A 1/10 Scale Pilot Plant for the Ecological Demilitarization of Mk 25 Marine Location Markers/Red Phosphorus Composition

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-11-11

zinc, chromium and nickel) in the phosphoric acid, there is no published specification on the maximum allowable concentrations of these metals for...became dark green after burning two batches of the composition. Extraction of chromium and nickel from the scrubber construction material (stainless...steel 316) by the acid at high temperatures (usually greater than 800°F at the inlet of the scrubber) was suspected. The chromium and nickel

40 CFR 468.13 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.038 0.015 Copper 0.131 0.062 Lead 0.010 0.0092 Nickel 0.056 0.038 Zinc... rolled English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.140... copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.031 0.012 Copper 0.108 0.051 Lead 0.0085 0.0076 Nickel 0.046 0...

40 CFR 468.13 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.038 0.015 Copper 0.131 0.062 Lead 0.010 0.0092 Nickel 0.056 0.038 Zinc... rolled English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.140... copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.031 0.012 Copper 0.108 0.051 Lead 0.0085 0.0076 Nickel 0.046 0...

40 CFR 468.13 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.038 0.015 Copper 0.131 0.062 Lead 0.010 0.0092 Nickel 0.056 0.038 Zinc... rolled English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.140... copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.031 0.012 Copper 0.108 0.051 Lead 0.0085 0.0076 Nickel 0.046 0...

40 CFR 468.14 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... rolled English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045... alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead 0.056 0.049 Nickel 0.727 0.481 Zinc 0.553... copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015 Copper 0.161 0.085 Lead 0.012 0.011 Nickel 0.163 0.107...

40 CFR 468.14 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... rolled English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045... alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead 0.056 0.049 Nickel 0.727 0.481 Zinc 0.553... copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015 Copper 0.161 0.085 Lead 0.012 0.011 Nickel 0.163 0.107...

40 CFR 468.14 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... rolled English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045... alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead 0.056 0.049 Nickel 0.727 0.481 Zinc 0.553... copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015 Copper 0.161 0.085 Lead 0.012 0.011 Nickel 0.163 0.107...

40 CFR 420.102 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....000626 O&G 0.000522 0.000209 Chromium 1 0.0000209 0.0000084 Lead 0.0000094 0.0000031 Nickel 1 0.0000188 0... limitations for chromium and nickel shall be applicable in lieu of those for lead and zinc when cold rolling...) of product TSS 0.00626 0.00313 O&G 0.00261 0.00104 Chromium 1 0.000104 0.0000418 Lead 0.0000469 0...

40 CFR 420.102 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....000626 O&G 0.000522 0.000209 Chromium 1 0.0000209 0.0000084 Lead 0.0000094 0.0000031 Nickel 1 0.0000188 0... limitations for chromium and nickel shall be applicable in lieu of those for lead and zinc when cold rolling...) of product TSS 0.00626 0.00313 O&G 0.00261 0.00104 Chromium 1 0.000104 0.0000418 Lead 0.0000469 0...

40 CFR 420.102 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....000626 O&G 0.000522 0.000209 Chromium 1 0.0000209 0.0000084 Lead 0.0000094 0.0000031 Nickel 1 0.0000188 0... limitations for chromium and nickel shall be applicable in lieu of those for lead and zinc when cold rolling...) of product TSS 0.00626 0.00313 O&G 0.00261 0.00104 Chromium 1 0.000104 0.0000418 Lead 0.0000469 0...

40 CFR 420.102 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....000626 O&G 0.000522 0.000209 Chromium 1 0.0000209 0.0000084 Lead 0.0000094 0.0000031 Nickel 1 0.0000188 0... limitations for chromium and nickel shall be applicable in lieu of those for lead and zinc when cold rolling...) of product TSS 0.00626 0.00313 O&G 0.00261 0.00104 Chromium 1 0.000104 0.0000418 Lead 0.0000469 0...

40 CFR 420.102 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....000626 O&G 0.000522 0.000209 Chromium 1 0.0000209 0.0000084 Lead 0.0000094 0.0000031 Nickel 1 0.0000188 0... limitations for chromium and nickel shall be applicable in lieu of those for lead and zinc when cold rolling...) of product TSS 0.00626 0.00313 O&G 0.00261 0.00104 Chromium 1 0.000104 0.0000418 Lead 0.0000469 0...

40 CFR 468.11 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018 Copper 0.195 0.103 Lead 0.015 0.013 Nickel... alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead 0.056 0.049 Nickel 0.727 0.481 Zinc 0.553... drawn English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015...

40 CFR 468.11 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018 Copper 0.195 0.103 Lead 0.015 0.013 Nickel... alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead 0.056 0.049 Nickel 0.727 0.481 Zinc 0.553... drawn English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015...

40 CFR 468.11 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018 Copper 0.195 0.103 Lead 0.015 0.013 Nickel... alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead 0.056 0.049 Nickel 0.727 0.481 Zinc 0.553... drawn English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015...

40 CFR 468.11 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018 Copper 0.195 0.103 Lead 0.015 0.013 Nickel... alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead 0.056 0.049 Nickel 0.727 0.481 Zinc 0.553... drawn English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015...

Air National Guard Installation Restoration Protram. Site Investigation Report: Georgia Air National Guard, Savannah, Georgia

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-01

except TPH, which was detected at 0.06 mg/l in Monitor Well 01-MW-02. Some metals (arsenic, cadmium , chromium, lead, silver, and zinc ) were detected at...extraction. Trace quantities of some priority pollutant metals were detected in the surface water samples. Arsenic, cadmium , and zinc were detected at...storage tank. TPH was detected in all five groundwater samples. Arsenic, beryllium, cadmium , chromium, copper, lead, nickel, silver, and zinc were also

Evaluation of Non-Chromate Passivations on Electroplated gamma-Phase Zinc Nickel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Volz, Steven Michael

This research focused on the corrosion response and electrochemical behavior of electroplated low hydrogen embrittlement alkaline gamma-phase zinc nickel with passivation layers. The motivation was the need to replace hexavalent chromium conversion coatings in military grade electrical systems with a more environment friendly alternative. The passivation layers were employed for the purpose of mitigating corrosion attack while maintaining low contact resistance. Trivalent chromium-based passivations and cerium-based passivations were compared against the currently used hexavalent chromium conversion coating. The coating systems were compared using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic potentiodymanic scans, salt spray exposure testing, electrical resistance measurements, microstructure analysis, and compositional analysis. Coating systems with lower open circuit had a lower corrosion current and performed better during salt spray testing. All of the systems evaluated had corrosion products consistent with oxidized zinc compounds but the morphology of the passivation was dependent on the passivation. The electrical contact resistance ranged from 1 to 108 mO/cm 2, after salt spray testing. Two versions of Trivalent chromium-based passivations, were able to meet military performance specifications after corrosion testing.

40 CFR 466.31 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Chromium 16.34 6.32 6.63 2.56 Lead 5.84 2.26 5.06 1.96 Nickel 54.85 21.21 38.90 15.04 Zinc 51.73 20.01 21... ft2 of area processed or coated Chromium 3.35 1.30 1.37 0.53 Lead 1.20 0.47 1.04 0.40 Nickel 11.24 4...

40 CFR 466.31 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Chromium 16.34 6.32 6.63 2.56 Lead 5.84 2.26 5.06 1.96 Nickel 54.85 21.21 38.90 15.04 Zinc 51.73 20.01 21... ft2 of area processed or coated Chromium 3.35 1.30 1.37 0.53 Lead 1.20 0.47 1.04 0.40 Nickel 11.24 4...

40 CFR 466.31 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Chromium 16.34 6.32 6.63 2.56 Lead 5.84 2.26 5.06 1.96 Nickel 54.85 21.21 38.90 15.04 Zinc 51.73 20.01 21... ft2 of area processed or coated Chromium 3.35 1.30 1.37 0.53 Lead 1.20 0.47 1.04 0.40 Nickel 11.24 4...

40 CFR 466.31 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Chromium 16.34 6.32 6.63 2.56 Lead 5.84 2.26 5.06 1.96 Nickel 54.85 21.21 38.90 15.04 Zinc 51.73 20.01 21... ft2 of area processed or coated Chromium 3.35 1.30 1.37 0.53 Lead 1.20 0.47 1.04 0.40 Nickel 11.24 4...

40 CFR 466.31 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Chromium 16.34 6.32 6.63 2.56 Lead 5.84 2.26 5.06 1.96 Nickel 54.85 21.21 38.90 15.04 Zinc 51.73 20.01 21... ft2 of area processed or coated Chromium 3.35 1.30 1.37 0.53 Lead 1.20 0.47 1.04 0.40 Nickel 11.24 4...

Trinity River Bottom Sediment Reconnaissance Study. Phase I. Plan of Work. Appendices,

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-11-30

chromium , cobalt, copper, mercury, molybdepum, nickel and silver. 2. Summary of Metl od 2.1 Arsenic in the sample is first reduced to the trivalent form...a. Arsenic 1. Selenium B-3 b. Barium m. Silver c. Boron n. Zinc d. Cadmium o. Total phosphate e. Copper p. Chemical oxygen demand f. Chromium (total...78.00 3. Boron 0.72 4. Cadmium 1.20 5. Copper 15.50 6. Chromium 14.20 " 7. Lead 323.00 8. Manganese 301.00 9. Mercury 21.00 10. Nickel 13.30 " 11

Priority-pollutant trace elements in streambed sediments of the Cook Inlet basin, Alaska, 1998-2000

USGS Publications Warehouse

Frenzel, Steven A.

2002-01-01

Trace element concentrations in 48 streambed sediment samples collected at 47 sites in the Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska, were compared to concentrations from studies in the conterminous United States using identical methods and to Probable Effect Concentrations. Concentrations of arsenic, chromium, mercury, and nickel in the 0.063-mm size fraction of streambed sediments from the Cook Inlet Basin were elevated relative to reference sites in the conterminous United States. Concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc were highest at the most urbanized site in Anchorage and at two sites downstream from an ore body in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve. At least 35 percent of the 48 samples collected in the Cook Inlet Basin exceeded the Probable Effect Concentration for arsenic, chromium, or nickel. More than 50 percent of the samples were considered to have low potential toxicity for cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc. A Probable Effect Concentration quotient that reflects the combined toxicity of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc was exceeded in 44 percent of the samples from the Cook Inlet Basin. The potential toxicity was high in the Denali and Lake Clark National Parks and Preserves where organic carbon concentrations in streambed sediments were low. However, potential toxicity results should be considered in context with the very small amounts of fine-grained sediment present in the streambed sediments of the Cook Inlet Basin.

Air Force Successes and Challenges in Cr(VI) Elimination

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-10

ion vapor deposited Al, and Cd coatings 2. Use trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] conversion coating (CC) on Dipsol IZ- C17+ zinc-nickel (Zn-Ni) coating...interested in results Anodized T-38 aileron levers 10 Chromium -Free Conversion Coatings  Identify and evaluate chromium -free conversion coatings (CFCCs...the chromium -based conversion coating for treatment of aluminum alloys at OC-ALC • Conduct technology assessment to identify suitable Cr-free

Metal and Non-Metal Inorganic Coatings. Methods of Checking

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-07-20

base metal (15) Copper (16) Steel (17) Zinc alloy (18) Nickel (19) Copper and its alloys (20) Nickel (21) Chromium (22) Silver (23) Copper and its alloys... Silver (9) Copper-tine alloy (for solution #6)1 NOTE,. The value (H )is given for the ninc coatings from cyanide, sulfateo ammoniat4, and zincate...fluoborlc; silver from cyanide and thiocyanic acid; dull chromium - from sulfate; copper -from sulfate and cyanide electrolytes (for solution 06). -Q -gp

Accelerated Corrosion Results for Zinc/Nickel-Plated Automotive Parts Posttreated With Trivalent Chromate Rinse

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-09-01

400 and 300 h in neutral salt spray. 5 Similarly plated samples post treated with trivalent chromium rinse lasted 450 and 200 h in neutral salt...Accelerated Corrosion Results for Zinc/Nickel-Plated Automotive Parts Posttreated With Trivalent Chromate Rinse by Chris E. Miller, Brian E...Posttreated With Trivalent Chromate Rinse Chris E. Miller and Brian E. Placzankis Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, ARL I. Carl Handsy

Zinc oxide varistors and/or resistors

DOEpatents

Arnold, W.D. Jr.; Bond, W.D.; Lauf, R.J.

1993-07-27

Varistors and/or resistors are described that include doped zinc oxide gel microspheres. The doped zinc oxide gel microspheres preferably have from about 60 to about 95% by weight zinc oxide and from about 5 to about 40% by weight dopants based on the weight of the zinc oxide. The dopants are a plurality of dopants selected from silver salts, boron oxide, silicon oxide and hydrons oxides of aluminum, bismuth, cobalt, chromium, manganese, nickel, and antimony.

Zinc oxide varistors and/or resistors

DOEpatents

Arnold, Jr., Wesley D.; Bond, Walter D.; Lauf, Robert J.

1993-01-01

Varistors and/or resistors that includes doped zinc oxide gel microspheres. The doped zinc oxide gel microspheres preferably have from about 60 to about 95% by weight zinc oxide and from about 5 to about 40% by weight dopants based on the weight of the zinc oxide. The dopants are a plurality of dopants selected from silver salts, boron oxide, silicon oxide and hydrons oxides of aluminum, bismuth, cobalt, chromium, manganese, nickel, and antimony.

Nickel oxide decorated zinc oxide composite nanorods: Excellent catalyst for photoreduction of hexavalent chromium.

PubMed

Singh, Simranjeet; Ahmed, Imtiaz; Haldar, Krishna Kanta

2018-08-01

In light of the growing interest and ability to search for new materials, we have synthesized Nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles decorated Zinc (ZnO) nanorods composite (NiO/ZnO) nanostructure. The NiO/ZnO heterostructure formation was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The fabricated environmental friendly NiO/ZnO composite nanostructure shows a well-defined photoreduction characteristic of hexavalent Chromium (Cr) (VI) to tri-valent Chromium (Cr) (III) under UV-light. Such an enhanced photoreduction property is attributed due to the decreased electron-hole recombination process which was proved by photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, photocurrent study, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity rate of the NiO decorated ZnO nanorods was much higher than that of bare ZnO nanorods for the reduction of chromium (VI) and the rate is found to be 0.306 min -1 . These results have demonstrates that suitable surface engineering may open up new opportunities in the development of high-performance photocatalyst. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

[Heavy metals distribution characteristics and risk assessment of water below an electroplating factory].

PubMed

Hang, Xiao-Shuai; Wang, Huo-Yan; Zhou, Jian-Min

2008-10-01

Surface water and shallow groundwater within the flow of an electroplating factory was analyzed in order to study the resulting impact. The analysis method of ICP-AES was used to analyze content of zinc, manganese, chromium, copper and nickel in surface water and groundwater samples. The results indicate acidic pollutants of zinc, manganese, chromium, copper and nickel were discharged from the factory with concentrations of 1.34, 3.77, 28.1, 6.40 and 9.37 mg x L(-1), respectively; and pH was 2.32. They all exceeded permissible levels according to Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard except zinc. Factory discharge is responsible for the longitudinal distribution characteristics of heavy metals in the stream water downstream from the factory. Heavy metals variations in the well water do not suggest they were affected by heavy metals in the stream, indicating that the migration rates of heavy metals in soils were relatively low. Risk assessment shows surface water quality significantly deteriorated. Nickel and manganese in the stream water exceeded the standard levels seriously, and chromium and copper in some samples were also above Grade III standard levels according to Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water. Moreover, all studied heavy metals in 14 groundwater samples measured within drinking water standard, except manganese in 4 groundwater samples, which were Grade IV according to Quality Standard for Ground water.

Relative SHG measurements of metal thin films: Gold, silver, aluminum, cobalt, chromium, germanium, nickel, antimony, titanium, titanium nitride, tungsten, zinc, silicon and indium tin oxide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Che, Franklin; Grabtchak, Serge; Whelan, William M.; Ponomarenko, Sergey A.; Cada, Michael

We have experimentally measured the surface second-harmonic generation (SHG) of sputtered gold, silver, aluminum, zinc, tungsten, copper, titanium, cobalt, nickel, chromium, germanium, antimony, titanium nitride, silicon and indium tin oxide thin films. The second-harmonic response was measured in reflection using a 150 fs p-polarized laser pulse at 1561 nm. We present a clear comparison of the SHG intensity of these films relative to each other. Our measured relative intensities compare favorably with the relative intensities of metals with published data. We also report for the first time to our knowledge the surface SHG intensity of tungsten and antimony relative to that of well known metallic thin films such as gold and silver.

40 CFR 437.15 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS THE CENTRALIZED WASTE TREATMENT POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Metals Treatment..., cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, tin, titanium, vanadium, and zinc are...

40 CFR 413.02 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... term CN,T shall mean cyanide, total. (c) The term Cr,VI shall mean hexavalent chromium. (d) The term... the concentration or mass of Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr) (total) and Zinc (Zn). (f) The... Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, 33 U.S.C. 1251 et. seq., as amended by the Clean Water Act of 1977...

40 CFR 413.02 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... term CN,T shall mean cyanide, total. (c) The term Cr,VI shall mean hexavalent chromium. (d) The term... the concentration or mass of Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr) (total) and Zinc (Zn). (f) The... Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, 33 U.S.C. 1251 et. seq., as amended by the Clean Water Act of 1977...

40 CFR 468.14 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018 Copper 0.195 0.103... rolled English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166... drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015 Copper 0.161 0.085 Lead 0.012 0.011 Nickel 0.163 0.107 Zinc 0.124 0.051 TTO 0...

40 CFR 468.12 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... English Units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018...,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead... copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015 Copper 0.161 0.085 Lead 0.012 0.011 Nickel 0.163 0.107 Zinc 0.124...

40 CFR 468.12 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... English Units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018...,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead... copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015 Copper 0.161 0.085 Lead 0.012 0.011 Nickel 0.163 0.107 Zinc 0.124...

40 CFR 468.12 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... English Units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018...,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead... copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015 Copper 0.161 0.085 Lead 0.012 0.011 Nickel 0.163 0.107 Zinc 0.124...

40 CFR 468.12 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... English Units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018...,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead... copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015 Copper 0.161 0.085 Lead 0.012 0.011 Nickel 0.163 0.107 Zinc 0.124...

NAVAIR Progress in Assessing, Validating and Implementing Non-Chromate Primers (Briefing charts)

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-02-09

logistics for any new coating or coating system NAVAIR Application Areas for Hexavalent Chromium Alternatives: Status Components/ Structure... Hexavalent chromium alternatives Sacrificial Coating Post Treatment MIL-A-8625 Anodize Avionics/ Electronics Magnesium/Titanium Conversion Aluminum Anodizing...Aluminum Pretreatment Type IC Seal Type IIB Seal Type II Seal Phosphating Rinse (Aluminum)Rinse (Steel) Cadmium Zinc-Nickel Aluminum Bonding Chrome

Nickel detoxification and plant growth promotion by multi metal resistant plant growth promoting Rhizobium species RL9.

PubMed

Wani, Parvaze Ahmad; Khan, Mohammad Saghir

2013-07-01

Pollution of the biosphere by heavy metals is a global threat that has accelerated dramatically since the beginning of industrial revolution. The aim of the study is to check the resistance of RL9 towards the metals and to observe the effect of Rhizobium species on growth, pigment content, protein and nickel uptake by lentil in the presence and absence of nickel. The multi metal tolerant and plant growth promoting Rhizobium strain RL9 was isolated from the nodules of lentil. The strain not only tolerated nickel but was also tolerant o cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, zinc and copper. The strain tolerated nickel 500 μg/mL, cadmium 300 μg/mL, chromium 400 μg/mL, lead 1,400 μg/mL, zinc 1,000 μg/mL and copper 300 μg/mL, produced good amount of indole acetic acid and was also positive for siderophore, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia. The strain RL9 was further assessed with increasing concentrations of nickel when lentil was used as a test crop. The strain RL9 significantly increased growth, nodulation, chlorophyll, leghaemoglobin, nitrogen content, seed protein and seed yield compared to plants grown in the absence of bioinoculant but amended with nickel The strain RL9 decreased uptake of nickel in lentil compared to plants grown in the absence of bio-inoculant. Due to these intrinsic abilities strain RL9 could be utilized for growth promotion as well as for the remediation of nickel in nickel contaminated soil.

Ferrous Analysis.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Straub, William A.

1989-01-01

Elements covered in this review include: aluminum, antimony, arsenic, bismuth, boron, calcium, carbon, chromium, cobalt, copper, hydrogen, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, platinum, rare earths, silicons, sulfur, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zinc, and zirconium. Analytical methods…

40 CFR 437.15 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, tin, titanium, vanadium, and zinc are the same as the corresponding limitation specified in § 437.11(a). (b) In-plant standards for cyanide...

40 CFR 461.73 - New source performance standards. (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... applied Chromium 6.24 2.70 Mercury 3.86 1.63 Silver 6.24 2.70 Zinc 1.19 0.53 Manganese 8.91 6.83 Oil and... times. (6) Subpart G—Nickel Impregnated Cathodes—NSPS. Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average Metric units—mg/kg of nickel applied English units—pounds per 1,000...

Remediation System Evaluation, Peerless Plating Site

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The Peerless Plating Superfund Site is located at 2554 South Getty Street, north of the intersection of South Getty Street and East Sherman Boulevard in Muskegon, Michigan. Copper, nickel, chromium, cadmium, and zinc electroplating operations as well as...

Heavy metal contamination of sediments in the upper connecting channels of the Great Lakes

USGS Publications Warehouse

Nichols, S. Jerrine; Manny, Bruce A.; Schloesser, Donald W.; Edsall, Thomas A.

1991-01-01

In 1985, sampling at 250 stations throughout the St. Marys, St. Clair, and Detroit rivers and Lake St. Clair — the connecting channels of the upper Great Lakes — revealed widespread metal contamination of the sediments. Concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc each exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sediment pollution guidelines at one or more stations throughout the study area. Sediments were polluted more frequently by copper, nickel, zinc, and lead than by cadmium, chromium, or mercury. Sediments with the highest concentrations of metals were found (in descending order) in the Detroit River, the St. Marys River, the St. Clair River, and Lake St. Clair. Although metal contamination of sediments was most common and sediment concentrations of metals were generally highest near industrial areas, substantial contamination of sediments by metals was present in sediment deposition areas up to 60 km from any known source of pollution.

Biofouling of Cr-Nickel Spray Coated Films on Steel Surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoshida, Kento; Kanematsu, Hideyuki; Kuroda, Daisuke; Ikigai, Hajime; Kogo, Takeshi; Yokoyama, Seiji

2012-03-01

Nowadays, corrosion of metals brings us serious economic loss and it often reaches several percentage of GNP. Particularly the marine corrosion was serious and the counter measure was very hard to be established, since the number of factors is huge and complicated. One of the complicated factors in marine corrosion is biofouling. Biofouling was classified into two main categories, microfouling and macrofouling. The former is composed of biofilm formation mainly. Marine bacteria are attached to material surfaces, seeking for nutrition in oligotrophic environment and they excrete polysaccharide to form biofilm on metal surfaces. Then larger living matters are attached on the biofilms to develop biofouling on metal surfaces, which often lead loss and failures of metals in marine environments. From the viewpoint of corrosion protection and maintenance of marine structures, biofouling should be mitigated as much as possible. In this study, we applied spray coating to steels and investigated if chromium-nickel spray coating could mitigate the biofouling, being compared with the conventional aluminium-zinc spray coating in marine environments. The specimens used for this investigation are aluminium, zinc, aluminium-zinc, stacked chromium/nickel and those films were formed on carbon steel (JIS SS400). And the pores formed by spray coating were sealed by a commercial reagent for some specimens. All of those specimens were immersed into sea water located at Marina Kawage (854-3, Chisato, Tsu, Mie Prefecture) in Ise Bay for two weeks. The depth of the specimen was two meter from sea water surface and the distance was always kept constant, since they were suspended from the floating pier. The temperature in sea water changed from 10 to 15 degrees Celsius during the immersion test. The biofouling behavior was investigated by low vacuum SEM (Hitachi Miniscope TM1000) and X-ray fluorescent analysis. When the spray coated specimens with and without sealing agents were compared, the former showed higher antifouling properties generally. Aluminium-zinc alloy spray coated films had higher antifouling property. And the anti-property decreased in this order: Al-Zn alloy spray coating > Zinc spray coating > Aluminium spray coating > Stacked chromium/nickel spray coating. Aluminium and zinc spray coating has been evaluated high conventionally for anti-biofouling in marine environment. However, the Cr/Ni spray coating showed pretty high anti-fouling property.

Survey of coatings for solar collectors. [ceramic enamels and chromium

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcdonald, G. E.

1974-01-01

Ceramic enamel is found to be more solar selective, (i.e., has high solar absorptance in combination with low infrared emittance) than organic enamel, but neither is as solar selective as black chrome, black copper, black zinc, or black nickel. Ceramic enamel is matched only by black chrome in durability and wide availability. Ceramic enamel and organic enamel have approximately the same cost, and both are currently slightly lower in cost than black chrome, black copper, or black zinc. Black nickel is relatively unavailable and, because of that, realistic cost comparisons are not possible.

40 CFR 461.75 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... applied Chromium 6.24 2.70 Mercury 3.86 1.63 Silver 6.24 2.70 Zinc 1.19 0.53 Manganese 8.91 6.83 (4... Manganese 1.43 1.09 (6) Subpart G—Nickel Impregnated Cathodes—PSNS. Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average Metric units—mg/kg of nickel applied English units—pounds...

40 CFR 461.75 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... applied Chromium 6.24 2.70 Mercury 3.86 1.63 Silver 6.24 2.70 Zinc 1.19 0.53 Manganese 8.91 6.83 (4... Manganese 1.43 1.09 (6) Subpart G—Nickel Impregnated Cathodes—PSNS. Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average Metric units—mg/kg of nickel applied English units—pounds...

40 CFR 461.75 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... applied Chromium 6.24 2.70 Mercury 3.86 1.63 Silver 6.24 2.70 Zinc 1.19 0.53 Manganese 8.91 6.83 (4... Manganese 1.43 1.09 (6) Subpart G—Nickel Impregnated Cathodes—PSNS. Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average Metric units—mg/kg of nickel applied English units—pounds...

Health assessment for Liquid Gold-Richmond, Richmond, Contra Costa County, California, Region 9. CERCLIS No. CAT000646208. Preliminary report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

The Liquid Gold-Richmond site is on the National Priorities List. The site consists of approximately 18 acres of a 29-acre property currently owned by Southern Pacific Transportation, which is located partially on and adjacent to tidal marsh areas and the San Francisco Bay. The environmental contamination (maximum concentrations reported) on-site consists of lead (280 ppm), zinc (510 ppm), and phenols (18 ppm) in surface soil; lead (3,650 ppm), chromium (50 ppm), nickel (97 ppm), and zinc (3,300 ppm) in subsurface soil; and lead (16 ppm), nickel (1.6 ppm), chromium (2.4 ppm), and zinc (24 ppm) in ground water. The sitemore » is considered to be of potential public health concern because of the risk to human health caused by the possibility of exposure to hazardous substances via contaminated ground water. In addition, off-site migration of surface migration of surface water, soil, and sediment could adversely impact the fish and shellfish areas adjacent to the site.« less

Sierra Army Depot, Phase 1, Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study, Lassen County, California. Final Remedial Investigation

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-10-01

8.3.1.2 Cadmium ............................ 8-8 8.3.1.3 Lead .... ............................ 8-8 8.3.1.4 Zinc .... ............................ 8-8...Beryllium, Cadmium , Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Fluoride Salts, Lead, Mercury, Molydenum, Nickel, Selenium, Silver, Thallium, Vanadium, Zinc . I ~ 2 ,4... cadmium (4.070 ;&g/L), copper (20.100 ug/L), and zinc (28.700 ug/L). Round 2 background 3 groundwater results include arsenic (7.700 g/L), barium

Chemical analyses of stream sediment in the Tar Creek basin of the Picher mining area, northeast Oklahoma

USGS Publications Warehouse

Parkhurst, David L.; Doughten, Michael; Hearn,, Paul P.

1988-01-01

Chemical analyses are presented for 47 sediment samples from the Tar Creek drainage in the Picher mining area of northeast Oklahoma. The samples were taken in December 1983, June 1984, and June 1985. All of the samples were taken downstream from mine-water discharge points of abandoned lead and zinc mines. The 34 samples taken in December 1983 and June 1984 were analyzed semiquantitatively by emission spectrography for 64 elements and quantitatively for cadmium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, sulfur, zinc, and organic carbon. The 13 samples taken in June 1985 were analyzed quantitatively for aluminum, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorus, lead, sulfur, silicon, titanium, vanadium, zinc, and organic carbon.

Milan Army Ammunition Plant. Remedial Investigation Report. Volume 4. Appendices M - T

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-12-01

toxicity studies II. Hexavalent and trivalent chromium administered in drinking water to rats.. Arch. Ind. Health 18:232-234 Cobalt GILMAN, J.P.W...Beryllium Silver Cadmium Vanadium Calcium Chromium Copper Iron Lead Magnesium Manganese Nickel Potassium Sodium Zinc • . USATHAMA CERTIFIED AND UPPER...Arsenic AS 0.25 2.54 0.25 10 Barium BA 29.6 5 200 10,000 Beryllium BE 1.86 5 20 1,000 Cadmium CD 3.05 4 20 5,000 Calcium CA 59.0 500 5,000 20,000 Chromium

[Exposure to metal compounds in occupational galvanic processes].

PubMed

Surgiewicz, Jolanta; Domański, Wojciech

2006-01-01

Occupational galvanic processes are provided in more than 600 small and medium enterprises in Poland. Workers who deal with galvanic coating are exposed to heavy metal compounds: tin, silver, copper and zinc. Some of them are carcinogenic, for example, hexavalent chromium compounds, nickel and cadmium compounds. Research covered several tens of workstations involved in chrome, nickel, zinc, tin, silver, copper and cadmium plating. Compounds of metals present in the air were determined: Cr, Ni, Cd, Sn, Ag--by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization (ET-AAS) and Zn--by atomic absorption spectrometry with flame atomization (F-AAS). The biggest metal concentrations--of silver and copper--were found at workstations of copper, brass, cadmium, nickel and chrome plating, conducted at the same time. Significant concentrations of copper were found at workstations of maintenance bathing and neutralizing of sewage. The concentrations of metals did not exceed Polish MAC values. MAC values were not exceeded for carcinogenic chromium(VI), nickel or cadmium, either. In galvanic processes there was no hazard related to single metals or their compounds, even carcinogenic ones. Combined exposure indicators for metals at each workstation did not exceed 1, either. However, if there are even small quantities of carcinogenic agents, health results should always be taken into consideration.

Reconnaissance Report for Upper Mississippi River Navigation Study. (Revised)

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-09-01

Contaminants may include ammonia, arsenic, cadmium , chlordane, chromium, copper, dioxins, lead, nickel, nitrogen, PCBs, phosphorus, zinc, various...al 1981 Rock River, Upper Mississippi River, Little Wabash River, Lower Wabash River Units (I, III-north, aid VIII). In Predictive Models in Illinois

Pyrotechnic Smoke Compositions Containing Boron Carbide

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-10

resulting smoke. The inhalation of zinc fumes is known to cause “metal fume fever” and the smoke also contains various chlorinated organic compounds...matches were used to ignite the slurried items. Bare pellets were ignited with electrically heated nickel- chromium wire (hot wire). Small HC smoke

Assessment of atmospheric metal pollution in the urban area of Mexico City, using Ficus benjamina as biomonitor.

PubMed

Guzmán-Morales, Janin; Morton-Bermea, Ofelia; Hernández-Álvarez, Elizabeth; Rodríguez-Salazar, María Teresa; García-Arreola, María Elena; Tapia-Cruz, Víctor

2011-05-01

Concentrations of vanadium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, antimony, and lead were measured in Ficus benjamina leaves from the Mexico City urban area in order to assess their enrichment against background values. The instrumental analysis was performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and the analytical method was tested using two certified reference materials from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (1547 Peach Leaves and 1573a Tomato Leaves). Enrichment factors were calculated, i.e., total to background concentration ratio, for each metal. Low enrichments of vanadium, cobalt, nickel, and copper (≈2), and mild enrichments of chromium and zinc (4.4, 4.5 respectively) were found in the entire area; oppositely, high enrichments were assessed for antimony (28.6) and lead (17.2). However, results indicate that metal concentrations strongly depend on the specific urban sub-area. Increments of metals were attributed to natural, vehicular, and industrial sources. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011

Sources, spatial variation, and speciation of heavy metals in sediments of the Tamagawa River in Central Japan.

PubMed

Shikazono, N; Tatewaki, K; Mohiuddin, K M; Nakano, T; Zakir, H M

2012-01-01

Sediments of the Tamagawa River in central Japan were studied to explain the spatial variation, to identify the sources of heavy metals, and to evaluate the anthropogenic influence on these pollutants in the river. Sediment samples were collected from 20 sites along the river (five upstream, four midstream, and 11 downstream). Heavy metal concentrations, viz. chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, and molybdenum, in the samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. The chemical speciations of heavy metals in the sediments were identified by the widely used five-step Hall method. Lead isotopes were analyzed to identify what portion is contributed by anthropogenic sources. The total heavy metal concentrations were compared with global averages for continental crust (shale) and average values for Japanese river sediments. The mean heavy metal concentrations were higher in downstream sediments than in upstream and midstream samples, and the concentrations in the silt samples were higher than those in the sand samples. Speciation results demonstrate that, for chromium and nickel, the residual fractions were dominant. These findings imply that the influence of anthropogenic chromium and nickel contamination is negligible, while copper, zinc, and lead were mostly extracted in the non-residual fraction (metals in adsorbed/exchangeable/carbonate forms or bound to amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides, crystalline Fe oxides, or organic matter), indicating that these elements have high chemical mobility. The proportion of lead (Pb) isotopes in the downstream silt samples indicates that Pb accumulation is primarily derived from anthropogenic sources.

Strategies to Reduce Tin and Other Metals in Electronic Cigarette Aerosol

PubMed Central

Williams, Monique; To, An; Bozhilov, Krassimir; Talbot, Prue

2015-01-01

Background Metals are present in electronic cigarette (EC) fluid and aerosol and may present health risks to users. Objective The objective of this study was to measure the amounts of tin, copper, zinc, silver, nickel and chromium in the aerosol from four brands of EC and to identify the sources of these metals by examining the elemental composition of the atomizer components. Methods Four brands of popular EC were dissected and the cartomizers were examined microscopically. Elemental composition of cartomizer components was determined using integrated energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, and the concentrations of the tin, copper, zinc silver, nickel, and chromium in the aerosol were determined for each brand using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Results All filaments were made of nickel and chromium. Thick wires were copper coated with either tin or silver. Wires were joined to each other by tin solder, brazing, or by brass clamps. High concentrations of tin were detected in the aerosol when tin solder joints were friable. Tin coating on copper wires also contributed to tin in the aerosol. Conclusions Tin concentrations in EC aerosols varied both within and between brands. Tin in aerosol was reduced by coating the thick wire with silver rather than tin, placing stable tin solder joints outside the atomizing chamber, joining wires with brass clamps or by brazing rather than soldering wires. These data demonstrate the feasibility of removing tin and other unwanted metals from EC aerosol by altering designs and using materials of suitable quality. PMID:26406602

40 CFR 302.6 - Notification requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... transportation of coal and coal ash (including fly ash, bottom ash, and boiler slags), including the dumping and... coal and coal ash, including fly ash, bottom ash, and boiler slags. (d) Except for releases of..., chromium, copper, lead, nickel, selenium, silver, thallium, or zinc is not required if the mean diameter of...

Analysis of the Importance of Oxides and Clays in Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn Adsorption and Retention with Regression Trees

PubMed Central

González-Costa, Juan José; Reigosa, Manuel Joaquín; Matías, José María; Fernández-Covelo, Emma

2017-01-01

This study determines the influence of the different soil components and of the cation-exchange capacity on the adsorption and retention of different heavy metals: cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc. In order to do so, regression models were created through decision trees and the importance of soil components was assessed. Used variables were: humified organic matter, specific cation-exchange capacity, percentages of sand and silt, proportions of Mn, Fe and Al oxides and hematite, and the proportion of quartz, plagioclase and mica, and the proportions of the different clays: kaolinite, vermiculite, gibbsite and chlorite. The most important components in the obtained models were vermiculite and gibbsite, especially for the adsorption of cadmium and zinc, while clays were less relevant. Oxides are less important than clays, especially for the adsorption of chromium and lead and the retention of chromium, copper and lead. PMID:28072849

Studies on heavy metal contamination in Godavari river basin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hussain, Jakir; Husain, Ikbal; Arif, Mohammed; Gupta, Nidhi

2017-12-01

Surface water samples from Godavari river basin was analyzed quantitatively for the concentration of eight heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, nickel and zinc using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The analyzed data revealed that iron and zinc metals were found to be the most abundant metals in the river Godavari and its tributaries. Iron (Fe) recorded the highest, while cadmium (Cd) had the least concentration. Arsenic, cadmium, chromium, iron and zinc metals are within the acceptable limit of BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) 1050 (2012) Specification for drinking water, pp 1-5). The analysis of Godavari river and its tributary's water samples reveals that the water is contaminated at selected points which are not suitable for drinking. Nickel and Copper concentration is above acceptable limit and other metal concentration is within the acceptable limit. Comprehensive study of the results reveals that out of 18 water quality stations monitored, water samples collected at 7 water quality stations are found to be within the permissible limit for all purposes. While Rajegaon, Tekra, Nandgaon, P. G. Bridge, Bhatpalli, Kumhari, Pauni, Hivra, Ashti, Bamini, and Jagda stations were beyond the desirable limit due to presence of copper and nickel metals. The contents of copper metal ions were higher at some water quality stations on Wunna river (Nandgaon); Wardha river (Hivra) and Wainganga river (Kumhari, Pauni, Ashti) during Feb. 2012, while nickel concentration during Feb. 2012, June 2012, March 2013 and Aug. 2013 at some water quality stations on rivers Bagh, Indravati, Pranhita, Wunna, Penganga, Peddavagu, Wainganga and Wardha. It can be concluded that rapid population growth and industrialization have brought about resource degradation and a decline in environmental quality.

40 CFR 420.95 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00322 0.00129 Nickel 0.00289 0.000964 (6) Fume scrubber. Subpart I... 0.000939 0.000313 Zinc 0.00125 0.000417 (5) Fume scrubber. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property... to each fume scrubber associated with sulfuric acid pickling operations. (b) Hydrochloric acid...

40 CFR 420.95 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00322 0.00129 Nickel 0.00289 0.000964 (6) Fume scrubber. Subpart I... 0.000939 0.000313 Zinc 0.00125 0.000417 (5) Fume scrubber. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property... to each fume scrubber associated with sulfuric acid pickling operations. (b) Hydrochloric acid...

40 CFR 420.95 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00322 0.00129 Nickel 0.00289 0.000964 (6) Fume scrubber. Subpart I... 0.000939 0.000313 Zinc 0.00125 0.000417 (5) Fume scrubber. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property... to each fume scrubber associated with sulfuric acid pickling operations. (b) Hydrochloric acid...

40 CFR 420.95 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00322 0.00129 Nickel 0.00289 0.000964 (6) Fume scrubber. Subpart I... 0.000939 0.000313 Zinc 0.00125 0.000417 (5) Fume scrubber. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property... to each fume scrubber associated with sulfuric acid pickling operations. (b) Hydrochloric acid...

Composition of the edible portion of raw (fresh or frozen) crustaceans, finfish, and mollusks. III. Microelements. [Review

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sidwell, V.D.; Loomis, A.L.; Loomis, K.J.

1978-09-01

This report summarizes data from 224 publications referring to the microelements found in the flesh of commonly eaten seafoods. These microelements are: copper, iron, zinc, iodine, manganese, mercury, organic mercury, lead arsenic, fluorine, silver, cadmium, cobalt, selenium, chromium, vanadium, tin, aluminum, nickel, barium, and molybdenum.

Screening the phytoremediation potential of desert broom (Baccharis sarothroides Gray) growing on mine tailings in Arizona, USA

PubMed Central

Haque, Nazmul; Peralta-Videa, Jose R.; Jones, Gary L.; Gill, Thomas E.; Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge L.

2008-01-01

The metal concentrations in a copper mine tailings and Desert broom (Baccharis sarothroides Gray) plants were investigated. The metal concentrations in plants, soil cover, and tailings were determined using ICP-OES. The concentration of copper, lead, molybdenum, chromium, zinc, arsenic, nickel, and cobalt in tailings was 526.4, 207.4, 89.1, 84.5, 51.7, 49.6, 39.7, and 35.6 mg kg−1, respectively. The concentration of all elements in soil cover was 10~15% higher than that of the tailings, except for molybdenum. The concentration of copper, lead, molybdenum, chromium, zinc, arsenic, nickel, and cobalt in roots was 818.3, 151.9, 73.9, 57.1, 40.1, 44.6, 96.8, and 26.7 mg kg−1 and 1214.1, 107.3, 105.8, 105.5, 55.2, 36.9, 30.9, and 10.9 mg kg−1 for shoots, respectively. Considering the translocation factor, enrichment coefficient, and the accumulation factor, desert broom could be a potential hyperaccumulator of Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, As, and Ni. PMID:17964035

Influence of coal ash and slag dumping on dump waste waters of the Kostolac power plants (Serbia)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Popovic, A.; Djinovic, J.

2006-10-01

The content of selected trace and major elements in the river water used for transport, as well as in the subcategories of the waste waters (overflow and drainage) were analyzed in order to establish the influence of transport and dumping of coal ash and slag from the 'Kostolac A' and 'Kostolac B' power plants located 100 km from Belgrade (Serbia). It was found that during transport of coal ash and slag to the dump, the water used for transport becomes enriched with manganese, nickel, zinc, chromium, vanadium, titanium, cobalt, arsenic, aluminum, and silicon, while more calcium, iron, cadmium, and leadmore » are adsorbed by the ash and slag than is released from them. There is also an equilibrium between the release and adsorption processes of copper and magnesium during transport. The vertical penetration of the water used for transport results in a release of calcium, magnesium, manganese, and cadmium to the environment, while iron, nickel, zinc, chromium, copper, lead, vanadium, titanium, cobalt, and arsenic are adsorbed by the fractions of coal ash and slag in the dump.« less

Environmental geochemistry of abandoned flotation tailing reservior from the Tonglvshan Fe-Cu sulfide mine in Daye, Central China.

PubMed

Guo, Y; Bao, Z Y; Deng, Y M; Ma, Z Z; Yan, S

2011-07-01

This study investigated metals of tailings from Tonglvshan mine in Daye and assessed the effect of metal contamination in water and sediment near the tailing reservoir. The concentration of copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, chromium and nickel was measured in deposit samples taken from a profile in an abandoned flotation tailing reservoir, as well as in water and sediment samples near the reservoir. The results of this study indicate that copper concentration ranges from 780 to 4390 mg/kg, 2-10 times higher than the limit values in soil, while the contents of other metals are below the limit values. Metal levels in water and sediments are high and varied widely in different sampling sites. The mean concentrations of copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, chromium and nickel in waters are 27.76, 2.28, 8.20, 0.12, 5.30 and 3.04 mg/L, while those in sediments are 557.65, 96.95, 285.20, 0.92, 94.30 and 4.75 mg/kg, respectively. All of the results indicate that the environment near the tailing reservoir is polluted to some extent by some kinds of metals, especially by copper, lead, zinc and cadmium, which may be caused not only by some discharge sources of metals, but also by life garbage and sewage.

A Study on Characteristics of Atmospheric Heavy Metals in Subway Station

PubMed Central

Kim, Chun-Huem; Yoo, Dong-Chul; Kwon, Young-Min; Han, Woong-Soo; Kim, Gi-Sun; Park, Mi-Jung; Kim, Young Soon

2010-01-01

In this study, we investigated the atmospheric heavy metal concentrations in the particulate matter inside the subway stations of Seoul. In particular, we examined the correlation between the heavy metals and studied the effect of the heavy metals on cell proliferation. In six selected subway stations in Seoul, particulate matter was captured at the platforms and 11 types of heavy metals were analyzed. The results showed that the mean concentration of iron was the highest out of the heavy metals in particulate matter, followed by copper, potassium, calcium, zinc, nickel, sodium, manganese, magnesium, chromium and cadmium in that order. The correlation analysis showed that the correlations between the heavy metals was highest in the following order: (Cu vs Zn) , (Ca vs Na) , (Ca vs Mn) , (Ni vs Cr) , (Na vs Mn) , (Cr vs Cd) , (Zn vs Cd) , (Cu vs Cd) , (Ni vs Cd) , (Cu vs Ni) , (K vs Zn) , (Cu vs K) , (Cu vs Cr) , (K vs Cd) , (Zn vs Cr) , (K vs Ni) , (Zn vs Ni) , (K vs Cr) , and (Fe vs Cu) . The correlation coefficient between zinc and copper was 0.937, indicating the highest correlation. Copper, zinc, nickel, chromium and cadmium, which are generated from artificial sources in general, showed correlations with many of the other metals and the correlation coefficients were also relatively high. The effect of the heavy metals on cell proliferation was also investigated in this study. Cultured cell was exposed to 10 mg/l or 100 mg/l of iron, copper, calcium, zinc, nickel, manganese, magnesium, chromium and cadmium for 24 hours. The cell proliferation in all the heavy metal-treated groups was not inhibited at 10 mg/l of the heavy metal concentration. The only exception to this was with the cadmium-treated group which showed a strong cell proliferation inhibition. This study provides the fundamental data for the understanding of simultaneous heavy metal exposure tendency at the time of particulate matter exposure in subway stations and the identification of heavy metal sources. Moreover, this study can be used as the fundamental data for the cell toxicity study of the subway-oriented heavy metal-containing particulate matter. PMID:24278519

Quantitative Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in the Urinary Bladder: Comparison Between Cancerous, Adjacent Non-cancerous and Normal Cadaveric Tissue.

PubMed

Abdel-Gawad, Mahmoud; Elsobky, Emad; Shalaby, Mahmoud M; Abd-Elhameed, Mohamed; Abdel-Rahim, Mona; Ali-El-Dein, Bedeir

2016-12-01

The role of heavy metals and trace elements (HMTE) in the development of some cancers has been previously reported. Bladder carcinoma is a frequent malignancy of the urinary tract. The most common risk factors for bladder cancer are exposure to industrial carcinogens, cigarette smoking, gender, and possibly diet. The aim of this study was to evaluate HTME concentrations in the cancerous and adjacent non-cancerous tissues and compare them with those of normal cadaveric bladder. This prospective study included 102 paired samples of full-thickness cancer and adjacent non-cancerous bladder tissues of radical cystectomy (RC) specimens that were histologically proven as invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). We used 17 matched controls of non-malignant bladder tissue samples from cadavers. All samples were processed and evaluated for the concentration of 22 HMTE by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Outcome analysis was made by the Mann-Whitney U, chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Wilcoxon signed ranks tests. When compared with cadaveric control or cancerous, the adjacent non-cancerous tissue had higher levels of six elements (arsenic, lead, selenium, strontium, zinc, and aluminum), and when compared with the control alone, it had a higher concentration of calcium, cadmium, chromium, potassium, magnesium, and nickel. The cancerous tissue had a higher concentration of cadmium, lead, chromium, calcium, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, nickel, selenium, strontium, and zinc than cadaveric control. Boron level was higher in cadaveric control than cancerous and adjacent non-cancerous tissue. Cadmium level was higher in cancerous tissue with node-positive than node-negative cases. The high concentrations of cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, and zinc, in the cancerous together with arsenic in the adjacent non-cancerous tissues of RC specimens suggest a pathogenic role of these elements in BC. However, further work-up is needed to support this conclusion by the application of these HMTE on BC cell lines.

Survey of metal tolerance in moderately halophilic eubacteria.

PubMed

Nieto, J J; Fernández-Castillo, R; Márquez, M C; Ventosa, A; Quesada, E; Ruiz-Berraquero, F

1989-09-01

The tolerance patterns, expressed as MICs, for 250 moderately halophilic eubacteria to 10 heavy metals were surveyed by using an agar dilution method. The moderate halophiles tested included 12 culture collection strains and fresh isolates representative of Deleya halophila (37 strains), Acinetobacter sp. (24 strains), Flavobacterium sp. (28 strains), and 149 moderately halophilic gram-positive cocci included in the genera Marinococcus, Sporosarcina, Micrococcus, and Staphylococcus. On the basis of the MICs, the collection strains showed, overall, similar responses to silver, cobalt, mercury, nickel, lead, and zinc. All were sensitive to silver, mercury, and zinc and tolerant of lead. The response to arsenate, cadmium, chromium, and copper was very heterogeneous. The metal susceptibility levels of the 238 freshly isolated strains were, in general, very heterogeneous among the four taxonomic groups as well as within the strains included in each group. The highest toxicities were found with mercury, silver, and zinc, while arsenate showed the lowest activity. All these strains were tolerant of nickel, lead, and chromium and sensitive to silver and mercury. Acinetobacter sp. strains were the most heavy-metal tolerant, with the majority of them showing tolerance of eight different metal ions. In contrast, Flavobacterium sp. strains were the most metal sensitive. The influence of salinity and yeast extract concentrations of the culture medium on the toxicity of the heavy metals tested for some representative strains was also studied. Lowering the salinity, in general, led to enhanced sensitivity to cadmium and, in some cases, to cobalt and copper. However, increasing the salinity resulted in only a slight decrease in the cadmium, copper, and nickel toxicities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of heavy metals on sea urchin embryo development. 1. Tracing the cause by the effects.

PubMed

Kobayashi, Naomasa; Okamura, Hideo

2004-06-01

The toxicity of the polluted waters originating from a disused lead mine was evaluated using both sea urchin bioassays and heavy metal analysis. Samples from three polluted waters (a seawater and two freshwaters) were collected from the mine area and one seawater sample was taken from a non-contaminated reference site. The test waters contained higher concentrations of heavy metals such as manganese, lead, cadmium, zinc, chromium, nickel, iron, and copper than did ambient seawater. The three test waters had inhibitory effects, in a dose-dependent manner, on the first cleavage of sea urchin embryos and on pluteus formation during the development. Some malformations, such as a radialized pluteus, exo-gastrula, and spaceship Apollo-like embryos were induced by the test waters without dilution. Zinc alone also induced the same anomaly. Zinc in the test seawater was ascertained as one of the metals that caused the anomalies, but not all of the toxicity was caused by zinc. It was speculated that interactive effects, involving zinc and possibly manganese and nickel, were occurring.

HUMAN SCALP HAIR: AN ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE INDEX FOR TRACE ELEMENTS. III. SEVENTEEN TRACE ELEMENTS IN BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA AND CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA (1972)

EPA Science Inventory

Seventeen trace elements - arsenic (As), barium (Ba), boron, (B), cadmium, (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), lead (Pb), lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), silver (Ag), tin (Sn), vanadium (V), and Zinc (Zn) - were measured in human s...

40 CFR 442.33 - Effluent limitations attainable by the application of best available technology economically...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... application of best available technology economically achievable (BAT). 442.33 Section 442.33 Protection of... technology economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing... application of BAT: Limitations for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are the same as...

40 CFR 442.33 - Effluent limitations attainable by the application of best available technology economically...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... application of best available technology economically achievable (BAT). 442.33 Section 442.33 Protection of... technology economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing... application of BAT: Limitations for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are the same as...

40 CFR 442.33 - Effluent limitations attainable by the application of best available technology economically...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... application of best available technology economically achievable (BAT). 442.33 Section 442.33 Protection of... economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source... BAT: Limitations for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are the same as the...

40 CFR 442.33 - Effluent limitations attainable by the application of best available technology economically...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... application of best available technology economically achievable (BAT). 442.33 Section 442.33 Protection of... technology economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing... application of BAT: Limitations for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are the same as...

40 CFR 442.33 - Effluent limitations attainable by the application of best available technology economically...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... application of best available technology economically achievable (BAT). 442.33 Section 442.33 Protection of... economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source... BAT: Limitations for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are the same as the...

Dry atmospheric deposition rates of metals along a coastal transect in southern California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sabin, Lisa D.; Schiff, Kenneth C.

While recent studies indicate atmospheric deposition is a significant source of metals to the Santa Monica Bay and coastal river systems of the Los Angeles area, the spatial extent of the atmospheric source along the entire southern California coast has not been measured in 30 years. This study provides measurements of dry atmospheric deposition of chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc at eight sites located along the coast between Santa Barbara and San Diego, and compares these data to historic measurements from the 1970s. Median dry deposition fluxes across sites ranged between 0.23 and 3.6 (chromium), 0.21 and 5.4 (nickel), 0.52 and 14 (lead), 0.89 and 29 (copper), and 4.8 and 160 (zinc) μg m -2 day -1. Differences in metal dry deposition rates observed between sites were dominated by proximity to urban areas and/or other nearby sources, with the highest metal fluxes observed near the Los Angeles Harbor (LAH) and San Diego Bay (SDB) sites. Compared with data from the 1970s, lead fluxes were typically one to two orders of magnitude lower in the present study (2006), indicating atmospheric sources of this metal have decreased over the past three decades in southern California. Chromium fluxes were also lower in 2006 compared with the 1970s, although to a lesser extent than for lead. In contrast, copper and zinc fluxes were typically within the same order of magnitude between the two time periods, with some higher measurements observed in 2006 compared with the 1970s at the LAH and SDB sites. This result indicates atmospheric sources of copper and zinc have not decreased over the past three decades in southern California, and have increased near our harbor/urban sites. Differences in sampling conditions (e.g., Santa Ana winds) and measurement techniques may also explain, in part, the differences observed in metal flux rates for these time periods. However, these limitations were most important for those metals with the smallest difference in flux rates measured in the 1970s vs. 2006 (e.g., chromium).

Reproductive success and heavy metal contamination in Rhode Island common terns

USGS Publications Warehouse

Custer, T.W.; Franson, J.C.; Moore, John F.; Myers, J.E.

1986-01-01

Common tern cIutch size, reproductive success and growth of young recorded from an abandoned barge on the Providence River, an area of heavy metal contamination, were equal to, or greater than, .from less contaminated areas. Concentrations of copper and zinc were higher in livers of nestling terns from the Providence River than from other, less contaminated, areas. However, concentrations of magnesium, manganese, and iron and the frequency of nickel were equal, or lower, at Providence than other, less contaminated, locations. Among-colony trends in residues of copper, zinc and nickel in prey samples were similar to trends .found in nestling livers. Uric acid concentrations in nestling blood were twice as high in the Providence River than another colony and may have resulted from moderate levels of chromium in the diet.

[Skin diseases and sensitization to metals in construction workers engaged in the production of pre-cast cellular concrete slabs].

PubMed

Kieć-Swierczyńska, M; Woźniak, H; Wojtczak, J

1989-01-01

The study involved 461 building workers exposed to ashes, cement and ash-cement mixtures in direct production and at auxiliary posts (fitters, welders, mechanics, electricians etc.). In addition, all those workers were exposed to lubricants ans machine oils, as well as anti-adhesive oils used to lubricate moulds. All the subjects underwent patch tests. Dermatitis was found in 18.9%, whereas oil acne in 7.4% of subjects, 23.0% exhibited chromium allergy, 15.2% - cobalt allergy and 5.0% - nickel allergy. Two workers were ++hypersensitive to zinc. No differences were found in the rates of dermatitis, oil acne and metal allergy between production workers and auxiliary ones. Airborne dust concentrations at those workplaces were similar. Cement and ashes contained compounds of chromium, cobalt and nickel.

Determination of the Mineral Composition and Toxic Element Contents of Propolis by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

PubMed Central

González-Martín, M. Inmaculada; Escuredo, Olga; Revilla, Isabel; Vivar-Quintana, Ana M.; Coello, M. Carmen; Palacios Riocerezo, Carlos; Wells Moncada, Guillermo

2015-01-01

The potential of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) with remote reflectance fiber-optic probes for determining the mineral composition of propolis was evaluated. This technology allows direct measurements without prior sample treatment. Ninety one samples of propolis were collected in Chile (Bio-Bio region) and Spain (Castilla-León and Galicia regions). The minerals measured were aluminum, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and some potentially toxic trace elements such as zinc, chromium, nickel, copper and lead. The modified partial least squares (MPLS) regression method was used to develop the NIR calibration model. The determination coefficient (R2) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) obtained for aluminum (0.79, 53), calcium (0.83, 94), iron (0.69, 134) potassium (0.95, 117), magnesium (0.70, 99), phosphorus (0.94, 24) zinc (0.87, 10) chromium (0.48, 0.6) nickel (0.52, 0.7) copper (0.64, 0.9) and lead (0.70, 2) in ppm. The results demonstrated that the capacity for prediction can be considered good for wide ranges of potassium, phosphorus and zinc concentrations, and acceptable for aluminum, calcium, magnesium, iron and lead. This indicated that the NIR method is comparable to chemical methods. The method is of interest in the rapid prediction of potentially toxic elements in propolis before consumption. PMID:26540058

METHOD OF APPLYING COPPER COATINGS TO URANIUM

DOEpatents

Gray, A.G.

1959-07-14

A method is presented for protecting metallic uranium, which comprises anodic etching of the uranium in an aqueous phosphoric acid solution containing chloride ions, cleaning the etched uranium in aqueous nitric acid solution, promptly electro-plating the cleaned uranium in a copper electro-plating bath, and then electro-plating thereupon lead, tin, zinc, cadmium, chromium or nickel from an aqueous electro-plating bath.

Trace metal uptake by garden herbs and vegetables.

PubMed

Shariatpanahi, M; Anderson, A C; Mather, F

1986-12-01

In many regions of Iran, crops are irrigated with municipal and industrial wastewater that contain a variety of metals. The purpose of this study was to simulate the level of metals that may be presented to plants over a growing season in a controlled laboratory setting. Cadmium, lead, arsenic, chromium, mercury, nickel, copper, zinc, and selenium were applied to plants at the high rate of 200 g metal/ha/wk. The following plants were examined for metal accumulation and effects on yield: garden cress (Lipidium sativum), leek (Allium porrum L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), mint (Mentha arvensis L.), onion (Allium capa L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and tarragon (Artemisia draculus L.). All plants showed significant uptake of all metals when compared to control (p=0.05), and growth was significantly reduced (p=0.05). Cadmium and chromium levels of 85±7.4 and 47.6±8.9 μg/g); selenium levels were highest in tarragon (16.5±5.8 μg/g). Zinc levels were similar (p=0.05) in all species tested, as were mercury and lead. The remaining metals (nickel and copper) showed significant differences in uptake, depending on plant species.

Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 4): Independent Nail Company, Beaufort, South Carolina (first remedial action), September 1987. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1987-09-28

The Independent Nail Company site, occupying 24.6 acres, is located near Beaufort, South Carolina. Land use in the vicinity of the site is a combination of fields, woodlands, and wetlands. Endangered and threatened species may occur within the area of influence of the site, although habitation has not been confirmed. The previous owners of the site, the Blake and Johnson Company, manufactured metallic screws and fasteners. In part of the manufacturing process, the company discharged approximately 33,000 gallons per day of plating wastewater into an unlined infiltration lagoon. The lagoon was in use from approximately 1969 to 1980. The Southmore » Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC) reported that the wastewater contained some organic cleaning solvents, phosphate, cyanide, chromium, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc, copper and iron. In April 1980 the Blake and Johnson Company ceased operation. Two months later the Independent Nail Company purchased the plant. They currently operate a paneling nail coating process at the plant, but do not discharge any wastewater to the lagoon. The primary contaminants of concern to the soil and sediment include: cadmium, chromium, nickel and zinc.« less

Pollution Problem in River Kabul: Accumulation Estimates of Heavy Metals in Native Fish Species.

PubMed

Ahmad, Habib; Yousafzai, Ali Muhammad; Siraj, Muhammad; Ahmad, Rashid; Ahmad, Israr; Nadeem, Muhammad Shahid; Ahmad, Waqar; Akbar, Nazia; Muhammad, Khushi

2015-01-01

The contamination of aquatic systems with heavy metals is affecting the fish population and hence results in a decline of productivity rate. River Kabul is a transcountry river originating at Paghman province in Afghanistan and inters in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan and it is the major source of irrigation and more than 54 fish species have been reported in the river. Present study aimed at the estimation of heavy metals load in the fish living in River Kabul. Heavy metals including chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead were determined through atomic absorption spectrophotometer after tissue digestion by adopting standard procedures. Concentrations of these metals were recorded in muscles and liver of five native fish species, namely, Wallago attu, Aorichthys seenghala, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo dyocheilus, and Ompok bimaculatus. The concentrations of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead were higher in both of the tissues, whereas the concentration of cadmium was comparatively low. However, the concentration of metals was exceeding the RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance of USA) limits. Hence, continuous fish consumption may create health problems for the consumers. The results of the present study are alarming and suggest implementing environmental laws and initiation of a biomonitoring program of the river.

Acute phytotoxicity of seven metals alone and in mixture: Are Italian soil threshold concentrations suitable for plant protection?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Baderna, Diego, E-mail: diego.baderna@marionegri.it; Lomazzi, Eleonora; Pogliaghi, Alberto

Metals can pollute soils in both urban and rural areas with severe impacts on the health of humans, plants and animals living there. Information on metal toxicity is therefore important for ecotoxicology. This study investigated the phytotoxicity of different metals frequently found as pollutants in soils: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), sorghum (Sorghum saccharatum) and cress (Lepidium sativum) seeds were used as models for other plants used in human nutrition such as cereals, rice, fruits and vegetables. The 72-h germination rate and root elongations were selected as short-term ecotoxicological endpoints in seeds exposed tomore » single metals and mixtures. Metals were spiked onto OECD standard soils in concentrations comparable to current Italian contamination threshold concentrations for residential and commercial soils. Arsenic, chromium, mercury and nickel were the most toxic metals in our experimental conditions, particularly to cress seeds (5.172, 152 and 255.4 mg/kg as 72 h IC50 for arsenic, mercury and nickel respectively). Italian limits were acceptable for plant protection only for exposure to each metal alone but not for the mixtures containing all the metals concentrations expected by their respective legislative threshold. The effects of the mixture were class-specific: trends were comparable in dicots but different in monocots. The response induced by the mixture at high concentrations differed from that theoretically obtainable by summing the effects of the individual metals. This might be due to partial antagonism of the metals in soil or to the formation of complexes between the metals, which reduce the bioavailability of the pollutants for plants. - Graphical abstract: Metals investigated: Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury, Nickel and Zinc. - Highlights: • The short-term phytotoxicity of seven metals was investigated with 3 higher plants. • Italian limits for arsenic and nickel in residential soils can damage plants. • Root elongation is heavily affected by metals. • Italian limits are not suitable for plant protection when metals are in mixture.« less

40 CFR Appendix Xii to Part 266 - Nickel or Chromium-Bearing Materials that may be Processed in Exempt Nickel-Chromium Recovery...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... sweepings Air filters Electroplating bath filters Wastewater filter media Wood pallets Disposable clothing... cartridge filters Paper hand towels B. Exempt Nickel or Chromium-Bearing Materials when Generated by Any... Nickel, chromium, and iron catalysts Nickel-cadmium and nickel-iron batteries Filter cake from wet...

40 CFR Appendix Xii to Part 266 - Nickel or Chromium-Bearing Materials that may be Processed in Exempt Nickel-Chromium Recovery...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... sweepings Air filters Electroplating bath filters Wastewater filter media Wood pallets Disposable clothing... cartridge filters Paper hand towels B. Exempt Nickel or Chromium-Bearing Materials when Generated by Any... Nickel, chromium, and iron catalysts Nickel-cadmium and nickel-iron batteries Filter cake from wet...

40 CFR Appendix Xii to Part 266 - Nickel or Chromium-Bearing Materials that may be Processed in Exempt Nickel-Chromium Recovery...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... sweepings Air filters Electroplating bath filters Wastewater filter media Wood pallets Disposable clothing... cartridge filters Paper hand towels B. Exempt Nickel or Chromium-Bearing Materials when Generated by Any... Nickel, chromium, and iron catalysts Nickel-cadmium and nickel-iron batteries Filter cake from wet...

40 CFR Appendix Xii to Part 266 - Nickel or Chromium-Bearing Materials that may be Processed in Exempt Nickel-Chromium Recovery...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... sweepings Air filters Electroplating bath filters Wastewater filter media Wood pallets Disposable clothing... cartridge filters Paper hand towels B. Exempt Nickel or Chromium-Bearing Materials when Generated by Any... Nickel, chromium, and iron catalysts Nickel-cadmium and nickel-iron batteries Filter cake from wet...

40 CFR Appendix Xii to Part 266 - Nickel or Chromium-Bearing Materials that may be Processed in Exempt Nickel-Chromium Recovery...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... sweepings Air filters Electroplating bath filters Wastewater filter media Wood pallets Disposable clothing... cartridge filters Paper hand towels B. Exempt Nickel or Chromium-Bearing Materials when Generated by Any... Nickel, chromium, and iron catalysts Nickel-cadmium and nickel-iron batteries Filter cake from wet...

Survey of metal tolerance in moderately halophilic eubacteria.

PubMed Central

Nieto, J J; Fernández-Castillo, R; Márquez, M C; Ventosa, A; Quesada, E; Ruiz-Berraquero, F

1989-01-01

The tolerance patterns, expressed as MICs, for 250 moderately halophilic eubacteria to 10 heavy metals were surveyed by using an agar dilution method. The moderate halophiles tested included 12 culture collection strains and fresh isolates representative of Deleya halophila (37 strains), Acinetobacter sp. (24 strains), Flavobacterium sp. (28 strains), and 149 moderately halophilic gram-positive cocci included in the genera Marinococcus, Sporosarcina, Micrococcus, and Staphylococcus. On the basis of the MICs, the collection strains showed, overall, similar responses to silver, cobalt, mercury, nickel, lead, and zinc. All were sensitive to silver, mercury, and zinc and tolerant of lead. The response to arsenate, cadmium, chromium, and copper was very heterogeneous. The metal susceptibility levels of the 238 freshly isolated strains were, in general, very heterogeneous among the four taxonomic groups as well as within the strains included in each group. The highest toxicities were found with mercury, silver, and zinc, while arsenate showed the lowest activity. All these strains were tolerant of nickel, lead, and chromium and sensitive to silver and mercury. Acinetobacter sp. strains were the most heavy-metal tolerant, with the majority of them showing tolerance of eight different metal ions. In contrast, Flavobacterium sp. strains were the most metal sensitive. The influence of salinity and yeast extract concentrations of the culture medium on the toxicity of the heavy metals tested for some representative strains was also studied. Lowering the salinity, in general, led to enhanced sensitivity to cadmium and, in some cases, to cobalt and copper. However, increasing the salinity resulted in only a slight decrease in the cadmium, copper, and nickel toxicities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID:2802612

40 CFR 420.93 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... days Kg/kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00322 0.00129 Nickel 0.00289 0.000964 (6) Fume... days Kg/kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Lead 0.000939 0.000313 Zinc 0.00125 0.000417 (5) Fume... above limitations shall be applicable to each fume scrubber associated with a sulfuric acid pickling...

Marine Ecological Risk Assessment Pilot Study for Allen Harbor, Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-01

evidence of major contamination in sediments or tissues except for relatively high levels of polychlorinated biphenols (PBC), butyltins compounds ( TBT ...biphenols (PBC), butyltin compounds ( TBT ), and fecal coliforms observed in Allen Harbor. Effects were detected in mussel physiology, sea urchin fertilization...Dichiorodiphenyl- dichioroethene HBC - Hexachlorobenzene TBT -Thbutyltin METALS Cu - Copper Zn -Zinc Cr - Chromium Pb -Lead Ni - Nickel As - Arsenic

Transition metal sensing by Toll-like receptor-4: next to nickel, cobalt and palladium are potent human dendritic cell stimulators.

PubMed

Rachmawati, Dessy; Bontkes, Hetty J; Verstege, Marleen I; Muris, Joris; von Blomberg, B Mary E; Scheper, Rik J; van Hoogstraten, Ingrid M W

2013-06-01

Nickel was recently identified as a potent activator of dendritic cells through ligating with human Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4. Here, we studied an extended panel of transition metals neighbouring nickel in the periodic table of elements, for their capacity to activate human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). The panel included chromium, cobalt, and palladium, all of which are known to be frequent clinical sensitizers. MoDC activation was monitored by assessment of release of the pro-inflammatory mediator interleukin (IL)-8, a major downstream result of TLR ligation. Results The data obtained in the present study show that cobalt and palladium also have potent MoDC-activating capacities, whereas copper and zinc, but not iron and chromium, have low but distinct MoDC-activating potential. Involvement of endotoxin contamination in MoDC activation was excluded by Limulus assays and consistent stimulation in the presence of polymyxin B. The critical role of TLR4 in nickel-induced, cobalt-induced and palladium-induced activation was confirmed by essentially similar stimulatory patterns obtained in an HEK293 TLR4/MD2 transfectant cell line. Given the adjuvant role of costimulatory danger signals, the development of contact allergies to the stimulatory metals may be facilitated by signals from direct TLR4 ligation, whereas other metal sensitizers, such as chromium, may rather depend on microbial or tissue-derived cofactors to induce clinical sensitization. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Installation Restoration Program. Phase I: Records Search Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-03-01

CHDRO - ARSENIC SARIUM, CADMIUM MIUM. COPPER. IRON, DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED TIME (UOIL (UCIL (UGIL (UG/L... cadmium , chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, silver, and zinc. The recommended parameters include those compounds known or...8217. ... . . -. * -:,-..’... .... ’.... ...’. .’..".-... ... -......- . ..............-............... . ..... .. APPENDIX A (Continued, Page 2 of 7) Cadmium A metal used in batteries and other industrial

Pollution Problem in River Kabul: Accumulation Estimates of Heavy Metals in Native Fish Species

PubMed Central

Ahmad, Habib; Yousafzai, Ali Muhammad; Siraj, Muhammad; Ahmad, Rashid; Ahmad, Israr; Nadeem, Muhammad Shahid; Ahmad, Waqar; Akbar, Nazia; Muhammad, Khushi

2015-01-01

The contamination of aquatic systems with heavy metals is affecting the fish population and hence results in a decline of productivity rate. River Kabul is a transcountry river originating at Paghman province in Afghanistan and inters in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan and it is the major source of irrigation and more than 54 fish species have been reported in the river. Present study aimed at the estimation of heavy metals load in the fish living in River Kabul. Heavy metals including chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead were determined through atomic absorption spectrophotometer after tissue digestion by adopting standard procedures. Concentrations of these metals were recorded in muscles and liver of five native fish species, namely, Wallago attu, Aorichthys seenghala, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo dyocheilus, and Ompok bimaculatus. The concentrations of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead were higher in both of the tissues, whereas the concentration of cadmium was comparatively low. However, the concentration of metals was exceeding the RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance of USA) limits. Hence, continuous fish consumption may create health problems for the consumers. The results of the present study are alarming and suggest implementing environmental laws and initiation of a biomonitoring program of the river. PMID:26339622

Effects of chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc on survival and feeding of the cladoceran Moina macrocopa

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wong, C.K.

1992-10-01

Heavy metals are widely recognized as highly toxic and dangerous. Past research activities on heavy metal pollution in Hong Kong have emphasized coastal environmentals. Since the main sources of heavy metals are the discharge and spillage of wastewater from electroplating factories, concentrations of heavy metals in streams and pools near industrial areas may be higher than those in coastal waters. Electroplating wastewater in Hong Kong contains high levels of chromium, copper, nickel and zinc. The toxicity of these heavy metals to the aquatic organisms has been extensively reviewed. Toxicity information for invertebrates shows that crustaceans are among the most sensitivemore » organisms. Of the crustacean species tested, cladocerans appear to be the most susceptibile. Cladocerans are important components of many aquatic ecosystems. Despite their importance in many freshwater communities and their sensitivity to heavy metal toxicity, information on the toxicity of heavy metals to cladocerans is limited except for several Daphnia species. In Hong Kong the freshwater cladoceran Moina macrocopa occurs in small ponds and rice paddies and is mass cultured by some farmers as a high quality fish food. The objectives of this study are to determine the effects of various heavy metals on the survival and feeding of M. macrocopa. 12 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.« less

Thermal and hydrometallurgical recovery methods of heavy metals from municipal solid waste fly ash.

PubMed

Kuboňová, L; Langová, Š; Nowak, B; Winter, F

2013-11-01

Heavy metals in fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators are present in high concentrations. Therefore fly ash must be treated as a hazardous material. On the other hand, it may be a potential source of heavy metals. Zinc, lead, cadmium, and copper can be relatively easily removed during the thermal treatment of fly ash, e.g. in the form of chlorides. In return, wet extraction methods could provide promising results for these elements including chromium and nickel. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare thermal and hydrometallurgical treatment of municipal solid waste fly ash. Thermal treatment of fly ash was performed in a rotary reactor at temperatures between 950 and 1050°C and in a muffle oven at temperatures from 500 to 1200°C. The removal more than 90% was reached by easy volatile heavy metals such as cadmium and lead and also by copper, however at higher temperature in the muffle oven. The alkaline (sodium hydroxide) and acid (sulphuric acid) leaching of the fly ash was carried out while the influence of temperature, time, concentration, and liquid/solid ratio were investigated. The combination of alkaline-acidic leaching enhanced the removal of, namely, zinc, chromium and nickel. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Recent trends and current practices for secondary processing of zinc and lead. Part II: zinc recovery from secondary sources.

PubMed

Sahu, Kamala Kanta; Agrawal, Archana; Pandey, Banshi Dhar

2004-08-01

Almost all metallurgical processes are associated with the generation of wastes and residues that may be hazardous or non-hazardous in nature depending upon the criteria specified by institutions such as the US Environment Protection Agency, etc. Wastes containing heavy and toxic metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, copper, mercury, zinc, etc., that are present beyond permissible limits deemed to be treated or disposed of, and non-hazardous wastes can be utilized for metal recovery or safe disposal. Zinc is in growing demand all over the world. In India, a major amount of zinc is imported and therefore processing of zinc secondaries will assist in satisfying the gap between demand and supply to some extent. This report mainly focuses on the current practices and recent trends on the secondary processing of zinc. Attempts made by various laboratories to develop ecofriendly processes for the recovery of zinc from secondary raw materials are also described and discussed.

Effects of chloride, sulfate and natural organic matter (NOM) on the accumulation and release of trace-level inorganic contaminants from corroding iron.

PubMed

Peng, Ching-Yu; Ferguson, John F; Korshin, Gregory V

2013-09-15

This study examined effects of varying levels of anions (chloride and sulfate) and natural organic matter (NOM) on iron release from and accumulation of inorganic contaminants in corrosion scales formed on iron coupons exposed to drinking water. Changes of concentrations of sulfate and chloride were observed to affect iron release and, in lesser extent, the retention of representative inorganic contaminants (vanadium, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, lead and uranium); but, effects of NOM were more pronounced. DOC concentration of 1 mg/L caused iron release to increase, with average soluble and total iron concentrations being four and two times, respectively, higher than those in the absence of NOM. In the presence of NOM, the retention of inorganic contaminants by corrosion scales was reduced. This was especially prominent for lead, vanadium, chromium and copper whose retention by the scales decreased from >80% in the absence of NOM to <30% in its presence. Some of the contaminants, notably copper, chromium, zinc and nickel retained on the surface of iron coupons in the presence of DOC largely retained their mobility and were released readily when ambient water chemistry changed. Vanadium, arsenic, cadmium, lead and uranium retained by the scales were largely unsusceptible to changes of NOM and chloride levels. Modeling indicated that the observed effects were associated with the formation of metal-NOM complexes and effects of NOM on the sorption of the inorganic contaminants on solid phases that are typical for iron corrosion in drinking water. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nickel and chromium toxicity of serpentine soils in Southern Rhodesia

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Soane, B.D.; Saunder, D.H.

1959-01-01

Very high nickel and chromium contents were found in many infertile soils derived from or near serpentine rocks in Southern Rhodesia. Data are given for nine typical soils. Various plant growth abnormalities are described for maize, tobacco, and oats grown on these soils. Plant contents of nickel and chromium are given. Exchangeable nickel showed a close correlation with the nickel content of indigenous grasses from the same sites. Attempts to measure available chromium were unsuccessful. Symptoms of maize and tobacco grown with various concentrations of chromium and nickel in sand culture were compared with symptoms obtained in the field. Itmore » is concluded that nickel toxicity is the cause of the acute infertility of some of the soils tested. On one soil the toxicity was so intense that raising the pH to 8.2 with calcium carbonate did not eliminate nickel uptake or toxicity symptoms in oats. Chromium toxicity appears to be associated with the infertility of other soils, but it is complicated by possible interaction between chromium and phosphorus and calcium in the soil-plant system.« less

Epidemiological and experimental aspects of metal carcinogenesis: physicochemical properties, kinetics, and the active species.

PubMed Central

Magos, L

1991-01-01

The carcinogenic properties of selected metals and their compounds are reviewed to provide a useful reference for existing knowledge on relationships between physical and chemical forms, kinetics and carcinogenic potential and between epidemiology, bioassays, and short-term tests. Extensive consideration is given to arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel. Other metals such as antimony, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc are discussed briefly. PMID:1821370

Genotoxic Effects Due to Exposure to Chromium and Nickel Among Electroplating Workers.

PubMed

El Safty, Amal Mohamed Kamal; Samir, Aisha Mohamed; Mekkawy, Mona Kamal; Fouad, Marwa Mohamed

Using chromium and nickel for electroplating is important in many industries. This process induces variable adverse health effects among exposed workers. The aim of this study is to detect the genotoxic effects of combined exposure to chromium and nickel among electroplating workers. This study was conducted on 41 male workers occupationally exposed to chromium and nickel in the electroplating section of a factory compared to 41 male nonexposed individuals, where full history and clinical examination were performed. Laboratory investigations included measurement of serum chromium, nickel, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and micronuclei were measured in buccal cells. In exposed workers, serum chromium ranged from 0.09 to 7.20 µg/L, serum nickel ranged from 1.20 to 28.00 µg/L, serum 8-OHdG ranged from 1.09 to12.60 ng/mL, and these results were statistically significantly increased compared to nonexposed group ( P < 0.001). Electroplaters showed higher frequencies of micronuclei in buccal cells when compared to nonexposed (ranged from 20.00 to 130.00 N/1,000 versus 2.00 to 28.00 N/1,000; P < 0.001). Linear regression models were done to detect independent predictors of 8-OHdG and micronucleus test by comparing exposed and nonexposed groups. The model found that exposure to chromium and nickel increases serum 8-OHdG by 4.754 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.54-5.96). The model found that exposure to chromium and nickel increases micronucleus by 35.927 (95% CI: 28.517-43.337). Serum 8-OHdG and micronucleus test in buccal cells were increased with combined exposure to chromium and nickel. The current research concluded that workers exposed to nickel and chromium in electroplating industry are at risk of significant cytogenetic damage.

Contribution to chromium and nickel enrichment during cooking of foods in stainless steel utensils.

PubMed

Accominotti, M; Bost, M; Haudrechy, P; Mantout, B; Cunat, P J; Comet, F; Mouterde, C; Plantard, F; Chambon, P; Vallon, J J

1998-06-01

Nickel ingestion can cause exacerbation of dermatitis in patients who are already nickel-sensitive; Chromium (Cr VI) is the 2nd allergen, after nickel. However, stainless steel is widely used in home cookware. In this study, we determined nickel and chromium levels by atomic absorption spectrometry in 11 habitual menus cooked in different grades of stainless steel utensils. We noted a great difference in nickel and chromium intake depending on the menu, and a significant difference between the glass and stainless steel saucepans, but this was very low compared with the levels of nickel and chromium contained in the menus; mean intakes of these elements were under the tolerable daily intake (TDI) recommended by the World Health Organization. Hence, there is no advantage for nickel-sensitive patients in switching to materials other than stainless steel, provided that this is of good quality.

40 CFR 471.35 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (pounds per million off-pounds) of nickel-cobalt rolled with emulsions Chromium 0.063 0.026 Nickel 0.094 0... nickel-cobalt rolled with water Chromium 0.028 0.012 Nickel 0.042 0.028 Fluoride 4.49 1.99 (d) Tube... monthly average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of nickel-cobalt drawn with emulsions Chromium 0...

Development of Sediment Quality Values for Puget Sound. Volume 1.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-09-01

62 cadmium CHROMIUM,63 chromium COPPER ,64 copper IRON ,65 iron LEAD ,66 lead MANGANES ,67 manganese NICKEL ,68 nickel SELENIUM,69 selenium SILVER ,70...BERYLLIU beryllium 67. CADMIUM cadmium 68. CHROMIUM chromium 69. COPPER copper 70. IRON iron 71. LEAD lead 72. MANGANES manganese 73. NICKEL nickel 74...they can also be strongly influenced by iron and manganese oxide and hydrous oxide surfaces (these phases can scavenge metals under oxidizing

Adsorption and mobility of metals in build-up on road surfaces.

PubMed

Gunawardana, Chandima; Egodawatta, Prasanna; Goonetilleke, Ashantha

2015-01-01

The study investigated the adsorption and bioavailability characteristics of traffic generated metals common to urban land uses, in road deposited solids particles. To validate the outcomes derived from the analysis of field samples, adsorption and desorption experiments were undertaken. The analysis of field samples revealed that metals are selectively adsorbed to different charge sites on solids. Zinc, copper, lead and nickel are adsorbed preferentially to oxides of manganese, iron and aluminium. Lead is adsorbed to organic matter through chemisorption. Cadmium and chromium form weak bonding through cation exchange with most of the particle sizes. Adsorption and desorption experiments revealed that at high metal concentrations, chromium, copper and lead form relatively strong bonds with solids particles while zinc is adsorbed through cation exchange with high likelihood of being released back into solution. Outcomes from this study provide specific guidance for the removal of metals from stormwater based on solids removal. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Water treatment process and system for metals removal using Saccharomyces cerevisiae

DOEpatents

Krauter, Paula A. W.; Krauter, Gordon W.

2002-01-01

A process and a system for removal of metals from ground water or from soil by bioreducing or bioaccumulating the metals using metal tolerant microorganisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is tolerant to the metals, able to bioreduce the metals to the less toxic state and to accumulate them. The process and the system is useful for removal or substantial reduction of levels of chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, zinc, nickel, calcium, strontium, mercury and copper in water.

Spherical nitroguanidine process

DOEpatents

Sanchez, John A.; Roemer, Edward L.; Stretz, Lawrence A.

1990-01-01

A process of preparing spherical high bulk density nitroguanidine by dissing low bulk density nitroguanidine in N-methyl pyrrolidone at elevated temperatures and then cooling the solution to lower temperatures as a liquid characterized as a nonsolvent for the nitroguanidine is provided. The process is enhanced by inclusion in the solution of from about 1 ppm up to about 250 ppm of a metal salt such as nickel nitrate, zinc nitrate or chromium nitrate, preferably from about 20 to about 50 ppm.

Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of Heavy Metals in Farm Produce and Livestock around Lead-Contaminated Goldmine in Dareta and Abare, Zamfara State, Northern Nigeria.

PubMed

Orisakwe, O E; Oladipo, O O; Ajaezi, G C; Udowelle, N A

2017-01-01

Background . Hitherto studies in response to the June 2010 lead poisoning, Zamfara State, Nigeria, have focused on clinical interventions without information on livestock and other metals. Objective . This study has investigated the distribution of heavy metals in farm produce and livestock around lead-contaminated goldmine in Dareta and Abare, Zamfara State, Nigeria. Methods . Vegetables, soil, water, blood, and different meat samples were harvested from goat, sheep, cattle, and chicken from Dareta, Abare, and Gusau communities. The samples were digested with 10 mL of a mix of nitric and perchloric acids; the mixture was then heated to dryness. Lead, cadmium, zinc, chromium, copper, magnesium, and nickel were analysed using flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The daily intake, bioaccumulation factor, and target hazard quotient (THQ) were calculated. Results . Chicken bone-muscles from Dareta had the highest concentrations of lead, zinc, and nickel (28.2750, 16.1650, and 4.2700 mg/kg, resp.), while chicken brain had the highest levels of cadmium, magnesium (0.3800 and 67.5400 mg/kg), and chromium (6.1650 mg/kg, kidney tissue inclusive). Conclusion . In addition to lead, cadmium may also be of concern in the contaminated mining communities of Zamfara State, Nigeria, given the high levels of cadmium in meat and vegetables samples from these areas.

Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of Heavy Metals in Farm Produce and Livestock around Lead-Contaminated Goldmine in Dareta and Abare, Zamfara State, Northern Nigeria

PubMed Central

Oladipo, O. O.; Ajaezi, G. C.; Udowelle, N. A.

2017-01-01

Background. Hitherto studies in response to the June 2010 lead poisoning, Zamfara State, Nigeria, have focused on clinical interventions without information on livestock and other metals. Objective. This study has investigated the distribution of heavy metals in farm produce and livestock around lead-contaminated goldmine in Dareta and Abare, Zamfara State, Nigeria. Methods. Vegetables, soil, water, blood, and different meat samples were harvested from goat, sheep, cattle, and chicken from Dareta, Abare, and Gusau communities. The samples were digested with 10 mL of a mix of nitric and perchloric acids; the mixture was then heated to dryness. Lead, cadmium, zinc, chromium, copper, magnesium, and nickel were analysed using flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The daily intake, bioaccumulation factor, and target hazard quotient (THQ) were calculated. Results. Chicken bone-muscles from Dareta had the highest concentrations of lead, zinc, and nickel (28.2750, 16.1650, and 4.2700 mg/kg, resp.), while chicken brain had the highest levels of cadmium, magnesium (0.3800 and 67.5400 mg/kg), and chromium (6.1650 mg/kg, kidney tissue inclusive). Conclusion. In addition to lead, cadmium may also be of concern in the contaminated mining communities of Zamfara State, Nigeria, given the high levels of cadmium in meat and vegetables samples from these areas. PMID:28539940

Performances of metal concentrations from three permeable pavement infiltrates.

PubMed

Liu, Jiayu; Borst, Michael

2018-06-01

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency constructed a 4000-m 2 parking lot in Edison, New Jersey in 2009. The parking lot is surfaced with three permeable pavements [permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP), pervious concrete (PC), and porous asphalt (PA)]. Samples of each permeable pavement infiltrate, surface runoff from traditional asphalt, and rainwater were analyzed in duplicate for 22 metals (total and dissolved) for 6 years. In more than 99% of the samples, the concentration of barium, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel and zinc, and in 60%-90% of the samples, the concentration of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and antimony in infiltrates from all three permeable pavements met both the groundwater effluent limitations (GEL) and maximum contaminant levels (MCL). The concentration of aluminum (50%) and iron (93%) in PICP infiltrates samples exceed the GELs; however, the concentration in more than 90% samples PA and PC infiltrates met the GELs. No measurable difference in metal concentrations was found from the five sources for arsenic, cadmium, lead, antimony, and tin. Large concentrations of eleven metals, including manganese, copper, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, silica, strontium and vanadium, were detected in surface runoff than the rainwater. Chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, aluminum, zinc, iron and magnesium concentrations in PICP infiltrates; calcium, barium, and strontium concentrations in PA infiltrates; sodium, potassium and vanadium concentrations in PC infiltrates were statistically larger than the other two permeable pavement infiltrates. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

40 CFR 471.32 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (pounds per million off-pounds) of nickel-cobalt rolled with emulsions Chromium 0.063 0.026 Nickel 0.094 0... nickel-cobalt rolled with water Chromium 0.028 0.011 Nickel 0.042 0.028 Fluoride 4.49 1.99 (d) Tube... monthly average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of nickel-cobalt drawn with emulsions Chromium 0...

Biosorption characteristics of copper (II), chromium (III), nickel (II), and lead (II) from aqueous solutions by Chara sp. and Cladophora sp.

PubMed

Elmaci, Ayşe; Yonar, Taner; Ozengin, Nihan

2007-09-01

The aim of this research was to expose individual removals of copper, chromium, nickel, and lead from aqueous solutions via biosorption using nonliving algae species, Chara sp. and Cladophora sp. Optimum pH values for biosorption of copper (II), chromium (III), nickel (II), and lead (II) from aqueous solutions were determined to be 6, 7, 7, and 3 for Cladophora sp. and 5, 3, 5, and 4 for Chara sp. respectively. Maximum adsorption capacities of Chara sp. [10.54 for chromium (III) and 61.72 for lead (II)] and Cladophora sp. [6.59 for chromium (III) and 16.75 and 23.25 for lead (II)] for chromium (III) and lead (II) are similar. On the other hand, copper (II) and nickel (II) biosorption capacity of Cladophora sp. [14.28 for copper (II) and 16.75 for nickel (II)] is greater than Chara sp. [6.506 for copper (II) and 11.76 for nickel (II)]. Significantly high correlation coefficients indicated for the Langmuir adsorption isotherm models can be used to describe the equilibrium behavior of copper, chromium, nickel, and lead adsorption onto Cladophora sp. and Chara sp.

Trace elements in early phase type 2 diabetes mellitus-A population-based study. The HUNT study in Norway.

PubMed

Hansen, Ailin Falkmo; Simić, Anica; Åsvold, Bjørn Olav; Romundstad, Pål Richard; Midthjell, Kristian; Syversen, Tore; Flaten, Trond Peder

2017-03-01

Differences in trace elements levels between individuals with type 2 diabetes and controls have been reported in several studies in various body fluids and tissues, but results have been inconsistent. In order to examine trace element levels in the early phase of type 2 diabetes, we investigated the association between whole blood levels of 26 trace elements and the prevalence of previously undiagnosed, screening-detected type 2 diabetes. The study was conducted as a case-control study nested within the third survey of the population-based Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT3 Survey). Among participants without previously known diabetes, 128 cases of type 2 diabetes were diagnosed in people with a high diabetes risk score (FINDRISC≥15), and frequency-matched for age and sex with 755 controls. Blood samples were analyzed by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Associations between trace element levels and the prevalence of previously undiagnosed type 2 diabetes were evaluated with multivariable conditional logistic regression controlling for age, sex, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, education, income, smoking and family history of diabetes. The prevalence of previously undiagnosed type 2 diabetes increased across tertiles/quartiles for cadmium, chromium, iron, nickel, silver and zinc, and decreased with increasing quartiles of bromine (P trend <0.05). After corrections for multiple testing, associations for chromium remained significant (Q trend <0.05), while associations for iron and silver were borderline significant. No associations were found for arsenic, boron, calcium, cesium, copper, gallium, gold, indium, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, rubidium, selenium, strontium, tantalum, thallium and tin. Our results suggest a possible role of bromine, cadmium, chromium, iron, nickel, silver and zinc in the development of type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

CHROMIUM ELECTROANALYSIS AT SCREEN PRINTED ELECTRODE MODIFIED BY THIN FILMS OF NICKEL

EPA Science Inventory

A rapid and potentially cost-effective electrochemical method is reported for analysis of chromium (VI) and Chromium(III) using a nickel modified screen printed carbon ink electrode. Electrochemical characteristics of nickel modified electrode as well voltammetric behavior f...

High gas velocity oxidation and hot corrosion testing of oxide dispersion-strengthened nickel-base alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Deadmore, D. L.; Lowell, C. E.

1975-01-01

Several oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) nickel-base alloys were tested in high velocity gases for cyclic oxidation resistance at temperatures to 1200 C and times to 500 hours and for hot corrosion resistance at 900 C for 200 hours. Nickel-chromium-aluminum ODS alloys were found to have superior resistance to oxidation and hot corrosion when compared to bare and coated nickel-chromium ODS alloys. The best of the alloys tested had compositions of nickel - 15.5 to 16 weight percent chromium with aluminum weight percents between 4.5 and 5.0. All of the nickel-chromium-aluminum ODS materials experienced small weight losses (less than 16 mg/sq cm).

PROCESSES OF RECLAIMING URANIUM FROM SOLUTIONS

DOEpatents

Zumwalt, L.R.

1959-02-10

A process is described for reclaiming residual enriched uranium from calutron wash solutions containing Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Mn as impurities. The solution is adjusted to a pH of between 2 and 4 and is contacted with a metallic reducing agent, such as iron or zinc, in order to reduce the copper to metal and thereby remove it from the solution. At the same time the uranium present is reduced to the uranous state The solution is then contacted with a precipitate of zinc hydroxide or barium carbonate in order to precipitate and carry uranium, iron, and chromium away from the nickel and manganese ions in the solution. The uranium is then recovered fronm this precipitate.

Human exposure risk to heavy metals through groundwater used for drinking in an intensively irrigated river delta

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vetrimurugan, E.; Brindha, K.; Elango, L.; Ndwandwe, Osman Muzi

2017-10-01

Drinking water containing heavy metals above the maximum permissible limits cause potential risk to human health. The aim of this study was to determine the groundwater suitability for drinking use based on heavy metal concentration and the associated human exposure risk in an intensively irrigated part of the Cauvery river basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Sixteen heavy metals analysed were in the order of dominance of chromium < zinc < copper < cadmium < cobalt < iron < aluminium < nickel < titanium < zirconium < boron < silver < manganese < lead < lithium < silicon in groundwater. Chromium and zinc were within permissible limits of the Bureau of Indian Standards for drinking water quality, and silver, lead and nickel were above limits in all the groundwater samples. In less than 50 % of the groundwater samples, aluminium, boron, cadmium, copper, iron and manganese exceeded their individual permissible limits. Heavy metal pollution index based on 11 heavy metals indicated that groundwater quality of this area is poor-to-unsuitable. Non-carcinogenic risk for humans due to ingestion of groundwater through drinking water pathway was very high for infants, children and adults. Silver, lead, nickel, cadmium and manganese largely contributed to the health hazard. Sources of heavy metals were identified to be geological and from human activities, i.e., application of fertilizers in agricultural fields, seawater intrusion due to intensive pumping for agriculture and wastewater from industries. Groundwater and surface water in this area pose large threat due to high levels of heavy metals, and it is necessary to avoid this water for drinking due to potential risk of health hazard. This study also demonstrated the application of HPI and human exposure hazard index to study the groundwater quality based on heavy metals' concentration.

Concentration of heavy metals in drinking water of different localities in district east Karachi.

PubMed

Jaleel, M A; Noreen, R; Baseer, A

2001-01-01

Several heavy metals are present in drinking water that play important roles in the body provided their level remains within the specified range recommended by WHO. But now due to the industrialization and rapid urbanization, the problems of pollution have surfaced. This study was designed to ascertain the contents of some heavy metals and then their variations if any in drinking water in different localities of district East of Karachi, Pakistan. Drinking water samples were collected from different sources and localities of district East of Karachi. The concentration of the heavy metals i.e. Lead, Arsenic, Copper, Iron, Mercury, Chromium, Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium and Zinc were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. PH was estimated by pH meter. Total dissolved solids (TDS) were calculated by formula. These concentrations of heavy metals, pH and TDS were compared with the standards set by WHO. Concentrations of lead and nickel were found to be significantly elevated as compared to WHO recommended levels in all the three sources of water (Piped water, Hand pump water and Tanker water supply). Chromium was found to be raised in hand pump water. Arsenic and Mercury were not detected in any source of water. Copper, iron, manganese, cadmium and zinc were found to be within the safe limits in all the three sources of water. pH was found to be within the range of WHO recommended level in all the three sources of water. TDS was found to be elevated in hand pump water and tanker water. Concentrations of lead and nickel were found to be significantly elevated as compared to WHO recommended levels in all the three sources of water in district East of Karachi.

40 CFR 503.43 - Pollutant limits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... accordance with § 503.43(e). (d) Pollutant limit—arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel. (1) The average daily concentration for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge... = Average daily concentration of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, or nickel in sewage sludge. CE = Sewage sludge...

Multiple metals exposure in a small-scale artisanal gold mining community.

PubMed

Basu, Niladri; Nam, Dong-Ha; Kwansaa-Ansah, Edward; Renne, Elisha P; Nriagu, Jerome O

2011-04-01

Urinary metals were characterized in 57 male residents of a small-scale gold mining community in Ghana. Chromium and arsenic exceeded health guideline values for 52% and 34%, respectively, of all participants. About 10-40% of the participants had urinary levels of aluminum, copper, manganese, nickel, selenium, and zinc that fell outside the U.S. reference range. Exposures appear ubiquitous across the community as none of the elements were associated with occupation, age, and diet. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

NORTH ABSAROKA STUDY AREA, MONTANA.

USGS Publications Warehouse

Elliott, J.E.; Stotelmeyer, R.B.

1984-01-01

A mineral survey of the North Absaroka study area in Montana was conducted. The results of this survey indicate that parts of the area are extensively mineralized and that the area has potential for resources of gold, silver, copper, molybdenum, nickel, lead, zinc, platinum-group metals, uranium, iron, manganese, chromium, tungsten, and arsenic. Six areas of probable and substantiated mineral-resource potential were identified. The nature of the geologic terrain indicates that there is little likelihood for occurrence of oil, gas, coal, or geothermal resources.

Low Hydrogen Embrittlement (LHE) Zinc-Nickel (Zn-Ni) Qualification Test Result and Process Parameters Development

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-02-09

www.ES3inc.com ● 1669 E. 1400 S ● Clearfield, UT 84015 (801) 926-1150 ● fax (801) 926-1155 Tri- Chromium ...conversion coating (CC) (Hexavalent vs. Trivalent ) and parameters: ▪ Baking before and after conversion coating • Hexavalent CC: must be applied...after bake • Trivalent CC: can be applied before or after bake (process time savings) ▪ Paint adhesion performance per ASTM D3359 • Hex-CC

40 CFR 471.34 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... emulsions Chromium 0.063 0.026 Nickel 0.094 0.063 Fluoride 10.1 4.49 (c) Rolling contact cooling water... (pounds per million off-pounds) of nickel-cobalt rolled with water Chromium 0.028 0.011 Nickel 0.042 0.028... drawn with emulsions Chromium 0.036 0.014 Nickel 0.053 0.036 Fluoride 5.68 2.52 (g) Extrusion spent...

Electrodeposition of amorphous ternary nickel-chromium-phosphorus alloy

DOEpatents

Guilinger, Terry R.

1990-01-01

Amorphous ternary nickel-chromium-phosphorus alloys are electrodeposited from a bath comprising a nickel salt, a chromium salt, a phosphorus source such as sodium hypophosphite, a complexing agent for the nickel ions, supporting salts to increase conductivity, and a buffering agent. The process is carried out at about room temperature and requires a current density between about 20 to 40 A/dm.sup.2.

40 CFR 266.100 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the following requirements, except that an owner or operator of a lead or a nickel-chromium recovery... operator of a lead or nickel-chromium or mercury recovery furnace (except for owners or operators of lead... listed in appendix XII of this part must contain recoverable levels of nickel or chromium, a waste listed...

40 CFR 266.100 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the following requirements, except that an owner or operator of a lead or a nickel-chromium recovery... operator of a lead or nickel-chromium or mercury recovery furnace (except for owners or operators of lead... listed in appendix XII of this part must contain recoverable levels of nickel or chromium, a waste listed...

Chromium-doped Raney nickel catalyst for hydrogen electrodes in alkaline fuel cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kenjo, T.

Raney nickel is a relatively inexpensive and highly active nonnoble metal catalyst for hydrogen electrodes in alkaline fuel cells. Mund et al. (1977) have found that its catalytic activity is increased by doping involving transition metals, such a titanum, iron, and molybdenum. The present investigation is concerned with the preparation of hydrogen electrodes catalyzed with chromium-doped Raney nickel and the measurement of their polarization characteristics. On the basis of the obtained results, it is concluded that chromium is a good dopant for Raney nickel which is employed for hydrogen electrodes. Chromium improves and stabilizes the polarization characteristics of Raney nickelmore » electrodes. It is found that chromium-doped Raney nickel is more active than the titanium-doped catalyst. 6 references.« less

False-positive result when a diphenylcarbazide spot test is used on trivalent chromium-passivated zinc surfaces.

PubMed

Reveko, Valeriia; Lampert, Felix; Din, Rameez U; Thyssen, Jacob P; Møller, Per

2018-05-01

A colorimetric 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC)-based spot test can be used to identify hexavalent chromium on various metallic and leather surfaces. DPC testing on trivalent chromium-passivated zinc surfaces has unexpectedly given positive results in some cases, apparently indicating the presence of hexavalent chromium; however, the presence of hexavalent chromium has never been confirmed with more sensitive and accurate test methods. To examine the presence of hexavalent chromium on trivalent chromium-passivated zinc surfaces with a DPC-based spot test. A colorimetric DPC spot test was used for the initial detection of hexavalent chromium on new and 1-year-aged trivalent chromium-passivated zinc surfaces. Then, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed for all samples. The DPC spot test indicated the presence of hexavalent chromium in aged, but not new, trivalent chromium passivation on zinc; however, subsequent analysis by XPS could not confirm the presence of chromium in a hexavalent state. Unintended oxidation of DPC induced by atmospheric corrosion is suggested as a possible reason for the false-positive reaction of the DPC test on a trivalent chromium-passivated zinc surface. Further validation of the use of the DPC test for chromium-containing metallic surfaces is required. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

40 CFR 415.176 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... liter Chromium (T) 1.0 0.50 Hexavalent Chromium 0.11 0.060 Nickel (T) 0.80 0.40 In cases where POTWs... an alternate: The limitations for Chromium (T), Hexavalent Chromium, and Nickel (T) are the same as...

40 CFR 415.176 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... liter Chromium (T) 1.0 0.50 Hexavalent Chromium 0.11 0.060 Nickel (T) 0.80 0.40 In cases where POTWs... an alternate: The limitations for Chromium (T), Hexavalent Chromium, and Nickel (T) are the same as...

40 CFR 415.176 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... liter Chromium (T) 1.0 0.50 Hexavalent Chromium 0.11 0.060 Nickel (T) 0.80 0.40 In cases where POTWs... an alternate: The limitations for Chromium (T), Hexavalent Chromium, and Nickel (T) are the same as...

40 CFR 415.176 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... liter Chromium (T) 1.0 0.50 Hexavalent Chromium 0.11 0.060 Nickel (T) 0.80 0.40 In cases where POTWs... an alternate: The limitations for Chromium (T), Hexavalent Chromium, and Nickel (T) are the same as...

Petroleum contaminated soil in Oman: evaluation of bioremediation treatment and potential for reuse in hot asphalt mix concrete.

PubMed

Jamrah, Ahmad; Al-Futaisi, Ahmed; Hassan, Hossam; Al-Oraimi, Salem

2007-01-01

This paper presents a study that aims at evaluating the leaching characteristics of petroleum contaminated soils as well as their application in hot mix asphalt concrete. Soil samples are environmentally characterized in terms of their total heavy metals and hydrocarbon compounds and leachability. The total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) present in the PCS before and after treatment was determined to be 6.8% and 5.3% by dry weight, indicating a reduction of 1% in the TPH of PCS due to the current treatment employed. Results of the total heavy metal analysis on soils indicate that the concentrations of heavy metals are lower when extraction of the soil samples is carried out using hexane in comparison to TCE. The results show that the clean soils present in the vicinity of contaminated sites contain heavy metals in the following decreasing order: nickel (Ni), followed by chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and vanadium (V). The current treatment practice employed for remediation of the contaminated soil reduces the concentrations of nickel and chromium, but increases the concentrations of all remaining heavy metals.

Comparison of nickel and chromium ions released from stainless steel and NiTi wires after immersion in Oral B®, Orthokin® and artificial saliva.

PubMed

Jamilian, Abdolreza; Moghaddas, Omid; Toopchi, Shabnam; Perillo, Letizia

2014-07-01

Oral environment of the mouth is a suitable place for biodegradation of alloys used in orthodontic wires. The toxicity of these alloys namely nickel and chromium has concerned the researchers about the release of these ions from orthodontic wires and brackets. The aim of this study was to measure the levels of nickel and chromium ions released from 0.018" stainless steel (SS) and NiTi wires after immersion in three solutions. One hundred and forty-four round NiTi and 144 round SS archwires with the diameters of 0.018" were immersed in Oral B®, Orthokin® and artificial saliva. The amounts of nickel and chromium ions released were measured after 1, 6, 24 hours and 7 days. Two way repeated ANOVA showed that the amount of chromium and nickel significantly increased in all solutions during all time intervals (p < 0.002). Chromium and nickel ions were released more in NiTi wire in all solutions compared with SS wire. The lowest increase rate was also seen in artificial saliva. There is general consensus in literature that even very little amounts of nickel and chromium are dangerous for human body specially when absorbed orally; therefore, knowing the precise amount of these ions released from different wires when immersed in different mouthwashes is of high priority.

Comparison of Gastric versus Gastrointestinal PBET Extractions for Estimating Oral Bioaccessibility of Metals in House Dust

PubMed Central

Boros, Kristina; Fortin, Danielle; Jayawardene, Innocent; Chénier, Marc; Levesque, Christine; Rasmussen, Pat E.

2017-01-01

Oral bioaccessibility estimates for six metals which are prevalent as contaminants in Canada (zinc, lead, cadmium, copper, nickel, and chromium) are investigated for house dust using the simple gastric phase versus the two-phase physiologically-based extraction technique (PBET). The purpose is to determine whether a complete gastrointestinal (GI) assay yields a more conservative (i.e., higher) estimate of metal bioaccessibility in house dust than the gastric phase alone (G-alone). The study samples include household vacuum dust collected from 33 homes in Montreal, Canada, plus four certified reference materials (NIST 2583, NIST 2584, NIST 2710 and NIST 2710a). Results indicate that percent bioaccessibilities obtained using G-alone are generally greater than or equivalent to those obtained using the complete GI simulation for the six studied metals in house dust. Median bioaccessibilities for G-alone/GI in household vacuum dust samples (n = 33) are 76.9%/19.5% for zinc, 50.4%/6.2% for lead, 70.0%/22.4% for cadmium, 33.9%/30.5% for copper and 28.5%/20.7% for nickel. Bioaccessible chromium is above the detection limit in only four out of 33 samples, for which G-alone results are not significantly different from GI results (p = 0.39). It is concluded that, for the six studied metals, a simple G-alone extraction provides a conservative and cost-effective approach for estimating oral bioaccessibility of metals in house dust. PMID:28106788

Long-term sorption of metals is similar among plastic types: implications for plastic debris in aquatic environments.

PubMed

Rochman, Chelsea M; Hentschel, Brian T; Teh, Swee J

2014-01-01

Concerns regarding plastic debris and its ability to accumulate large concentrations of priority pollutants in the aquatic environment led us to quantify relationships between different types of mass-produced plastic and metals in seawater. At three locations in San Diego Bay, we measured the accumulation of nine targeted metals (aluminum, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, cadmium and lead) sampling at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, to five plastic types: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP). Accumulation patterns were not consistent over space and time, and in general all types of plastic tended to accumulate similar concentrations of metals. When we did observe significant differences among concentrations of metals at a single sampling period or location in San Diego Bay, we found that HDPE typically accumulated lesser concentrations of metals than the other four polymers. Furthermore, over the 12-month study period, concentrations of all metals increased over time, and chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc and lead did not reach saturation on at least one plastic type during the entire 12-month exposure. This suggests that plastic debris may accumulate greater concentrations of metals the longer it remains at sea. Overall, our work shows that a complex mixture of metals, including those listed as priority pollutants by the US EPA (Cd, Ni, Zn and Pb), can be found on plastic debris composed of various plastic types.

In which regions is breast-feeding safer from the impact of toxic elements from the environment?

PubMed

Cinar, Nursan; Ozdemir, Sami; Yucel, Oya; Ucar, Fatma

2011-11-01

Owing to its unique nutritional and immunological characteristics, breast milk is the most important food source for infants. But, children are at greater risk for exposure to environmental toxicants from breast milk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of environmental pollution on essential and toxic element contents of breast milk and determine the risky locations in our population. This study was conducted on women who were breastfeeding (n=90). Milk samples were collected at three locations in Marmara region, Turkey: highly industrialized region highly affected by pollution, urbanized region moderately and rural area that is affected little. Breast milk samples (5 mL) were collected at approximately one month postpartum (mature milk). The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in milk samples were compared to the milk samples coming from different locations.Lead, cadmium, nickel, chromium, iron and manganese levels in the breast milk are highest and engrossing especially in rural areas compared to the other regions but cobalt, copper, zinc levels are highest in highly industrial areas. The levels of essential and toxic elements in breast milk can vary in different regions. The levels presented in our study are above some countries' data albeit not at toxic levels. Because of global effects, environmental pollution is not the problem for industrializing regions only. Rural area also may not be safe for breastfeed babies.

Long-Term Sorption of Metals Is Similar among Plastic Types: Implications for Plastic Debris in Aquatic Environments

PubMed Central

Rochman, Chelsea M.; Hentschel, Brian T.; Teh, Swee J.

2014-01-01

Concerns regarding plastic debris and its ability to accumulate large concentrations of priority pollutants in the aquatic environment led us to quantify relationships between different types of mass-produced plastic and metals in seawater. At three locations in San Diego Bay, we measured the accumulation of nine targeted metals (aluminum, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, cadmium and lead) sampling at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, to five plastic types: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP). Accumulation patterns were not consistent over space and time, and in general all types of plastic tended to accumulate similar concentrations of metals. When we did observe significant differences among concentrations of metals at a single sampling period or location in San Diego Bay, we found that HDPE typically accumulated lesser concentrations of metals than the other four polymers. Furthermore, over the 12-month study period, concentrations of all metals increased over time, and chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc and lead did not reach saturation on at least one plastic type during the entire 12-month exposure. This suggests that plastic debris may accumulate greater concentrations of metals the longer it remains at sea. Overall, our work shows that a complex mixture of metals, including those listed as priority pollutants by the US EPA (Cd, Ni, Zn and Pb), can be found on plastic debris composed of various plastic types. PMID:24454866

An Accurate Methodology to detect Leaching of Nickel and Chromium Ions in the Initial Phase of Orthodontic Treatment: An in vivo Study.

PubMed

Kumar, R Vinoth; Rajvikram, N; Rajakumar, P; Saravanan, R; Deepak, V Arun; Vijaykumar, V

2016-03-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate the release of nickel and chromium ions in human saliva during fixed orthodontic therapy. Ten patients with Angle's Class-I malocclusion with bimaxillary protrusion without any metal restorations or crowns and with all the permanent teeth were selected. Five male patients and five female patients in the age group range of 14 to 23 years were scheduled for orthodontic treatment with first premolar extraction. Saliva samples were collected in three stages: sample 1, before orthodontic treatment; sample 2, after 10 days of bonding sample; and sample 3, after 1 month of bonding. The samples were analyzed for the following metals nickel and chromium using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The levels of nickel and chromium were statistically significant, while nickel showed a gradual increase in the first 10 days and a decline thereafter. Chromium showed a gradual increase and was statistically significant on the 30th day. There was greatest release of ions during the first 10 days and a gradual decline thereafter. Control group had traces of nickel and chromium. While comparing levels of nickel in saliva, there was a significant rise from baseline to 10th and 30th-day sample, which was statistically significant. While comparing 10th day to that of 30th day, there was no statistical significance. The levels of chromium ion in the saliva were more in 30th day, and when comparing 10th-day sample with 30th day, there was statistical significance. Nickel and chromium levels were well within the permissible levels. However, some hypersensitive individuals may be allergic to this minimal permissible level.

40 CFR 420.86 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.../kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00292 0.00117 Nickel 0.00263 0.000876 (2) Batch, rod... Chromium 0.00175 0.000701 Nickel 0.00158 0.000526 (3) Batch, pipe and tube. Subpart H Pollutant or... 30 consecutive days Kg/kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00709 0.00284 Nickel 0.00638 0...

40 CFR 420.86 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.../kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00292 0.00117 Nickel 0.00263 0.000876 (2) Batch, rod... Chromium 0.00175 0.000701 Nickel 0.00158 0.000526 (3) Batch, pipe and tube. Subpart H Pollutant or... 30 consecutive days Kg/kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00709 0.00284 Nickel 0.00638 0...

40 CFR 420.86 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.../kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00292 0.00117 Nickel 0.00263 0.000876 (2) Batch, rod... Chromium 0.00175 0.000701 Nickel 0.00158 0.000526 (3) Batch, pipe and tube. Subpart H Pollutant or... 30 consecutive days Kg/kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00709 0.00284 Nickel 0.00638 0...

Concentrations of zinc and chromium in aquatic macrophytes from the sudbury and muskoka regions of Ontario, Canada.

PubMed

Reimer, P; Duthie, H C

1993-01-01

Root and shoot samples of Eriocaulon septangulare, Nuphar variegatum, Nymphaea odorata and Pontederia cordata were collected from 15 lakes in central Ontario during the summer of 1988 to investigate possible relationships between zinc and chromium levels in aquatic macrophytes and water and sediment variables. Although concentrations of zinc and chromium differed greatly among the four species, both metals were consistently higher in Eriocaulon. Generally, root and rhizome tissue contained higher zinc and chromium than shoot tissues of the same species and site. Zinc concentrations (dry weight) ranged from 6.3 microg g(-1) in Nuphar shoots to 87.7 microg g(-1) in whole Eriocaulon. Chromium ranged from 0.23 microg g(-1) in Pontederia shoots to 23.9 microg g(-1) in whole Eriocaulon. No significant trends were detected throughout the growing season in macrophyte or sediment concentrations of either metal. Results of multiple linear regression analyses of several water quality and environmental variables on Eriocaulon indicated that sediment zinc was the best predictor of plant zinc, and sediment chromium and calcium were the best predictors of plant chromium.

Evaluation of Nickel and Chromium Ion Release During Fixed Orthodontic Treatment Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer: An In Vivo Study

PubMed Central

Nayak, Rabindra S; Khanna, Bharti; Pasha, Azam; Vinay, K; Narayan, Anjali; Chaitra, K

2015-01-01

Background: Fixed orthodontic appliances with the use of stainless steel brackets and archwires made of nitinol have a corrosive potential in the oral environment. Nickel and chromium ions released from these appliances act as allergens apart from being cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic in smaller quantities in the range of nanograms. This study was done to evaluate the release of nickel and chromium ions from orthodontic appliances in the oral cavity using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Materials and Methods: Saliva samples from 30 orthodontic patients undergoing treatment with 0.022″ MBT mechanotherapy were collected prior to commencement of treatment, after initial aligning wires and after 10-12 months of treatment. Salivary nickel and chromium ion concentration was measured in parts per billion (ppb) using ICP-MS. Results: Mean, standard deviation and range were computed for the concentrations of ions obtained. Results analyzed using ANOVA indicated a statistically significant increase of 10.35 ppb in nickel ion concentration and 33.53 ppb in chromium ion concentration after initial alignment. The ionic concentration at the end of 10-12 months of treatment showed a statistically significant increase in of 17.92 ppb for chromium and a statistically insignificant decrease in nickel ion concentration by 1.58 ppb. Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed a positive correlation for an increase in nickel concentration after aligning, but not at the end of 10-12 months. A positive correlation was seen for an increase in chromium ion concentration at both time intervals. Conclusion: Nickel and chromium ion concentration in saliva even though below the recommended daily allowance should not be ignored in light of the new knowledge regarding effects of these ions at the molecular level and the allergic potential. Careful and detailed medical history of allergy is essential. Nickel free alternatives should form an essential part of an orthodontist’s inventory. PMID:26464533

Evaluation of Nickel and Chromium Ion Release During Fixed Orthodontic Treatment Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer: An In Vivo Study.

PubMed

Nayak, Rabindra S; Khanna, Bharti; Pasha, Azam; Vinay, K; Narayan, Anjali; Chaitra, K

2015-08-01

Fixed orthodontic appliances with the use of stainless steel brackets and archwires made of nitinol have a corrosive potential in the oral environment. Nickel and chromium ions released from these appliances act as allergens apart from being cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic in smaller quantities in the range of nanograms. This study was done to evaluate the release of nickel and chromium ions from orthodontic appliances in the oral cavity using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Saliva samples from 30 orthodontic patients undergoing treatment with 0.022″ MBT mechanotherapy were collected prior to commencement of treatment, after initial aligning wires and after 10-12 months of treatment. Salivary nickel and chromium ion concentration was measured in parts per billion (ppb) using ICP-MS. Mean, standard deviation and range were computed for the concentrations of ions obtained. Results analyzed using ANOVA indicated a statistically significant increase of 10.35 ppb in nickel ion concentration and 33.53 ppb in chromium ion concentration after initial alignment. The ionic concentration at the end of 10-12 months of treatment showed a statistically significant increase in of 17.92 ppb for chromium and a statistically insignificant decrease in nickel ion concentration by 1.58 ppb. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed a positive correlation for an increase in nickel concentration after aligning, but not at the end of 10-12 months. A positive correlation was seen for an increase in chromium ion concentration at both time intervals. Nickel and chromium ion concentration in saliva even though below the recommended daily allowance should not be ignored in light of the new knowledge regarding effects of these ions at the molecular level and the allergic potential. Careful and detailed medical history of allergy is essential. Nickel free alternatives should form an essential part of an orthodontist's inventory.

Application of mathematical modelling for assessing the biological half-times of chromium and nickel in field studies.

PubMed Central

Tossavainen, A; Nurminen, M; Mutanen, P; Tola, S

1980-01-01

The biological half-times of urinary chromium and nickel excretion and plasma nickel concentration were calculated for four welders and four electroplaters. A linear one-compartment kinetic model gave estimates of the half-times ranging from 15 to 41 hours for chromium in urine, from 17 to 39 hours for nickel in urine, and from 20 to 34 hours for nickel in plasma. The model allows a precise description to be made of a worker's state of exposure as affected by a varying concentration of the metals in the air. PMID:7426481

Compositions and methods for removing arsenic in water

DOEpatents

Gadgil, Ashok Jagannth [El Cerrito, CA

2011-02-22

Compositions and methods and for contaminants from water are provided. The compositions comprise ferric hydroxide and ferric oxyhydride coated substrates for use in removing the contaminant from the water. Contacting water bearing the contaminant with the substrates can substantially reduce contaminant levels therein. Methods of oxidizing the contaminants in water to facilitate their removal by the ferric hydroxide and ferric oxyhydride coated substrates are also provided. The contaminants include, but are not limited to, arsenic, selenium, uranium, lead, cadmium, nickel, copper, zinc, chromium and vanadium, their oxides and soluble salts thereof.

KALMIOPSIS WILDERNESS, OREGON.

USGS Publications Warehouse

Page, Norman J; Miller, Michael S.

1984-01-01

Geologic, geochemical, geophysical field and laboratory, and mine and prospect studies conducted in the Kalmiopsis Wilderness, Oregon indicate that areas within and immediately adjacent to the wilderness have substantiated mineral-resource potential. The types of mineral resources which occur in these areas include massive sulfide deposits containing copper, zinc, lead, silver and gold; podiform chromite deposits; laterite deposits containing nickel, cobalt, and chromium; lode gold deposits; and placer gold deposits. Past production from existing mines is estimated to have been at least 7000 troy oz of gold, 4000 long tons of chromite, and few tens of tons of copper ore.

Metal-enhanced chemiluminescence from chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc nanodeposits: Evidence for a second enhancement mechanism in metal-enhanced fluorescence

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Weisenberg, Micah; Zhang Yongxia; Geddes, Chris D.

Over the past decade metal-fluorophore interactions, metal-enhanced fluorescence, have attracted significant research attention, with the technology now becoming common place in life science applications. In this paper, we address the underlying mechanisms of metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) and experimentally show using chemiluminescence solutions that MEF is indeed underpinned by two complimentary mechanisms, consistent with the recent reports by Geddes and co-workers [Zhang et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 12095 (2009)] and their enhanced fluorescence hypothesis.

Advanced Zinc Phosphate Conversion and Pre-Ceramic Polymetallosiloxane Coatings for Corrosion Protection of Steel and Aluminum, and Characteristics of Polyphenyletheretherketone-Based Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-09-24

which the trivalent ion is the principal oxidation state, preferentially reacts with hydroxylated organosilane to form the Al-O-Si linkage at a low... tig front the carboxylic acid, COOH, in the p(AA) [6j. The spectra for all of the cobalt- and nickel-incorporated Zn-Ph samples show a slight...to study bonding in chromium , manganese, iron, and cobalt compounds J Chem Phys 57 (1972) pp 973-982 1 1 Lindberg, B.J. et at. Molecular

Primary explosives

DOEpatents

Hiskey, Michael A [Los Alamos, NM; Huynh, My Hang V [Los Alamos, NM

2011-01-25

The present invention provides a compound of the formula (Cat).sup.+.sub.z[M.sup.++(5-nitro-1H-tetrazolato-N2).sup.-.sub.x(H.sub.2- O).sub.y] where x is 3 or 4, y is 2 or 3, x+y is 6, z is 1 or 2, and M.sup.++ is selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, chromium, and manganese, and (Cat).sup.+ is selected from the group consisting of ammonium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. A method of preparing the compound of that formula is also disclosed.

Primary explosives

DOEpatents

Hiskey, Michael A [Los Alamos, NM; Huynh, My Hang V [Los Alamos, NM

2009-03-03

The present invention provides a compound of the formula (Cat).sup.+.sub.z[M.sup.++(5-nitro-1H-tetrazolato-N2).sup.-.sub.x(H.sub.2- O).sub.y] where x is 3 or 4, y is 2 or 3, x+y is 6, z is 1 or 2, and M.sup.++ is selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, chromium, and manganese, and (Cat).sup.+ is selected from the group consisting of ammonium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. A method of preparing the compound of that formula is also disclosed.

Migration studies of nickel and chromium from ceramic and glass tableware into food simulants.

PubMed

Szynal, Tomasz; Rebeniak, Małgorzata; Mania, Monika

In addition to the release of lead and cadmium from ceramic and glass vessels, (acceptable limits being set by the EU 84/500/EC Directive), other harmful metals can migrate, such as nickel and chromium. Permissible migration limits for these latter metals however have not yet been set in the EU legislation. Both the toxic properties of nickel and chromium and the measures taken by the European Commission Working Group on Food Contact Materials for verifying permissible migration limits for lead, cadmium and other metals from ceramics have acted as drivers for studies on nickel and chromium release from ceramic and glass tableware. To investigate the migration of nickel and chromium into food simulants from ceramic and glassware, available on the Polish market, which are intended for coming into contact with food. Potential consumer exposure can thereby be estimated from the release of these elements into food. Tableware consisted of ceramics and glass vessels generally available on the domestic market, with inner surfaces being mainly coloured and with rim decorations. Migration of nickel and chromium studied from the ceramics was carried out in 4% acetic acid (24 ± 0.5 hrs at 22 ± 2°C), whilst that from glassware in 4% acetic acid (24 ± 0.5 hrs at 22 ± 2°C) and 0.5% citric acid (2 ± 0.1 hrs at 70 ± 2°C). The concentrations of metals which had migrated into the test solutions were measured by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). This analytical procedure had been previously validated by measuring nickel and chromium released into food simulants from ceramic and glass tableware where working ranges, detection limits, quantification limits, repeatability, accuracy, mean recovery and uncertainty were established. Migration of nickel and chromium was measured from 172 ceramic and 52 and glass vessels samples, with all results being below the limits of quantification (LOQ = 0.02 mg/L), excepting one instance where a 0.04 mg/L concentration of nickel was found. The validated methods for measuring chromium achieved the following parameters; 0.02 to 0.80 mg/L operating range, 0.01 mg/L detection limit, 0.02 mg/L limit of quantification, 6% repeatability, 2.8% accuracy, 102% average recovery and 11% uncertainty. For the nickel method the corresponding parameters were 0.02 to 0.80 mg/L work- ing range, 0.02 mg/L limit of quantification, 0.01 mg/L detection limit, 5% repeatability, 6.5% accuracy, 101% average recovery and 12% uncertainty. The tested ceramics and glassware did not pose a threat to human health regarding migration of nickel and chromium, and thus any potential exposure to these metals released from these products into food will be small. However, due to the toxicity of these metals, the migration of nickel and chromium is still required for articles coming into contact with food, which includes metalware. ceramic tableware, ceramics, glassware, food contact articles, nickel, chromium leaching, migration.

Heavy metal contaminants in tissues of the garfish, Belone belone L., 1761, and the bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix L., 1766, from Turkey waters.

PubMed

Türkmen, Aysun; Tepe, Yalçin; Türkmen, Mustafa; Mutlu, Ekrem

2009-01-01

Levels of contaminants in fish are of particular interest because of the potential risk to humans who consume them. Fish samples were collected through the coastal waters of Turkey and the contents of cadmium, cobalt, chrome, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, zinc and lead in the liver and muscle tissues were determined. Among the metals analyzed, copper, zinc and iron were the most abundant in the different tissues while cadmium and lead were the least abundant both in Belone belone and Pomatomus saltatrix. Metal concentrations in muscles of fish species were found 0.01-0.38 mg kg(-1) for cadmium, 0.01-0.53 mg kg(-1) for cobalt, 0.05-1.87 mg kg(-1) for chromium, 0.21-5.89 mg kg(-1) for copper, 9.99-43.3 mg kg(-1) for iron, 0.14-1.33 mg kg(-1) for manganese, 0.06-4.70 mg kg(-1) for nickel, 0.09-0.81 mg kg(-1) for lead, 3.85-15.9 mg kg(-1) for zinc, respectively. Regional changes in metal concentration were observed in the tissues of both species, but these variations may not influence consumption advisories.

The National Shipbuilding Research Program. Impact of Recent and Anticipated Changes in Airborne Emission Exposure Limits on Shipyard Workers

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-03-01

shipyard welders performing GTAW of stainless steels and high chromium nickel alloys are above 0.25 µg/m3 without use of local exhaust ventilation. Local...Manganese, Chromium , and Hexavalent Chromium May Be Encountered...66 5.1 Reduction of Nickel and Hexavalent Chromium Emissions Through

40 CFR 471.91 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... million off-pounds) of zirconium-hafnium extruded Chromium 0.104 0.043 Cyanide 0.069 0.029 Nickel 0.455 0... million off-pounds) of zirconium-hafnium heat treated Chromium 0.151 0.062 Cyanide 0.100 0.041 Nickel 0...-hafnium surface treated Chromium 0.150 0.61 Cyanide 0.099 0.041 Nickel 0.653 0.432 Ammonia 45.3 20...

40 CFR 471.91 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... million off-pounds) of zirconium-hafnium extruded Chromium 0.104 0.043 Cyanide 0.069 0.029 Nickel 0.455 0... million off-pounds) of zirconium-hafnium heat treated Chromium 0.151 0.062 Cyanide 0.100 0.041 Nickel 0...-hafnium surface treated Chromium 0.150 0.61 Cyanide 0.099 0.041 Nickel 0.653 0.432 Ammonia 45.3 20...

Preliminary Material Properties Handbook. Volume 2: SI Units

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-07-01

6-1 6.2 Iron- Chromium -Nickel-Base Alloys...iron, or chromium . In addition to strengthening of titanium by the alloying additions, alpha-beta alloys may be further strengthened by heat...6.3.3 6.3.4 6.3.5 6.4 6.5 6.5.1 Iron- Chromium -Nickel-Base Alloys Nickel-Base Alloys AEREX® 350 alloy HAYNES® 230® alloy HAYNES® HR-120® alloy Inconel

Association between Concentrations of Metals in Urine and Adult Asthma: A Case-Control Study in Wuhan, China

PubMed Central

Huang, Xiji; Xie, Jungang; Cui, Xiuqing; Zhou, Yun; Wu, Xiaojie; Lu, Wei; Shen, Yan; Yuan, Jing; Chen, Weihong

2016-01-01

Background Several metals have been reported to be associated with childhood asthma. However, the results on relationships between metals and risk of childhood asthma are inconclusive, and the research on adult asthma in the Chinese general population is rare. Objectives To investigate potential associations between levels of urinary metals and adult asthma. Methods A case-control study of 551 adult asthma cases and 551 gender- and age-matched controls was conducted in Wuhan, China. Demographic information was obtained, and lung function was assessed. The urinary concentrations of 22 metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results After adjusting for other metalsand other covariates, urinary cadmium, molybdenum, chromium, copper, uranium and selenium were positively associated with asthma, with odds ratios (95% CI) of 1.69 (1.00, 2.85), 3.76 (2.30, 6.16), 4.89 (3.04, 7.89), 6.06 (3.27, 11.21), 6.99 (4.37, 11.19) and 9.17 (4.16, 20.21), respectively. By contrast, urinary lead, barium, iron, zinc, nickel, manganese and rubidium were negatively associated with asthma, with odds ratios (95% CI) of 0.48 (0.29, 0.80), 0.44 (0.27, 0.71), 0.41 (0.26, 0.64), 0.40 (0.24, 0.66), 0.30 (0.22, 0.41), 0.23 (0.14, 0.39) and 0.07 (0.03, 0.15), respectively. When comparing urinary metals in different subgroups of cases with those in matched controls, the associations of above 13 metals with asthma prevalence were nearly the same. Conclusions Our results suggested that asthma prevalence in the Chinese adults was positively associated with urinary chromium, chromium, selenium, molybdenum, cadmium, and uranium, and negatively associated with urinary manganese, iron, nickel, zinc, rubidium, barium and lead. Additional research with larger populations in different regions is required to support our findings. PMID:27191859

40 CFR 471.94 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...-hafnium extruded Chromium 0.104 0.043 Cyanide 0.069 0.029 Nickel 0.455 0.301 Ammonia 31.6 13.9 Fluoride 14...-hafnium heat treated Chromium 0.015 0.006 Cyanide 0.010 0.004 Nickel 0.066 0.044 Ammonia 4.57 2.01...-hafnium surface treated Chromium 0.150 0.061 Cyanide 0.099 0.041 Nickel 0.653 0.432 Ammonia 45.3 20.0...

40 CFR 421.322 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... refinery Chromium 32.270 13.200 Copper 139.300 73.340 Nickel 140.800 93.140 Fluoride 2,567.000 1,459.000... processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 2.009 0.822 Copper 8.675 4.566 Nickel 8.767 5.799 Fluoride 159... pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 2.802 1.146 Copper 12.100 6.369 Nickel 12...

40 CFR 471.95 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... extruded Chromium 0.104 0.043 Cyanide 0.069 0.029 Nickel 0.455 0.301 Ammonia 31.6 13.9 Fluoride 14.1 6.26...-hafnium heat treated Chromium 0.015 0.006 Cyanide 0.010 0.004 Nickel 0.066 0.044 Ammonia 4.57 2.01...-hafnium surface treated Chromium 0.150 0.061 Cyanide 0.099 0.041 Nickel 0.653 0.432 Ammonia 45.3 20...

40 CFR 421.322 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... refinery Chromium 32.270 13.200 Copper 139.300 73.340 Nickel 140.800 93.140 Fluoride 2,567.000 1,459.000... processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 2.009 0.822 Copper 8.675 4.566 Nickel 8.767 5.799 Fluoride 159... pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 2.802 1.146 Copper 12.100 6.369 Nickel 12...

40 CFR 471.95 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... extruded Chromium 0.104 0.043 Cyanide 0.069 0.029 Nickel 0.455 0.301 Ammonia 31.6 13.9 Fluoride 14.1 6.26...-hafnium heat treated Chromium 0.015 0.006 Cyanide 0.010 0.004 Nickel 0.066 0.044 Ammonia 4.57 2.01...-hafnium surface treated Chromium 0.150 0.061 Cyanide 0.099 0.041 Nickel 0.653 0.432 Ammonia 45.3 20...

40 CFR 471.94 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...-hafnium extruded Chromium 0.104 0.043 Cyanide 0.069 0.029 Nickel 0.455 0.301 Ammonia 31.6 13.9 Fluoride 14...-hafnium heat treated Chromium 0.015 0.006 Cyanide 0.010 0.004 Nickel 0.066 0.044 Ammonia 4.57 2.01...-hafnium surface treated Chromium 0.150 0.061 Cyanide 0.099 0.041 Nickel 0.653 0.432 Ammonia 45.3 20.0...

Preliminary Material Properties Handbook. Volume 1: English Units

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-07-01

6-1 6.2 Iron- Chromium -Nickel-Base Alloys...titanium but is stabilized to room temperature by sufficient quantities of beta stabilizing elements as vanadium, molybdenum, iron, or chromium . In...Designation 6.2 6.3 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.3.5 6.4 6.5 6.5.1 Iron- Chromium -Nickel-Base Alloys Nickel-Base Alloys AEREX® 350 alloy HAYNES® 230® alloy

Survey of Portions of the Chromium-Cobalt-Nickel-Molybdenum Quaternary System at 1,200 Degrees C

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rideout, Sheldon Paul; Beck, Paul A

1953-01-01

A survey was made of portions of the chromium-cobalt-nickel-molybdenum quaternary system at 1,200 degrees c by means of microscopic and x-ray diffraction studies. Since the face-centered cubic (alpha) solid solutions form the matrix of almost all practically useful high-temperature alloys, the solid solubility limits of the quaternary alpha phase were determined up to 20 percent molybdenum. The component cobalt-nickel-molybdenum, chromium-cobalt-molybdenum, and chromium-nickel-molybdenum ternary systems were also studied. The survey of these systems was confined to the determination of the boundaries of the face-centered cubic (alpha) solid solutions and of the phases coexisting with alpha at 1,200 degrees c.

Relation of Nickel Allergy with in-Stent Restenosis in Patients Treated with Cobalt Chromium Stents.

PubMed

Aliağaoğlu, Cihangir; Turan, Hakan; Erden, Ismail; Albayrak, Hülya; Ozhan, Hakan; Başar, Cengiz; Gürlevik, Zehra; Alçelik, Ayşegül

2012-11-01

In-stent restenosis (ISR) is the major limitation of percutaneous coronary stenting procedure. The elements like nickel, chromate and molybdenum are known to cause contact allergy. Hypersensitivity reaction, against these metal ions, may be one of the reasons of ISR. Cobalt chromium coronary stents, which are increasingly being used in percutaneous coronary interventions, have more nickel amount than the stainless steel stents. We aimed to investigate the association between nickel hypersensitivity reaction and ISR in patients treated with cobalt chromium coronary stents. Epicutaneous patch tests for nickel were applied to 31 patients who had undergone elective cobalt chromium coronary stent implantation and had ISR in control angiogram. Thirty patients, without ISR, were included as the control group. Patch test results and other clinical variables were compared. There was no statistically significant difference of the mean age, sex, body mass index, rate of hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, hypertension and smoking between the patients with and without ISR. All other lesion characteristics were similar in the 2 groups. According to the patch test results, 7 patients had nickel contact allergy. All of these patients were in the ISR group, which was statistically significant (p<0.006). Patients treated with cobalt chromium coronary stents and had ISR were found to have significantly more nickel allergy than the control group. Nickel allergy may play role in restenosis pathophysiology.

Effects of Restoring the Primary Dentition with Stainless-Steel Crowns on Children's Salivary Nickel and Chromium Levels, and the Associations with Saliva pH: a Preliminary Before-After Clinical Trial.

PubMed

Basir, Leila; Meshki, Razieh; Behbudi, Azam; Rakhshan, Vahid

2018-05-23

Nickel and chromium existing in stainless-steel crowns (SSCs, used in pediatric dentistry) might be cytotoxic and allergenic. However, no in vivo studies have examined their salivary levels in children using SSCs, or in young children without SSCs. Also, the effect of acidity on metal ion release has not yet been evaluated in any previous in vivo studies in the whole literature. Therefore, this preliminary before-after clinical trial was conducted. Salivary nickel/chromium levels of 30 children before and after 2 months of placement of SSCs were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Salivary pH was measured with a digital pH meter. The effects of treatment, pH, number of SSCs, gender, and age on salivary ions were analyzed statistically (α = 0.05, β = 0.15). Salivary nickel concentrations increased from 4.9010 ± 4.7390 to 5.6320 ± 4.7210 μg/L (P = 0.000, paired t test). Chromium increased from 0.3273 ± 0.5214 to 0.4199 ± 0.6404 μg/L (P = 0.016). Saliva pH increased from 6.81 ± 0.52 to 7.04 ± 0.47 (P = 0.000). Ion levels were not correlated with pH (P > 0.14), except chromium in the follow-up (rho = - 0.435, P = 0.016). Nickel increase (but not chromium increase) was correlated with pH increase (rho = 0.367, P = 0.046). Age was only correlated with baseline chromium (rho = 0.373, P = 0.042). Being male was associated with baseline/follow-up nickel levels (P ≤ 0.030). SSC number was not correlated with ions or pH (P > 0.36). It was shown for the first time that SSCs might increase salivary nickel and chromium concentrations and reduce saliva acidity. Nickel increase might be in line with pH elevation. The raised pH might be associated with reduced chromium release. Boys might have higher nickel levels than might girls, with or without SSCs.

40 CFR 461.74 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... of zinc Chromium 0.24 0.099 Mercury 0.14 0.055 Silver 0.23 0.093 Zinc 0.80 0.34 Manganese 0.37 0.16... Chromium 0.030 0.12 Mercury 0.017 0.006 Silver 0.028 0.012 Zinc 0.099 0.042 Manganese 0.046 0.020 (3... monthly average Metric units—mg/kg of zinc English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of zinc Chromium 9.53...

A Comparative Study of Biodegradation of Nickel and Chromium from Space Maintainers: An in vitro Study.

PubMed

Anand, Ashish; Sharma, Arun; Kumar, Piush; Sandhu, Meera; Sachdeva, Shobhit; Sachdev, Vinod

2015-01-01

The aim of the study was to compare and evaluate the in vitro biodegradation of nickel and chromium from space maintainers, made of three different companies, i.e (Dantaurum, Rocky mountain and Dtech) in artificial saliva. The study comprised of 30 space maintainers out of which 10 were fabricated using Dantaurum, 10 using Rocky mountain and 10 using Dtech band materials. Stainless steel wire (Dantaurum, Rocky mountain and Konark) was used for making loops and Leone solder and flux was used for soldering. Each group was further divided into four subgroups containing 1, 2, 3 and 4 space maintainers respectively. The space maintainers in each subgroup were placed in separate glass beakers containing 100 ml of artificial saliva at 37°C for 4 weeks. Salivary samples from each beaker was analyzed for nickel and chromium ions separately on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrophotometer. Total release of nickel and chromium from all band and loop space maintainers ranged from 0.020 to 1.524 ppm and 0.002 to 0.289 ppm respectively. The release of nickel and chromium between the groups and within the groups was not significant (p < 0.5). There was no substantial release of nickel and chromium from space maintainers made of Dantaurum, Rocky mountain and Dtech which could cause any toxicity. How to cite this article: Anand A, Sharma A, Kumar P, Sandhu M, Sachdeva S, Sachdev V. A Comparative Study of Biodegradation of Nickel and Chromium from Space Maintainers: An in vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2015; 8(1):37-41.

[The effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the surface properties of nickel-chromium dental casting alloys after electrochemical corrosion].

PubMed

Qiao, Guang-yan; Zhang, Li-xia; Wang, Jue; Shen, Qing-ping; Su, Jian-sheng

2014-08-01

To investigate the effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the surface properties of nickel-chromium dental alloys after electrochemical corrosion. The surface morphology and surface structure of nickel-chromium dental alloys were examined by stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy before and after electrochemical tests in 0 g/L and 1.0 g/L EGCG artificial saliva. The surface element component and chemical states of nickel-chromium dental alloys were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectrograph after electrochemical tests in 0 g/L and 1.0 g/L EGCG artificial saliva. More serious corrosion happened on the surface of nickel-chromium alloy in 1.0 g/L EGCG artificial saliva than in 0 g/L EGCG. The diameters of corrosion pits were smaller, and the dendrite structure of the alloy surface was not affected in 0 g/L EGCG. While the diameters of corrosion pits were larger, the dendritic interval of the alloy surface began to merge, and the dendrite structure was fuzzy in 1.0 g/L EGCG. In addition, the O, Ni, Cr, Be, C and Mo elements were detected on the surface of nickel-chromium alloys after sputtered for 120 s in 0 g/L EGCG and 1.0 g/L EGCG artificial saliva after electrochemical corrosion, and the surface oxides were mainly NiO and Cr(2)O(3). Compared with 0 g/L EGCG artificial saliva, the content of O, NiO and Cr(2)O(3) were lower in 1.0 g/L EGCG. The results of surface morphology and the corrosion products both show that the corrosion resistance of nickel-chromium alloys become worse and the oxide content of corrosion products on the surface reduce in 1.0 g/L EGCG artificial saliva.

Preliminary Material Properties Handbook, English Units

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-12-01

References 5-17 Chapter 6. Heat-Resistant Alloys 6.1 General 6-1 6.2 Iron- Chromium -Nickel-Base Alloys 6-3 6.3 Nickel-Base Alloys 6-3 6.4...elements as vanadium, molybdenum, iron, or chromium . In addition to strengthening of titanium by the alloying additions, alpha-beta alloys may be...alloys are arbitrarily defined as iron alloys richer in alloy content than the 18 percent chromium , 8 percent nickel types, or as alloys with a base

Semen quality of Indian welders occupationally exposed to nickel and chromium.

PubMed

Danadevi, K; Rozati, Roya; Reddy, P P; Grover, Paramjit

2003-01-01

The semen quality of 57 workers from a welding plant in South India and 57 controls was monitored. Blood nickel and chromium concentrations were determined by ICP-MS. Analysis of semen samples was performed in accordance with World Health Organization criteria. The blood level of nickel and chromium for the 28 exposed workers was 123.3 +/- 35.2 and 131.0 +/- 52.6 microg/l, resepctively, which was significantly higher than the 16.7 +/- 5.8 and 17.4 +/- 8.9 microg/l for the control group (n=27). Sperm concentrations of exposed workers were 14.5 +/- 24.0 millions/ml and those of the control group were 62.8 +/- 43.7 millions/ml. Rapid linear sperm motility was decreased in exposed workers compared to controls. There was a significant positive correlation between the percentage of tail defects and blood nickel concentration in exposed workers. The sperm concentration showed a negative correlation with blood chromium content in workers. More abnormal characteristics were found in the semen of exposed workers. Semen abnormalities correlated with the number of years of exposure to welding fumes containing nickel and chromium.

Biodegradation of nickel and chromium from space maintainers: an in vitro study.

PubMed

Bhaskar, V; Subba Reddy, V V

2010-01-01

Band materials are often used in the practice of pediatric dentistry. Nickel and Chromium are the main ingredients of these materials. The potential health hazards of nickel and chromium and their compounds have been the focus of attention for more than 100 years. It has established that these metals could cause hypersensitivity. The study was undertaken to analyze in vitro biodegradation of space maintainers made out of stainless steel band materials from manufacturers Dentaurum and Unitek. The leaching effect simulating the use of one, two, three, and four space maintainers in clinical practice was studied by keeping the respective number of space maintainers in the artificial saliva incubating at 37 degrees C and analyzing for nickel and chromium release after 1,7,14,21 and 28 days using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results showed that there was measurable release of both nickel and chromium which reached maximum level at the end of 7 days which was statistically significant (P < 0.05) and was very much below the dietary average intake even for four bands used and was not capable of causing any toxicity.

Effects of land use on water quality and transport of selected constituents in streams in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1994–98

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ferrell, Gloria M.

2001-01-01

Transport rates for total solids, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, biochemical oxygen demand, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc during 1994–98 were computed for six stormwater-monitoring sites in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. These six stormwater-monitoring sites were operated by the Mecklenburg County Department of Environmental Protection, in cooperation with the City of Charlotte, and are located near the mouths of major streams. Constituent transport at the six study sites generally was dominated by nonpoint sources, except for nitrogen and phosphorus at two sites located downstream from the outfalls of major municipal wastewater-treatment plants.To relate land use to constituent transport, regression equations to predict constituent yield were developed by using water-quality data from a previous study of nine stormwater-monitoring sites on small streams in Mecklenburg County. The drainage basins of these nine stormwater sites have relatively homogeneous land-use characteristics compared to the six study sites. Mean annual construction activity, based on building permit files, was estimated for all stormwater-monitoring sites and included as an explanatory variable in the regression equations. These regression equations were used to predict constituent yield for the six study sites. Predicted yields generally were in agreement with computed yields. In addition, yields were predicted by using regression equations derived from a national urban water-quality database. Yields predicted from the regional regression equations generally were about an order of magnitude lower than computed yields.Regression analysis indicated that construction activity was a major contributor to transport of the constituents evaluated in this study except for total nitrogen and biochemical oxygen demand. Transport of total nitrogen and biochemical oxygen demand was dominated by point-source contributions. The two study basins that had the largest amounts of construction activity also had the highest total solids yields (1,300 and 1,500 tons per square mile per year). The highest total phosphorus yields (3.2 and 1.7 tons per square mile per year) attributable to nonpoint sources also occurred in these basins. Concentrations of chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc were positively correlated with total solids concentrations at most of the study sites (Pearson product-moment correlation >0.50). The site having the highest median concentrations of chromium, copper, and nickel also was the site having the highest computed yield for total solids.

Long-term Metal Performance of Three Permeable Pavements ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA constructed a 4,000-m2 parking lot surfaced with three permeable pavements (permeable interlocking concrete pavers, pervious concrete, and porous asphalt) on the Edison Environmental Center in Edison, NJ in 2009. Samples from each permeable pavement infiltrate were collected for six years beginning in January 2010 and analyzed for twenty-two metals. Although the infiltrate metals concentrations varied by surface, metal concentrations in more than 99% of the permeable pavement infiltrate samples met both the groundwater effluent limitations and maximum contaminant levels in national primary drinking water regulations for barium, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel and zinc. Arsenic, cadmium, lead and antimony met those standards in 60% to 98% of the samples with no measurable difference found among pavements. Aluminum and iron in pervious concrete and porous asphalt infiltrates met standards at more than 90%, however permeable interlocking concrete paver infiltrates have 50% and 93% samples exceeds standards, respectively. Concentrations of arsenic, iron, potassium, lithium, magnesium, antimony, tin, manganese, and zinc in all permeable pavement infiltrates decreased with time, whereas, aluminum, barium, calcium, chromium and strontium in porous asphalt infiltrates increased. Most metal concentrations in permeable pavement infiltrates either exhibited no significant difference between snow/no-snow seasons or showed statistically larger concentrations

40 CFR 461.74 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...,000 pounds of zinc Chromium 0.24 0.099 Mercury 0.14 0.055 Silver 0.23 0.093 Zinc 0.80 0.34 Manganese 0... of zinc Chromium 0.030 0.12 Mercury 0.017 0.006 Silver 0.028 0.012 Zinc 0.099 0.042 Manganese 0.046 0... Chromium 9.53 3.90 Mercury 5.42 2.17 Silver 8.89 3.68 Zinc 31.64 13.22 Manganese 14.74 6.28 (4) Subpart G...

40 CFR 461.74 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...,000 pounds of zinc Chromium 0.24 0.099 Mercury 0.14 0.055 Silver 0.23 0.093 Zinc 0.80 0.34 Manganese 0... of zinc Chromium 0.030 0.12 Mercury 0.017 0.006 Silver 0.028 0.012 Zinc 0.099 0.042 Manganese 0.046 0... Chromium 9.53 3.90 Mercury 5.42 2.17 Silver 8.89 3.68 Zinc 31.64 13.22 Manganese 14.74 6.28 (4) Subpart G...

40 CFR 461.74 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...,000 pounds of zinc Chromium 0.24 0.099 Mercury 0.14 0.055 Silver 0.23 0.093 Zinc 0.80 0.34 Manganese 0... of zinc Chromium 0.030 0.12 Mercury 0.017 0.006 Silver 0.028 0.012 Zinc 0.099 0.042 Manganese 0.046 0... Chromium 9.53 3.90 Mercury 5.42 2.17 Silver 8.89 3.68 Zinc 31.64 13.22 Manganese 14.74 6.28 (4) Subpart G...

Supplementation of Diabetic Rats with Leucine, Zinc, and Chromium: Effects on Function and Histological Structure of Testes.

PubMed

Kolahian, Saeed; Sadri, Hassan; Larijani, Amir; Hamidian, Gholamreza; Davasaz, Afshin

2015-12-01

The objective was to study whether leucine, zinc, and chromium supplementations influence function and histological structure of testes in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Seventy seven adult male rats were categorized into 11 groups of 7 animals each: (1) nondiabetic (negative control); (2) non-treated (positive control); (3) treated with insulin; (4) treated with glibenclamide; (5) treated with leucine; (6) treated with zinc; (7) treated with chromium; (8) treated with leucine + zinc; (9) treated with leucine + chromium; (10) treated with zinc + chromium; (11) treated with leucine + zinc + chromium. In the non-treated group, hyperglycemia severely damaged testes morphology as well as the spermatogenic process. Diabetes induction decreased testicular length, height, width, volume, total number of epididymal sperm, and number of live sperm. Seminiferous tubules of diabetic rats showed a decrease in diameter of tubules and height of epithelium. Diabetes induction decreased the number of cells (spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, and Sertoli) in cross sections of seminiferous tubules. Administration of nutritional supplements to the diabetic rats improved testes morphology and reversed, although not completely, impairment of spermatogenesis. Treatment with nutritional supplements increased testicular length, height, width, and volume. All treatments increased the number of live sperm and the total number of epididymal sperm. Furthermore, nutritional supplements increased diameter of tubules, height of epithelium, and the number of cells in seminiferous tubules. These alleviating effects were more pronounced in animals treated with the leucine-zinc-chromium combination. The present results demonstrate beneficial effects of zinc, leucine, and chromium supplements to improve testes morphology and to restore spermatogenesis in type 2 diabetic rats.

Development of an inhalation system of high melting point metal fumes and its use for exposure of rats to chromium and nickel fumes.

PubMed

Serita, F; Homma, K; Fukuda, K; Sawatari, K; Suzuki, Y; Toya, T

1990-01-01

An experimental inhalation system was developed for fumes generated from powders of high melting point metals such as chromium, nickel, manganese and iron. The system consisted of a plasma flame metal sprayer as a fume generator, a granular bed type fume collector, a fluidized bed aerosol generator, an exposure and a control chamber of a horizontal-flow type and inhalant monitoring and controlling units. Performance of the chambers was ensured by a distribution test using flyash as a test aerosol. Using this system, rats were exposed to chromium fumes for one week or to nickel fumes for two months. The exposure concentrations of the chromium and nickel fumes were 1.85 +/- 0.55 mg/m3 and 0.51 +/- 0.15 mg/m3 (mean +/- SD), near the target levels of 2 mg/m3 and 0.5 mg/m3, respectively. The mass median aerodynamic diameter and the geometric standard deviation of the chromium fumes were 2.1 microns and 2.00, respectively. Those of the nickel fumes were 3.7 microns and 1.74, respectively. Species analysis of these fume particles revealed that 26.4% of the total chromium was hexavalent and the residue was trivalent and that 1-3% of the total nickel was nickel(III) and the residue was nickel(II). Inhaled-metal concentrations in the lungs showed steady increases with the exposure periods and were within the normal range of variation. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that this system is useful for long-term inhalation experiments using high melting point metal fumes.

Susceptibility of Halobacteria to Heavy Metals

PubMed Central

Nieto, J. J.; Ventosa, A.; Ruiz-Berraquero, F.

1987-01-01

Sixty-eight halobacteria, including both culture collection strains and fresh isolates from widely differing geographical areas, were tested for susceptibility to arsenate, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, and zinc ions by an agar dilution technique. The culture collection strains showed different susceptibilities, clustering into five groups. Halobacterium mediterranei and Halobacterium volcanii were the most metal tolerant, whereas Haloarcula californiae and Haloarcula sinaiiensis had the highest susceptibilities of the culture collection strains. Different patterns of metal susceptibility were found for all the halobacteria tested, and there was a uniform susceptibility to mercury and silver. All strains tested were multiply metal tolerant. PMID:16347350

Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Trace elements in streambed sediment and fish livers, 1995-96

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kroening, Sharon E.; Fallon, James D.; Lee, Kathy E.

2000-01-01

In fish livers, all of the trace elements analyzed were detected except antimony, beryllium, cobalt, and uranium. Trace element concentrations in fish livers generally did not show any pronounced patterns. Ranges for concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc were similar to those measured in 20 other NAWQA studies across the United States. Cadmium concentrations in fish livers were moderately correlated to fish length and weight. There were no relations between trace element concentrations in fish livers and streambed sediment.

Handbook of Isotopes in the Cosmos

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Clayton, Donald

2007-08-01

List of illustrations; Preface; Introduction; 1. Hydrogen (H); 2. Helium (He); 3. Lithium (Li); 4. Beryllium (Be); 5. Boron (B); 6. Carbon (C); 7. Nitrogen (N); 8. Oxygen (O); 9. Fluorine (F); 10. Neon (Ne); 11. Sodium (Na); 12. Magnesium (Mg); 13. Aluminium (Al); 14. Silicon (Si); 15. Phosphorous (P); 16. Sulphur (S); 17. Chlorine (Cl); 18. Argon (Ar); 19. Potassium (K); 20. Calcium (Ca); 21. Scandium (Sc); 22. Titanium (Ti); 23. Vanadium (V); 24. Chromium (Cr); 25. Manganese (Mn); 26. Iron (Fe); 27. Cobalt (Co); 28. Nickel (Ni); 29. Copper (Cu); 30. Zinc (Zn); 31. Gallium (Ga); Glossary.

Handbook of Isotopes in the Cosmos

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Clayton, Donald

2003-09-01

List of illustrations; Preface; Introduction; 1. Hydrogen (H); 2. Helium (He); 3. Lithium (Li); 4. Beryllium (Be); 5. Boron (B); 6. Carbon (C); 7. Nitrogen (N); 8. Oxygen (O); 9. Fluorine (F); 10. Neon (Ne); 11. Sodium (Na); 12. Magnesium (Mg); 13. Aluminium (Al); 14. Silicon (Si); 15. Phosphorous (P); 16. Sulphur (S); 17. Chlorine (Cl); 18. Argon (Ar); 19. Potassium (K); 20. Calcium (Ca); 21. Scandium (Sc); 22. Titanium (Ti); 23. Vanadium (V); 24. Chromium (Cr); 25. Manganese (Mn); 26. Iron (Fe); 27. Cobalt (Co); 28. Nickel (Ni); 29. Copper (Cu); 30. Zinc (Zn); 31. Gallium (Ga); Glossary.

Isolation, identification and characterization of indigenous fungi for bioremediation of hexavalent chromium, nickel and cobalt

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hernahadini, Nelis; Suhandono, Sony; Choesin, Devi N.; Chaerun, Siti K.; Kadarusman, Ade

2014-03-01

Waste from nickel mining of Sorowako in South Sulawesi contains hexavalent chromium, nickel and cobalt metals in high concentration and may have a negative impact to the environment. Common waste treatment systems such as chemical treatment using a reducing reagent may still have a negative impact. Bioremediation using fungi or bacteria becomes more popular because it is an environmentally friendly alternative. The purposes of this study are to isolate and identify indigenous fungi that are resistant to heavy metals (hexavalent chromium, nickel, and cobalt) and are capable of reducing the concentration of metals in mining wastes. Ten fungal isolates were successfully isolated from the soils and pond sediments in the area of nickel mining in Sorowako. Selection of superior isolate was carried out by growing all the isolates on PDA medium, which contained all of the three metals. One superior isolate was identified to be able to grow on medium with concentrations of 6400 ppm hexavalent chromium, 200 ppm nickel and 50 ppm cobalt. Molecular identification and phylogenetic studies of the isolate using fungal PCR primers developed to amplify the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region showed that the isolate sequence was very close to Trichoderma atroviride with 99.8% similarity. Optimum incubation time for the uptake of hexavalent chromium was 3 days, nickel and cobalt was 5 days, respectively, with an optimum pH of 4.

[Distribution iodine deficiency diseases in coastal areas depending on geochemical conditions].

PubMed

Kiku, P F; Andryukov, B G

2014-01-01

In the Primorsky Krai there was performed a population ecological and hygienic analysis of the relationship between the content of chemical elements in the soil and thyroid morbidity in the population of the region. The assessment of the prevalence of iodine deficiency and iodine deficiency diseases was carried out on the basis of the impact of the priority environmental toxic (strontium, nickel, cadmium, lead, arsenic, tin) and essential (nickel, iron, germanium, molybdenum, zinc, selenium) trace elements on the level of iodine deficiency diseases. The level of thyroid pathology in the territory of Primorye was established to be the highest one in areas characterized by the severe iodine deficiency (Northwest geochemical zones), where the structure of thyroid diseases is presented mainly by diffuse nontoxic goiter. Thyroid diseases associated with iodine deficiency in the population of different age groups are the result of multiple and combined imbalance of trace elements, which causes a relative (secondary) iodine deficiency. Thyroid disease in Primorye are environmentally caused diseases of technogenic origin, they are a consequence of the relative iodine deficiency, when on the background of normal iodine supply an imbalance of zinc, iron, cobalt, manganese with excess of such toxic trace elements as lead, strontium, nickel and chromium takes place. Thyroid pathology associated with iodine deficiency, along with other environmentally dependent diseases can be considered as a marker of ecological environment trouble.

Effects of heavy metals on sea urchin embryo development. Part 2. Interactive toxic effects of heavy metals in synthetic mine effluents.

PubMed

Kobayashi, Naomasa; Okamura, Hideo

2005-12-01

Interactive toxic effects between heavy metals were investigated using a sea urchin (Anthocidaris crassispina) bioassay. An effluent from an abandoned mine showed significant inhibitory effects on embryo development as well as producing specific malformations. The effects on the embryos were reproduced by synthetic polluted seawater consisting of eight metals (manganese, lead, cadmium, nickel, zinc, chromium, iron, and copper) at the concentrations detected in the mine effluent. This indicated that the heavy metals were responsible for the effects observed. Five heavy metals were ranked in decreasing order of toxicity as follows: Cu>Zn>Pb>Fe>Mn. Among these, zinc and manganese could cause malformation of the embryos. From bioassay results using 27 combinations of heavy metals, 16 combinations including zinc could produce specific malformations, such as radialized, exo-gastrulal, and spaceship Apollo-like gastrulal embryos. Zinc was one of the elements responsible for causing malformations and its effects were intensified by the presence of the other metals, such as manganese, lead, iron, and copper.

Assessment of skin exposure to nickel, chromium and cobalt by acid wipe sampling and ICP-MS.

PubMed

Lidén, Carola; Skare, Lizbet; Lind, Birger; Nise, Gun; Vahter, Marie

2006-05-01

There is a great need to accurately assess skin exposure to contact allergens. We have developed a technique for assessment of skin exposure to nickel, chromium and cobalt using acid wipe sampling by cellulose wipes with 1% nitric acid. Chemical analysis was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The recovery of nickel, chromium and cobalt from arms and palms was 93%. The analytical result is expressed in terms of mass per unit area (microg/cm(2)). The developed acid wipe sampling technique is suitable for determination of nickel, chromium and cobalt deposited on the skin. The technique may be used in workplace studies, in studies of individuals in the general population, in dermatitis patients, in identification of risk groups, as well as in developing preventive strategies and in follow-up after intervention.

Exposure to Nickel, Chromium, or Cadmium Causes Distinct Changes in the Gene Expression Patterns of a Rat Liver Derived Cell Line

PubMed Central

Permenter, Matthew G.; Lewis, John A.; Jackson, David A.

2011-01-01

Many heavy metals, including nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) are toxic industrial chemicals with an exposure risk in both occupational and environmental settings that may cause harmful outcomes. While these substances are known to produce adverse health effects leading to disease or health problems, the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. To elucidate the processes involved in the toxicity of nickel, cadmium, and chromium at the molecular level and to perform a comparative analysis, H4-II-E-C3 rat liver-derived cell lines were treated with soluble salts of each metal using concentrations derived from viability assays, and gene expression patterns were determined with DNA microarrays. We identified both common and unique biological responses to exposure to the three metals. Nickel, cadmium, chromium all induced oxidative stress with both similar and unique genes and pathways responding to this stress. Although all three metals are known to be genotoxic, evidence for DNA damage in our study only exists in response to chromium. Nickel induced a hypoxic response as well as inducing genes involved in chromatin structure, perhaps by replacing iron in key proteins. Cadmium distinctly perturbed genes related to endoplasmic reticulum stress and invoked the unfolded protein response leading to apoptosis. With these studies, we have completed the first gene expression comparative analysis of nickel, cadmium, and chromium in H4-II-E-C3 cells. PMID:22110744

The National Shipbuilding Research Program. Shipyard Welding Emission Factor Development

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-09-01

percent composition in the rod/wire. Three specific HAPs of concern were identified: 1. Chrome and chromium compounds; 2. Nickel and nickel compounds...welding processes. These are: 1. Those rod/wires reported to be used in the largest amounts (> 10,000 pounds annually) did not contain chromium or...amounts ranging from less than 1,000 to greater than 10,000 pounds annually contained chromium and chromium compounds in concentrations ranging from

Mineral resource of the month: nickel

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kuck, Peter H.

2006-01-01

Together with chromium, nickel makes steel more resistant to corrosion. Stainless steel thus accounts for more than 65 percent of primary nickel consumption in the world. One of the more common grades of stainless steel is Type 304, which contains 18 to 20 percent chromium and 10.5 to 12 percent nickel. Owing to their high corrosion resistance, nickel-bearing stainless steels are widely used in the transportation sector, the energy sector, the food preparation and processing industry, the beverage industry, the pharmaceutical industry and the medical community.

Barnacles as biomonitors of trace metal availabilities in Hong Kong coastal waters: changes in space and time.

PubMed

Rainbow, P S; Blackmore, G

2001-06-01

The use of selected organisms as biomonitors of trace metal bioavailabilities allows comparisons to be made over space and time. The concentrations of 11 trace metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, silver, zinc) were measured in the bodies of two barnacle species, Balanus amphitrite and Tetraclita squamosa, from up to 18 littoral sites from Hong Kong coastal waters in April 1998. These data provide evidence on the geographical variation in metal bioavailabilities at this time, and are compared selectively against historical data sets for 1986 and 1989. Geographical variation in bioavailabilities is clear for several metals, with hotspots for arsenic, copper, nickel and silver at Chai Wan Kok, and for lead in Junk Bay. Victoria Harbour sites head the rankings for silver and arsenic, and Tolo Harbour sites exhibit relatively elevated cobalt, manganese and zinc. Many bioavailabilities of trace metals to barnacles are lower in Hong Kong coastal waters in 1998 than in 1986. The two barnacle species are widespread and the extensive data set presented is a benchmark which can be compared to the results of similar biomonitoring programmes elsewhere in the Indo-Pacific and beyond.

Human biomonitoring of chromium and nickel from an experimental exposure to manual metal arc welding fumes of low and high alloyed steel.

PubMed

Bertram, Jens; Brand, Peter; Schettgen, Thomas; Lenz, Klaus; Purrio, Ellwyn; Reisgen, Uwe; Kraus, Thomas

2015-05-01

The uptake and elimination of metals from welding fumes is currently not fully understood. In the Aachen Workplace Simulation Laboratory (AWSL) it is possible to investigate the impact of welding fumes on human subjects under controlled exposure conditions. In this study, the uptake and elimination of chromium or chromium (VI) respectively as well as nickel was studied in subjects after exposure to the emissions of a manual metal arc welding process using low or high alloyed steel. In this present study 12 healthy male non-smokers, who never worked as welders before, were exposed for 6h to welding fumes of a manual metal arc welding process. In a three-fold crossover study design, subjects were exposed in randomized order to either clean air, emissions from welding low alloyed steel, and emissions from welding high alloyed steel. Particle mass concentration of the exposure aerosol was 2.5mg m(-3). The content of chromium and nickel in the air was determined by analysing air filter samples on a high emission scenario. Urine analysis for chromium and nickel was performed before and after exposure using methods of human biomonitoring. There were significantly elevated chromium levels after exposure to welding fumes from high alloyed steel compared to urinary chromium levels before exposure to high alloyed welding fumes, as well as compared to the other exposure scenarios. The mean values increased from 0.27 µg l(-1) to 18.62 µg l(-1). The results were in good agreement with already existing correlations between external and internal exposure (German exposure equivalent for carcinogenic working materials EKA). The variability of urinary chromium levels was high. For urinary nickel no significant changes could be detected at all. Six-hour exposure to 2.5mg m(-3) high alloyed manual metal arc welding fumes lead to elevated urinary chromium levels far higher (7.11-34.16 µg l(-1)) than the German biological exposure reference value (BAR) of 0.6 µg l(-1) directly after exposure. On the other hand mean urinary nickel concentrations slightly increased, but did not exceed background levels due to lower bioavailability. We could underline with our single exposure experiment that a welding work related chromium exposure can be measured immediately after the work shift, while the same is not possible for nickel exposure due to lower nickel bioavailability. The data provide useful information for real occupational welding work places. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Occupational Hygiene Society.

Spectrophotometric studies and applications for the determination of Ni2+ in zinc-nickel alloy electrolyte

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qiao, Xiaoping; Li, Helin; Zhao, Wenzhen; Li, Dejun

The absorption properties of zinc-nickel alloy electrolyte were studied by visible spectrophotometer. The results show that the relationship between the absorbance of the zinc-nickel alloy electrolyte and Ni2+ concentration in the electrolyte obeys Beer's law at 660 nm. In addition, other components except Ni2+ in the zinc-nickel alloy electrolyte such as zinc chloride, ammonium chloride, potassium chloride and boric acid have no obvious effect on the absorbance of zinc-nickel alloy electrolyte. Based on these properties, a new method is developed to determine Ni2+ concentration in zinc-nickel alloy electrolyte. Comparing with other methods, this method is simple, direct and accurate. Moreover, the whole testing process does not consume any reagent and dilution, and after testing, the electrolyte samples can be reused without any pollution to the environment.

Nickel-chromium-silicon brazing filler metal

DOEpatents

Martini, Angelo J.; Gourley, Bruce R.

1976-01-01

A brazing filler metal containing, by weight percent, 23-35% chromium, 9-12% silicon, a maximum of 0.15% carbon, and the remainder nickel. The maximum amount of elements other than those noted above is 1.00%.

Applications of peat-based sorbents for removal of metals from water

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cohen, A.D.; Stack, E.M.; Eltayeb, S.

1995-12-31

The results reported in this paper are derived from one part of an ongoing investigation of peat sorption properties, in particular, the capacities of acid-treated peats to adsorb chromium, nickel, zinc, copper, and cadmium from water. Acid treatment was done to remove as much previously adsorbed metal as possible before testing. Four peat types were selected for study, two highly decomposed types (a woody, Taxodium-dominated peat from the Okefenokee Swamp of Georgia and a sedge-dominated, charcoal-rich peat from the Tamiami Trail region of Florida) and two less decomposed ones (a Sphagnum moss-dominated peat from Maine and a Nymphaea-dominated peat frommore » the Okefenokee Swamp of Georgia). Single metal and mixed metal solutions were tested in slurry experiments with each peat type. Solutions were analyzed using a Perkin-Elmer model 305B Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. In single metal tests, chromium and copper tended to be adsorbed to a greater extent than the other metals. Three of the peats were found to be capable of adsorbine more copper ions than zince ions, while a fourth type adsorbed approximately the same amounts of each. Degree of decomposition of the peats tended to affect sorption properties for certain metals. The results of batch studies revealed that chromium was always preferentially adsorbed regardless of the peat type tested. The results of these studies further confirm that remediation of metal-contaminated waters using peats will require selection of specific peats to match the contaminants.« less

Isolation and characterization of Bacillus cereus IST105 from electroplating effluent for detoxification of hexavalent chromium.

PubMed

Naik, Umesh Chandra; Srivastava, Shaili; Thakur, Indu Shekhar

2011-08-01

Electroplating industries are the main sources of heavy metals, chromium, nickel, lead, zinc, cadmium and copper. The highest concentrations of chromium (VI) in the effluent cause a direct hazards to human and animals. Therefore, there is a need of an effective and affordable biotechnological solution for removal of chromium from electroplating effluent. Bacterial strains were isolated from electroplating effluent to find out higher tolerant isolate against chromate. The isolate was identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Absorbed chromium level of bacterium was determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Removal of metals by bacterium from the electroplating effluent eventually led to the detoxification of effluent confirmed by MTT assay. Conformational changes of functional groups of bacterial cell surface were studied through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The chromate tolerant isolate was identified as Bacillus cereus. Bacterium has potency to remove more than 75% of chromium as measured by ICP-AES and AAS. The study indicated the accumulation of chromium (VI) on bacterial cell surface which was confirmed by the SEM-EDX and TEM analysis. The biosorption of metals from the electroplating effluent eventually led to the detoxification of effluent. The increased survivability of Huh7 cells cultured with treated effluent also confirmed the detoxification as examined by MTT assay. Isolated strain B. cereus was able to remove and detoxify chromium (VI). It would be an efficient tool of the biotechnological approach in mitigating the heavy metal pollutants.

Method of preparing a dimensionally stable electrode for use in a molten carbonate fuel cell

DOEpatents

Swarr, T.E.; Wnuck, W.G.

1986-01-29

A method is disclosed for preparing a dimensionally stable electrode structure, particularly nickel-chromium anodes, for use in a molten carbonate fuel cell stack. A low-chromium to nickel alloy is provided and oxidized in a mildly oxidizing gas of sufficient oxidation potential to oxidize chromium in the alloy structure. Typically, a steam/H/sub 2/ gas mixture in a ratio of about 100/1 and at a temperature below 800/sup 0/C is used as the oxidizing medium. This method permits the use of less than 5 wt % chromium in nickel alloy electrodes while obtaining good resistance to creep in the electrodes of a fuel cell stack.

Method of preparing a dimensionally stable electrode for use in a MCFC

DOEpatents

Swarr, Thomas E.; Wnuck, Wayne G.

1987-12-22

A method is disclosed for preparing a dimensionally stable electrode structure, particularly nickel-chromium anodes, for use in a molten carbonate fuel cell stack. A low-chromium to nickel alloy is provided and oxidized in a mildly oxidizing gas of sufficient oxidation potential to oxidize chromium in the alloy structure. Typically, a steam/H.sub.2 gas mixture in a ratio of about 100/1 and at a temperature below 800.degree. C. is used as the oxidizing medium. This method permits the use of less than 5 weight percent chromium in nickel alloy electrodes while obtaining good resistance to creep in the electrodes of a fuel cell stack.

Corrosion Behavior of Sacrificial Coatings on Grade 10.9 Fasteners for Multimetal Armor Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-08-01

hexavalent chromium , immersion, magniplate, trivalent chromium (TCP), bolts nonchromate, hexavalent chrome, grade 10.9 fasteners, bolt-on armor...for Testing and Materials (ASTM) B633 (4) electroplated zinc with hexavalent chromium conversion coating 2. Trivalent Chromium Process (TCP): ASTM...B633 (4) electroplated zinc with trivalent chromium conversion coating 3. AlumiPlate: Process details, entire surface electroplated with aluminum (Al

Thermal and hydrometallurgical recovery methods of heavy metals from municipal solid waste fly ash

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kuboňová, L., E-mail: lenka.kubonova@vsb.cz; Langová, Š.; Nowak, B.

2013-11-15

Highlights: • MSW fly ash was thermally and hydrometallurgically treated to remove heavy metals. • More than 90% of easy volatile heavy metals (Cd and Pb) were removed thermally. • More than 90% of Cd, Cr, Cu an Zn were removed by alkaline – acid leaching. • The best results were obtained for the solution of 3 M NaOH and 2 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}. - Abstract: Heavy metals in fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators are present in high concentrations. Therefore fly ash must be treated as a hazardous material. On the other hand, it may be amore » potential source of heavy metals. Zinc, lead, cadmium, and copper can be relatively easily removed during the thermal treatment of fly ash, e.g. in the form of chlorides. In return, wet extraction methods could provide promising results for these elements including chromium and nickel. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare thermal and hydrometallurgical treatment of municipal solid waste fly ash. Thermal treatment of fly ash was performed in a rotary reactor at temperatures between 950 and 1050 °C and in a muffle oven at temperatures from 500 to 1200 °C. The removal more than 90% was reached by easy volatile heavy metals such as cadmium and lead and also by copper, however at higher temperature in the muffle oven. The alkaline (sodium hydroxide) and acid (sulphuric acid) leaching of the fly ash was carried out while the influence of temperature, time, concentration, and liquid/solid ratio were investigated. The combination of alkaline-acidic leaching enhanced the removal of, namely, zinc, chromium and nickel.« less

Health assessment for Stamina Mills Site, North Smithfield, Providence County, Rhode Island, Region 1. CERCLIS No. RID980731442. Preliminary report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1988-11-15

The Stamina Mills site is on the National Priorities List (NPL). The environmental contamination of concern consists of methylene chloride, chromium, lead, nickel, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, and 1,2-dichloro- ethylene in groundwater; trichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethylene, methylene chloride, and nickel in surface water; trichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethylene, chloroform, methylene chloride, cyanide, 2-butanone, cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, and dieldrin in soil; and chloroform, lead, nickel, and chromium in sediment. The site is considered to be of potential public health concern because of the risk to human health caused by the possibility of exposure to hazardous substances via soil, sediment, and surface water.

Comparative Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity of Four Hexavalent Chromium Compounds in Human Bronchial Cells

PubMed Central

Wise, Sandra S.; Holmes, Amie L.; Qin, Qin; Xie, Hong; Katsifis, Spiros P.; Thompson, W. Douglas; Wise, John Pierce

2010-01-01

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compounds are well-established human lung carcinogens. Solubility plays an important role in their carcinogenicity with the particulate Cr(VI) compounds being the most carcinogenic. Epidemiology and animal studies suggest that zinc chromate is the most potent particulate Cr(VI) compound, however, there are few comparative data to support these observations. The purpose of this study was to compare the genotoxicity of zinc chromate with two other particulate Cr(VI) compounds, barium chromate and lead chromate, and one soluble Cr(VI) compound, sodium chromate. The clastogenic effects of barium chromate and zinc chromate were similar but lead chromate induced significantly less damage. The levels of DNA damage measured by gamma-H2A.X foci formation were similar for the three particulate chromium compounds. Corrected for chromium uptake differences, we found that zinc chromate and barium chromate were the most cytotoxic and lead chromate and sodium chromate were less cytotoxic. Zinc chromate was more clastogenic than all other chromium compounds and lead chromate was the least clastogenic. There was no significant difference between any of the compounds for the induction of DNA double strand breaks. All together, these data suggest that the difference in the carcinogenic potency of zinc chromate over the other chromium compounds is not due solely to a difference in chromium ion uptake and the zinc cation may in fact have an important role in its carcinogenicity. PMID:20000473

40 CFR 461.72 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of Zinc Chromium 0.24 0.099 Mercury 0.14 0.055 Silver 0.23 0.093... English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of Zinc Chromium 0.030 0.012 Mercury 0.017 0.007 Silver 0.028 0.../kg of Zinc English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of Zinc Chromium 9.53 3.90 Mercury 5.42 2.17...

[Presence of the trace elements from carbon dioxide absorbent containing lime using a circular apparatus during general anesthesia. ].

PubMed

Macheta, A; Słodowski, W; Kocot, M; Muszyński, T; Rokita, E; Andres, J

2001-01-01

The aim of the study was to evaluate release of the trace elements from carbon dioxide absorbent containing soda lime during general anesthesia. We compared two suppliers Polish "Polfa" and German "Dräger". Following trace elements were evaluated: chromium, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, nickel in soda lime. In blood of the patients we evaluated: copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, bromine, rubidium, iron, mercury. Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) was used to measure concentrations of the elements. Probes of soda lime were analyzed before anesthesia (Polfa, Dräger), 6 hr after the use (Polfa only) and after 10 weeks (Dräger only). 10 patients were divided in two equal groups, one was anesthetized using soda lime from Polfa and another one from Dräger. Blood samples were taken before anesthesia, immediately after and the next day. Mean values of the concentrations of the elements in soda lime coming from Polfa ranged from 0.20 ppm (nickel) to 7.19 ppm (zinc). In Dräger the measurements were from 0.22 ppm (nickel) to 3.70 ppm (zinc). Mean concentrations of trace elements in blood samples were between 0.20 ppm (lead) and 487 ppm (iron) for the patients anesthetized with Polfa soda lime. In Dräger the measurements ranged from 0.15 ppm (lead) to 485 ppm (iron). Concentrations of cadmium and mercury were below the method's limit. Mean values were almost the same in all time points. Statistical analysis was done using paired t-tests. Values of P < 0.05 were consider significant. We concluded that there were no statistically significant differences between examined groups. Thus, we can say that trace elements were not released from soda lime and concentrations of examined elements in patients' blood were not affected by general anesthesia.

Methods to Develop Inhalation Cancer Risk Estimates for Chromium and Nickel Compounds

EPA Science Inventory

This document summarizes the approaches and rationale for the technical and scientific considerations used to derive inhalation cancer risks for emissions of chromium and nickel compounds from electric utility steam generating units.

Corrosion-induced release of the main alloying constituents of manganese-chromium stainless steels in different media.

PubMed

Herting, Gunilla; Wallinder, Inger Odnevall; Leygraf, Christofer

2008-09-01

The main focus of this paper is the assessment of release rates of chromium, nickel, iron and manganese from manganese-chromium stainless steel grades of low nickel content. The manganese content varied between 9.7 and 1.5 wt% and the corresponding nickel content between 1 and 5 wt%. All grades were exposed to artificial rain and two were immersed in a synthetic body fluid of similar pH but of different composition and exposure conditions. Surface compositional studies were performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in parallel to correlate the metal release process with changes in surface oxide properties. All grades, independent of media, revealed a time-dependent metal release process with a preferential low release of iron and manganese compared to nickel and chromium while the chromium content of the surface oxide increased slightly. Manganese was detected in the surface oxide of all grades, except the grade of the lowest manganese bulk content. No nickel was observed in the outermost surface oxide. Stainless steel grades of the lowest chromium content (approximately 16 wt%) and highest manganese content (approximately 7-9 wt%), released the highest quantity of alloy constituents in total, and vice versa. No correlation was observed between the release rate of manganese and the alloy composition. Released main alloy constituents were neither proportional to the bulk alloy composition nor to the surface oxide composition.

Purity of food cooked in stainless steel utensils.

PubMed

Flint, G N; Packirisamy, S

1997-01-01

An extensive programme of cooking operations, using household recipes, has shown that, apart from aberrant values associated with new pans on first use, the contribution made by 19% Cr/9% Ni stainless steel cooking utensils to chromium and nickel in the diet is negligible. New pans, if first used with acid fruits, showed a greater pick-up of chromium and nickel, ranging from approximately 1/20 to 1/3 and 1/20 to 1/2 of the normal daily intake of chromium and nickel respectively. This situation did not recur in subsequent usage, even after the pan had been cleaned by abrasion. A higher rate of chromium and nickel release in new pans on first use was observed on products from four manufactures and appears to be related to surface finish, since treatment of the surface of a new pan was partly, and in the case of electropolishing, wholly effective in eliminating their initial high release.

Assessment of chromium and nickel levels in surface sea waters and sediments from industrial marine area in Tuzla Aydinli Bay, Istanbul Turkey.

PubMed

Baysal, Asli; Akman, Suleyman

2018-05-01

The determination and evaluation of nickel and chromium in Tuzla Aydinli Bay is an important subject since it is an industrial marine area for decades and it is crucial to protect aquatic life which are toxic for the aqueous environment. In this study, 32 samples were collected both from near the coastal shipyard activity to far of the activity areas in Tuzla Aydinli Bay, Istanbul (Turkey) according to the standard guidance. Nickel and chromium were determined in the sea water and sediment samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The contamination factors and geoaccumulation indices with respect to nickel and chromium were calculated and evaluated. Based on the modified ecological risk assessments, variable results were obtained depending on the selection of control (blank) points. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Metal interferences and their removal prior to the determination of As(T) and As(III) in acid mine waters by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry

USGS Publications Warehouse

McCleskey, R. Blaine; Nordstrom, D. Kirk; Ball, James W.

2003-01-01

Hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) is a sensitive and selective method for the determination of total arsenic (arsenic(III) plus arsenic(V)) and arsenic(III); however, it is subject to metal interferences for acid mine waters. Sodium borohydride is used to produce arsine gas, but high metal concentrations can suppress arsine production. This report investigates interferences of sixteen metal species including aluminum, antimony(III), antimony(V), cadmium, chromium(III), chromium(IV), cobalt, copper(II), iron(III), iron(II), lead, manganese, nickel, selenium(IV), selenium(VI), and zinc ranging in concentration from 0 to 1,000 milligrams per liter and offers a method for removing interfering metal cations with cation exchange resin. The degree of interference for each metal without cation-exchange on the determination of total arsenic and arsenic(III) was evaluated by spiking synthetic samples containing arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) with the potential interfering metal. Total arsenic recoveries ranged from 92 to 102 percent for all metals tested except antimony(III) and antimony(V) which suppressed arsine formation when the antimony(III)/total arsenic molar ratio exceeded 4 or the antimony(V)/total arsenic molar ratio exceeded 2. Arsenic(III) recoveries for samples spiked with aluminum, chromium(III), cobalt, iron(II), lead, manganese, nickel, selenium(VI), and zinc ranged from 84 to 107 percent over the entire concentration range tested. Low arsenic(III) recoveries occurred when the molar ratios of metals to arsenic(III) were copper greater than 120, iron(III) greater than 70, chromium(VI) greater than 2, cadmium greater than 800, antimony(III) greater than 3, antimony(V) greater than 12, or selenium(IV) greater than 1. Low recoveries result when interfering metals compete for available sodium borohydride, causing incomplete arsine production, or when the interfering metal oxidizes arsenic(III). Separation of interfering metal cations using cation-exchange prior to hydridegeneration permits accurate arsenic(III) determinations in acid mine waters containing high concentrations of interfering metals. Stabilization of the arsenic redox species for as many as 15 months is demonstrated for samples that have been properly filtered and acidified with HCl in the field. The detection limits for the method described in this report are 0.1 micrograms per liter for total arsenic and 0.8 micrograms per liter for arsenic(III).

40 CFR 421.326 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 27.14 11.00 Copper 93.88 44.74 Nickel 40.34 27.14... uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 1.689 0.685 Copper 5.844 2.785 Nickel 2.511 1.689... per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 2.357 0.955 Copper 8.152 3...

40 CFR 421.326 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 27.14 11.00 Copper 93.88 44.74 Nickel 40.34 27.14... uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 1.689 0.685 Copper 5.844 2.785 Nickel 2.511 1.689... per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 2.357 0.955 Copper 8.152 3...

40 CFR 420.85 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... daily values for 30 consecutive days Kg/kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00292 0.00117... (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00175 0.000701 Nickel 0.00158 0.000526 (3) Batch, pipe and... Chromium 0.00709 0.00284 Nickel 0.00638 0.00213 (4) Continuous. Subpart H Pollutant or pollutant property...

40 CFR 420.85 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... daily values for 30 consecutive days Kg/kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00292 0.00117... (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00175 0.000701 Nickel 0.00158 0.000526 (3) Batch, pipe and... Chromium 0.00709 0.00284 Nickel 0.00638 0.00213 (4) Continuous. Subpart H Pollutant or pollutant property...

40 CFR 420.85 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... daily values for 30 consecutive days Kg/kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00292 0.00117... (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00175 0.000701 Nickel 0.00158 0.000526 (3) Batch, pipe and... Chromium 0.00709 0.00284 Nickel 0.00638 0.00213 (4) Continuous. Subpart H Pollutant or pollutant property...

An evaluation of airborne nickel, zinc, and lead exposure at hot dip galvanizing plants.

PubMed

Verma, D K; Shaw, D S

1991-12-01

Industrial hygiene surveys were conducted at three hot dip galvanizing plants to determine occupational exposure to nickel, zinc, and lead. All three plants employed the "dry process" and used 2% nickel, by weight, in their zinc baths. A total of 32 personal and area air samples were taken. The air samples were analyzed for nickel, zinc, and lead. Some samples were also analyzed for various species of nickel (i.e., metallic, soluble, and oxidic). The airborne concentrations observed for nickel and its three species, zinc, and lead at the three plants were all well below the current and proposed threshold limit values recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).

Recovery of zinc and manganese, and other metals (Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Cr, Na, K) from Zn-MnO2 and Zn-C waste batteries: Hydroxyl and carbonate co-precipitation from solution after reducing acidic leaching with use of oxalic acid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sobianowska-Turek, A.; Szczepaniak, W.; Maciejewski, P.; Gawlik-Kobylińska, M.

2016-09-01

The article discusses the current situation of the spent batteries and portable accumulators management. It reviews recycling technologies of the spent batteries and portable accumulators which are used in the manufacturing installations in the world. Also, it presents the authors' research results on the reductive acidic leaching of waste material of the zinc-carbon batteries (Zn-C) and zinc-manganese batteries (alkaline Zn-MnO2) delivered by a company dealing with mechanical treatment of this type of waste stream. The research data proved that the reductive acidic leaching (H2SO4 + C2H2O4) of the battery's black mass allows to recover 85.0% of zinc and 100% of manganese. Moreover, it was found that after the reductive acidic leaching it is possible to recover nearly 100% of manganese, iron, cadmium, and chromium, 98.0% of cobalt, 95.5% of zinc, and 85.0% of copper and nickel from the solution with carbonate method. On the basis of the results, it is possible to assume that the carbonate method can be used for the preparation of manganese-zinc ferrite.

The three dimensional distribution of chromium and nickel alloy welding fumes.

PubMed

Mori, T; Matsuda, A; Akashi, S; Ogata, M; Takeoka, K; Yoshinaka, M

1991-08-01

In the present study, the fumes generated from manual metal arc (MMA) and submerged metal arc (SMA) welding of low temperature service steel, and the chromium and nickel percentages in these fumes, were measured at various horizontal distances and vertical heights from the arc in order to obtain a three dimensional distribution. The MMA welding fume concentrations were significantly higher than the SMA welding fume concentrations. The highest fume concentration on the horizontal was shown in the fumes collected directly above the arc. The fume concentration vertically was highest at 50 cm height and reduced by half at 150 cm height. The fume concentration at 250 cm height was scarcely different from that at 150 cm height. The distribution of the chromium concentration vertically was analogous to the fume concentration, and a statistically significant difference in the chromium percentages was not found at the different heights. The nickel concentrations were not statistically significant within the welding processes, but the nickel percentages in the SMA welding fumes were statistically higher than in the MMA welding fumes. The highest nickel concentration on the horizontal was found in the fumes collected directly above the arc. The highest nickel concentration vertically showed in the fume samples collected at 50 cm height, but the greater the height the larger the nickel percentage in the fumes.

The influence of heavy metals on the polymorphs of dicalcium silicate in the belite-rich clinkers produced from electroplating sludge.

PubMed

Chen, Ying-Liang; Shih, Pai-Haung; Chiang, Li-Choung; Chang, Yi-Kuo; Lu, Hsing-Cheng; Chang, Juu-En

2009-10-15

The purpose of this study is to utilize an electroplating sludge for belite-rich clinker production and to observe the influence of heavy metals on the polymorphs of dicalcium silicate (C(2)S). Belite-rich clinkers prepared with 0.5-2% of NiO, ZnO, CuO, and Cr(2)O(3) were used to investigate the individual effects of the heavy metals in question. The Reference Intensity Ratio (RIR) method was employed to determine the weight fractions of gamma-C(2)S and beta-C(2)S in the clinkers, and their microstructures were examined by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that nickel, zinc, and chromium have positive effects on beta-C(2)S stabilization (Cr(3+)>Ni(2+)>Zn(2+)), whereas copper has a negative effect. The addition of up to 10% electroplating sludge did not have any negative influence on the formation of C(2)S. It was observed that gamma-C(2)S decreased while beta-C(2)S increased with a rise in the addition of the electroplating sludge. Moreover, nickel and chromium mainly contributed to stabilizing beta-C(2)S in the belite-rich clinkers produced from the electroplating sludge.

Occurrences and inventories of heavy metals and brominated flame retardants in wastes from printed circuit board production.

PubMed

Zhou, Xiaoyu; Guo, Jie; Zhang, Wei; Zhou, Peng; Deng, Jingjing; Lin, Kuangfei

2014-09-01

Pollutants including heavy metals and brominated flame retardant were detected in 10 types of production wastes from a typical printed circuit board manufacturing plant, and their inventories were estimated. Rinsing water from etching process had the highest concentrations of copper (665.51 mg/L), lead (1.02 mg/L), nickel (3.60 mg/L), chromium (0.97 mg/L), and tin (1.79 mg/L). Powdered solid waste (SW) from the cut lamination process contained the highest tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) levels (49.86 mg/kg). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were absent in this plant, in agreement with the international regulations of PBDE phase out. The pollutant inventories in the wastes exhibited in the order of copper > > zinc > tin ≈ nickel > lead > chromium > > TBBPA. The potential environmental impact of pollutants in SW during production and disposal were further investigated. A high partitioning of pollutant concentration between the total suspended particle and SW (-0.10 < log K TS < 2.12) was observed for most pollutants, indicating the emission pathway from SW to the airborne atmosphere in the workshop. Although SW met the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, drilling powder with the smallest particle diameter still showed high leachabilities of lead and tin which may lead to a negative environmental impact during disposal.

Chromium modified nickel-iron aluminide useful in sulfur bearing environments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cathcart, J.V.; Liu, C.T.

1989-06-13

This patent describes an improved nickel-iron aluminide containing chromium and molybdenum additions to improve resistance to sulfur attack. The corrosive effects of sulfur are discussed and the chemical composition of corrosion resistant alloys is illustrated.

[Study on content of nickel in saliva released from the nickel-chromium and the nickel-chromium-titanium porcelain alloy].

PubMed

Wang, Wen-Jie; Zhang, Tai-Qiang; Wei, Hong

2010-02-01

The purpose of the study was to investigate the content of nickel (Ni) ion in patients' saliva after wearing the porcelain-fused-to nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) crown or the porcelain-fused-to nickel-chromium-titanium(Ni-Cr-Ti) crown. 50 patients who had one molar or premolar needed repairing were selected and divided into two groups randomly. Patients in one group were fabricated with porcelain-fused-to Ni-Cr crown and the patients in the other group were fabricated with porcelain-fused-to Ni-Cr-Ti crown. Collect the patients' saliva before wearing, 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months after wearing. The content of Ni ion in saliva was detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The content of Ni ion in both groups increased at the first week, and go back after 6 months. There were no significant differences before wearing, 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months after wearing. There were no significant differences between the two groups. Wearing the porcelain-fused-to Ni-Cr crown or the porcelain-fused-to Ni-Cr-Ti crown has no significant influence on the content of Ni ion in saliva.

40 CFR 420.103 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... of daily values for 30 consecutive days Kg/kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 1 0.0000209... 0.0000021 Tetrachloroethylene 0.0000031 1 The limitations for chromium and nickel shall be.../kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 1 0.000104 0.0000418 Lead 0.0000469 0.0000156 Nickel 1 0...

40 CFR 420.105 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... for 30 consecutive days Kg/kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 1 0.0000209 0.0000084 Lead 0... Tetrachloroethylene 0.0000031 1 The limitations for chromium and nickel shall be applicable in lieu of those for lead... (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 1 0.000104 0.0000418 Lead 0.0000469 0.0000156 Nickel 1 0.0000939...

40 CFR 420.105 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... for 30 consecutive days Kg/kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 1 0.0000209 0.0000084 Lead 0... Tetrachloroethylene 0.0000031 1 The limitations for chromium and nickel shall be applicable in lieu of those for lead... (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 1 0.000104 0.0000418 Lead 0.0000469 0.0000156 Nickel 1 0.0000939...

40 CFR 420.105 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... for 30 consecutive days Kg/kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 1 0.0000209 0.0000084 Lead 0... Tetrachloroethylene 0.0000031 1 The limitations for chromium and nickel shall be applicable in lieu of those for lead... (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 1 0.000104 0.0000418 Lead 0.0000469 0.0000156 Nickel 1 0.0000939...

40 CFR 420.105 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... for 30 consecutive days Kg/kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 1 0.0000209 0.0000084 Lead 0... Tetrachloroethylene 0.0000031 1 The limitations for chromium and nickel shall be applicable in lieu of those for lead... (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 1 0.000104 0.0000418 Lead 0.0000469 0.0000156 Nickel 1 0.0000939...

40 CFR 420.105 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... for 30 consecutive days Kg/kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 1 0.0000209 0.0000084 Lead 0... Tetrachloroethylene 0.0000031 1 The limitations for chromium and nickel shall be applicable in lieu of those for lead... (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 1 0.000104 0.0000418 Lead 0.0000469 0.0000156 Nickel 1 0.0000939...

High temperature dissolution of chromium substituted nickel ferrite in nitrilotriacetic acid medium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sathyaseelan, V. S.; Chandramohan, P.; Velmurugan, S.

2016-12-01

High temperature (HT) dissolution of chromium substituted nickel ferrite was carried out with relevance to the decontamination of nuclear reactors by way of chemical dissolution of contaminated corrosion product oxides present on stainless steel coolant circuit surfaces. Chromium substituted nickel ferrites of composition, NiFe(2-x)CrxO4 (x ≤ 1), was synthetically prepared and characterized. HT dissolution of these oxides was carried out in nitrilotriacetic acid medium at 160 °C. Dissolution was remarkably increased at 160 °C when compared to at 85 °C in a reducing decontamination formulation. Complete dissolution could be achieved for the oxides with chromium content 0 and 0.2. Increasing the chromium content brought about a marked reduction in the dissolution rate. About 40 fold decrease in rate of dissolution was observed when chromium was increased from 0 to 1. The rate of dissolution was not very significantly reduced in the presence of N2H4. Dissolution of oxide was found to be stoichiometric.

40 CFR 503.46 - Frequency of monitoring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator shall be..., cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel. (b) Total hydrocarbons, oxygen concentration, information to... monitored continuously. (c) Air pollution control device operating parameters.For sewage sludge incinerators...

40 CFR 503.46 - Frequency of monitoring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel in sewage sludge fed to a sewage sludge incinerator shall be..., cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel. (b) Total hydrocarbons, oxygen concentration, information to... monitored continuously. (c) Air pollution control device operating parameters.For sewage sludge incinerators...

EMISSIONS OF METALS, CHROMIUM AND NICKEL SPECIES, AND ORGANICS FROM MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER SLUDGE INCINERATORS

EPA Science Inventory

In order to provide data to support regulations on municipal wastewater sludge incineration, emissions of metals, hexavalent chromium, nickel subsulfide, polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and furans (PCDD/PCDFs), semivolatile and volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide (CO)...

40 CFR 471.25 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... million off-pounds) of magnesium rolled with emulsions Chromium 0.028 0.011 Zinc 0.076 0.032 Ammonia 9.95... forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.107 0.044 Zinc 0.295 0.122 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2... forged Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Zinc 0.004 0.002 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0.106 (e) Direct chill...

40 CFR 471.25 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... million off-pounds) of magnesium rolled with emulsions Chromium 0.028 0.011 Zinc 0.076 0.032 Ammonia 9.95... forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.107 0.044 Zinc 0.295 0.122 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2... forged Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Zinc 0.004 0.002 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0.106 (e) Direct chill...

40 CFR 471.25 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... million off-pounds) of magnesium rolled with emulsions Chromium 0.028 0.011 Zinc 0.076 0.032 Ammonia 9.95... forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.107 0.044 Zinc 0.295 0.122 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2... forged Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Zinc 0.004 0.002 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0.106 (e) Direct chill...

40 CFR 471.25 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... million off-pounds) of magnesium rolled with emulsions Chromium 0.028 0.011 Zinc 0.076 0.032 Ammonia 9.95... forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.107 0.044 Zinc 0.295 0.122 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2... forged Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Zinc 0.004 0.002 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0.106 (e) Direct chill...

40 CFR 471.25 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... million off-pounds) of magnesium rolled with emulsions Chromium 0.028 0.011 Zinc 0.076 0.032 Ammonia 9.95... forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.107 0.044 Zinc 0.295 0.122 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2... forged Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Zinc 0.004 0.002 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0.106 (e) Direct chill...

40 CFR 471.23 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... million off-pounds) of magnesium rolled with emulsions Chromium 0.028 0.011 Zinc 0.076 0.032 Ammonia 9.95... forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.107 0.044 Zinc 0.295 0.122 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2... forged Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Zinc 0.004 0.002 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0.106 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 467.15 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... aluminum rolled with neat oils Chromium 0.036 0.015 Cyanide 0.024 0.010 Zinc 0.119 0.050 TTO 0.057 Oil and... off-lbs) of aluminum rolled with neat oils Chromium 0.025 0.010 Cyanide 0.016 0.007 Zinc 0.081 0.034... (lb/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast Chromium 0.00086 0.00035 Cyanide 0.00057 0.00024 Zinc 0.0029 0...

Procedure for rapid determination of nickel, cobalt, and chromium in airborne particulate samples

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, W. F.; Graab, J. W.

1972-01-01

A rapid, selective procedure for the determination of 1 to 20 micrograms of nickel, chromium, and cobalt in airborne particulates is described. The method utilizes the combined techniques of low temperature ashing and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The airborne particulates are collected on analytical filter paper. The filter papers are ashed, and the residues are dissolved in hydrochloric acid. Nickel, chromium, and cobalt are determined directly with good precision and accuracy by means of atomic absorption. The effects of flame type, burner height, slit width, and lamp current on the atomic absorption measurements are reported.

Selective adsorption and separation of chromium (VI) on the magnetic iron-nickel oxide from waste nickel liquid.

PubMed

Wei, Linsen; Yang, Gang; Wang, Ren; Ma, Wei

2009-05-30

The selective adsorption of Cr (VI) from the wastewater of Cr (VI)-Ni (II) by magnetically iron-nickel oxide was investigated in this study. Synthetic iron-nickel oxide magnetic particles in the co-sedimentation method were used as adsorbent to remove hexavalent chromium ions. The characteristic of adsorption was evaluated by Langmuir, Freundlich isotherm and Dubinin-Kaganer-Radushkevich (DKR) equations in the simulation wastewater of Cr (VI)-Ni (II) bi-system. The energy spectra and FT-IR analysis were used to test adsorbent before and after adsorption. The obtained results suggest that the uptake of chromium (VI) effect is obvious from phosphate anions and that from others is unobvious. The maximum adsorption capacity of hexavalent chromium is about 30 mg/g at pH 5.00+/-0.02, and it was reduced by increasing the total dissolved substance (TDS) of system. Adsorption energies E are about 10.310-21.321 kJ/mol which were obtained from DKR equation in difference TDS conditions. The regeneration shows that the iron-nickel oxide has good reuse performance and the hexavalent chromium was recycled. The major adsorption mechanism proposed was the ions exchange; however the surface coordination was a main role in the condition of TDS less than 200mg/L.

Serum levels of nickel and chromium after instrumented posterior spinal arthrodesis.

PubMed

Kim, Young-Jo; Kassab, Farid; Berven, Sigurd H; Zurakowski, David; Hresko, M Timothy; Emans, John B; Kasser, James R

2005-04-15

Cross-sectional study of 37 patients to measure serum levels of nickel and chromium after posterior spinal arthrodesis using stainless steel implants. To investigate the relationship between factors such as age, gender, pain, time from surgery, length of arthrodesis, and level of arthrodesis to serum metal ion levels after instrumented spinal arthrodesis. Measurable levels of metal ions in the serum can be detected after the use of stainless steel implants. There is some evidence to suggest that long-term exposure can potentially be toxic. Posterior spinal arthrodesis with stainless steel implants is a common procedure to treat spinal deformity in the adolescent population; however, the extent of metal ion exposure after posterior spinal arthrodesis is unknown. Patients that underwent posterior instrumented spinal arthrodesis with more than 6 months follow-up were recruited for this study. Patients with altered neurologic function were excluded. Serum levels of nickel and chromium were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Pain was assessed using the Oswestry questionnaire. Spine radiographs were used to look for evidence of pseudarthrosis. Forty-five patients were approached, and 37 agreed to the questionnaire and blood test. Ten patients were men and 27 were women. Mean age at surgery was 14 years with mean follow-up of 6 years. Statistical correlations between serum metal ion levels and age at surgery, time from surgery, gender, number of segments fused, spinal instrument interfaces, pain, and instrumentation type were assessed. Abnormally high levels of nickel and chromium above normal levels (0.3 ng/mL for nickel, 0.15 ng/mL for chromium) could be detected in serum after posterior spinal arthrodesis using stainless steel implants. There was a significant inverse correlation between serum nickel (r = -0.61, P < 0.001) and chromium (r = -0.64, P < 0.001) levels and time from surgery. When patients were grouped based on lengths of time from surgery, 0 to 2 years (n = 7), 2 to 4 years (n = 11), and >4 years (n = 8), the mean +/- SD for nickel (ng/mL) was 3.8 +/- 2.6, 1.3 +/- 1.1, and 0.9 +/- 0.8, respectively. Analysis ofvariance revealed significant group differences (P =0.004). Similarly, the chromium levels were 2.7 +/- 2.7, 0.6 +/- 0.4, and 0.3 +/- 0.3, respectively (P = 0.018). Only time from surgery was a significant multivariate predictor of nickel and chromium serum levels. Pseudarthrosis was not seen in this cohort. Elevated levels of nickel and chromium can be measured after posterior instrumented spinal arthrodesis. The levels diminish rapidly with time from surgery but still remained above normal levels 4 years after surgery. Long-term implication of this metal ion exposure is unknown and should be studied further.

Geologic cross sections showing the concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn in acid-insoluble residues of Paleozoic rocks within the Doniphan/Eleven Point Ranger District of the Mark Twain National Forest, Missouri, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lee, Lopaka; Goldhaber, Martin B.

2002-01-01

This report is a product of a U.S. Geological Survey investigation that is focused on characterizing the potential environmental impacts of lead-zinc mining within the Doniphan/Eleven Point ranger district of the Mark Twain national forest. The elemental concentrations of iron (Fe), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in acidinsoluble residues are shown for boreholes along two geologic cross sections within Doniphan/Elevan Point ranger district (Figure 1). The purpose of this report is to characterize, in a general sense, the distribution of economically and environmentally important elements within the rocks and aquifers of the Doniphan/Eleven Point ranger district

Catalyst for cracking kerosene

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hsie, C. H.

1985-06-04

A catalyst capable of cracking kerosene under lower pressure and temperature comprising kerosene; metal powder mixture of chromium powder, copper powder, lead powder, zinc powder, nickel powder, manganese powder in an amount of 12 to 13 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of said kerosene; sulfuric acid in an amount of 15 to 30 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of said kerosene; inorganic powder mixture of aluminum oxide powder, serpentine powder, alum powder, magnesium oxide powder, limestone powder, slake lime powder, silica powder, and granite powder in an amount of 150 to 170 parts bymore » weight per 100 parts by weight of said kerosene.« less

Silicotitanate molecular sieve and condensed phases

DOEpatents

Nenoff, Tina M.; Nyman, May D.

2002-01-01

A new microporous crystalline molecular sieve material having the formula Cs.sub.3 TiSi.sub.3 O.sub.95.cndot.3H.sub.2 O and its hydrothermally condensed phase, Cs.sub.2 TiSi.sub.6 O.sub.15, are disclosed. The microporous material can adsorb divalent ions of radionuclides or other industrial metals such as chromium, nickel, lead, copper, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, barium, and mercury, from aqueous or hydrocarbon solutions. The adsorbed metal ions can be leached out for recovery purposes or the microporous material can be hydrothermally condensed to a radiation resistant, structurally and chemically stable phase which can serve as a storage waste form for radionuclides.

Sensitivity of toad tadpoles, Bufo melanostictus (Schneider), to heavy metals

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Khangarot, B.S.; Ray, P.K.

1987-03-01

Amphibian larval stages have several qualities which make them as a useful indicator of harmful levels of pollutants in bioassay tests. Amphibian tadpoles show a variety of sublethal responses such as changes in growth, development rates, pigmentation and expression of morphological deformities in a lesser time of exposure to the environmental pollutants. The objective of the work reported in this paper was to determine the acute toxicity of cadmium, copper, chromium, mercury, nickel, silver and zinc to the tadpoles of toad Bufo melanostictus (Schneider), which is commonly available and breed in aquatic habitats exhibiting a wide range of temperature andmore » varying water quality.« less

Chemical contamination and physical characteristics of sediments in the upper Great Lakes connecting channels 1985

USGS Publications Warehouse

Bertram, Paul E.; Edsall, Thomas A.; Manny, Bruce A.; Nichols, Susan J.; Schloesser, Donald W.

1991-01-01

Contamination of sediments by toxic organic substances and heavy metals was widespread throughout the connecting channels of the upper Great Lakes in 1985. Sediments at 250 stations in the connecting channels were analyzed for total PCBs, oil and grease, phenols, total cyanide, total volatile solids, mercury, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc, and the results were evaluated according to U.S. EPA guidelines for polluted sediments. Sediments were most heavily contaminated near industrialized areas, although some areas more than 40 km downstream from known point sources of pollution were moderately contaminated by oil and metals.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tsou, Tsui-Chun, E-mail: tctsou@nhri.org.tw; Liou, Saou-Hsing; Yeh, Szu-Ching

Our previous studies indicated that zinc induced inflammatory response in both vascular endothelial cells and promonocytes. Here, we asked if other metals could cause the similar effect on vascular endothelial cells and tried to determine its underlying mechanism. Following screening of fifteen metals, zinc and nickel were identified with a marked proinflammatory effect, as determined by ICAM-1 and IL-8 induction, on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Inhibiting protein expression of myeloid differentiation primary response protein-88 (MyD88), a Toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptor acting as a TLR-signaling transducer, significantly attenuated the zinc/nickel-induced inflammatory response, suggesting the critical roles of TLRs inmore » the inflammatory response. Blockage of TLR-4 signaling by CLI-095, a TLR-4 inhibitor, completely inhibited the nickel-induced ICAM-1 and IL-8 expression and NFκB activation. The same CLI-095 treatment significantly blocked the zinc-induced IL-8 expression, however with no significant effect on the ICAM-1 expression and a minor inhibitory effect on the NFκB activation. The finding demonstrated the differential role of TLR-4 in regulation of the zinc/nickel-induced inflammatory response, where TLR-4 played a dominant role in NFκB activation by nickel, but not by zinc. Moreover, inhibition of NFκB by adenovirus-mediated IκBα expression and Bay 11-7025, an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IκB-α phosphorylation, significantly attenuated the zinc/nickel-induced inflammatory responses, indicating the critical of NFκB in the process. The study demonstrates the crucial role of TLRs in the zinc/nickel-induced inflammatory response in vascular endothelial cells and herein deciphers a potential important difference in NFκB activation via TLRs. The study provides a molecular basis for linkage between zinc/nickel exposure and pathogenesis of the metal-related inflammatory vascular disease. - Highlights: • Both zinc and nickel cause ICAM-1/IL‑8 expression in endothelial cells via TLRs. • Nickel induces the inflammatory responses via a TLR-4/NF-κB pathway. • Zinc causes the inflammatory responses via a broader TLRs/NF-κB signaling. • Nickel shows a significantly higher inflammatory effect than zinc. • NF-κB activation is the primary mechanism involved in the inflammatory responses.« less

Effects of long-term fixed orthodontic treatment on salivary nickel and chromium levels: a 1-year prospective cohort study.

PubMed

Amini, Fariborz; Rakhshan, Vahid; Mesgarzadeh, Nasim

2012-12-01

Effect of long-term orthodontic treatment on salivary nickel and chromium has not been quite assessed except in few retrospective studies with controversial results. The aim of this prospective study was to measure salivary levels of these ions during 1 year of orthodontic treatment. Saliva samples were collected from 20 orthodontic patients, before treatment (control) and 6 and 12 months later. Nickel and chromium concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed using one- and two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, Bonferroni, Friedman (α = 0.05), and Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests (α = 0.016). Average nickel level changed from 9.75 ± 5.02 to 10.37 ± 6.94 and then to 8.32 ± 4.36 μg/L in 1 year. Average chromium concentration changed from 3.86 ± 1.34 to 4.6 ± 6.11 and then to 2.04 ± 1.66 μg/L. Alterations in nickel values were not statistically significant [P = 0.468 (ANOVA)], but fluctuations in chromium levels were [P = 0.021 (Friedman)]. The decrease in chromium concentration after 12 months was significant compared to the control [P = 0.004 (Wilcoxon)]. Although slightly increased after 6 months, the concentration of both ions dropped to levels slightly lower than the control groups after 12 months.

Nickel and chromium levels in the saliva of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.

PubMed

Yassaei, Soghra; Dadfarnia, Shayesta; Ahadian, Hakima; Moradi, Farshad

2013-01-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the salivary concentration of nickel and chromium of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. In this study 32 patients who presented to the orthodontic clinic were selected. The salivary samples were taken from the patients in four stages: before appliance placement and 20 days, 3 months, and 6 months following appliance placement. The salivary samples were collected in a plastic tube and were stored in the freezer before analysis. The samples were then transferred to the laboratory, and the amounts of metals were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with an autosampler. Each sample was analyzed three times, and the average was reported. It was found that the average amount of nickel in the saliva 20 days after appliance placement was 0.8 μg/L more than before placement. Also, the amount of salivary nickel 20 days after the appliance placement was more than at the other stages, but the differences were not significant. The average amount of chromium in the saliva was found to be between 2.6 and 3.6 μg/L. The amount of chromium at all stages after appliance placement was more than before, but the differences between the chromium levels of saliva at all stages were not significant. There was no significant difference in the average amount of salivary nickel and chromium of patients at various stages of orthodontic appliance placement.

PARTITIONING OF THE REFRACTORY METALS, NICKEL AND CHROMIUM, IN COMBUSTION SYSTEMS

EPA Science Inventory

The partitioning of nickel (Ni) and Chromium (Cr) in combustion systems was investigated theoretically and experimentally. In comparison to other volatile and semi-volatile metals, both Ni and Cr are usually considered to be refractory (non-volatile). Theoretical predictions ba...

Oxidation resistant, thoria-dispersed nickel-chromium-aluminum alloy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baranow, S.; Klingler, L. J.

1973-01-01

Modified thoria-dispersed nickel-chromium alloy has been developed that exhibits greatly improved resistance to high-temperature oxidation. Additions of aluminum have been made to change nature of protective oxide scale entirely and to essentially inhibit oxidation at temperatures up to 1260 C.

40 CFR 421.305 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.346 0.140 Lead 0.262 0.122 Nickel 0.515 0.346 Titanium 0.496.../kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.385 0.156 Lead 0.291 0.135 Nickel... monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 handled Chromium (total) 0.069 0.028 Lead 0.052...

40 CFR 420.83 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Average of daily values for 30 consecutive days Kg/kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00292 0... per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00175 0.000701 Nickel 0.00158 0.000526 (3) Batch, pipe and tube... values for 30 consecutive days Kg/kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00709 0.00284 Nickel 0...

40 CFR 421.305 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.346 0.140 Lead 0.262 0.122 Nickel 0.515 0.346 Titanium 0.496.../kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.385 0.156 Lead 0.291 0.135 Nickel... monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 handled Chromium (total) 0.069 0.028 Lead 0.052...

40 CFR 421.305 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.346 0.140 Lead 0.262 0.122 Nickel 0.515 0.346 Titanium 0.496.../kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 produced Chromium (total) 0.385 0.156 Lead 0.291 0.135 Nickel... monthly average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of TiCl4 handled Chromium (total) 0.069 0.028 Lead 0.052...

Release of nickel and chromium in common foods during cooking in 18/10 (grade 316) stainless steel pots.

PubMed

Guarneri, Fabrizio; Costa, Chiara; Cannavò, Serafinella P; Catania, Stefania; Bua, Giuseppe D; Fenga, Concettina; Dugo, Giacomo

2017-01-01

Literature data on the release of nickel and chromium from stainless steel cookware during food preparation are contrasting, have often been obtained with uncommon foods and/or procedures, and are thus not widely applicable. To assess the release of nickel and chromium from 18/10 (grade 316) stainless steel pots in cooking conditions that are common in an urban lifestyle. Tomato sauce and lemon marmalade were cooked for 1 h, alone or with added EDTA, in used or unused stainless steel pots from different manufacturers. Additionally, aqueous solutions at pH 2.3, 7.7 and 9 were boiled for 1 h in the same pots. Metal release was assessed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The release of nickel and chromium increased with cooking/boiling time, was higher with unused pots, at low pH or with EDTA, and was sometimes remarkably different between manufacturers. In all experiments, the amounts released were below known allergy-triggering thresholds. Under common conditions, the use of 18/10 stainless steel pots is considered to be safe for the majority of nickel-allergic and/or chromium-allergic subjects. However, the total amount of nickel contained in foods and released from pots may exceed the individual threshold for triggering allergy, potentially causing problems for highly sensitive patients, or, conversely, contribute to induction of immunotolerance by oral low-dose exposure. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

The relationship between alloying elements and biologically produced ennoblement in natural waters.

PubMed

Eashwar, M; Lakshman Kumar, A; Hariharasuthan, R; Sreedhar, G

2015-01-01

A range of stainless steels, nickel-chromium and nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys were exposed to coastal seawater from Mandapam (Indian Ocean) and freshwater from a perennial pond. Biofilms from both test waters produced an ennoblement of the open circuit potential (OCP) on all alloys as expected, which was slower but substantially larger in freshwater. In both waters an interesting relationship was perceived between the plateau OCP (Emax) and the mass percentage of the major alloying elements. In particular, iron exhibited strong positive correlations with Emax (r(2) ≥ 0.77; p < 0.0005), while the sum of chromium, nickel and molybdenum presented significant negative correlations (r(2) ≤ -0.81; p = 0.0002). Consistent with the regression analyses, Euclidean distance clustering yielded patterns where Inconel-600 and the nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys had the smallest similarities of OCP with other alloys. The results emphatically reinforce a key role for surface passive films in the ennoblement phenomenon in natural waters.

Long life, rechargeable nickel-zinc battery

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Luksha, E.

1974-01-01

A production version of the inorganic separator was evaluated for improving the life of the nickel-zinc system. Nickel-zinc cells (7-10 Ah capacities) of different electrode separator configurations were constructed and tested. The nickel-zinc cells using the inorganic separator encasing the zinc electrode, the nickel electrode, or both electrodes had shorter lives than cells using Visking and cellophane separation. Cells with the inorganic separation all fell below 70% of their theoretical capacity within 30 cycles, but the cells constructed with organic separation required 80 cycles. Failure of the cells using the ceramic separator was irreversible capacity degradation due to zinc loss through cracks developed in the inorganic separator. Zinc loss through the separator was minimized with the use of combinations of the inorganic separator with Visking and cellophane. Cells using the combined separation operated 130 duty cycles before degrading to 70% of their theoretical capacity.

Effects of fixed orthodontic treatment on nickel and chromium levels in gingival crevicular fluid as a novel systemic biomarker of trace elements: A longitudinal study.

PubMed

Amini, Fariborz; Shariati, Mahsa; Sobouti, Farhad; Rakhshan, Vahid

2016-05-01

Nickel and chromium might induce hypersensitivity. Therefore, they are of interest to orthodontists. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is highly relevant to orthodontic treatments and might reflect systemic changes associated with the inflammatory response induced by orthodontic forces. Therefore, it might also be used to show metal ion changes. Nevertheless, baseline metal levels of GCF are unknown, and the effect of orthodontic treatment on GCF metal levels has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of nickel and chromium in GCF. Based on a pilot study, the sample size was predetermined as 24 × 3 measurements to obtain test powers above 90%. Nickel and chromium concentrations were measured before treatment and 1 month and 6 months later in 12 female and 12 male patients who had fixed orthodontic appliances using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The gingival index was also evaluated in each session. The effects of treatment on GCF ions were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance and Friedman tests (α = 0.05, β ≤0.01). The gingival index worsened over time (chi-square test, P <0.001). The mean nickel levels were 3.894 ± 1.442, 5.913 ± 2.735, and 19.810 ± 8.452 μg per gram, respectively, at baseline, month 1, and month 6. Chromium concentrations were 1.978 ± 0.721, 4.135 ± 1.591, and 13.760 ± 3.555 μg per gram, respectively. Compared with the baseline, nickel increased by 150% and 510%, respectively, in the first and sixth months (Friedman, P <0.0001), and chromium increased by 200% and 700%, respectively (analysis of variance, P <0.0001). Six months of fixed orthodontic treatment might intensify the levels of nickel and chromium in the GCF as well as gingival inflammation. Copyright © 2016 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Materials Research for Superconducting Machinery-IV

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-09-01

Mechanical properties of fabricated metal joints, including welding ( GTAW , EB, GMAW), brazing, and soldering from 4-300 K. Propertle» Include tensile...nickel alloys; a precipita- tion-hardening copper alloy; invar; nickel- chromium -iron alloys; stainless steels; and the composite materials boron...temperature; the first 4 K fatigue llT^t tou£me88 "udies on a nitrogen-strengthened chromium -nickel-manganese steel, which show this material has higher

Iron-nickel-chromium alloy having improved swelling resistance and low neutron absorbence

DOEpatents

Korenko, Michael K.

1986-01-01

An iron-nickel-chromium age-hardenable alloy suitable for use in fast breeder reactor ducts and cladding which utilizes the gamma-double prime strengthening phase and characterized in having a delta or eta phase distributed at or near grain boundaries. The alloy consists essentially of about 33-39.5% nickel, 7.5-16% chromium, 1.5-4% niobium, 0.1-0.7% silicon, 0.01-0.2% zirconium, 1-3% titanium, 0.2-0.6% aluminum, and the remainder essentially all iron. Up to 0.4% manganese and up to 0.010% magnesium can be added to inhibit trace element effects.

High temperature insulation barrier composite

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Onstott, Joseph W. (Inventor)

1989-01-01

A composite material suitable for providing insulation for the nozzle structure of the Space Shuttle and other similar surfaces is disclosed. The composite layer is comprised of an outer skin layer of nickel chromium and an interleaved inner region comprising a top layer of nickel chromium foil which acts as a primary convective shield. There are at least two layers of alumina batting adjacent to the layers of silicon carbide fabric. An additional layer of nickel chromium foil is used as a secondary convective shield. The composite is particularly advantageous for use as nozzle insulation because of its ability to withstand high reentry temperatures, its flexibility, oxidation resistance, low conductivity, and light weight.

Toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic descriptors of combined chromium (VI) and nickel toxicity.

PubMed

Minigaliyeva, Ilzira A; Katsnelson, Boris A; Privalova, Larisa I; Gurvich, Vladimir B; Panov, Vladimir G; Varaksin, Anatoly N; Makeyev, Oleg H; Sutunkova, Marina P; Loginova, Nadezhda V; Kireyeva, Ekaterina P; Grigoryeva, Ekaterina V; Slyshkina, Tatyana V; Ganebnykh, Eugenia V; Grebenkina, Svetlana V

2014-01-01

After repeated intraperitoneal injections of nickel and chromium (VI) salts to rats, we found, and confirmed by mathematical modeling, that their combined subchronic toxicity can either be of additive type or depart from it (predominantly toward subadditivity) depending on the effect assessed. Against the background of moderate systemic toxicity, the combination under study proved to possess a marked additive genotoxicity assessed by means of the random amplification of polymorphic DNA test. We also demonstrated that chromium and nickel reciprocally influenced the retention of these metals in some organs (especially in the spleen) but not their urinary excretion in this study. © The Author(s) 2014.

The release of nickel and other trace elements from electric kettles and coffee machines.

PubMed

Berg, T; Petersen, A; Pedersen, G A; Petersen, J; Madsen, C

2000-03-01

The release of nickel, chromium and lead from electric kettles to water under conditions simulating regular household use was investigated. Ten out of 26 kettles sold on the Danish market released more than 50 micrograms/l nickel to water, whereas neither lead nor chromium was released in any significant amount. Fifty micrograms/l of nickel in water was chosen as the threshold of action, because concentrations below this value were considered unlikely to provide outbreaks of eczema for those consumers suffering from contact allergy to nickel, who are also sensitive to the content of nickel in the diet. This first part of the study was followed up by a dialogue between the kettle producers and the Danish authorities, leading to a change of construction or design for those kettles that did not comply with the criteria. As a follow-up study another ten kettles were studied to check whether compliance was improved. Two of these ten kettles still released more than 50 micrograms/l nickel to water under the test conditions. These two kettles, however, were subsequently withdrawn from the market. Coffee machines tested similarly did not release aluminium, lead, chromium or nickel in quantities of any significance.

40 CFR 421.323 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Chromium (total) 27.14 11.00 Copper 93.88 44.74 Nickel 40.34 27.14 Fluoride 2,567.00 1,459.00 (b) Slag... in the refinery Chromium (total) 1.689 0.685 Copper 5.844 2.785 Nickel 2.511 1.689 Fluoride 159.800... per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 2.357 0.955 Copper 8.152 3...

40 CFR 421.323 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Chromium (total) 27.14 11.00 Copper 93.88 44.74 Nickel 40.34 27.14 Fluoride 2,567.00 1,459.00 (b) Slag... in the refinery Chromium (total) 1.689 0.685 Copper 5.844 2.785 Nickel 2.511 1.689 Fluoride 159.800... per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 2.357 0.955 Copper 8.152 3...

Stress Corrosion-Cracking and Corrosion Fatigue Impact of IZ-C17+ Zinc Nickel on 4340 Steel

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-05-17

REPORT NO: NAWCADPAX/TIM-2016/189 STRESS CORROSION-CRACKING AND CORROSION FATIGUE IMPACT OF IZ-C17+ ZINC-NICKEL ON 4340 STEEL by...CORROSION-CRACKING AND CORROSION FATIGUE IMPACT OF IZ-C17+ ZINC-NICKEL ON 4340 STEEL by Craig Matzdorf Charles Lei Matt Stanley...5a. CONTRACT NUMBER STRESS CORROSION-CRACKING AND CORROSION FATIGUE IMPACT OF IZ-C17+ ZINC-NICKEL ON 4340 STEEL 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM

Simultaneous material flow analysis of nickel, chromium, and molybdenum used in alloy steel by means of input-output analysis.

PubMed

Nakajima, Kenichi; Ohno, Hajime; Kondo, Yasushi; Matsubae, Kazuyo; Takeda, Osamu; Miki, Takahiro; Nakamura, Shinichiro; Nagasaka, Tetsuya

2013-05-07

Steel is not elemental iron but rather a group of iron-based alloys containing many elements, especially chromium, nickel, and molybdenum. Steel recycling is expected to promote efficient resource use. However, open-loop recycling of steel could result in quality loss of nickel and molybdenum and/or material loss of chromium. Knowledge about alloying element substance flow is needed to avoid such losses. Material flow analyses (MFAs) indicate the importance of steel recycling to recovery of alloying elements. Flows of nickel, chromium, and molybdenum are interconnected, but MFAs have paid little attention to the interconnected flow of materials/substances in supply chains. This study combined a waste input-output material flow model and physical unit input-output analysis to perform a simultaneous MFA for nickel, chromium, and molybdenum in the Japanese economy in 2000. Results indicated the importance of recovery of these elements in recycling policies for end-of-life (EoL) vehicles and constructions. Improvement in EoL sorting technologies and implementation of designs for recycling/disassembly at the manufacturing phase are needed. Possible solutions include development of sorting processes for steel scrap and introduction of easier methods for identifying the composition of secondary resources. Recovery of steel scrap with a high alloy content will reduce primary inputs of alloying elements and contribute to more efficient resource use.

NICKEL COATED URANIUM ARTICLE

DOEpatents

Gray, A.G.

1958-10-01

Nickel coatings on uranium and various methods of obtaining such coatings are described. Specifically disclosed are such nickel or nickel alloy layers as barriers between uranium and aluminum- silicon, chromium, or copper coatings.

Nutritional assessment of processing effects on major and trace element content in sea buckthorn juice (Hippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp. rhamnoides).

PubMed

Gutzeit, D; Winterhalter, P; Jerz, G

2008-08-01

Processing effects on the mineral content were investigated during juice production from sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp. rhamnoides, Elaeagnaceae) using berries from 2 different growing areas. The major and trace elements of sea buckthorn berries and juices were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)--(calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, sodium) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)--(arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, zinc). Potassium is the most abundant major element in sea buckthorn berries and juices. The production process increased the potassium content in the juice by about 20%. Moreover, the processing of juice increased the value of manganese up to 32% compared to the content in berries. During industrial juice production, the technological steps caused a loss of about 53% to 77% of the chromium concentration, 50% of the copper content, 64% to 75% of the molybdenum amount, and up to 45% of the iron concentration in the final juice product. Consumption of sea buckthorn juice represents a beneficial source of chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, iron, and potassium for the achievement of the respective dietary requirements.

Spatial patterns of heavy metal accumulation in sediments and macrophytes of Bellandur wetland, Bangalore.

PubMed

Ramachandra, T V; Sudarshan, P B; Mahesh, M K; Vinay, S

2018-01-15

Heavy metals are one among the toxic chemicals and accumulation in sediments and plants has been posing serious health impacts. Wetlands aid as kidneys of the landscape and help in remediation through uptake of nutrients, heavy metals and other contaminants. The analyses of macrophytes and sediment samples help in evaluating pollution status in aquatic environment. In this study concentration of six heavy metals (Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn)) were assessed in sediment and dominant macrophyte samples collected from Bellandur Lake, largest Lake of Bangalore, India. Sediment samples reveal of heavy metals in the inlet regions and shore samples. The accumulation of metals in sediments were in the order of Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cd. All metals exceeded the critical limits of metals in the sediment. Concentration of different metals in the macrophyte samples ranked as: Cr > Cu > Zn > Pb > Ni > Cd. Chromium and Copper were found to be more than critical range. Typha angustata had the higher accumulation of all metals except chromium. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 420.125 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... product Lead 0.00113 0.000376 Zinc 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge... product Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000601 0.000200 1 The...

40 CFR 420.125 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... product Lead 0.00113 0.000376 Zinc 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge... product Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000601 0.000200 1 The...

40 CFR 420.125 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... product Lead 0.00113 0.000376 Zinc 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge... product Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000601 0.000200 1 The...

40 CFR 420.125 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... product Lead 0.00113 0.000376 Zinc 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge... product Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000601 0.000200 1 The...

40 CFR 471.92 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Chromium 0.104 0.043 Cyanide 0.069 0.029 Nickel 0.455 0.301 Ammonia 31.6 13.9 Fluoride 14.1 6.26 (e... monthly average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of zirconium-hafnium heat treated Chromium 0.015... Chromium 0.150 0.061 Cyanide 0.099 0.041 Nickel 0.653 0.432 Ammonia 45.3 20 Fluoride 20.3 8.98 (i) Surface...

40 CFR 471.92 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Chromium 0.104 0.043 Cyanide 0.069 0.029 Nickel 0.455 0.301 Ammonia 31.6 13.9 Fluoride 14.1 6.26 (e... monthly average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of zirconium-hafnium heat treated Chromium 0.015... Chromium 0.150 0.061 Cyanide 0.099 0.041 Nickel 0.653 0.432 Ammonia 45.3 20 Fluoride 20.3 8.98 (i) Surface...

Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) Life Cycle Evaluation of Nickel-Zinc Batteries

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Coates, D.; Ferreira, E.; Nyce, M.; Charkey, A.

1997-01-01

The conclusion of the Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) life cycle evaluation of nickel-zinc batteries are: that composite nickel electrode provide excellent performance at a reduced weight and lower cost; calcium / zinc electrode minimizes shape change; unioptimized cell designs yield 60 Wh/kg; nickel-zinc delivers 600 cycles at 80% DOD; long cycle life obtainable at low DOD; high rate capability power density; long-term failure mechanism is stack dry; and anomalous overcharge (1120%) greatly affected cell performance but did not induce failure and was recoverable.

Fretting of Nickel-Chromium-Aluminum Alloys at Temperatures to 816 C

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bill, R. C.

1974-01-01

A series of four nickel-based alloys containing 10 percent and 20 percent chromium in combination with 2 percent and 5 percent aluminum were fretted in dry air at temperatures to 816 C. At all temperatures, the alloys showed far less fretting wear than did high-purity nickel. This was attributed to the formation of protective oxide films on the alloys, the result of the selective oxidation of the alloy constituents. Increasing the aluminum concentration reduced fretting wear at all temperatures. Increasing the chromium concentration from 10 percent to 20 percent resulted in decreased fretting wear at 23 and 540 C, but increased fretting wear at 650 and 816 C.

Cadmium plating replacements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nelson, Mary J.; Groshart, Earl C.

1995-01-01

The Boeing Company has been searching for replacements to cadmium plate. Two alloy plating systems seem close to meeting the needs of a cadmium replacement. The two alloys, zinc-nickel and tin-zinc are from alloy plating baths; both baths are neutral pH. The alloys meet the requirements for salt fog corrosion resistance, and both alloys excel as a paint base. Currently, tests are being performed on standard fasteners to compare zinc-nickel and tin-zinc on threaded hardware where cadmium is heavily used. The Hydrogen embrittlement propensity of the zinc-nickel bath has been tested, and just beginning for the tin-zinc bath. Another area of interest is the electrical properties on aluminum for tin-zinc and will be discussed. The zinc-nickel alloy plating bath is in production in Boeing Commercial Airplane Group for non-critical low strength steels. The outlook is promising that these two coatings will help The Boeing Company significantly reduce its dependence on cadmium plating.

40 CFR 420.124 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Zinc 0.000376 0.000125 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.0000376 0.0000125 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge wastewaters from the... product TSS 0.175 0.0751 O&G 0.0751 0.0250 Lead 0.00113 0.000376 Zinc 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium...

40 CFR 420.124 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Zinc 0.000376 0.000125 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.0000376 0.0000125 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge wastewaters from the... product TSS 0.175 0.0751 O&G 0.0751 0.0250 Lead 0.00113 0.000376 Zinc 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium...

40 CFR 420.124 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Zinc 0.000376 0.000125 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.0000376 0.0000125 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge wastewaters from the... product TSS 0.175 0.0751 O&G 0.0751 0.0250 Lead 0.00113 0.000376 Zinc 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium...

Purification of metal finishing waste waters with zeolites and activated carbons.

PubMed

Leinonen, H; Lehto, J

2001-02-01

Sixteen zeolites and 5 activated carbons were tested for the removal of nickel, zinc, cadmium, copper, chromium, and cobalt from waste simulants mimicking effluents produced in metal plating plants. The best performances were obtained from 4 zeolites: A, X, L, and ferrierite types and from 2 carbon types made from lignite and peat. The distribution coefficients for these sorbents were in the range of 10,000-440,000 ml/g. Column experiments showed that the most effective zeolites for Zn, Ni, Cu, and Cd were A and X type zeolites. The activated carbons, Hydrodarco 3000 and Norit Row Supra, exhibited good sorption properties for metals in aqueous solutions containing complexing agents.

Effect of heavy metals on inhibition of root elongation in 23 cultivars of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.).

PubMed

Soudek, Petr; Katrusáková, Adéla; Sedlácek, Lukás; Petrová, Sárka; Kocí, Vladimír; Marsík, Petr; Griga, Miroslav; Vanek, Tomás

2010-08-01

The effect of toxic metals on seed germination was studied in 23 cultivars of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Toxicity of cadmium, cobalt, copper, zinc, nickel, lead, chromium, and arsenic at five different concentrations (0.01-1 mM) was tested by standard ecotoxicity test. Root length was measured after 72 h of incubation. Elongation inhibition, EC50 value, slope, and NOEC values were calculated. Results were evaluated by principal component analysis, a multidimensional statistical method. The results showed that heavy-metal toxicity decreased in the following order: As3+>or=As5+>Cu2+>Cd2+>Co2+>Cr6+>Ni2+>Pb2+>Cr3+>Zn2+.

Chromium modified nickel-iron aluminide useful in sulfur bearing environments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cathcart, J.V.; Liu, C.T.

1989-06-13

This patent describes a composition of matter consisting essentially of 18 to 19 at. % aluminum, 10 to 11.5 at. % iron, 6.5 to 8.0 at. % chromium, 0.4 to 0.8 at. % molybdenum, 0.1 to 0.3 at. % zirconium, 0.05 to 0.2 at. % boron and the balance nickel.

Hot corrosion resistance of nickel-chromium-aluminum alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Santoro, G. J.; Barret, C. A.

1977-01-01

The hot corrosion resistance of nickel-chromium-aluminum alloys was examined by cyclically oxidizing sodium sulfate-coated specimens in still air at 900, 1000, and 1100 C. The compositions tested were within the ternary region: Ni, Ni-50 at.% Cr, and Ni-50 at.% Al. At each temperature the corrosion data were statistically fitted to a third order regression equation as a function of chromium and aluminum contents. From these equations corrosion isopleths were prepared. Compositional regions with the best hot corrosion resistance were identified.

Hot corrosion resistance of nickel-chromium-aluminum alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Santoro, G. J.; Barrett, C. A.

1977-01-01

The hot corrosion resistance of nickel-chromium-aluminum alloy was examined by cyclically oxidizing sodium sulfate coated specimens in still air at 900, 1000 and 1100 C. The compositions tested were within the ternary region: Ni; Ni-50 at.% Cr; and Ni-50 at.% Al. At each temperature the corrosion data were statistically fitted to a third order regression equation as a function of chromium and aluminum contents. Corrosion isopleths were prepared from these equations. Compositional regions with the best hot corrosion resistance were identified.

Chromium boron surfaced nickel-iron base alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rashid, James M. (Inventor); Friedrich, Leonard A. (Inventor); Freling, Melvin (Inventor)

1984-01-01

Chromium boron diffusion coatings on nickel iron alloys uniquely provide them with improvement in high cycle fatigue strength (up to 30%) and erosion resistance (up to 15 times), compared to uncoated alloy. The diffused chromium layer extends in two essential concentration zones to a total depth of about 40.times.10.sup.-6 m, while the succeeding boron layer is limited to 50-90% of the depth of the richest Cr layer nearest the surface. Both coatings are applied using conventional pack diffusion processes.

Release of nickel and chromium ions in the saliva of patients with fixed orthodontic appliance: An in-vivo study.

PubMed

Dwivedi, Anoop; Tikku, Tripti; Khanna, Rohit; Maurya, Rana Pratap; Verma, Geeta; Murthy, R C

2015-01-01

Various components of fixed orthodontic appliances are continuously interacting with saliva and other fluids in the mouth releasing various metal ions including nickel and chromium that can cause damaging effects if their concentration exceeds above the toxic dose. To determine and compare the level of nickel and chromium in the saliva of patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment at different time periods. The sample of saliva of 13 patients was taken at different time periods that is: Group 1 (before appliance placement), Group II, III, and IV (after 1-week, 1-month, and 3 months of appliance placement respectively). The fixed appliance comprised of brackets, bands, buccal tubes, lingual sheath, transpalatal arch and wires composed of Ni-Ti and stainless steel. The level of ions was determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectro-photometry. The data thus obtained were statistically analyzed using SPSS Statistical Analysis Software (Version 15.0). Level of nickel and chromium in saliva was highest in Group II and lowest in Groups I for both the ions. On comparison among different Groups, it was statistically significant for all the groups (<0.001) except between Group III and Group IV. The release of nickel and chromium was maximum at 1-week and then the level gradually declined. These values were well below the toxic dose of these ions. The results should be viewed with caution in subjects with Ni hypersensitivity.

Corrosion behavior of self-ligating and conventional metal brackets.

PubMed

Maia, Lúcio Henrique Esmeraldo Gurgel; Lopes Filho, Hibernon; Ruellas, Antônio Carlos de Oliveira; Araújo, Mônica Tirre de Souza; Vaitsman, Delmo Santiago

2014-01-01

To test the null hypothesis that the aging process in self-ligating brackets is not higher than in conventional brackets. Twenty-five conventional (GN-3M/Unitek; GE-GAC; VE-Aditek) and 25 self-ligating (SCs-3M/Unitek; INs-GAC; ECs-Aditek) metal brackets from three manufacturers (n = 150) were submitted to aging process in 0.9% NaCl solution at a constant temperature of 37 ± 1°C for 21 days. The content of nickel, chromium and iron ions in the solution collected at intervals of 7, 14 and 21 days was quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. After the aging process, the brackets were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) under 22X and 1,000X magnifications. Comparison of metal release in self-ligating and conventional brackets from the same manufacturer proved that the SCs group released more nickel (p < 0.05) than the GN group after 7 and 14 days, but less chromium (p < 0.05) after 14 days and less iron (p < 0.05) at the three experimental time intervals. The INs group released less iron (p < 0.05) than the GE group after 7 days and less nickel, chromium and iron (p < 0.05) after 14 and 21 days. The ECs group released more nickel, chromium and iron (p < 0.05) than the VE group after 14 days, but released less nickel and chromium (p < 0.05) after 7 days and less chromium and iron (p < 0.05) after 21 days. The SEM analysis revealed alterations on surface topography of conventional and self-ligating brackets. The aging process in self-ligating brackets was not greater than in conventional brackets from the same manufacturer. The null hypothesis was accepted.

Corrosion behavior of self-ligating and conventional metal brackets

PubMed Central

Maia, Lúcio Henrique Esmeraldo Gurgel; Lopes Filho, Hibernon; Ruellas, Antônio Carlos de Oliveira; Araújo, Mônica Tirre de Souza; Vaitsman, Delmo Santiago

2014-01-01

Objective To test the null hypothesis that the aging process in self-ligating brackets is not higher than in conventional brackets. Methods Twenty-five conventional (GN-3M/Unitek; GE-GAC; VE-Aditek) and 25 self-ligating (SCs-3M/Unitek; INs-GAC; ECs-Aditek) metal brackets from three manufacturers (n = 150) were submitted to aging process in 0.9% NaCl solution at a constant temperature of 37 ± 1ºC for 21 days. The content of nickel, chromium and iron ions in the solution collected at intervals of 7, 14 and 21 days was quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. After the aging process, the brackets were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) under 22X and 1,000X magnifications. Results Comparison of metal release in self-ligating and conventional brackets from the same manufacturer proved that the SCs group released more nickel (p < 0.05) than the GN group after 7 and 14 days, but less chromium (p < 0.05) after 14 days and less iron (p < 0.05) at the three experimental time intervals. The INs group released less iron (p < 0.05) than the GE group after 7 days and less nickel, chromium and iron (p < 0.05) after 14 and 21 days. The ECs group released more nickel, chromium and iron (p < 0.05) than the VE group after 14 days, but released less nickel and chromium (p < 0.05) after 7 days and less chromium and iron (p < 0.05) after 21 days. The SEM analysis revealed alterations on surface topography of conventional and self-ligating brackets. Conclusions The aging process in self-ligating brackets was not greater than in conventional brackets from the same manufacturer. The null hypothesis was accepted. PMID:24945521

The deposition of corrosion products in Pb17Li

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barker, Marten G.; Capaldi, Michael J.

1994-09-01

A series of simple deposition tests has been carried out in Pb17Li contained in type 316 stainless steel tubes under a temperature gradient. Two basic types of deposit have been identified from all 316 steel systems. The first type which is dendritic in form is composed mainly of iron and chromium and deposits in the temperature region 673 to 823 K. Deposits at the lower temperature were chromium rich whilst those at the higher temperature were iron-rich. The second type found at temperatures below 623 K shows a temperature dependence being composed of nickel and manganese at 573 K and nickel, iron and chromium at 623 K. Pure nickel only deposits if the alloy is at near saturation in nickel at the highest temperature of the system (873 K). Aluminium mass transfers readily in Pb17Li and in solution causes the formation of aluminide layers on the steel surface in the high temperature zone.

Development of dispersion strengthened nickel-chromium alloy (Ni-Cr-ThO2) sheet for space shuttle vehicles, part 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Klingler, L. J.; Weinberger, W. R.; Bailey, P. G.; Baranow, S.

1972-01-01

Two dispersion strengthened nickel base alloy systems were developed for use at temperatures up to 1204 C(2200 F); TD nickel chromium (TDNiCr) and TD nickel chromium aluminum (TDNiCrA1). They are considered candidate materials for use on the thermal protection systems of the space shuttle and for long term use in aircraft gas turbine engine applications. Improved manufacturing processes were developed for the fabrication of TDNiCr sheet and foil to specifications. Sheet rolling process studies and extrusion studies were made on two aluminum containing alloys: Ni-16%Cr-3.5%A1-2%ThO2 and Ni-16%Cr-5.0%A12%ThO2. Over 1600 kg.(3500 lb.) of plate, sheet, foil, bar and extrusion products were supplied to NASA Centers for technology studies.

Effects of surface applications of biosolids on soil, crops, ground water, and streambed sediment near Deer Trail, Colorado, 1999-2003

USGS Publications Warehouse

Yager, Tracy J.B.; Smith, David B.; Crock, James G.

2004-01-01

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Metro Wastewater Reclamation District and North Kiowa Bijou Groundwater Management District, studied natural geochemical effects and the effects of biosolids applications to the Metro Wastewater Reclamation District properties near Deer Trail, Colorado, during 1999 through 2003 because of public concern about potential contamination of soil, crops, ground water, and surface water from biosolids applications. Parameters analyzed for each monitoring component included arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc (the nine trace elements regulated by Colorado for biosolids), gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity, and plutonium, as well as other parameters. Concentrations of the nine regulated trace elements in biosolids were relatively uniform and did not exceed applicable regulatory standards. All plutonium concentrations in biosolids were below the minimum detectable level and were near zero. The most soluble elements in biosolids were arsenic, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorus, and selenium. Elevated concentrations of bismuth, mercury, phosphorus, and silver would be the most likely inorganic biosolids signature to indicate that soil or streambed sediment has been affected by biosolids. Molybdenum and tungsten, and to a lesser degree antimony, cadmium, cobalt, copper, mercury, nickel, phosphorus, and selenium, would be the most likely inorganic 'biosolids signature' to indicate ground water or surface water has been affected by biosolids. Soil data indicate that biosolids have had no measurable effect on the concentration of the constituents monitored. Arsenic concentrations in soil of both Arapahoe and Elbert County monitoring sites (like soil from all parts of Colorado) exceed the Colorado soil remediation objectives and soil cleanup standards, which were determined by back-calculating a soil concentration equivalent to a one-in-a-million cumulative cancer risk. Lead concentrations in soil slightly exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency toxicity-derived ecological soil-screening levels for avian wildlife. Plutonium concentration in the soil was near zero. Wheat-grain data were insufficient to determine any measurable effects from biosolids. Comparison with similar data from other parts of North America where biosolids were not applied indicates similar concentrations. However, the Deer Trail study area had higher nickel concentrations in wheat from both the biosolids-applied fields and the control fields. Plutonium content of the wheat was near zero. Ground-water levels generally declined at most wells during 1999 through 2003. Ground-water quality did not correlate with ground-water levels. Vertical ground-water gradients during 1999 through 2003 indicate that bedrock ground-water resources downgradient from the biosolids-applied areas are not likely to be contaminated by biosolids applications unless the gradients change as a result of pumping. Ground-water quality throughout the study area varied over time at each site and from site to site at the same time, but plutonium concentrations in the ground water always were near zero. Inorganic concentrations at well D6 were relatively high compared to other ground-water sites studied. Ground-water pH and concentrations of fluoride, nitrite, aluminum, arsenic, barium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, zinc, and plutonium in the ground water of the study area met Colorado standards. Concentrations of chloride, sulfate, nitrate, boron, iron, manganese, and selenium exceeded Colorado ground-water standards at one or more wells. Nitrate concentrations at well D6 significantly (alpha = 0.05) exceeded the Colorado regulatory standard. Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc in ground water had no significant (alpha = 0.05) upward trends. During 1999-2003, concentrations of nitrate, copper, molybdenum, and selenium

Evaluation of Beryllium, Total Chromium and Nickel in the Surface Contaminant Layer Available for Dermal Exposure After Abrasive Blasting in a Shipyard

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-24

established to minimize the potential of dermal irritation and dermatitis (6). Chromium exposure can lead to allergic contact dermatitis , irritant... dermatitis with skin contact . (5; 15; 25; 33; 47). Nickel is potentially the most common contact allergen among the general population. Some studies...thresholds - a review focusing on occluded nickel exposure. Contact Dermatitis 52:57-64 21. Fogh CL, Andersson KG. 2000. Modelling of skin exposure

Skin deposition of nickel, cobalt, and chromium in production of gas turbines and space propulsion components.

PubMed

Julander, Anneli; Skare, Lizbet; Mulder, Marie; Grandér, Margaretha; Vahter, Marie; Lidén, Carola

2010-04-01

Skin exposure to nickel, cobalt, and chromium may cause sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis and it is known that many alloys and platings may release significant amounts of the metals upon contact with skin. Occupational exposure to these sensitizing metals has been studied in different settings with regards to airborne dust and different biological end points, but little is known about deposition on skin from airborne dust and direct contact with materials containing the metals. In this study, skin deposition was studied in 24 workers in an industry for development and manufacturing of gas turbines and space propulsion components. The workers were employed in three departments, representing different exposure scenarios: tools sharpening of hard metal items, production of space propulsion structures, and thermal application of different metal-containing powders. A novel acid wipe sampling technique was used to sample metals from specific skin surfaces on the hands and the forehead of the workers. Total amounts of nickel, cobalt, and chromium were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The result showed that nickel, cobalt, and chromium could be detected on all skin surfaces sampled. The highest level of nickel was 15 microg cm(-2) h(-1), the highest for cobalt was 4.5 microg cm(-2) h(-1), and for chromium 0.6 microg cm(-2) h(-1). The three departments had different exposures regarding the metals. The highest levels of nickel on the skin of the workers were found in the thermal applications department, cobalt in the tools sharpening department, and chromium in the space propulsion components department. In conclusion, the workers' exposure to the metals was more likely to come from direct skin contact with items, rather than from airborne dust, based on the fact that the levels of metals were much higher on the fingers than on the back side of the hands and the forehead. The skin exposure levels of nickel and cobalt detected are judged capable to induce sensitization and elicit allergic contact dermatitis.

Nickel aluminides and nickel-iron aluminides for use in oxidizing environments

DOEpatents

Liu, Chain T.

1988-03-15

Nickel aluminides and nickel-iron aluminides treated with hafnium or zirconium, boron and cerium to which have been added chromium to significantly improve high temperature ductility, creep resistance and oxidation properties in oxidizing environments.

Hot corrosion of the B2 nickel aluminides

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ellis, David L.

1993-01-01

The hot corrosion behavior of the B2 nickel aluminides was studied to determine the inherent hot corrosion resistance of the beta nickel aluminides and to develop a mechanism for the hot corrosion of the beta nickel aluminides. The effects of the prior processing of the material, small additions of zirconium, stoichiometry of the materials, and preoxidation of the samples were also examined. Additions of 2, 5, and 15 w/o chromium were used to determine the effect of chromium on the hot corrosion of the beta nickel aluminides and the minimum amount of chromium necessary for good hot corrosion resistance. The results indicate that the beta nickel aluminides have inferior inherent hot corrosion resistance despite their excellent oxidation resistance. Prior processing and zirconium additions had no discernible effect on the hot corrosion resistance of the alloys. Preoxidation extended the incubation period of the alloys only a few hours and was not considered to be an effective means of stopping hot corrosion. Stoichiometry was a major factor in determining the hot corrosion resistance of the alloys with the higher aluminum alloys having a definitely superior hot corrosion resistance. The addition of chromium to the alloys stopped the hot corrosion attack in the alloys tested. From a variety of experimental results, a complex hot corrosion mechanism was proposed. During the early stages of the hot corrosion of these alloys the corrosion is dominated by a local sulphidation/oxidation form of attack. During the intermediate stages of the hot corrosion, the aluminum depletion at the surface leads to a change in the oxidation mechanism from a protective external alumina layer to a mixed nickel-aluminum spinel and nickel oxide that can occur both externally and internally. The material undergoes extensive cracking during the later portions of the hot corrosion.

Acute phytotoxicity of seven metals alone and in mixture: Are Italian soil threshold concentrations suitable for plant protection?

PubMed

Baderna, Diego; Lomazzi, Eleonora; Pogliaghi, Alberto; Ciaccia, Gianluca; Lodi, Marco; Benfenati, Emilio

2015-07-01

Metals can pollute soils in both urban and rural areas with severe impacts on the health of humans, plants and animals living there. Information on metal toxicity is therefore important for ecotoxicology. This study investigated the phytotoxicity of different metals frequently found as pollutants in soils: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), sorghum (Sorghum saccharatum) and cress (Lepidium sativum) seeds were used as models for other plants used in human nutrition such as cereals, rice, fruits and vegetables. The 72-h germination rate and root elongations were selected as short-term ecotoxicological endpoints in seeds exposed to single metals and mixtures. Metals were spiked onto OECD standard soils in concentrations comparable to current Italian contamination threshold concentrations for residential and commercial soils. Arsenic, chromium, mercury and nickel were the most toxic metals in our experimental conditions, particularly to cress seeds (5.172, 152 and 255.4 mg/kg as 72 h IC50 for arsenic, mercury and nickel respectively). Italian limits were acceptable for plant protection only for exposure to each metal alone but not for the mixtures containing all the metals concentrations expected by their respective legislative threshold. The effects of the mixture were class-specific: trends were comparable in dicots but different in monocots. The response induced by the mixture at high concentrations differed from that theoretically obtainable by summing the effects of the individual metals. This might be due to partial antagonism of the metals in soil or to the formation of complexes between the metals, which reduce the bioavailability of the pollutants for plants. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Status of nickel/zinc and nickel/iron battery technology for electric vehicle applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yao, N.P.; Christianson, C.C.; Elliott, R.C.

1980-01-01

Significant progress in nickel/zinc and nickel/iron technology has been made towards achieving the battery technical performance goals necessary for widespread use of these battery systems in electric vehicle applications. This progress is reviewed. Nickel/zinc module test data have shown a specific energy of nearly 70 Whr/kg and a specific power of 130 W/kg. However, cycle life improvements are still needed (presently demonstrated capability of 120 cycles) and are expected to be demonstrated during 1980. Nickel/iron modules have demonstrated a specific energy of nearly 50 Wh/kg and a specific power of 100 W/kg. Indications are that improved performance in these areasmore » can be shown during 1980. Nickel/iron modules cycle lives of 300 have been achieved during early 1980 and testing continues. Energy efficiency has been improved from less than 50% to over 65%. Cost reduction (both initial and operating) continues to receive major emphasis at developers of both nickel/zinc and nickel/iron batteries in order to achieve the lowest possible life cycle cost to the battery user.« less

40 CFR 420.123 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... per 1,000 lb) of product Lead 0.00113 0.000376 Zinc 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing...) of product Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000601 0.000200 1 The...

40 CFR 467.16 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Maximum for monthly average mg/off-kg (lb/million off-lbs) of aluminum rolled with neat oils Chromium 0... rolled with neat oils Chromium 0.021 0.009 Cyanide 0.011 0.005 Zinc 0.057 0.024 TTO 0.038 Oil and grease... aluminum cast Chromium 0.00073 0.00029 Cyanide 0.00039 0.00016 Zinc 0.0020 0.00082 TTO 0.0014 Oil and...

Release of nickel and chromium ions from orthodontic wires following the use of teeth whitening mouthwashes.

PubMed

Mirhashemi, AmirHossein; Jahangiri, Sahar; Kharrazifard, MohammadJavad

2018-02-05

Corrosion resistance is an important requirement for orthodontic appliances. Nickel and chromium may be released from orthodontic wires and can cause allergic reactions and cytotoxicity when patients use various mouthwashes to whiten their teeth. Our study aimed to assess the release of nickel and chromium ions from nickel titanium (NiTi) and stainless steel (SS) orthodontic wires following the use of four common mouthwashes available on the market. This in vitro, experimental study was conducted on 120 orthodontic appliances for one maxillary quadrant including five brackets, one band and half of the required length of SS, and NiTi wires. The samples were immersed in Oral B, Oral B 3D White Luxe, Listerine, and Listerine Advance White for 1, 6, 24, and 168 h. The samples immersed in distilled water served as the control group. Atomic absorption spectroscopy served to quantify the amount of released ions. Nickel ions were released from both wires at all time-points; the highest amount was in Listerine and the lowest in Oral B mouthwashes. The remaining two solutions were in-between this range. The process of release of chromium from the SS wire was the same as that of nickel. However, the release trend in NiTi wires was not uniform. Listerine caused the highest release of ions. Listerine Advance White, Oral B 3D White Luxe, and distilled water were the same in terms of ion release. Oral B showed the lowest amount of ion release.

Richness, coverage and concentration of heavy metals in vascular epiphytes along an urbanization gradient.

PubMed

Becker, Diego Fedrizzi Petry; Linden, Rafael; Schmitt, Jairo Lizandro

2017-04-15

Richness, coverage and concentration of heavy metals in vascular epiphytes were analyzed in isolated trees along an urbanization gradient in Southern Brazil. A total of 20 phorophytes were sampled in the main street of each site. Concentrations of chromium, cadmium, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc were measured in the leaves of Tillandsia recurvata L. using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. A decreasing gradient of epiphyte richness and coverage was observed as urbanization increased. Vehicle fleet and demographic density were the parameters most correlated with the reduction of epiphytic diversity. In T. recurvata, significantly higher values of cadmium, lead and zinc were recorded in the most urbanized areas, and were strongly related to the vehicle fleet and to the demographic density in these sites. The results demonstrated that these parameters could be applied to the diagnosis of environmental quality in urban areas, allowing standardized analyses in other regions. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chemical quality of precipitation at Greenville, Maine

USGS Publications Warehouse

Smath, J.A.; Potter, T.L.

1987-01-01

Weekly composite precipitation samples were collected at a rural site located in Greenville, Maine for analysis of trace metals and organic compounds. Samples collected during February 1982, through May 1984, were analyzed for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc and during February 1982, through March 1983, for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, pthalate ester plasticizers, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Deposition rates were computed. Data reported by the NADP (National Atmospheric Deposition Program) was used to evaluate the general chemical quality of the precipitation. The precipitation had relatively high concentrations of hydrogen ions, sulfate, and nitrate, compared to other constituents. Of the trace metals included for analysis, only copper, lead, and zinc were consistently detected. Lead concentrations exceeded the U.S. EPA recommended limit for domestic water supply in three samples. High deposition rates for some of the metals were episodic. Alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane was the only organic compound that was consistently detected (maximum 120 nanograms/L). None of the other organic compounds were detected in any of the samples. (Author 's abstract)

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (class II) is the primary site of nickel toxicity in Escherichia coli.

PubMed

Macomber, Lee; Elsey, Scott P; Hausinger, Robert P

2011-12-01

Nickel is toxic to all forms of life, but the mechanisms of cell damage are unknown. Indeed, environmentally relevant nickel levels (8 µM) inhibit wild-type Escherichia coli growth on glucose minimal medium. The same concentration of nickel also inhibits growth on fructose, but not succinate, lactate or glycerol; these results suggest that fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FbaA) is a target of nickel toxicity. Cells stressed by 8 µM Ni(II) for 20 min lost 75% of their FbaA activity, demonstrating that FbaA is inactivated during nickel stress. Furthermore, overexpression of fbaA restored growth of an rcnA mutant in glucose minimal medium supplemented with 4 µM Ni(II), thus confirming that FbaA is a primary target of nickel toxicity. This class II aldolase has an active site zinc and a non-catalytic zinc nearby. Purified FbaA lost 80 % of its activity within 2 min when challenged with 8 µM Ni(II). Nickel-challenged FbaA lost 0.8 zinc and gained 0.8 nickel per inactivated monomer. FbaA mutants (D144A and E174A) affecting the non-catalytic zinc were resistant to nickel inhibition. These results define the primary site of nickel toxicity in E. coli as the class II aldolase FbaA through binding to the non-catalytic zinc site. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Exposure to Nickel, Chromium, or Cadmium Causes Distinct Changes in the Gene Expression Patterns of a Rat Liver Derived Cell Line

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-11-16

protein A (Rpa2), the minichromosome maintenance complex component genes which encode helicases, DNA ligase (Lig1), DNA polymerase e ( Pole and Pole2...and DNA polymerase d ( Pold1 and Pold2 ) are all up-regulated as a result of exposure to chromium (Figure 6), suggesting that there is an increase in...Exposure to Nickel, Chromium, or Cadmium Causes Distinct Changes in the Gene Expression Patterns of a Rat Liver Derived Cell Line Matthew G

E-cigarettes as a source of toxic and potentially carcinogenic metals

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hess, Catherine Ann, E-mail: chess@prev.org

Background and aims: The popularity of electronic cigarette devices is growing worldwide. The health impact of e-cigarette use, however, remains unclear. E-cigarettes are marketed as a safer alternative to cigarettes. The aim of this research was the characterization and quantification of toxic metal concentrations in five, nationally popular brands of cig-a-like e-cigarettes. Methods: We analyzed the cartomizer liquid in 10 cartomizer refills for each of five brands by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results: All of the tested metals (cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese and nickel) were found in the e-liquids analyzed. Across all analyzed brands, mean (SD) concentrations rangedmore » from 4.89 (0.893) to 1970 (1540) μg/L for lead, 53.9 (6.95) to 2110 (5220) μg/L for chromium and 58.7 (22.4) to 22,600 (24,400) μg/L for nickel. Manganese concentrations ranged from 28.7 (9.79) to 6910.2 (12,200) μg/L. We found marked variability in nickel and chromium concentration within and between brands, which may come from heating elements. Conclusion: Additional research is needed to evaluate whether e-cigarettes represent a relevant exposure pathway for toxic metals in users. - Highlights: • Certain brands of cig-a-like e-cigarettes contain high levels of nickel and chromium. • Cig-a-likes contain low levels of cadmium, compared to tobacco cigarettes. • Nickel and chromium in the e-liquid of cig-a-likes may come from nichrome heating coils.« less

Nanoparticles of nickel oxide: growth and organization on zinc-substituted anionic clay matrix by one-pot route at room temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carja, Gabriela; Nakajima, Akira; Dranca, Cristian; Okada, Kiyoshi

2010-10-01

A room temperature nanocarving strategy is developed for the fabrication of nanoparticles of nickel oxide on zinc-substituted anionic clay matrix (Ni/ZnLDH). It is based on the growth and organization of nanoparticles of nickel oxide which occur during the structural reconstruction of the layered structure of the anionic clay in NiSO4 aqueous solution. No organic compounds are used during the fabrication. The described material was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), IR spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results show that the nickel-clay nanoarchitecture consists of small nanoparticles of nickel oxide (average size 7 nm) deposited on the larger nanoparticles (average size 90 nm) of zinc-substituted clay. The optical properties of the new nickel-zinc formulation are studied by UV-Vis.

21 CFR 73.1015 - Chromium-cobalt-aluminum oxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...) Identity. The color additive chromium-cobalt-aluminum oxide is a blue-green pigment obtained by calcining a... percent each) of oxides of barium, boron, silicon, and nickel. (b) Specifications. Chromium-cobalt... milliliters of 0.5 N hydrochloric acid. (c) Uses and restrictions. The color additive chromium-cobalt-aluminum...

Environmental implications of element emissions from phosphate-processing operations in southeastern Idaho

USGS Publications Warehouse

Severson, R.C.; Gough, L.P.

1979-01-01

In order to assess the contribution to plants and soils of certain elements emitted by phosphate processing, we sampled sagebrush, grasses, and A- and C-horizon soils along upwind and downwind transects at Pocatello and Soda Springs, Idaho. Analyses for 70 elements in plants showed that, statistically, the concentration of 7 environmentally important elements, cadmium, chromium, fluorine, selenium, uranium, vanadium, and zinc, were related to emissions from phosphate-processing operations. Two additional elements, lithium and nickel, show probable relationships. The literature on the effects of these elements on plant and animal health is briefly surveyed. Relations between element content in plants and distance from the phosphate-processing operations were stronger at Soda Springs than at Pocatello and, in general, stronger in sagebrush than in the grasses. Analyses for 58 elements in soils showed that, statistically, beryllium, fluorine, iron, lead, lithium, potassium, rubidium, thorium, and zinc were related to emissions only at Pocatello and only in the A horizon. Moreover, six additional elements, copper, mercury, nickel, titanium, uranium, and vanadium, probably are similarly related along the same transect. The approximate amounts of elements added to the soils by the emissions are estimated. In C-horizon soils, no statistically significant relations were observed between element concentrations and distance from the processing sites. At Soda Springs, the nonuniformity of soils at the sampling locations may have obscured the relationship between soil-element content and emissions from phosphate processing.

Biodegradation of orthodontic appliances and their effects on the blood level of nickel and chromium. Master's thesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Barrett, R.D.

1990-05-01

Austenitic stainless steels containing approximately 18 percent chromium and 8 percent nickel for orthodontic bands, brackets and wires is universally used in orthodontic practices. With the introduction of nickel-titanium alloys as orthodontic archwires in the 1970's an additional source of patient exposure to metal corrosion products has been introduced. Since the oral environment is particularly ideal for the biodegradation of metals due to its ionic, thermal, microbiologic and enzymatic properties some level of patient exposure to the corrosion products of these alloys is assured.

40 CFR 471.85 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Chromium 0.133 0.054 Copper 0.459 0.219 Cyanide 0.072 0.029 Zinc 0.365 0.151 (j) Alkaline cleaning spent... mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of zinc alkaline cleaned Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Copper 0.005 0.002 Cyanide 0.0007 0.0003 Zinc 0.004 0.002 (k) Alkaline cleaning rinse. Subpart H—PSNS Pollutant...

40 CFR 471.85 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Chromium 0.133 0.054 Copper 0.459 0.219 Cyanide 0.072 0.029 Zinc 0.365 0.151 (j) Alkaline cleaning spent... mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of zinc alkaline cleaned Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Copper 0.005 0.002 Cyanide 0.0007 0.0003 Zinc 0.004 0.002 (k) Alkaline cleaning rinse. Subpart H—PSNS Pollutant...

40 CFR 471.85 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Chromium 0.133 0.054 Copper 0.459 0.219 Cyanide 0.072 0.029 Zinc 0.365 0.151 (j) Alkaline cleaning spent... mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of zinc alkaline cleaned Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Copper 0.005 0.002 Cyanide 0.0007 0.0003 Zinc 0.004 0.002 (k) Alkaline cleaning rinse. Subpart H—PSNS Pollutant...

Determination of trace elements in triglycine sulfate solutions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tadros, Shawky H.

1993-01-01

Ten elements were divided into 2 groups. The elements in the first group included iron, nickel, chromium, manganese, copper, and gold. The elements in the second group included zinc, cobalt, lead, cadmium, and gold. Five ppm of each element in each group was spiked in a 1 percent triglycine sulfate (TGS) solution. Glycine was removed with 1-naphthyl isocyanate in ether medium. The glycine derivative 1-naphthyl isocyanate glycine was removed by filtration, and the filtrates were analyzed for the different elements. Analysis of these elements was performed by using the 5100 Perkin-Elmer Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The result of these experiments was the observation that there was a decrease in the concentration of chromium and gold, which was interpreted to be due to the chelation of these elements by the derivative 1-naphthyl isocyanate glycine. Further research is needed to determine the concentration of other elements in triglycine sulfate (TGS) solutions. These elements will include lithium, sodium, rubidium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, aluminum, and silicon. These are the most likely elements to be found in the sulfuric acid used in manufacturing the TGS crystal. Moreover, we will extend our research to investigate the structural formula of the violet colored chelated compounds, which had been formed by interaction of the derivative 1-naphthyl isocyanate glycine with the different elements, such as gold, chromium.

Element abundances at high redshift

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Meyer, David M.; Welty, D. E.; York, D. G.

1989-01-01

Abundances of Si(+), S(+), Cr(+), Mn(+), Fe(_), and Zn(+) are considered for two absorption-line systems in the spectrum of the QSO PKS 0528 - 250. Zinc and sulfur are underabundant, relative to H, by a factor of 10 compared to their solar and Galactic interstellar abundances. The silicon-, chromium-, iron-, and nickel-to-hydrogen ratios are less than the solar values and comparable to the local interstellar ratios. A straightforward interpretation is that nucleosynthesis in these high-redshift systems has led to only about one-tenth as much heavy production as in the gas clouds around the sun, and that the amount of the observed underabundances attributable to grain depletion is small. The dust-to-gas ratio in these clouds is less than 8 percent of the Galactic value.

Sediments from stormwater drainage system as sorbents of organic and inorganic pollutants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sałata, Aleksandra; Dąbek, Lidia

2017-11-01

The study presents the results of tests aimed at determining variations in concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a, h]anthracene, benzo[g, h, i]perylene and indeno[1, 2, 3-c, d]pyrene) and heavy metals (copper, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead and zinc) in the sediments from the stormwater sewer system. Results of this study were then compared to Polish regulations and established ecological screening values to determine their potential risk to environment. The results suggest that stormwater sediments are moderately contaminated with PAHs and heavy metals according to domestic regulations and highly contaminated according to ecological benchmarks.

Electrochemical polishing of thread fastener test specimens of nickel-chromium iron alloys

DOEpatents

Kephart, Alan R.

1991-01-01

An electrochemical polishing device and method for selective anodic dissolution of the surface of test specimens comprised, for example, of nickel-chromium-iron alloys, which provides for uniform dissolution at the localized sites to remove metal through the use of a coiled wire electrode (cathode) placed in the immediate proximity of the working, surface resulting in a polished and uniform grain boundary.

Adverse health effects in Canada geese (Branta canadensis) associated with waste from zinc and lead mines in the Tri-State Mining District (Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri, USA).

PubMed

van der Merwe, Deon; Carpenter, James W; Nietfeld, Jerome C; Miesner, John F

2011-07-01

Lead and zinc poisoning have been recorded in a variety of bird species, including migrating waterfowl such as Canada Geese (Branta canadensis), at sites contaminated with mine waste from lead and zinc mines in the Tri-State Mining District, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri, USA. The adverse health impacts from mine waste on these birds may, however, be more extensive than is apparent from incidental reports of clinical disease. To characterize health impacts from mine waste on Canada Geese that do not have observable signs of poisoning, four to eight apparently healthy birds per site were collected from four contaminated sites and an uncontaminated reference site, and examined for physical and physiologic evidence of metals poisoning. Tissue concentrations of silver, aluminum, arsenic, barium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, selenium, thallium, vanadium, and zinc were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Adverse health effects due to lead were characterized by assessing blood δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) enzyme activity. Adverse effects associated with zinc poisoning were determined from histologic examination of pancreas tissues. Elevated tissue lead concentrations and inhibited blood ALAD enzyme activities were consistently found in birds at all contaminated sites. Histopathologic signs of zinc poisoning, including fibrosis and vacuolization, were associated with elevated pancreatic zinc concentrations at one of the study sites. Adverse health effects associated with other analyzed elements, or tissue concentrations indicating potentially toxic exposure levels to these elements, were not observed.

Rainfall, Streamflow, and Water-Quality Data During Stormwater Monitoring, Halawa Stream Drainage Basin, Oahu, Hawaii, July 1, 2004 to June 30, 2005

USGS Publications Warehouse

Young, Stacie T.M.; Ball, Marcael T.J.

2005-01-01

Storm runoff water-quality samples were collected as part of the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation Stormwater Monitoring Program. This program is designed to assess the effects of highway runoff and urban runoff on Halawa Stream. For this program, rainfall data were collected at two stations, continuous streamflow data at two stations, and water-quality data at five stations, which include the two continuous streamflow stations. This report summarizes rainfall, streamflow, and water-quality data collected between July 1, 2004 and June 30, 2005. A total of 15 samples was collected over three storms during July 1, 2004 to June 30, 2005. In general, an attempt was made to collect grab samples nearly simultaneously at all five stations and flow-weighted time-composite samples at the three stations equipped with automatic samplers. However, all three storms were partially sampled because either not all stations were sampled or not all composite samples were collected. Samples were analyzed for total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, nutrients, chemical oxygen demand, and selected trace metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc). Chromium and nickel were added to the analysis starting October 1, 2004. Grab samples were additionally analyzed for oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons, fecal coliform, and biological oxygen demand. Quality-assurance/quality-control samples were also collected during storms and during routine maintenance to verify analytical procedures and check the effectiveness of equipment-cleaning procedures.

40 CFR 471.21 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 1.27 0.520... million off-pounds) of magnesium forged Chromium 0.018 0.007 Zinc 0.059 0.025 Ammonia 5.32 2.34 Fluoride 2... cast with direct chill methods Chromium 1.74 0.711 Zinc 5.77 2.41 Ammonia 527 232 Fluoride 235 105 Oil...

40 CFR 467.12 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... rolled with neat oils Chromium 0.0360 0.0147 Cyanide 0.0237 0.0098 Zinc 0.119 0.0498 Aluminum 0.525 0.257... aluminum rolled with neat oils Chromium 0.0244 0.010 Cyanide 0.0161 0.0067 Zinc 0.0808 0.0338 Aluminum 0... off-lbs) of aluminum sheet cast by continuous methods Chromium 0.00086 0.00035 Cyanide 0.00057 0.00024...

Fidelity of metal insertion into hydrogenases.

PubMed

Magalon, A; Blokesch, M; Zehelein, E; Böck, A

2001-06-15

The fidelity of metal incorporation into the active center of hydrogenase 3 from Escherichia coli was studied by analyzing the inhibition of the maturation pathway by zinc and other transition metals. Hydrogenase maturation of wild-type cells was significantly affected only by concentrations of zinc or cadmium higher than 200 microM, whereas a mutant with a lesion in the nickel uptake system displayed a total blockade of the proteolytic processing of the precursor form into the mature form of the large subunit after growth in the presence of 10 microM Zn(2+). The precursor could not be processed in vitro by the maturation endopeptidase even in the presence of an excess of nickel ions. Evidence is presented that zinc does not interfere with the incorporation of iron into the metal center. Precursor of the large subunit accumulated in nickel proficient cells formed a transient substrate complex with the cognate endoprotease HycI whereas that of zinc-supplemented cells did not. The results show that zinc can intrude the nickel-dependent maturation pathway only when nickel uptake is blocked. Under this condition zinc appears to be incorporated at the nickel site of the large subunit and delivers a precursor not amenable to proteolytic processing since the interaction with the endoprotease is blocked.

Stabilized nickel-zinc battery

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Himy, A.; Wagner, O.C.

An alkaline nickel-zinc cell which has (1) a nickel-nickel hydroxide cathode; (2) a zinc-zinc oxide anode containing (A) a corrosion inhibitor such as PBO, SNO2, Tl2O3, in(OH)3 or mixtures thereof; (B) a slight corrosion accelerator such as cdo, bi2o3, ga2o3, or mixtures thereof; and (C) a zinc active material; (3) a mass-transport separator; (4) an alkaline electrolyte; and (5) means for charging the cell with an interrupted current having a frequency of from more than zero to 16 hertz with a rest period of not less than 60 milliseconds. Another desirable feature is the use of a pressure-cutoff switch tomore » terminate charging when the internal pressure of the cell reaches a selected value in the range of from 5 to 8 psig.« less

Patch test reactivity to a cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy and stainless steel in metal-allergic patients in correlation to the metal ion release.

PubMed

Summer, Burkhard; Fink, Ulrich; Zeller, Richard; Rueff, Franziska; Maier, Sonja; Roider, Gabriele; Thomas, Peter

2007-07-01

Nickel, chromium, and cobalt released from stainless steel and CoCrMo alloys have been postulated to trigger hypersensitivity reactions. The objective of this study was to assess the ion release from a CoCrMo alloy and stainless steel in vitro and the cutaneous reactivity to it by patch test. 52 metal-allergic patients and 48 non-allergic controls were patch tested to stainless steel and CoCrMo discs. In addition, using atomic absorption spectrometry, the release of nickel, cobalt, and chromium from both materials was assessed upon 2-day exposure to distilled water, artificial sweat (AS), and cell culture medium. There was low nickel ion release from stainless steel (0.3-0.46 microg/cm(2)/2 days) and CoCrMo discs (up to 0.33 microg/cm(2)/2 days) into the different elution media. Chromium release from the 2 materials was also very low (0.06-0.38 microg/cm(2)/2 days from stainless steel and 0.52-1.36 microg/cm(2)/2 days from CoCrMo alloy). In contrast, AS led to abundant cobalt release (maximally 18.94 microg/cm(2)/2 days) from the CoCrMo discs, with concomitant eczematous reaction upon patch testing: 0 of the 52 metal-allergic patients reacted to stainless steel discs and 5 of the 52 patients to CoCrMo discs (all 5 patients were cobalt allergic and 3 also nickel and chromium allergic). None of the controls reacted to the discs. Apart from nickel being a focus of allergological research, our results point to the possibly underestimated association of cobalt release and potential hyperreactivity to CoCrMo alloy.

Experimental exposure of healthy subjects with emissions from a gas metal arc welding process--part II: biomonitoring of chromium and nickel.

PubMed

Gube, Monika; Brand, Peter; Schettgen, Thomas; Bertram, Jens; Gerards, Kerstin; Reisgen, Uwe; Kraus, Thomas

2013-01-01

The objective of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between the external exposure dose of chromium and nickel caused by a metal active gas welding process with a solid high-alloyed steel welding wire and inner exposure of subjects. In order to perform welding fume exposure under controlled and standardized conditions, the investigations were conducted in the "Aachen Workplace Simulation Laboratory". To perform biological monitoring of chromium and nickel, blood and urine samples of 12 healthy male non-smokers who never worked as welders were collected before and after a 6-h exposure to ambient air (0 mg/m(3)) and to welding fumes of a metal active gas welding process once with a concentration of the welding fume of 1 mg/m(3) and once with a concentration of 2.5 mg/m(3). Although the internal exposure to chromium and nickel in this study was comparatively low, the subjects showed significantly increased concentrations of these metals in urine after exposure to welding fume compared to the values at baseline. Moreover, the observed increase was significantly dose dependent for both of the substances. For the biological monitoring of chromium and nickel in urine of subjects exposed to welding fumes, a dependency on exposure dose was seen under standardized conditions after a single exposure over a period of 6 h. Thus, this study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between ambient and biological exposures from welding fumes and provides a good basis for evaluating future biological threshold values for these metals in welding occupation.

In-vitro assessment of oxidative stress generated by orthodontic archwires.

PubMed

Spalj, Stjepan; Mlacovic Zrinski, Magda; Tudor Spalj, Vedrana; Ivankovic Buljan, Zorana

2012-05-01

Several metals undergo redox cycling, producing free radicals and generating oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate in-vitro oxidative stress of orthodontic archwires made of various alloys. Mouse fibroblast cells L929 were exposed to 6 types of archwires, and the concentration of the oxidative stress marker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in DNA was evaluated. Trypan blue dye was used in the determination of cell viability and numbers. Standard nickel-titanium archwires generated the highest oxidative stress, significantly higher than all other wires and the controls (P <0.05), and coated nickel-titanium, copper-nickel-titanium, and cobalt-chromium were lower than nickel-titanium (P <0.05), but higher than titanium-molybdenum and the negative and absolute controls (P <0.05). Titanium-molybdenum and stainless steel generated the lowest stress. Nickel-titanium induced the lowest viability, lower than the negative and absolute controls and all other wires (P <0.05) except titanium-molybdenum. Stainless steel showed the highest viability. Nickel-titanium produced the highest inhibition of cell growth, higher than all samples (P <0.05) except the positive control and cobalt-chromium. The lowest inhibition was observed in stainless steel and titanium-molybdenum, lower than nickel-titanium, cobalt-chromium, and the positive control (P <0.05). All orthodontic archwires generate oxidative stress in vitro. Stainless steel archwires have the highest and nickel-titanium the lowest biocompatibility. Copyright © 2012 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Body piercing and metal allergic contact sensitivity: North American contact dermatitis group data from 2007 to 2010.

PubMed

Warshaw, Erin M; Kingsley-Loso, Jaime L; DeKoven, Joel G; Belsito, Donald V; Zug, Kathryn A; Zirwas, Matthew J; Maibach, Howard I; Taylor, James S; Sasseville, Denis; Fowler, Joseph F; Mathias, Charles Gordon Toby; DeLeo, Vincent A; Pratt, Melanie D; Marks, James G; Fransway, Anthony F

2014-01-01

This study aimed to examine the association between piercing and patch test sensitivity to metals (nickel, cobalt, and chromium) in North America. A retrospective analysis of 9334 patients tested by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group from 2007 to 2010 was conducted. Nickel sensitivity was statistically associated with at least 1 piercing (risk ratio [RR], 2.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.26-2.81; P < 0.0001) and nickel sensitivity rates increased with the number of piercings (16% for 1 piercing to 32% for ≥ 5 piercings). Prevalence of nickel sensitivity was higher in females (23.2%) than in males (7.1%), but the association with piercing was stronger in males (RR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.72-3.30; P < 0.0001) than in females (RR, 1.30; CI, 1.13-1.49; P = 0.0002). Crude analysis indicated that cobalt sensitivity was statistically associated with piercing (RR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.40-1.91; P < 0.0001); however, stratified analysis showed that this relationship was confounded by nickel. After adjusting for nickel sensitivity, the adjusted risk ratio for piercing and cobalt was 0.78 (not significant). Chromium sensitivity was negatively associated with piercing (RR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.48-0.75; P < 0.0001). Piercing was statistically associated with sensitivity to nickel. This relationship was dose dependent and stronger in males. Cobalt sensitivity was not associated with piercing when adjusted for nickel. Chromium sensitivity was negatively associated with piercing.

Method for heat treating iron-nickel-chromium alloy

DOEpatents

Not Available

1980-04-03

A method is described for heat treating an age-hardenable iron-nickel-chromium alloy to obtain a morphology of the gamma-double prime phase enveloping the gamma-prime, the alloy consisting essentially of about 25 to 45% nickel, 10 to 16% chromium, 1.5 to 3% of an element selected from the group consisting of molybdenum and niobium, about 2% titanium, about 3% aluminum, and the remainder substantially all iron. To obtain optimum results, the alloy is heated to a temperature of 1025 to 1075/sup 0/C for 2 to 5 minutes, cold-worked about 20 to 60%, aged at a temperature of about 775/sup 0/C for 8 hours followed by an air-cool, and then heated to a temperature in the range of 650 to 700/sup 0/C for 2 hours followed by an air-cool.

Monitoring of occupational exposure in manufacturing of stainless steel constructions. Part I: Chromium, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel and vanadium in the workplace air of stainless steel welders.

PubMed

Kucera, J; Bencko, V; Pápayová, A; Saligová, D; Tejral, J; Borská, L

2001-11-01

Exposure to workplace airborne pollutants was examined in a group of 20 workers dealing mainly with welding, polishing, drilling and assembling of stainless steel constructions. Airborne particulate matter (APM) collected using both personal and stationary samplers was analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Quality assurance procedures of both sampling and analytical stages are described. Of the elements determined, results are presented for chromium, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel and vanadium. The median values of element concentrations exceeded the maximum admissible limits for workplace pollutants only for chromium, while for nickel the limit was exceeded in several individual cases. Sampling of hair, nails, blood, urine and saliva to be used for biological monitoring of the exposed and control groups is also described.

Method for heat treating iron-nickel-chromium alloy

DOEpatents

Korenko, Michael K.

1980-01-01

A method for heat treating an age-hardenable iron-nickel-chromium alloy to obtain a morphology of the gamma-double prime phase enveloping the gamma-prime phase, the alloy consisting essentially of about 40 to 50% nickel, 7.5 to 14% chromium, 1.5 to 4% niobium, 0.3 to 0.75% silicon, 1 to 3% titanium, 0.1 to 0.5% aluminum, 0.02 to 1% carbon, 0.002 to 0.0015% boron and the remain substantially all iron. To obtain optimal results, the alloy is cold-worked 20 to 60% followed by heating at 1050.degree. C. for 1/2 hour with an air-cool plus heating at 800.degree. C. for 2 hours with a furnace cool to 625.degree. C. The alloy is then held at 625.degree. C. for 12 hours, followed by an air-cool.

Method for heat treating iron-nickel-chromium alloy

DOEpatents

Merrick, Howard F.; Korenko, Michael K.

1982-01-01

A method for heat treating an age-hardenable iron-nickel-chromium alloy to obtain a bimodal distribution of gamma prime phase within a network of dislocations, the alloy consisting essentially of about 25% to 45% nickel, 10% to 16% chromium, 1.5% to 3% of an element selected from the group consisting of molybdenum and niobium, about 2% titanium, about 3% aluminum, and the remainder substantially all iron. To obtain optimum results, the alloy is heated to a temperature of 1025.degree. C. to 1075.degree. C. for 2-5 minutes, cold-worked about 20% to 60%, aged at a temperature of about 775.degree. C. for 8 hours followed by an air-cool, and then heated to a temperature in the range of 650.degree. C. to 700.degree. C. for 2 hours followed by an air-cool.

Wustite-based photoelectrodes with lithium, hydrogen, sodium, magnesium, manganese, zinc and nickel additives

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Carter, Emily Ann; Toroker, Maytal Caspary

A photoelectrode, photovoltaic device and photoelectrochemical cell and methods of making are disclosed. The photoelectrode includes an electrode at least partially formed of FeO combined with at least one of lithium, hydrogen, sodium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, and nickel. The electrode may be doped with at least one of lithium, hydrogen, and sodium. The electrode may be alloyed with at least one of magnesium, manganese, zinc, and nickel.

40 CFR 467.33 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.../million off-lbs) of aluminum extruded Chromium 0.15 0.061 Cyanide 0.098 0.041 Zinc 0.49 0.21 Aluminum 2.19... Chromium 0.65 0.27 Cyanide 0.43 0.18 Zinc 2.16 0.90 Aluminum 9.51 4.73 Subpart C Direct Chill Casting... Maximum for monthly average mg/off-kg (lb/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast Chromium 0.59 0.24 Cyanide 0...

Development of Iron Aluminides

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-05-01

in aircraft turbine engines as altIErnatives to high chromium steels and nickel-base alloys. The pirogram was divided into three tasks. A process and...RSR) and the determination of their potential for use in aircraft turbine engines as alternative. to high chromium steels and nickel-base alloys. The...intermediated temperatures. Any alloys must also exhibit adequate corrosion resistance in a gas turbine environment if they are to replace existing alloys. A

Achieving Zero Stress in Iridium, Chromium, and Nickel Thin Films

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Broadway, David M.; Weimer, Jeffrey; Gurgew, Danielle; Lis, Tomasz; Ramsey, Brian D.; O'Dell, Stephen L.; Ames, A.; Bruni, R.

2015-01-01

We examine a method for achieving zero intrinsic stress in thin films of iridium, chromium, and nickel deposited by magnetron sputter deposition. The examination of the stress in these materials is motivated by efforts to advance the optical performance of light-weight x-ray space telescopes into the regime of sub-arc second resolution that rely on control of the film stress to values within 10-100 MPa. A characteristic feature of the intrinsic stress behavior in chromium and nickel is their sensitivity to the magnitude and sign of the intrinsic stress with argon gas pressure, including the existence of a critical pressure that results in zero film stress. This critical pressure scales linearly with the film's density. While the effect of stress reversal with argon pressure has been previously reported by Hoffman and others for nickel and chromium, we have discovered a similar behavior for iridium. Additionally, we have identified zero stress in iridium shortly after island coalescence. This feature of film growth is used for achieving a total internal stress of -2.89 MPa for a 15.8 nm thick iridium film. The surface roughness of this low-stress film was examined using scanning probe microscopy (SPM) and x-ray reflectivity (XRR) at CuKa and these results presented and discussed.

Estimation of Release of Nickel and Chromium by Indian Made Orthodontic Appliance in Saliva

PubMed Central

Parashar, Sandeep; Gupta, Ankur; Hegde, Chatura; Anand, Neelima

2015-01-01

Introduction With increasing use of Indian made orthodontic materials, need was felt to know nickel and chromium release from these material. Materials and Methods This study was conducted on simulated appliances consisting of brackets (022″Roth, Modern orthodontics, Ludhiana, India), from second premolar to central incisor, buccal tube and 0.019×0.025- inch SS arch wires secured with SS ligatures. Immersion was done in artificial saliva. Samples were analysed to using Atomic Absorption Photospectrometer (GVC ScientificEquipment Pvt. Ltd Australia) at AES Laboratories (P) Ltd., Noida India on 1st, 7th, 14th and 28th day. Results SPSS (ver 17, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used toperform the statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics i.e. median and 25 and75 percentiles were used. Peak nickel release was on 7th day and subsequently declined over 14th and 28th day. The peak level of chromium concentration was on 14th day, which declined thereafter. Conclusion Average daily release of nickel and chromium over a period of one month was 97.368 μg/day and 47.664 μg/day respectively. The estimated release rates were approximately 32% and 16% of the reported average daily dietary. PMID:26501018

Metal release rate from AISI 316L stainless steel and pure Fe, Cr and Ni into a synthetic biological medium--a comparison.

PubMed

Herting, G; Wallinder, I Odnevall; Leygraf, C

2008-09-01

Metal release rates from stainless steel grade 316L were investigated in artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF), simulating a human inflammatory cell response. The main focus was placed on release rates of main alloying elements using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, and changes in surface oxide composition by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. To emphasise that alloys and pure metals possess totally different intrinsic properties, comparative studies were performed on the pure alloying constituents: iron, nickel and chromium. Significant differences in release rates were observed due to the presence of a passive surface film on stainless steel. Iron and nickel were released at rates more than 300 times lower from the 316L alloy compared with the pure metals whereas the release rate of chromium was similar. Iron was preferentially released compared with nickel and chromium. Immersion in ALF resulted in the gradual enrichment of chromium in the surface film, a small increase of nickel, and the reduction of oxidized iron with decreasing release rates of alloy constituents as a result. As expected, released metals from stainless steel grade 316L were neither in proportion to the bulk alloy composition nor to the surface film composition.

Nickel and chromium ion release from stainless steel bracket on immersion various types of mouthwashes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mihardjanti, M.; Ismah, N.; Purwanegara, M. K.

2017-08-01

The stainless steel bracket is widely used in orthodontics because of its mechanical properties, strength, and good biocompatibility. However, under certain conditions, it can be susceptible to corrosion. Studies have reported that the release of nickel and chromium ions because of corrosion can cause allergic reactions in some individuals and are mutagenic. The condition of the oral environment can lead to corrosion, and one factor that can alter the oral environment is mouthwash. The aim of this study was to measure the nickel and chromium ions released from stainless steel brackets when immersed in mouthwash and aquadest. The objects consisted of four groups of 17 maxillary premolar brackets with .022 slots. Each group was immersed in a different mouthwash and aquadest and incubated at 37 °C for 30 days. After 30 days of immersion, the released ions were measured using the ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer). For statistical analysis, both the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used. The results showed differences among the four groups in the nickel ions released (p < 0.05) and the chromium ions released (p < 0.5). In conclusion, the ions released as a result of mouthwash immersion have a small value that is below the limit of daily intake recommended by the World Health Organization.

Development and fabrication of large vented nickel-zinc cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Donnel, C. P., III

1975-01-01

A preliminary cell design for a 300AH vented nickel-zinc cell was established based on volume requirements and cell component materials selected by NASA Lewis Research Center. A 100AH cell configuration was derived from the 300AH cell design utilizing the same size electrodes, separators, and cell terminal hardware. The first cells fabricated were four groups of three cells each in the 100AH size. These 100AH experimental nickel-zinc cells had as common components the nickel positive electrodes (GFM), flexible inorganic separator (GFM) bags on the negative electrodes, pressed powder zinc oxide electrodes, and cell containers with hardware. The variations introduced were four differing electrolyte absorber (interseparator) systems used to encase the nickel positive electrodes of each cell group. The four groups of 100AH experimental vented nickel-zinc cells were tested to determine, based on cell performance, the best two interseparator systems. Using the two interseparator systems, two groups of experimental 300AH cells were fabricated. Each group of three cells differed only in the interseparator material used. The six cells were filled, formed and tested to evaluate the interseparator materials and investigate the performance characteristics of the 300AH cell configuration and its components.

40 CFR 471.22 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Zinc 0.109 0.046 Ammonia 9.95 4.37 Fluoride 4.44 1.97 (b) Forging spent lubricants—subpart B—BAT. There... million off-pounds) of forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.127 0.052 Zinc 0.422 0.177 Ammonia 38...-pounds) of magnesium forged Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Zinc 0.006 0.003 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0...

40 CFR 471.22 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Zinc 0.109 0.046 Ammonia 9.95 4.37 Fluoride 4.44 1.97 (b) Forging spent lubricants—subpart B—BAT. There... million off-pounds) of forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.127 0.052 Zinc 0.422 0.177 Ammonia 38...-pounds) of magnesium forged Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Zinc 0.006 0.003 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0...

Water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin; major and trace elements in water, sediment, and biota, 1978-90

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fitzpatrick, F.A.; Scudder, B.C.; Crawford, J.K.; Schmidt, A.R.; Sieverling, J.B.

1995-01-01

The distribution of 22 major and trace elements was examined in water, sediment, and biota in the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin as part of a pilot National Water-Quality Assessment project done by the U.S. Geological Survey from 1987 through 1990. The 22 elements are aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorus, selenium, silver, strontium, vanadium, and zinc. Concentrations of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority pollutants among the 22 elements were elevated in the Chicago area in all three aquatic components (water, sediment, and biota). Further, some of the priority pollutants also were found at elevated concentrations in biota in agricultural areas in the basin. Cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, silver, and zinc concentrations in water exceeded USEPA acute or chronic water-quality criteria at several sites in the Chicago area. Correlations among concentra- tions of elements in water, sediment, and biota were found, but the correlation analysis was hindered by the large proportion of observations less than the minimum reporting level in water. Those sites where water-quality criteria were sometimes exceeded were not always the same sites where concentrations in biota were the largest. This relation indicates that accumulation of these pollutants in biota is confounded by complex geochemical and biological processes that differ throughout the upper Illinois River Basin.

Monitored Natural Recovery at Contaminated Sediment Sites

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-05-01

Cr(VI)  hexavalent  chromium   Cr(III)  trivalent   chromium   CSM  conceptual site model  DBT  dibutyltin  DELT  deformities, eroded fins, lesions, and...nickel sulfide complexes in Foundry Cove, NY (USEPA 2005c).  Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) reduction, subsequent precipitation as trivalent chromium (Cr...established scientific findings—such as the reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) to trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) in reduced environments (Martello et

Fabrication and testing of large size nickel-zinc cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Klein, M.

1977-01-01

The design and construction of nickel zinc cells, containing sintered nickel electrodes and asbestos coated inorganic separator materials, were outlined. Negative electrodes were prepared by a dry pressing process while various inter-separators were utilized on the positive electrodes, consisting of non-woven nylon, non-woven polypropylene, and asbestos.

Tolerance of Chemoorganotrophic Bioleaching Microorganisms to Heavy Metal and Alkaline Stresses

PubMed Central

Monballiu, Annick; Cardon, Nele; Tri Nguyen, Minh; Cornelly, Christel; Meesschaert, Boudewijn; Chiang, Yi Wai

2015-01-01

The bioleaching potential of the bacterium Bacillus mucilaginosus and the fungus Aspergillus niger towards industrial residues was investigated by assessing their response towards various heavy metals (including arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, nickel, lead, and zinc) and elevated pH. The plate diffusion method was performed for each metal to determine the toxicity effect. Liquid batch cultures were set up for more quantitative evaluation as well as for studying the influence of basicity. Growth curves were prepared using bacterial/fungal growth counting techniques such as plate counting, optical density measurement, and dry biomass determination. Cadmium, nickel, and arsenite had a negative influence on the growth of B. mucilaginosus, whereas A. niger was sensitive to cadmium and arsenate. However, it was shown that growth recovered when microorganisms cultured in the presence of these metals were inoculated onto metal-free medium. Based on the findings of the bacteriostatic/fungistatic effect of the metals and the adaptability of the microorganisms to fairly elevated pH values, it is concluded that both strains have potential applicability for further research concerning bioleaching of alkaline waste materials. PMID:26236176

Nickel and associated metals in New Caledonia: Exposure levels and their determinants.

PubMed

St-Jean, Audray; Barguil, Yann; Dominique, Yannick; Le Bot, Barbara; Ayotte, Pierre; Cordier, Sylvaine

2018-06-01

The ultramafic massifs of the New Caledonian archipelago contain about 10% of the world's nickel reserves, which also contain significant but lower amounts of cobalt, chromium, and manganese. Natural erosion of these massifs and mining activities may contribute to the exposure of local populations to these metals through contamination of air, food, and water resources. We conducted a biomonitoring survey to evaluate exposure to these four metals and its main determinants by constructing a stratified sample of 732 adults and children (>3 years old) from visitors to 22 health centers across the archipelago. Urine was collected and analyzed by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine metal concentrations. A face-to-face interview was conducted to document sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle and dietary habits, and residence-mine distance. Environmental samples (soil, house dust, water, and foodstuffs) were collected from two areas (one with and one without mining activity) to delineate determinants of exposure in more detail. Nickel and chromium were metals with the highest concentrations found in urine, especially in children, at levels exceeding reference values derived from representative national surveys elsewhere throughout the world (for children: 4.7 μg/g creatinine for nickel and 0.50 μg/g creatinine for chromium): 13% of children exceeded the reference value for nickel and 90% for chromium. Large variations were observed by region, age, and sex. In this geological setting, urinary and environmental nickel concentrations appear to be driven mainly by soil content. This is the first archipelago-wide survey of metal exposure in New Caledonia. The potential health consequences of this chronic high exposure need to be assessed. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Diode-Pumped, 2-Micron, Q-Switched Thulium: Y3Al5O12 (Tm:Yag) Microchip Laser

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-01

switch with a chromium -doped zinc selenide crystal acting as a saturable absorber passive Q-switch. Finally, we will propose possible future...literature by Heine and Huber [4] and others, while passive Q-switching of 2 μm lasers by a chromium -doped zinc selenide has been demonstrated by Tsai and...these objectives for each component of the laser system. In Chapter 4 a design is presented for replacing our acousto-optic Q-switch with a chromium

THE CONTENT OF MICROELEMENTS IN BLOOD SERUM AND ERYTHROCYTES IN CHILDREN WITH DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE I DEPENDING ON LEVEL OF GLYCEMIC CONTROL.

PubMed

Gluschenko, N; Vasylyshyn, Kh; Roschupkin, A; Lekishvili, S; Gladchenko, O

2016-01-01

The aim of this paper is to investigate the content of chromium, cobalt and nickel in serum and erythrocytes in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus, depending on the level of glycemic control. The study was conducted on 68 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The patients were divided into four groups based on glycemic control. Group I was composed of 9 children with optimal level of glycemic control. Group II - 25 children with suboptimal level of glycemic control. Group III - 34 children with a high risk to life level of glycemic control. Group IV (control group) consisted of 30 healthy children. Compensation state of type 1 diabetes was evaluated according to ISPAD (Consensus for the Management of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescens 2000). The content of trace elements in biological agents was determined by atomic absorbtion spectrophotometry method with C-115M1 mass-spectrophotometer, manufactured by «Selmi» enterprise (Ukraine). It is found that there is a decrease in serum concentrations of chromium and erythrocyte content of cobalt in patients with optimal level of glycemic control. The deficiency of chromium is accompanied by the deficiency of cobalt in patients with suboptimal level of glycemic control. The lower levels of cobalt and nickel are recorded simultaneously, but there is theexcess of chromium in the erythrocytes of these patients. Patients, who suffer from 1 type diabetes mellitus and high risk for life level of glycemic control have considerable polideficiency of cobalt, nickel and chromium in serum.The increasing level of chromium was recorded only in the erythrocytes. The level of glycemic control and the duration of 1 type diabetes mellitus are important in the forecasting of the development of chronic diabetic complications. It is found that the duration of 1 type diabetes mellitus influences the levels of cobalt and nickel in serum mostly, while the level of glycemic control influences the chromium content.

Structural and magnetic properties of chromium doped zinc ferrite

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sebastian, Rintu Mary; Thankachan, Smitha; Xavier, Sheena

2014-01-28

Zinc chromium ferrites with chemical formula ZnCr{sub x}Fe{sub 2−x}O{sub 4} (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) were prepared by Sol - Gel technique. The structural as well as magnetic properties of the synthesized samples have been studied and reported here. The structural characterizations of the samples were analyzed by using X – Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The single phase spinel cubic structure of all the prepared samples was tested by XRD and FTIR. The particle size was observed to decrease from 18.636 nm to 6.125more » nm by chromium doping and induced a tensile strain in all the zinc chromium mixed ferrites. The magnetic properties of few samples (x = 0.0, 0.4, 1.0) were investigated using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)« less

Hydrogen halide cleaning of powder metallurgy nickel-20 chromium-3 thoria.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Herbell, T. P.

1972-01-01

The Cr2O3 content of powder metallurgy nickel-20 chromium-3 thoria was reduced with atmospheres consisting of hydrogen plus hydrogen chloride (HCl) or hydrogen bromide (HBr). The nonthoria oxygen content or 'oxygen excess' was reduced from an initial amount of greater than 50,000 ppm to less than 100 ppm. Low temperatures were effective, but lowest oxygen levels were achieved with the highest cleaning temperature of 1200 C.

40 CFR 420.82 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... product TSS 0.204 0.0876 Chromium 0.00292 0.00117 Nickel 0.00263 0.000876 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0. (2) Batch, rod and wire. Subpart H Pollutant or pollutant property BPT effluent...) of product TSS 0.123 0.0526 Chromium 0.00175 0.000701 Nickel 0.00158 0.000526 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the...

Materials Research in Support of Superconducting Machinery V

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-04-01

GTAW , EB, GMAW), brazing, and soldering from 4-300 K. Properties include tensile, notched tensile, fracture toughness, and fatigue crack growth...include: aluminum alloys 1100, 2014, 2219; a nicke1- chromium -iron alloy; iron-47.5 nickel; and the composite materials boron/aluminum, boron/epoxy, S...nickel" by H. M. Ledbetter and D. T. Read. (3) N. jkel- chromium -iron-molybdenum alloy. There is an accompanying reprint of our previously described

Maraging superalloys and heat treatment processes

DOEpatents

Korenko, Michael K.; Gelles, David S.; Thomas, Larry E.

1986-01-01

Described herein are nickel-chromium-iron maraging, gamma prime strengthened superalloys containing about 18 to 25 weight percent nickel, about 4 to 8 weight percent chromium, gamma prime forming elements such as aluminum and/or titanium, and a solid solution strengthening element, such as molybdenum. After heat treatment, which includes at least one ausaging treatment and at least one maraging treatment, a microstructure containing gamma prime phase and decomposed Fe-Ni-Cr type martensite is produced.

Effect of nickel and chromium on gingival tissues during orthodontic treatment: a longitudinal study.

PubMed

Ramadan, Ahmed Abdel-Fattah

2004-01-01

To determine the influence of chromium and nickel concentrations in saliva and their effects on gingival tissues during orthodontic treatment. Twenty orthodontic patients (10 males and 10 females), 17 to 20 years of age, were treated with fixed orthodontic appliances in the maxillary arch. Using atomic absorption spectrophotometer, the concentration of both metals was recorded during pretreatment, at 3 and 12 months into treatment, and 1 month after debonding. The depth of gingival crevice was recorded as well. After 3 months, 20% of females and 10% of males in this study showed allergic reaction in a form of gingivitis. This had disappeared by 1 month after appliance removal. While allergy to either nickel or chromium is not a serious medical problem, oral hygiene measures in at-risk patients should be optimal, with use of fluoride-free toothpaste and mouthrinse.

Precipitation hardenable iron-nickel-chromium alloy having good swelling resistance and low neutron absorbence

DOEpatents

Korenko, Michael K.; Merrick, Howard F.; Gibson, Robert C.

1980-01-01

An iron-nickel-chromium age-hardenable alloy suitable for use in fast breeder reactor ducts and cladding which utilizes the gamma-double prime strengthening phase and characterized in having a morphology of the gamma-double prime phase enveloping the gamma-prime phase and delta phase distributed at or near the grain boundaries. The alloy consists essentially of about 40-50% nickel, 7.5-14% chromium, 1.5-4% niobium, 0.25-0.75% silicon, 1-3% titanium, 0.1-0.5% aluminum, 0.02-0.1% carbon, 0.002-0.015% boron, and the balance iron. Up to 2% manganese and up to 0.01% magnesium may be added to inhibit trace element effects; up to 0.1% zirconium may be added to increase radiation swelling resistance; and up to 3% molybdenum may be added to increase strength.

Advanced Joining Technology

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-01-01

0.5 percent carbon generally is avoided. The weldability of chromium corrosion- resistant steels and nickel- chromium stainless steels is good, with...19 75; Silk 19 74). Stainless steel welding processes may change drastically due to findings that hexavalent chromium is a potential carcinogen...Minato, S., Investigation of chromium in stainless steel welding fumes, Welding Journal, RS58(1979):195s. Lippold, J. C. , and Savage, W. F

Material and Energy Flows Associated with Select Metals in GREET 2. Molybdenum, Platinum, Zinc, Nickel, Silicon

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Benavides, Pahola T.; Dai, Qiang; Sullivan, John L.

2015-09-01

In this work, we analyzed the material and energy consumption from mining to production of molybdenum, platinum, zinc, and nickel. We also analyzed the production of solar- and semiconductor-grade silicon. We described new additions to and expansions of the data in GREET 2. In some cases, we used operating permits and sustainability reports to estimate the material and energy flows for molybdenum, platinum, and nickel, while for zinc and silicon we relied on information provided in the literature.

Aluminium or copper substrate panel for selective absorption of solar energy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roberts, M. L.; Sharpe, M. H.; Krupnick, A. C. (Inventor)

1979-01-01

A method for making panels which selectively absorb solar energy is disclosed. The panels are comprised of an aluminum substrate, a layer of zinc thereon, a layer of nickel over the zinc layer and an outer layer of solar energy absorbing nickel oxide or a copper substrate with a layer of nickel thereon and a layer of solar energy absorbing nickel oxide distal from the copper substrate.

Note: Development of target changeable palm-top pyroelectric x-ray tube

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Imashuku, Susumu; Kawai, Jun

2012-01-15

A target changeable palm-top size x-ray tube was realized using pyroelectric crystal and detachable vacuum flanges. The target metals can be exchanged easily by attaching them on the brass stage with carbon tape. When silver and titanium palates (area: 10 mm{sup 2}) were used as targets, silver L{alpha} and titanium K lines were clearly observed by bombarding electrons on the targets for 90 s. The intensities were the same or higher than those of previously reported pyroelectric x-ray tubes. Chromium, iron, nickel, copper, and zinc K lines in the x-ray tube (stainless steel and brass) disappeared by replacing the brassmore » stage and the stainless steel vacuum flange with a carbon stage and a glass tube, respectively.« less

Conversion Reaction-Based Oxide Nanomaterials for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes.

PubMed

Yu, Seung-Ho; Lee, Soo Hong; Lee, Dong Jun; Sung, Yung-Eun; Hyeon, Taeghwan

2016-04-27

Developing high-energy-density electrodes for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is of primary importance to meet the challenges in electronics and automobile industries in the near future. Conversion reaction-based transition metal oxides are attractive candidates for LIB anodes because of their high theoretical capacities. This review summarizes recent advances on the development of nanostructured transition metal oxides for use in lithium ion battery anodes based on conversion reactions. The oxide materials covered in this review include oxides of iron, manganese, cobalt, copper, nickel, molybdenum, zinc, ruthenium, chromium, and tungsten, and mixed metal oxides. Various kinds of nanostructured materials including nanowires, nanosheets, hollow structures, porous structures, and oxide/carbon nanocomposites are discussed in terms of their LIB anode applications. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Measurement of (n,α) cross section for set of structural material isotopes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khryachkov, Vitaly; Gurbich, Alexander; Khromyleva, Tatiana; Bondarenko, Ivan; Ketlerov, Vladimir; Prusachenko, Pavel

2017-09-01

A novel spectrometer was developed and used to measure the cross section for the (n,α) reaction at IPPE. Direct measurements of the α-particles yield from solid isotopic pure targets of 50, 52 and 53 chromium, 54 and 57 iron, 60 nickel, and 64 zinc were carried out in the neutron energy range from 4.7 to 7.2 MeV. For some isotopes the (n,α) reaction cross-section for neutron energies less than 14 MeV were measured for the first time. The result of the comparison of new experimental data with the evaluated data from libraries ENDF/B VII, JENDL 4.0, JEFF 3.1, ROSFOND 2010 and BROND 3 and with the experimental data of other authors is presented.

[MONITORING OF THE CONTENT OF HEAVY METALS AND ELEMENTS IN THE SNOW COVER IN AGRICULTURAL SOILS AT THE TERRITORY OF THE MOSCOW REGION].

PubMed

Ermakov, A A; Karpova, E A; Malysheva, A G; Mikhaylova, R I; Ryzhova, I N

2015-01-01

The monitoring of snow cover pollution by heavy metals and elements (zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, arsenic, nickel, chromium, strontium, manganese, fluorine, lithium) was performed in 20 districts of the Moscow region in 2009, 2012 and 2013. The assessment of the levels of contamination by heavy metals and elements was given by means of comparison of them with the average values in the snow cover near Moscow in the end of the last century and in some areas of the world, that no exposed to technological environmental impact. 7 districts of Moscow region were characterized by a high content of lead and cadmium in the snow water. It requires the control of water, soil and agricultural products pollution.

76 FR 66684 - Foreign-Trade Zone 29-Louisville, KY, Application for Subzone; North American Stainless...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-27

...) include: fluorospar, molybdenum oxide, ferromanganese, ferrosilicon, ferrosilicon manganese, charge chrome... spent anodes, nickel, unwrought nickel alloys, aluminum, zinc, zinc alloys, manganese metal, titanium...

Reduction by monovalent zinc, cadmium, and nickel cations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Meyerstein, D.; Mulac, W. A.

1969-01-01

Understanding of chemical properties of monovalent transition metal cations in aqueous solutions was obtained by a study of kinetics of reduction of different inorganic substrates by zinc, cadmium, and nickel.

Development and fabrication of large vented nickel--zinc cells. Final report. [300 Ah

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Donnel, C.P.I.

1975-12-01

A preliminary cell design for a 300-Ah vented nickel--zinc cell was established based on volume requirements and cell component materials selected by NASA Lewis Research Center. A 100-Ah cell configuration was derived from the 300-Ah cell design utilizing the same size electrodes, separators, and cell terminal hardware. The first cells fabricated were four groups of three cells each in the 100-Ah size. These 100-Ah experimental nickel--zinc cells had as common components the nickel positive electrodes (GFM), flexible inorganic separator (GFM) bags on the negative electrodes, pressed powder zinc oxide electrodes, and cell containers with hardware. The variations introduced were fourmore » differing electrolyte absorber (interseparator) systems used to encase the nickel positive electrodes of each cell group. The four groups of 100-Ah experimental vented nickel--zinc cells were tested to determine, based on cell performance, the best two interseparator systems. Using the two interseparator systems, two groups of experimental 300-AH cells were fabricated. Each group of three cells differed only in the interseparator material used. The six cells were filled, formed and tested to evaluate the interseparator materials and investigate the performance characteristics of the 300-Ah cell configuration and its components. (auth)« less

Rechargeable nickel-3D zinc batteries: An energy-dense, safer alternative to lithium-ion.

PubMed

Parker, Joseph F; Chervin, Christopher N; Pala, Irina R; Machler, Meinrad; Burz, Michael F; Long, Jeffrey W; Rolison, Debra R

2017-04-28

The next generation of high-performance batteries should include alternative chemistries that are inherently safer to operate than nonaqueous lithium-based batteries. Aqueous zinc-based batteries can answer that challenge because monolithic zinc sponge anodes can be cycled in nickel-zinc alkaline cells hundreds to thousands of times without undergoing passivation or macroscale dendrite formation. We demonstrate that the three-dimensional (3D) zinc form-factor elevates the performance of nickel-zinc alkaline cells in three fields of use: (i) >90% theoretical depth of discharge (DOD Zn ) in primary (single-use) cells, (ii) >100 high-rate cycles at 40% DOD Zn at lithium-ion-commensurate specific energy, and (iii) the tens of thousands of power-demanding duty cycles required for start-stop microhybrid vehicles. Copyright © 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

40 CFR 471.34 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 0.035 Nickel 0.128 0.086 Fluoride 13.9 6.15 (w) Molten salt rinse. Subpart C—PSES Pollutant or...-pounds) of nickel-cobalt treated with molten salt Chromium 0.312 0.127 Nickel 0.464 0.312 Fluoride 50.2...

40 CFR 471.34 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 0.035 Nickel 0.128 0.086 Fluoride 13.9 6.15 (w) Molten salt rinse. Subpart C—PSES Pollutant or...-pounds) of nickel-cobalt treated with molten salt Chromium 0.312 0.127 Nickel 0.464 0.312 Fluoride 50.2...

40 CFR 471.34 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 0.035 Nickel 0.128 0.086 Fluoride 13.9 6.15 (w) Molten salt rinse. Subpart C—PSES Pollutant or...-pounds) of nickel-cobalt treated with molten salt Chromium 0.312 0.127 Nickel 0.464 0.312 Fluoride 50.2...

Nickel speciation in several serpentine (ultramafic) topsoils via bulk synchrotron-based techniques

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Serpentine soils are extensively studied because of their unique soil chemical properties and flora. They commonly have high magnesium-to-calcium ratios and elevated concentrations of trace metals including nickel, cobalt, and chromium. Several nickel hyperaccumulator plants are native to serpenti...

Metals in wine--impact on wine quality and health outcomes.

PubMed

Tariba, Blanka

2011-12-01

Metals in wine can originate from both natural and anthropogenic sources, and its concentration can be a significant parameter affecting consumption and conservation of wine. Since metallic ions have important role in oxide-reductive reactions resulting in wine browning, turbidity, cloudiness, and astringency, wine quality depends greatly on its metal composition. Moreover, metals in wine may affect human health. Consumption of wine may contribute to the daily dietary intake of essential metals (i.e., copper, iron, and zinc) but can also have potentially toxic effects if metal concentrations are not kept under allowable limits. Therefore, a strict analytical control of metal concentration is required during the whole process of wine production. This article presents a critical review of the existing literature regarding the measured metal concentration in wine, methods applied for their determination, and possible sources, as well as their impact on wine quality and human health. The main focus is set on aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc, as these elements most often affect wine quality and human health.

Methods to Develop Inhalation Cancer Risk Estimates for ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document summarizes the approaches and rationale for the technical and scientific considerations used to derive inhalation cancer risks for emissions of chromium and nickel compounds from electric utility steam generating units. The purpose of this document is to discuss the methods used to develop inhalation cancer risk estimates associated with emissions of chromium and nickel compounds from coal- and oil-fired electric utility steam generating units (EGUs) in support of EPA's recently proposed Air Toxics Rule.

Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of the Maxillary Sinus in a Spray Painter from an Automobile Repair Shop

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background We report a case of a spray painter who developed malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of the maxillary sinus following long-term exposure to chromium, nickel, and formaldehyde, implying that these agents are probable causal agents of MFH. Case report The patient developed right-sided prosopalgia that began twenty months ago. The symptom persisted despite medical treatment. After two months, he was diagnosed with MFH through imaging studies, surgery, and pathological microscopic findings at a university hospital in Seoul. His social, medical, and family history was unremarkable. The patient had worked for about 18 years at an automobile repair shop as a spray painter. During this period, he had been exposed to various occupational agents, such as hexavalent chromium, nickel, and formaldehyde, without appropriate personal protective equipment. He painted 6 days a week and worked for about 8 hours a day. Investigation of the patient’s work environment detected hexavalent chromium, chromate, nickel, and formaldehyde. Conclusions The study revealed that the patient had been exposed to hexavalent chromium, formaldehyde, and nickel compounds through sanding and spray painting. The association between paranasal cancer and exposure to the aforementioned occupational human carcinogens has been established. We suggest, in this case, the possibility that the paint spraying acted as a causal agent for paranasal cancer. PMID:24472378

Concentrations of the Genotoxic Metals, Chromium and Nickel, in Whales, Tar Balls, Oil Slicks, and Released Oil from the Gulf of Mexico in the Immediate Aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Crisis: Is Genotoxic Metal Exposure Part of the Deepwater Horizon Legacy?

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

Concern regarding the Deepwater Horizon oil crisis has largely focused on oil and dispersants while the threat of genotoxic metals in the oil has gone largely overlooked. Genotoxic metals, such as chromium and nickel, damage DNA and bioaccumulate in organisms, resulting in persistent exposures. We found chromium and nickel concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 8.46 ppm in crude oil from the riser, oil from slicks on surface waters and tar balls from Gulf of Mexico beaches. We found nickel concentrations ranged from 1.7 to 94.6 ppm wet weight with a mean of 15.9 ± 3.5 ppm and chromium concentrations ranged from 2.0 to 73.6 ppm wet weight with a mean of 12.8 ± 2.6 ppm in tissue collected from Gulf of Mexico whales in the wake of the crisis. Mean tissue concentrations were significantly higher than those found in whales collected around the world prior to the spill. Given the capacity of these metals to damage DNA, their presence in the oil, and their elevated concentrations in whales, we suggest that metal exposure is an important understudied concern for the Deepwater Horizon oil disaster. PMID:24552566

Concentrations of the genotoxic metals, chromium and nickel, in whales, tar balls, oil slicks, and released oil from the gulf of Mexico in the immediate aftermath of the deepwater horizon oil crisis: is genotoxic metal exposure part of the deepwater horizon legacy?

PubMed

Wise, John Pierce; Wise, James T F; Wise, Catherine F; Wise, Sandra S; Gianios, Christy; Xie, Hong; Thompson, W Douglas; Perkins, Christopher; Falank, Carolyne; Wise, John Pierce

2014-01-01

Concern regarding the Deepwater Horizon oil crisis has largely focused on oil and dispersants while the threat of genotoxic metals in the oil has gone largely overlooked. Genotoxic metals, such as chromium and nickel, damage DNA and bioaccumulate in organisms, resulting in persistent exposures. We found chromium and nickel concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 8.46 ppm in crude oil from the riser, oil from slicks on surface waters and tar balls from Gulf of Mexico beaches. We found nickel concentrations ranged from 1.7 to 94.6 ppm wet weight with a mean of 15.9 ± 3.5 ppm and chromium concentrations ranged from 2.0 to 73.6 ppm wet weight with a mean of 12.8 ± 2.6 ppm in tissue collected from Gulf of Mexico whales in the wake of the crisis. Mean tissue concentrations were significantly higher than those found in whales collected around the world prior to the spill. Given the capacity of these metals to damage DNA, their presence in the oil, and their elevated concentrations in whales, we suggest that metal exposure is an important understudied concern for the Deepwater Horizon oil disaster.

Packed-bed column biosorption of chromium(VI) and nickel(II) onto Fenton modified Hydrilla verticillata dried biomass.

PubMed

Mishra, Ashutosh; Tripathi, Brahma Dutt; Rai, Ashwani Kumar

2016-10-01

The present study represents the first attempt to investigate the biosorption potential of Fenton modified Hydrilla verticillata dried biomass (FMB) in removing chromium(VI) and nickel(II) ions from wastewater using up-flow packed-bed column reactor. Effects of different packed-bed column parameters such as bed height, flow rate, influent metal ion concentration and particle size were examined. The outcome of the column experiments illustrated that highest bed height (25cm); lowest flow rate (10mLmin(-1)), lowest influent metal concentration (5mgL(-1)) and smallest particle size range (0.25-0.50mm) are favourable for biosorption. The maximum biosorption capacity of FMB for chromium(VI) and nickel(II) removal were estimated to be 89.32 and 87.18mgg(-1) respectively. The breakthrough curves were analyzed using Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) and Thomas models. The experimental results obtained agree to both the models. Column regeneration experiments were also carried out using 0.1M HNO3. Results revealed good reusability of FMB during ten cycles of sorption and desorption. Performance of FMB-packed column in treating secondary effluent was also tested under identical experimental conditions. Results demonstrated significant reduction in chromium(VI) and nickel(II) ions concentration after the biosorption process. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The effect of oxidant addition on ferrous iron removal from multi-element acidic sulphate solutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mbedzi, Ndishavhelafhi; Ibana, Don; Dyer, Laurence; Browner, Richard

2017-01-01

This study was an investigation on the hydrolytic precipitation of iron from simulated pregnant leach solution (PLS) of nickel laterite atmospheric leaching. The effect of equilibrium pH, temperature and the addition of oxidant on total iron (ferrous (Fe (II)) and ferric (Fe (III)), aluminium and chromium removal was investigated together with the associated nickel and cobalt losses to the precipitate. Systematic variations of the experimental variables revealed ≥99% of the ferric iron can be removed from solution at conditions similar to those used in standard partial neutralisation in zinc and nickel production, pH of 2.5 and temperature less than 100 °C with minimal losses (<0.5%) of both nickel and cobalt. Temperature variation from 55 to 90 °C had no significant effect on the magnitude of Fe (III) precipitation but led to a significant increase in aluminium removal from 67% to 95% and improved the filterability of the precipitates. There was no ferrous iron precipitation even at a pH of 3.75 in the absence of an oxidant with its removal (98%) achieved by oxidative precipitation with oxygen gas at pH 3.5. Unlike Fe (III) precipitation, the operating temperature significantly affects oxidative precipitation of Fe (II). Hence, in practical application, the hydrolytic precipitation and oxidation to remove iron must be operated at 85 °C to ensure both ferrous and ferric iron are precipitated.

Effect of Low Nickel Dopant on Torque Transducer Response Function in High-Chromium Content ESR Stainless Tool Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wiewel, Joseph L.; Hecox, Bryan G.; Orris, Jason T.; Boley, Mark S.

2007-03-01

The change in magnetoelastic torque transducer response was investigated as a low nickel content (up to 0.2%) is alloyed into an ESR (Electro-Slag-Refining) stainless tool steel with a chromium content of around 13%, which our previous studies have proven to be the ideal level of chromium content for optimal transducer performance. Two separate hollow steel 3/4-inch diameter shafts were prepared from ESR 416 and ESR 420 steel, respectively, the first having no nickel content and the second having 0.2% nickel content. The heat treatment of these steels consisted of a hardening process conducted in a helium atmosphere at 1038^oC, followed by an annealing at 871^oC for 5h and a 15^oC cool down rate. Prior and subsequent to the heat treatment processes, the circumferential and axial magnetic hysteresis properties of the samples were measured and their external field signals were mapped over the magnetically polarized regions both with and without applied shear stress up to 2500 psi on the samples. It was found that the effect of the low nickel dopant was to improve torque transducer sensitivity and linearity, but heat treatment worsened the performance of both samples.

Effects of fixed orthodontic treatment using conventional (two-piece) versus metal injection moulding brackets on hair nickel and chromium levels: a double-blind randomized clinical trial.

PubMed

Khaneh Masjedi, Mashallah; Haghighat Jahromi, Nima; Niknam, Ozra; Hormozi, Elham; Rakhshan, Vahid

2017-02-01

Although nickel and chromium are known as allergen and cytotoxic orthodontic metals, very few and controversial studies have assessed the effect of orthodontic treatment on their systemic levels especially those reflected by their best biomarker of exposure, hair. Additionally, metal injection moulding (MIM) brackets are not studied, and there is no study on systemic ion changes following their usage. In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, scalp hair samples of 24 female and 22 male fixed orthodontic patients [as two groups of conventional (two-piece) versus MIM brackets, n = 23×2] were collected before treatment and 6 months later. Randomization was carried out using a computer-generated random number table. The patients, laboratory expert, and author responsible for analyses were blinded of the bracket allocations. Hair nickel and chromium levels were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The effects of treatment, bracket types, gender, and age on hair ions were analysed statistically (α = 0.05, β ≤ 0.02). In both groups combined (n = 46), nickel increased from 0.1600±0.0890 µg/g dry hair mass (pre-treatment) to 0.3199±0.1706 (6th month). Chromium increased from 0.1657±0.0884 to 0.3066±0.1362 µg/g. Both of these increases were significant (paired t-test, P = 0.0000). Bracket types, age, and gender had no significant influence on ion levels (P > 0.05). ANCOVA indicated different patterns of chromium increases in different genders (P = 0.033) and ages (P = 0.056). Sample size determination should have accounted for the grouping as well. Hair nickel and chromium levels might increase about 185-200% after 6 months. They might not be affected by bracket types. Gender and age might not influence the baseline or 6th-month levels of both metals. Gender might however interact with orthodontic treatment, only in the case of chromium. The research is registered offline (thesis) and online (IR.AJUMS.REC.1394.516). The protocol was pre-determined before any experiments begin. The study was self-funded by the authors. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontic Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Evaluation of layered zinc hydroxide nitrate and zinc/nickel double hydroxide salts in the removal of chromate ions from solutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Oliveira, Henrique Bortolaz; Wypych, Fernando

2016-11-01

Layered zinc hydroxide nitrate (ZnHN) and Zn/Ni layered double hydroxide salts were synthesized and used to remove chromate ions from solutions at pH 8.0. The materials were characterized by many instrumental techniques before and after chromate ion removal. ZnHN decomposed after contact with the chromate solution, whereas the layered structure of Zn/Ni hydroxide nitrate (Zn/NiHN) and Zn/Ni hydroxide acetate (Zn/NiHA) remained their layers intact after the topotactic anionic exchange reaction, only changing the basal distances. ZnHN, Zn/NiHN, and Zn/NiHA removed 210.1, 144.8, and 170.1 mg of CrO42-/g of material, respectively. Although the removal values obtained for Zn/NiHN and Zn/NiHA were smaller than the values predicted for the ideal formulas of the solids (194.3 and 192.4 mg of CrO42-/g of material, respectively), the measured capacities were higher than the values achieved with many materials reported in the literature. Kinetic experiments showed the removal reaction was fast. To facilitate the solid/liquid separation process after chromium removal, Zn/Ni layered double hydroxide salts with magnetic supports were also synthesized, and their ability to remove chromate was evaluated.

METHOD OF BRAZING

DOEpatents

Patriarca, P.; Slaughter, G.M.

1962-11-27

A method of joining metal surfaces is given. Surfaces having nickel or iron as the base metal are joined together with a brazing composition consisting of 80% nickel, 10% phosphorus, and 10% chromium. (AEC)

Chromium(VI) release from leather and metals can be detected with a diphenylcarbazide spot test.

PubMed

Bregnbak, David; Johansen, Jeanne D; Jellesen, Morten S; Zachariae, Claus; Thyssen, Jacob P

2015-11-01

Along with chromium, nickel and cobalt are the clinically most important metal allergens. However, unlike for nickel and cobalt, there is no validated colorimetric spot test that detects chromium. Such a test could help both clinicians and their patients with chromium dermatitis to identify culprit exposures. To evaluate the use of diphenylcarbazide (DPC) as a spot test reagent for the identification of chromium(VI) release. A colorimetric chromium(VI) spot test based on DPC was prepared and used on different items from small market surveys. The DPC spot test was able to identify chromium(VI) release at 0.5 ppm without interference from other pure metals, alloys, or leather. A market survey using the test showed no chromium(VI) release from work tools (0/100). However, chromium(VI) release from metal screws (7/60), one earring (1/50), leather shoes (4/100) and leather gloves (6/11) was observed. We found no false-positive test reactions. Confirmatory testing was performed with X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and spectrophotometrically on extraction fluids. The use of DPC as a colorimetric spot test reagent appears to be a good and valid test method for detecting the release of chromium(VI) ions from leather and metal articles. The spot test has the potential to become a valuable screening tool. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Wastewater Characterization Survey, Plattsburgh AFB, New York.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-05-01

day 1/6 months 24-hour composite Chromium 1.5 lbs/day 1/6 months 24-hour composite Cyanide (free) 1.5 lbs/day 1/6 months 24-hour composite Arsenic 1.5...pollutant. Average concentrations of iron, chromium , and zinc were 1.88 mg/1, 50 Lig/i, and 196.7 4g/l, respectively. The iron concentration exceeded the...iron, chromium , silver and zinc were 1.2 mg/l, 76 Wg/l, 44 ug/l, and 180 g/l, respectively. The iron concentration exceeded the EPA criterion for fresh

Metals removal from aqueous solution by iron-based bonding agents.

PubMed

Deliyanni, Eleni A; Lazaridis, Nikolaos K; Peleka, Efrosini N; Matis, Konstantinos A

2004-01-01

GOAL AND SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: The application of a promising method, termed sorptive flotation, for the removal of chromium(VI) and zinc ions was the aim of the present paper. A special case of sorptive flotation is adsorbing colloid flotation. Suitable sorbent preparation techniques have been developed in the laboratory. Sorptive flotation, consisting of the sorption and flotation processes combined in series, has proved to give fast and satisfactory treatment of the industrial streams and effluents bearing dilute aqueous solutions of zinc and chromium(VI). Goethite has proved to be effective for the removal of chromium(VI) and zinc ions. Also, adsorbing colloid flotation with ferric hydroxide (as the co-precipitant) could be an alternative method to the above-mentioned separation of metal ions. In both cases, chromium(VI) (pH=4) and zinc (pH=7) removal was about 100%. The reasons for selecting the iron-based bonding materials, like goethite and/or in-situ produced ferric hydroxide, are that they are cheap, easily synthesized, suitable both for cation and anion sorption, and, furthermore, that they present low risks for adding a further pollutant to the system. Promising results were obtained. The application of goethite and in-situ produced ferric hydroxide has demonstrated their effectiveness in the removal of heavy metal ions, such as chromium anions and zinc cations. A proposed continuation of current work is the utilization of similar iron oxides, for instance synthesized akaganeite. The comparison between the results reported in this paper with the results reported in the literature, also deserves attention.

Reducing chromium losses from a chromium plating bath. 1987 summer intern report. Project conducted at New Dimension Plating, Hutchinson, Minnesota

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Achman, D.

1987-12-31

The company employs about forty people and operates for one or two eight hour shifts with an average of 315 racks of chrome plating per eight hour day. They plate a variety of metals including copper, nickel, gold, brass and chromium. Chromium is the major metal plated and is usually the last step in plating cycle. Most parts are copper plated and then nickel plated in preparation for chrome plating. The main difference between New Dimension Plating and other plating shops is the variety of parts plated. As New Dimension Plating is a job shop, a wide range of partsmore » such as motorcycle accessories, stove parts, and custom items are metal finished. The plating lines are manual, meaning employees dip the racks into the tanks by hand. This fact along with the fact that parts vary greatly in size and shape accounts for the significant drag-out on the chromium plating line.« less

Exposure to Nickel, Chromium, or Cadmium Causes Distinct Changes in the Gene Expression Patterns of a Rat Liver Derived Cell Line

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-11-16

nickel, cadmium, and chromium are toxic industrial chemicals with an exposure. While these substances are known to produce adverse health effects leading...in both occupational and environmental settings that may cause harmful outcomes. While these substances are known to produce adverse health effects...that particular bin. A chi-squared test was used to test bin enrichment ( p ≤0.05). Probe sets that did not contain any biological process annotation were

The use of bio-monitoring to assess exposure in the electroplating industry

PubMed Central

Beattie, Helen; Keen, Chris; Coldwell, Matthew; Tan, Emma; Morton, Jackie; McAlinden, John; Smith, Paul

2017-01-01

Workers in the electroplating industry are potentially exposed to a range of hazardous substances including nickel and hexavalent chromium (chromium VI) compounds. These can cause serious health effects, including cancer, asthma and dermatitis. This research aimed to investigate whether repeat biological monitoring (BM) over time could drive sustainable improvements in exposure control in the industry. BM was performed on multiple occasions over 3 years, at 53 electroplating companies in Great Britain. Surface and dermal contamination was also measured, and controls were assessed. Air monitoring was undertaken on repeat visits where previous BM results were of concern. There were significant reductions in urinary nickel and chromium levels over the lifetime of this work in the subset of companies where initially, control deficiencies were more significant. Increased risk awareness following provision of direct feedback to individual workers and targeted advice to companies is likely to have contributed to these reductions. This study has shown that exposures to chromium VI and nickel in the electroplating industry occur via a combination of inhalation, dermal and ingestion routes. Surface contamination found in areas such as canteens highlights the potential for transferral from work areas, and the importance of a regular cleaning regime. PMID:26627055

The use of bio-monitoring to assess exposure in the electroplating industry.

PubMed

Beattie, Helen; Keen, Chris; Coldwell, Matthew; Tan, Emma; Morton, Jackie; McAlinden, John; Smith, Paul

2017-01-01

Workers in the electroplating industry are potentially exposed to a range of hazardous substances including nickel and hexavalent chromium (chromium VI) compounds. These can cause serious health effects, including cancer, asthma and dermatitis. This research aimed to investigate whether repeat biological monitoring (BM) over time could drive sustainable improvements in exposure control in the industry. BM was performed on multiple occasions over 3 years, at 53 electroplating companies in Great Britain. Surface and dermal contamination was also measured, and controls were assessed. Air monitoring was undertaken on repeat visits where previous BM results were of concern. There were significant reductions in urinary nickel and chromium levels over the lifetime of this work in the subset of companies where initially, control deficiencies were more significant. Increased risk awareness following provision of direct feedback to individual workers and targeted advice to companies is likely to have contributed to these reductions. This study has shown that exposures to chromium VI and nickel in the electroplating industry occur via a combination of inhalation, dermal and ingestion routes. Surface contamination found in areas such as canteens highlights the potential for transferral from work areas, and the importance of a regular cleaning regime.

40 CFR 471.32 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 0.035 Nickel 0.128 0.086 Fluoride 13.9 6.15 (w) Molten salt rinse. Subpart C—BAT Pollutant or...) of nickel-cobalt treated with molten salt Chromium 0.312 0.127 Nickel 0.464 0.312 Fluoride 50.2 22.3...

40 CFR 471.32 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 0.035 Nickel 0.128 0.086 Fluoride 13.9 6.15 (w) Molten salt rinse. Subpart C—BAT Pollutant or...) of nickel-cobalt treated with molten salt Chromium 0.312 0.127 Nickel 0.464 0.312 Fluoride 50.2 22.3...

40 CFR 421.246 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... wastewater pollutants in secondary nickel process wastewater introduced into a POTW shall not exceed the... slag input to reclaim process Chromium (total) 5.653 2.313 Copper 24.410 12.850 Nickel 24.670 16.320 (b) Acid reclaim leaching filtrate. PSNS for the Secondary Nickel Subcategory Pollutant or pollutant...

In-depth survey report of American Airlines plating facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mortimer, V. D., Jr.

1982-12-01

An in depth survey was conducted at the American Airlines Maintenance and Engineering Center as part of National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) study evaluating measures to control occupational health hazards associated with the metal plating industry. This American Airlines plating facility, employing approximately 25 workers, is primarily engaged in plating hard chromium, nickel and cadmium on aircraft engine and landing gear parts. Six tanks were studied, including an electroless nickel tank. Area and personal samples for chromium, nickel, cadmium, and cyanide were collected. Ventilation airflow and tank dimensions were measured and data recorded on plating operations. The relationships between air contaminants emitted, local exhaust ventilation flow rate, tank size, and plating activity were evaluated.

Alternatives To Cadmium Plated Military Connectors

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-08-30

from Feb 2011 Asets Defense conference  Amphenol Aerospace Operations report. 9/21/2011 10 Chromate finish  Hexavalent chrome was targeted by DOD...Fluorocarbon Zinc-Nickel Pure Dense Aluminum  Zinc-Nickel and Aluminum currently contain hexavalent chromate. Nickel-Fluorocarbon requires no...to lack of available drop in replacements, but this will change as alternatives become available.  Trivalent chrome and other non- chrome

In vitro toxicity evaluation of silver soldering, electrical resistance, and laser welding of orthodontic wires.

PubMed

Sestini, Silvia; Notarantonio, Laura; Cerboni, Barbara; Alessandrini, Carlo; Fimiani, Michele; Nannelli, Pietro; Pelagalli, Antonio; Giorgetti, Roberto

2006-12-01

The long-term effects of orthodontic appliances in the oral environment and the subsequent leaching of metals are relatively unknown. A method for determining the effects of various types of soldering and welding, both of which in turn could lead to leaching of metal ions, on the growth of osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and oral keratinocytes in vitro, is proposed. The effects of cell behaviour of metal wires on osteoblast differentiation, expressed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity; on fibroblast proliferation, assayed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulphophenil)-2H-tetrazolium-phenazine ethosulphate method; and on keratinocyte viability and migration on the wires, observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were tested. Two types of commercially available wires normally used for orthodontic appliances, with a similar chemical composition (iron, carbon, silicon, chromium, molybdenum, phosphorus, sulphur, vanadium, and nitrogen) but differing in nickel and manganese content, were examined, as well as the joints obtained by electrical resistance welding, traditional soldering, and laser welding. Nickel and chromium, known as possible toxic metals, were also examined using pure nickel- and chromium-plated titanium wires. Segments of each wire, cut into different lengths, were added to each well in which the cells were grown to confluence. The high nickel and chromium content of orthodontic wires damaged both osteoblasts and fibroblasts, but did not affect keratinocytes. Chromium strongly affected fibroblast growth. The joint produced by electrical resistance welding was well tolerated by both osteoblasts and fibroblasts, whereas traditional soldering caused a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in both osteoblast ALP activity and fibroblast viability, and prevented the growth of keratinocytes in vitro. Laser welding was the only joining process well tolerated by all tested cells.

Metal ion levels in patients with stainless steel spinal instrumentation.

PubMed

McPhee, I Bruce; Swanson, Cheryl E

2007-08-15

Case-control study. To determine whether metal ion concentrations are elevated in patients with spinal instrumentation. Studies have shown that serum and urinary levels of component metal ions are abnormally elevated in patients with total joint arthroplasties. Little is known of metal ion release and concentrations in patients with spinal instrumentation. The study group consisted of patients who had undergone spinal instrumentation for various spinal disorders with a variety of stainless steel implants, 5 to 25 years previously. A group of volunteers without metal implants were controls. All subjects were tested for serum nickel, blood chromium, and random urine chromium/creatinine ratio estimation. The study group consisted of 32 patients with retained implants and 12 patients whose implants had been removed. There were 26 unmatched controls. There was no difference in serum nickel and blood chromium levels between all 3 groups. The mean urinary chromium/creatinine ratio for patients with implants and those with implants removed was significantly greater than controls (P < 0.001). The difference between study subgroups was not significant (P = 0.16). Of several patient and instrumentation variables, only the number of couplings approached significance for correlation with the urine chromium excretion (P = 0.07). Spinal implants do not raise the levels of serum nickel and blood chromium. There is evidence that metal ions are released from spinal implants and excreted in urine. The excretion of chromium in patients with spinal implants was significantly greater than normal controls although lower where the implants have been removed. The findings are consistent with low-grade release of ions from implants with rapid clearance, thus maintaining normal serum levels. Levels of metal ions in the body fluids probably do not reach a level that causes late side-effect; hence, routine removal of the implants cannot be recommended.

Residual organic matter and microbial respiration in bottom ash: Effects on metal leaching and eco-toxicity.

PubMed

Ilyas, A; Persson, K M; Persson, M

2015-09-01

A common assumption regarding the residual organic matter, in bottom ash, is that it does not represent a significant pool of organic carbon and, beyond metal-ion complexation process, it is of little consequence to evolution of ash/leachate chemistry. This article evaluates the effect of residual organic matter and associated microbial respiratory processes on leaching of toxic metals (i.e. arsenic, copper, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony and zinc), eco-toxicity of ash leachates. Microbial respiration was quantified with help of a respirometric test equipment OXITOP control system. The effect of microbial respiration on metal/residual organic matter leaching and eco-toxicity was quantified with the help of batch leaching tests and an eco-toxicity assay - Daphnia magna. In general, the microbial respiration process decreased the leachate pH and eco-toxicity, indicating modification of bioavailability of metal species. Furthermore, the leaching of critical metals, such as copper and chromium, decreased after the respiration in both ash types (fresh and weathered). It was concluded that microbial respiration, if harnessed properly, could enhance the stability of fresh bottom ash and may promote its reuse. © The Author(s) 2015.

Reduction of metal exposure of Daubenton's bats (Myotis daubentonii) following remediation of pond sediment as evidenced by metal concentrations in hair.

PubMed

Flache, Lucie; Ekschmitt, Klemens; Kierdorf, Uwe; Czarnecki, Sezin; Düring, Rolf-Alexander; Encarnação, Jorge A

2016-03-15

Transfer of contaminants from freshwater sediments via aquatic insects to terrestrial predators is well documented in spiders and birds. Here, we analyzed the metal exposure of Myotis daubentonii using an urban pond as their preferred foraging area before and after a remediation measure (sediment dredging) at this pond. Six metal elements (Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb and Ni) were measured in the sediment of the pond, in EDTA extracts of the sediment and in hair samples of M. daubentonii foraging at the pond. Samples were taken before remediation in 2011 and after remediation in 2013. Metal concentrations were quantified by ICP-OES after miniaturized microwave assisted extraction. In 2011, the pond sediment exhibited a high contamination with nickel, a moderate contamination with copper and chromium and low contents of zinc, cadmium and lead. While sediment metal contents declined only weakly after remediation, a much more pronounced reduction in the concentrations of zinc, copper, chromium and lead concentrations was observed in bat hair. Our results suggest a marked decline in metal exposure of the bats foraging at the pond as a consequence of the remediation measure. It is concluded that Daubenton's bats are suitable bioindicators of metal contamination in aquatic environments, integrating metal exposure via prey insects over their entire foraging area. We further suggest that bat hair is a useful monitoring unit, allowing a non-destructive and non-invasive assessment of metal exposure in bats. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[Trace elements in serum of malnourished and well-nourished children living in Lubumbashi and Kawama].

PubMed

Musimwa, Aimée Mudekereza; Kanteng, Gray Wakamb; Kitoko, Hermann Tamubango; Luboya, Oscar Numbi

2016-01-01

The role of trace metals elements in human nutrition can no longer be ignored. Deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake, secondary deficiencies often under - estimated, and iatrogenic deficiencies lead to pathologies such as infections and others. For this reason their dosages are particularly important to assess disease severity and to facilitate early treatment or improve patient's diet. The aim of this study was to determine trace elements profile in blood (copper, selenium, zinc, iron, chromium, cobalt, etc.) among malnourished and well-nourished children in a mining community in Lubumbashi. Three hundred eleven cases have been collected, 182 malnourished children and 129 well-nourished children in a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted from July 2013 to December 2014. Exhaustive sampling was performed. Metal determination in serum was performed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy (ICP-OES/MS) in the laboratory at Congolese Control Office in Lubumbashi. Essential trace elements (copper, zinc, selenium and iron) were found at very low concentrations in both the malnourished and well-nourished children. Arsenic, cadmium, magnesium and manganese concentrations were normal compared with reference values in well-nourished children Antimony, chromium, lead and cobalt levels were high in both the malnourished and well-nourished children. Nickel level was normal malnourished and well-nourished children. Magnesium, manganese were found in very low levels in malnourished children. Both the malnourished and well-nourished children suffer from deficiencies of essential trace elements associated with trace metals elements This allows to assume that essential micronutrients deficiency promotes the absorption of heavy metals.

[Nutritive value of daily food rations reproduced in several regions of Poland. Part VII. Evaluation of cobalt, chromium, nickel and selenium intakes].

PubMed

Marzec, Z; Buliński, R

1992-01-01

On the basis of the data of the Chief Census Bureau, concerning the consumption of more than 80 food products, we reproduced in years 1987 and 1988 in Lublin, Olsztyn, Poznań, Warszawa and Wrocław the food rations characteristic of manual workers' families and of other families with medium incomes. In samples of these diets, chromium, cobalt and nickel were determined by the ASA method, and selenium-spectrophotometrically. Daily intakes were: for cobalt 15-32 micrograms, chromium 65-187 micrograms, nickel 138-316 micrograms and selenium 93-233 micrograms. It was found that the investigated food rations cover the requirements of these elements, and create no risk of their excess in food. The present results indicate that the levels of the investigated elements are mainly related to the kind of food products and to their composition, whereas they depend to a lesser extent on the region in which the food ration has been reproduced.

Cancer Risk Assessment in Welder's Under Different Exposure Scenarios.

PubMed

Barkhordari, Abolfazl; Zare Sakhvidi, Mohammad Javad; Zare Sakhvidi, Fariba; Halvani, Gholamhossein; Firoozichahak, Ali; Shirali, GholamAbbas

2014-05-01

Welders exposure to nickel and hexavalent chromium in welding fumes is associated with increase of cancer risk in welders. In this study we calculated cancer risk due to exposure to these compounds in welders. The role of exposure parameters in welders on derived incremental lifetime cancer risk were determined by stochastic modeling of cancer risk. Input parameters were determined by field investigation in Iranian welders in 2013 and literature review. The 90% upper band cancer risk due to hexavalent chromium and nickel exposure was in the range of 6.03E-03 to 2.12E-02 and 7.18E-03 to 2.61E-02 respectively. Scenario analysis showed that asthmatic and project welders are significantly at higher cancer risk in comparison with other welders (P<0.05). Shift duration was responsible for 37% and 33% of variances for hexavalent chromium and nickel respectively. Welders are at high and unacceptable risk of cancer. Control measures according to scenario analysis findings are advisable.

Investigation of the surface composition of electrodeposited black chromium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Survilienė, S.; Češūnienė, A.; Jasulaitienė, V.; Jurevičiūtė, I.

2015-01-01

The paper reviews black chromium electrodeposited from a trivalent chromium bath containing ZnO as a second main component. The chemical compositions of the top layers of the black chromium coatings were studied by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy method. The surface of black chromium was found to be almost entirely covered with organic substances. To gain information on the state of each element in the deposit bulk, the layer-by-layer etching of the black chromium surface with argon gas was used. Analysis of XPS spectra has shown that the top layers of black chromium without zinc are composed of various Cr(III) components, organic substances and metallic Cr, whereas metallic Cr is almost absent in black chromium containing some amount of Zn(II) compounds. The ratios of metal/oxide phases were found to be 10/27 and 2/28 for black chromium without and with zinc, respectively. It has been determined that owing to the presence of ZnO in the Cr(III) bath, the percentage of metallic chromium is substantially reduced in black chromium which is quite important for good solar selective characteristics of the coating. The results confirm some of earlier observations and provide new information on the composition of the near-surface layers.

Evaluation of the genotoxic effects of fixed appliances on oral mucosal cells and the relationship to nickel and chromium concentrations: an in-vivo study.

PubMed

Natarajan, Madhumitha; Padmanabhan, Sridevi; Chitharanjan, Arun; Narasimhan, Malathi

2011-09-01

The release of metal ions from fixed orthodontic appliances is a source of concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate genotoxic damage in the oral mucosal cells of patients wearing fixed appliance, and the nickel and chromium ion contents in these cells. Twenty patients undergoing orthodontic treatment formed the experimental group, and 20 untreated subjects comprised the control group. Oral mucosal smears were collected at 2 times: at debonding and 30 days after debonding. The smears were stained with Papanicolaou stain and studied under a light microscope to evaluate the presence of micronuclei. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was used to quantify the presence of metal ions. The data were subjected to the Mann-Whitney U test and the Spearman rank correlation test. The mean micronuclei frequency was significantly higher in the treated group than in the control group at debonding; the difference was smaller and not statistically significant 30 days after debonding. The nickel and chromium ion contents in the experimental group were not significantly higher than in the control group. No correlation could be established between micronuclei frequency and metal ion content. Nickel and chromium alloys of orthodontic appliances emit metal ions in sufficient quantities to induce localized genotoxic effects, but these changes revert on removal of the appliances. Copyright © 2011 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Stainless steel leaches nickel and chromium into foods during cooking.

PubMed

Kamerud, Kristin L; Hobbie, Kevin A; Anderson, Kim A

2013-10-02

Toxicological studies show that oral doses of nickel and chromium can cause cutaneous adverse reactions such as dermatitis. Additional dietary sources, such as leaching from stainless steel cookware during food preparation, are not well characterized. This study examined stainless steel grades, cooking time, repetitive cooking cycles, and multiple types of tomato sauces for their effects on nickel and chromium leaching. Trials included three types of stainless steels and a stainless steel saucepan, cooking times of 2-20 h, 10 consecutive cooking cycles, and four commercial tomato sauces. After a simulated cooking process, samples were analyzed by ICP-MS for Ni and Cr. After 6 h of cooking, Ni and Cr concentrations in tomato sauce increased up to 26- and 7-fold, respectively, depending on the grade of stainless steel. Longer cooking durations resulted in additional increases in metal leaching, where Ni concentrations increased 34-fold and Cr increased approximately 35-fold from sauces cooked without stainless steel. Cooking with new stainless steel resulted in the largest increases. Metal leaching decreases with sequential cooking cycles and stabilized after the sixth cooking cycle, although significant metal contributions to foods were still observed. The tenth cooking cycle resulted in an average of 88 μg of Ni and 86 μg of Cr leached per 126 g serving of tomato sauce. Stainless steel cookware can be an overlooked source of nickel and chromium, where the contribution is dependent on stainless steel grade, cooking time, and cookware usage.

In vitro and in vivo corrosion evaluation of nickel-chromium- and copper-aluminum-based alloys.

PubMed

Benatti, O F; Miranda, W G; Muench, A

2000-09-01

The low resistance to corrosion is the major problem related to the use of copper-aluminum alloys. This in vitro and in vivo study evaluated the corrosion of 2 copper-aluminum alloys (Cu-Al and Cu-Al-Zn) compared with a nickel-chromium alloy. For the in vitro test, specimens were immersed in the following 3 corrosion solutions: artificial saliva, 0.9% sodium chloride, and 1.0% sodium sulfide. For the in vivo test, specimens were embedded in complete dentures, so that one surface was left exposed. The 3 testing sites were (1) close to the oral mucosa (partial self-cleaning site), (2) surface exposed to the oral cavity (self-cleaning site), and (3) specimen bottom surface exposed to the saliva by means of a tunnel-shaped perforation (non-self-cleaning site). Almost no corrosion occurred with the nickel-chromium alloy, for either the in vitro or in vivo test. On the other hand, the 2 copper-aluminum-based alloys exhibited high corrosion in the sulfide solution. These same alloys also underwent high corrosion in non-self-cleaning sites for the in vivo test, although minimal attack was observed in self-cleaning sites. The nickel-chromium alloy presented high resistance to corrosion. Both copper-aluminum alloys showed considerable corrosion in the sulfide solution and clinically in the non-self-cleaning site. However, in self-cleaning sites these 2 alloys did not show substantial corrosion.

Stainless Steel Leaches Nickel and Chromium into Foods During Cooking

PubMed Central

Kamerud, Kristin L.; Hobbie, Kevin A.; Anderson, Kim A.

2014-01-01

Toxicological studies show that oral doses of nickel and chromium can cause cutaneous adverse reactions such as dermatitis. Additional dietary sources, such as leaching from stainless steel cookware during food preparation, are not well characterized. This study examined stainless steel grades, cooking time, repetitive cooking cycles, and multiple types of tomato sauces for their effects on nickel and chromium leaching. Trials included three types of stainless steels and a stainless steel saucepan; cooking times of 2 to 20 hours, ten consecutive cooking cycles, and four commercial tomato sauces. After a simulated cooking process, samples were analyzed by ICP-MS for Ni and Cr. After six hours of cooking, Ni and Cr concentrations in tomato sauce increased up to 26- and 7-fold respectively, depending on the grade of stainless steel. Longer cooking durations resulted in additional increases in metal leaching, where Ni concentrations increased 34 fold and Cr increased approximately 35 fold from sauces cooked without stainless steel. Cooking with new stainless steel resulted in the largest increases. Metal leaching decreases with sequential cooking cycles and stabilized after the sixth cooking cycle, though significant metal contributions to foods were still observed. The tenth cooking cycle, resulted in an average of 88 μg of Ni and 86 μg of Cr leached per 126 g serving of tomato sauce. Stainless steel cookware can be an overlooked source of nickel and chromium, where the contribution is dependent on stainless steel grade, cooking time, and cookware usage. PMID:23984718

40 CFR 467.46 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... off-lbs) of aluminum forged Chromium 0.019 0.008 Cyanide 0.010 0.004 Zinc 0.051 0.021 TTO 0.035 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 0.50 0.50 Subpart D Forging Scrubber Liquor Pollutant or... aluminum forged Chromium 0.035 0.014 Cyanide 0.019 0.008 Zinc 0.096 0.040 TTO 0.065 Oil and grease...

Elimination kinetics of metals after an accidental exposure to welding fumes.

PubMed

Schaller, Karl H; Csanady, György; Filser, Johannes; Jüngert, Barbara; Drexler, Hans

2007-07-01

We had the opportunity to study the kinetics of metals in blood and urine samples of a flame-sprayer exposed to high accident-prone workplace exposure. We measured over 1 year, the nickel, aluminium, and chromium concentrations in blood and urine specimens after exposure. On this basis, we evaluated the corresponding half-lives. Blood and urine sampling were carried out five times after accidental exposure over a period of 1 year. The metals were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and Zeeman compensation with reliable methods. Either a mono-exponential or a bi-exponential function was fitted to the concentration-time courses of selected metals using weighted least squares non-linear regression analysis. The amount excreted in urine was calculated integrating the urinary decay curve and multiplying with the daily creatinine excretion. The first examination was carried out 15 days after exposure. The mean aluminium concentration in plasma was 8.2 microg/l and in urine, 58.4 microg/g creatinine. The mean nickel concentration in blood was 59.6 microg/l and the excretion in urine 700 microg/g creatinine. The mean chromium level in blood was 1.4 microg/l in urine, 7.4 microg/g creatinine. For the three elements, the metal concentrations in blood and urine exceeded the reference values at least in the initial phase. For nickel, the German biological threshold limit values (EKA) were exceeded. Aluminium showed a mono-exponential decay, whereas the elimination of chromium and nickel was biphasic in biological fluids of the accidentally exposed welder. The half-lives were as follows: for aluminium 140 days (urine) and 160 days (plasma); for chromium 40 and 730 days (urine); for nickel 25 and 610 days (urine) as well as 30 and 240 days (blood). The renal clearance of aluminium and nickel was about 2 l/h estimated for the last monitoring day.

Inorganic elements in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas): relationships among external and internal tissues

USGS Publications Warehouse

Faust, Derek R.; Hooper, Michael J.; Cobb, George P.; Barnes, Melanie; Shaver, Donna; Ertolacci, Shauna; Smith, Philip N.

2014-01-01

Inorganic elements from anthropogenic sources have entered marine environments worldwide and are detectable in marine organisms, including sea turtles. Threatened and endangered classifications of sea turtles have heretofore made assessments of contaminant concentrations difficult because of regulatory restrictions on obtaining samples using nonlethal techniques. In the present study, claw and skin biopsy samples were examined as potential indicators of internal tissue burdens in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas). Significant relationships were observed between claw and liver, and claw and muscle concentrations of mercury, nickel, arsenic, and selenium (p < 0.05). Similarly, significant relationships were observed between skin biopsy concentrations and those in liver, kidney, and muscle tissues for mercury, arsenic, selenium, and vanadium (p < 0.05). Concentrations of arsenic, barium, chromium, nickel, strontium, vanadium, and zinc in claws and skin biopsies were substantially elevated when compared with all other tissues, indicating that these highly keratinized tissues may represent sequestration or excretion pathways. Correlations between standard carapace length and cobalt, lead, and manganese concentrations were observed (p < 0.05), indicating that tissue concentrations of these elements may be related to age and size. Results suggest that claws may indeed be useful indicators of mercury and nickel concentrations in liver and muscle tissues, whereas skin biopsy inorganic element concentrations may be better suited as indicators of mercury, selenium, and vanadium concentrations in liver, kidney, and muscle tissues of green sea turtles.

Metallic ions released from stainless steel, nickel-free, and titanium orthodontic alloys: toxicity and DNA damage.

PubMed

Ortiz, Antonio José; Fernández, Esther; Vicente, Ascensión; Calvo, José L; Ortiz, Clara

2011-09-01

The aims of this study were to determine the amounts of metallic ions that stainless steel, nickel-free, and titanium alloys release to a culture medium, and to evaluate the cellular viability and DNA damage of cultivated human fibroblasts with those mediums. The metals were extracted from 10 samples (each consisting of 4 buccal tubes and 20 brackets) of the 3 orthodontic alloys that were submerged for 30 days in minimum essential medium. Next, the determination of metals was performed by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, cellular viability was assessed by using the tetrazolium reduction assay (MTT assay) (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), and DNA damage was determined with the Comet assay. The metals measured in all the samples were Ti(47), Cr(52), Mn(55), Co(59), Ni(60), Mo(92), Fe(56), Cu(63), Zn(66), As(75), Se(78), Cd(111), and Pb(208). The cellular viability of the cultured fibroblasts incubated for 7 days with minimum essential medium, with the stainless steel alloy submerged, was close to 0%. Moreover, high concentrations of titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, iron, copper, and zinc were detected. The nickel-free alloy released lower amounts of ions to the medium. The greatest damage in the cellular DNA, measured as the olive moment, was also produced by the stainless steel alloy followed by the nickel-free alloy. Conversely, the titanium alloy had an increased cellular viability and did not damage the cellular DNA, as compared with the control values. The titanium brackets and tubes are the most biocompatible of the 3 alloys studied. Copyright © 2011 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Kinetic analysis of the swimming behavior of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, exposed to nickel: Hypoactivity induced by sublethal concentrations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ellgaard, E.G.; Ashley, S.E.; Langford, A.E.

1995-12-01

The discharge of nickel into aquatic environments from numerous industries poses a threat to fish populations because of its toxcity. Although little is known, however, about the precise mechanism of its toxicity in freshwater fish, it produces some of the symptoms associated with heavy-metal poisoning in general; it accumulates in fish tissues and results in alterations in gill structure, including hypertrophy of respiratory and mucous cells, separation of the epithelial layer from the pillar cell system, cauterization and sloughing, and necrosis of the epithelium. The destruction of the gill lamellae decreases the ventilation rate and if severe, as after acutemore » exposure, may cause blood hypoxia and death. The effects of short-term exposure of fish to sublethal concentrations of nickel and not as well defined. The kinetic method of Ellgaard et al., which uses locomotor activity to assess the general health of fish, is ideally suited to examine whether sublethal concentrations of nickel adversely affect fish. In previous studies, the measured changes in locomotor activity observed when fish are exposed to pollutants correlate with more specific changes, e.g., physiological, biochemical, histological or neurosensory changes, which occur under the same conditions. Thus, the kinetic method also meets the criterial for pollution early warning systems as discussed by Cairns and van der Schale. This method has previously been used to demonstrate that short-term exposure to sublethal concentrations of the heavy metals cadmium, chromium, and zinc and copper are detrimental to the health of bluegills. The present study examines the effects of short-term exposures of sublethal concentrations of nickel on the locomotor activity of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. 11 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.« less

Reaction diffusion in the nickel-chromium-aluminum and cobalt-chromium-aluminum systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Levine, S. R.

1977-01-01

The effects of MCrAl coating-substrate interdiffusion on oxidation life and the general mutliphase, multicomponent diffusion problem were examined. Semi-infinite diffusion couples that had sources representing coatings and sinks representing gas turbine alloys were annealed at 1,000, 1,095, 1,150, or 1,205 C for as long as 500 hours. The source and sink aluminum and chromium contents and the base metal (cobalt or nickel) determined the parabolic diffusion rate constants of the couples and predicted finite coating lives. The beta source strength concept provided a method (1) for correlating beta recession rate constants with composition; (2) for determining reliable average total, diffusion, and constitutional activation energies; and (3) for calculating interdiffusion coefficients.

Materials characterization of dusts generated by the collapse of the World Trade Center

USGS Publications Warehouse

Meeker, Gregory P.; Sutley, Stephen J.; Brownfield, Isabelle; Lowers, Heather; Bern, Amy M.; Swayze, Gregg A.; Hoefen, Todd M.; Plumlee, Geoffrey S.; Clark, Roger N.; Gent, Carol A.

2009-01-01

The major inorganic components of the dusts generated from the collapse of the World Trade Center buildings on September 11, 2001 were concrete materials, gypsum, and man-made vitreous fibers. These components were likely derived from lightweight Portland cement concrete floors, gypsum wallboard, and spray-on fireproofing and ceiling tiles, respectively. All of the 36 samples collected by the USGS team had these materials as the three major inorganic components of the dust. Components found at minor and trace levels include chrysotile asbestos, lead, crystalline silica, and particles of iron and zinc oxides. Other heavy metals, such as lead, bismuth, copper, molybdenum, chromium, and nickel, were present at much lower levels occurring in a variety of chemical forms. Several of these materials have health implications based on their chemical composition, morphology, and bioaccessibility.

Transition metal-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for biomedical applications.

PubMed

Sanpo, Noppakun; Berndt, Christopher C; Wen, Cuie; Wang, James

2013-03-01

Transition metals of copper, zinc, chromium and nickel were substituted into cobalt ferrite nanoparticles via a sol-gel route using citric acid as a chelating agent. The microstructure and elemental composition were characterized using scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Phase analysis of transition metal-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles was performed via X-ray diffraction. Surface wettability was measured using the water contact angle technique. The surface roughness of all nanoparticles was measured using profilometry. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were performed to determine the temperature at which the decomposition and oxidation of the chelating agents took place. Results indicated that the substitution of transition metals influences strongly the microstructure, crystal structure and antibacterial property of the cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Copyright © 2012 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Factors that Affect the Content of Cadmium, Nickel, Copper and Zinc in Tissues of the Knee Joint.

PubMed

Roczniak, Wojciech; Brodziak-Dopierała, Barbara; Cipora, Elżbieta; Jakóbik-Kolon, Agata; Kluczka, Joanna; Babuśka-Roczniak, Magdalena

2017-08-01

Osteoarthritis causes the degradation of the articular cartilage and periarticular bones. Trace elements influence the growth, development and condition of the bone tissue. Changes to the mineral composition of the bone tissue can cause degenerative changes and fractures. The aim of the research was to determine the content of cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the tibia, the femur and the meniscus in men and women who underwent a knee replacement surgery. Samples were collected from 50 patients, including 36 women and 14 men. The determination of trace elements content were performed by ICP-AES method, using Varian 710-ES. Average concentration in the tissues of the knee joint teeth amounted for cadmium 0.015, nickel 0.60, copper 0.89 and zinc 80.81 mg/kg wet weight. There were statistically significant differences in the content of cadmium, copper and zinc in different parts of the knee joint. There were no statistically significant differences in the content of cadmium, nickel, copper and zinc in women and men in the examined parts of the knee joint. Among the elements tested, copper and nickel showed a high content in the connective tissue (the meniscus) compared to the bone tissue (the tibia and the femur).

40 CFR 421.245 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... existing sources. The mass of wastewater pollutants in secondary nickel process wastewater introduced into.../kg (pounds per million pounds) of slag input to reclaim process Chromium (total) 5.653 2.313 Copper 24.410 12.850 Nickel 24.670 16.320 (b) Acid reclaim leaching filtrate. PSES for the Secondary Nickel...

[Assessment of occupational exposure of welders based on determination of fumes and their components produced during stainless steel welding].

PubMed

Stanisławska, Magdalena; Janasik, Beata; Trzcinka-Ochocka, Małgorzata

2011-01-01

Occupational exposure to welding fumes is a known health hazard. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of welding fumes components such as: iron, manganese, nickel and chromium (including chromium speciation) to assess exposure of stainless steel welders. The survey covered 14 workers of two metallurgic plants engaged in welding stainless steel (18% Cr and 8% Ni) by different techniques: manual metal arc (MMA), metal inert gas (MIG) and tungsten inert gas (TIG). Personal air samples were collected in the welders' breathing zone over a period of about 6-7 h (dust was collected on a membrane and glass filter) to determine time weighted average (TWA) concentration of welding fumes and its components. The concentrations of welding fumes (total particulate) were determined with use of the gravimetric method. Concentrations and welding fume components, such as: iron, manganese, nickel and chromium were determined by ICP-MS technique. The total hexavalent chromium was analyzed by applying the spectrophotometry method according to NIOSH. The water-soluble chromium species were analyzed by HPLC-ICP-MS. Time weighted average concentrations of the welding fumes and its components at the worker's breathing zone were (mg/m3): dust, 0.14-10.7; iron, 0.004-2.9; manganese, 0.001-1.12; nickel, < 0.001-0.2; and chromium <0.002-0.85 (mainly Cr(III) and insoluble Cr(VI)). The maximum admissible limits for workplace pollutants (TLV-TWA) were exceeded for manganese and for insoluble chromium Cr (VI). For Cr (III) the limit was exceeded in individual cases. The assessment of the workers' occupational exposure, based on the determined time weighted average (TWA) of fumes and their components, shows that the stainless steel welders worked in conditions harmful to their health owing to the significantly exceeded maximum admissible limits for manganese and the exceeded TLV value for insoluble chromium (VI).

Water Quality And Sediment Evaluation for Inner Harbor Navigation Canal Lock Replacement Project, New Orleans, Louisiana

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-08-01

1.6 - 16.0 (4.3) Trivalent Chromium 14.0 - 29.2 (22.1) 21.8 - 38.5 (26.5) 23.8 - 34.2 (30.7) 14.0 - 49.5 (26.7) 11.5 - 35.5 (23.0) Zinc 56.6 - 192...2.2) 0.80 - 1.9 1.4 Trivalent Chromium 12.5 - 16.9 (14.4) 11.2 - 19.5 (14.5) 22.2 -32.9 (26.4) 15.8 - 23.5 19.1 Zinc 53.8 - 100 (70.1) 41.3 - 107...3.6 (2.5) 0.30 - 0.53 Trivalent Chromium 6.9 - 9.2 (8.0) 11.9 - 16.5 (14.2) 15.0 - 34.1 (23.9) 4.2 - 7.1 Zinc 24.3 - 37.7 (32.0) 46.3 - 75.6 (61.0

40 CFR 421.324 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.../kg (pounds per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 27.14 11.00... average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 1.689 0... Chromium (total) 2.357 0.955 Copper 8.152 3.885 Nickel 3.503 2.357 Fluoride 222.900 126.700 Total suspended...

40 CFR 421.324 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.../kg (pounds per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 27.14 11.00... average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 1.689 0... Chromium (total) 2.357 0.955 Copper 8.152 3.885 Nickel 3.503 2.357 Fluoride 222.900 126.700 Total suspended...

Kinetics of the metal components of intratracheally instilled stainless steel welding fume suspensions in rats.

PubMed

Kalliomäki, P L; Hyvärinen, H K; Aitio, A; Lakoma, E L; Kalliomäki, K

1986-02-01

The kinetics of iron, chromium, nickel, and cobalt from manual metal arc and metal inert gas stainless steel welding fumes were studied. Neutron activated welding fumes, in aqueous suspensions, were instilled intratracheally into rats. The follow up continued for up to 106 days. From both fumes, approximately 10% of the injection bolus was immediately lost into the gastrointestinal tract, to be recovered in the faeces within three days. Thereafter, a pronounced difference was seen in the kinetics of the two types of fumes. After the first day, chromium, nickel, and iron were lost from the lungs with half times of about 53, 49, and 73 days after exposure to MMA/SS fumes, whereas practically no loss could be seen in the metal components of the metal inert gas welding fumes within two months. The disposition of chromium from MMA/SS fumes closely resembled that of intratracheally instilled water soluble chromates. On the other hand, the disappearance of trivalent chromium from MIS/SS fumes was considerably slower than that of the practically water insoluble chromates, or even of trivalent chromium salts. Thus the physical characteristics of the fume appreciably affect the kinetics of the clearance of chromium compounds from the lungs.

Hot hardness of nickel-rich nickel-chromium-aluminum alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Levine, S. R.

1976-01-01

Rockwell A hardness of cast nickel-chromium-aluminum (NiCrAl) alloys was examined from ambient to 1150 K and compared to cast NiAl and IN-100. Alloy constitution was either gamma, gamma prime + gamma or gamma + beta + alpha + gamma prime. Below 1000 K beta containing NiCrAl alloys have hardnesses comparable to IN-100; above 1000 K they soften faster than IN-100. At 1150 K the hardness of beta-containing NiCrAl alloys decreases with increasing beta-content. The beta-containing NiCrAl alloys were harder than beta-NiAl. The ultimate tensile strengths of the NiCrAl alloys were estimated. The effects of NiCrAl coatings on strength and fatigue life of cooled turbine components were deduced.

Development of Low Cost Filler Materials for Welding High Strength Steels.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-04-29

solid wire form for use in GMAW and GTAW welding of HY-130, Linde 140S and Airco AXI40. As can be seen from Table 2, they achieve their properties with...as pure powder and ferroalloys, 16 2 ’ Transfer efficiencies of elements (e.g. Nickel, Chromium and Molybdenum) from the electrode to weld metal then...chemical compositions of the deposits (as shown in Table 5) was "lean" in carbon, nickel, manganese and molybdenum but "rich" in chromium , compared to

Microstructure and properties of cryomilled nickel aluminide extruded with chromium or molybdenum

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aikin, Beverly J. M.; Dickerson, Robert M.; Dickerson, Patricia O.

1995-01-01

Previous results from high energy, attrition milled NiAl in liquid nitrogen (cryomilled) indicate that this process can produce high temperature, creep resistant AlN particulate reinforced materials. However, the low temperature toughness of such materials is below that preferred for structural applications in aerospace engines. In order to improve the toughness of these materials, prealloyed nickel aluminide (Ni-53 atomic percent Al) powder was cryomilled and mixed with chromium or molybdenum powders. The resulting materials were hot extruded and tested for room temperature toughness and 1300 K compressive strength.

Development of dispersion strengthened nickel-chromium alloy (Ni-Cr-Th-O2) sheet for space shuttle vehicles, part 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Klingler, L. J.; Weinberger, W. R.; Bailey, P. G.; Baranow, S.

1971-01-01

A dispersion-strengthened alloy, TD nickel chromium (TDNiCr) is being developed for use on the thermal protection system of the space shuttle at temperatures up to 1204 C(2200 F). Manufacturing processes were developed for the fabrication of sheet and foil to specifications. The addition of aluminum to the basic TDNiCr composition provides outstanding oxidation resistance up to 1260 C(2300 F); aluminum levels of 2 to 4% are considered optimum for space shuttle application.

Effect of metal-tolerant plant growth-promoting Rhizobium on the performance of pea grown in metal-amended soil.

PubMed

Wani, Parvaze Ahmad; Khan, Md Saghir; Zaidi, Almas

2008-07-01

The nickel- and zinc-tolerant plant growth-promoting (PGP) Rhizobium sp. RP5 was isolated from nodules of pea, grown in metal-contaminated Indian soils. The PGP potentials of strain RP5 was assessed under in vitro conditions. Strain RP5 displayed a high level of tolerance to nickel (350 microg ml(-1)) and zinc (1500 microg ml(-1)) and showed PGP activity under in vitro conditions. The PGP activity of this strain was further assessed with increasing concentrations of nickel and zinc, using pea as a test crop. The bio-inoculant enhanced the dry matter, nodule numbers, root N, shoot N, leghemoglobin, seed yield, and grain protein (GP) by 19%, 23%, 26%, 47%, 112%, 26%, and 8%, respectively, at 290 mg Ni kg(-1) while at 4890 mg Zn kg(-1) soil, it increased the dry matter, nodule numbers, leghemoglobin, seed yield, GP, and root and shoot N by 18%, 23%, 78%, 26%, 7%, 25%, and 42%, respectively, compared to plants grown in soil amended with metal only. The bio-inoculant increased the glutathione reductase activity of roots and nodules by 46% and 65% at 580 mg Ni kg(-1) and 47% and 54% at 9780 mg Zn kg(-1) soil, respectively, compared to uninoculated plants. The inoculated strain decreased the concentration of nickel and zinc in plant organs. The intrinsic abilities of nitrogen fixation, growth promotion, and the ability to reduce the toxicity of nickel and zinc of the tested strain could be of practical importance in augmenting the growth and yield of pea, in nickel- and zinc-polluted soils.

Installation Restoration Program Records Search for Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-07-01

August 1981. "Pilot Plant Study of Copper , Zinc, and Trivalent Chromium Removal by Adsorbing Colloid Foam Flotation ." M.S. Thesis, Vanderbilt...graduate school and one of his activities included researching the removal of heavy metals, including copper , zinc and trivalent chromium, using a large...scale adsorbing colloid foam flotation pilot plant. Professional Registration Engineer-In-Training, Florida % -7. GREGORY T. MCINTYRE Membership in

40 CFR 471.24 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Chromium 0.033 0.014 Zinc 0.109 0.046 Ammonia 9.95 4.37 Fluoride 4.44 1.97 (b) Forging spent lubricants....422 0.177 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2 7.63 (d) Forging equipment cleaning wastewater. Subpart B... (pounds per million off-pounds) of magnesium forged Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Zinc 0.006 0.003 Ammonia 0.532 0...

40 CFR 471.24 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Chromium 0.033 0.014 Zinc 0.109 0.046 Ammonia 9.95 4.37 Fluoride 4.44 1.97 (b) Forging spent lubricants....422 0.177 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2 7.63 (d) Forging equipment cleaning wastewater. Subpart B... (pounds per million off-pounds) of magnesium forged Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Zinc 0.006 0.003 Ammonia 0.532 0...

40 CFR 471.24 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Chromium 0.033 0.014 Zinc 0.109 0.046 Ammonia 9.95 4.37 Fluoride 4.44 1.97 (b) Forging spent lubricants....422 0.177 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2 7.63 (d) Forging equipment cleaning wastewater. Subpart B... (pounds per million off-pounds) of magnesium forged Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Zinc 0.006 0.003 Ammonia 0.532 0...

40 CFR 471.24 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Chromium 0.033 0.014 Zinc 0.109 0.046 Ammonia 9.95 4.37 Fluoride 4.44 1.97 (b) Forging spent lubricants....422 0.177 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2 7.63 (d) Forging equipment cleaning wastewater. Subpart B... (pounds per million off-pounds) of magnesium forged Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Zinc 0.006 0.003 Ammonia 0.532 0...

40 CFR 471.24 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Chromium 0.033 0.014 Zinc 0.109 0.046 Ammonia 9.95 4.37 Fluoride 4.44 1.97 (b) Forging spent lubricants....422 0.177 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2 7.63 (d) Forging equipment cleaning wastewater. Subpart B... (pounds per million off-pounds) of magnesium forged Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Zinc 0.006 0.003 Ammonia 0.532 0...

40 CFR 503.47 - Recordkeeping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... retain that information for five years. (b) The concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and...) Values for the air pollution control device operating parameters. (h) The oxygen concentration and..., arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel for each sewage sludge incinerator. (m) The risk specific...

40 CFR 503.47 - Recordkeeping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... retain that information for five years. (b) The concentration of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and...) Values for the air pollution control device operating parameters. (h) The oxygen concentration and..., arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel for each sewage sludge incinerator. (m) The risk specific...

Relative toxicity of lead and five proposed substitute shot types to pen-reared mallards

USGS Publications Warehouse

Grandy, John W.; Locke, Louis N.; Bagley, George E.

1968-01-01

A 30-day toxicity test was made to determine the relative toxicity of lead, a tin-lead alloy, zinc, nickel, teflon-coated steel, and tin, all in shot form, to pen-reared mallard drakes. All of the 15 ducks dosed with lead died. Twenty-seven percent of 15 dosed with alloy, and 20 percent of 15 dosed with zinc also died. Ten of the remaining zinc-dosed ducks showed signs of distress, including losses of muscular control and body weight. There were no deaths among 15 ducks dosed with nickel, 15 dosed with teflon-coated steel, and 15 dosed with tin. Seventy-three percent of those dosed with nickel shot eliminated all shot before the end of the 30-day period. Acid-fast intranuclear inclusion bodies were present in the kidneys of mallards dosed with commercial lead shot, or with tin-lead alloy shot, but not in the kidneys of birds given nickel, tin, or teflon-coated steel shot. Atypical, pale, acid-fast bodies were found in kidneys of 1 of 15 birds dosed with zinc. An iron-containing pigment, which stained positive with the Prussian blue technique, was present in variable amounts in almost all livers. Zinc-dosed ducks that died or were killed while still showing signs of zinc intoxication had higher iron levels in the liver than ducks that had recovered from zinc intoxication.

40 CFR 420.122 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium....300 0.100 Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000600 0.000200 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations...

40 CFR 420.122 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium....300 0.100 Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000600 0.000200 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations...

40 CFR 420.122 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium....300 0.100 Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000600 0.000200 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations...

40 CFR 420.122 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium....300 0.100 Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000600 0.000200 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations...

40 CFR 420.122 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium....300 0.100 Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000600 0.000200 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations...

Control of occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium and ozone in tubular wire arc-welding processes by replacement of potassium by lithium or by addition of zinc.

PubMed

Dennis, John H; French, Michael J; Hewitt, Peter J; Mortazavi, Seyed B; Redding, Christopher A J

2002-01-01

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and ozone are produced in many arc-welding processes. Cr(VI) is formed when welding with chromium-containing alloys and is a suspected carcinogen. Ozone is formed by the action of ultraviolet light from the arc on oxygen and can cause severe irritation to the eyes and mucous membranes. Previous work has demonstrated that reduction of sodium and potassium in manual metal arc-welding electrodes leads to substantial reductions in Cr(VI) concentrations in the fume as well as a reduction in the fume formation rate. In this paper replacement of potassium by lithium in a tubular wire welding electrode (self-shielding flux-cored) is shown to give reductions in Cr(VI) concentrations and fume formation rates. Previous work has also demonstrated that use of a tubular wire (metal cored) containing 1% zinc can, under certain conditions, result in a reduction in Cr(VI) formation rate and in ozone concentration near the arc but with a rise in the total fume formation rate. The effects of different shield gases and different levels of zinc are examined. An experimental chromium-containing tubular wire with 1% zinc was used with the following shield gases: argon, Argoshield 5, Argoshield 20, Helishield 101, Ar + 2% CO2, Ar + 5% CO2, Ar + 1% O2 and Ar + 2% O2. The wire gave > 98% reduction in Cr(VI) formation rate compared to the control wire provided the shield gas contained no oxygen. When the shield gas did contain oxygen, 1% zinc enhanced Cr(VI) formation rate, resulting in more than double the rates measured when welding with the control wire. Experiments with zinc concentrations, from 0.018 to 0.9% using Helishield 101, gave results indicating that there is an optimum zinc concentration from the point of view of Cr(VI) reduction. Implications of the use of lithium or zinc on the overall exposure risk are discussed.

Serum metal levels after minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum.

PubMed

Cundy, Thomas P; Kirby, Christopher P

2012-08-01

Metal implants may wear and corrode, resulting in systemic dissemination of metallic debris that is measurable in serum. Concern exists regarding adverse health effects related to implant-derived debris. Minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE) is a popular technique in which a stainless steel substernal bar is implanted to achieve deformity correction. Serum metal levels have not previously been investigated after MIRPE. Serum chromium, molybdenum, and nickel levels were measured in this cross-sectional study of 11 children implanted with pectus bars after MIRPE. Samples were analyzed using high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Median serum chromium and nickel values were elevated 3.3-fold (P = .0003) and 2.3-fold (P = .25), respectively, compared with age-matched controls. Serum chromium and nickel levels were abnormally elevated in 6 (55%) of 11 and 5 (45%) of 11, respectively. In patients whom postexplantation metal levels were measured, previously elevated levels were lowered. Serum chromium levels in children after MIRPE are comparable with adult cohorts with hip arthroplasty implants measured 1-year postoperatively. No acute metal toxicity was observed. Abnormally elevated levels of serum metal levels are measurable in children implanted with pectus bars. These findings warrant further investigation to assess the biocompatibility of this surgical implant in children. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

An in vitro comparison of nickel and chromium release from brackets.

PubMed

Haddad, Ana Cristina Soares Santos; Tortamano, Andre; Souza, Alexandre Luís de; Oliveira, Pedro Vitoriano de

2009-01-01

This study aimed at comparing amounts of nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) released from brackets from different manufacturers in simulated oral environments. 280 brackets were equally divided into 7 groups according to manufacturer. 6 groups of brackets were stainless steel, and 1 group of brackets was made of a cobalt-chromium alloy with low Ni content (0.5%). International standard ISO 10271/2001 was applied to provide test methods. Each bracket was immersed in 0.5 ml of synthetic saliva (SS) or artificial plaque fluid (PF) over a period of 28 days at 37 degrees Celsius. Solutions were replaced every 7 days, and were analyzed by spectrometry. The Kruskal-Wallis test was applied. Amounts of Ni release in SS (microg L(-1) per week) varied between groups from 'bellow detection limits' to 694, and from 49 to 5,948.5 in PF. The group of brackets made of cobalt-chromium alloy, with the least nickel content, did not release the least amounts of Ni. Amounts of Cr detected in SS and in PF (microg L(-1) per week) were from 1 to 10.4 and from 50.5 to 8,225, respectively. It was therefore concluded that brackets from different manufacturers present different corrosion behavior. Further studies are necessary to determine clinical implications of the findings.

ELECTRO-DEPOSITION OF NICKEL ALLOYS FROM THE PYROPHOSPHATE BATH: NICKEL- ZINC AND NICKEL-MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Panikkar, S.K.; Char, T.L.R.

1958-02-01

Results of studies on the electrodeposition of nickel-zinc and nickel-- molybdenum alloys in a pyrophosphate bath using platinium electrodes are presented. The fects of varying current density and metal contents of the electrolyte on alloy deposit composition, cathode efficiency, and cathode potential are presented in tabular form. (J.R.D.) l2432 A study was made of the effect of homogenization on the mechanical properties of solution-treated and aged aluminum and the quantitative effects of several variables on hardness. The effect of alloying elements on the increase in hardness of aluminum is shown. (J.E.D.)

Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of magnetically separable hexagonal Ni/ZnO nanostructure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Senapati, Samarpita; Srivastava, Suneel K.; Singh, Shiv B.

2012-09-01

The hexagonal zinc oxide coated nickel (Ni/ZnO) nanostructure photocatalyst has successfully been prepared by the reduction of nickel chloride hexahydrate using hydrazine hydrate through the solvothermal process at 140 °C followed by surface modification of the product by the reflux method at 110 °C for 1 h. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern showed that the `as prepared' sample consists of face centered cubic Ni and hexagonal wurtzite ZnO without any traces of impurity. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images confirmed the formation of nickel nanoparticles under solvothermal conditions. These nickel nanoparticles, when subjected to reflux, formed the hexagonal zinc oxide coated nickel nanostructure. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, photoluminescence (PL) and Raman studies also confirmed the presence of zinc oxide in the hybrid nanostructure. The growth mechanism for the development of the hexagonal zinc oxide coated nickel (Ni/ZnO) nanostructure has also been proposed. The appearance of the hysteresis loop, in the as-prepared Ni/ZnO hybrid nanostructure, demonstrated its ferromagnetic character at room temperature. The hexagonal Ni/ZnO nanostructure also acts as an efficient photocatalyst in the degradation of methylene blue under ultraviolet light irradiation. It is observed that the catalytic efficiency of the hybrid nanocatalyst is better compared to pure zinc oxide. Most importantly, the Ni/ZnO catalyst could also be easily separated, simply by applying an external magnetic field, and reused.The hexagonal zinc oxide coated nickel (Ni/ZnO) nanostructure photocatalyst has successfully been prepared by the reduction of nickel chloride hexahydrate using hydrazine hydrate through the solvothermal process at 140 °C followed by surface modification of the product by the reflux method at 110 °C for 1 h. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern showed that the `as prepared' sample consists of face centered cubic Ni and hexagonal wurtzite ZnO without any traces of impurity. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images confirmed the formation of nickel nanoparticles under solvothermal conditions. These nickel nanoparticles, when subjected to reflux, formed the hexagonal zinc oxide coated nickel nanostructure. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, photoluminescence (PL) and Raman studies also confirmed the presence of zinc oxide in the hybrid nanostructure. The growth mechanism for the development of the hexagonal zinc oxide coated nickel (Ni/ZnO) nanostructure has also been proposed. The appearance of the hysteresis loop, in the as-prepared Ni/ZnO hybrid nanostructure, demonstrated its ferromagnetic character at room temperature. The hexagonal Ni/ZnO nanostructure also acts as an efficient photocatalyst in the degradation of methylene blue under ultraviolet light irradiation. It is observed that the catalytic efficiency of the hybrid nanocatalyst is better compared to pure zinc oxide. Most importantly, the Ni/ZnO catalyst could also be easily separated, simply by applying an external magnetic field, and reused. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Fig. S1 Ni/ZnO hybrid nanostructure prepared using (a) 0.195 and (b) 0.25 M [Zn2+] at 90 °C Fig. S2 FTIR spectra of nickel nanoparticles prepared at 140 °C (a), and Ni/ZnO hybrid nanostructure prepared using (b) 0.063, (c) 0.125, (d) 0.195 and (e) 0.25 M [Zn2+]; Fig. S3 Raman spectra of Ni/ZnO nanostructure prepared using (a) 0.063, (b) 0.125, (c) 0.195 and (d) 0.25 M [Zn2+]; Fig. S4 Room temperature PL spectra of (a) ZnO and (b) Ni/ZnO nanostructure prepared using 0.25 M [Zn2+]. See DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31831h

Impairment of soil health due to fly ash-fugitive dust deposition from coal-fired thermal power plants.

PubMed

Raja, R; Nayak, A K; Shukla, A K; Rao, K S; Gautam, Priyanka; Lal, B; Tripathi, R; Shahid, M; Panda, B B; Kumar, A; Bhattacharyya, P; Bardhan, G; Gupta, S; Patra, D K

2015-11-01

Thermal power stations apart from being source of energy supply are causing soil pollution leading to its degradation in fertility and contamination. Fine particle and trace element emissions from energy production in coal-fired thermal power plants are associated with significant adverse effects on human, animal, and soil health. Contamination of soil with cadmium, nickel, copper, lead, arsenic, chromium, and zinc can be a primary route of human exposure to these potentially toxic elements. The environmental evaluation of surrounding soil of thermal power plants in Odisha may serve a model study to get the insight into hazards they are causing. The study investigates the impact of fly ash-fugitive dust (FAFD) deposition from coal-fired thermal power plant emissions on soil properties including trace element concentration, pH, and soil enzymatic activities. Higher FAFD deposition was found in the close proximity of power plants, which led to high pH and greater accumulation of heavy metals. Among the three power plants, in the vicinity of NALCO, higher concentrations of soil organic carbon and nitrogen was observed whereas, higher phosphorus content was recorded in the proximity of NTPC. Multivariate statistical analysis of different variables and their association indicated that FAFD deposition and soil properties were influenced by the source of emissions and distance from source of emission. Pollution in soil profiles and high risk areas were detected and visualized using surface maps based on Kriging interpolation. The concentrations of chromium and arsenic were higher in the soil where FAFD deposition was more. Observance of relatively high concentration of heavy metals like cadmium, lead, nickel, and arsenic and a low concentration of enzymatic activity in proximity to the emission source indicated a possible link with anthropogenic emissions.

40 CFR 420.126 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Zinc 0.000376 0.000125 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.0000376 0.0000125 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge wastewaters from the chromate... 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 1 The limitations for hexavalent...

40 CFR 420.126 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Zinc 0.000376 0.000125 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.0000376 0.0000125 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge wastewaters from the chromate... 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 1 The limitations for hexavalent...

40 CFR 420.126 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Zinc 0.000376 0.000125 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.0000376 0.0000125 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge wastewaters from the chromate... 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 1 The limitations for hexavalent...

40 CFR 420.126 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Zinc 0.000376 0.000125 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.0000376 0.0000125 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge wastewaters from the chromate... 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 1 The limitations for hexavalent...

Structure-function analyses of metal-binding sites of HypA reveal residues important for hydrogenase maturation in Helicobacter pylori.

PubMed

Blum, Faith C; Hu, Heidi Q; Servetas, Stephanie L; Benoit, Stéphane L; Maier, Robert J; Maroney, Michael J; Merrell, D Scott

2017-01-01

The nickel-containing enzymes of Helicobacter pylori, urease and hydrogenase, are essential for efficient colonization in the human stomach. The insertion of nickel into urease and hydrogenase is mediated by the accessory protein HypA. HypA contains an N-terminal nickel-binding site and a dynamic structural zinc-binding site. The coordination of nickel and zinc within HypA is known to be critical for urease maturation and activity. Herein, we test the hydrogenase activity of a panel of H. pylori mutant strains containing point mutations within the nickel- and zinc-binding sites. We found that the residues that are important for hydrogenase activity are those that were similarly vital for urease activity. Thus, the zinc and metal coordination sites of HypA play similar roles in urease and hydrogenase maturation. In other pathogenic bacteria, deletion of hydrogenase leads to a loss in acid resistance. Thus, the acid resistance of two strains of H. pylori containing a hydrogenase deletion was also tested. These mutant strains demonstrated wild-type levels of acid resistance, suggesting that in H. pylori, hydrogenase does not play a role in acid resistance.

Structure-function analyses of metal-binding sites of HypA reveal residues important for hydrogenase maturation in Helicobacter pylori

PubMed Central

Servetas, Stephanie L.; Benoit, Stéphane L.; Maier, Robert J.; Maroney, Michael J.

2017-01-01

The nickel-containing enzymes of Helicobacter pylori, urease and hydrogenase, are essential for efficient colonization in the human stomach. The insertion of nickel into urease and hydrogenase is mediated by the accessory protein HypA. HypA contains an N-terminal nickel-binding site and a dynamic structural zinc-binding site. The coordination of nickel and zinc within HypA is known to be critical for urease maturation and activity. Herein, we test the hydrogenase activity of a panel of H. pylori mutant strains containing point mutations within the nickel- and zinc-binding sites. We found that the residues that are important for hydrogenase activity are those that were similarly vital for urease activity. Thus, the zinc and metal coordination sites of HypA play similar roles in urease and hydrogenase maturation. In other pathogenic bacteria, deletion of hydrogenase leads to a loss in acid resistance. Thus, the acid resistance of two strains of H. pylori containing a hydrogenase deletion was also tested. These mutant strains demonstrated wild-type levels of acid resistance, suggesting that in H. pylori, hydrogenase does not play a role in acid resistance. PMID:28809946

40 CFR 471.93 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... monthly average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of zirconium-hafnium extruded Chromium 0.104 0... monthly average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of zirconium-hafnium heat treated Chromium 0.015... Chromium 0.150 0.061 Cyanide 0.099 0.041 Nickel 0.653 0.432 Ammonia 45.3 20.0 Fluoride 20.0 8.98 Oil and...

40 CFR 471.93 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... monthly average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of zirconium-hafnium extruded Chromium 0.104 0... monthly average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of zirconium-hafnium heat treated Chromium 0.015... Chromium 0.150 0.061 Cyanide 0.099 0.041 Nickel 0.653 0.432 Ammonia 45.3 20.0 Fluoride 20.0 8.98 Oil and...

40 CFR 471.22 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Ammonia 9.95 4.37 Fluoride 4.44 1.97 (b) Forging spent lubricants—subpart B—BAT. There shall be no...-pounds) of forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.127 0.052 Zinc 0.422 0.177 Ammonia 38.5 17.0... forged Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Zinc 0.006 0.003 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0.106 (e) Direct chill...

40 CFR 471.22 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Ammonia 9.95 4.37 Fluoride 4.44 1.97 (b) Forging spent lubricants—Subpart B—BAT. There shall be no...-pounds) of forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.127 0.052 Zinc 0.422 0.177 Ammonia 38.5 17.0... forged Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Zinc 0.006 0.003 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0.106 (e) Direct chill...

Trace-element concentrations in streambed sediment across the conterminous United States

USGS Publications Warehouse

Rice, Karen C.

1999-01-01

Trace-element concentrations in 541 streambed-sediment samples collected from 20 study areas across the conterminous United States were examined as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. Sediment samples were sieved and the <63-μm fraction was retained for determination of total concentrations of trace elements. Aluminum, iron, titanium, and organic carbon were weakly or not at all correlated with the nine trace elements examined:  arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc. Four different methods of accounting for background/baseline concentrations were examined; however, normalization was not required because field sieving removed most of the background differences between samples. The sum of concentrations of trace elements characteristic of urban settings - copper, mercury, lead, and zinc - was well correlated with population density, nationwide. Median concentrations of seven trace elements (all nine examined except arsenic and selenium) were enriched in samples collected from urban settings relative to agricultural or forested settings. Forty-nine percent of the sites sampled in urban settings had concentrations of one or more trace elements that exceeded levels at which adverse biological effects could occur in aquatic biota.

Does heavy metal exposure affect the condition of Whitethroat (Sylvia communis) nestlings?

PubMed

Turzańska-Pietras, Katarzyna; Chachulska, Justyna; Polechońska, Ludmiła; Borowiec, Marta

2018-03-01

Anthropogenic pollution results in high concentrations of heavy metals in the environment. Due to their persistence and a high potential for bioaccumulation, metals are a real threat for birds breeding in industrial areas. The aim of the present study has been to explore the contents of heavy metals (arsenic As, cadmium Cd, chromium Cr, copper Cu, iron Fe, nickel Ni, lead Pb and zinc Zn) in the excreta of Whitethroat (Sylvia communis) nestlings living in polluted environment and to investigate the relationship between these contents and the nestlings' condition. Excrement samples contained all the studied elements. The contents of arsenic, cadmium, copper and zinc in the excreta of nestlings from nests located close to a slag dump were several times higher than in the soil near the dump, which suggested accumulation in food consumed by the birds. Condition parameters (body mass and haemoglobin concentration) were not related to heavy metal concentrations in the nestlings' excreta, except of Zn. It is possible that Whitethroats are able to detoxicate heavy metals to a certain extent. Detailed, multi-element analysis of the environment, food and bird tissues or excreta should be performed to explore relations between different chemicals and bird condition.

Chromium, nickel and vanadium mobility in soils derived from fluvioglacial sands.

PubMed

Agnieszka, Jeske; Barbara, Gworek

2012-10-30

The presented study was focused on soils developed from fluvioglacial sands from the Puszcza Borecka forest complex. The mobility of chromium, nickel and vanadium was evaluated with regard to litho- and pedogenic factors. The aim of the study was to determine with which soil constituents fractions of heavy metals are bound with particular attention drawn on the mobile fractions (F1+F2). Heavy metal fractions in the soils were determined using the sequential extraction method of Tessier et al. The purpose of sequential extraction methods to soil samples provides relevant information about possible toxicity when they are discharged into the soil environment. Chromium, nickel, and vanadium occurred predominantly in the fraction bound with iron and manganese oxides and in the residual fraction, thus showed low mobility. With regard to mobility, the elements studied can be arranged as follows: V

Trace metal release after minimally-invasive repair of pectus excavatum.

PubMed

Fortmann, Caroline; Göen, Thomas; Krüger, Marcus; Ure, Benno M; Petersen, Claus; Kübler, Joachim F

2017-01-01

Several studies have shown a high incidence of metal allergy after minimally-invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE). We postulated that MIRPE is associated with a significant release of trace metal ions, possibly causing the allergic symptoms. We evaluated the concentration with chromium, cobalt and nickel in blood, urine and tissue in patients prior to MIRPE and in patients who underwent an explantation of the stainless-steel bar(s) after three years. Our study group consisted of 20 patients (mean age 19 years) who had bar explantation and our control group included 20 patients (mean age 16 years) prior to MIRPE. At the time of bar removal we detected significantly elevated concentrations of chromium and nickel in the tissue compared to patients prior to the procedure (p<0,001). We also found a significant increase in the levels of chromium in urine and nickel in blood in patients three years post MIRPE (p<0,001). Four patients temporarily developed symptoms of metal allergy, all had elevated metal values in blood and urine at explantation. Minimally-invasive repair of pectus excavatum can lead to a significant trace metal exposure.

Absorption of nickel, chromium, and iron by the root surface of primary molars covered with stainless steel crowns.

PubMed

Keinan, David; Mass, Eliyahu; Zilberman, Uri

2010-01-01

Objective. The purpose of this study was to analyze the absorption of metal ions released from stainless steel crowns by root surface of primary molars. Study Design. Laboratory research: The study included 34 primary molars, exfoliated or extracted during routine dental treatment. 17 molars were covered with stainless-steel crowns for more than two years and compared to 17 intact primary molars. Chemical content of the mesial or distal root surface, 1 mm apically to the crown or the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ), was analyzed. An energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) was used for chemical analysis. Results. Higher amounts of nickel, chromium, and iron (5-6 times) were found in the cementum of molars covered with stainless-steel crowns compared to intact molars. The differences between groups were highly significant (P < .001). Significance. Stainless-steel crowns release nickel, chromium, and iron in oral environment, and the ions are absorbed by the primary molars roots. The additional burden of allergenic metals should be reduced if possible.

Incorporation of metal and color alteration of enamel in the presence of orthodontic appliances.

PubMed

Maia, Lúcio Henrique E Gurgel; Filho, Hibernon Lopes de Lima; Araújo, Marcus Vinícius Almeida; Ruellas, Antônio Carlos de Oliveira; Araújo, Mônica Tirre de Souza

2012-09-01

To test the null hypothesis that it is not possible to incorporate metal ions arising from orthodontic appliance corrosion into tooth enamel with resulting tooth color change. This in vitro study used atomic absorption spectrophotometry to evaluate the presence of nickel, chromium, and iron ions in tooth enamel in three groups: a group submitted to cyclic demineralization and remineralization processes with solutions in which orthodontic appliances were previously immersed and corroded, releasing metallic ions; a control group; and another group, submitted to cycling only, without the presence of orthodontic appliances. The influence of the incorporation of these metals on a possible alteration in color was measured with a portable digital spectrophotometer using the CIE LAB system. At the end of the experiment, a significantly higher concentration of chromium and nickel (P < .05) was found in the group in which corrosion was present, and in this group, there was significantly greater color alteration (P ≤ .001). There was chromium and nickel incorporation into enamel and tooth color change when corrosion of orthodontic appliances was associated with cycling process. The null hypothesis is rejected.

An Index to PGE-Ni-Cr Deposits and Occurrences in Selected Mineral-Occurrence Databases

USGS Publications Warehouse

Causey, J. Douglas; Galloway, John P.; Zientek, Michael L.

2009-01-01

Databases of mineral deposits and occurrences are essential to conducting assessments of undiscovered mineral resources. In the USGS's (U.S. Geological Survey) global assessment of undiscovered resources of copper, potash, and the platinum-group elements (PGE), only a few mineral deposit types will be evaluated. For example, only porphyry-copper and sediment-hosted copper deposits will be considered for the copper assessment. To support the global assessment, the USGS prepared comprehensive compilations of the occurrences of these two deposit types in order to develop grade and tonnage models and delineate permissive areas for undiscovered deposits of those types. This publication identifies previously published databases and database records that describe PGE, nickel, and chromium deposits and occurrences. Nickel and chromium were included in this overview because of the close association of PGE with nickel and chromium mineralization. Users of this database will need to refer to the original databases for detailed information about the deposits and occurrences. This information will be used to develop a current and comprehensive global database of PGE deposits and occurrences.

Comparative analysis of the fit of 3-unit implant-supported frameworks cast in nickel-chromium and cobalt-chromium alloys and commercially pure titanium after casting, laser welding, and simulated porcelain firings.

PubMed

Tiossi, Rodrigo; Rodrigues, Renata Cristina Silveira; de Mattos, Maria da Glória Chiarello; Ribeiro, Ricardo Faria

2008-01-01

This study compared the vertical misfit of 3-unit implant-supported nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) and cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy and commercially pure titanium (cpTi) frameworks after casting as 1 piece, after sectioning and laser welding, and after simulated porcelain firings. The results on the tightened side showed no statistically significant differences. On the opposite side, statistically significant differences were found for Co-Cr alloy (118.64 microm [SD: 91.48] to 39.90 microm [SD: 27.13]) and cpTi (118.56 microm [51.35] to 27.87 microm [12.71]) when comparing 1-piece to laser-welded frameworks. With both sides tightened, only Co-Cr alloy showed statistically significant differences after laser welding. Ni-Cr alloy showed the lowest misfit values, though the differences were not statistically significantly different. Simulated porcelain firings revealed no significant differences.

Installation Assessment of Frankford Arsenal.

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-10-01

sulfate , sulfuric acid , ac ’solution 40 Hot water bath 41 Nickel plate Nickel sulfate and chloride sulfuric acid , acid ...solution 42 Chromium Copper plate Copper sulfate and sulfuric acid , acid solution 11-14 TABLE 11-2 (continued) Tank No. Plating Process Use Contents...46 Water rinse Water 47 Water rinse Water 48 Water rinse Water 49 Acid Chromic acid , acetic acid , nickel sulfate and sulfuric