S.; Ziock, H. J.; Ferguson, P.; Sommer, W. F.; Edwards, M.; Cartiglia, N.; Hubbard, B.; Lesloe, J.; Pitzl, D.; O'Shaughnessy, K.; Rowe, W.; Sadoziski, H. F.-W.; Seiden, A.; Spencer, E.</p> <p>1992-05-01</p> <p>Silicon strip <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and test structures were exposed to neutron fluences up to Φ = 6.1 × 10 14 n/cm 2, using the ISIS neutron source at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). In this paper we report some of our results concerning the effects of displacement damage, with a comparison of devices made of silicon of different resistivity. The various samples exposed showed a very similar dependence of the leakage current on the fluence received. We studied the change of effective doping concentration, and observed a behaviour suggesting the onset of type inversion at a fluence of ˜ 2.0 × 10 13 n/cm 2, a value which depends on the initial doping concentration. The <span class="hlt">linear</span> increase of the depletion voltage for fluences higher than the inversion point could eventually determine the maximum fluence tolerable by silicon <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22311356-photocurrent-spectrum-study-quantum-dot-single-photon-detector-based-resonant-tunneling-effect-near-infrared-response','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22311356-photocurrent-spectrum-study-quantum-dot-single-photon-detector-based-resonant-tunneling-effect-near-infrared-response"><span>Photocurrent spectrum study of a quantum dot single-photon <span class="hlt">detector</span> based on resonant tunneling effect with near-infrared response</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Weng, Q. C.; Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241; An, Z. H., E-mail: anzhenghua@fudan.edu.cn, E-mail: luwei@mail.sitp.ac.cn</p> <p></p> <p>We present the photocurrent spectrum study of a quantum dot (QD) single-photon <span class="hlt">detector</span> using a reset technique which eliminates the QD's “memory effect.” By applying a proper reset frequency and keeping the <span class="hlt">detector</span> in <span class="hlt">linear</span>-response region, the <span class="hlt">detector</span>'s responses to different monochromatic light are resolved which reflects different detection efficiencies. We find the reset photocurrent tails up to 1.3 μm wavelength and near-infrared (∼1100 nm) single-photon sensitivity is demonstrated due to interband transition of electrons in QDs, indicating the device a promising candidate both in quantum information applications and highly sensitive imaging applications operating in relative high temperatures (>80 K).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10641E..0NF','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10641E..0NF"><span>Predicting the performance of <span class="hlt">linear</span> optical <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in free space laser communication links</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Farrell, Thomas C.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>While the fundamental performance limit for optical communications is set by the quantum nature of light, in practical systems background light, dark current, and thermal noise of the electronics also degrade performance. In this paper, we derive a set of equations predicting the performance of PIN diodes and <span class="hlt">linear</span> mode avalanche photo diodes (APDs) in the presence of such noise sources. Electrons generated by signal, background, and dark current shot noise are well modeled in PIN diodes as Poissonian statistical processes. In APDs, on the other hand, the amplifying effects of the device result in statistics that are distinctly non-Poissonian. Thermal noise is well modeled as Gaussian. In this paper, we appeal to the central limit theorem and treat both the variability of the signal and the sum of noise sources as Gaussian. Comparison against Monte-Carlo simulation of PIN diode performance (where we do model shot noise with draws from a Poissonian distribution) validates the legitimacy of this approximation. On-off keying, M-ary pulse position, and binary differential phase shift keying modulation are modeled. We conclude with examples showing how the equations may be used in a link budget to estimate the performance of optical links using <span class="hlt">linear</span> receivers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1027215','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1027215"><span>Challenges And Concepts for Design of An Interaction Region With Push-Pull Arrangement of <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> - An Interface Document</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Parker, B.; /Brookhaven; Herve, Alain</p> <p>2011-10-14</p> <p>Two experimental <span class="hlt">detectors</span> working in a push-pull mode has been considered for the Interaction Region of the International <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider. The push-pull mode of operation sets specific requirements and challenges for many systems of <span class="hlt">detector</span> and machine, in particular for the IR magnets, for the cryogenics and alignment system, for beamline shielding, for <span class="hlt">detector</span> design and overall integration, and so on. These challenges and the identified conceptual solutions discussed in the paper intend to form a draft of the Interface Document which will be developed further in the nearest future. The authors of the present paper include the organizers andmore » conveners of working groups of the workshop on engineering design of interaction region IRENG07, the leaders of the IR Integration within Global Design Effort Beam Delivery System, and the representatives from each <span class="hlt">detector</span> concept submitting the Letters Of Intent.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE10142E..0ZR','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE10142E..0ZR"><span>Digital algorithms for parallel pipelined single-<span class="hlt">detector</span> homodyne fringe counting in laser interferometry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rerucha, Simon; Sarbort, Martin; Hola, Miroslava; Cizek, Martin; Hucl, Vaclav; Cip, Ondrej; Lazar, Josef</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The homodyne detection with only a single <span class="hlt">detector</span> represents a promising approach in the interferometric application which enables a significant reduction of the optical system complexity while preserving the fundamental resolution and dynamic range of the single frequency laser interferometers. We present the design, implementation and analysis of algorithmic methods for computational processing of the single-<span class="hlt">detector</span> interference signal based on parallel pipelined processing suitable for real time implementation on a programmable hardware platform (e.g. the FPGA - Field Programmable Gate Arrays or the SoC - System on Chip). The algorithmic methods incorporate (a) the single <span class="hlt">detector</span> signal (sine) scaling, filtering, demodulations and mixing necessary for the second (cosine) quadrature signal reconstruction followed by a conic section projection in Cartesian plane as well as (a) the phase unwrapping together with the goniometric and <span class="hlt">linear</span> transformations needed for the scale <span class="hlt">linearization</span> and periodic error correction. The digital computing scheme was designed for bandwidths up to tens of megahertz which would allow to measure the displacements at the velocities around half metre per second. The algorithmic methods were tested in real-time operation with a PC-based reference implementation that employed the advantage pipelined processing by balancing the computational load among multiple processor cores. The results indicate that the algorithmic methods are suitable for a wide range of applications [3] and that they are bringing the fringe counting interferometry closer to the industrial applications due to their optical setup simplicity and robustness, computational stability, scalability and also a cost-effectiveness.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29680747','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29680747"><span>Development of a flexible γ-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> using a liquid scintillation light guide (LSLG).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nomura, Kiyoshi; Yunoki, Akira; Hara, Masayuki; Morito, Yuko; Fujishima, Akira</p> <p>2018-04-10</p> <p>A flexible γ <span class="hlt">detector</span> using a liquid scintillation light guide (LSLG) was developed. The analyzed pulse height (PHA) spectrum depended on the diameter, length and scintillator concentration of the LSLG, and the distance of a γ ray irradiation point from the head of photomultiplier tube (PMT). From the analysis of PHA spectrum, it was found that the count ratio of two divided channel regions <span class="hlt">linearly</span> decreases as the distance from the PMT head increases. It was further found that the radiation dose rate can be estimated by setting the flexible LSLG tube to a circular shape since the count rate is proportional to the dose rate measured by a conventional NaI (Tl) scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Therefore, a flexible and long LSLG <span class="hlt">detector</span> using a single PMT is useful for determination of the dose rate and has a potential to detect local contaminations in a certain narrow space. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......251L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......251L"><span>Development of a one-dimensional Position Sensitive <span class="hlt">Detector</span> for tracking applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lydecker, Leigh Kent, IV</p> <p></p> <p>Optical Position Sensitive <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> (PSDs) are a non-contact method of tracking the location of a light spot. Silicon-based versions of such sensors are fabricated with standard CMOS processing, are inexpensive and provide a real-time, analog signal output corresponding to the position of the light spot. Because they are non-contact, they do not degrade over time from surface friction due to repetitive sliding motion associated with standard full contact sliding potentiometers. This results in long, reliable device lifetimes. In this work, an innovative PSD was developed to replace the <span class="hlt">linear</span> hard contact potentiometer currently being used in a human-computer interface architecture. First, a basic lateral effect PSD was developed to provide real-time positioning of the mouthpiece used in the interface architecture which tracks along a single axis. During the course of this work, multiple device geometries were fabricated and analyzed resulting in a down selection of a final design. This final device design was then characterized in terms of resolution and responsivity and produced in larger quantities as initial prototypes for the test product integration. Finally, an electronic readout circuit was developed in order to interface the dual- line lateral effect PSD developed in this thesis with specifications required for product integration. To simplify position sensing, an innovative type of optical position sensor was developed using a <span class="hlt">linear</span> photodiodes with back-to-back connections. This so- called Self-Balancing Position Sensitive <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (SBPSD) requires significantly fewer processing steps than the basic lateral effect position sensitive <span class="hlt">detector</span> discussed above and eliminates the need for external readout circuitry entirely. Prototype devices were fabricated in this work, and the performance characteristics of these devices were established paving the way for ultimate integration into the target product as well as additional applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhDT.......394M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhDT.......394M"><span>The Morava E-theories of finite general <span class="hlt">linear</span> groups</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mattafirri, Sara</p> <p></p> <p> block <span class="hlt">detector</span> few centimeters in size is used. The resolution significantly improves with increasing energy of the photons and it degrades roughly <span class="hlt">linearly</span> with increasing distance from the <span class="hlt">detector</span>; Larger detection efficiency can be obtained at the expenses of resolution or via targeted configurations of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Results pave the way for image reconstruction of practical gamma-ray emitting sources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009RaPC...78..843G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009RaPC...78..843G"><span>Status of the Monte Carlo library least-squares (MCLLS) approach for non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> radiation analyzer problems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gardner, Robin P.; Xu, Libai</p> <p>2009-10-01</p> <p>The Center for Engineering Applications of Radioisotopes (CEAR) has been working for over a decade on the Monte Carlo library least-squares (MCLLS) approach for treating non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> radiation analyzer problems including: (1) prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) for bulk analysis, (2) energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analyzers, and (3) carbon/oxygen tool analysis in oil well logging. This approach essentially consists of using Monte Carlo simulation to generate the libraries of all the elements to be analyzed plus any other required background libraries. These libraries are then used in the <span class="hlt">linear</span> library least-squares (LLS) approach with unknown sample spectra to analyze for all elements in the sample. Iterations of this are used until the LLS values agree with the composition used to generate the libraries. The current status of the methods (and topics) necessary to implement the MCLLS approach is reported. This includes: (1) the Monte Carlo codes such as CEARXRF, CEARCPG, and CEARCO for forward generation of the necessary elemental library spectra for the LLS calculation for X-ray fluorescence, neutron capture prompt gamma-ray analyzers, and carbon/oxygen tools; (2) the correction of spectral pulse pile-up (PPU) distortion by Monte Carlo simulation with the code CEARIPPU; (3) generation of <span class="hlt">detector</span> response functions (DRF) for <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with <span class="hlt">linear</span> and non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> responses for Monte Carlo simulation of pulse-height spectra; and (4) the use of the differential operator (DO) technique to make the necessary iterations for non-<span class="hlt">linear</span> responses practical. In addition to commonly analyzed single spectra, coincidence spectra or even two-dimensional (2-D) coincidence spectra can also be used in the MCLLS approach and may provide more accurate results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4863836','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4863836"><span>Photocurrent Measurement of PC and PV HgCdTe <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Eppeldauer, George P.; Martin, Robert J.</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Novel preamplifiers for working standard photoconductive (PC) and photovoltaic (PV) HgCdTe <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have been developed to maintain the spectral responsivity scale of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the wavelength range of 5 μm to 20 μm. The <span class="hlt">linear</span> PC mode preamplifier does not need any compensating source to zero the effect of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> bias current for the preamplifier output. The impedance multiplication concept with a positive feedback buffer amplifier was analyzed and utilized in a bootstrap PV transimpedance amplifier to measure photocurrent of a 200 Ω shunt resistance photodiode with a maximum signal gain of 108 V/A. In spite of the high performance lock-in used as a second-stage signal-amplifier, the signal-to-noise ratio had to be optimized for the output of the photocurrent preamplifiers. Noise and drift were equalized for the output of the PV mode preamplifier. The signal gain errors were calculated to determine the signal frequency range where photocurrent-to-voltage conversion can be performed with very low uncertainties. For the design of both PC and PV <span class="hlt">detector</span> preamplifiers, the most important gain equations are described. Measurement results on signal ranges and noise performance are discussed. PMID:27500036</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27500036','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27500036"><span>Photocurrent Measurement of PC and PV HgCdTe <span class="hlt">Detectors</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Eppeldauer, G P; Martin, R J</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Novel preamplifiers for working standard photoconductive (PC) and photovoltaic (PV) HgCdTe <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have been developed to maintain the spectral responsivity scale of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the wavelength range of 5 μm to 20 μm. The <span class="hlt">linear</span> PC mode preamplifier does not need any compensating source to zero the effect of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> bias current for the preamplifier output. The impedance multiplication concept with a positive feedback buffer amplifier was analyzed and utilized in a bootstrap PV transimpedance amplifier to measure photocurrent of a 200 Ω shunt resistance photodiode with a maximum signal gain of 10(8) V/A. In spite of the high performance lock-in used as a second-stage signal-amplifier, the signal-to-noise ratio had to be optimized for the output of the photocurrent preamplifiers. Noise and drift were equalized for the output of the PV mode preamplifier. The signal gain errors were calculated to determine the signal frequency range where photocurrent-to-voltage conversion can be performed with very low uncertainties. For the design of both PC and PV <span class="hlt">detector</span> preamplifiers, the most important gain equations are described. Measurement results on signal ranges and noise performance are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1418008-characterisation-high-dynamic-range-large-pixel-detector-lpd-its-use-ray-free-electron-laser-sources','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1418008-characterisation-high-dynamic-range-large-pixel-detector-lpd-its-use-ray-free-electron-laser-sources"><span>Characterisation of the high dynamic range Large Pixel <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (LPD) and its use at X-ray free electron laser sources</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Veale, M. C.; Adkin, P.; Booker, P.; ...</p> <p>2017-12-04</p> <p>The STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory have delivered the Large Pixel <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (LPD) for MHz frame rate imaging at the European XFEL. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> system has an active area of 0.5 m × 0.5 m and consists of a million pixels on a 500 μm pitch. Sensors have been produced from 500 μm thick Hammamatsu silicon tiles that have been bump bonded to the readout ASIC using a silver epoxy and gold stud technique. Each pixel of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> system is capable of measuring 10 5 12 keV photons per image readout at 4.5 MHz. In this paper results from themore » testing of these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> at the Diamond Light Source and the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) are presented. As a result, the performance of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> in terms of <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, spatial uniformity and the performance of the different ASIC gain stages is characterised.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1418008-characterisation-high-dynamic-range-large-pixel-detector-lpd-its-use-ray-free-electron-laser-sources','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1418008-characterisation-high-dynamic-range-large-pixel-detector-lpd-its-use-ray-free-electron-laser-sources"><span>Characterisation of the high dynamic range Large Pixel <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (LPD) and its use at X-ray free electron laser sources</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Veale, M. C.; Adkin, P.; Booker, P.</p> <p></p> <p>The STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory have delivered the Large Pixel <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (LPD) for MHz frame rate imaging at the European XFEL. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> system has an active area of 0.5 m × 0.5 m and consists of a million pixels on a 500 μm pitch. Sensors have been produced from 500 μm thick Hammamatsu silicon tiles that have been bump bonded to the readout ASIC using a silver epoxy and gold stud technique. Each pixel of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> system is capable of measuring 10 5 12 keV photons per image readout at 4.5 MHz. In this paper results from themore » testing of these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> at the Diamond Light Source and the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) are presented. As a result, the performance of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> in terms of <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, spatial uniformity and the performance of the different ASIC gain stages is characterised.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NatPh...5...27L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NatPh...5...27L"><span>Tomography of quantum <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lundeen, J. S.; Feito, A.; Coldenstrodt-Ronge, H.; Pregnell, K. L.; Silberhorn, Ch.; Ralph, T. C.; Eisert, J.; Plenio, M. B.; Walmsley, I. A.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Measurement connects the world of quantum phenomena to the world of classical events. It has both a passive role-in observing quantum systems-and an active one, in preparing quantum states and controlling them. In view of the central status of measurement in quantum mechanics, it is surprising that there is no general recipe for designing a <span class="hlt">detector</span> that measures a given observable. Compounding this, the characterization of existing <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is typically based on partial calibrations or elaborate models. Thus, experimental specification (that is, tomography) of a <span class="hlt">detector</span> is of fundamental and practical importance. Here, we present the realization of quantum <span class="hlt">detector</span> tomography. We identify the positive-operator-valued measure describing the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, with no ancillary assumptions. This result completes the triad, state, process and <span class="hlt">detector</span> tomography, required to fully specify an experiment. We characterize an avalanche photodiode and a photon-number-resolving <span class="hlt">detector</span> capable of detecting up to eight photons. This creates a new set of tools for accurately detecting and preparing non-classical light.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013omib.book...57G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013omib.book...57G"><span>Diffuse Optical Tomography for Brain Imaging: Continuous Wave Instrumentation and <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Analysis Methods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Giacometti, Paolo; Diamond, Solomon G.</p> <p></p> <p>Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a functional brain imaging technique that measures cerebral blood oxygenation and blood volume changes. This technique is particularly useful in human neuroimaging measurements because of the coupling between neural and hemodynamic activity in the brain. DOT is a multichannel imaging extension of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). NIRS uses laser sources and light <span class="hlt">detectors</span> on the scalp to obtain noninvasive hemodynamic measurements from spectroscopic analysis of the remitted light. This review explains how NIRS data analysis is performed using a combination of the modified Beer-Lambert law (MBLL) and the diffusion approximation to the radiative transport equation (RTE). Laser diodes, photodiode <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, and optical terminals that contact the scalp are the main components in most NIRS systems. Placing multiple sources and <span class="hlt">detectors</span> over the surface of the scalp allows for tomographic reconstructions that extend the individual measurements of NIRS into DOT. Mathematically arranging the DOT measurements into a <span class="hlt">linear</span> system of equations that can be inverted provides a way to obtain tomographic reconstructions of hemodynamics in the brain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvL.119e0801M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvL.119e0801M"><span>Towards the Fundamental Quantum Limit of <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Measurements of Classical Signals</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Miao, Haixing; Adhikari, Rana X.; Ma, Yiqiu; Pang, Belinda; Chen, Yanbei</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The quantum Cramér-Rao bound (QCRB) sets a fundamental limit for the measurement of classical signals with <span class="hlt">detectors</span> operating in the quantum regime. Using <span class="hlt">linear</span>-response theory and the Heisenberg uncertainty relation, we derive a general condition for achieving such a fundamental limit. When applied to classical displacement measurements with a test mass, this condition leads to an explicit connection between the QCRB and the standard quantum limit that arises from a tradeoff between the measurement imprecision and quantum backaction; the QCRB can be viewed as an outcome of a quantum nondemolition measurement with the backaction evaded. Additionally, we show that the test mass is more a resource for improving measurement sensitivity than a victim of the quantum backaction, which suggests a new approach to enhancing the sensitivity of a broad class of sensors. We illustrate these points with laser interferometric gravitational-wave <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27452789','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27452789"><span>Topological <span class="hlt">detector</span>: measuring continuous dosimetric quantities with few-element <span class="hlt">detector</span> array.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Han, Zhaohui; Brivio, Davide; Sajo, Erno; Zygmanski, Piotr</p> <p>2016-08-21</p> <p>A prototype topological <span class="hlt">detector</span> was fabricated and investigated for quality assurance of radiation producing medical devices. Unlike a typical array or flat panel <span class="hlt">detector</span>, a topological <span class="hlt">detector</span>, while capable of achieving a very high spatial resolution, consists of only a few elements and therefore is much simpler in construction and more cost effective. The key feature allowing this advancement is a geometry-driven design that is customized for a specific dosimetric application. In the current work, a topological <span class="hlt">detector</span> of two elements was examined for the positioning verification of the radiation collimating devices (jaws, MLCs, and blades etc). The <span class="hlt">detector</span> was diagonally segmented from a rectangular thin film strip (2.5 cm  ×  15 cm), giving two contiguous but independent <span class="hlt">detector</span> elements. The segmented area was the central portion of the strip measuring 5 cm in length. Under irradiation, signals from each <span class="hlt">detector</span> element were separately digitized using a commercial multichannel data acquisition system. The center and size of an x-ray field, which were uniquely determined by the collimator positions, were shown mathematically to relate to the difference and sum of the two signals. As a proof of concept, experiments were carried out using slit x-ray fields ranging from 2 mm to 20 mm in size. It was demonstrated that, the collimator positions can be accurately measured with sub-millimeter precisions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JKPS...70..567L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JKPS...70..567L"><span><span class="hlt">Detector</span> motion method to increase spatial resolution in photon-counting <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, Daehee; Park, Kyeongjin; Lim, Kyung Taek; Cho, Gyuseong</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Medical imaging requires high spatial resolution of an image to identify fine lesions. Photon-counting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in medical imaging have recently been rapidly replacing energy-integrating <span class="hlt">detectors</span> due to the former`s high spatial resolution, high efficiency and low noise. Spatial resolution in a photon counting image is determined by the pixel size. Therefore, the smaller the pixel size, the higher the spatial resolution that can be obtained in an image. However, <span class="hlt">detector</span> redesigning is required to reduce pixel size, and an expensive fine process is required to integrate a signal processing unit with reduced pixel size. Furthermore, as the pixel size decreases, charge sharing severely deteriorates spatial resolution. To increase spatial resolution, we propose a <span class="hlt">detector</span> motion method using a large pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span> that is less affected by charge sharing. To verify the proposed method, we utilized a UNO-XRI photon-counting <span class="hlt">detector</span> (1-mm CdTe, Timepix chip) at the maximum X-ray tube voltage of 80 kVp. A similar spatial resolution of a 55- μm-pixel image was achieved by application of the proposed method to a 110- μm-pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span> with a higher signal-to-noise ratio. The proposed method could be a way to increase spatial resolution without a pixel redesign when pixels severely suffer from charge sharing as pixel size is reduced.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NIMPA.860...62E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NIMPA.860...62E"><span>Conception and characterization of a virtual coplanar grid for a 11×11 pixelated CZT <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Espagnet, Romain; Frezza, Andrea; Martin, Jean-Pierre; Hamel, Louis-André; Després, Philippe</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Due to the low mobility of holes in CZT, commercially available <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with a relatively large volume typically use a pixelated anode structure. They are mostly used in imaging applications and often require a dense electronic readout scheme. These large volume <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are also interesting for high-sensitivity applications and a CZT-based blood gamma counter was developed from a 20×20×15 mm3 crystal available commercially and having a 11×11 pixelated readout scheme. A method is proposed here to reduce the number of channels required to use the crystal in a high-sensitivity counting application, dedicated to pharmacokinetic modelling in PET and SPECT. Inspired by a classic coplanar anode, an implementation of a virtual coplanar grid was done by connecting the 121 pixels of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> to form intercalated bands. The layout, the front-end electronics and the characterization of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> in this 2-channel anode geometry is presented. The coefficients required to compensate for electron trapping in CZT were determined experimentally to improve the performance. The resulting virtual coplanar <span class="hlt">detector</span> has an intrinsic efficiency of 34% and an energy resolution of 8% at 662 keV. The <span class="hlt">detector</span>'s response was <span class="hlt">linear</span> between 80 keV and 1372 keV. This suggests that large CZT crystals offer an excellent alternative to scintillation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for some applications, especially those where high-sensitivity and compactness are required.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24011509','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24011509"><span>Benchmarking of candidate <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for multiresidue analysis of pesticides by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Engel, Erwan; Ratel, Jérémy; Blinet, Patrick; Chin, Sung-Tong; Rose, Gavin; Marriott, Philip J</p> <p>2013-10-11</p> <p>The present study discusses the relevance, performance and complementarities of flame photometric <span class="hlt">detector</span> in phosphorus (FPD/P) and sulfur (FPD/S) modes, micro electron capture <span class="hlt">detector</span> (μECD), nitrogen phosphorus <span class="hlt">detector</span> (NPD), flame ionization <span class="hlt">detector</span> (FID) and time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF/MS) for the comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) analysis of pesticides. A mix of 41 pesticides including organophosphorus pesticides, synthetic pyrethroids and fungicides was investigated in order to benchmark GC×GC systems in terms of <span class="hlt">linearity</span> (R(2)), limits of detection (LOD), and peak shape measures (widths and asymmetries). A mixture of pesticides which contained the heteroatoms phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen and one or several halogens, was used to acquire a comparative data set to monitor relative <span class="hlt">detector</span> performances. GC×GC datasets were systematically compared to their GC counterpart acquired with an optimized one-dimensional GC configuration. Compared with FID, considered the most appropriate <span class="hlt">detector</span> in terms of suitability for GC×GC, the element-selective <span class="hlt">detector</span> FPD/P and μECD best met the peak widths (0.13-0.27s for FPD/P; 0.22-0.26s for μECD) and tailing factors (0.99-1.66 for FPD/P; 1.32-1.52 for μECD); NPD exhibited similar peak widths (0.23-0.30s), but exceeded those of the above <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for tailing factors (1.97-2.13). These three <span class="hlt">detectors</span> had improved detection limits of 3-7 times and 4-20 times lower LODs in GC×GC mode compared with FID and TOF-MS, respectively. In contrast FPD/S had poor peak shape (tailing factor 3.36-5.12) and much lower sensitivity (10-20 fold lower compared to FPD/P). In general, element-selective <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with favorable detection metrics can be considered viable alternatives for pesticide determination using GC×GC in complex matrices. The controversial issue of sensitivity enhancement in GC×GC was considered for optimized GC and GC×GC operation. For all <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, we found no</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1260240','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1260240"><span>Spiral biasing adaptor for use in Si drift <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and Si drift <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Li, Zheng; Chen, Wei</p> <p>2016-07-05</p> <p>A drift <span class="hlt">detector</span> array, preferably a silicon drift <span class="hlt">detector</span> (SDD) array, that uses a low current biasing adaptor is disclosed. The biasing adaptor is customizable for any desired geometry of the drift <span class="hlt">detector</span> single cell with minimum drift time of carriers. The biasing adaptor has spiral shaped ion-implants that generate the desired voltage profile. The biasing adaptor can be processed on the same wafer as the drift <span class="hlt">detector</span> array and only one biasing adaptor chip/side is needed for one drift <span class="hlt">detector</span> array to generate the voltage profiles on the front side and back side of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> array.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPJWC.11925008D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPJWC.11925008D"><span>Performances of a HGCDTE APD Based <span class="hlt">Detector</span> with Electric Cooling for 2-μm DIAL/IPDA Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dumas, A.; Rothman, J.; Gibert, F.; Lasfargues, G.; Zanatta, J.-P.; Edouart, D.</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>In this work we report on design and testing of an HgCdTe Avalanche Photodiode (APD) <span class="hlt">detector</span> assembly for lidar applications in the Short Wavelength Infrared Region (SWIR : 1,5 - 2 μm). This <span class="hlt">detector</span> consists in a set of diodes set in parallel -making a 200 μm large sensitive area- and connected to a custom high gain TransImpedance Amplifier (TIA). A commercial four stages Peltier cooler is used to reach an operating temperature of 185K. Crucial performances for lidar use are investigated : <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, dynamic range, spatial homogeneity, noise and resistance to intense illumination.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29790261','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29790261"><span>"Characterization of ELEKTA SRS cone collimator using high spatial resolution monolithic silicon <span class="hlt">detector</span> array".</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shukaili, Khalsa Al; Corde, Stéphanie; Petasecca, Marco; Pereveratylo, Vladimir; Lerch, Michael; Jackson, Michael; Rosenfeld, Anatoly</p> <p>2018-05-22</p> <p>To investigate the accuracy of the dosimetry of radiation fields produced by small ELEKTA cone collimators used for stereotactic radiosurgery treatments (SRS) using commercially available <span class="hlt">detectors</span> EBT3 Gafchromic TM film, IBA Stereotactic diode (SFD), and the recently developed <span class="hlt">detector</span> DUO, which is a monolithic silicon orthogonal <span class="hlt">linear</span> diode array <span class="hlt">detector</span>. These three <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were used for the measurement of beam profiles, output factors, and percentage depth dose for SRS cone collimators with cone sizes ranging from 5 to 50 mm diameter. The measurements were performed at 10 cm depth and 90 cm SSD. The SRS cone beam profiles measured with DUO, EBT3 film, and IBA SFD agreed well, results being in agreement within ±0.5 mm in the FWHM, and ±0.7 mm in the penumbra region. The output factor measured by DUO with 0.5 mm air gap above agrees within ±1% with EBT3. The OF measured by IBA SFD (corrected for the over-response) agreed with both EBT3 and DUO within ±2%. All three <span class="hlt">detectors</span> agree within ±2% for PDD measurements for all SRS cones. The characteristics of the ELEKTA SRS cone collimator have been evaluated by using a monolithic silicon high spatial resolution <span class="hlt">detector</span> DUO, EBT3, and IBA SFD diode. The DUO <span class="hlt">detector</span> is suitable for fast real-time quality assurance dosimetry in small radiation fields typical for SRS/SRT. This has been demonstrated by its good agreement of measured doses with EBT 3 films. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Physicists in Medicine.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.3227H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.3227H"><span>Determination of nuclear tracks parameters on sequentially etched PADC <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Horwacik, Tomasz; Bilski, Pawel; Koerner, Christine; Facius, Rainer; Berger, Thomas; Nowak, Tomasz; Reitz, Guenther; Olko, Pawel</p> <p></p> <p>Polyallyl Diglycol Carbonate (PADC) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> find many applications in radiation protection. One of them is the cosmic radiation dosimetry, where PADC <span class="hlt">detectors</span> measure the <span class="hlt">linear</span> energy transfer (LET) spectra of charged particles (from protons to heavy ions), supplementing TLD <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in the role of passive dosemeter. Calibration exposures to ions of known LET are required to establish a relation between parameters of track observed on the <span class="hlt">detector</span> and LET of particle creating this track. PADC TASTRAK nuclear track <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were exposed to 12 C and 56 Fe ions of LET in H2 O between 10 and 544 keV/µm. The exposures took place at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator (HIMAC) in Chiba, Japan in the frame of the HIMAC research project "Space Radiation Dosimetry-Ground Based Verification of the MATROSHKA Facility" (20P-240). <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> were etched in water solution of NaOH with three different temperatures and for various etching times to observe the appearance of etched tracks, the evolution of their parameters and the stability of the etching process. The applied etching times (and the solution's concentrations and temperatures) were: 48, 72, 96, 120 hours (6.25 N NaOH, 50 O C), 20, 40, 60, 80 hours (6.25 N NaOH, 60 O C) and 8, 12, 16, 20 hours (7N NaOH, 70 O C). The analysis of the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> involved planimetric (2D) measurements of tracks' entrance ellipses and mechanical measurements of bulk layer thickness. Further track parameters, like angle of incidence, track length and etch rate ratio were then calculated. For certain tracks, results of planimetric measurements and calculations were also compared with results of optical track profile (3D) measurements, where not only the track's entrance ellipse but also the location of the track's tip could be directly measured. All these measurements have been performed with the 2D/3D measurement system at DLR. The collected data allow to create sets of V(LET in H2 O) calibration curves suitable for short, intermediate and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=metal+AND+detector&pg=2&id=EJ444345','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=metal+AND+detector&pg=2&id=EJ444345"><span>Metal <span class="hlt">Detectors</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Harrington-Lueker, Donna</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Schools that count on metal <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to stem the flow of weapons into the schools create a false sense of security. Recommendations include investing in personnel rather than hardware, cultivating the confidence of law-abiding students, and enforcing discipline. Metal <span class="hlt">detectors</span> can be quite effective at afterschool events. (MLF)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPB.414...38C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPB.414...38C"><span>Separation of <span class="hlt">detector</span> non-<span class="hlt">linearity</span> issues and multiple ionization satellites in alpha-particle PIXE</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Campbell, John L.; Ganly, Brianna; Heirwegh, Christopher M.; Maxwell, John A.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Multiple ionization satellites are prominent features in X-ray spectra induced by MeV energy alpha particles. It follows that the accuracy of PIXE analysis using alpha particles can be improved if these features are explicitly incorporated in the peak model description when fitting the spectra with GUPIX or other codes for least-squares fitting PIXE spectra and extracting element concentrations. A method for this incorporation is described and is tested using spectra recorded on Mars by the Curiosity rover's alpha particle X-ray spectrometer. These spectra are induced by both PIXE and X-ray fluorescence, resulting in a spectral energy range from ∼1 to ∼25 keV. This range is valuable in determining the energy-channel calibration, which departs from <span class="hlt">linearity</span> at low X-ray energies. It makes it possible to separate the effects of the satellites from an instrumental non-<span class="hlt">linearity</span> component. The quality of least-squares spectrum fits is significantly improved, raising the level of confidence in analytical results from alpha-induced PIXE.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NIMPA.705...85M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NIMPA.705...85M"><span>Studying the properties and response of a large volume (946 cm3) LaBr3:Ce <span class="hlt">detector</span> with γ-rays up to 22.5 MeV</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mazumdar, I.; Gothe, D. A.; Anil Kumar, G.; Yadav, N.; Chavan, P. B.; Patel, S. M.</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>This paper presents the results of our measurements and detailed simulations using GEANT4 to investigate the performance of a large volume (946 cm3) cylindrical (3.5 in.diameter×6 in.length) LaBr3:Ce <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The properties of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> have been studied using γ-rays from radioactive sources and in-beam reaction, from few hundred keV to 22.5 MeV. The salient features, which have been studied in-depth, are the uniformity and internal activity of the crystal, the energy and timing resolutions, <span class="hlt">linearity</span> of the response up to 22.5 MeV, and efficiencies. A highly <span class="hlt">linear</span> response has been observed by extracting the energy signal from a lower dynode and operating the PMT at a low voltage. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is to be primarily used for measuring high energy γ-rays spectra from Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR) decay studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12P1005K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12P1005K"><span>Aging of imaging properties of a CMOS flat-panel <span class="hlt">detector</span> for dental cone-beam computed tomography</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, D. W.; Han, J. C.; Yun, S.; Kim, H. K.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>We have experimentally investigated the long-term stability of imaging properties of a flat-panel <span class="hlt">detector</span> in conditions used for dental x-ray imaging. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> consists of a CsI:Tl layer and CMOS photodiode pixel arrays. Aging simulations were carried out using an 80-kVp x-ray beam at an air-kerma rate of approximately 5 mGy s-1 at the entrance surface of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> with a total air kerma of up to 0.6 kGy. Dark and flood-field images were periodically obtained during irradiation, and the mean signal and noise levels were evaluated for each image. We also evaluated the modulation-transfer function (MTF), noise-power spectrum (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE). The aging simulation showed a decrease in both the signal and noise of the gain-offset-corrected images, but there was negligible change in the signal-to-noise performance as a function of the accumulated dose. The gain-offset correction for analyzing images resulted in negligible changes in MTF, NPS, and DQE results over the total dose. Continuous x-ray exposure to a <span class="hlt">detector</span> can cause degradation in the physical performance factors such the <span class="hlt">detector</span> sensitivity, but <span class="hlt">linear</span> analysis of the gain-offset-corrected images can assure integrity of the imaging properties of a <span class="hlt">detector</span> during its lifetime.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/896725','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/896725"><span>Proceedings of the 2005 International <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider Workshop (LCWS05)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hewett, JoAnne,; /SLAC</p> <p>2006-12-18</p> <p> was held at Stanford University from 18 March through 22 March, 2005. This workshop was hosted by the Stanford <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Accelerator Center and sponsored by the World Wide Study for future e+e- <span class="hlt">linear</span> colliders. It was the eighth in a series of International Workshops (the first was held in Saariselka, Finland in 1991) devoted to the physics and <span class="hlt">detectors</span> associated with high energy e+e- <span class="hlt">linear</span> colliders. 397 physicists from 24 countries participated in the workshop. These proceedings represent the presentations and discussions which took place during the workshop. The contributions are comprised of physics studies, <span class="hlt">detector</span> specifications, and accelerator design for the ILC. These proceedings are organized in two Volumes and include contributions from both the plenary and parallel sessions.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999dpr..book.....K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999dpr..book.....K"><span><span class="hlt">Detectors</span> for Particle Radiation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kleinknecht, Konrad</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>This textbook provides a clear, concise and comprehensive review of the physical principles behind the devices used to detect charged particles and gamma rays, and the construction and performance of these many different types of <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> for high-energy particles and radiation are used in many areas of science, especially particle physics and nuclear physics experiments, nuclear medicine, cosmic ray measurements, space sciences and geological exploration. This second edition includes all the latest developments in <span class="hlt">detector</span> technology, including several new chapters covering micro-strip gas chambers, silicion strip <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and CCDs, scintillating fibers, shower <span class="hlt">detectors</span> using noble liquid gases, and compensating calorimeters for hadronic showers. This well-illustrated textbook contains examples from the many areas in science in which these <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are used. It provides both a coursebook for students in physics, and a useful introduction for researchers in other fields.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10620E..1IY','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10620E..1IY"><span><span class="hlt">Linear</span> dependence between the wavefront gradient and the masked intensity for the point source with a CCD sensor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Huizhen; Ma, Liang; Wang, Bin</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>In contrast to the conventional adaptive optics (AO) system, the wavefront sensorless (WFSless) AO system doesn't need a WFS to measure the wavefront aberrations. It is simpler than the conventional AO in system architecture and can be applied to the complex conditions. The model-based WFSless system has a great potential in real-time correction applications because of its fast convergence. The control algorithm of the model-based WFSless system is based on an important theory result that is the <span class="hlt">linear</span> relation between the Mean-Square Gradient (MSG) magnitude of the wavefront aberration and the second moment of the masked intensity distribution in the focal plane (also called as Masked <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Signal-MDS). The <span class="hlt">linear</span> dependence between MSG and MDS for the point source imaging with a CCD sensor will be discussed from theory and simulation in this paper. The theory relationship between MSG and MDS is given based on our previous work. To verify the <span class="hlt">linear</span> relation for the point source, we set up an imaging model under atmospheric turbulence. Additionally, the value of MDS will be deviate from that of theory because of the noise of <span class="hlt">detector</span> and further the deviation will affect the correction effect. The theory results under noise will be obtained through theoretical derivation and then the <span class="hlt">linear</span> relation between MDS and MDS under noise will be discussed through the imaging model. Results show the <span class="hlt">linear</span> relation between MDS and MDS under noise is also maintained well, which provides a theoretical support to applications of the model-based WFSless system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22102110-assessment-three-dead-detector-correction-methods-cone-beam-computed-tomography','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22102110-assessment-three-dead-detector-correction-methods-cone-beam-computed-tomography"><span>Assessment of three dead <span class="hlt">detector</span> correction methods for cone-beam computed tomography</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Nelms, David W.; Shukla, Hemant I.; Nixon, Earl</p> <p></p> <p>Purpose: Dead <span class="hlt">detectors</span> due to manufacturing defects or radiation damage in the electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) used for cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) can lead to image degradation and ring artifacts. In this work three dead <span class="hlt">detector</span> correction methods were assessed using megavoltage CBCT (MVCBCT) as a test system, with the goals of assessing the relative effectiveness of the three methods and establishing the conditions for which they fail. Methods: MVCBCT projections acquired with four linacs at 8 and 60 MU (monitor units) were degraded with varying percentages (2%-95%) of randomly distributed dead single <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (RDSs), randomly distributed dead detectormore » clusters (RDCs) of 2 mm diameter, and nonrandomly distributed dead <span class="hlt">detector</span> disks (NRDDs) of varying diameter (4-16 mm). Correction algorithms were bidirectional <span class="hlt">linear</span> interpolation (BLI), quad-directional <span class="hlt">linear</span> interpolation (QLI), and a Laplacian solution (LS) method. Correction method failure was defined to occur if ring artifacts were present in the reconstructed phantom images from any linac or if the modulation transfer function (MTF) for any linac dropped below baseline with a p value, calculated with the two sample t test, of less than 0.01. Results: All correction methods failed at the same or lower RDC/RDS percentages and NRDD diameters for the 60 MU as for the 8 MU cases. The LS method tended to outperform or match the BLI and QLI methods. If ring artifacts anywhere in the images were considered unacceptable, the LS method failed for 60 MU at >33% RDS, >2% RDC, and >4 mm NRDD. If ring artifacts within 4 mm longitudinally of the phantom section interfaces were considered acceptable, the LS method failed for 60 MU at >90% RDS, >80% RDC, and >4 mm NRDD. LS failed due to MTF drop for 60 MU at >50% RDS, >25% RDC, and >4 mm NRDD. Conclusions: The LS method is superior to the BLI and QLI methods, and correction algorithm effectiveness decreases as imaging dose increases. All</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18923198','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18923198"><span>18F-FDG positron autoradiography with a particle counting silicon pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Russo, P; Lauria, A; Mettivier, G; Montesi, M C; Marotta, M; Aloj, L; Lastoria, S</p> <p>2008-11-07</p> <p>We report on tests of a room-temperature particle counting silicon pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span> of the Medipix2 series as the <span class="hlt">detector</span> unit of a positron autoradiography (AR) system, for samples labelled with (18)F-FDG radiopharmaceutical used in PET studies. The silicon <span class="hlt">detector</span> (1.98 cm(2) sensitive area, 300 microm thick) has high intrinsic resolution (55 microm pitch) and works by counting all hits in a pixel above a certain energy threshold. The present work extends the <span class="hlt">detector</span> characterization with (18)F-FDG of a previous paper. We analysed the system's <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, dynamic range, sensitivity, background count rate, noise, and its imaging performance on biological samples. Tests have been performed in the laboratory with (18)F-FDG drops (37-37 000 Bq initial activity) and ex vivo in a rat injected with 88.8 MBq of (18)F-FDG. Particles interacting in the <span class="hlt">detector</span> volume produced a hit in a cluster of pixels whose mean size was 4.3 pixels/event at 11 keV threshold and 2.2 pixels/event at 37 keV threshold. Results show a sensitivity for beta(+) of 0.377 cps Bq(-1), a dynamic range of at least five orders of magnitude and a lower detection limit of 0.0015 Bq mm(-2). Real-time (18)F-FDG positron AR images have been obtained in 500-1000 s exposure time of thin (10-20 microm) slices of a rat brain and compared with 20 h film autoradiography of adjacent slices. The analysis of the image contrast and signal-to-noise ratio in a rat brain slice indicated that Poisson noise-limited imaging can be approached in short (e.g. 100 s) exposures, with approximately 100 Bq slice activity, and that the silicon pixel <span class="hlt">detector</span> produced a higher image quality than film-based AR.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5370342','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5370342"><span>Measurement of Total Scatter Factor for Stereotactic Cones with Plastic Scintillation <span class="hlt">Detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chaudhari, Suresh H; Dobhal, Rishabh; Kinhikar, Rajesh A.; Kadam, Sudarshan S.; Deshpande, Deepak D.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Advanced radiotherapy modalities such as stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and image-guided radiotherapy may employ very small beam apertures for accurate localized high dose to target. Accurate measurement of small radiation fields is a well-known challenge for many dosimeters. The purpose of this study was to measure total scatter factors for stereotactic cones with plastic scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span> and its comparison against diode <span class="hlt">detector</span> and theoretical estimates. Measurements were performed on Novalis Tx™ <span class="hlt">linear</span> accelerator for 6MV SRS beam with stereotactic cones of diameter 6 mm, 7.5 mm, 10 mm, 12.5 mm, and 15 mm. The advantage of plastic scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> is in its energy dependence. The total scatter factor was measured in water at the depth of dose maximum. Total scatter factor with plastic scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span> was determined by normalizing the readings to field size of 10 cm × 10 cm. To overcome energy dependence of diode <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the determination of scatter factor with diode <span class="hlt">detector</span>, daisy chaining method was used. The plastic scintillator <span class="hlt">detector</span> was calibrated against the ionization chamber, and the reproducibility in the measured doses was found to be within ± 1%. Total scatter factor measured with plastic scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span> was 0.728 ± 0.3, 0.783 ± 0.05, 0.866 ± 0.55, 0.885 ± 0.5, and 0.910 ± 0.06 for cone sizes of 6 mm, 7.5 mm, 10 mm, 12.5 mm, and 15 mm, respectively. Total scatter factor measured with diode <span class="hlt">detector</span> was 0.733 ± 0.03, 0.782 ± 0.02, 0.834 ± 0.07, 0.854 ± 0.02, and 0.872 ± 0.02 for cone sizes of 6 mm, 7.5 mm, 10 mm, 12.5 mm, and 15 mm, respectively. The variation in the measurement of total scatter factor with published Monte Carlo data was found to be −1.3%, 1.9%, −0.4%, and 0.4% for cone sizes of 7.5 mm, 10 mm, 12.5 mm, and 15 mm, respectively. We conclude that total scatter factor measurements for stereotactic cones can be adequately carried out with a plastic scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Our results show</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1035023','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1035023"><span>CLIC CDR - physics and <span class="hlt">detectors</span>: CLIC conceptual design report.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Berger, E.; Demarteau, M.; Repond, J.</p> <p></p> <p>This report forms part of the Conceptual Design Report (CDR) of the Compact <span class="hlt">LInear</span> Collider (CLIC). The CLIC accelerator complex is described in a separate CDR volume. A third document, to appear later, will assess strategic scenarios for building and operating CLIC in successive center-of-mass energy stages. It is anticipated that CLIC will commence with operation at a few hundred GeV, giving access to precision standard-model physics like Higgs and top-quark physics. Then, depending on the physics landscape, CLIC operation would be staged in a few steps ultimately reaching the maximum 3 TeV center-of-mass energy. Such a scenario would maximizemore » the physics potential of CLIC providing new physics discovery potential over a wide range of energies and the ability to make precision measurements of possible new states previously discovered at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The main purpose of this document is to address the physics potential of a future multi-TeV e{sup +}e{sup -} collider based on CLIC technology and to describe the essential features of a <span class="hlt">detector</span> that are required to deliver the full physics potential of this machine. The experimental conditions at CLIC are significantly more challenging than those at previous electron-positron colliders due to the much higher levels of beam-induced backgrounds and the 0.5 ns bunch-spacing. Consequently, a large part of this report is devoted to understanding the impact of the machine environment on the <span class="hlt">detector</span> with the aim of demonstrating, with the example of realistic <span class="hlt">detector</span> concepts, that high precision physics measurements can be made at CLIC. Since the impact of background increases with energy, this document concentrates on the <span class="hlt">detector</span> requirements and physics measurements at the highest CLIC center-of-mass energy of 3 TeV. One essential output of this report is the clear demonstration that a wide range of high precision physics measurements can be made at CLIC with <span class="hlt">detectors</span> which are</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830016562','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830016562"><span>Calibration of the active radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> for Spacelab-One</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>The flight models of the active radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> (ARD) for the ENV-01 environmental monitor were calibrated using gamma radiation. Measured sensitivities of the ion chambers were 6.1 + or - 0.3 micron rad per count for ARD S/N1, and 10.4 + or - 0.5 micron rad per count for ARD S/N2. Both were <span class="hlt">linear</span> over the measured range 0.10 to 500 m/rad hour. The particle counters (proportional counters) were set to respond to approximately 85% of minimum ionizing particles of unit charge passing through them. These counters were also calibrated in the gamma field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23553907','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23553907"><span>A novel pixellated solid-state photon <span class="hlt">detector</span> for enhancing the Everhart-Thornley <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chuah, Joon Huang; Holburn, David</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>This article presents a pixellated solid-state photon <span class="hlt">detector</span> designed specifically to improve certain aspects of the existing Everhart-Thornley <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The photon <span class="hlt">detector</span> was constructed and fabricated in an Austriamicrosystems 0.35 µm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor process technology. This integrated circuit consists of an array of high-responsivity photodiodes coupled to corresponding low-noise transimpedance amplifiers, a selector-combiner circuit and a variable-gain postamplifier. Simulated and experimental results show that the photon <span class="hlt">detector</span> can achieve a maximum transimpedance gain of 170 dBΩ and minimum bandwidth of 3.6 MHz. It is able to detect signals with optical power as low as 10 nW and produces a minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 24 dB regardless of gain configuration. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> has been proven to be able to effectively select and combine signals from different pixels. The key advantages of this <span class="hlt">detector</span> are smaller dimensions, higher cost effectiveness, lower voltage and power requirements and better integration. The photon <span class="hlt">detector</span> supports pixel-selection configurability which may improve overall SNR and also potentially generate images for different analyses. This work has contributed to the future research of system-level integration of a pixellated solid-state <span class="hlt">detector</span> for secondary electron detection in the scanning electron microscope. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvD..89l2004A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvD..89l2004A"><span>Methods and results of a search for gravitational waves associated with gamma-ray bursts using the GEO 600, LIGO, and Virgo <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Aasi, J.; Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T.; Abernathy, M. R.; Acernese, F.; Ackley, K.; Adams, C.; Adams, T.; Addesso, P.; Adhikari, R. X.; Affeldt, C.; Agathos, M.; Aggarwal, N.; Aguiar, O. D.; Ajith, P.; Alemic, A.; Allen, B.; Allocca, A.; Amariutei, D.; Andersen, M.; Anderson, R. A.; Anderson, S. B.; Anderson, W. G.; Arai, K.; Araya, M. C.; Arceneaux, C.; Areeda, J. S.; Ast, S.; Aston, S. M.; Astone, P.; Aufmuth, P.; Augustus, H.; Aulbert, C.; Aylott, B. E.; Babak, S.; Baker, P. T.; Ballardin, G.; Ballmer, S. W.; Barayoga, J. C.; Barbet, M.; Barish, B. C.; Barker, D.; Barone, F.; Barr, B.; Barsotti, L.; Barsuglia, M.; Barton, M. A.; Bartos, I.; Bassiri, R.; Basti, A.; Batch, J. C.; Bauchrowitz, J.; Bauer, Th. S.; Baune, C.; Bavigadda, V.; Behnke, B.; Bejger, M.; Beker, M. G.; Belczynski, C.; Bell, A. S.; Bell, C.; Bergmann, G.; Bersanetti, D.; Bertolini, A.; Betzwieser, J.; Bilenko, I. A.; Billingsley, G.; Birch, J.; Biscans, S.; Bitossi, M.; Biwer, C.; Bizouard, M. A.; Black, E.; Blackburn, J. K.; Blackburn, L.; Blair, D.; Bloemen, S.; Bock, O.; Bodiya, T. P.; Boer, M.; Bogaert, G.; Bogan, C.; Bond, C.; Bondu, F.; Bonelli, L.; Bonnand, R.; Bork, R.; Born, M.; Boschi, V.; Bose, Sukanta; Bosi, L.; Bradaschia, C.; Brady, P. R.; Braginsky, V. B.; Branchesi, M.; Brau, J. E.; Briant, T.; Bridges, D. O.; Brillet, A.; Brinkmann, M.; Brisson, V.; Brooks, A. F.; Brown, D. A.; Brown, D. D.; Brückner, F.; Buchman, S.; Buikema, A.; Bulik, T.; Bulten, H. J.; Buonanno, A.; Burman, R.; Buskulic, D.; Buy, C.; Cadonati, L.; Cagnoli, G.; Cain, J.; Calderón Bustillo, J.; Calloni, E.; Camp, J. B.; Campsie, P.; Cannon, K. C.; Canuel, B.; Cao, J.; Capano, C. D.; Carbognani, F.; Carbone, L.; Caride, S.; Castaldi, G.; Caudill, S.; Cavaglià, M.; Cavalier, F.; Cavalieri, R.; Celerier, C.; Cella, G.; Cepeda, C.; Cesarini, E.; Chakraborty, R.; Chalermsongsak, T.; Chamberlin, S. J.; Chao, S.; Charlton, P.; Chassande-Mottin, E.; Chen, X.; Chen, Y.; Chincarini, A.; Chiummo, A.; Cho, H. S.; Cho, M.; Chow, J. H.; Christensen, N.; Chu, Q.; Chua, S. S. Y.; Chung, S.; Ciani, G.; Clara, F.; Clark, D. E.; Clark, J. A.; Clayton, J. H.; Cleva, F.; Coccia, E.; Cohadon, P.-F.; Colla, A.; Collette, C.; Colombini, M.; Cominsky, L.; Constancio, M.; Conte, A.; Cook, D.; Corbitt, T. R.; Cornish, N.; Corsi, A.; Costa, C. A.; Coughlin, M. W.; Coulon, J.-P.; Countryman, S.; Couvares, P.; Coward, D. M.; Cowart, M. J.; Coyne, D. C.; Coyne, R.; Craig, K.; Creighton, J. D. E.; Croce, R. P.; Crowder, S. G.; Cumming, A.; Cunningham, L.; Cuoco, E.; Cutler, C.; Dahl, K.; Dal Canton, T.; Damjanic, M.; Danilishin, S. L.; D'Antonio, S.; Danzmann, K.; Dattilo, V.; Daveloza, H.; Davier, M.; Davies, G. S.; Daw, E. J.; Day, R.; Dayanga, T.; DeBra, D.; Debreczeni, G.; Degallaix, J.; Deléglise, S.; Del Pozzo, W.; Del Pozzo, W.; Denker, T.; Dent, T.; Dereli, H.; Dergachev, V.; De Rosa, R.; DeRosa, R. T.; DeSalvo, R.; Dhurandhar, S.; Díaz, M.; Dickson, J.; Di Fiore, L.; Di Lieto, A.; Di Palma, I.; Di Virgilio, A.; Dolique, V.; Dominguez, E.; Donovan, F.; Dooley, K. L.; Doravari, S.; Douglas, R.; Downes, T. P.; Drago, M.; Drever, R. W. P.; Driggers, J. C.; Du, Z.; Ducrot, M.; Dwyer, S.; Eberle, T.; Edo, T.; Edwards, M.; Effler, A.; Eggenstein, H.-B.; Ehrens, P.; Eichholz, J.; Eikenberry, S. S.; Endrőczi, G.; Essick, R.; Etzel, T.; Evans, M.; Evans, T.; Factourovich, M.; Fafone, V.; Fairhurst, S.; Fan, X.; Fang, Q.; Farinon, S.; Farr, B.; Farr, W. M.; Favata, M.; Fazi, D.; Fehrmann, H.; Fejer, M. M.; Feldbaum, D.; Feroz, F.; Ferrante, I.; Ferreira, E. C.; Ferrini, F.; Fidecaro, F.; Finn, L. S.; Fiori, I.; Fisher, R. P.; Flaminio, R.; Fotopoulos, N.; Fournier, J.-D.; Franco, S.; Frasca, S.; Frasconi, F.; Frede, M.; Frei, Z.; Freise, A.; Frey, R.; Fricke, T. T.; Fritschel, P.; Frolov, V. V.; Fulda, P.; Fyffe, M.; Gair, J. R.; Gammaitoni, L.; Gaonkar, S.; Garufi, F.; Gehrels, N.; Gemme, G.; Gendre, B.; Genin, E.; Gennai, A.; Ghosh, S.; Giaime, J. A.; Giardina, K. D.; Giazotto, A.; Gill, C.; Gleason, J.; Goetz, E.; Goetz, R.; Gondan, L.; González, G.; Gordon, N.; Gorodetsky, M. L.; Gossan, S.; Goßler, S.; Gouaty, R.; Gräf, C.; Graff, P. B.; Granata, M.; Grant, A.; Gras, S.; Gray, C.; Greenhalgh, R. J. S.; Gretarsson, A. M.; Groot, P.; Grote, H.; Grover, K.; Grunewald, S.; Guidi, G. M.; Guido, C. J.; Gushwa, K.; Gustafson, E. K.; Gustafson, R.; Ha, J.; Hall, E. D.; Hamilton, W.; Hammer, D.; Hammond, G.; Hanke, M.; Hanks, J.; Hanna, C.; Hannam, M. D.; Hanson, J.; Haris, K.; Harms, J.; Harry, G. M.; Harry, I. W.; Harstad, E. D.; Hart, M.; Hartman, M. T.; Haster, C.-J.; Haughian, K.; Heidmann, A.; Heintze, M.; Heitmann, H.; Hello, P.; Hemming, G.; Hendry, M.; Heng, I. S.; Heptonstall, A. W.; Heurs, M.; Hewitson, M.; Hild, S.; Hoak, D.; Hodge, K. A.; Hofman, D.; Holt, K.; Hopkins, P.; Horrom, T.; Hoske, D.; Hosken, D. J.; Hough, J.; Howell, E. J.; Hu, Y.; Huerta, E.; Hughey, B.; Husa, S.; Huttner, S. H.; Huynh, M.; Huynh-Dinh, T.; Idrisy, A.; Ingram, D. R.; Inta, R.; Islas, G.; Isogai, T.; Ivanov, A.; Iyer, B. R.; Izumi, K.; Jacobson, M.; Jang, H.; Jaranowski, P.; Ji, Y.; Jiménez-Forteza, F.; Johnson, W. W.; Jones, D. I.; Jones, G.; Jones, R.; Jonker, R. J. G.; Ju, L.; Kalmus, P.; Kalogera, V.; Kandhasamy, S.; Kang, G.; Kanner, J. B.; Karlen, J.; Kasprzack, M.; Katsavounidis, E.; Katzman, W.; Kaufer, H.; Kaufer, S.; Kaur, T.; Kawabe, K.; Kawazoe, F.; Kéfélian, F.; Keiser, G. M.; Keitel, D.; Kelley, D. B.; Kells, W.; Keppel, D. G.; Khalaidovski, A.; Khalili, F. Y.; Khazanov, E. A.; Kim, C.; Kim, K.; Kim, N. G.; Kim, N.; Kim, S.; Kim, Y.-M.; King, E. J.; King, P. J.; Kinzel, D. L.; Kissel, J. S.; Klimenko, S.; Kline, J.; Koehlenbeck, S.; Kokeyama, K.; Kondrashov, V.; Koranda, S.; Korth, W. Z.; Kowalska, I.; Kozak, D. B.; Kringel, V.; Krishnan, B.; Królak, A.; Kuehn, G.; Kumar, A.; Kumar, D. Nanda; Kumar, P.; Kumar, R.; Kuo, L.; Kutynia, A.; Lam, P. K.; Landry, M.; Lantz, B.; Larson, S.; Lasky, P. D.; Lazzaro, C.; Leaci, P.; Leavey, S.; Lebigot, E. O.; Lee, C. H.; Lee, H. K.; Lee, H. M.; Lee, J.; Lee, P. J.; Leonardi, M.; Leong, J. R.; Le Roux, A.; Leroy, N.; Letendre, N.; Levin, Y.; Levine, B.; Lewis, J.; Li, T. G. F.; Libbrecht, K.; Libson, A.; Lin, A. C.; Littenberg, T. B.; Lockerbie, N. A.; Lockett, V.; Lodhia, D.; Loew, K.; Logue, J.; Lombardi, A. L.; Lopez, E.; Lorenzini, M.; Loriette, V.; Lormand, M.; Losurdo, G.; Lough, J.; Lubinski, M. J.; Lück, H.; Lundgren, A. P.; Ma, Y.; Macdonald, E. P.; MacDonald, T.; Machenschalk, B.; MacInnis, M.; Macleod, D. M.; Magaña-Sandoval, F.; Magee, R.; Mageswaran, M.; Maglione, C.; Mailand, K.; Majorana, E.; Maksimovic, I.; Malvezzi, V.; Man, N.; Manca, G. M.; Mandel, I.; Mandic, V.; Mangano, V.; Mangini, N. M.; Mansell, G.; Mantovani, M.; Marchesoni, F.; Marion, F.; Márka, S.; Márka, Z.; Markosyan, A.; Maros, E.; Marque, J.; Martelli, F.; Martin, I. W.; Martin, R. M.; Martinelli, L.; Martynov, D.; Marx, J. N.; Mason, K.; Masserot, A.; Massinger, T. J.; Matichard, F.; Matone, L.; Mavalvala, N.; May, G.; Mazumder, N.; Mazzolo, G.; McCarthy, R.; McClelland, D. E.; McGuire, S. C.; McIntyre, G.; McIver, J.; McLin, K.; Meacher, D.; Meadors, G. D.; Mehmet, M.; Meidam, J.; Meinders, M.; Melatos, A.; Mendell, G.; Mercer, R. A.; Meshkov, S.; Messenger, C.; Meyer, A.; Meyer, M. S.; Meyers, P. M.; Mezzani, F.; Miao, H.; Michel, C.; Mikhailov, E. E.; Milano, L.; Miller, J.; Minenkov, Y.; Mingarelli, C. M. F.; Mishra, C.; Mitra, S.; Mitrofanov, V. P.; Mitselmakher, G.; Mittleman, R.; Moe, B.; Moggi, A.; Mohan, M.; Mohapatra, S. R. P.; Moraru, D.; Moreno, G.; Morgado, N.; Morriss, S. R.; Mossavi, K.; Mours, B.; Mow-Lowry, C. M.; Mueller, C. L.; Mueller, G.; Mukherjee, S.; Mullavey, A.; Munch, J.; Murphy, D.; Murray, P. G.; Mytidis, A.; Nagy, M. F.; Nardecchia, I.; Naticchioni, L.; Nayak, R. K.; Necula, V.; Nelemans, G.; Neri, I.; Neri, M.; Newton, G.; Nguyen, T.; Nielsen, A. B.; Nissanke, S.; Nitz, A. H.; Nocera, F.; Nolting, D.; Normandin, M. E. N.; Nuttall, L. K.; Ochsner, E.; O'Dell, J.; Oelker, E.; Oh, J. J.; Oh, S. H.; Ohme, F.; Omar, S.; Oppermann, P.; Oram, R.; O'Reilly, B.; Ortega, W.; O'Shaughnessy, R.; Osthelder, C.; Ottaway, D. J.; Ottens, R. S.; Overmier, H.; Owen, B. J.; Padilla, C.; Pai, A.; Palashov, O.; Palomba, C.; Pan, H.; Pan, Y.; Pankow, C.; Paoletti, F.; Papa, M. A.; Paris, H.; Pasqualetti, A.; Passaquieti, R.; Passuello, D.; Patel, P.; Pedraza, M.; Pele, A.; Penn, S.; Perreca, A.; Phelps, M.; Pichot, M.; Pickenpack, M.; Piergiovanni, F.; Pierro, V.; Pinard, L.; Pinto, I. M.; Pitkin, M.; Poeld, J.; Poggiani, R.; Poteomkin, A.; Powell, J.; Prasad, J.; Predoi, V.; Premachandra, S.; Prestegard, T.; Price, L. R.; Prijatelj, M.; Privitera, S.; Prodi, G. A.; Prokhorov, L.; Puncken, O.; Punturo, M.; Puppo, P.; Pürrer, M.; Qin, J.; Quetschke, V.; Quintero, E.; Quitzow-James, R.; Raab, F. J.; Rabeling, D. S.; Rácz, I.; Radkins, H.; Raffai, P.; Raja, S.; Rajalakshmi, G.; Rakhmanov, M.; Ramet, C.; Ramirez, K.; Rapagnani, P.; Raymond, V.; Razzano, M.; Re, V.; Recchia, S.; Reed, C. M.; Regimbau, T.; Reid, S.; Reitze, D. H.; Reula, O.; Rhoades, E.; Ricci, F.; Riesen, R.; Riles, K.; Robertson, N. A.; Robinet, F.; Rocchi, A.; Roddy, S. B.; Rogstad, S.; Rolland, L.; Rollins, J. G.; Romano, R.; Romanov, G.; Romie, J. H.; Rosińska, D.; Rowan, S.; Rüdiger, A.; Ruggi, P.; Ryan, K.; Salemi, F.; Sammut, L.; Sandberg, V.; Sanders, J. R.; Sankar, S.; Sannibale, V.; Santiago-Prieto, I.; Saracco, E.; Sassolas, B.; Sathyaprakash, B. S.; Saulson, P. R.; Savage, R.; Scheuer, J.; Schilling, R.; Schilman, M.; Schmidt, P.; Schnabel, R.; Schofield, R. M. S.; Schreiber, E.; Schuette, D.; Schutz, B. F.; Scott, J.; Scott, S. M.; Sellers, D.; Sengupta, A. S.; Sentenac, D.; Sequino, V.; Sergeev, A.; Shaddock, D. A.; Shah, S.; Shahriar, M. S.; Shaltev, M.; Shao, Z.; Shapiro, B.; Shawhan, P.; Shoemaker, D. H.; Sidery, T. L.; Siellez, K.; Siemens, X.; Sigg, D.; Simakov, D.; Singer, A.; Singer, L.; Singh, R.; Sintes, A. M.; Slagmolen, B. J. J.; Slutsky, J.; Smith, J. R.; Smith, M. R.; Smith, R. J. E.; Smith-Lefebvre, N. D.; Son, E. J.; Sorazu, B.; Souradeep, T.; Staley, A.; Stebbins, J.; Steinke, M.; Steinlechner, J.; Steinlechner, S.; Stephens, B. C.; Steplewski, S.; Stevenson, S.; Stone, R.; Stops, D.; Strain, K. A.; Straniero, N.; Strigin, S.; Sturani, R.; Stuver, A. L.; Summerscales, T. Z.; Susmithan, S.; Sutton, P. J.; Swinkels, B.; Tacca, M.; Talukder, D.; Tanner, D. B.; Tao, J.; Tarabrin, S. P.; Taylor, R.; Tellez, G.; Thirugnanasambandam, M. P.; Thomas, M.; Thomas, P.; Thorne, K. A.; Thorne, K. S.; Thrane, E.; Tiwari, V.; Tokmakov, K. V.; Tomlinson, C.; Tonelli, M.; Torres, C. V.; Torrie, C. I.; Travasso, F.; Traylor, G.; Trias, M.; Tse, M.; Tshilumba, D.; Tuennermann, H.; Ugolini, D.; Unnikrishnan, C. S.; Urban, A. L.; Usman, S. A.; Vahlbruch, H.; Vajente, G.; Valdes, G.; Vallisneri, M.; van Beuzekom, M.; van den Brand, J. F. J.; Van Den Broeck, C.; van der Sluys, M. V.; van Heijningen, J.; van Veggel, A. A.; Vass, S.; Vasúth, M.; Vaulin, R.; Vecchio, A.; Vedovato, G.; Veitch, J.; Veitch, P. J.; Venkateswara, K.; Verkindt, D.; Vetrano, F.; Viceré, A.; Vincent-Finley, R.; Vinet, J.-Y.; Vitale, S.; Vo, T.; Vocca, H.; Vorvick, C.; Vousden, W. D.; Vyachanin, S. P.; Wade, A. R.; Wade, L.; Wade, M.; Walker, M.; Wallace, L.; Walsh, S.; Wang, M.; Wang, X.; Ward, R. L.; Was, M.; Weaver, B.; Wei, L.-W.; Weinert, M.; Weinstein, A. J.; Weiss, R.; Welborn, T.; Wen, L.; Wessels, P.; West, M.; Westphal, T.; Wette, K.; Whelan, J. T.; White, D. J.; Whiting, B. F.; Wiesner, K.; Wilkinson, C.; Williams, K.; Williams, L.; Williams, R.; Williams, T. D.; Williamson, A. R.; Willis, J. L.; Willke, B.; Wimmer, M.; Winkler, W.; Wipf, C. C.; Wiseman, A. G.; Wittel, H.; Woan, G.; Wolovick, N.; Worden, J.; Wu, Y.; Yablon, J.; Yakushin, I.; Yam, W.; Yamamoto, H.; Yancey, C. C.; Yang, H.; Yoshida, S.; Yvert, M.; ZadroŻny, A.; Zanolin, M.; Zendri, J.-P.; Zhang, Fan; Zhang, L.; Zhao, C.; Zhu, H.; Zhu, X. J.; Zucker, M. E.; Zuraw, S.; Zweizig, J.; LIGO Scientific Collaboration; Virgo Collaboration</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>In this paper we report on a search for short-duration gravitational wave bursts in the frequency range 64 Hz-1792 Hz associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), using data from GEO 600 and one of the LIGO or Virgo <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. We introduce the method of a <span class="hlt">linear</span> search grid to analyze GRB events with large sky localization uncertainties, for example the localizations provided by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM). Coherent searches for gravitational waves (GWs) can be computationally intensive when the GRB sky position is not well localized, due to the corrections required for the difference in arrival time between <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Using a <span class="hlt">linear</span> search grid we are able to reduce the computational cost of the analysis by a factor of O(10) for GBM events. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our analysis pipeline can improve upon the sky localization of GRBs detected by the GBM, if a high-frequency GW signal is observed in coincidence. We use the method of the <span class="hlt">linear</span> grid in a search for GWs associated with 129 GRBs observed satellite-based gamma-ray experiments between 2006 and 2011. The GRBs in our sample had not been previously analyzed for GW counterparts. A fraction of our GRB events are analyzed using data from GEO 600 while the <span class="hlt">detector</span> was using squeezed-light states to improve its sensitivity; this is the first search for GWs using data from a squeezed-light interferometric observatory. We find no evidence for GW signals, either with any individual GRB in this sample or with the population as a whole. For each GRB we place lower bounds on the distance to the progenitor, under an assumption of a fixed GW emission energy of 10-2M⊙c2, with a median exclusion distance of 0.8 Mpc for emission at 500 Hz and 0.3 Mpc at 1 kHz. The reduced computational cost associated with a <span class="hlt">linear</span> search grid will enable rapid searches for GWs associated with Fermi GBM events once the advanced LIGO and Virgo <span class="hlt">detectors</span> begin operation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150014971','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150014971"><span>Methods and Results of a Search for Gravitational Waves Associated with Gamma-Ray Bursts Using the GEO 600, LIGO, and Virgo <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Aasi, J.; Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T.; Abernathy, M. R.; Acernese, F.; Ackley, K.; Adams, C.; Adams, T.; Blackburn, Lindy L.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20150014971'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20150014971_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20150014971_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20150014971_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20150014971_hide"></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>In this paper we report on a search for short-duration gravitational wave bursts in the frequency range 64 Hz-1792 Hz associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), using data from GEO600 and one of the LIGO or Virgo <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. We introduce the method of a <span class="hlt">linear</span> search grid to analyze GRB events with large sky localization uncertainties such as the localizations provided by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM). Coherent searches for gravitational waves (GWs) can be computationally intensive when the GRB sky position is not well-localized, due to the corrections required for the difference in arrival time between <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Using a <span class="hlt">linear</span> search grid we are able to reduce the computational cost of the analysis by a factor of O(10) for GBM events. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our analysis pipeline can improve upon the sky localization of GRBs detected by the GBM, if a high-frequency GW signal is observed in coincidence. We use the <span class="hlt">linear</span> search grid method in a search for GWs associated with 129 GRBs observed satellite-based gamma-ray experiments between 2006 and 2011. The GRBs in our sample had not been previously analyzed for GW counterparts. A fraction of our GRB events are analyzed using data from GEO600 while the <span class="hlt">detector</span> was using squeezed-light states to improve its sensitivity; this is the first search for GWs using data from a squeezed-light interferometric observatory. We find no evidence for GW signals, either with any individual GRB in this sample or with the population as a whole. For each GRB we place lower bounds on the distance to the progenitor, assuming a fixed GW emission energy of 10(exp -2)Stellar Mass sq c, with a median exclusion distance of 0.8 Mpc for emission at 500 Hz and 0.3 Mpc at 1 kHz. The reduced computational cost associated with a <span class="hlt">linear</span> search grid will enable rapid searches for GWs associated with Fermi GBM events in the Advanced <span class="hlt">detector</span> era.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27410627','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27410627"><span>Intrinsic coincident <span class="hlt">linear</span> polarimetry using stacked organic photovoltaics.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Roy, S Gupta; Awartani, O M; Sen, P; O'Connor, B T; Kudenov, M W</p> <p>2016-06-27</p> <p>Polarimetry has widespread applications within atmospheric sensing, telecommunications, biomedical imaging, and target detection. Several existing methods of imaging polarimetry trade off the sensor's spatial resolution for polarimetric resolution, and often have some form of spatial registration error. To mitigate these issues, we have developed a system using oriented polymer-based organic photovoltaics (OPVs) that can preferentially absorb <span class="hlt">linearly</span> polarized light. Additionally, the OPV cells can be made semitransparent, enabling multiple <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to be cascaded along the same optical axis. Since each device performs a partial polarization measurement of the same incident beam, high temporal resolution is maintained with the potential for inherent spatial registration. In this paper, a Mueller matrix model of the stacked OPV design is provided. Based on this model, a calibration technique is developed and presented. This calibration technique and model are validated with experimental data, taken with a cascaded three cell OPV Stokes polarimeter, capable of measuring incident <span class="hlt">linear</span> polarization states. Our results indicate polarization measurement error of 1.2% RMS and an average absolute radiometric accuracy of 2.2% for the demonstrated polarimeter.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28548280','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28548280"><span>Air core <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for Cerenkov-free scintillation dosimetry of brachytherapy β-sources.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Eichmann, Marion; Thomann, Benedikt</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Plastic scintillation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are used for dosimetry in small radiation fields with high dose gradients, e.g., provided by β-emitting sources like 106 Ru/ 106 Rh eye plaques. A drawback is a background signal caused by Cerenkov radiation generated by electrons passing the optical fibers (light guides) of this dosimetry system. Common approaches to correct for the Cerenkov signal are influenced by uncertainties resulting from <span class="hlt">detector</span> positioning and calibration procedures. A different approach to avoid any correction procedure is to suppress the Cerenkov signal by replacing the solid core optical fiber with an air core light guide, previously shown for external beam therapy. In this study, the air core concept is modified and applied to the requirements of dosimetry in brachytherapy, proving its usability for measuring water energy doses in small radiation fields. Three air core <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with different air core lengths are constructed and their performance in dosimetry for brachytherapy β-sources is compared with a standard two-fiber system, which uses a second fiber for Cerenkov correction. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> systems are calibrated with a 90 Sr/ 90 Y secondary standard and tested for their angular dependence as well as their performance in depth dose measurements of 106 Ru/ 106 Rh sources. The signal loss relative to the standard <span class="hlt">detector</span> increases with increasing air core length to a maximum value of 58.3%. At the same time, however, the percentage amount of Cerenkov light in the total signal is reduced from at least 12.1% to a value below 1.1%. There is a <span class="hlt">linear</span> correlation between induced dose and measured signal current. The air core <span class="hlt">detectors</span> determine the dose rates for 106 Ru/ 106 Rh sources without any form of correction for the Cerenkov signal. The air core <span class="hlt">detectors</span> show advantages over the standard two-fiber system especially when measuring in radiation fields with high dose gradients. They can be used as simple one-fiber systems and allow for an almost</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3842097','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3842097"><span>Ultrasensitive SERS Flow <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Using Hydrodynamic Focusing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Negri, Pierre; Jacobs, Kevin T.; Dada, Oluwatosin O.; Schultz, Zachary D.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Label-free, chemical specific detection in flow is important for high throughput characterization of analytes in applications such as flow injection analysis, electrophoresis, and chromatography. We have developed a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) flow <span class="hlt">detector</span> capable of ultrasensitive optical detection on the millisecond time scale. The device employs hydrodynamic focusing to improve SERS detection in a flow channel where a sheath flow confines analyte molecules eluted from a fused silica capillary over a planar SERS-active substrate. Increased analyte interactions with the SERS substrate significantly improve detection sensitivity. The performance of this flow <span class="hlt">detector</span> was investigated using a combination of finite element simulations, fluorescence imaging, and Raman experiments. Computational fluid dynamics based on finite element analysis was used to optimize the flow conditions. The modeling indicates that a number of factors, such as the capillary dimensions and the ratio of the sheath flow to analyte flow rates, are critical for obtaining optimal results. Sample confinement resulting from the flow dynamics was confirmed using wide-field fluorescence imaging of rhodamine 6G (R6G). Raman experiments at different sheath flow rates showed increased sensitivity compared with the modeling predictions, suggesting increased adsorption. Using a 50-millisecond acquisitions, a sheath flow rate of 180 μL/min, and a sample flow rate of 5 μL/min, a <span class="hlt">linear</span> dynamic range from nanomolar to micromolar concentrations of R6G with a LOD of 1 nM is observed. At low analyte concentrations, rapid analyte desorption is observed, enabling repeated and high-throughput SERS detection. The flow <span class="hlt">detector</span> offers substantial advantages over conventional SERS-based assays such as minimal sample volumes and high detection efficiency. PMID:24074461</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22116959-full-range-detector-hirrbs-high-resolution-rbs-magnetic-spectrometer','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22116959-full-range-detector-hirrbs-high-resolution-rbs-magnetic-spectrometer"><span>A full range <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the HIRRBS high resolution RBS magnetic spectrometer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Skala, Wayne G.; Haberl, Arthur W.; Bakhru, Hassaram</p> <p>2013-04-19</p> <p>The UAlbany HIRRBS (High Resolution RBS) system has been updated for better use in rapid analysis. The focal plane <span class="hlt">detector</span> now covers the full range from U down to O using a <span class="hlt">linear</span> stepper motor to translate the 1-cm <span class="hlt">detector</span> across the 30-cm range. Input is implemented with zero-back-angle operation in all cases. The chamber has been modified to allow for quick swapping of sample holders, including a channeling goniometer. A fixed standard surface-barrier <span class="hlt">detector</span> allows for normal RBS simultaneously with use of the magnetic spectrometer. The user can select a region on the standard spectrum or can select anmore » element edge or an energy point for collection of the expanded spectrum portion. The best resolution currently obtained is about 2-to-3 keV, probably representing the energy width of the incoming beam. Calibration is maintained automatically for any spectrum portion and any beam energy from 1.0 to 3.5 MeV. Element resolving power, sensitivity and depth resolution are shown using several examples. Examples also show the value of simultaneous conventional RBS.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110004214','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110004214"><span>Space Radiation <span class="hlt">Detector</span> with Spherical Geometry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wrbanek, John D. (Inventor); Fralick, Gustave C. (Inventor); Wrbanek, Susan Y. (Inventor)</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>A particle <span class="hlt">detector</span> is provided, the particle <span class="hlt">detector</span> including a spherical Cherenkov <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and at least one pair of <span class="hlt">detector</span> stacks. In an embodiment of the invention, the Cherenkov <span class="hlt">detector</span> includes a sphere of ultraviolet transparent material, coated by an ultraviolet reflecting material that has at least one open port. The Cherenkov <span class="hlt">detector</span> further includes at least one photodetector configured to detect ultraviolet light emitted from a particle within the sphere. In an embodiment of the invention, each <span class="hlt">detector</span> stack includes one or more <span class="hlt">detectors</span> configured to detect a particle traversing the sphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120007528','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120007528"><span>Space Radiation <span class="hlt">Detector</span> with Spherical Geometry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wrbanek, John D. (Inventor); Fralick, Gustave C. (Inventor); Wrbanek, Susan Y. (Inventor)</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>A particle <span class="hlt">detector</span> is provided, the particle <span class="hlt">detector</span> including a spherical Cherenkov <span class="hlt">detector</span>, and at least one pair of <span class="hlt">detector</span> stacks. In an embodiment of the invention, the Cherenkov <span class="hlt">detector</span> includes a sphere of ultraviolet transparent material, coated by an ultraviolet reflecting material that has at least one open port. The Cherenkov <span class="hlt">detector</span> further includes at least one photodetector configured to detect ultraviolet light emitted from a particle within the sphere. In an embodiment of the invention, each <span class="hlt">detector</span> stack includes one or more <span class="hlt">detectors</span> configured to detect a particle traversing the sphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22649151-su-characterization-two-dimensional-liquid-filled-detector-array-srs-high-precision-cyberknife-robotic-radiosurgery-system','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22649151-su-characterization-two-dimensional-liquid-filled-detector-array-srs-high-precision-cyberknife-robotic-radiosurgery-system"><span>SU-F-T-576: Characterization of Two Dimensional Liquid Filled <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Array(SRS 1000) in High Precision Cyberknife Robotic Radiosurgery System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Muthukumaran, M; Manigandan, D; Murali, V</p> <p></p> <p>Purpose: The aim of the study is to characterize a two dimensional liquid filled <span class="hlt">detector</span> array SRS 1000 for routine QA in Cyberknife Robotic Radiosurgery system. Methods: SRS 1000 consists of 977 liquid filled ionization chambers and is designed to be used in small field SRS/SBRT techniques. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> array has got two different spacial resolutions. Till field size of 5.5×5.5 cm the spacial resolution is 2.5mm (center to center) and after that till field size of 11 × 11 cm the spacial resolution is 5mm. The size of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> is 2.3 × 2.3 0.5 mm with a volumemore » of .003 cc. The CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System is a frameless stereotactic radiosurgery system in which a LINAC is mounted on a robotic manipulator to deliver beams with a high sub millimeter accuracy. The SRS 1000’s MU <span class="hlt">linearity</span>, stability, reproducibility in Cyberknife Robotic Radiosurgery system was measured and investigated. The output factors for fixed and IRIS collimators for all available collimators (5mm till 60 mm) was measured and compared with the measurement done with PTW pin-point ionization chamber. Results: The MU <span class="hlt">linearity</span> was measured from 2 MU till 1000 MU for doserates in the range of 700cGy/min – 780 cGy/min and compared with the measurement done with pin point chamber The MU <span class="hlt">linearity</span> was with in 3%. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> arrays stability and reproducibility was excellent and was withinin 0.5% The measured output factors showed an agreement of better than 2% when compared with the measurements with pinpoint chamber for both fixed and IRIS collimators with all available field sizes. Conclusion: We have characterised PTW 1000 SRS as a precise and accurate measurement tool for routine QA of Cyberknife Robotic radiosurgery system.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPA....8d5202L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPA....8d5202L"><span>Design and optimization of a novel 3D <span class="hlt">detector</span>: The 3D-open-shell-electrode <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Manwen; Tan, Jian; Li, Zheng</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>A new type of three-dimensional (3D) <span class="hlt">detector</span>, namely 3D-Open-Shell-Electrode <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (3DOSED), is proposed in this study. In a 3DOSED, the trench electrode can be etched all the way through the <span class="hlt">detector</span> thickness, totally eliminating the low electric field region existed in the conventional 3D-Trench-Electrode <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Full 3D technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations have been done on this novel silicon <span class="hlt">detector</span> structure. Through comparing of the simulation results of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, we can obtain the best design of the 3SOSED. In addition, simulation results show that, as compared to the conventional 3D <span class="hlt">detector</span>, the proposed 3DOSED can improve not only <span class="hlt">detector</span> charge collection efficiency but also its radiation hardness with regard to solving the trapping problem in the <span class="hlt">detector</span> bulk. What is more, it has been shown that <span class="hlt">detector</span> full depletion voltage is also slightly reduced, which can improve the utility aspects of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. When compared to the conventional 3D <span class="hlt">detector</span>, we find that the proposed novel 3DOSED structure has better electric potential and electric field distributions, and better electrical properties such as <span class="hlt">detector</span> full depletion voltage. In 3DOSED array, each pixel cell is isolated from each other by highly doped trenches, but also electrically and physically connected with each other through the remaining silicon bulk between broken electrodes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.888a2180L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.888a2180L"><span>SoLid <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Technology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Labare, Mathieu</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>SoLid is a reactor anti-neutrino experiment where a novel <span class="hlt">detector</span> is deployed at a minimum distance of 5.5 m from a nuclear reactor core. The purpose of the experiment is three-fold: to search for neutrino oscillations at a very short baseline; to measure the pure 235U neutrino energy spectrum; and to demonstrate the feasibility of neutrino <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for reactor monitoring. This report presents the unique features of the SoLid <span class="hlt">detector</span> technology. The technology has been optimised for a high background environment resulting from low overburden and the vicinity of a nuclear reactor. The versatility of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> technology is demonstrated with a 288 kg <span class="hlt">detector</span> prototype which was deployed at the BR2 nuclear reactor in 2015. The data presented includes both reactor on, reactor off and calibration measurements. The measurement results are compared with Monte Carlo simulations. The 1.6t SoLid <span class="hlt">detector</span> is currently under construction, with an optimised design and upgraded material technology to enhance the <span class="hlt">detector</span> capabilities. Its deployement on site is planned for the begin of 2017 and offers the prospect to resolve the reactor anomaly within about two years.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1026403','SCIGOVIMAGE-SCICINEMA'); return false;" href="http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1026403"><span><span class="hlt">Detectors</span> (5/5)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/">ScienceCinema</a></p> <p>None</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>This lecture will serve as an introduction to particle <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and detection techniques. In the first lecture, a historic overview of particle <span class="hlt">detector</span> development will be given. In the second lecture, some basic techniques and concepts for particle detection will be discussed. In the third lecture, the interaction of particles with matter, the basis of particle detection, will be presented. The fourth and fifth lectures will discuss different <span class="hlt">detector</span> types used for particle tracking, energy measurement and particle identification.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1026409','SCIGOVIMAGE-SCICINEMA'); return false;" href="http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1026409"><span><span class="hlt">Detectors</span> (4/5)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/">ScienceCinema</a></p> <p>None</p> <p>2018-05-14</p> <p>This lecture will serve as an introduction to particle <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and detection techniques. In the first lecture, a historic overview of particle <span class="hlt">detector</span> development will be given. In the second lecture, some basic techniques and concepts for particle detection will be discussed. In the third lecture, the interaction of particles with matter, the basis of particle detection, will be presented. The fourth and fifth lectures will discuss different <span class="hlt">detector</span> types used for particle tracking, energy measurement and particle identification.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5711122','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5711122"><span>Clinical radiation therapy measurements with a new commercial synthetic single crystal diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Crilly, Richard</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>A commercial version of a synthetic single crystal diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> (SCDD) in a Schottky diode configuration was recently released as the new type 60019 microDiamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> (PTW‐Freiburg, Germany). In this study we investigate the dosimetric properties of this <span class="hlt">detector</span> to independently confirm that findings from the developing group of the SCDDs still hold true for the commercial version of the SCDDs. We further explore if the use of the microDiamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> can be expanded to high‐energy photon beams of up to 15 MV and to large field measurements. Measurements were performed with an Elekta Synergy <span class="hlt">linear</span> accelerator delivering 6, 10, and 15 MV X‐rays, as well as 6, 9, 12, 15, and 20 MeV electron beams. The dependence of the microdiamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> response on absorbed dose after connecting the <span class="hlt">detector</span> was investigated. Furthermore, the dark current of the diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> was observed after irradiation. Results are compared to similar results from measurements with a diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> type 60003. Energy dependency was investigated, as well. Photon depth‐dose curves were measured for field sizes 3×3,10×10, and 30×30cm2. PDDs were measured with the Semiflex type 31010 <span class="hlt">detector</span>, microLion type 31018 <span class="hlt">detector</span>, P Diode type 60016, SRS Diode type 60018, and the microDiamond type 60019 <span class="hlt">detector</span> (all PTW‐Freiburg). Photon profiles were measured at a depth of 10 cm. Electron depth‐dose curves normalized to the dose maximum were measured with the 14×14cm2 electron cone. PDDs were measured with a Markus chamber type 23343, an E Diode type 60017 and the microDiamond type 60019 <span class="hlt">detector</span> (all PTW‐Freiburg). Profiles were measured with the E Diode and microDiamond at half of D90,D90,D70, and D50 depths and for electron cone sizes of 6×6cm2, 14×14cm2, and 20×20cm2. Within a tolerance of 0.5% <span class="hlt">detector</span> response of the investigated <span class="hlt">detector</span> was stable without any preirradiation. After preirradition with approximately 250 cGy the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response was stable</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JInst...9C1021Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JInst...9C1021Z"><span>An ultra-low power self-timed column-level ADC for a CMOS pixel sensor based vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, L.; Wang, M.</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>The International Large <span class="hlt">Detector</span> (ILD) is a <span class="hlt">detector</span> concept for the future <span class="hlt">linear</span> collider experiment. The vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span> is the key tool to achieve high precision measurements for flavor tagging, which puts stringent requirements on the CMOS pixel sensors. Due to the cooling systems which deteriorate the material budget and increase the multiple scattering, it is important to reduce the power consumption. This paper presents an ultra-low power self-timed column-level ADC for the CMOS pixel sensors, aiming to equip the outer layers of the vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The ADC was designed to operate in two modes (active and idle) adapted to the low hit density in the outer layers. The architecture employs an enhanced sample-and-hold circuit and a self-timed technique. The total power consumption with a 3-V supply is 225μW during idle mode, which is the most frequent situation. This value rises to 425μW in the case of the active mode. It occupies an area of 35 × 590μm2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5655911','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5655911"><span>Gamma ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> shield</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Ohlinger, R.D.; Humphrey, H.W.</p> <p>1985-08-26</p> <p>A gamma ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> shield comprised of a rigid, lead, cylindrical-shaped vessel having upper and lower portions with an pneumatically driven, sliding top assembly. Disposed inside the lead shield is a gamma ray scintillation crystal <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Access to the gamma <span class="hlt">detector</span> is through the sliding top assembly.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26146440','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26146440"><span>The ratio of the spherical and flat <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> at tissue surfaces during pleural photodynamic therapy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhu, Timothy C; Friedberg, Joseph S; Dimofte, Andrea; Miles, Jeremy; Metz, James; Glatstein, Eli; Hahn, Stephen M</p> <p>2002-06-06</p> <p>An isotropic <span class="hlt">detector</span>-based system was compared with a flat photodiode-based system in patients undergoing pleural photodynamic therapy. Isotropic and flat <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were placed side by side in the chest cavity, for simultaneous in vivo dosimetry at surface locations for twelve patients. The treatment used 630nm laser to a total light irradiance of 30 J/cm 2 (measured with the flat photodiodes) with photofrin® IV as the photosensitizer. Since the flat <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were calibrated at 532nm, wavelength correction factors (WCF) were used to convert the calibration to 630nm (WCF between 0.542 and 0.703). The mean ratio between isotropic and flat <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for all sites was <span class="hlt">linear</span> to the accumulated fluence and was 3.4±0.6 or 2.1±0.4, with or without the wavelength correction for the flat <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, respectively. The μ eff of the tissues was estimated to vary between 0.5 to 4.3 cm -1 for four sites (Apex, Posterior Sulcus, Anterior Chest Wall, and Posterior Mediastinum) assuming μ s ' = 7 cm -1 . Insufficient information was available to estimate μ eff directly for three other sites (Anterior Sulcus, Posterior Chest Wall, and Pericardium) primarily due to limited sample size, although one may assume the optical penetration in all sites to vary in the same range (0.5 to 4.3 cm -1 ).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780052044&hterms=metal+detector&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dmetal%2Bdetector','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780052044&hterms=metal+detector&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dmetal%2Bdetector"><span>Photocapacitive MIS infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sher, A.; Lu, S. S.-M.; Moriarty, J. A.; Crouch, R. K.; Miller, W. E.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>A new class of room-temperature infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span> has been developed through use of metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) or metal-insulator-semiconductor-insulator-metal (MISIM) slabs. The <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, which have been fabricated from Si, Ge and GaAs, rely for operation on the electrical capacitance variations induced by modulated incident radiation. The peak detectivity for a 1000-A Si MISIM <span class="hlt">detector</span> is comparable to that of a conventional Si <span class="hlt">detector</span> functioning in the photovoltaic mode. Optimization of the photocapacitive-mode detection sensitivity is discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19485230','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19485230"><span>Single-laboratory validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic-diode array <span class="hlt">detector</span>-fluorescence <span class="hlt">detector</span>/mass spectrometric method for simultaneous determination of water-soluble vitamins in multivitamin dietary tablets.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Pei; Atkinson, Renata; Wolf, Wayne R</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to develop a single-laboratory validated (SLV) method using high-performance liquid chromatography with different <span class="hlt">detectors</span> [diode array <span class="hlt">detector</span> (DAD); fluorescence <span class="hlt">detector</span> (FLD); and mass spectrometry (MS)] for determination of 7 B-complex vitamins (B1-thiamin, B2-riboflavin, B3-nicotinamide, B6-pyridoxine, B9-folic acid, pantothenic acid, and biotin) and vitamin C in multivitamin/multimineral dietary supplements. The method involves the use of a reversed-phase octadecylsilyl column (4 microm, 250 x 2.0 mm id) and a gradient mobile phase profile. Gradient elution was performed at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. After a 5 min isocratic elution at 100% A (0.1% formic acid in water), a <span class="hlt">linear</span> gradient to 50% A and 50% B (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile) at 15 min was employed. Detection was performed with a DAD as well as either an FLD or a triple-quadrupole MS <span class="hlt">detector</span> in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. SLV was performed using Standard Reference Material (SRM) 3280 Multivitamin/Multimineral Tablets, being developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, with support by the Office of Dietary Supplements of the National Institutes of Health. Phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 2.0) extracts of the NIST SRM 3280 were analyzed by the liquid chromatographic (LC)-DAD-FLDIMS method. Following extraction, the method does not require any sample cleanup/preconcentration steps except centrifugation and filtration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4159756','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4159756"><span>Single-Laboratory Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic-Diode Array <span class="hlt">Detector</span>-Fluorescence <span class="hlt">Detector</span>/Mass Spectrometric Method for Simultaneous Determination of Water-Soluble Vitamins in Multivitamin Dietary Tablets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chen, Pei; Atkinson, Renata; Wolf, Wayne R.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to develop a single-laboratory validated (SLV) method using high-performance liquid chromatography with different <span class="hlt">detectors</span> [diode array <span class="hlt">detector</span> (DAD); fluorescence <span class="hlt">detector</span> (FLD); and mass spectrometry (MS)] for determination of 7 B-complex vitamins (B1-thiamin, B2-riboflavin, B3-nicotinamide, B6-pyridoxine, B9-folic acid, pantothenic acid, and biotin) and vitamin C in multivitamin/multimineral dietary supplements. The method involves the use of a reversed-phase octadecylsilyl column (4 µm, 250 × 2.0 mm id) and a gradient mobile phase profile. Gradient elution was performed at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. After a 5 min isocratic elution at 100% A (0.1% formic acid in water), a <span class="hlt">linear</span> gradient to 50% A and 50% B (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile) at 15 min was employed. Detection was performed with a DAD as well as either an FLD or a triple-quadrupole MS <span class="hlt">detector</span> in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. SLV was performed using Standard Reference Material (SRM) 3280 Multivitamin/Multimineral Tablets, being developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, with support by the Office of Dietary Supplements of the National Institutes of Health. Phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 2.0) extracts of the NIST SRM 3280 were analyzed by the liquid chromatographic (LC)-DAD-FLD/MS method. Following extraction, the method does not require any sample cleanup/preconcentration steps except centrifugation and filtration. PMID:19485230</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720223','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720223"><span>Absorbance <span class="hlt">detector</span> for high performance liquid chromatography based on a deep-UV light-emitting diode at 235nm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>da Silveira Petruci, João Flavio; Liebetanz, Michael G; Cardoso, Arnaldo Alves; Hauser, Peter C</p> <p>2017-08-25</p> <p>In this communication, we describe a flow-through optical absorption <span class="hlt">detector</span> for HPLC using for the first time a deep-UV light-emitting diode with an emission band at 235nm as light source. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is also comprised of a UV-sensitive photodiode positioned to enable measurement of radiation through a flow-through cuvette with round aperture of 1mm diameter and optical path length of 10mm, and a second one positioned as reference photodiode; a beam splitter and a power supply. The absorbance was measured and related to the analyte concentration by emulating the Lambert-Beer law with a log-ratio amplifier circuitry. This <span class="hlt">detector</span> showed noise levels of 0.30mAU, which is comparable with our previous LED-based <span class="hlt">detectors</span> employing LEDs at 280 and 255nm. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> was coupled to a HPLC system and successfully evaluated for the determination of the anti-diabetic drugs pioglitazone and glimepiride in an isocratic separation and the benzodiazepines flurazepam, oxazepam and clobazam in a gradient elution. Good <span class="hlt">linearities</span> (r>0.99), a precision better than 0.85% and limits of detection at sub-ppm levels were achieved. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011NIMPA.652...21T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011NIMPA.652...21T"><span>Nondestructive inspection of explosive materials using <span class="hlt">linearly</span> polarized two-colored photon beam</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Toyokawa, H.; Hayakawa, T.; Shizuma, T.; Hajima, R.; Masuda, K.; Ohgaki, H.</p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>A nondestructive inspection method for screening explosive materials that are hidden in passenger vehicles, trucks, and cargo containers with radiation shielding was presented. The method was examined experimentally using <span class="hlt">linearly</span> polarized two-colored photon beam. A sample object was irradiated with the photon beam, followed by an emission of gamma-rays in nuclear resonance fluorescence. The gamma-rays from oxygen and nitrogen emitted through nuclear resonance fluorescence were measured using high-purity germanium <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. We were able to evaluate the element concentration ratio.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070018916','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070018916"><span>Fire <span class="hlt">Detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>An early warning fire detection sensor developed for NASA's Space Shuttle Orbiter is being evaluated as a possible hazard prevention system for mining operations. The incipient Fire <span class="hlt">Detector</span> represents an advancement over commercially available smoke <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in that it senses and signals the presence of a fire condition before the appearance of flame and smoke, offering an extra margin of safety.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28153248','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28153248"><span>Confocal laser-induced fluorescence <span class="hlt">detector</span> for narrow capillary system with yoctomole limit of detection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Weaver, Mitchell T; Lynch, Kyle B; Zhu, Zaifang; Chen, Huang; Lu, Joann J; Pu, Qiaosheng; Liu, Shaorong</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for low-micrometer and sub-micrometer capillary on-column detection are not commercially available. In this paper, we describe in details how to construct a confocal LIF <span class="hlt">detector</span> to address this issue. We characterize the <span class="hlt">detector</span> by determining its limit of detection (LOD), <span class="hlt">linear</span> dynamic range (LDR) and background signal drift; a very low LOD (~70 fluorescein molecules or 12 yoctomole fluorescein), a wide LDR (greater than 3 orders of magnitude) and a small background signal drift (~1.2-fold of the root mean square noise) are obtained. For detecting analytes inside a low-micrometer and sub-micrometer capillary, proper alignment is essential. We present a simple protocol to align the capillary with the optical system and use the position-lock capability of a translation stage to fix the capillary in position during the experiment. To demonstrate the feasibility of using this <span class="hlt">detector</span> for narrow capillary systems, we build a 2-μm-i.d. capillary flow injection analysis (FIA) system using the newly developed LIF prototype as a <span class="hlt">detector</span> and obtain an FIA LOD of 14 zeptomole fluorescein. We also separate a DNA ladder sample by bare narrow capillary - hydrodynamic chromatography and use the LIF prototype to monitor the resolved DNA fragments. We obtain not only well-resolved peaks but also the quantitative information of all DNA fragments. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780000163&hterms=elec&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Delec','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780000163&hterms=elec&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Delec"><span>Chopper-stabilized phase <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hopkins, P. M.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>Phase-<span class="hlt">detector</span> circuit for binary-tracking loops and other binary-data acquisition systems minimizes effects of drift, gain imbalance, and voltage offset in <span class="hlt">detector</span> circuitry. Input signal passes simultaneously through two channels where it is mixed with early and late codes that are alternately switched between channels. Code switching is synchronized with polarity switching of <span class="hlt">detector</span> output of each channel so that each channel uses each <span class="hlt">detector</span> for half time. Net result is that dc offset errors are canceled, and effect of gain imbalance is simply change in sensitivity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090012412&hterms=highs+lows+tomorrow&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dwill%2Bhighs%2Blows%2Btomorrow','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090012412&hterms=highs+lows+tomorrow&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dwill%2Bhighs%2Blows%2Btomorrow"><span><span class="hlt">Detectors</span> for Tomorrow's Instruments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Moseley, Harvey</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Cryogenically cooled superconducting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have become essential tools for a wide range of measurement applications, ranging from quantum limited heterodyne detection in the millimeter range to direct searches for dark matter with superconducting phonon <span class="hlt">detectors</span> operating at 20 mK. Superconducting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> have several fundamental and practical advantages which have resulted in their rapid adoption by experimenters. Their excellent performance arises in part from reductions in noise resulting from their low operating temperatures, but unique superconducting properties provide a wide range of mechanisms for detection. For example, the steep dependence of resistance with temperature on the superconductor/normal transition provides a sensitive thermometer for calorimetric and bolometric applications. Parametric changes in the properties of superconducting resonators provides a mechanism for high sensitivity detection of submillimeter photons. From a practical point of view, the use of superconducting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> has grown rapidly because many of these devices couple well to SQUID amplifiers, which are easily integrated with the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. These SQUID-based amplifiers and multiplexers have matured with the <span class="hlt">detectors</span>; they are convenient to use, and have excellent noise performance. The first generation of fully integrated large scale superconducting detection systems are now being deployed. I will discuss the prospects for a new generation of instruments designed to take full advantage of the revolution in <span class="hlt">detector</span> technology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23388983','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23388983"><span>Quantum <span class="hlt">detector</span> tomography of a time-multiplexed superconducting nanowire single-photon <span class="hlt">detector</span> at telecom wavelengths.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Natarajan, Chandra M; Zhang, Lijian; Coldenstrodt-Ronge, Hendrik; Donati, Gaia; Dorenbos, Sander N; Zwiller, Val; Walmsley, Ian A; Hadfield, Robert H</p> <p>2013-01-14</p> <p>Superconducting nanowire single-photon <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (SNSPDs) are widely used in telecom wavelength optical quantum information science applications. Quantum <span class="hlt">detector</span> tomography allows the positive-operator-valued measure (POVM) of a single-photon <span class="hlt">detector</span> to be determined. We use an all-fiber telecom wavelength <span class="hlt">detector</span> tomography test bed to measure <span class="hlt">detector</span> characteristics with respect to photon flux and polarization, and hence determine the POVM. We study the SNSPD both as a binary <span class="hlt">detector</span> and in an 8-bin, fiber based, Time-Multiplexed (TM) configuration at repetition rates up to 4 MHz. The corresponding POVMs provide an accurate picture of the photon number resolving capability of the TM-SNSPD.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..MARS44011H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..MARS44011H"><span>Universal <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Optics: An implementation of Boson Sampling on a Fully Reconfigurable Circuit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Harrold, Christopher; Carolan, Jacques; Sparrow, Chris; Russell, Nicholas J.; Silverstone, Joshua W.; Marshall, Graham D.; Thompson, Mark G.; Matthews, Jonathan C. F.; O'Brien, Jeremy L.; Laing, Anthony; Martín-López, Enrique; Shadbolt, Peter J.; Matsuda, Nobuyuki; Oguma, Manabu; Itoh, Mikitaka; Hashimoto, Toshikazu</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Linear</span> optics has paved the way for fundamental tests in quantum mechanics and has gone on to enable a broad range of quantum information processing applications for quantum technologies. We demonstrate an integrated photonics processor that is universal for <span class="hlt">linear</span> optics. The device is a silica-on-silicon planar waveguide circuit (PLC) comprising a cascade of 15 Mach Zehnder interferometers, with 30 directional couplers and 30 tunable thermo-optic phase shifters which are electrically interfaced for the arbitrary setting of a phase. We input ensembles of up to six photons, and monitor the output with a 12-single-photon <span class="hlt">detector</span> system. The calibrated device is capable of implementing any <span class="hlt">linear</span> optical protocol. This enables the implementation of new quantum information processing tasks in seconds, which would have previously taken months to realise. We demonstrate 100 instances of the boson sampling problem with verification tests, and six-dimensional complex Hadamards. Also Imperial College London.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090043254','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090043254"><span>Gamma ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> modules</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Capote, M. Albert (Inventor); Lenos, Howard A. (Inventor)</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>A radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> assembly has a semiconductor <span class="hlt">detector</span> array substrate of CdZnTe or CdTe, having a plurality of <span class="hlt">detector</span> cell pads on a first surface thereof, the pads having a contact metallization and a solder barrier metallization. An interposer card has planar dimensions no larger than planar dimensions of the semiconductor <span class="hlt">detector</span> array substrate, a plurality of interconnect pads on a first surface thereof, at least one readout semiconductor chip and at least one connector on a second surface thereof, each having planar dimensions no larger than the planar dimensions of the interposer card. Solder columns extend from contacts on the interposer first surface to the plurality of pads on the semiconductor <span class="hlt">detector</span> array substrate first surface, the solder columns having at least one solder having a melting point or liquidus less than 120 degrees C. An encapsulant is disposed between the interposer circuit card first surface and the semiconductor <span class="hlt">detector</span> array substrate first surface, encapsulating the solder columns, the encapsulant curing at a temperature no greater than 120 degrees C.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1340539','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1340539"><span>Ultra-thin plasma radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Friedman, Peter S.</p> <p>2017-01-24</p> <p>A position-sensitive ionizing-radiation counting <span class="hlt">detector</span> includes a radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> gas chamber having at least one ultra-thin chamber window and an ultra-thin first substrate contained within the gas chamber. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> further includes a second substrate generally parallel to and coupled to the first substrate and defining a gas gap between the first substrate and the second substrate. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> further includes a discharge gas between the substrates and contained within the gas chamber, where the discharge gas is free to circulate within the gas chamber and between the first and second substrates at a given gas pressure. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> further includes a first electrode coupled to one of the substrates and a second electrode electrically coupled to the first electrode. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> further includes a first discharge event <span class="hlt">detector</span> coupled to at least one of the electrodes for detecting a gas discharge counting event in the electrode.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26133869','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26133869"><span>Efficient scalable solid-state neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Moses, Daniel</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>We report on scalable solid-state neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> system that is specifically designed to yield high thermal neutron detection sensitivity. The basic <span class="hlt">detector</span> unit in this system is made of a (6)Li foil coupled to two crystalline silicon diodes. The theoretical intrinsic efficiency of a <span class="hlt">detector</span>-unit is 23.8% and that of <span class="hlt">detector</span> element comprising a stack of five <span class="hlt">detector</span>-units is 60%. Based on the measured performance of this <span class="hlt">detector</span>-unit, the performance of a <span class="hlt">detector</span> system comprising a planar array of <span class="hlt">detector</span> elements, scaled to encompass effective area of 0.43 m(2), is estimated to yield the minimum absolute efficiency required of radiological portal monitors used in homeland security.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/868873','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/868873"><span>Neutron coincidence <span class="hlt">detectors</span> employing heterogeneous materials</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Czirr, J. Bartley; Jensen, Gary L.</p> <p>1993-07-27</p> <p>A neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> relies upon optical separation of different scintillators to measure the total energy and/or number of neutrons from a neutron source. In pulse mode embodiments of the invention, neutrons are detected in a first <span class="hlt">detector</span> which surrounds the neutron source and in a second <span class="hlt">detector</span> surrounding the first <span class="hlt">detector</span>. An electronic circuit insures that only events are measured which correspond to neutrons first detected in the first <span class="hlt">detector</span> followed by subsequent detection in the second <span class="hlt">detector</span>. In spectrometer embodiments of the invention, neutrons are thermalized in the second <span class="hlt">detector</span> which is formed by a scintillator-moderator and neutron energy is measured from the summed signals from the first and second <span class="hlt">detectors</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9968E..0PG','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9968E..0PG"><span>Semiconductor neutron <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gueorguiev, Andrey; Hong, Huicong; Tower, Joshua; Kim, Hadong; Cirignano, Leonard; Burger, Arnold; Shah, Kanai</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>Lithium Indium Selenide (LiInSe2) has been under development in RMD Inc. and Fisk University for room temperature thermal neutron detection due to a number of promising properties. The recent advances of the crystal growth, material processing, and <span class="hlt">detector</span> fabrication technologies allowed us to fabricate large <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with 100 mm2 active area. The thermal neutron detection sensitivity and gamma rejection ratio (GRR) were comparable to 3He tube with 10 atm gas pressure at comparable dimensions. The synthesis, crystal growth, <span class="hlt">detector</span> fabrication, and characterization are reported in this paper.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhRvS..15d2802A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhRvS..15d2802A"><span>Output factor determination for dose measurements in axial and perpendicular planes using a silicon strip <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Abou-Haïdar, Z.; Bocci, A.; Alvarez, M. A. G.; Espino, J. M.; Gallardo, M. I.; Cortés-Giraldo, M. A.; Ovejero, M. C.; Quesada, J. M.; Arráns, R.; Prieto, M. Ruiz; Vega-Leal, A. Pérez; Nieto, F. J. Pérez</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>In this work we present the output factor measurements of a clinical <span class="hlt">linear</span> accelerator using a silicon strip <span class="hlt">detector</span> coupled to a new system for complex radiation therapy treatment verification. The objective of these measurements is to validate the system we built for treatment verification. The measurements were performed at the Virgin Macarena University Hospital in Seville. Irradiations were carried out with a Siemens ONCOR™ linac used to deliver radiotherapy treatment for cancer patients. The linac was operating in 6 MV photon mode; the different sizes of the fields were defined with the collimation system provided within the accelerator head. The output factor was measured with the silicon strip <span class="hlt">detector</span> in two different layouts using two phantoms. In the first, the active area of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> was placed perpendicular to the beam axis. In the second, the innovation consisted of a cylindrical phantom where the <span class="hlt">detector</span> was placed in an axial plane with respect to the beam. The measured data were compared with data given by a commercial treatment planning system. Results were shown to be in a very good agreement between the compared set of data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1129384','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1129384"><span>Adaptors for radiation <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Livesay, Ronald Jason</p> <p>2014-04-22</p> <p>Described herein are adaptors and other devices for radiation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that can be used to make accurate spectral measurements of both small and large bulk sources of radioactivity, such as building structures, soils, vessels, large equipment, and liquid bodies. Some exemplary devices comprise an adaptor for a radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span>, wherein the adaptor can be configured to collimate radiation passing through the adapter from an external radiation source to the radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> and the adaptor can be configured to enclose a radiation source within the adapter to allow the radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> to measure radiation emitted from the enclosed radiation source.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1202318','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1202318"><span>Adaptors for radiation <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Livesay, Ronald Jason</p> <p>2015-07-28</p> <p>Described herein are adaptors and other devices for radiation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that can be used to make accurate spectral measurements of both small and large bulk sources of radioactivity, such as building structures, soils, vessels, large equipment, and liquid bodies. Some exemplary devices comprise an adaptor for a radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span>, wherein the adaptor can be configured to collimate radiation passing through the adapter from an external radiation source to the radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> and the adaptor can be configured to enclose a radiation source within the adapter to allow the radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> to measure radiation emitted from the enclosed radiation source.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SPIE.4369..467R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SPIE.4369..467R"><span>Second-generation <span class="hlt">detector</span> work in Israel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rosenfeld, David</p> <p>2001-10-01</p> <p>A tremendous developmental effort in the field of infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span> during the last decade in Israel has resulted in a variety of InSb and HgCdTe infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Additional and significant R&D effort associated with other IR components, have also been done in Israel, in order to integrate the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> into advanced <span class="hlt">Detector</span>-Dewar-Cooler assemblies (DDCs). This R&D effort included notable activities in the field of materials, signal processors, dewars and cryocoolers. These activities are presented together with the status of infrared <span class="hlt">detector</span> work in Israel. Several two-dimensional InSb staring <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and DDCs are demonstrated. This includes two versions of the classical 256 X 256 <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and DDCs, improved 640 X 480 InSb <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and DDC, and a 2000- element <span class="hlt">detector</span> with high TDI level. SADA II type HgCdTe <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are also presented. Considerations regarding the course of future <span class="hlt">detector</span> work are also described. The classical DDC requirement list which traditionally included demands for high D*, low NETD and high resolution is widened to include cost related issues such as higher reliability, lower maintenance, smaller volume, lower power consumption and higher operation temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://cosmic.lbl.gov/cosmic_detector.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="http://cosmic.lbl.gov/cosmic_detector.html"><span>Cosmic Ray <span class="hlt">Detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>A picture <em>of</em> our <span class="hlt">detector</span> with the front panel removed. Normally the <em>electronic</em> board is located on the the front lucite panel. Below is a picture <em>of</em> a completed <span class="hlt">detector</span> being held by Colleen Twitty</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864175','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864175"><span>Alkali ionization <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Hrizo, John; Bauerle, James E.; Witkowski, Robert E.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>A calibration filament containing a sodium-bearing compound is included in combination with the sensing filament and ion collector plate of a sodium ionization <span class="hlt">detector</span> to permit periodic generation of sodium atoms for the in-situ calibration of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012agwd.book.....B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012agwd.book.....B"><span>Advanced Gravitational Wave <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Blair, D. G.; Howell, E. J.; Ju, L.; Zhao, C.</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p>Part I. An Introduction to Gravitational Wave Astronomy and <span class="hlt">Detectors</span>: 1. Gravitational waves D. G. Blair, L. Ju, C. Zhao and E. J. Howell; 2. Sources of gravitational waves D. G. Blair and E. J. Howell; 3. Gravitational wave <span class="hlt">detectors</span> D. G. Blair, L. Ju, C. Zhao, H. Miao, E. J. Howell, and P. Barriga; 4. Gravitational wave data analysis B. S. Sathyaprakash and B. F. Schutz; 5. Network analysis L. Wen and B. F. Schutz; Part II. Current Laser Interferometer <span class="hlt">Detectors</span>: Three Case Studies: 6. The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory P. Fritschel; 7. The VIRGO <span class="hlt">detector</span> S. Braccini; 8. GEO 600 H. Lück and H. Grote; Part III. Technology for Advanced Gravitational Wave <span class="hlt">Detectors</span>: 9. Lasers for high optical power interferometers B. Willke and M. Frede; 10. Thermal noise, suspensions and test masses L. Ju, G. Harry and B. Lee; 11. Vibration isolation: Part 1. Seismic isolation for advanced LIGO B. Lantz; Part 2. Passive isolation J-C. Dumas; 12. Interferometer sensing and control P. Barriga; 13. Stabilizing interferometers against high optical power effects C. Zhao, L. Ju, S. Gras and D. G. Blair; Part IV. Technology for Third Generation Gravitational Wave <span class="hlt">Detectors</span>: 14. Cryogenic interferometers J. Degallaix; 15. Quantum theory of laser-interferometer GW <span class="hlt">detectors</span> H. Miao and Y. Chen; 16. ET. A third generation observatory M. Punturo and H. Lück; Index.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760022463','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760022463"><span><span class="hlt">Detector</span> absorptivity measuring method and apparatus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sheets, R. E. (Inventor)</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>A method and apparatus for measuring the absorptivity of a radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> by making the <span class="hlt">detector</span> an integral part of a cavity radiometer are described. By substituting the <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the surface of the cavity upon which the radiation first impinges a comparison is made between the quantity of radiation incident upon the <span class="hlt">detector</span> and the quantity reflected from the <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The difference between the two is a measurement of the amount of radiation absorbed by the <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1295720','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1295720"><span>Neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> and fabrication method thereof</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Bhandari, Harish B.; Nagarkar, Vivek V.; Ovechkina, Olena E.</p> <p>2016-08-16</p> <p>A neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> and a method for fabricating a neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> includes a photodetector, and a solid-state scintillator operatively coupled to the photodetector. In one aspect, the method for fabricating a neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> includes providing a photodetector, and depositing a solid-state scintillator on the photodetector to form a <span class="hlt">detector</span> structure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22068665-superlinear-threshold-detectors-quantum-cryptography','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22068665-superlinear-threshold-detectors-quantum-cryptography"><span>Superlinear threshold <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in quantum cryptography</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Lydersen, Lars; Maroey, Oystein; Skaar, Johannes</p> <p>2011-09-15</p> <p>We introduce the concept of a superlinear threshold <span class="hlt">detector</span>, a <span class="hlt">detector</span> that has a higher probability to detect multiple photons if it receives them simultaneously rather than at separate times. Highly superlinear threshold <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in quantum key distribution systems allow eavesdropping the full secret key without being revealed. Here, we generalize the <span class="hlt">detector</span> control attack, and analyze how it performs against quantum key distribution systems with moderately superlinear <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. We quantify the superlinearity in superconducting single-photon <span class="hlt">detectors</span> based on earlier published data, and gated avalanche photodiode <span class="hlt">detectors</span> based on our own measurements. The analysis shows that quantum key distribution systemsmore » using <span class="hlt">detector(s</span>) of either type can be vulnerable to eavesdropping. The avalanche photodiode <span class="hlt">detector</span> becomes superlinear toward the end of the gate. For systems expecting substantial loss, or for systems not monitoring loss, this would allow eavesdropping using trigger pulses containing less than 120 photons per pulse. Such an attack would be virtually impossible to catch with an optical power meter at the receiver entrance.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3231201','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3231201"><span>Micro Cantilever Movement Detection with an Amorphous Silicon Array of Position Sensitive <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Contreras, Javier; Costa, Daniel; Pereira, Sonia; Fortunato, Elvira; Martins, Rodrigo; Wierzbicki, Rafal; Heerlein, Holger; Ferreira, Isabel</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The movement of a micro cantilever was detected via a self constructed portable data acquisition prototype system which integrates a <span class="hlt">linear</span> array of 32 1D amorphous silicon position sensitive <span class="hlt">detectors</span> (PSD). The system was mounted on a microscope using a metal structure platform and the movement of the 30 μm wide by 400 μm long cantilever was tracked by analyzing the signals acquired by the 32 sensor array electronic readout system and the relevant data algorithm. The obtained results show a <span class="hlt">linear</span> behavior of the photocurrent relating X and Y movement, with a non-<span class="hlt">linearity</span> of about 3%, a spatial resolution of less than 2 μm along the lateral dimension of the sensor as well as of less than 3 μm along the perpendicular dimension of the sensor, when detecting just the micro-cantilever, and a spatial resolution of less than 1 μm when detecting the holding structure. PMID:22163648</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21055379-iss-ids-detector-study','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21055379-iss-ids-detector-study"><span>ISS/IDS <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Cervera-Villanueva, A.</p> <p>2008-02-21</p> <p>This article summarises the results obtained by the <span class="hlt">detector</span> working group of the 'International Scooping Study' (ISS) of a future neutrino oscillations facility. Special emphasis is put on far <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, for which some of the main issues are identified. A <span class="hlt">detector</span> R and D strategy in the context of the 'International Design Study' (IDS) for a neutrino factory is also presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NIMPA.400..287A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NIMPA.400..287A"><span>Design and performance of the SLD vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span>: a 307 Mpixel tracking system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Abe, K.; Arodzero, A.; Baltay, C.; Brau, J. E.; Breidenbach, M.; Burrows, P. N.; Chou, A. S.; Crawford, G.; Damerell, C. J. S.; Dervan, P. J.; Dong, D. N.; Emmet, W.; English, R. L.; Etzion, E.; Foss, M.; Frey, R.; Haller, G.; Hasuko, K.; Hertzbach, S. S.; Hoeflich, J.; Huffer, M. E.; Jackson, D. J.; Jaros, J. A.; Kelsey, J.; Lee, I.; Lia, V.; Lintern, A. L.; Liu, M. X.; Manly, S. L.; Masuda, H.; McKemey, A. K.; Moore, T. B.; Nichols, A.; Nagamine, T.; Oishi, N.; Osborne, L. S.; Russell, J. J.; Ross, D.; Serbo, V. V.; Sinev, N. B.; Sinnott, J.; Skarpaas, K. Viii; Smy, M. B.; Snyder, J. A.; Strauss, M. G.; Dong, S.; Suekane, F.; Taylor, F. E.; Trandafir, A. I.; Usher, T.; Verdier, R.; Watts, S. J.; Weiss, E. R.; Yashima, J.; Yuta, H.; Zapalac, G.</p> <p>1997-02-01</p> <p>This paper describes the design, construction, and initial operation of SLD's upgraded vertex <span class="hlt">detector</span> which comprises 96 two-dimensional charge-coupled devices (CCDs) with a total of 307 Mpixel. Each pixel functions as an independent particle detecting element, providing space point measurements of charged particle tracks with a typical precision of 4 μm in each co-ordinate. The CCDs are arranged in three concentric cylinders just outside the beam-pipe which surrounds the e +e - collision point of the SLAC <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider (SLC). The <span class="hlt">detector</span> is a powerful tool for distinguishing displaced vertex tracks, produced by decay in flight of heavy flavour hadrons or tau leptons, from tracks produced at the primary event vertex. The requirements for this <span class="hlt">detector</span> include a very low mass structure (to minimize multiple scattering) both for mechanical support and to provide signal paths for the CCDs; operation at low temperature with a high degree of mechanical stability; and high speed CCD readout, signal processing, and data sparsification. The lessons learned in achieving these goals should be useful for the construction of large arrays of CCDs or active pixel devices in the future in a number of areas of science and technology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050041922&hterms=TES+system&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DTES%2Bsystem','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050041922&hterms=TES+system&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DTES%2Bsystem"><span>A 90GHz Bolometer Camera <span class="hlt">Detector</span> System for the Green</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Benford, Dominic J.; Allen, Christine A.; Buchanan, Ernest; Chen, Tina C.; Chervenak, James A.; Devlin, Mark J.; Dicker, Simon R.; Forgione, Joshua B.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>We describe a close-packed, two-dimensional imaging <span class="hlt">detector</span> system for operation at 90GHz (3.3 mm) for the 100m Green Bank Telescope (GBT). This system will provide high sensitivity (less than 1mJy in 1s) rapid imaging (15'x15' to 150 micron Jy in 1 hr) at the world's largest steerable aperture. The heart of this camera is an 8x8 close-packed, Nyquist-sampled array of superconducting transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers. We have designed and are producing a functional superconducting bolometer array system using a monolithic planar architecture and high-speed multiplexed readout electronics. With an NEP of approximately 2 x 10(exp -17) W/square root of Hz, the TES bolometers will provide fast, <span class="hlt">linear</span>, sensitive response for high performance imaging. The <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are read out by an 8x8 time domain SQUID multiplexer. A digital/analog electronics system has been designed to enable read out by SQUID multiplexers. First light for this instrument on the GBT is expected within a year.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1347941','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1347941"><span>The International <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider Technical Design Report - Volume 3.I: Accelerator \\& in the Technical Design Phase</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Adolphsen, Chris</p> <p>2013-06-26</p> <p>The International <span class="hlt">Linear</span> Collider Technical Design Report (TDR) describes in four volumes the physics case and the design of a 500 GeV centre-of-mass energy <span class="hlt">linear</span> electron-positron collider based on superconducting radio-frequency technology using Niobium cavities as the accelerating structures. The accelerator can be extended to 1 TeV and also run as a Higgs factory at around 250 GeV and on the Z0 pole. A comprehensive value estimate of the accelerator is give, together with associated uncertainties. It is shown that no significant technical issues remain to be solved. Once a site is selected and the necessary site-dependent engineering is carriedmore » out, construction can begin immediately. The TDR also gives baseline documentation for two high-performance <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that can share the ILC luminosity by being moved into and out of the beam line in a "push-pull" configuration. These <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, ILD and SiD, are described in detail. They form the basis for a world-class experimental programme that promises to increase significantly our understanding of the fundamental processes that govern the evolution of the Universe.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Metro..54..821D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Metro..54..821D"><span>Predictable quantum efficient <span class="hlt">detector</span> based on n-type silicon photodiodes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dönsberg, Timo; Manoocheri, Farshid; Sildoja, Meelis; Juntunen, Mikko; Savin, Hele; Tuovinen, Esa; Ronkainen, Hannu; Prunnila, Mika; Merimaa, Mikko; Tang, Chi Kwong; Gran, Jarle; Müller, Ingmar; Werner, Lutz; Rougié, Bernard; Pons, Alicia; Smîd, Marek; Gál, Péter; Lolli, Lapo; Brida, Giorgio; Rastello, Maria Luisa; Ikonen, Erkki</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The predictable quantum efficient <span class="hlt">detector</span> (PQED) consists of two custom-made induced junction photodiodes that are mounted in a wedged trap configuration for the reduction of reflectance losses. Until now, all manufactured PQED photodiodes have been based on a structure where a SiO2 layer is thermally grown on top of p-type silicon substrate. In this paper, we present the design, manufacturing, modelling and characterization of a new type of PQED, where the photodiodes have an Al2O3 layer on top of n-type silicon substrate. Atomic layer deposition is used to deposit the layer to the desired thickness. Two sets of photodiodes with varying oxide thicknesses and substrate doping concentrations were fabricated. In order to predict recombination losses of charge carriers, a 3D model of the photodiode was built into Cogenda Genius semiconductor simulation software. It is important to note that a novel experimental method was developed to obtain values for the 3D model parameters. This makes the prediction of the PQED responsivity a completely autonomous process. <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> were characterized for temperature dependence of dark current, spatial uniformity of responsivity, reflectance, <span class="hlt">linearity</span> and absolute responsivity at the wavelengths of 488 nm and 532 nm. For both sets of photodiodes, the modelled and measured responsivities were generally in agreement within the measurement and modelling uncertainties of around 100 parts per million (ppm). There is, however, an indication that the modelled internal quantum deficiency may be underestimated by a similar amount. Moreover, the responsivities of the <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were spatially uniform within 30 ppm peak-to-peak variation. The results obtained in this research indicate that the n-type induced junction photodiode is a very promising alternative to the existing p-type <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, and thus give additional credibility to the concept of modelled quantum <span class="hlt">detector</span> serving as a primary standard. Furthermore, the manufacturing of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SPIE.8870E..0GE','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SPIE.8870E..0GE"><span>sCMOS <span class="hlt">detector</span> for imaging VNIR spectrometry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eckardt, Andreas; Reulke, Ralf; Schwarzer, Horst; Venus, Holger; Neumann, Christian</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>The facility Optical Information Systems (OS) at the Robotics and Mechatronics Center of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) has more than 30 years of experience with high-resolution imaging technology. This paper shows the scientific results of the institute of leading edge instruments and focal plane designs for EnMAP VIS/NIR spectrograph. EnMAP (Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program) is one of the selected proposals for the national German Space Program. The EnMAP project includes the technological design of the hyper spectral space borne instrument and the algorithms development of the classification. The EnMAP project is a joint response of German Earth observation research institutions, value-added resellers and the German space industry like Kayser-Threde GmbH (KT) and others to the increasing demand on information about the status of our environment. The Geo Forschungs Zentrum (GFZ) Potsdam is the Principal Investigator of EnMAP. DLR OS and KT were driving the technology of new <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and the FPA design for this project, new manufacturing accuracy and on-chip processing capability in order to keep pace with the ambitious scientific and user requirements. In combination with the engineering research, the current generations of space borne sensor systems are focusing on VIS/NIR high spectral resolution to meet the requirements on earth and planetary observation systems. The combination of large swath and high spectral resolution with intelligent synchronization control, fast-readout ADC chains and new focal-plane concepts open the door to new remote-sensing and smart deep space instruments. The paper gives an overview over the <span class="hlt">detector</span> verification program at DLR on FPA level, new control possibilities for sCMOS <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in global shutter mode and key parameters like PRNU, DSNU, MTF, SNR, <span class="hlt">Linearity</span>, Spectral Response, Quantum Efficiency, Flatness and Radiation Tolerance will be discussed in detail.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900000086&hterms=field+infrared&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DNear%2Bfield%2Binfrared','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900000086&hterms=field+infrared&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DNear%2Bfield%2Binfrared"><span>Field-Induced-Gap Infrared <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Elliott, C. Thomas</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Semimetals become semiconductors under applied magnetic fields. New <span class="hlt">detectors</span> require less cooling equipment because they operate at temperatures higher than liquid-helium temperatures required by extrinsic-semiconductor <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Magnetic fields for <span class="hlt">detectors</span> provided by electromagnets based on recently-discovered high-transition-temperature superconducting materials. <span class="hlt">Detector</span> material has to be semiconductor, in which photon absorbed by exciting electron/hole pair across gap Eg of forbidden energies between valence and conduction energy bands. Magnetic- and compositional-tuning effects combined to obtain two-absorber <span class="hlt">detector</span> having narrow passband. By variation of applied magnetic field, passband swept through spectrum of interest.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130014754','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130014754"><span>Advanced Space Radiation <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Technology Development</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wrbanek, John D.; Wrbanek, Susan Y.; Fralick, Gustave C.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The advanced space radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> development team at the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) has the goal of developing unique, more compact radiation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that provide improved real-time data on space radiation. The team has performed studies of different <span class="hlt">detector</span> designs using a variety of combinations of solid-state <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, which allow higher sensitivity to radiation in a smaller package and operate at lower voltage than traditional <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Integration of multiple solid-state <span class="hlt">detectors</span> will result in an improved <span class="hlt">detector</span> system in comparison to existing state-of-the-art instruments for the detection and monitoring of the space radiation field for deep space and aerospace applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140006192','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140006192"><span>Advanced Space Radiation <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Technology Development</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wrbanek, John D.; Wrbanek, Susan Y.; Fralick, Gustave C.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The advanced space radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> development team at NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) has the goal of developing unique, more compact radiation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that provide improved real-time data on space radiation. The team has performed studies of different <span class="hlt">detector</span> designs using a variety of combinations of solid-state <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, which allow higher sensitivity to radiation in a smaller package and operate at lower voltage than traditional <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Integration of multiple solid-state <span class="hlt">detectors</span> will result in an improved <span class="hlt">detector</span> system in comparison to existing state-of-the-art instruments for the detection and monitoring of the space radiation field for deep space and aerospace applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130014381','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130014381"><span>Advanced Space Radiation <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Technology Development</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wrbanek, John D.; Wrbanek, Susan Y.; Fralick, Gustave C.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The advanced space radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> development team at NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) has the goal of developing unique, more compact radiation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> that provide improved real-time data on space radiation. The team has performed studies of different <span class="hlt">detector</span> designs using a variety of combinations of solid-state <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, which allow higher sensitivity to radiation in a smaller package and operate at lower voltage than traditional <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Integration of multiple solid-state <span class="hlt">detectors</span> will result in an improved <span class="hlt">detector</span> system in comparison to existing state-of-the-art (SOA) instruments for the detection and monitoring of the space radiation field for deep space and aerospace applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PMB....63d5022S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PMB....63d5022S"><span>Optimization, evaluation and calibration of a cross-strip DOI <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schmidt, F. P.; Kolb, A.; Pichler, B. J.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>This study depicts the evaluation of a SiPM <span class="hlt">detector</span> with depth of interaction (DOI) capability via a dual-sided readout that is suitable for high-resolution positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance (PET/MR) imaging. Two different 12  ×  12 pixelated LSO scintillator arrays with a crystal pitch of 1.60 mm are examined. One array is 20 mm-long with a crystal separation by the specular reflector Vikuiti enhanced specular reflector (ESR), and the other one is 18 mm-long and separated by the diffuse reflector Lumirror E60 (E60). An improvement in energy resolution from 22.6% to 15.5% for the scintillator array with the E60 reflector is achieved by taking a nonlinear light collection correction into account. The results are FWHM energy resolutions of 14.0% and 15.5%, average FWHM DOI resolutions of 2.96 mm and 1.83 mm, and FWHM coincidence resolving times of 1.09 ns and 1.48 ns for the scintillator array with the ESR and that with the E60 reflector, respectively. The measured DOI signal ratios need to be assigned to an interaction depth inside the scintillator crystal. A <span class="hlt">linear</span> and a nonlinear method, using the intrinsic scintillator radiation from lutetium, are implemented for an easy to apply calibration and are compared to the conventional method, which exploits a setup with an externally collimated radiation beam. The deviation between the DOI functions of the <span class="hlt">linear</span> or nonlinear method and the conventional method is determined. The resulting average of differences in DOI positions is 0.67 mm and 0.45 mm for the nonlinear calibration method for the scintillator array with the ESR and with the E60 reflector, respectively; Whereas the <span class="hlt">linear</span> calibration method results in 0.51 mm and 0.32 mm for the scintillator array with the ESR and the E60 reflector, respectively; and is, due to its simplicity, also applicable in assembled <span class="hlt">detector</span> systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29384502','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29384502"><span>Optimization, evaluation and calibration of a cross-strip DOI <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schmidt, F P; Kolb, A; Pichler, B J</p> <p>2018-02-20</p> <p>This study depicts the evaluation of a SiPM <span class="hlt">detector</span> with depth of interaction (DOI) capability via a dual-sided readout that is suitable for high-resolution positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance (PET/MR) imaging. Two different 12  ×  12 pixelated LSO scintillator arrays with a crystal pitch of 1.60 mm are examined. One array is 20 mm-long with a crystal separation by the specular reflector Vikuiti enhanced specular reflector (ESR), and the other one is 18 mm-long and separated by the diffuse reflector Lumirror E60 (E60). An improvement in energy resolution from 22.6% to 15.5% for the scintillator array with the E60 reflector is achieved by taking a nonlinear light collection correction into account. The results are FWHM energy resolutions of 14.0% and 15.5%, average FWHM DOI resolutions of 2.96 mm and 1.83 mm, and FWHM coincidence resolving times of 1.09 ns and 1.48 ns for the scintillator array with the ESR and that with the E60 reflector, respectively. The measured DOI signal ratios need to be assigned to an interaction depth inside the scintillator crystal. A <span class="hlt">linear</span> and a nonlinear method, using the intrinsic scintillator radiation from lutetium, are implemented for an easy to apply calibration and are compared to the conventional method, which exploits a setup with an externally collimated radiation beam. The deviation between the DOI functions of the <span class="hlt">linear</span> or nonlinear method and the conventional method is determined. The resulting average of differences in DOI positions is 0.67 mm and 0.45 mm for the nonlinear calibration method for the scintillator array with the ESR and with the E60 reflector, respectively; Whereas the <span class="hlt">linear</span> calibration method results in 0.51 mm and 0.32 mm for the scintillator array with the ESR and the E60 reflector, respectively; and is, due to its simplicity, also applicable in assembled <span class="hlt">detector</span> systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/871238','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/871238"><span>Apparatus and method for heterodyne-generated two-dimensional <span class="hlt">detector</span> array using a single element <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Strauss, Charlie E.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Apparatus and method for heterodyne-generated, two-dimensional <span class="hlt">detector</span> array using a single <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Synthetic-array heterodyne detection, permits a single-element optical <span class="hlt">detector</span> to behave as though it were divided into an array of separate heterodyne <span class="hlt">detector</span> elements. A fifteen-element synthetic array has successfully been experimentally realized on a single-element <span class="hlt">detector</span>, permitting all of the array elements to be read out continuously and in parallel from one electrical connection. A CO.sub.2 laser and a single-element HgCdTe photodiode are employed. A different heterodyne local oscillator frequency is incident upon the spatially resolvable regions of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> surface. Thus, different regions are mapped to different heterodyne beat frequencies. One can determine where the photons were incident on the <span class="hlt">detector</span> surface even though a single electrical connection to the <span class="hlt">detector</span> is used. This also prevents the destructive interference that occurs when multiple speckles are imaged (similar to spatial diversity), In coherent LIDAR this permits a larger field of view. An acoustooptic modulator generates the local oscillator frequencies and can achieve adequate spatial separation of optical frequencies of the order of a megahertz apart.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/563711','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/563711"><span>Apparatus and method for heterodyne-generated two-dimensional <span class="hlt">detector</span> array using a single element <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Strauss, C.E.</p> <p>1997-11-18</p> <p>Apparatus and method are disclosed for heterodyne-generated, two-dimensional <span class="hlt">detector</span> array using a single <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Synthetic-array heterodyne detection, permits a single-element optical <span class="hlt">detector</span> to behave as though it were divided into an array of separate heterodyne <span class="hlt">detector</span> elements. A fifteen-element synthetic array has successfully been experimentally realized on a single-element <span class="hlt">detector</span>, permitting all of the array elements to be read out continuously and in parallel from one electrical connection. A CO{sub 2} laser and a single-element HgCdTe photodiode are employed. A different heterodyne local oscillator frequency is incident upon the spatially resolvable regions of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> surface. Thus, different regions are mapped to different heterodyne beat frequencies. One can determine where the photons were incident on the <span class="hlt">detector</span> surface even though a single electrical connection to the <span class="hlt">detector</span> is used. This also prevents the destructive interference that occurs when multiple speckles are imaged (similar to spatial diversity), In coherent LIDAR this permits a larger field of view. An acoustooptic modulator generates the local oscillator frequencies and can achieve adequate spatial separation of optical frequencies of the order of a megahertz apart. 4 figs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1402648-delayed-gamma-ray-spectroscopy-lanthanum-bromide-detector-non-destructive-assay-nuclear-material','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1402648-delayed-gamma-ray-spectroscopy-lanthanum-bromide-detector-non-destructive-assay-nuclear-material"><span>Delayed gamma-ray spectroscopy with lanthanum bromide <span class="hlt">detector</span> for non-destructive assay of nuclear material</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Favalli, Andrea; Iliev, Metodi; Ianakiev, Kiril</p> <p></p> <p>High-energy delayed γ-ray spectroscopy is a potential technique for directly assaying spent fuel assemblies and achieving the safeguards goal of quantifying nuclear material inventories for spent fuel handling, interim storage, reprocessing facilities, repository sites, and final disposal. Requirements for the γ-ray detection system, up to ~6 MeV, can be summarized as follows: high efficiency at high γ-ray energies, high energy resolution, good <span class="hlt">linearity</span> between γ-ray energy and output signal amplitude, ability to operate at very high count rates, and ease of use in industrial environments such as nuclear facilities. High Purity Germanium <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> (HPGe) are the state of the artmore » and provide excellent energy resolution but are limited in their count rate capability. Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr 3) scintillation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> offer significantly higher count rate capabilities at lower energy resolution. Thus, LaBr 3 <span class="hlt">detectors</span> may be an effective alternative for nuclear spent-fuel applications, where count-rate capability is a requirement. This paper documents the measured performance of a 2” (length) × 2” (diameter) of LaBr3 scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span> system, coupled to a negatively biased PMT and a tapered active high voltage divider, with count-rates up to ~3 Mcps. An experimental methodology was developed that uses the average current from the PMT’s anode and a dual source method to characterize the <span class="hlt">detector</span> system at specific very high count rate values. Delayed γ-ray spectra were acquired with the LaBr 3 <span class="hlt">detector</span> system at the Idaho Accelerator Center, Idaho State University, where samples of ~3g of 235U were irradiated with moderated neutrons from a photo-neutron source. Results of the spectroscopy characterization and analysis of the delayed γ-ray spectra acquired indicate the possible use of LaBr3 scintillation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> when high count rate capability may outweigh the lower energy resolution.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1402648-delayed-gamma-ray-spectroscopy-lanthanum-bromide-detector-non-destructive-assay-nuclear-material','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1402648-delayed-gamma-ray-spectroscopy-lanthanum-bromide-detector-non-destructive-assay-nuclear-material"><span>Delayed gamma-ray spectroscopy with lanthanum bromide <span class="hlt">detector</span> for non-destructive assay of nuclear material</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Favalli, Andrea; Iliev, Metodi; Ianakiev, Kiril; ...</p> <p>2017-10-09</p> <p>High-energy delayed γ-ray spectroscopy is a potential technique for directly assaying spent fuel assemblies and achieving the safeguards goal of quantifying nuclear material inventories for spent fuel handling, interim storage, reprocessing facilities, repository sites, and final disposal. Requirements for the γ-ray detection system, up to ~6 MeV, can be summarized as follows: high efficiency at high γ-ray energies, high energy resolution, good <span class="hlt">linearity</span> between γ-ray energy and output signal amplitude, ability to operate at very high count rates, and ease of use in industrial environments such as nuclear facilities. High Purity Germanium <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> (HPGe) are the state of the artmore » and provide excellent energy resolution but are limited in their count rate capability. Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr 3) scintillation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> offer significantly higher count rate capabilities at lower energy resolution. Thus, LaBr 3 <span class="hlt">detectors</span> may be an effective alternative for nuclear spent-fuel applications, where count-rate capability is a requirement. This paper documents the measured performance of a 2” (length) × 2” (diameter) of LaBr3 scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span> system, coupled to a negatively biased PMT and a tapered active high voltage divider, with count-rates up to ~3 Mcps. An experimental methodology was developed that uses the average current from the PMT’s anode and a dual source method to characterize the <span class="hlt">detector</span> system at specific very high count rate values. Delayed γ-ray spectra were acquired with the LaBr 3 <span class="hlt">detector</span> system at the Idaho Accelerator Center, Idaho State University, where samples of ~3g of 235U were irradiated with moderated neutrons from a photo-neutron source. Results of the spectroscopy characterization and analysis of the delayed γ-ray spectra acquired indicate the possible use of LaBr3 scintillation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> when high count rate capability may outweigh the lower energy resolution.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPA.877..192F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPA.877..192F"><span>Delayed gamma-ray spectroscopy with lanthanum bromide <span class="hlt">detector</span> for non-destructive assay of nuclear material</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Favalli, Andrea; Iliev, Metodi; Ianakiev, Kiril; Hunt, Alan W.; Ludewigt, Bernhard</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>High-energy delayed γ-ray spectroscopy is a potential technique for directly assaying spent fuel assemblies and achieving the safeguards goal of quantifying nuclear material inventories for spent fuel handling, interim storage, reprocessing facilities, repository sites, and final disposal. Requirements for the γ-ray detection system, up to ∼6 MeV, can be summarized as follows: high efficiency at high γ-ray energies, high energy resolution, good <span class="hlt">linearity</span> between γ-ray energy and output signal amplitude, ability to operate at very high count rates, and ease of use in industrial environments such as nuclear facilities. High Purity Germanium <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> (HPGe) are the state of the art and provide excellent energy resolution but are limited in their count rate capability. Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr3) scintillation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> offer significantly higher count rate capabilities at lower energy resolution. Thus, LaBr3 <span class="hlt">detectors</span> may be an effective alternative for nuclear spent-fuel applications, where count-rate capability is a requirement. This paper documents the measured performance of a 2" (length) × 2" (diameter) of LaBr3 scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span> system, coupled to a negatively biased PMT and a tapered active high voltage divider, with count-rates up to ∼3 Mcps. An experimental methodology was developed that uses the average current from the PMT's anode and a dual source method to characterize the <span class="hlt">detector</span> system at specific very high count rate values. Delayed γ-ray spectra were acquired with the LaBr3 <span class="hlt">detector</span> system at the Idaho Accelerator Center, Idaho State University, where samples of ∼3g of 235U were irradiated with moderated neutrons from a photo-neutron source. Results of the spectroscopy characterization and analysis of the delayed γ-ray spectra acquired indicate the possible use of LaBr3 scintillation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> when high count rate capability may outweigh the lower energy resolution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/597165','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/597165"><span>Large angle solid state position sensitive x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Kurtz, D.S.; Ruud, C.O.</p> <p>1998-03-03</p> <p>A method and apparatus for x-ray measurement of certain properties of a solid material are disclosed. In distinction to known methods and apparatus, this invention employs a specific fiber-optic bundle configuration, termed a reorganizer, itself known for other uses, for coherently transmitting visible light originating from the scintillation of diffracted x-radiation from the solid material gathered along a substantially one dimensional <span class="hlt">linear</span> arc, to a two-dimensional photo-sensor array. The two-dimensional photodetector array, with its many closely packed light sensitive pixels, is employed to process the information contained in the diffracted radiation and present the information in the form of a conventional x-ray diffraction spectrum. By this arrangement, the angular range of the combined <span class="hlt">detector</span> faces may be increased without loss of angular resolution. Further, the prohibitively expensive coupling together of a large number of individual <span class="hlt">linear</span> diode photodetectors, which would be required to process signals generated by the diffracted radiation, is avoided. 7 figs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/871402','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/871402"><span>Large angle solid state position sensitive x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Kurtz, David S.; Ruud, Clay O.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>A method and apparatus for x-ray measurement of certain properties of a solid material. In distinction to known methods and apparatus, this invention employs a specific fiber-optic bundle configuration, termed a reorganizer, itself known for other uses, for coherently transmitting visible light originating from the scintillation of diffracted x-radiation from the solid material gathered along a substantially one dimensional <span class="hlt">linear</span> arc, to a two-dimensional photo-sensor array. The two-dimensional photodetector array, with its many closely packed light sensitive pixels, is employed to process the information contained in the diffracted radiation and present the information in the form of a conventional x-ray diffraction spectrum. By this arrangement, the angular range of the combined <span class="hlt">detector</span> faces may be increased without loss of angular resolution. Further, the prohibitively expensive coupling together of a large number of individual <span class="hlt">linear</span> diode photodetectors, which would be required to process signals generated by the diffracted radiation, is avoided.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/672577','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/672577"><span>Large angle solid state position sensitive x-ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Kurtz, D.S.; Ruud, C.O.</p> <p>1998-07-21</p> <p>A method and apparatus are disclosed for x-ray measurement of certain properties of a solid material. In distinction to known methods and apparatus, this invention employs a specific fiber-optic bundle configuration, termed a reorganizer, itself known for other uses, for coherently transmitting visible light originating from the scintillation of diffracted x-radiation from the solid material gathered along a substantially one dimensional <span class="hlt">linear</span> arc, to a two-dimensional photo-sensor array. The two-dimensional photodetector array, with its many closely packed light sensitive pixels, is employed to process the information contained in the diffracted radiation and present the information in the form of a conventional x-ray diffraction spectrum. By this arrangement, the angular range of the combined <span class="hlt">detector</span> faces may be increased without loss of angular resolution. Further, the prohibitively expensive coupling together of a large number of individual <span class="hlt">linear</span> diode photodetectors, which would be required to process signals generated by the diffracted radiation, is avoided. 7 figs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27265050','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27265050"><span>Simulation study of PET <span class="hlt">detector</span> configuration with thick light guide and GAPD array having large-area microcells for high effective quantum efficiency.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kang, Jihoon; Choi, Yong</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>Light sharing PET <span class="hlt">detector</span> configuration coupled with thick light guide and Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (GAPD) with large-area microcells was proposed to overcome the energy non-<span class="hlt">linearity</span> problem and to obtain high light collection efficiency (LCE). A Monte-Carlo simulation was conducted for the three types of LSO block, 4 × 4 array of 3 × 3 × 20 mm(3) discrete crystals, 6 × 6 array of 2 × 2 × 20 mm(3) discrete crystals, and 12 × 12 array of 1 × 1 × 20 mm(3) discrete crystals, to investigate the scintillation light distribution after conversion of the γ-rays in LSO. The incident photons were read out by three types of 4 × 4 array photosensors, which were PSPMT of 25% quantum efficiency (QE), GAPD1 with 50 × 50 µm(2) microcells of 30% photon detection efficiency (PDE) and GAPD2 with 100 × 100 µm(2) of 45% PDE. The number of counted photons in each photosensor was analytically calculated. The LCE, <span class="hlt">linearity</span> and flood histogram were examined for each PET <span class="hlt">detector</span> module having 99 different configurations as a function of light guide thickness ranging from 0 to 10 mm. The performance of PET <span class="hlt">detector</span> modules based on GAPDs was considerably improved by using the thick light guide. The LCE was increased from 24 to 30% and from 14 to 41%, and the <span class="hlt">linearity</span> was also improved from 0.97 to 0.99 and from 0.75 to 0.99, for GAPD1 and GAPD2, respectively. As expected, the performance of PSPMT based <span class="hlt">detector</span> did not change. The flood histogram of 12 × 12 array PET <span class="hlt">detector</span> modules using 3 mm light guide coupled with GAPDs was obtained by simulation, and all crystals of 1 × 1 × 20 mm(3) size were clearly identified. PET <span class="hlt">detector</span> module coupled with thick light guide and GAPD array with large-area microcells was proposed to obtain high QE and high spatial resolution, and its feasibility was verified. This study demonstrated that the overall PET performance of the proposed design was</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9720E..0UH','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9720E..0UH"><span>A light sheet confocal microscope for image cytometry with a variable <span class="hlt">linear</span> slit <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hutcheson, Joshua A.; Khan, Foysal Z.; Powless, Amy J.; Benson, Devin; Hunter, Courtney; Fritsch, Ingrid; Muldoon, Timothy J.</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>We present a light sheet confocal microscope (LSCM) capable of high-resolution imaging of cell suspensions in a microfluidic environment. In lieu of conventional pressure-driven flow or mechanical translation of the samples, we have employed a novel method of fluid transport, redox-magnetohydrodynamics (redox-MHD). This method achieves fluid motion by inducing a small current into the suspension in the presence of a magnetic field via electrodes patterned onto a silicon chip. This on-chip transportation requires no moving parts, and is coupled to the remainder of the imaging system. The microscopy system comprises a 450 nm diode 20 mW laser coupled to a single mode fiber and a cylindrical lens that converges the light sheet into the back aperture of a 10x, 0.3 NA objective lens in an epi-illumination configuration. The emission pathway contains a 150 mm tube lens that focuses the light onto the <span class="hlt">linear</span> sensor at the conjugate image plane. The <span class="hlt">linear</span> sensor (ELiiXA+ 8k/4k) has three lateral binning modes which enables variable detection aperture widths between 5, 10, or 20 μm, which can be used to vary axial resolution. We have demonstrated redox-MHD-enabled light sheet microscopy in suspension of fluorescent polystyrene beads. This approach has potential as a high-throughput image cytometer with myriad cellular diagnostic applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPB.385...15S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPB.385...15S"><span>Dosimeter incorporating radiophotoluminescent <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for thermal neutrons and γ-rays in n-γ fields</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Salem, Y. O.; Nachab, A.; Roy, C.; Nourreddine, A.</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>We have developed a dosimeter associating different neutron converters with two radiophotoluminescent <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to measure thermal neutrons and γ-rays in a mixed n-γ field. Tests show that the H∗(10) and Hp(10) responses to thermal neutrons and γ-rays are <span class="hlt">linear</span> with detection limits lower than 0.4 mSv. The angular dependence of the dosimeter response is satisfactory and the influence of a phantom on the results is examined.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1082887','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1082887"><span>Charged particle <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with active <span class="hlt">detector</span> surface for partial energy deposition of the charged particles and related methods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Gerts, David W; Bean, Robert S; Metcalf, Richard R</p> <p>2013-02-19</p> <p>A radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> is disclosed. The radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> comprises an active <span class="hlt">detector</span> surface configured to generate charge carriers in response to charged particles associated with incident radiation. The active <span class="hlt">detector</span> surface is further configured with a sufficient thickness for a partial energy deposition of the charged particles to occur and permit the charged particles to pass through the active <span class="hlt">detector</span> surface. The radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> further comprises a plurality of voltage leads coupled to the active <span class="hlt">detector</span> surface. The plurality of voltage leads is configured to couple to a voltage source to generate a voltage drop across the active <span class="hlt">detector</span> surface and to separate the charge carriers into a plurality of electrons and holes for detection. The active <span class="hlt">detector</span> surface may comprise one or more graphene layers. Timing data between active <span class="hlt">detector</span> surfaces may be used to determine energy of the incident radiation. Other apparatuses and methods are disclosed herein.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070030828','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070030828"><span>Far-Infrared Blocked Impurity Band <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Development</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hogue, H. H.; Guptill, M. T.; Monson, J. C.; Stewart, J. W.; Huffman, J. E.; Mlynczak, M. G.; Abedin, M. N.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>DRS Sensors & Targeting Systems, supported by <span class="hlt">detector</span> materials supplier Lawrence Semiconductor Research Laboratory, is developing far-infrared <span class="hlt">detectors</span> jointly with NASA Langley under the Far-IR <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Technology Advancement Partnership (FIDTAP). The <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are intended for spectral characterization of the Earth's energy budget from space. During the first year of this effort we have designed, fabricated, and evaluated pilot Blocked Impurity Band (BIB) <span class="hlt">detectors</span> in both silicon and germanium, utilizing pre-existing customized <span class="hlt">detector</span> materials and photolithographic masks. A second-year effort has prepared improved silicon materials, fabricated custom photolithographic masks for <span class="hlt">detector</span> process, and begun <span class="hlt">detector</span> processing. We report the characterization results from the pilot <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and other progress.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9290E..2JC','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9290E..2JC"><span>Development of 2D imaging of SXR plasma radiation by means of GEM <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chernyshova, M.; Czarski, T.; Jabłoński, S.; Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, E.; Poźniak, K.; Kasprowicz, G.; Zabołotny, W.; Wojeński, A.; Byszuk, A.; Burza, M.; Juszczyk, B.; Zienkiewicz, P.</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>Presented 2D gaseous <span class="hlt">detector</span> system has been developed and designed to provide energy resolved fast dynamic plasma radiation imaging in the soft X-Ray region with 0.1 kHz exposure frequency for online, made in real time, data acquisition (DAQ) mode. The detection structure is based on triple Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) amplification structure followed by the pixel readout electrode. The efficiency of detecting unit was adjusted for the radiation energy region of tungsten in high-temperature plasma, the main candidate for the plasma facing material for future thermonuclear reactors. Here we present preliminary laboratory results and <span class="hlt">detector</span> parameters obtained for the developed system. The operational characteristics and conditions of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> were designed to work in the X-Ray range of 2-17 keV. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> <span class="hlt">linearity</span> was checked using the fluorescence lines of different elements and was found to be sufficient for good photon energy reconstruction. Images of two sources through various screens were performed with an X-Ray laboratory source and 55Fe source showing a good imaging capability. Finally offline stream-handling data acquisition mode has been developed for the detecting system with timing down to the ADC sampling frequency rate (~13 ns), up to 2.5 MHz of exposure frequency, which could pave the way to invaluable physics information about plasma dynamics due to very good time resolving ability. Here we present results of studied spatial resolution and imaging properties of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> for conditions of laboratory moderate counting rates and high gain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ITNS...53..776A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ITNS...53..776A"><span>Corrected Position Estimation in PET <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Modules With Multi-Anode PMTs Using Neural Networks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Aliaga, R. J.; Martinez, J. D.; Gadea, R.; Sebastia, A.; Benlloch, J. M.; Sanchez, F.; Pavon, N.; Lerche, Ch.</p> <p>2006-06-01</p> <p>This paper studies the use of Neural Networks (NNs) for estimating the position of impinging photons in gamma ray <span class="hlt">detector</span> modules for PET cameras based on continuous scintillators and Multi-Anode Photomultiplier Tubes (MA-PMTs). The <span class="hlt">detector</span> under study is composed of a 49/spl times/49/spl times/10 mm/sup 3/ continuous slab of LSO coupled to a flat panel H8500 MA-PMT. Four digitized signals from a charge division circuit, which collects currents from the 8/spl times/8 anode matrix of the photomultiplier, are used as inputs to the NN, thus reducing drastically the number of electronic channels required. We have simulated the computation of the position for 511 keV gamma photons impacting perpendicularly to the <span class="hlt">detector</span> surface. Thus, we have performed a thorough analysis of the NN architecture and training procedures in order to achieve the best results in terms of spatial resolution and bias correction. Results obtained using GEANT4 simulation toolkit show a resolution of 1.3 mm/1.9 mm FWHM at the center/edge of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> and less than 1 mm of systematic error in the position near the edges of the scintillator. The results confirm that NNs can partially model and correct the non-uniform <span class="hlt">detector</span> response using only the position-weighted signals from a simple 2D DPC circuit. <span class="hlt">Linearity</span> degradation for oblique incidence is also investigated. Finally, the NN can be implemented in hardware for parallel real time corrected Line-of-Response (LOR) estimation. Results on resources occupancy and throughput in FPGA are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..APRB16002P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..APRB16002P"><span>Measurement of Yields and Fluctuations using Background and Calibration Data from the LUX <span class="hlt">Detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pease, Evan; LUX Collaboration</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) <span class="hlt">detector</span> is a 350-kg liquid xenon (LXe) time-projection chamber designed for the direct detection of weakly-interacting massive particles (WIMPs), a leading dark matter candidate. LUX operates on the 4850-foot level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, SD. Monoenergetic electronic recoil (ER) peaks in the WIMP search and calibration data from the first underground science run of the LUX <span class="hlt">detector</span> have been used to measure ER light and charge yields in LXe between 5.2 keV and 662 keV. The energy resolution of the LUX <span class="hlt">detector</span> at these energies will also be presented. Recombination fluctuations are observed to follow a <span class="hlt">linear</span> dependence on the number of ions for the energies in this study, and this dependence is consistent with low-energy measurements made with a tritium beta source in the LUX <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Using these results and additional measurements of the recoil bands from tritium and D-D neutron calibrations, I will compare recombination fluctuations in LXe response to electronic and nuclear recoils. The presenter is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science Graduate Student Research (SCGSR) program. The SCGSR program is administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education for the DOE under contract DE-AC05-06OR23100.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ITNS...60.2883H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ITNS...60.2883H"><span>Timing Performance of TlBr <span class="hlt">Detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hitomi, Keitaro; Tada, Tsutomu; Onodera, Toshiyuki; Shoji, Tadayoshi; Kim, Seong-Yun; Xu, Yuanlai; Ishii, Keizo</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>The timing performance of TlBr <span class="hlt">detectors</span> was evaluated at room temperature (22 °C). 0.5-mm-thick planar TlBr <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with Tl circular electrodes with a diameter of 3 mm were fabricated from TlBr crystals grown by the traveling molten zone method using a zone-purified material. The pulse rise time of the TlBr <span class="hlt">detector</span> was measured using a digital oscilloscope as the cathode surface of the device was irradiated with a 22Na gamma-ray source. Coincidence timing spectra were obtained between the TlBr <span class="hlt">detector</span> and a BaF2 scintillation <span class="hlt">detector</span> when both <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were irradiated with 511 keV positron annihilation gamma-rays. The timing resolution of the TlBr <span class="hlt">detector</span> was found to be inversely proportional to the applied bias voltage. The TlBr <span class="hlt">detector</span>, in coincidence with the BaF2 <span class="hlt">detector</span>, exhibited timing resolutions characterized by a 6.5 ns full width at half maximum (FWHM) and an 8.5 ns FWHM with and without an energy window of 350 keV-560 keV, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10401E..13R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10401E..13R"><span>Second-order spherical optoelectronic <span class="hlt">detector</span> for 3D multi-particles wave emission and propagation in space time domains</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Romano, Francesco; Cimmino, Rosario F.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>This paper concerns a feasibility study on a 2nd order spherical, or three-dimensional, angular momentum and <span class="hlt">linear</span> momentum <span class="hlt">detector</span> for photonic radiation applications. It has been developed in order to obtain a paraxial approximation of physical events observed under Coulomb gauge condition, which is essential to compute both the longitudinal and transverse rotational components of the observed 3-D vortex field, generally neglected by conventional detection systems under current usage. Since light and laser beams are neither full transversal or rotational phenomena, to measure directly and in the same time both the energy, mainly not-rotational, related to the relevant part of the <span class="hlt">linear</span> momentum and the potential solenoidal energy (vortex), related to the angular momentum, 2nd order spherical, or 3-D, <span class="hlt">detector</span> techniques are required. In addition, direct 2nd order measure techniques enable development of TEM + DEM [17] studies, therefore allowing for monochromatic complex wave detection with a paraxial accuracy in the relativistic time-space domain. Light and optic or Electromagnetic 2nd order 3-D AnM energy may usefully be used in tre-dimensional optical TEM, noTEM, DEM vortex or laser communications The paper illustrates an innovative quadratic order 3-D spherical model <span class="hlt">detector</span> applied to directly measure a light source power spectrum and compares the performances of this innovative technique with those obtained with a traditional 1st order system. Results from a number of test experiments conducted in cooperation with INAF Observatories of ArcetriFlorence and Medicina-Bologna (Italy), and focused on telescopic observations of the inter-stellar electromagnetic radiations, are also summarized. The innovative quadratic-order spherical <span class="hlt">detector</span> turns out to be optimal for optical and/or radio telescopes application, optical and optoelectronic sensors development and gravitational wave 2nd order <span class="hlt">detectors</span> implementation. Although the proposed method is very</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/921445','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/921445"><span>Pocked surface neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>McGregor, Douglas; Klann, Raymond</p> <p>2003-04-08</p> <p>The detection efficiency, or sensitivity, of a neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> material such as of Si, SiC, amorphous Si, GaAs, or diamond is substantially increased by forming one or more cavities, or holes, in its surface. A neutron reactive material such as of elemental, or any compound of, .sup.10 B, .sup.6 Li, .sup.6 LiF, U, or Gd is deposited on the surface of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> material so as to be disposed within the cavities therein. The portions of the neutron reactive material extending into the <span class="hlt">detector</span> material substantially increase the probability of an energetic neutron reaction product in the form of a charged particle being directed into and detected by the neutron <span class="hlt">detector</span> material.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040182418&hterms=TES+system&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DTES%2Bsystem','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040182418&hterms=TES+system&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DTES%2Bsystem"><span>A 90GHz Bolometer Camera <span class="hlt">Detector</span> System for the Green Bank Telescope</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Benford, Dominic J.; Allen, Christine A.; Buchanan, Ernest D.; Chen, Tina C.; Chervenak, James A.; Devlin, Mark J.; Dicker, Simon R.; Forgione, Joshua B.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>We describe a close-packed, two-dimensional imaging <span class="hlt">detector</span> system for operation at 90GHz (3.3mm) for the 100 m Green Bank Telescope (GBT) This system will provide high sensitivity (<1mjy in 1s rapid imaging (15'x15' to 250 microJy in 1 hr) at the world's largest steerable aperture. The heart of this camera is an 8x8 close packed, Nyquist-sampled array of superconducting transition edge sensor bolometers. We have designed and are producing a functional superconducting bolometer array system using a monolithic planar architecture and high-speed multiplexed readout electronics. With an NEP of approx. 2.10(exp 17) W/square root Hz, the TES bolometers will provide fast <span class="hlt">linear</span> sensitive response for high performance imaging. The <span class="hlt">detectors</span> are read out by and 8x8 time domain SQUID multiplexer. A digital/analog electronics system has been designed to enable read out by SQUID multiplexers. First light for this instrument on the GBT is expected within a year.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12P3001M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInst..12P3001M"><span>Characterisation of a CZT <span class="hlt">detector</span> for dosimetry of molecular radiotherapy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McAreavey, L. H.; Harkness-Brennan, L. J.; Colosimo, S. J.; Judson, D. S.; Boston, A. J.; Boston, H. C.; Nolan, P. J.; Flux, G. D.; Denis-Bacelar, A. M.; Harris, B.; Radley, I.; Carroll, M.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>A pixelated cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) <span class="hlt">detector</span> has been characterised for the purpose of developing a quantitative single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system for dosimetry of molecular radiotherapy (MRT). This is the aim of the Dosimetric Imaging with CZT (DEPICT) project, which is a collaboration between the University of Liverpool, The Royal Marsden Hospital, The Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital, and the commercial partner Kromek. CZT is a direct band gap semiconductor with superior energy resolution and stopping power compared to scintillator <span class="hlt">detectors</span> used in current SPECT systems. The inherent <span class="hlt">detector</span> properties have been investigated and operational parameters such as bias voltage and peaking time have been selected to optimise the performance of the system. Good energy resolution is required to discriminate γ-rays that are scattered as they are emitted from the body and within the collimator, and high photon throughput is essential due to the high activities of isotopes administered in MRT. The system has an average measured electronic noise of 3.31 keV full width at half maximum (FWHM), determined through the use of an internal pulser. The energy response of the system was measured across the energy region of interest 59.5 keV to 364.5 keV and found to be <span class="hlt">linear</span>. The reverse bias voltage and peaking time producing the optimum FWHM and maximum photon throughput were 600 V and 0.5 μs respectively. The average dead time of the system was measured as 4.84 μs and charge sharing was quantified to be 0.71 % at 59.5 keV . A pixel sensitivity calibration map was created and planar images of the medical imaging isotopes 99mTc and 123I were acquired by coupling the device to a prototype collimator, thereby demonstrating the suitability of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the DEPICT project.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10567E..1MR','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10567E..1MR"><span>Preliminary performances measured on a CMOS long <span class="hlt">linear</span> array for space application</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Renard, Christophe; Artinian, Armand; Dantes, Didier; Lepage, Gérald; Diels, Wim</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>This paper presents the design and the preliminary performances of a CMOS <span class="hlt">linear</span> array, resulting from collaboration between Alcatel Alenia Space and Cypress Semiconductor BVBA, which takes advantage of emerging potentialities of CMOS technologies. The design of the sensor is presented: it includes 8000 panchromatic pixels with up to 25 rows used in TDI mode, and 4 lines of 2000 pixels for multispectral imaging. Main system requirements and <span class="hlt">detector</span> tradeoffs are recalled, and the preliminary test results obtained with a first generation prototype are summarized and compared with predicted performances.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29903341','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29903341"><span>[Determination of eleven fluorescent whitening agents in paper food packaging materials by UPLC-FLD/PDA with series double-<span class="hlt">detector</span>].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Tianjiao; Wu, Pinggu; Hu, Zhengyan; Wang, Liyuan; Tang, Jun; Jiang, Wei; Wang, Zhiyuan</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>To establish a new qualitative and quantitative ultraperformance liquid chromatography-fluorescence <span class="hlt">detector</span> / photodiode array <span class="hlt">detector</span> with series double-<span class="hlt">detector</span> method for the determination of eleven fluorescent whitening agents in paper food packaging materials. The sample was extracted with 40%acetonitrile water solution, separated by Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C_(18)column( 1. 7μm, 2. 1 mm × 100 mm) and eluted gradient. The excitation wavelength and emission wavelength of fluorescence <span class="hlt">detector</span>( FLD) were 350 nm and 430 nm, and the wavelength of photodiode array <span class="hlt">detector</span>( PDA) was 350 nm. The <span class="hlt">detectors</span> were used in series to achieve qualitative and quantitative detection. In the substrates of paper cups, paper bowls, paper trays and paper boxes, those eleven fluorescent whitening agents were separated properly. For both <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, in the <span class="hlt">linear</span> range of 25- 1000 ng / m L, the correlation coefficient was greater than 0. 99, and the recoveries of spiked recoveries were between 82. 2%- 104. 1% with the RSD less than 10%( n = 6). The detection limits ofthose eleven fluorescent whitening agents were 0. 20- 0. 28 mg / kg for FLD and 1. 4- 2. 5mg / kg for PDA. The eleven fluorescent whitening agents could be separated properly with complete separation, good shapes and high recovery rate. This method is easy to operate also. Thus it's an effective method to detect the fluorescent whitening agents in paper food packaging materials.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AAS...23134302L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AAS...23134302L"><span>The status of BAT <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lien, Amy; Markwardt, Craig B.; Krimm, Hans Albert; Barthelmy, Scott D.; Cenko, Bradley</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>We will present the current status of the Swift/BAT <span class="hlt">detector</span>. In particular, we will report the updated <span class="hlt">detector</span> gain calibration, the number of enable <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, and the global bad time intervals with potential calibration issues. We will also summarize the results of the yearly BAT calibration using the Crab nebula. Finally, we will discuss the effects on the BAT survey, such as the sensitivity, localization, and spectral analysis, due to the changes in <span class="hlt">detector</span> status.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol33/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol33-sec1065-270.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol33/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol33-sec1065-270.pdf"><span>40 CFR 1065.270 - Chemiluminescent <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Chemiluminescent <span class="hlt">detector</span>. 1065.270... Chemiluminescent <span class="hlt">detector</span>. (a) Application. You may use a chemiluminescent <span class="hlt">detector</span> (CLD) to measure NOX... chemiluminescent <span class="hlt">detector</span> for comparison with any proposed alternate measurement procedure under § 1065.10. (b...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhDT.......107R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhDT.......107R"><span>Photonic sources and <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for quantum information protocols: A trilogy in eight parts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rangarajan, Radhika</p> <p></p> <p>Quantum information processing (QIP) promises to revolutionize existing methods of manipulating data, via truly unique paradigms based on fundamental nonclassical physical phenomenon. However, the eventual success of optical QIP depends critically on the available technologies. Currently, creating multiple-photon states is extremely inefficient because almost no source thus far has been well optimized. Additionally, high-efficiency single-photon <span class="hlt">detectors</span> can drastically improve multi-photon QIP (typical efficiencies are ˜70%). In fact, it has been shown that scalable <span class="hlt">linear</span> optical quantum computing is possible only if the product of the source and <span class="hlt">detector</span> efficiencies exceeds ˜67%. The research presented here focuses on developing optimized source and <span class="hlt">detector</span> technologies for enabling scalable QIP. The goal of our source research is to develop an ideal " indistinguishable" source of ultrabright polarization-entangled but spatially- and spectrally-unentangled photon pairs. We engineer such an ideal source by first designing spatio-spectrally unentangled photons using optimized and group-velocity matched spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC). Next, we generate polarization-entangled photons using the engineered SPDC. Here we present solutions to the various challenges encountered during the indistinguishable source development. We demonstrate high-fidelity ultrafast pulsed and cw-diode laser-pumped sources of polarization-entangled photons, as well as the first production of polarization-entanglement directly from the highly nonlinear biaxial crystal BiB3O6 (BiBO). We also discuss the first experimental confirmation of the emission-angle dependence of the downconversion polarization (the Migdall effect), and a novel scheme for polarization-dependent focusing. The goal of our single-photon <span class="hlt">detector</span> research is to develop a very high-efficiency detection system that can also resolve incident photon number, a feature absent from the typical <span class="hlt">detectors</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPA.878..180F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NIMPA.878..180F"><span>Direct imaging <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for electron microscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Faruqi, A. R.; McMullan, G.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Electronic <span class="hlt">detectors</span> used for imaging in electron microscopy are reviewed in this paper. Much of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> technology is based on the developments in microelectronics, which have allowed the design of direct <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with fine pixels, fast readout and which are sufficiently radiation hard for practical use. <span class="hlt">Detectors</span> included in this review are hybrid pixel <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, monolithic active pixel sensors based on CMOS technology and pnCCDs, which share one important feature: they are all direct imaging <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, relying on directly converting energy in a semiconductor. Traditional methods of recording images in the electron microscope such as film and CCDs, are mentioned briefly along with a more detailed description of direct electronic <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. Many applications benefit from the use of direct electron <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and a few examples are mentioned in the text. In recent years one of the most dramatic advances in structural biology has been in the deployment of the new backthinned CMOS direct <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to attain near-atomic resolution molecular structures with electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM). The development of direct <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, along with a number of other parallel advances, has seen a very significant amount of new information being recorded in the images, which was not previously possible-and this forms the main emphasis of the review.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27839775','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27839775"><span>Small field output factors evaluation with a microDiamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> over 30 Italian centers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Russo, Serenella; Reggiori, Giacomo; Cagni, Elisabetta; Clemente, Stefania; Esposito, Marco; Falco, Maria Daniela; Fiandra, Christian; Giglioli, Francesca Romana; Marinelli, Marco; Marino, Carmelo; Masi, Laura; Pimpinella, Maria; Stasi, Michele; Strigari, Lidia; Talamonti, Cinzia; Villaggi, Elena; Mancosu, Pietro</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The aim of the study was a multicenter evaluation of MLC&jaws-defined small field output factors (OF) for different <span class="hlt">linear</span> accelerator manufacturers and for different beam energies using the latest synthetic single crystal diamond <span class="hlt">detector</span> commercially available. The feasibility of providing an experimental OF data set, useful for on-site measurements validation, was also evaluated. This work was performed in the framework of the Italian Association of Medical Physics (AIFM) SBRT working group. The project was subdivided in two phases: in the first phase each center measured OFs using their own routine <span class="hlt">detector</span> for nominal field sizes ranging from 10×10cm 2 to 0.6×0.6cm 2 . In the second phase, the measurements were repeated in all centers using the PTW 60019 microDiamond <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The project enrolled 30 Italian centers. Micro-ion chambers and silicon diodes were used for OF measurements in 24 and 6 centers respectively. Gafchromic films and TLDs were used for very small field OFs in 3 and 1 centers. Regarding the measurements performed with the user's <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, OF standard deviations (SD) for field sizes down to 2×2cm 2 were in all cases <2.7%. In the second phase, a reduction of around 50% of the SD was obtained using the microDiamond <span class="hlt">detector</span>. The measured values presented in this multicenter study provide a consistent dataset for OFs that could be a useful tool for improving dosimetric procedures in centers. The microDiamond data present a small variation among the centers confirming that this <span class="hlt">detector</span> can contribute to improve overall accuracy in radiotherapy. Copyright © 2016 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1389859','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1389859"><span>Directional radiation <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Dowell, Jonathan L.</p> <p>2017-09-12</p> <p>Directional radiation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and systems, methods, and computer-readable media for using directional radiation <span class="hlt">detectors</span> to locate a radiation source are provided herein. A directional radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> includes a radiation sensor. A radiation attenuator partially surrounds the radiation sensor and defines an aperture through which incident radiation is received by the radiation sensor. The aperture is positioned such that when incident radiation is received directly through the aperture and by the radiation sensor, a source of the incident radiation is located within a solid angle defined by the aperture. The radiation sensor senses at least one of alpha particles, beta particles, gamma particles, or neutrons.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4208594','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4208594"><span>PHASE <span class="hlt">DETECTOR</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Kippenhan, D.O.</p> <p>1959-09-01</p> <p>A phase <span class="hlt">detector</span> circuit is described for use at very high frequencies of the order of 50 megacycles. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> circuit includes a pair of rectifiers inverted relative to each other. One voltage to be compared is applied to the two rectifiers in phase opposition and the other voltage to be compared is commonly applied to the two rectifiers. The two result:ng d-c voltages derived from the rectifiers are combined in phase opposition to produce a single d-c voltage having amplitude and polarity characteristics dependent upon the phase relation between the signals to be compared. Principal novelty resides in the employment of a half-wave transmission line to derive the phase opposing signals from the first voltage to be compared for application to the two rectifiers in place of the transformer commonly utilized for such purpose in phase <span class="hlt">detector</span> circuits for operation at lower frequency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13C1040U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JInst..13C1040U"><span>Development of slew-rate-limited time-over-threshold (ToT) ASIC for a multi-channel silicon-based ion <span class="hlt">detector</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Uenomachi, M.; Orita, T.; Shimazoe, K.; Takahashi, H.; Ikeda, H.; Tsujita, K.; Sekiba, D.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>High-resolution Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (HERDA), which consists of a 90o sector magnetic spectrometer and a position-sensitive <span class="hlt">detector</span> (PSD), is a method of quantitative hydrogen analysis. In order to increase sensitivity, a HERDA system using a multi-channel silicon-based ion <span class="hlt">detector</span> has been developed. Here, as a parallel and fast readout circuit from a multi-channel silicon-based ion <span class="hlt">detector</span>, a slew-rate-limited time-over-threshold (ToT) application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) was designed, and a new slew-rate-limited ToT method is proposed. The designed ASIC has 48 channels and each channel consists of a preamplifier, a slew-rate-limited shaping amplifier, which makes ToT response <span class="hlt">linear</span>, and a comparator. The measured equivalent noise charges (ENCs) of the preamplifier, the shaper, and the ToT on no <span class="hlt">detector</span> capacitance were 253±21, 343±46, and 560±56 electrons RMS, respectively. The spectra from a 241Am source measured using a slew-rate-limited ToT ASIC are also reported.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ExA....41...43K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ExA....41...43K"><span>An investigation of the Eigenvalue Calibration Method (ECM) using GASP for non-imaging and imaging <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kyne, Gillian; Lara, David; Hallinan, Gregg; Redfern, Michael; Shearer, Andrew</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Polarised light from astronomical targets can yield a wealth of information about their source radiation mechanisms, and about the geometry of the scattered light regions. Optical observations, of both the <span class="hlt">linear</span> and circular polarisation components, have been impeded due to non-optimised instrumentation. The need for suitable observing conditions and the availability of luminous targets are also limiting factors. The science motivation of any instrument adds constraints to its operation such as high signal-to-noise (SNR) and <span class="hlt">detector</span> readout speeds. These factors in particular lead to a wide range of sources that have yet to be observed. The Galway Astronomical Stokes Polarimeter (GASP) has been specifically designed to make observations of these sources. GASP uses division of amplitude polarimeter (DOAP) (Compain and Drevillon Appl. Opt. 37, 5938-5944, 1998) to measure the four components of the Stokes vector (I, Q, U and V) simultaneously, which eliminates the constraints placed upon the need for moving parts during observation, and offers a real-time complete measurement of polarisation. Results from the GASP calibration are presented in this work for both a 1D <span class="hlt">detector</span> system, and a pixel-by-pixel analysis on a 2D <span class="hlt">detector</span> system. Following Compain et al. (Appl. Opt. 38, 3490-3502 1999) we use the Eigenvalue Calibration Method (ECM) to measure the polarimetric limitations of the instrument for each of the two systems. Consequently, the ECM is able to compensate for systematic errors introduced by the calibration optics, and it also accounts for all optical elements of the polarimeter in the output. Initial laboratory results of the ECM are presented, using APD <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, where errors of 0.2 % and 0.1° were measured for the degree of <span class="hlt">linear</span> polarisation (DOLP) and polarisation angle (PA) respectively. Channel-to-channel image registration is an important aspect of 2-D polarimetry. We present our calibration results of the measured Mueller matrix of each sample</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JCrGr.379...93H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JCrGr.379...93H"><span>Advances in TlBr <span class="hlt">detector</span> development</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hitomi, Keitaro; Shoji, Tadayoshi; Ishii, Keizo</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>Thallium bromide (TlBr) is a promising compound semiconductor for fabrication of gamma-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The attractive physical properties of TlBr lie in its high photon stopping power, high resistivity and good charge transport properties. Gamma-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> fabricated from TlBr crystals have exhibited excellent spectroscopic performance. In this paper, advances in TlBr radiation <span class="hlt">detector</span> development are reviewed with emphasis on crystal growth, <span class="hlt">detector</span> fabrication, physical properties and <span class="hlt">detector</span> performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RScI...88b4701N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RScI...88b4701N"><span><span class="hlt">Linear</span> Rogowski coil</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nassisi, V.; Delle Side, D.</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>Nowadays, the employment and development of fast current pulses require sophisticated systems to perform measurements. Rogowski coils are used to diagnose cylindrical shaped beams; therefore, they are designed and built with a toroidal structure. Recently, to perform experiments of radiofrequency biophysical stresses, flat transmission lines have been developed. Therefore, in this work we developed a <span class="hlt">linear</span> Rogowski coil to detect current pulses inside flat conductors. The system is first approached by means of transmission line theory. We found that, if the pulse width to be diagnosed is comparable with the propagation time of the signal in the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, it is necessary to impose a uniform current as input pulse, or to use short coils. We further analysed the effect of the resistance of the coil and the influence of its magnetic properties. As a result, the device we developed is able to record pulses lasting for some hundreds of nanoseconds, depending on the inductance, load impedance, and resistance of the coil. Furthermore, its response is characterized by a sub-nanosecond rise time (˜100 ps). The attenuation coefficient depends mainly on the turn number of the coil, while the fidelity of the response depends both on the magnetic core characteristics and on the current distribution along the plane conductors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22642421-su-evaluation-scintillating-screen-detector-proton-beam-qa-acceptance-testing','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22642421-su-evaluation-scintillating-screen-detector-proton-beam-qa-acceptance-testing"><span>SU-F-T-180: Evaluation of a Scintillating Screen <span class="hlt">Detector</span> for Proton Beam QA and Acceptance Testing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ghebremedhin, A; Taber, M; Koss, P</p> <p>2016-06-15</p> <p>Purpose: To test the performance of a commercial scintillating screen <span class="hlt">detector</span> for acceptance testing and Quality Assurance of a proton pencil beam scanning system. Method: The <span class="hlt">detector</span> (Lexitek DRD 400) has 40cm × 40cm field, uses a thin scintillator imaged onto a 16-bit scientific CCD with ∼0.5mm resolution. A grid target and LED illuminators are provided for spatial calibration and relative gain correction. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> mounts to the nozzle with micron precision. Tools are provided for image processing and analysis of single or multiple Gaussian spots. Results: The bias and gain of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> were studied to measure repeatability andmore » accuracy. Gain measurements were taken with the LED illuminators to measure repeatability and variation of the lens-CCD pair as a function with f-stop. Overall system gain was measured with a passive scattering (broad) beam whose shape is calibrated with EDR film placed in front of the scintillator. To create a large uniform field, overlapping small fields were recorded with the <span class="hlt">detector</span> translated laterally and stitched together to cover the full field. Due to the long exposures required to obtain multiple spills of the synchrotron and very high <span class="hlt">detector</span> sensitivity, borated polyethylene shielding was added to reduce direct radiation events hitting the CCD. Measurements with a micro ion chamber were compared to the detector’s spot profile. Software was developed to process arrays of Gaussian spots and to correct for radiation events. Conclusion: The <span class="hlt">detector</span> background has a fixed bias, a small component <span class="hlt">linear</span> in time, and is easily corrected. The gain correction method was validated with 2% accuracy. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> spot profile matches the micro ion chamber data over 4 orders of magnitude. The multiple spot analyses can be easily used with plan data for measuring pencil beam uniformity and for regular QA comparison.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29265558','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29265558"><span>A silicon strip <span class="hlt">detector</span> array for energy verification and quality assurance in heavy ion therapy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Debrot, Emily; Newall, Matthew; Guatelli, Susanna; Petasecca, Marco; Matsufuji, Naruhiro; Rosenfeld, Anatoly B</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The measurement of depth dose profiles for range and energy verification of heavy ion beams is an important aspect of quality assurance procedures for heavy ion therapy facilities. The steep dose gradients in the Bragg peak region of these profiles require the use of <span class="hlt">detectors</span> with high spatial resolution. The aim of this work is to characterize a one dimensional monolithic silicon <span class="hlt">detector</span> array called the "serial Dose Magnifying Glass" (sDMG) as an independent ion beam energy and range verification system used for quality assurance conducted for ion beams used in heavy ion therapy. The sDMG <span class="hlt">detector</span> consists of two <span class="hlt">linear</span> arrays of 128 silicon sensitive volumes each with an effective size of 2mm × 50μm × 100μm fabricated on a p-type substrate at a pitch of 200 μm along a single axis of detection. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> was characterized for beam energy and range verification by measuring the response of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> when irradiated with a 290 MeV/u 12 C ion broad beam incident along the single axis of the <span class="hlt">detector</span> embedded in a PMMA phantom. The energy of the 12 C ion beam incident on the <span class="hlt">detector</span> and the residual energy of an ion beam incident on the phantom was determined from the measured Bragg peak position in the sDMG. Ad hoc Monte Carlo simulations of the experimental setup were also performed to give further insight into the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response. The relative response profiles along the single axis measured with the sDMG <span class="hlt">detector</span> were found to have good agreement between experiment and simulation with the position of the Bragg peak determined to fall within 0.2 mm or 1.1% of the range in the <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the two cases. The energy of the beam incident on the <span class="hlt">detector</span> was found to vary less than 1% between experiment and simulation. The beam energy incident on the phantom was determined to be (280.9 ± 0.8) MeV/u from the experimental and (280.9 ± 0.2) MeV/u from the simulated profiles. These values coincide with the expected energy of 281 MeV/u. The sDMG <span class="hlt">detector</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010CQGra..27h4005B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010CQGra..27h4005B"><span>AIGO: a southern hemisphere <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the worldwide array of ground-based interferometric gravitational wave <span class="hlt">detectors</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barriga, P.; Blair, D. G.; Coward, D.; Davidson, J.; Dumas, J.-C.; Howell, E.; Ju, L.; Wen, L.; Zhao, C.; McClelland, D. E.; Scott, S. M.; Slagmolen, B. J. J.; Inta, R.; Munch, J.; Ottaway, D. J.; Veitch, P.; Hosken, D.; Melatos, A.; Chung, C.; Sammut, L.; Galloway, D. K.; Marx, J.; Whitcomb, S.; Shoemaker, D.; Hughes, S. A.; Reitze, D. H.; Iyer, B. R.; Dhurandhar, S. V.; Souradeep, T.; Unnikrishnan, C. S.; Rajalakshmi, G.; Man, C. N.; Heidmann, A.; Cohadon, P.-F.; Briant, T.; Grote, H.; Danzmann, K.; Lück, H.; Willke, B.; Strain, K. A.; Sathyaprakash, B. S.; Cao, J.; Cheung, Y.-K. E.; Zhang, Y.</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>This paper describes the proposed AIGO <span class="hlt">detector</span> for the worldwide array of interferometric gravitational wave <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The first part of the paper summarizes the benefits that AIGO provides to the worldwide array of <span class="hlt">detectors</span>. The second part gives a technical description of the <span class="hlt">detector</span>, which will follow closely the Advanced LIGO design. Possible technical variations in the design are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22679107-we-fg-material-reconstruction-spectral-computed-tomography-detector-response-function','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22679107-we-fg-material-reconstruction-spectral-computed-tomography-detector-response-function"><span>WE-FG-207B-02: Material Reconstruction for Spectral Computed Tomography with <span class="hlt">Detector</span> Response Function</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Liu, J; Gao, H</p> <p>2016-06-15</p> <p>Purpose: Different from the conventional computed tomography (CT), spectral CT based on energy-resolved photon-counting <span class="hlt">detectors</span> is able to provide the unprecedented material composition. However, an important missing piece for accurate spectral CT is to incorporate the <span class="hlt">detector</span> response function (DRF), which is distorted by factors such as pulse pileup and charge-sharing. In this work, we propose material reconstruction methods for spectral CT with DRF. Methods: The polyenergetic X-ray forward model takes the DRF into account for accurate material reconstruction. Two image reconstruction methods are proposed: a direct method based on the nonlinear data fidelity from DRF-based forward model; a <span class="hlt">linear</span>-data-fidelitymore » based method that relies on the spectral rebinning so that the corresponding DRF matrix is invertible. Then the image reconstruction problem is regularized with the isotropic TV term and solved by alternating direction method of multipliers. Results: The simulation results suggest that the proposed methods provided more accurate material compositions than the standard method without DRF. Moreover, the proposed method with <span class="hlt">linear</span> data fidelity had improved reconstruction quality from the proposed method with nonlinear data fidelity. Conclusion: We have proposed material reconstruction methods for spectral CT with DRF, whichprovided more accurate material compositions than the standard methods without DRF. Moreover, the proposed method with <span class="hlt">linear</span> data fidelity had improved reconstruction quality from the proposed method with nonlinear data fidelity. Jiulong Liu and Hao Gao were partially supported by the NSFC (#11405105), the 973 Program (#2015CB856000), and the Shanghai Pujiang Talent Program (#14PJ1404500).« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NIMPA.732..122L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NIMPA.732..122L"><span>Development of a 32-<span class="hlt">detector</span> CdTe matrix for the SVOM ECLAIRs X/Gamma camera: Preliminary results</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lacombe, K.; Nasser, G.; Amoros, C.; Atteia, J.-L.; Barret, D.; Billot, M.; Cordier, B.; Gevin, O.; Godet, O.; Gonzalez, F.; Houret, B.; Landé, J.; Lugiez, F.; Mandrou, P.; Martin, J.-A.; Marty, W.; Mercier, K.; Pons, R.; Rambaud, D.; Ramon, P.; Rouaix, G.; Waegebaert, V.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>ECLAIRs, a 2D coded-mask imaging telescope on the Sino-French SVOM space mission, will detect and locate gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) between 4 and 150 keV. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> array is an assembly of 6400 Schottky CdTe <span class="hlt">detectors</span> of size 4×4×1 mm3, biased from -100 V to -600 V and operated at -20 °C to minimize the leakage current and maximize the polarization time. The remarkable low-energy threshold is achieved through various steps: an extensive <span class="hlt">detectors</span> selection, a low-noise 32 channels ASIC study, and the design of an innovative detection module called XRDPIX formed by a thick film ceramic holding 32 <span class="hlt">detectors</span>, a high voltage grid and an HTCC substrate housing the ASIC within a hermetic cavity. In this paper, we describe the XRDPIX module and explain the results of first tests to measure the <span class="hlt">linearity</span> and compare the sources of noise, such as leakage currents and the Equivalent Noise Charge (ENC) measured on ASIC Ceramics. We confront these values with the energy threshold and spectral resolution made with dedicated test benches. Finally, we present the superposition of 32 calibrated spectra of one XRDPIX module, showing the excellent homogeneity of the 32 <span class="hlt">detectors</span> and the achievement of a detection threshold at 4 keV over the entire module.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title49-vol4-sec236-334.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title49-vol4-sec236-334.pdf"><span>49 CFR 236.334 - Point <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Point <span class="hlt">detector</span>. 236.334 Section 236.334... Instructions § 236.334 Point <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Point <span class="hlt">detector</span> shall be maintained so that when switch mechanism is... switch point. Point <span class="hlt">detector</span> circuit controller shall be maintained so that the contacts will not assume...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title49-vol4-sec236-334.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title49-vol4-sec236-334.pdf"><span>49 CFR 236.334 - Point <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Point <span class="hlt">detector</span>. 236.334 Section 236.334... Instructions § 236.334 Point <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Point <span class="hlt">detector</span> shall be maintained so that when switch mechanism is... switch point. Point <span class="hlt">detector</span> circuit controller shall be maintained so that the contacts will not assume...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title49-vol4-sec236-334.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title49-vol4-sec236-334.pdf"><span>49 CFR 236.334 - Point <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Point <span class="hlt">detector</span>. 236.334 Section 236.334... Instructions § 236.334 Point <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Point <span class="hlt">detector</span> shall be maintained so that when switch mechanism is... switch point. Point <span class="hlt">detector</span> circuit controller shall be maintained so that the contacts will not assume...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title49-vol4-sec236-334.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title49-vol4-sec236-334.pdf"><span>49 CFR 236.334 - Point <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Point <span class="hlt">detector</span>. 236.334 Section 236.334... Instructions § 236.334 Point <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Point <span class="hlt">detector</span> shall be maintained so that when switch mechanism is... switch point. Point <span class="hlt">detector</span> circuit controller shall be maintained so that the contacts will not assume...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title49-vol4-sec236-334.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title49-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title49-vol4-sec236-334.pdf"><span>49 CFR 236.334 - Point <span class="hlt">detector</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Point <span class="hlt">detector</span>. 236.334 Section 236.334... Instructions § 236.334 Point <span class="hlt">detector</span>. Point <span class="hlt">detector</span> shall be maintained so that when switch mechanism is... switch point. Point <span class="hlt">detector</span> circuit controller shall be maintained so that the contacts will not assume...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29796231','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29796231"><span><span class="hlt">Linear</span> Phase Sharp Transition BPF to Detect Noninvasive Maternal and Fetal Heart Rate.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Marchon, Niyan; Naik, Gourish; Pai, K R</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Fetal heart rate (FHR) detection can be monitored using either direct fetal scalp electrode recording (invasive) or by indirect noninvasive technique. Weeks before delivery, the invasive method poses a risk factor to the fetus, while the latter provides accurate fetal ECG (FECG) information which can help diagnose fetal's well-being. Our technique employs variable order <span class="hlt">linear</span> phase sharp transition (LPST) FIR band-pass filter which shows improved stopband attenuation at higher filter orders. The fetal frequency fiduciary edges form the band edges of the filter characterized by varying amounts of overlap of maternal ECG (MECG) spectrum. The one with the minimum maternal spectrum overlap was found to be optimum with no power line interference and maximum fetal heart beats being detected. The improved filtering is reflected in the enhancement of the performance of the fetal QRS <span class="hlt">detector</span> (FQRS). The improvement has also occurred in fetal heart rate obtained using our algorithm which is in close agreement with the true reference (i.e., invasive fetal scalp ECG). The performance parameters of the FQRS <span class="hlt">detector</span> such as sensitivity (Se), positive predictive value (PPV), and accuracy (F 1 ) were found to improve even for lower filter order. The same technique was extended to evaluate maternal QRS <span class="hlt">detector</span> (MQRS) and found to yield satisfactory maternal heart rate (MHR) results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvA..97d3830Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvA..97d3830Z"><span>Photon catalysis acting as noiseless <span class="hlt">linear</span> amplification and its application in coherence enhancement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Shengli; Zhang, Xiangdong</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Photon catalysis is an intriguing quantum mechanical operation during which no photon is added to or subtracted from the relevant optical system. However, we prove that photon catalysis is in essence equivalent to the simpler but more efficient noiseless <span class="hlt">linear</span> amplifier. This provides a simple and zero-energy-input method for enhancing quantum coherence. We show that the coherence enhancement holds both for a coherent state and a two-mode squeezed vacuum (TMSV) state. For the TMSV state, biside photon catalysis is shown to be equivalent to two times the single-side photon catalysis, and two times the photon catalysis does not provide a substantial enhancement of quantum coherence compared with single-side catalysis. We further extend our investigation to the performance of coherence enhancement with a more realistic photon catalysis scheme where a heralded approximated single-photon state and an on-off <span class="hlt">detector</span> are exploited. Moreover, we investigate the influence of an imperfect photon <span class="hlt">detector</span> and the result shows that the amplification effect of photon catalysis is insensitive to the <span class="hlt">detector</span> inefficiency. Finally, we apply the coherence measure to quantum illumination and see the same trend of performance improvement as coherence enhancement is identified in practical quantum target detection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920061049&hterms=Cork&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DCork','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920061049&hterms=Cork&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DCork"><span>Germanium <span class="hlt">detector</span> vacuum encapsulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Madden, N. W.; Malone, D. F.; Pehl, R. H.; Cork, C. P.; Luke, P. N.; Landis, D. A.; Pollard, M. J.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>This paper describes an encapsulation technology that should significantly improve the viability of germanium gamma-ray <span class="hlt">detectors</span> for a number of important applications. A specialized vacuum chamber has been constructed in which the <span class="hlt">detector</span> and the encapsulating module are processed in high vacuum. Very high vacuum conductance is achieved within the valveless encapsulating module. The <span class="hlt">detector</span> module is then sealed without breaking the chamber vacuum. The details of the vacuum chamber, valveless module, processing, and sealing method are presented.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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