40 CFR 468.12 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... English Units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018...,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead... copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015 Copper 0.161 0.085 Lead 0.012 0.011 Nickel 0.163 0.107 Zinc 0.124...

40 CFR 468.12 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... English Units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018...,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead... copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015 Copper 0.161 0.085 Lead 0.012 0.011 Nickel 0.163 0.107 Zinc 0.124...

40 CFR 468.12 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... English Units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018...,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead... copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015 Copper 0.161 0.085 Lead 0.012 0.011 Nickel 0.163 0.107 Zinc 0.124...

40 CFR 468.11 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018 Copper 0.195 0.103 Lead 0.015 0.013 Nickel... alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead 0.056 0.049 Nickel 0.727 0.481 Zinc 0.553... drawn English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015...

40 CFR 468.11 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018 Copper 0.195 0.103 Lead 0.015 0.013 Nickel... alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead 0.056 0.049 Nickel 0.727 0.481 Zinc 0.553... drawn English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015...

40 CFR 468.11 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018 Copper 0.195 0.103 Lead 0.015 0.013 Nickel... alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead 0.056 0.049 Nickel 0.727 0.481 Zinc 0.553... drawn English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015...

40 CFR 468.11 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018 Copper 0.195 0.103 Lead 0.015 0.013 Nickel... alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166 0.068 Copper 0.720 0.379 Lead 0.056 0.049 Nickel 0.727 0.481 Zinc 0.553... drawn English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015...

Water Quality Conditions in the Missouri River Mainstem System: 2008 Report

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-09-01

aluminum, arsenic, cadmium , chromium, copper, cyanide, lead, nickel, selenium, silver, and zinc . The acute and chronic water quality standards criteria for... adipose , etc.) tend to accumulate toxicants at different rates. Therefore, when used as an indicator, fish tissue analysis typically uses whole...for metals (i.e., cadmium , chromium, copper, lead, nickel, silver, and zinc ) are based on hardness. Criteria shown for those metals were calculated

Installation Restoration Program Records Search for Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-07-01

August 1981. "Pilot Plant Study of Copper , Zinc, and Trivalent Chromium Removal by Adsorbing Colloid Foam Flotation ." M.S. Thesis, Vanderbilt...graduate school and one of his activities included researching the removal of heavy metals, including copper , zinc and trivalent chromium, using a large...scale adsorbing colloid foam flotation pilot plant. Professional Registration Engineer-In-Training, Florida % -7. GREGORY T. MCINTYRE Membership in

Demonstration and Validation of a Regenerated Cellulose Dialysis Membrane Diffusion Sampler for Monitoring Groundwater Quality and Remediation Progress at DoD Sites

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-02-01

years if kept refrigerated in its preservative solution of ethanol, sodium benzoate , and ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA). Alternatively... sodium bicarbonate solution, EDTA, and sodium azide solution to remove residual gylcerol, sulfide, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, nickel, zinc, and lead...Magnesium Cadmium Nickel Potassium Chromium Selenium Sodium Copper Vanadium Aluminum Iron Zinc Arsenic Lead Antimony Manganese Anions (1-3 days

Effects of contaminated soil on the growth performance of young Salix (Salix schwerinii E. L. Wolf) and the potential for phytoremediation of heavy metals.

PubMed

Salam, Mir Md Abdus; Kaipiainen, Erik; Mohsin, Muhammad; Villa, Aki; Kuittinen, Suvi; Pulkkinen, Pertti; Pelkonen, Paavo; Mehtätalo, Lauri; Pappinen, Ari

2016-12-01

Salix schwerinii was tested in a pot experiment to assess plant growth performance i.e., relative height and dry biomass and the potential for heavy metal uptake in soils polluted with chromium, zinc, copper, nickel and total petroleum hydrocarbons. The soil used in the pot experiment was collected from a landfill area in Finland. Peat soil was added at different quantities to the polluted soil to stimulate plant growth. The plants were irrigated with tap water or processed water (municipal waste water) to further investigate the effects of nutrient loading on plant biomass growth. The soil was treated at two pH levels (4 and 6). The results showed that the addition of 40-70% peat soil at pH 6 to a polluted soil, and irrigation with processed water accelerated plant growth and phytoextraction efficiency. In the pot experiment, Salix grown in chromium, zinc, copper, nickel and total petroleum hydrocarbons -contaminated field soil for 141 days were unaffected by the contaminated soil and took up excess nutrients from the soil and water. Total mean chromium concentration in the plant organs ranged from 17.05 to 250.45 mg kg -1 , mean zinc concentration ranged from 142.32 to 1616.59 mg kg -1 , mean copper concentration ranged from 12.11 to 223.74 mg kg -1 and mean nickel concentration ranged from 10.11 to 75.90 mg kg -1 . Mean chromium concentration in the plant organs ranged from 46 to 94%, mean zinc concentration ranged from 44 to 76%, mean copper concentration ranged from 19 to 54% and mean nickel concentration ranged from 8 to 21% across all treatments. Under the different treatments, chromium was taken up by Salix in the largest quantities, followed by zinc, copper and nickel respectively. Salix also produced a moderate reduction in total petroleum total petroleum hydrocarbons in the polluted soil. The results from the pot experiment suggest that Salix schwerinii has the potential to accumulate significant amounts of chromium, zinc, copper and nickel. However, long term research is needed to verify the phytoextraction abilities of Salix observed in the pot experiment. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Metal and Non-Metal Inorganic Coatings. Methods of Checking

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-07-20

base metal (15) Copper (16) Steel (17) Zinc alloy (18) Nickel (19) Copper and its alloys (20) Nickel (21) Chromium (22) Silver (23) Copper and its alloys... Silver (9) Copper-tine alloy (for solution #6)1 NOTE,. The value (H )is given for the ninc coatings from cyanide, sulfateo ammoniat4, and zincate...fluoborlc; silver from cyanide and thiocyanic acid; dull chromium - from sulfate; copper -from sulfate and cyanide electrolytes (for solution 06). -Q -gp

Heavy metals in soil at a waste electrical and electronic equipment processing area in China.

PubMed

Gu, Weihua; Bai, Jianfeng; Yao, Haiyan; Zhao, Jing; Zhuang, Xuning; Huang, Qing; Zhang, Chenglong; Wang, JingWei

2017-11-01

For the objective of evaluating the contamination degree of heavy metals and analysing its variation trend in soil at a waste electrical and electronic equipment processing area in Shanghai, China, evaluation methods, which include single factor index method, geo-accumulation index method, comprehensive pollution index method, and potential ecological risk index method, were adopted in this study. The results revealed that the soil at a waste electrical and electronic equipment processing area was polluted by arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, and chromium. It also demonstrated that the concentrations of heavy metals were increased over time. Exceptionally, the average value of the metalloid (arsenic) was 73.31 mg kg -1 in 2014, while it was 58.31 mg kg -1 in the first half of 2015, and it was 2.93 times and 2.33 times higher than that of the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soil in 2014 and the first half of 2015, respectively. The sequences of the contamination degree of heavy metals in 2014 and the first half of 2015 were cadmium > lead > copper > chromium > zinc and cadmium > lead > chromium > zinc > copper. From the analysis of the potential ecological risk index method, arsenic and cadmium had higher ecological risk than other heavy metals. The integrated ecological risk index of heavy metals (cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, and chromium) and metalloid (arsenic) was 394.10 in 2014, while it was 656.16 in the first half of 2015, thus documenting a strong ecological risk.

40 CFR 471.85 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Copper 0.459 0.219 Cyanide 0.072 0.029 Zinc 0.365 0.151 (j) Alkaline cleaning spent baths. Subpart H—PSNS... million off-pounds) of zinc alkaline cleaned Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Copper 0.005 0.002 Cyanide 0.0007 0.0003 Zinc 0.004 0.002 (k) Alkaline cleaning rinse. Subpart H—PSNS Pollutant or pollutant property...

40 CFR 471.85 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Copper 0.459 0.219 Cyanide 0.072 0.029 Zinc 0.365 0.151 (j) Alkaline cleaning spent baths. Subpart H—PSNS... million off-pounds) of zinc alkaline cleaned Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Copper 0.005 0.002 Cyanide 0.0007 0.0003 Zinc 0.004 0.002 (k) Alkaline cleaning rinse. Subpart H—PSNS Pollutant or pollutant property...

Trinity River Bottom Sediment Reconnaissance Study. Phase I. Plan of Work. Appendices,

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-11-30

chromium , cobalt, copper, mercury, molybdepum, nickel and silver. 2. Summary of Metl od 2.1 Arsenic in the sample is first reduced to the trivalent form...a. Arsenic 1. Selenium B-3 b. Barium m. Silver c. Boron n. Zinc d. Cadmium o. Total phosphate e. Copper p. Chemical oxygen demand f. Chromium (total...78.00 3. Boron 0.72 4. Cadmium 1.20 5. Copper 15.50 6. Chromium 14.20 " 7. Lead 323.00 8. Manganese 301.00 9. Mercury 21.00 10. Nickel 13.30 " 11

Air National Guard Installation Restoration Protram. Site Investigation Report: Georgia Air National Guard, Savannah, Georgia

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-01

except TPH, which was detected at 0.06 mg/l in Monitor Well 01-MW-02. Some metals (arsenic, cadmium , chromium, lead, silver, and zinc ) were detected at...extraction. Trace quantities of some priority pollutant metals were detected in the surface water samples. Arsenic, cadmium , and zinc were detected at...storage tank. TPH was detected in all five groundwater samples. Arsenic, beryllium, cadmium , chromium, copper, lead, nickel, silver, and zinc were also

The use of trivalent chromium bath to obtain a solar selective black chromium coating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Survilienė, S.; Češūnienė, A.; Juškėnas, R.; Selskienė, A.; Bučinskienė, D.; Kalinauskas, P.; Juškevičius, K.; Jurevičiūtė, I.

2014-06-01

Black chromium coatings were electrodeposited from a trivalent chromium bath using a ZnO additive as a second main component. Black chromium was electrodeposited on steel and copper plates and substrates plated with bright nickel prior to black chromium electrodeposition. The black chromium coatings were characterized by XRD and SEM. The XRD data suggest that the phase structure of black chromium may be defined as a zinc solid solution in chromium or a chromium solid solution in zinc depending on the chromium/zinc ratio in the deposit. The role of substrate finish was evaluated through the corrosion resistance and reflectance of black chromium. According to corrosion tests the samples plated with bright nickel prior to black chromium deposition have shown the highest corrosion resistance. The electrodeposited black chromium possesses good optical properties for the absorption of solar energy. The absorption coefficient of black chromium was found to be over 0.99 for the samples obtained without the Ni undercoat and below 0.99 for those obtained with the use of Ni undercoat. However, the use of nickel undercoat before black chromium plating is recommended because it remarkably improves the corrosion resistance of samples.

Sierra Army Depot, Phase 1, Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study, Lassen County, California. Final Remedial Investigation

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-10-01

8.3.1.2 Cadmium ............................ 8-8 8.3.1.3 Lead .... ............................ 8-8 8.3.1.4 Zinc .... ............................ 8-8...Beryllium, Cadmium , Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Fluoride Salts, Lead, Mercury, Molydenum, Nickel, Selenium, Silver, Thallium, Vanadium, Zinc . I ~ 2 ,4... cadmium (4.070 ;&g/L), copper (20.100 ug/L), and zinc (28.700 ug/L). Round 2 background 3 groundwater results include arsenic (7.700 g/L), barium

40 CFR 442.2 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... pesticides, hazardous waste, organic chemicals including: alcohols, aldehydes, formaldehydes, phenols...: ketones, nitriles, organo-metallic compounds containing chromium, cadmium, mercury, copper, zinc; and...

40 CFR 442.2 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... pesticides, hazardous waste, organic chemicals including: alcohols, aldehydes, formaldehydes, phenols...: ketones, nitriles, organo-metallic compounds containing chromium, cadmium, mercury, copper, zinc; and...

40 CFR 442.2 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... pesticides, hazardous waste, organic chemicals including: alcohols, aldehydes, formaldehydes, phenols...: ketones, nitriles, organo-metallic compounds containing chromium, cadmium, mercury, copper, zinc; and...

Analysis of the Importance of Oxides and Clays in Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn Adsorption and Retention with Regression Trees

PubMed Central

González-Costa, Juan José; Reigosa, Manuel Joaquín; Matías, José María; Fernández-Covelo, Emma

2017-01-01

This study determines the influence of the different soil components and of the cation-exchange capacity on the adsorption and retention of different heavy metals: cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc. In order to do so, regression models were created through decision trees and the importance of soil components was assessed. Used variables were: humified organic matter, specific cation-exchange capacity, percentages of sand and silt, proportions of Mn, Fe and Al oxides and hematite, and the proportion of quartz, plagioclase and mica, and the proportions of the different clays: kaolinite, vermiculite, gibbsite and chlorite. The most important components in the obtained models were vermiculite and gibbsite, especially for the adsorption of cadmium and zinc, while clays were less relevant. Oxides are less important than clays, especially for the adsorption of chromium and lead and the retention of chromium, copper and lead. PMID:28072849

Iron plaque formation and heavy metal uptake in Spartina alterniflora at different tidal levels and waterlogging conditions.

PubMed

Xu, Yan; Sun, Xiangli; Zhang, Qiqiong; Li, Xiuzhen; Yan, Zhongzheng

2018-05-30

Tidal flat elevation in the estuarine wetland determines the tidal flooding time and flooding frequency, which will inevitably affect the formation of iron plaque and accumulations of heavy metals (HMs) in wetland plants. The present study investigated the formation of iron plaque and HM's (copper, zinc, lead, and chromium) accumulation in S. alterniflora, a typical estuarine wetland species, at different tidal flat elevations (low, middle and high) in filed and at different time (3, 6, 9, 12 h per day) of waterlogging treatment in greenhouse conditions. Results showed that the accumulation of copper, zinc, lead, and chromium in S. alterniflora was proportional to the exchangeable fraction of these metals in the sediments, which generally increased with the increase of waterlogging time, whereas the formations of iron plaque in roots decreased with the increase of waterlogging time. Under field conditions, the uptake of copper and zinc in the different parts of the plants generally increased with the tidal levels despite the decrease in the metals' exchangeable fraction with increasing tidal levels. The formation of iron plaque was found to be highest in the middle tidal positions and significantly lower in low and high tidal positions. Longer waterlogging time increased the metals' accumulation but decreased the formation of iron plaque in S. alterniflora. The binding of metal ions on iron plaque helped impede the uptake and accumulation of copper and chromium in S. alterniflora. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Remedial Investigation Concept Plan for Picatinny Arsenal. Volume 2. Descriptions of and Sampling Plans for Remedial Investigation Sites

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-03-22

by sulfur dioxide to convert hexavalent chromium into trivalent chromium , and by sodium hydroxide to promote precipitation. After being transferred...Regulations COD chemical oxygen demand Cr chromium CTF chlorine trifluoride Cu copper 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyaoetic acid 11DCE 1,1...the Site. Inorganic results for surface soil showed elevated values for arsenic, cadmium, chromium , lead, and zinc (Table 2.1). These levels are to be

Wastewater Characterization Survey, Edwards Air Force Base, California

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-08-01

sampling, 23 and 24 Feb 92, concentrations of aluminum, chromium , copper, and iron were found to be slightly elevated when compared to average...concentrations of these metals detected during the other 6 sampling days. Detectable concentrations of aluminum, chromium , and zinc could be the result of...35.00 Cyanide .......................... 30.00 23.00 49.00 Chemical Oxygen Demand ........ 25.00 13.00 40.00 Chromium VI ...................... 25.00

[Heavy metals distribution characteristics and risk assessment of water below an electroplating factory].

PubMed

Hang, Xiao-Shuai; Wang, Huo-Yan; Zhou, Jian-Min

2008-10-01

Surface water and shallow groundwater within the flow of an electroplating factory was analyzed in order to study the resulting impact. The analysis method of ICP-AES was used to analyze content of zinc, manganese, chromium, copper and nickel in surface water and groundwater samples. The results indicate acidic pollutants of zinc, manganese, chromium, copper and nickel were discharged from the factory with concentrations of 1.34, 3.77, 28.1, 6.40 and 9.37 mg x L(-1), respectively; and pH was 2.32. They all exceeded permissible levels according to Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard except zinc. Factory discharge is responsible for the longitudinal distribution characteristics of heavy metals in the stream water downstream from the factory. Heavy metals variations in the well water do not suggest they were affected by heavy metals in the stream, indicating that the migration rates of heavy metals in soils were relatively low. Risk assessment shows surface water quality significantly deteriorated. Nickel and manganese in the stream water exceeded the standard levels seriously, and chromium and copper in some samples were also above Grade III standard levels according to Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water. Moreover, all studied heavy metals in 14 groundwater samples measured within drinking water standard, except manganese in 4 groundwater samples, which were Grade IV according to Quality Standard for Ground water.

Influence of voltage input to heavy metal removal from electroplating wastewater using electrocoagulation process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wulan, D. R.; Cahyaningsih, S.; Djaenudin

2017-03-01

In medium capacity, electroplating industry usually treats wastewater until 5 m3 per day. Heavy metal content becomes concern that should be reduced. Previous studies performed electrocoagulation method on laboratory scale, either batch or continuous. This study was aimed to compare the influence of voltage input variation into heavy metal removal in electroplating wastewater treatment using electrocoagulation process on laboratory-scale in order to determine the optimum condition for scaling up the reactor into pilot-scale. The laboratory study was performed in 1.5 L glass reactor in batch system using wastewater from electroplating industry, the voltage input varied at 20, 30 and 40 volt. The electrode consisted of aluminium 32 cm2 as sacrifice anode and copper 32 cm2 as cathode. During 120 min electrocoagulation process, the pH value was measured using pH meter, whereas the heavy metal of chromium, copper, iron, and zinc concentration were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Result showed that removal of heavy metals from wastewater increased due to the increasing of voltage input. Different initial concentration of heavy metals on wastewater, resulted the different detention time. At pilot-scale reactor with 30 V voltage input, chromium, iron, and zinc reached removal efficiency until 89-98%, when copper reached 79% efficiency. At 40V, removal efficiencies increased on same detention time, i.e. chromium, iron, and zinc reached 89-99%, whereas copper reached 85%. These removal efficiencies have complied the government standard except for copper that had higher initial concentration in wastewater. Kinetic rate also calculated in this study as the basic factor for scaling up the process.

Sequential Extraction as Novel Approach to Compare 12 Medicinal Plants From Kenya Regarding Their Potential to Release Chromium, Manganese, Copper, and Zinc.

PubMed

Mogwasi, R; Zor, S; Kariuki, D K; Getenga, M Z; Nischwitz, V

2018-04-01

This study is focusing on a novel approach to screen a large number of medicinal plants from Kenya regarding their contents and availability of selected metals potentially relevant for treatment of diabetes patients. For this purpose, total levels of zinc, chromium, manganese, and copper were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry as well as BCR sequential extraction to fractionate the elemental species in anti-diabetic medicinal plants collected from five natural locations in two sub counties in Nyamira County, Kenya. Solanum mauense had the highest zinc level of 123.0 ± 3.1 mg/kg while Warburgia ugandensis had the lowest level of 13.9 ± 0.4 mg/kg. The highest level of copper was in Bidens pilosa (29.0 ± 0.6 mg/kg) while the lowest was in Aloe vera (3.0 ± 0.1 mg/kg). Croton macrostachyus had the highest manganese level of 1630 ± 40 mg/kg while Clerodendrum myricoides had the lowest (80.2 ± 1.2 mg/kg). The highest level of chromium was in Solanum mauense (3.20 ± 0.06 mg/kg) while the lowest (0.04 ± 0.01 mg/kg) were in Clerodendrum myricoides and Warburgia ugandesis among the medicinal plants from Nyamira and Borabu, respectively. The levels of the elements were statistically different from that of other elements while the level of a given element was not statistically different in the medicinal plants from the different sub counties. Sequential extraction was performed to determine the solubility and thus estimate the bioavailability of the four investigated essential and potentially therapeutically relevant metals. The results showed that the easily bioavailable fraction (EBF) of chromium, manganese, zinc, and copper ranged from 6.7 to 13.8%, 4.1 to 10%, 2.4 to 10.2%, and 3.2 to 12.0% while the potentially bioavailable fraction (PBF) ranged from 50.1 to 67.6%, 32.2 to 48.7%, 23.0 to 41.1%, and 34.6 to 53.1%, respectively. Bidens pilosa, Croton macrostachyus, Ultrica dioica, and Solanum mauense medicinal plants used to treat diabetes by 80 % of the herbalists in Nyamira County were found to be rich in chromium, manganese, copper, and zinc. The EBF of zinc, manganese, and chromium constitutes adequate amounts recommended for daily intake not exceeding the ADI and delivered a low percentage of RDA when estimating daily intake during therapy from typically applied doses. The plants did not show any significant differences at p < 0.05 in terms of concentrations of the elements between the two study areas though the levels of the different elements were statistically significant. Another major observation was that high total levels of the metals in a given plant did not necessarily translate to high bioavailable levels, and hence the need to determine bioavailable form as it is the one accessible to the patient.

Behavior of heavy metals in human urine and blood following calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate injection: observations in metal workers.

PubMed

Sata, F; Araki, S; Murata, K; Aono, H

1998-06-12

To evaluate the effects of calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (CaEDTA) on the behavior of 8 heavy metals in human urine and blood, CaEDTA was administered for 1 h by intravenous injection to 18 male metal foundry workers, whose blood lead concentrations (PbB) were between 16 and 59 (mean 34) microg/dl. Significant increases were found in urinary excretion of manganese, chromium, lead, zinc, and copper after the start of CaEDTA injection. Urinary chromium excretion reached a maximal level within 1 h after the start of injection, while urinary manganese, lead, and zinc excretion reached their highest concentrations between 1 and 2 h. Urinary copper excretion reached the highest level between 2 and 4 h. The rapid increases in urinary excretion of five metals were different from the "circadian rhythms," which are the normal, daily variations in renal glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and excretory mechanisms. Plasma lead concentrations were highest 1.5 h after the start of the 1-h injection, while plasma zinc concentration became lowest 5 h after the start of CaEDTA injection. Data suggest that manganese and chromium absorbed in human tissues might be mobilized by CaEDTA.

EDTA chelation effects on urinary losses of cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, magnesium, and zinc.

PubMed

Waters, R S; Bryden, N A; Patterson, K Y; Veillon, C; Anderson, R A

2001-12-01

The efficacy of a chelating agent in binding a given metal in a biological system depends on the binding constants of the chelator for the particular metals in the system, the concentration of the metals, and the presence and concentrations of other ligands competing for the metals in question. In this study, we make a comparison of the in vitro binding constants for the chelator, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, with the quantitative urinary excretion of the metals measured before and after EDTA infusion in 16 patients. There were significant increases in lead, zinc, cadmium, and calcium, and these increases roughly corresponded to the expected relative increases predicted by the EDTA-metal-binding constants as measured in vitro. There were no significant increases in urinary cobalt, chromium, or copper as a result of EDTA infusion. The actual increase in cobalt could be entirely attributed to the cobalt content of the cyanocobalamin that was added to the infusion. Although copper did increase in the post-EDTA specimens, the increase was not statistically significant. In the case of magnesium, there was a net retention of approximately 85% following chelation. These data demonstrate that EDTA chelation therapy results in significantly increased urinary losses of lead, zinc, cadmium, and calcium following EDTA chelation therapy. There were no significant changes in cobalt, chromium, or copper and a retention of magnesium. These effects are likely to have significant effects on nutrient concentrations and interactions and partially explain the clinical improvements seen in patients undergoing EDTA chelation therapy.

40 CFR 413.02 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... term CN,T shall mean cyanide, total. (c) The term Cr,VI shall mean hexavalent chromium. (d) The term... the concentration or mass of Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr) (total) and Zinc (Zn). (f) The... Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, 33 U.S.C. 1251 et. seq., as amended by the Clean Water Act of 1977...

40 CFR 413.02 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... term CN,T shall mean cyanide, total. (c) The term Cr,VI shall mean hexavalent chromium. (d) The term... the concentration or mass of Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr) (total) and Zinc (Zn). (f) The... Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, 33 U.S.C. 1251 et. seq., as amended by the Clean Water Act of 1977...

40 CFR 471.82 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....072 0.029 Zinc 0.365 0.151 (j) Alkaline cleaning spent baths. Subpart H—BAT Pollutant or pollutant... zinc alkaline cleaned Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Copper 0.005 0.002 Cyanide 0.0007 0.0003 Zinc 0.004 0.002 (k) Alkaline cleaning rinse. Subpart H—BAT Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day...

40 CFR 471.82 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....072 0.029 Zinc 0.365 0.151 (j) Alkaline cleaning spent baths. Subpart H—BAT Pollutant or pollutant... zinc alkaline cleaned Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Copper 0.005 0.002 Cyanide 0.0007 0.0003 Zinc 0.004 0.002 (k) Alkaline cleaning rinse. Subpart H—BAT Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day...

Environmental geochemistry of abandoned flotation tailing reservior from the Tonglvshan Fe-Cu sulfide mine in Daye, Central China.

PubMed

Guo, Y; Bao, Z Y; Deng, Y M; Ma, Z Z; Yan, S

2011-07-01

This study investigated metals of tailings from Tonglvshan mine in Daye and assessed the effect of metal contamination in water and sediment near the tailing reservoir. The concentration of copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, chromium and nickel was measured in deposit samples taken from a profile in an abandoned flotation tailing reservoir, as well as in water and sediment samples near the reservoir. The results of this study indicate that copper concentration ranges from 780 to 4390 mg/kg, 2-10 times higher than the limit values in soil, while the contents of other metals are below the limit values. Metal levels in water and sediments are high and varied widely in different sampling sites. The mean concentrations of copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, chromium and nickel in waters are 27.76, 2.28, 8.20, 0.12, 5.30 and 3.04 mg/L, while those in sediments are 557.65, 96.95, 285.20, 0.92, 94.30 and 4.75 mg/kg, respectively. All of the results indicate that the environment near the tailing reservoir is polluted to some extent by some kinds of metals, especially by copper, lead, zinc and cadmium, which may be caused not only by some discharge sources of metals, but also by life garbage and sewage.

40 CFR 437.15 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS THE CENTRALIZED WASTE TREATMENT POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Metals Treatment..., cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, tin, titanium, vanadium, and zinc are...

40 CFR 437.24 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., TSS, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, tin, zinc, butylbenzyl phthalate, carbazole, n-decane, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, fluoranthene, and n-octadecane are the same as the...

40 CFR 437.24 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., TSS, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, tin, zinc, butylbenzyl phthalate, carbazole, n-decane, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, fluoranthene, and n-octadecane are the same as the...

Dry atmospheric deposition rates of metals along a coastal transect in southern California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sabin, Lisa D.; Schiff, Kenneth C.

While recent studies indicate atmospheric deposition is a significant source of metals to the Santa Monica Bay and coastal river systems of the Los Angeles area, the spatial extent of the atmospheric source along the entire southern California coast has not been measured in 30 years. This study provides measurements of dry atmospheric deposition of chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc at eight sites located along the coast between Santa Barbara and San Diego, and compares these data to historic measurements from the 1970s. Median dry deposition fluxes across sites ranged between 0.23 and 3.6 (chromium), 0.21 and 5.4 (nickel), 0.52 and 14 (lead), 0.89 and 29 (copper), and 4.8 and 160 (zinc) μg m -2 day -1. Differences in metal dry deposition rates observed between sites were dominated by proximity to urban areas and/or other nearby sources, with the highest metal fluxes observed near the Los Angeles Harbor (LAH) and San Diego Bay (SDB) sites. Compared with data from the 1970s, lead fluxes were typically one to two orders of magnitude lower in the present study (2006), indicating atmospheric sources of this metal have decreased over the past three decades in southern California. Chromium fluxes were also lower in 2006 compared with the 1970s, although to a lesser extent than for lead. In contrast, copper and zinc fluxes were typically within the same order of magnitude between the two time periods, with some higher measurements observed in 2006 compared with the 1970s at the LAH and SDB sites. This result indicates atmospheric sources of copper and zinc have not decreased over the past three decades in southern California, and have increased near our harbor/urban sites. Differences in sampling conditions (e.g., Santa Ana winds) and measurement techniques may also explain, in part, the differences observed in metal flux rates for these time periods. However, these limitations were most important for those metals with the smallest difference in flux rates measured in the 1970s vs. 2006 (e.g., chromium).

Concentrations of metallic elements in kidney, liver, and lung tissue of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin Tursiops aduncus from coastal waters of Zanzibar, Tanzania.

PubMed

Mapunda, Edgar C; Othman, Othman C; Akwilapo, Leonard D; Bouwman, Hindrik; Mwevura, Haji

2017-09-15

Concentrations of metallic elements in kidney, liver and lung tissues of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins Tursiops aduncus from coastal waters of Zanzibar were determined using inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectroscopy. Cadmium, chromium, copper, and zinc were quantifiable in all tissues at concentration ranges of 0.10-150, 0.08-3.2, 1.1-88 and 14-210μg/g dry mass, respectively. Copper and zinc was significantly higher in liver, and females had significantly higher Cd in liver, and chromium in lung. Generally, T. aduncus dolphins from coastal waters around Zanzibar carry low concentrations of metals compared with dolphins from other areas. Cadmium increased significantly with age in kidney and lung. Copper decreased significantly with age in liver, probably due to foetal metallothionein. This study supplied baseline data against which future trends in marine mammals in the Indian Ocean, the world's third largest, can be assessed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ferrous Analysis.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Straub, William A.

1989-01-01

Elements covered in this review include: aluminum, antimony, arsenic, bismuth, boron, calcium, carbon, chromium, cobalt, copper, hydrogen, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, platinum, rare earths, silicons, sulfur, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zinc, and zirconium. Analytical methods…

40 CFR 437.15 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, tin, titanium, vanadium, and zinc are the same as the corresponding limitation specified in § 437.11(a). (b) In-plant standards for cyanide...

Heavy metals in hair of wild canids from the Brazilian Cerrado.

PubMed

Curi, Nelson Henrique de Almeida; Brait, Carlos Henrique Hoff; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson Roberto; Talamoni, Sônia Aparecida

2012-06-01

In this study, we aimed to assess whether free-ranging wild canids are exposed to heavy metals in one of the most developed and populated regions of Brazil. Hair of 26 wild canids (maned wolves Chrysocyon brachyurus, crab-eating foxes Cerdocyon thous, and hoary foxes Lycalopex vetulus) from the Cerrado biome in Southeast Brazil were analyzed by spectrophotometry to detect cadmium, chromium, and lead, and also the essential copper, iron, manganese, and zinc traces. All samples showed traces of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. Non-essential lead was detected in 57% (2.35 ± 0.99 mg/kg), and chromium in 88% (2.98 ± 1.56 mg/kg) of samples. Cadmium traces (detection limit 0.8 mg/kg) were not found. Crab-eating foxes had more copper, iron, and manganese in hair than maned wolves. Correlations among element levels differed between maned wolves and crab-eating foxes. Concentrations of chromium and lead were outstandingly higher than in wild canids from other areas. Addressing the causes of such levels and the impacts of the heavy metal pollution in Neotropical ecosystems is urgent for animal health and conservation purposes. We argue that heavy metal pollution should be considered as dangerous threats to wildlife health in Brazil and recommend hair sampling as a biomonitoring tool for heavy metals in Neotropical terrestrial mammals.

Remediation System Evaluation, Peerless Plating Site

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The Peerless Plating Superfund Site is located at 2554 South Getty Street, north of the intersection of South Getty Street and East Sherman Boulevard in Muskegon, Michigan. Copper, nickel, chromium, cadmium, and zinc electroplating operations as well as...

40 CFR 437.26 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Recovery § 437.26 Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS). Except as provided in 40 CFR 403.7 or...: Standards for chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, tin, zinc, carbazole, n-decane, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate...

40 CFR 437.26 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Recovery § 437.26 Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS). Except as provided in 40 CFR 403.7 or...: Standards for chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, tin, zinc, carbazole, n-decane, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate...

Heavy metal contamination of sediments in the upper connecting channels of the Great Lakes

USGS Publications Warehouse

Nichols, S. Jerrine; Manny, Bruce A.; Schloesser, Donald W.; Edsall, Thomas A.

1991-01-01

In 1985, sampling at 250 stations throughout the St. Marys, St. Clair, and Detroit rivers and Lake St. Clair — the connecting channels of the upper Great Lakes — revealed widespread metal contamination of the sediments. Concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc each exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sediment pollution guidelines at one or more stations throughout the study area. Sediments were polluted more frequently by copper, nickel, zinc, and lead than by cadmium, chromium, or mercury. Sediments with the highest concentrations of metals were found (in descending order) in the Detroit River, the St. Marys River, the St. Clair River, and Lake St. Clair. Although metal contamination of sediments was most common and sediment concentrations of metals were generally highest near industrial areas, substantial contamination of sediments by metals was present in sediment deposition areas up to 60 km from any known source of pollution.

METHOD OF APPLYING COPPER COATINGS TO URANIUM

DOEpatents

Gray, A.G.

1959-07-14

A method is presented for protecting metallic uranium, which comprises anodic etching of the uranium in an aqueous phosphoric acid solution containing chloride ions, cleaning the etched uranium in aqueous nitric acid solution, promptly electro-plating the cleaned uranium in a copper electro-plating bath, and then electro-plating thereupon lead, tin, zinc, cadmium, chromium or nickel from an aqueous electro-plating bath.

[Exposure to metal compounds in occupational galvanic processes].

PubMed

Surgiewicz, Jolanta; Domański, Wojciech

2006-01-01

Occupational galvanic processes are provided in more than 600 small and medium enterprises in Poland. Workers who deal with galvanic coating are exposed to heavy metal compounds: tin, silver, copper and zinc. Some of them are carcinogenic, for example, hexavalent chromium compounds, nickel and cadmium compounds. Research covered several tens of workstations involved in chrome, nickel, zinc, tin, silver, copper and cadmium plating. Compounds of metals present in the air were determined: Cr, Ni, Cd, Sn, Ag--by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization (ET-AAS) and Zn--by atomic absorption spectrometry with flame atomization (F-AAS). The biggest metal concentrations--of silver and copper--were found at workstations of copper, brass, cadmium, nickel and chrome plating, conducted at the same time. Significant concentrations of copper were found at workstations of maintenance bathing and neutralizing of sewage. The concentrations of metals did not exceed Polish MAC values. MAC values were not exceeded for carcinogenic chromium(VI), nickel or cadmium, either. In galvanic processes there was no hazard related to single metals or their compounds, even carcinogenic ones. Combined exposure indicators for metals at each workstation did not exceed 1, either. However, if there are even small quantities of carcinogenic agents, health results should always be taken into consideration.

Determination of Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Silver Using a Carbon Paste Electrode and a Screen Printed Electrode Modified with Chromium(III) Oxide

PubMed Central

Koudelkova, Zuzana; Syrovy, Tomas; Ambrozova, Pavlina; Moravec, Zdenek; Kubac, Lubomir; Hynek, David; Adam, Vojtech

2017-01-01

In this study, the preparation and electrochemical application of a chromium(III) oxide modified carbon paste electrode (Cr-CPE) and a screen printed electrode (SPE), made from the same material and optimized for the simple, cheap and sensitive simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper and the detection of silver ions, is described. The limits of detection and quantification were 25 and 80 µg·L−1 for Zn(II), 3 and 10 µg·L−1 for Cd(II), 3 and 10 µg·L−1 for Pb(II), 3 and 10 µg·L−1 for Cu(II), and 3 and 10 µg·L−1 for Ag(I), respectively. Furthermore, this promising modification was transferred to the screen-printed electrode. The limits of detection for the simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium, copper and lead on the screen printed electrodes were found to be 350 µg·L−1 for Zn(II), 25 µg·L−1 for Cd(II), 3 µg·L−1 for Pb(II) and 3 µg·L−1 for Cu(II). Practical usability for the simultaneous detection of these heavy metal ions by the Cr-CPE was also demonstrated in the analyses of wastewaters. PMID:28792450

Determination of Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Silver Using a Carbon Paste Electrode and a Screen Printed Electrode Modified with Chromium(III) Oxide.

PubMed

Koudelkova, Zuzana; Syrovy, Tomas; Ambrozova, Pavlina; Moravec, Zdenek; Kubac, Lubomir; Hynek, David; Richtera, Lukas; Adam, Vojtech

2017-08-09

In this study, the preparation and electrochemical application of a chromium(III) oxide modified carbon paste electrode (Cr-CPE) and a screen printed electrode (SPE), made from the same material and optimized for the simple, cheap and sensitive simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper and the detection of silver ions, is described. The limits of detection and quantification were 25 and 80 µg·L -1 for Zn(II), 3 and 10 µg·L -1 for Cd(II), 3 and 10 µg·L -1 for Pb(II), 3 and 10 µg·L -1 for Cu(II), and 3 and 10 µg·L -1 for Ag(I), respectively. Furthermore, this promising modification was transferred to the screen-printed electrode. The limits of detection for the simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium, copper and lead on the screen printed electrodes were found to be 350 µg·L -1 for Zn(II), 25 µg·L -1 for Cd(II), 3 µg·L -1 for Pb(II) and 3 µg·L -1 for Cu(II). Practical usability for the simultaneous detection of these heavy metal ions by the Cr-CPE was also demonstrated in the analyses of wastewaters.

Strategies to Reduce Tin and Other Metals in Electronic Cigarette Aerosol

PubMed Central

Williams, Monique; To, An; Bozhilov, Krassimir; Talbot, Prue

2015-01-01

Background Metals are present in electronic cigarette (EC) fluid and aerosol and may present health risks to users. Objective The objective of this study was to measure the amounts of tin, copper, zinc, silver, nickel and chromium in the aerosol from four brands of EC and to identify the sources of these metals by examining the elemental composition of the atomizer components. Methods Four brands of popular EC were dissected and the cartomizers were examined microscopically. Elemental composition of cartomizer components was determined using integrated energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, and the concentrations of the tin, copper, zinc silver, nickel, and chromium in the aerosol were determined for each brand using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Results All filaments were made of nickel and chromium. Thick wires were copper coated with either tin or silver. Wires were joined to each other by tin solder, brazing, or by brass clamps. High concentrations of tin were detected in the aerosol when tin solder joints were friable. Tin coating on copper wires also contributed to tin in the aerosol. Conclusions Tin concentrations in EC aerosols varied both within and between brands. Tin in aerosol was reduced by coating the thick wire with silver rather than tin, placing stable tin solder joints outside the atomizing chamber, joining wires with brass clamps or by brazing rather than soldering wires. These data demonstrate the feasibility of removing tin and other unwanted metals from EC aerosol by altering designs and using materials of suitable quality. PMID:26406602

Trace Elements: The Little Things that Count

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Evans, Gary W.

1977-01-01

Examines recent findings regarding the importance of trace elements to good health. Copper, chromium, and zinc are discussed. Described also are multi-disciplinary experiments in progress at the Human Nutrition Laboratory, a federal facility in Grand Forks, North Dakota. (CS)

Screening the phytoremediation potential of desert broom (Baccharis sarothroides Gray) growing on mine tailings in Arizona, USA

PubMed Central

Haque, Nazmul; Peralta-Videa, Jose R.; Jones, Gary L.; Gill, Thomas E.; Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge L.

2008-01-01

The metal concentrations in a copper mine tailings and Desert broom (Baccharis sarothroides Gray) plants were investigated. The metal concentrations in plants, soil cover, and tailings were determined using ICP-OES. The concentration of copper, lead, molybdenum, chromium, zinc, arsenic, nickel, and cobalt in tailings was 526.4, 207.4, 89.1, 84.5, 51.7, 49.6, 39.7, and 35.6 mg kg−1, respectively. The concentration of all elements in soil cover was 10~15% higher than that of the tailings, except for molybdenum. The concentration of copper, lead, molybdenum, chromium, zinc, arsenic, nickel, and cobalt in roots was 818.3, 151.9, 73.9, 57.1, 40.1, 44.6, 96.8, and 26.7 mg kg−1 and 1214.1, 107.3, 105.8, 105.5, 55.2, 36.9, 30.9, and 10.9 mg kg−1 for shoots, respectively. Considering the translocation factor, enrichment coefficient, and the accumulation factor, desert broom could be a potential hyperaccumulator of Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, As, and Ni. PMID:17964035

Survey of coatings for solar collectors. [ceramic enamels and chromium

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcdonald, G. E.

1974-01-01

Ceramic enamel is found to be more solar selective, (i.e., has high solar absorptance in combination with low infrared emittance) than organic enamel, but neither is as solar selective as black chrome, black copper, black zinc, or black nickel. Ceramic enamel is matched only by black chrome in durability and wide availability. Ceramic enamel and organic enamel have approximately the same cost, and both are currently slightly lower in cost than black chrome, black copper, or black zinc. Black nickel is relatively unavailable and, because of that, realistic cost comparisons are not possible.

40 CFR 471.82 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....151 (j) Alkaline cleaning spent baths. Subpart H—BAT Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of zinc alkaline cleaned Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Copper 0.005 0.002 Cyanide 0.0007 0.0003 Zinc 0.004 0.002 (k) Alkaline cleaning rinse...

40 CFR 471.82 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....151 (j) Alkaline cleaning spent baths. Subpart H—BAT Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of zinc alkaline cleaned Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Copper 0.005 0.002 Cyanide 0.0007 0.0003 Zinc 0.004 0.002 (k) Alkaline cleaning rinse...

Characterization of Emissions Produced by the Open Burning/Open Detonation of Complex Munitions

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-09-01

Picoline I ,4-Naphthoquinone N-Nitrosomethylethylamnine 1.3 -Dinitrobenzene Methyl methanesulfonate Pentachi orobenzene N-Nitrosodi ethyl amine 1... Chromium Zinc Copper 3.2.6 Particulate Matter Less Than Ten Microns in Diameter (PM10) 3.2.7 Dioxins and Furans The analysis for dioxins and furans...6.24e-04 2.09e-03 Chromium 5.69e-06 4.19e-06 3.2 1e-06 4.36e-06 1.25e-06 -5.06e-06 Copper 1.74e-04 1.03e-04 7.16e-05 1. 16e-04 5.23e-05 1.95e-04 Lead

Milan Army Ammunition Plant. Remedial Investigation Report. Volume 4. Appendices M - T

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-12-01

toxicity studies II. Hexavalent and trivalent chromium administered in drinking water to rats.. Arch. Ind. Health 18:232-234 Cobalt GILMAN, J.P.W...Beryllium Silver Cadmium Vanadium Calcium Chromium Copper Iron Lead Magnesium Manganese Nickel Potassium Sodium Zinc • . USATHAMA CERTIFIED AND UPPER...Arsenic AS 0.25 2.54 0.25 10 Barium BA 29.6 5 200 10,000 Beryllium BE 1.86 5 20 1,000 Cadmium CD 3.05 4 20 5,000 Calcium CA 59.0 500 5,000 20,000 Chromium

PHOTOCROSSLINKED IMMOBILIZATION OF POLYELECTROLYTES FOR TEMPLATE ASSISTED ENZYMATIC POLYMERIZATION OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS

EPA Science Inventory

Growing demand in consumer electronics raises need for efficient, affordable, environmentally benign and biodegradable substitutes for current technologies. Printed circuit boards contain heavy metals such as antimony, silver, chromium, zinc, lead, tin and copper. According t...

Chemical analyses of stream sediment in the Tar Creek basin of the Picher mining area, northeast Oklahoma

USGS Publications Warehouse

Parkhurst, David L.; Doughten, Michael; Hearn,, Paul P.

1988-01-01

Chemical analyses are presented for 47 sediment samples from the Tar Creek drainage in the Picher mining area of northeast Oklahoma. The samples were taken in December 1983, June 1984, and June 1985. All of the samples were taken downstream from mine-water discharge points of abandoned lead and zinc mines. The 34 samples taken in December 1983 and June 1984 were analyzed semiquantitatively by emission spectrography for 64 elements and quantitatively for cadmium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, sulfur, zinc, and organic carbon. The 13 samples taken in June 1985 were analyzed quantitatively for aluminum, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorus, lead, sulfur, silicon, titanium, vanadium, zinc, and organic carbon.

A Study on Characteristics of Atmospheric Heavy Metals in Subway Station

PubMed Central

Kim, Chun-Huem; Yoo, Dong-Chul; Kwon, Young-Min; Han, Woong-Soo; Kim, Gi-Sun; Park, Mi-Jung; Kim, Young Soon

2010-01-01

In this study, we investigated the atmospheric heavy metal concentrations in the particulate matter inside the subway stations of Seoul. In particular, we examined the correlation between the heavy metals and studied the effect of the heavy metals on cell proliferation. In six selected subway stations in Seoul, particulate matter was captured at the platforms and 11 types of heavy metals were analyzed. The results showed that the mean concentration of iron was the highest out of the heavy metals in particulate matter, followed by copper, potassium, calcium, zinc, nickel, sodium, manganese, magnesium, chromium and cadmium in that order. The correlation analysis showed that the correlations between the heavy metals was highest in the following order: (Cu vs Zn) , (Ca vs Na) , (Ca vs Mn) , (Ni vs Cr) , (Na vs Mn) , (Cr vs Cd) , (Zn vs Cd) , (Cu vs Cd) , (Ni vs Cd) , (Cu vs Ni) , (K vs Zn) , (Cu vs K) , (Cu vs Cr) , (K vs Cd) , (Zn vs Cr) , (K vs Ni) , (Zn vs Ni) , (K vs Cr) , and (Fe vs Cu) . The correlation coefficient between zinc and copper was 0.937, indicating the highest correlation. Copper, zinc, nickel, chromium and cadmium, which are generated from artificial sources in general, showed correlations with many of the other metals and the correlation coefficients were also relatively high. The effect of the heavy metals on cell proliferation was also investigated in this study. Cultured cell was exposed to 10 mg/l or 100 mg/l of iron, copper, calcium, zinc, nickel, manganese, magnesium, chromium and cadmium for 24 hours. The cell proliferation in all the heavy metal-treated groups was not inhibited at 10 mg/l of the heavy metal concentration. The only exception to this was with the cadmium-treated group which showed a strong cell proliferation inhibition. This study provides the fundamental data for the understanding of simultaneous heavy metal exposure tendency at the time of particulate matter exposure in subway stations and the identification of heavy metal sources. Moreover, this study can be used as the fundamental data for the cell toxicity study of the subway-oriented heavy metal-containing particulate matter. PMID:24278519

Reconnaissance Report for Upper Mississippi River Navigation Study. (Revised)

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-09-01

Contaminants may include ammonia, arsenic, cadmium , chlordane, chromium, copper, dioxins, lead, nickel, nitrogen, PCBs, phosphorus, zinc, various...al 1981 Rock River, Upper Mississippi River, Little Wabash River, Lower Wabash River Units (I, III-north, aid VIII). In Predictive Models in Illinois

40 CFR 471.81 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times. (j) Alkaline cleaning spent baths. Subpart H—BPT Pollutant or...-pounds) of zinc alkaline cleaned Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Copper 0.007 0.004 Cyanide 0.001 0.0004 Zinc 0.005... times. (k) Alkaline cleaning rinse. Subpart H—BPT Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day...

40 CFR 471.81 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times. (j) Alkaline cleaning spent baths. Subpart H—BPT Pollutant or...-pounds) of zinc alkaline cleaned Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Copper 0.007 0.004 Cyanide 0.001 0.0004 Zinc 0.005... times. (k) Alkaline cleaning rinse. Subpart H—BPT Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day...

40 CFR 471.81 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times. (j) Alkaline cleaning spent baths. Subpart H—BPT Pollutant or...-pounds) of zinc alkaline cleaned Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Copper 0.007 0.004 Cyanide 0.001 0.0004 Zinc 0.005... times. (k) Alkaline cleaning rinse. Subpart H—BPT Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day...

[Determination of metal elements in PM2. 5 by ICP-OES with microwave digestion].

PubMed

Zhang, Liu-Yi; Fu, Chuan; Yang, Fu-Mo; Yang, Ji-Dong; Huang, Yi-Min; Zhang, Qiang; Wu, Bing-Yu

2014-11-01

In the present work, a method was developed for determining lead, zinc, copper, cadmium, znd chromium in PM2. 5 by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis with microwave digestion and glass fibre filter collection of samples. The microwave digestion systems were investigated and the experimental conditions were optimized. The results show that (1) HNO3-H2O02 digestion system is more stable and complete than HNO3-HCl and HNO3-H2 SO4 digestion systems; (2) The most sensitive emission wave length of lead, zinc, copper, cadmium, and chromium are 220.353, 213.857, 327.393, 228.802, and 267.716 nm, respectively; (3) The highest signal-to-noise ratios were observed under the conditions: RF power of 1 300 W, peristaltic pump flow rate of 1.5 mL x min(-1), cooling gas flow rate of 15 L x min(-1), and carrier gas flow rate of 0.8 L x min(-1). In addition, the detection limit for these elements ranged between 2.02 x 10(-3) and 8.20 x 10(-3(μg x mL(-1), the relative standard deviations (RSD, n = 6) for the samples were in the range of 1.86%-2.82%, and the recovery for the elements determined was from 91.6% to 103.7%. The proposed method was used for determination of the above five elements in atmospheric fine particulate matter at Wanzhou Monitoring Site of Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology. The results revealed that the atmospheric fine particulate matter at this monitoring site was not polluted by cadmium and chromium, lead was at the level of potential contamination, while zinc and copper were at the level of slight pollution.

Installation Restoration Program. Phase I: Records Search Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-03-01

CHDRO - ARSENIC SARIUM, CADMIUM MIUM. COPPER. IRON, DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED TIME (UOIL (UCIL (UGIL (UG/L... cadmium , chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, silver, and zinc. The recommended parameters include those compounds known or...8217. ... . . -. * -:,-..’... .... ’.... ...’. .’..".-... ... -......- . ..............-............... . ..... .. APPENDIX A (Continued, Page 2 of 7) Cadmium A metal used in batteries and other industrial

Associations between IVF outcomes and essential trace elements measured in follicular fluid and urine: a pilot study.

PubMed

Ingle, Mary E; Bloom, Michael S; Parsons, Patrick J; Steuerwald, Amy J; Kruger, Pamela; Fujimoto, Victor Y

2017-02-01

A hypothesis-generating pilot study exploring associations between essential trace elements measured in follicular fluid (FF) and urine and in vitro fertilization (IVF) endpoints. We recruited 58 women undergoing IVF between 2007 and 2008, and measured cobalt, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc in FF (n = 46) and urine (n = 45) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We used multivariable regression models to assess the impact of FF and urine trace elements on IVF outcomes, adjusted for age, body mass index, race, and cigarette smoking. Trace elements were mostly present at lower concentrations in FF than in urine. The average number of oocytes retrieved was positively associated with higher urine cobalt, chromium, copper, and molybdenum concentrations. FF chromium and manganese were negatively associated with the proportion of mature oocytes, yet urine manganese had a positive association. FF zinc was inversely associated with average oocyte fertilization. Urine trace elements were significant positive predictors for the total number of embryos generated. FF copper predicted lower embryo fragmentation while urine copper was associated with higher embryo cell number and urine manganese with higher embryo fragmentation. No associations were detected for implantation, pregnancy, or live birth. Our results suggest the importance of trace elements in both FF and urine for intermediate, although not necessarily clinical, IVF endpoints. The results differed using FF or urine biomarkers of exposure, which may have implications for the design of clinical and epidemiologic investigations. These initial findings will form the basis of a more definitive future study.

Eareckson AFS, Alaska (Formerly Shemya AFB, Alaska): 1993 Installation Restoration Program Basewide and Limited Source Investigation, Work Plan

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-12-01

porphyry intrusives that crop out along the northeast and southeast shores and locally inland. Bedrock lithology is only rarely described in the borehole...kg). Groundwater samples contained arsenic (62.8 mg/L to 66.9 mg/L), chromium (19.2 mg/L to 80 mg/L), copper (52.9 mg/L to 255 mg/L), zinc (163 mg/L...0.17 mg/L; nitrate/nitrite ranging from 0.038 mg/L to 1.41 mg/L; copper at 9.6 pg/I; zinc at 13.3 pg/L; and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate at 1 /ig/L

Synchrotron Analysis Of Metal Immobilization In Sediments

EPA Science Inventory

Heavy metal contamination is a problem at many marine and fresh water environments as a result of industrial and military activities. Metals such as lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr) are common contaminants in sediments due to many Navy activities. The mobile...

Occurrence of trace elements and antibiotics in manure-based fertilizers from the Zhejiang Province of China.

PubMed

Qian, Mingrong; Wu, Huizhen; Wang, Jianmei; Zhang, Hu; Zhang, Zulin; Zhang, Yongzhi; Lin, Hui; Ma, Junwei

2016-07-15

The occurrence of seven trace elements and forty three antibiotics was investigated in manure-based fertilizers from the Zhejiang province of China. These trace elements included copper, zinc, arsenic, chromium, mercury, lead and cadmium. The targeted antibiotics included four groups: sulfonamides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones and chloramphenicols. The median amounts of copper, zinc, arsenic, chromium, mercury, lead and cadmium in the analyzed samples were 160, 465, 7.9, 21.2, 0.3, 8.1 and 0.6mg·kg(-1), respectively. Seventeen antibiotics were detected. Enrofloxacin was the most frequently detected compound, with a detection rate of 39.3% and concentrations ranging from 6.7μg·kg(-1) to 4091μg·kg(-1). Based on the referred loading rates in agricultural soil, 10% of the collected manure-based fertilizer samples might pose a high potential ecological risk due to the presence of antibiotics. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Health and Risk Assessment by ICP-OES of Heavy Metals and Trace Minerals in Commercial Mushrooms Marketed in China.

PubMed

Huang, Mengyi; Zeng, Huansong; Xu, Baojun

2017-01-01

The objectives of this study were to investigate mineral profiles of 35 species of edible mushrooms collected in China; we compared nutritional values and tolerable values with the official recommended daily intakes (RDIs), maximum intake limits, and provisional tolerable weekly intakes. A total of 19 minerals were detected in edible mushrooms by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The results showed that the mushroom samples had a low percentage of RDI for the minerals calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, potassium, and sodium and a relatively higher percentage of RDI for copper and molybdenum. The samples also had a very high percentage of RDI for chromium and selenium. The level of heavy metals in a majority of the mushrooms was above the limited level, and only concentrations of copper and zinc were safe in all mushrooms. In conclusion, the mushrooms collected in China are a good source of minerals such as molybdenum and selenium but are badly contaminated with aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead.

Assessment of atmospheric metal pollution in the urban area of Mexico City, using Ficus benjamina as biomonitor.

PubMed

Guzmán-Morales, Janin; Morton-Bermea, Ofelia; Hernández-Álvarez, Elizabeth; Rodríguez-Salazar, María Teresa; García-Arreola, María Elena; Tapia-Cruz, Víctor

2011-05-01

Concentrations of vanadium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, antimony, and lead were measured in Ficus benjamina leaves from the Mexico City urban area in order to assess their enrichment against background values. The instrumental analysis was performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and the analytical method was tested using two certified reference materials from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (1547 Peach Leaves and 1573a Tomato Leaves). Enrichment factors were calculated, i.e., total to background concentration ratio, for each metal. Low enrichments of vanadium, cobalt, nickel, and copper (≈2), and mild enrichments of chromium and zinc (4.4, 4.5 respectively) were found in the entire area; oppositely, high enrichments were assessed for antimony (28.6) and lead (17.2). However, results indicate that metal concentrations strongly depend on the specific urban sub-area. Increments of metals were attributed to natural, vehicular, and industrial sources. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011

Heavy metal resistant endophytic fungi isolated from Nypa fruticans in Kuching Wetland National Park

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choo, Jenny; Sabri, Nuraini Binti Mohd; Tan, Daniel; Mujahid, Aazani; Müller, Moritz

2015-06-01

Heavy metal pollution is an environmental issue globally and the aim of this study was to isolate endophytic fungi from mangrove wetlands of Sarawak to assess and test their ability to grow in the presence of various heavy metals (copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr)). Samples of Nypa fruticans were collected from Kuching Wetland National Park (KWNP) for subsequent endophyte isolation. Ninety-three (93) isolates were obtained and assessed and the most resistant isolates (growing at concentrations up to 1000 ppm) were identified using fungal primers ITS 1 and ITS 4. All of the endophytic fungi were identified to be closely related to Pestalotiopsis sp. and this is to our knowledge the first study reporting the ability of Pestalotiopsis sp. to grow at high concentrations of copper, lead, zinc and chromium. Our results highlight the potential of using endophytic fungi for the treatment of heavy metal pollution, for example as biosorbents.

Trace elements in fruit juices.

PubMed

Bragança, Victor Luiz Cordoba; Melnikov, Petr; Zanoni, Lourdes Z

2012-05-01

Fruit juices are widely consumed in tropical countries as part of habitual diet. The concentrations of several minerals in these beverages were evaluated. Four commercially available brands of juices were analyzed for cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, aluminum, iron, chromium, manganese, and molybdenum. The levels ranged from 0.02 to 0.08 mg/L for copper, from 0.05 to 0.23 mg/L for zinc, from 0.1 to 0.4 mg/L for aluminum, from 0.02 to 0.45 mg/L for iron, and from 0.01 to 0.22 mg/L for manganese. The levels of cadmium, lead, and chromium in all samples were very low or undetectable. The metal contents of fruit juices depend on a number of factors, including the soil composition, the external conditions during fruit growing and fruit harvesting, as well as on details of the fruit juice manufacturing processes employed. The concentrations of none of the metals in juice samples analyzed exceeded the limits imposed by local legislation.

Adsorption and mobility of metals in build-up on road surfaces.

PubMed

Gunawardana, Chandima; Egodawatta, Prasanna; Goonetilleke, Ashantha

2015-01-01

The study investigated the adsorption and bioavailability characteristics of traffic generated metals common to urban land uses, in road deposited solids particles. To validate the outcomes derived from the analysis of field samples, adsorption and desorption experiments were undertaken. The analysis of field samples revealed that metals are selectively adsorbed to different charge sites on solids. Zinc, copper, lead and nickel are adsorbed preferentially to oxides of manganese, iron and aluminium. Lead is adsorbed to organic matter through chemisorption. Cadmium and chromium form weak bonding through cation exchange with most of the particle sizes. Adsorption and desorption experiments revealed that at high metal concentrations, chromium, copper and lead form relatively strong bonds with solids particles while zinc is adsorbed through cation exchange with high likelihood of being released back into solution. Outcomes from this study provide specific guidance for the removal of metals from stormwater based on solids removal. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Concentrations of trace elements in Great Lakes fishes

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lucas, Henry F.; Edgington, David N.; Colby, Peter J.

1970-01-01

The concentration of 15 trace elements was determined by activation analysis of samples of whole fish and fish livers from three of the Great Lakes: Michigan, Superior, and Erie. The average concentrations of 7 elements in 19 whole fish from 3 species were as follows: uranium, 3 ppb (parts per billion); thorium, 6 ppb; cobalt, 28 ppb; cadmium, 94 ppb; arsenic, 16 ppb; chromium, 1 ppm; and copper, 1.3 ppm. The average concentrations of 8 elements in 40 liver samples from 10 species of fish were as follows: uranium, ~ 2 ppb; thorium, a?? 2 ppb; cobalt, 40 ppb; copper, 9 ppm; zinc, 30 ppm; bromine, 0.4 ppm; arsenic, 30 ppb; and cadmium, 0.4 ppm. Other elements observed in most of the samples were: antimony, 5-100 ppb; gold, 2-5 ppb; lanthanum, 1-20 ppb; rhenium, 0.5-5 ppb; rubidium, 0.06-4 ppm; and selenium, 0.1-2 ppb. Trace element concentrations varied with species and lake. Uranium and thorium varied with species, but not for the same species from different lakes. The levels of copper, cobalt, zinc, and bromine varied little between species and lakes. The concentration of cadmium, arsenic, and chromium varied between species and with species between lakes.

Survey of electrochemical metal winning processes. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vaaler, L.E.

1979-03-01

The subject program was undertaken to find electrometallurgical technology that could be developed into energy saving commercial metal winning processes. Metals whose current production processes consume significant energy (excepting copper and aluminum) are magnesium, zinc, lead, chromium, manganese, sodium, and titanium. The technology of these metals, with the exception of titanium, was reviewed. Growth of titanium demand has been too small to justify the installation of an electrolyte process that has been developed. This fact and the uncertainty of estimates of future demand dissuaded us from reviewing titanium technology. Opportunities for developing energy saving processes were found for magnesium, zinc,more » lead, and sodium. Costs for R and D and demonstration plants have been estimated. It appeared that electrolytic methods for chromium and manganese cannot compete energywise or economically with the pyrometallurgical methods of producing the ferroalloys, which are satisfactory for most uses of chromium and manganese.« less

Applications of peat-based sorbents for removal of metals from water

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cohen, A.D.; Stack, E.M.; Eltayeb, S.

1995-12-31

The results reported in this paper are derived from one part of an ongoing investigation of peat sorption properties, in particular, the capacities of acid-treated peats to adsorb chromium, nickel, zinc, copper, and cadmium from water. Acid treatment was done to remove as much previously adsorbed metal as possible before testing. Four peat types were selected for study, two highly decomposed types (a woody, Taxodium-dominated peat from the Okefenokee Swamp of Georgia and a sedge-dominated, charcoal-rich peat from the Tamiami Trail region of Florida) and two less decomposed ones (a Sphagnum moss-dominated peat from Maine and a Nymphaea-dominated peat frommore » the Okefenokee Swamp of Georgia). Single metal and mixed metal solutions were tested in slurry experiments with each peat type. Solutions were analyzed using a Perkin-Elmer model 305B Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. In single metal tests, chromium and copper tended to be adsorbed to a greater extent than the other metals. Three of the peats were found to be capable of adsorbine more copper ions than zince ions, while a fourth type adsorbed approximately the same amounts of each. Degree of decomposition of the peats tended to affect sorption properties for certain metals. The results of batch studies revealed that chromium was always preferentially adsorbed regardless of the peat type tested. The results of these studies further confirm that remediation of metal-contaminated waters using peats will require selection of specific peats to match the contaminants.« less

GREAT II Upper Mississippi River (Guttenberg, Iowa to Saverton, Missouri). Plan Formulation Addendum

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-12-01

than in GREAT I or III. Soils of the Genessee-Huntsville- Wabash association are nearly level, brown or black loams, ranging in silt and clay content...manganese, cadmium , chromium, copper, lead, zinc and mer- cury. 3. PFWG CONFLICTS WITH RECOMMENDATION: Evaluation: No conflicts. Possible benefits to

Iron Drinking Water Pipe Corrosion Products: Concentrators of Toxic Metals

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

health risk. In addition Pb corrosion products may be sinks for other metals such as chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn). These...Vanadium K-Edge X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure Interpretation: Application to the Speciation of Vanadium in Oxide Phases from Steel Slag ’, Journal

40 CFR 302.6 - Notification requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... transportation of coal and coal ash (including fly ash, bottom ash, and boiler slags), including the dumping and... coal and coal ash, including fly ash, bottom ash, and boiler slags. (d) Except for releases of..., chromium, copper, lead, nickel, selenium, silver, thallium, or zinc is not required if the mean diameter of...

Removal and recovery of metals and other materials by supported liquid membranes with strip dispersion.

PubMed

Ho, W S Winston

2003-03-01

This paper reviews recent advances in supported liquid membranes (SLMs) with strip dispersion for removal and recovery of metals including chromium, copper, zinc, and strontium; it also discusses potential applications of SLMs for removal and recovery of other materials, including cobalt and penicillin G. The technology for chromium that we developed, not only removes the Cr(VI) from about 100-1,000 ppm to less than 0.05 ppm in the treated effluent allowable for discharge or recycle, but also recovers the chromium product at a high concentration of about 20% Cr(VI) (62.3% Na(2)CrO(4)) suitable for resale or reuse. In other words, we have achieved the goals of zero discharge and no sludge. The stability of the SLM is ensured by a modified SLM with strip dispersion, where the aqueous strip solution is dispersed in the organic membrane solution in a mixer. The strip dispersion formed is circulated from the mixer to the membrane module to provide a constant supply of the organic solution to the membrane pores. The copper SLM system that we have identified, not only removed the copper from 150 ppm in the inlet feed to less than 0.15 ppm in the treated feed, but also recovered the copper at a high concentration of greater than 10,000 ppm in the strip solution. For the zinc SLM system identified, zinc at an inlet feed concentration of 550 ppm was removed to less than 0.3 ppm in the treated feed, whereas a high zinc concentration of more than 17,000 ppm was recovered in the strip solution. For strontium removal, we synthesized a family of new extractants, alkyl phenylphosphonic acids. The SLM removed radioactive (90)Sr to the target of 8 pCi/L or lower from feed solutions of 300-1,000 pCi/L. The SLM removed cobalt from about 525 ppm to 0.7 ppm in the treated feed solution, concentrating it to at least 30,000 ppm in the aqueous strip solution. Concerning penicillin G recovery, the SLM removed penicillin G from a feed of 8,840 ppm and concentrated it to a high concentration of 41,011 ppm in the aqueous strip solution with a high recovery of about 93%.

Studies on heavy metal contamination in Godavari river basin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hussain, Jakir; Husain, Ikbal; Arif, Mohammed; Gupta, Nidhi

2017-12-01

Surface water samples from Godavari river basin was analyzed quantitatively for the concentration of eight heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, nickel and zinc using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The analyzed data revealed that iron and zinc metals were found to be the most abundant metals in the river Godavari and its tributaries. Iron (Fe) recorded the highest, while cadmium (Cd) had the least concentration. Arsenic, cadmium, chromium, iron and zinc metals are within the acceptable limit of BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) 1050 (2012) Specification for drinking water, pp 1-5). The analysis of Godavari river and its tributary's water samples reveals that the water is contaminated at selected points which are not suitable for drinking. Nickel and Copper concentration is above acceptable limit and other metal concentration is within the acceptable limit. Comprehensive study of the results reveals that out of 18 water quality stations monitored, water samples collected at 7 water quality stations are found to be within the permissible limit for all purposes. While Rajegaon, Tekra, Nandgaon, P. G. Bridge, Bhatpalli, Kumhari, Pauni, Hivra, Ashti, Bamini, and Jagda stations were beyond the desirable limit due to presence of copper and nickel metals. The contents of copper metal ions were higher at some water quality stations on Wunna river (Nandgaon); Wardha river (Hivra) and Wainganga river (Kumhari, Pauni, Ashti) during Feb. 2012, while nickel concentration during Feb. 2012, June 2012, March 2013 and Aug. 2013 at some water quality stations on rivers Bagh, Indravati, Pranhita, Wunna, Penganga, Peddavagu, Wainganga and Wardha. It can be concluded that rapid population growth and industrialization have brought about resource degradation and a decline in environmental quality.

Inventory of Exposure-Related Data Systems Sponsored By Federal Agencies

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-05-01

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) .... 1-152 National Herbicide Use Database .......................... 1-157 National Human Adipose Tissue ...Human Adipose Tissue ) ..................................... National Hydrologic Benchmark Network (see National Water Quality Networks Programs...Inorganic compounds (arsenic, iron, lead, mercury, zinc , cadmium , chromium, copper); pesticides (1982 and 1987 data available for 35 pesticides; original

HUMAN SCALP HAIR: AN ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE INDEX FOR TRACE ELEMENTS. II. SEVENTEEN TRACE ELEMENTS IN FOUR NEW JERSEY COMMUNITIES (1972)

EPA Science Inventory

Seventeen trace elements - arsenic (As), barium (Ba), boron (B), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), lead (Pb), lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), nickle (Ni), selenium (Se), silver (Ag), tin (Sn), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) - were measured in human sca...

Effect of Heat Acclimation on Sweat Minerals

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-12-01

training on the trace metals chromium, zinc, and copper. Sports Med. 1987;4:9–18. 6. Chinevere TD , McClung JP, Cheuvront SN. Trace mineral losses in sweat...versus patch tests for estimating body surface electrolyte losses. Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metab. 2003;13:479–88. 33. Robert MF, Wenger CB, Stolwijk JAJ

Composition of the edible portion of raw (fresh or frozen) crustaceans, finfish, and mollusks. III. Microelements. [Review

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sidwell, V.D.; Loomis, A.L.; Loomis, K.J.

1978-09-01

This report summarizes data from 224 publications referring to the microelements found in the flesh of commonly eaten seafoods. These microelements are: copper, iron, zinc, iodine, manganese, mercury, organic mercury, lead arsenic, fluorine, silver, cadmium, cobalt, selenium, chromium, vanadium, tin, aluminum, nickel, barium, and molybdenum.

Food survey: levels and potential health risks of chromium, lead, zinc and copper content in fruits and vegetables consumed in Algeria.

PubMed

Cherfi, Abdelhamid; Abdoun, Samira; Gaci, Ouardia

2014-08-01

A food survey was carried out with the aim to investigate the levels of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr) in various fruits and vegetables sold in Algeria. Concentrations (mg/kgdry wt.) in selected foodstuffs were detected within the following ranges: 4-29.49, 11.17-49, 12.33-39.33 and 3-16.33 for Cu, Zn, Pb and Cr respectively. The food ingestion rate of the selected items was investigated by self-administered questionnaires which were filled by a total of 843 people randomly recruited at the exit of markets. The potential health risk for consumers was investigated by estimating the daily intake (EDI) and the target hazard quotient (THQ) for each heavy metal. For all foodstuffs, the EDI and the THQ were below the threshold values for Cu, Zn and Cr while they exceeded the thresholds for Pb (EDI: 15.66μgPb/kg body weight/day; THQ: 4.37), indicating an obvious health risk over a life time of exposure. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Reconnaissance of water-quality characteristics of streams in the City of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

USGS Publications Warehouse

Eddins, W.H.; Crawford, J.K.

1984-01-01

In 1979-81, water samples were collected from 119 sites on streams throughout the City of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, and were analyzed for specific conductance, dissolved chloride, hardness, pH, total alkalinity, total phosphorus, trace elements, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, silver, and zinc and biological measures including dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform bacteria, and fecal streptococcus bacteria. Sampling was conducted during both low flow (base flow) and high flow. Several water-quality measures including pH, total arsenic, total cadmium, total chromium, total copper, total iron, total lead, total manganese, total mercury, total silver, total zinc, dissolved oxygen, and fecal coliform bacteria at times exceeded North Carolina water-quality standards in various streams. Runoff from non-point sources appears to contribute more to the deterioration of streams in Charlotte and Mecklenburg County than point-source effluents. Urban and industrial areas contribute various trace elements. Residential and rural areas and municipal waste-water treatment plants contribute high amounts of phosphorus.

Influence of coal ash and slag dumping on dump waste waters of the Kostolac power plants (Serbia)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Popovic, A.; Djinovic, J.

2006-10-01

The content of selected trace and major elements in the river water used for transport, as well as in the subcategories of the waste waters (overflow and drainage) were analyzed in order to establish the influence of transport and dumping of coal ash and slag from the 'Kostolac A' and 'Kostolac B' power plants located 100 km from Belgrade (Serbia). It was found that during transport of coal ash and slag to the dump, the water used for transport becomes enriched with manganese, nickel, zinc, chromium, vanadium, titanium, cobalt, arsenic, aluminum, and silicon, while more calcium, iron, cadmium, and leadmore » are adsorbed by the ash and slag than is released from them. There is also an equilibrium between the release and adsorption processes of copper and magnesium during transport. The vertical penetration of the water used for transport results in a release of calcium, magnesium, manganese, and cadmium to the environment, while iron, nickel, zinc, chromium, copper, lead, vanadium, titanium, cobalt, and arsenic are adsorbed by the fractions of coal ash and slag in the dump.« less

Effects of chloride, sulfate and natural organic matter (NOM) on the accumulation and release of trace-level inorganic contaminants from corroding iron.

PubMed

Peng, Ching-Yu; Ferguson, John F; Korshin, Gregory V

2013-09-15

This study examined effects of varying levels of anions (chloride and sulfate) and natural organic matter (NOM) on iron release from and accumulation of inorganic contaminants in corrosion scales formed on iron coupons exposed to drinking water. Changes of concentrations of sulfate and chloride were observed to affect iron release and, in lesser extent, the retention of representative inorganic contaminants (vanadium, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, lead and uranium); but, effects of NOM were more pronounced. DOC concentration of 1 mg/L caused iron release to increase, with average soluble and total iron concentrations being four and two times, respectively, higher than those in the absence of NOM. In the presence of NOM, the retention of inorganic contaminants by corrosion scales was reduced. This was especially prominent for lead, vanadium, chromium and copper whose retention by the scales decreased from >80% in the absence of NOM to <30% in its presence. Some of the contaminants, notably copper, chromium, zinc and nickel retained on the surface of iron coupons in the presence of DOC largely retained their mobility and were released readily when ambient water chemistry changed. Vanadium, arsenic, cadmium, lead and uranium retained by the scales were largely unsusceptible to changes of NOM and chloride levels. Modeling indicated that the observed effects were associated with the formation of metal-NOM complexes and effects of NOM on the sorption of the inorganic contaminants on solid phases that are typical for iron corrosion in drinking water. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Relative SHG measurements of metal thin films: Gold, silver, aluminum, cobalt, chromium, germanium, nickel, antimony, titanium, titanium nitride, tungsten, zinc, silicon and indium tin oxide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Che, Franklin; Grabtchak, Serge; Whelan, William M.; Ponomarenko, Sergey A.; Cada, Michael

We have experimentally measured the surface second-harmonic generation (SHG) of sputtered gold, silver, aluminum, zinc, tungsten, copper, titanium, cobalt, nickel, chromium, germanium, antimony, titanium nitride, silicon and indium tin oxide thin films. The second-harmonic response was measured in reflection using a 150 fs p-polarized laser pulse at 1561 nm. We present a clear comparison of the SHG intensity of these films relative to each other. Our measured relative intensities compare favorably with the relative intensities of metals with published data. We also report for the first time to our knowledge the surface SHG intensity of tungsten and antimony relative to that of well known metallic thin films such as gold and silver.

Sublethal Toxicity Endpoints of Heavy Metals to the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

PubMed Central

Wu, Yue; Wang, Qiang; Li, Huixin

2016-01-01

Caenorhabditis elegans, a free-living nematode, is commonly used as a model organism in ecotoxicological studies. The current literatures have provided useful insight into the relative sensitivity of several endpoints, but few direct comparisons of multiple endpoints under a common set of experimental conditions. The objective of this study was to determine appropriate sublethal endpoints to develop an ecotoxicity screening and monitoring system. C. elegans was applied to explore the sublethal toxicity of four heavy metals (copper, zinc, cadmium and chromium). Two physiological endpoints (growth and reproduction), three behavioral endpoints (head thrash frequency, body bend frequency and feeding) and two enzymatic endpoints (acetylcholine esterase [AChE] and superoxide dismutase [SOD]) were selected for the assessment of heavy metal toxicity. The squared correlation coefficients (R2) between the responses observed and fitted by Logit function were higher than 0.90 and the RMSE were lower than 0.10, indicating a good significance statistically. There was no significant difference among the half effect concentration (EC50) endpoints in physiological and behavioral effects of the four heavy metals, indicating similar sensitivity of physiological and behavioral effects. AChE enzyme was more sensitive to copper, zinc, and cadmium than to other physiological and behavioral effects, and SOD enzyme was most sensitive to chromium. The EC50 of copper, zinc, and cadmium, to the AChE enzyme in the nematodes were 0.68 mg/L, 2.76 mg/L, and 0.92 mg/L respectively and the EC50 of chromium to the SOD enzyme in the nematode was 1.58 mg/L. The results of this study showed that there was a good concentration-response relationship between all four heavy metals and the sublethal toxicity effects to C. elegans. Considering these sublethal endpoints in terms of simplicity, accuracy, repeatability and costs of the experiments, feeding is the relatively ideal sublethal toxicity endpoint of heavy metals to C. elegans. PMID:26824831

Survey of metal tolerance in moderately halophilic eubacteria.

PubMed

Nieto, J J; Fernández-Castillo, R; Márquez, M C; Ventosa, A; Quesada, E; Ruiz-Berraquero, F

1989-09-01

The tolerance patterns, expressed as MICs, for 250 moderately halophilic eubacteria to 10 heavy metals were surveyed by using an agar dilution method. The moderate halophiles tested included 12 culture collection strains and fresh isolates representative of Deleya halophila (37 strains), Acinetobacter sp. (24 strains), Flavobacterium sp. (28 strains), and 149 moderately halophilic gram-positive cocci included in the genera Marinococcus, Sporosarcina, Micrococcus, and Staphylococcus. On the basis of the MICs, the collection strains showed, overall, similar responses to silver, cobalt, mercury, nickel, lead, and zinc. All were sensitive to silver, mercury, and zinc and tolerant of lead. The response to arsenate, cadmium, chromium, and copper was very heterogeneous. The metal susceptibility levels of the 238 freshly isolated strains were, in general, very heterogeneous among the four taxonomic groups as well as within the strains included in each group. The highest toxicities were found with mercury, silver, and zinc, while arsenate showed the lowest activity. All these strains were tolerant of nickel, lead, and chromium and sensitive to silver and mercury. Acinetobacter sp. strains were the most heavy-metal tolerant, with the majority of them showing tolerance of eight different metal ions. In contrast, Flavobacterium sp. strains were the most metal sensitive. The influence of salinity and yeast extract concentrations of the culture medium on the toxicity of the heavy metals tested for some representative strains was also studied. Lowering the salinity, in general, led to enhanced sensitivity to cadmium and, in some cases, to cobalt and copper. However, increasing the salinity resulted in only a slight decrease in the cadmium, copper, and nickel toxicities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

40 CFR 437.21 - Effluent limitations attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....6 Metal Parameters Arsenic 2.95 1.33 Cadmium 0.0172 0.0102 Chromium 0.746 0.323 Cobalt 56.4 18.8 Copper 0.500 0.242 Lead 0.350 0.160 Mercury 0.0172 0.00647 Tin 0.335 0.165 Zinc 8.26 4.50 Organic...

HUMAN SCALP HAIR: AN ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE INDEX FOR TRACE ELEMENTS. III. SEVENTEEN TRACE ELEMENTS IN BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA AND CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA (1972)

EPA Science Inventory

Seventeen trace elements - arsenic (As), barium (Ba), boron, (B), cadmium, (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), lead (Pb), lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), silver (Ag), tin (Sn), vanadium (V), and Zinc (Zn) - were measured in human s...

40 CFR 442.33 - Effluent limitations attainable by the application of best available technology economically...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... application of best available technology economically achievable (BAT). 442.33 Section 442.33 Protection of... technology economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing... application of BAT: Limitations for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are the same as...

40 CFR 442.33 - Effluent limitations attainable by the application of best available technology economically...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... application of best available technology economically achievable (BAT). 442.33 Section 442.33 Protection of... technology economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing... application of BAT: Limitations for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are the same as...

40 CFR 442.33 - Effluent limitations attainable by the application of best available technology economically...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... application of best available technology economically achievable (BAT). 442.33 Section 442.33 Protection of... economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source... BAT: Limitations for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are the same as the...

40 CFR 442.33 - Effluent limitations attainable by the application of best available technology economically...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... application of best available technology economically achievable (BAT). 442.33 Section 442.33 Protection of... technology economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing... application of BAT: Limitations for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are the same as...

40 CFR 442.33 - Effluent limitations attainable by the application of best available technology economically...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... application of best available technology economically achievable (BAT). 442.33 Section 442.33 Protection of... economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source... BAT: Limitations for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are the same as the...

Nutritional assessment of processing effects on major and trace element content in sea buckthorn juice (Hippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp. rhamnoides).

PubMed

Gutzeit, D; Winterhalter, P; Jerz, G

2008-08-01

Processing effects on the mineral content were investigated during juice production from sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp. rhamnoides, Elaeagnaceae) using berries from 2 different growing areas. The major and trace elements of sea buckthorn berries and juices were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)--(calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, sodium) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)--(arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, zinc). Potassium is the most abundant major element in sea buckthorn berries and juices. The production process increased the potassium content in the juice by about 20%. Moreover, the processing of juice increased the value of manganese up to 32% compared to the content in berries. During industrial juice production, the technological steps caused a loss of about 53% to 77% of the chromium concentration, 50% of the copper content, 64% to 75% of the molybdenum amount, and up to 45% of the iron concentration in the final juice product. Consumption of sea buckthorn juice represents a beneficial source of chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, iron, and potassium for the achievement of the respective dietary requirements.

Determination of the Mineral Composition and Toxic Element Contents of Propolis by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

PubMed Central

González-Martín, M. Inmaculada; Escuredo, Olga; Revilla, Isabel; Vivar-Quintana, Ana M.; Coello, M. Carmen; Palacios Riocerezo, Carlos; Wells Moncada, Guillermo

2015-01-01

The potential of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) with remote reflectance fiber-optic probes for determining the mineral composition of propolis was evaluated. This technology allows direct measurements without prior sample treatment. Ninety one samples of propolis were collected in Chile (Bio-Bio region) and Spain (Castilla-León and Galicia regions). The minerals measured were aluminum, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and some potentially toxic trace elements such as zinc, chromium, nickel, copper and lead. The modified partial least squares (MPLS) regression method was used to develop the NIR calibration model. The determination coefficient (R2) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) obtained for aluminum (0.79, 53), calcium (0.83, 94), iron (0.69, 134) potassium (0.95, 117), magnesium (0.70, 99), phosphorus (0.94, 24) zinc (0.87, 10) chromium (0.48, 0.6) nickel (0.52, 0.7) copper (0.64, 0.9) and lead (0.70, 2) in ppm. The results demonstrated that the capacity for prediction can be considered good for wide ranges of potassium, phosphorus and zinc concentrations, and acceptable for aluminum, calcium, magnesium, iron and lead. This indicated that the NIR method is comparable to chemical methods. The method is of interest in the rapid prediction of potentially toxic elements in propolis before consumption. PMID:26540058

KALMIOPSIS WILDERNESS, OREGON.

USGS Publications Warehouse

Page, Norman J; Miller, Michael S.

1984-01-01

Geologic, geochemical, geophysical field and laboratory, and mine and prospect studies conducted in the Kalmiopsis Wilderness, Oregon indicate that areas within and immediately adjacent to the wilderness have substantiated mineral-resource potential. The types of mineral resources which occur in these areas include massive sulfide deposits containing copper, zinc, lead, silver and gold; podiform chromite deposits; laterite deposits containing nickel, cobalt, and chromium; lode gold deposits; and placer gold deposits. Past production from existing mines is estimated to have been at least 7000 troy oz of gold, 4000 long tons of chromite, and few tens of tons of copper ore.

Reproductive success and heavy metal contamination in Rhode Island common terns

USGS Publications Warehouse

Custer, T.W.; Franson, J.C.; Moore, John F.; Myers, J.E.

1986-01-01

Common tern cIutch size, reproductive success and growth of young recorded from an abandoned barge on the Providence River, an area of heavy metal contamination, were equal to, or greater than, .from less contaminated areas. Concentrations of copper and zinc were higher in livers of nestling terns from the Providence River than from other, less contaminated, areas. However, concentrations of magnesium, manganese, and iron and the frequency of nickel were equal, or lower, at Providence than other, less contaminated, locations. Among-colony trends in residues of copper, zinc and nickel in prey samples were similar to trends .found in nestling livers. Uric acid concentrations in nestling blood were twice as high in the Providence River than another colony and may have resulted from moderate levels of chromium in the diet.

Performances of metal concentrations from three permeable pavement infiltrates.

PubMed

Liu, Jiayu; Borst, Michael

2018-06-01

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency constructed a 4000-m 2 parking lot in Edison, New Jersey in 2009. The parking lot is surfaced with three permeable pavements [permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP), pervious concrete (PC), and porous asphalt (PA)]. Samples of each permeable pavement infiltrate, surface runoff from traditional asphalt, and rainwater were analyzed in duplicate for 22 metals (total and dissolved) for 6 years. In more than 99% of the samples, the concentration of barium, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel and zinc, and in 60%-90% of the samples, the concentration of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and antimony in infiltrates from all three permeable pavements met both the groundwater effluent limitations (GEL) and maximum contaminant levels (MCL). The concentration of aluminum (50%) and iron (93%) in PICP infiltrates samples exceed the GELs; however, the concentration in more than 90% samples PA and PC infiltrates met the GELs. No measurable difference in metal concentrations was found from the five sources for arsenic, cadmium, lead, antimony, and tin. Large concentrations of eleven metals, including manganese, copper, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, silica, strontium and vanadium, were detected in surface runoff than the rainwater. Chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, aluminum, zinc, iron and magnesium concentrations in PICP infiltrates; calcium, barium, and strontium concentrations in PA infiltrates; sodium, potassium and vanadium concentrations in PC infiltrates were statistically larger than the other two permeable pavement infiltrates. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

MULTISPECIES REACTIVE TRACER TEST IN A SAND AND GRAVEL AQUIFER, CAPE COD, MASSACHUSETTS: PART 2: TRANSPORT OF CHROMIUM (VI) AND LEAD-, COPPER-, AND ZINC-EDTA TRACERS

EPA Science Inventory

This report discusses the transport of a group of reactive tracers over the course of a large-scale, natural gradient tracer test conducted at the USGS Cape Cod Toxic Substances Hydrology Research site, near Falmouth, Massachusetts. The overall objectives of the experiment were ...

Trace metal uptake by garden herbs and vegetables.

PubMed

Shariatpanahi, M; Anderson, A C; Mather, F

1986-12-01

In many regions of Iran, crops are irrigated with municipal and industrial wastewater that contain a variety of metals. The purpose of this study was to simulate the level of metals that may be presented to plants over a growing season in a controlled laboratory setting. Cadmium, lead, arsenic, chromium, mercury, nickel, copper, zinc, and selenium were applied to plants at the high rate of 200 g metal/ha/wk. The following plants were examined for metal accumulation and effects on yield: garden cress (Lipidium sativum), leek (Allium porrum L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), mint (Mentha arvensis L.), onion (Allium capa L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and tarragon (Artemisia draculus L.). All plants showed significant uptake of all metals when compared to control (p=0.05), and growth was significantly reduced (p=0.05). Cadmium and chromium levels of 85±7.4 and 47.6±8.9 μg/g); selenium levels were highest in tarragon (16.5±5.8 μg/g). Zinc levels were similar (p=0.05) in all species tested, as were mercury and lead. The remaining metals (nickel and copper) showed significant differences in uptake, depending on plant species.

Pollution Problem in River Kabul: Accumulation Estimates of Heavy Metals in Native Fish Species.

PubMed

Ahmad, Habib; Yousafzai, Ali Muhammad; Siraj, Muhammad; Ahmad, Rashid; Ahmad, Israr; Nadeem, Muhammad Shahid; Ahmad, Waqar; Akbar, Nazia; Muhammad, Khushi

2015-01-01

The contamination of aquatic systems with heavy metals is affecting the fish population and hence results in a decline of productivity rate. River Kabul is a transcountry river originating at Paghman province in Afghanistan and inters in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan and it is the major source of irrigation and more than 54 fish species have been reported in the river. Present study aimed at the estimation of heavy metals load in the fish living in River Kabul. Heavy metals including chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead were determined through atomic absorption spectrophotometer after tissue digestion by adopting standard procedures. Concentrations of these metals were recorded in muscles and liver of five native fish species, namely, Wallago attu, Aorichthys seenghala, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo dyocheilus, and Ompok bimaculatus. The concentrations of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead were higher in both of the tissues, whereas the concentration of cadmium was comparatively low. However, the concentration of metals was exceeding the RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance of USA) limits. Hence, continuous fish consumption may create health problems for the consumers. The results of the present study are alarming and suggest implementing environmental laws and initiation of a biomonitoring program of the river.

Effects of heavy metals on sea urchin embryo development. Part 2. Interactive toxic effects of heavy metals in synthetic mine effluents.

PubMed

Kobayashi, Naomasa; Okamura, Hideo

2005-12-01

Interactive toxic effects between heavy metals were investigated using a sea urchin (Anthocidaris crassispina) bioassay. An effluent from an abandoned mine showed significant inhibitory effects on embryo development as well as producing specific malformations. The effects on the embryos were reproduced by synthetic polluted seawater consisting of eight metals (manganese, lead, cadmium, nickel, zinc, chromium, iron, and copper) at the concentrations detected in the mine effluent. This indicated that the heavy metals were responsible for the effects observed. Five heavy metals were ranked in decreasing order of toxicity as follows: Cu>Zn>Pb>Fe>Mn. Among these, zinc and manganese could cause malformation of the embryos. From bioassay results using 27 combinations of heavy metals, 16 combinations including zinc could produce specific malformations, such as radialized, exo-gastrulal, and spaceship Apollo-like gastrulal embryos. Zinc was one of the elements responsible for causing malformations and its effects were intensified by the presence of the other metals, such as manganese, lead, iron, and copper.

Survey of metal tolerance in moderately halophilic eubacteria.

PubMed Central

Nieto, J J; Fernández-Castillo, R; Márquez, M C; Ventosa, A; Quesada, E; Ruiz-Berraquero, F

1989-01-01

The tolerance patterns, expressed as MICs, for 250 moderately halophilic eubacteria to 10 heavy metals were surveyed by using an agar dilution method. The moderate halophiles tested included 12 culture collection strains and fresh isolates representative of Deleya halophila (37 strains), Acinetobacter sp. (24 strains), Flavobacterium sp. (28 strains), and 149 moderately halophilic gram-positive cocci included in the genera Marinococcus, Sporosarcina, Micrococcus, and Staphylococcus. On the basis of the MICs, the collection strains showed, overall, similar responses to silver, cobalt, mercury, nickel, lead, and zinc. All were sensitive to silver, mercury, and zinc and tolerant of lead. The response to arsenate, cadmium, chromium, and copper was very heterogeneous. The metal susceptibility levels of the 238 freshly isolated strains were, in general, very heterogeneous among the four taxonomic groups as well as within the strains included in each group. The highest toxicities were found with mercury, silver, and zinc, while arsenate showed the lowest activity. All these strains were tolerant of nickel, lead, and chromium and sensitive to silver and mercury. Acinetobacter sp. strains were the most heavy-metal tolerant, with the majority of them showing tolerance of eight different metal ions. In contrast, Flavobacterium sp. strains were the most metal sensitive. The influence of salinity and yeast extract concentrations of the culture medium on the toxicity of the heavy metals tested for some representative strains was also studied. Lowering the salinity, in general, led to enhanced sensitivity to cadmium and, in some cases, to cobalt and copper. However, increasing the salinity resulted in only a slight decrease in the cadmium, copper, and nickel toxicities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID:2802612

Sources, spatial variation, and speciation of heavy metals in sediments of the Tamagawa River in Central Japan.

PubMed

Shikazono, N; Tatewaki, K; Mohiuddin, K M; Nakano, T; Zakir, H M

2012-01-01

Sediments of the Tamagawa River in central Japan were studied to explain the spatial variation, to identify the sources of heavy metals, and to evaluate the anthropogenic influence on these pollutants in the river. Sediment samples were collected from 20 sites along the river (five upstream, four midstream, and 11 downstream). Heavy metal concentrations, viz. chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, and molybdenum, in the samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. The chemical speciations of heavy metals in the sediments were identified by the widely used five-step Hall method. Lead isotopes were analyzed to identify what portion is contributed by anthropogenic sources. The total heavy metal concentrations were compared with global averages for continental crust (shale) and average values for Japanese river sediments. The mean heavy metal concentrations were higher in downstream sediments than in upstream and midstream samples, and the concentrations in the silt samples were higher than those in the sand samples. Speciation results demonstrate that, for chromium and nickel, the residual fractions were dominant. These findings imply that the influence of anthropogenic chromium and nickel contamination is negligible, while copper, zinc, and lead were mostly extracted in the non-residual fraction (metals in adsorbed/exchangeable/carbonate forms or bound to amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides, crystalline Fe oxides, or organic matter), indicating that these elements have high chemical mobility. The proportion of lead (Pb) isotopes in the downstream silt samples indicates that Pb accumulation is primarily derived from anthropogenic sources.

Marine Ecological Risk Assessment Pilot Study for Allen Harbor, Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-01

evidence of major contamination in sediments or tissues except for relatively high levels of polychlorinated biphenols (PBC), butyltins compounds ( TBT ...biphenols (PBC), butyltin compounds ( TBT ), and fecal coliforms observed in Allen Harbor. Effects were detected in mussel physiology, sea urchin fertilization...Dichiorodiphenyl- dichioroethene HBC - Hexachlorobenzene TBT -Thbutyltin METALS Cu - Copper Zn -Zinc Cr - Chromium Pb -Lead Ni - Nickel As - Arsenic

Recent trends and current practices for secondary processing of zinc and lead. Part II: zinc recovery from secondary sources.

PubMed

Sahu, Kamala Kanta; Agrawal, Archana; Pandey, Banshi Dhar

2004-08-01

Almost all metallurgical processes are associated with the generation of wastes and residues that may be hazardous or non-hazardous in nature depending upon the criteria specified by institutions such as the US Environment Protection Agency, etc. Wastes containing heavy and toxic metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, copper, mercury, zinc, etc., that are present beyond permissible limits deemed to be treated or disposed of, and non-hazardous wastes can be utilized for metal recovery or safe disposal. Zinc is in growing demand all over the world. In India, a major amount of zinc is imported and therefore processing of zinc secondaries will assist in satisfying the gap between demand and supply to some extent. This report mainly focuses on the current practices and recent trends on the secondary processing of zinc. Attempts made by various laboratories to develop ecofriendly processes for the recovery of zinc from secondary raw materials are also described and discussed.

Pollution Problem in River Kabul: Accumulation Estimates of Heavy Metals in Native Fish Species

PubMed Central

Ahmad, Habib; Yousafzai, Ali Muhammad; Siraj, Muhammad; Ahmad, Rashid; Ahmad, Israr; Nadeem, Muhammad Shahid; Ahmad, Waqar; Akbar, Nazia; Muhammad, Khushi

2015-01-01

The contamination of aquatic systems with heavy metals is affecting the fish population and hence results in a decline of productivity rate. River Kabul is a transcountry river originating at Paghman province in Afghanistan and inters in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan and it is the major source of irrigation and more than 54 fish species have been reported in the river. Present study aimed at the estimation of heavy metals load in the fish living in River Kabul. Heavy metals including chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead were determined through atomic absorption spectrophotometer after tissue digestion by adopting standard procedures. Concentrations of these metals were recorded in muscles and liver of five native fish species, namely, Wallago attu, Aorichthys seenghala, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo dyocheilus, and Ompok bimaculatus. The concentrations of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead were higher in both of the tissues, whereas the concentration of cadmium was comparatively low. However, the concentration of metals was exceeding the RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance of USA) limits. Hence, continuous fish consumption may create health problems for the consumers. The results of the present study are alarming and suggest implementing environmental laws and initiation of a biomonitoring program of the river. PMID:26339622

Effects of chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc on survival and feeding of the cladoceran Moina macrocopa

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wong, C.K.

1992-10-01

Heavy metals are widely recognized as highly toxic and dangerous. Past research activities on heavy metal pollution in Hong Kong have emphasized coastal environmentals. Since the main sources of heavy metals are the discharge and spillage of wastewater from electroplating factories, concentrations of heavy metals in streams and pools near industrial areas may be higher than those in coastal waters. Electroplating wastewater in Hong Kong contains high levels of chromium, copper, nickel and zinc. The toxicity of these heavy metals to the aquatic organisms has been extensively reviewed. Toxicity information for invertebrates shows that crustaceans are among the most sensitivemore » organisms. Of the crustacean species tested, cladocerans appear to be the most susceptibile. Cladocerans are important components of many aquatic ecosystems. Despite their importance in many freshwater communities and their sensitivity to heavy metal toxicity, information on the toxicity of heavy metals to cladocerans is limited except for several Daphnia species. In Hong Kong the freshwater cladoceran Moina macrocopa occurs in small ponds and rice paddies and is mass cultured by some farmers as a high quality fish food. The objectives of this study are to determine the effects of various heavy metals on the survival and feeding of M. macrocopa. 12 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.« less

Thermal and hydrometallurgical recovery methods of heavy metals from municipal solid waste fly ash.

PubMed

Kuboňová, L; Langová, Š; Nowak, B; Winter, F

2013-11-01

Heavy metals in fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators are present in high concentrations. Therefore fly ash must be treated as a hazardous material. On the other hand, it may be a potential source of heavy metals. Zinc, lead, cadmium, and copper can be relatively easily removed during the thermal treatment of fly ash, e.g. in the form of chlorides. In return, wet extraction methods could provide promising results for these elements including chromium and nickel. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare thermal and hydrometallurgical treatment of municipal solid waste fly ash. Thermal treatment of fly ash was performed in a rotary reactor at temperatures between 950 and 1050°C and in a muffle oven at temperatures from 500 to 1200°C. The removal more than 90% was reached by easy volatile heavy metals such as cadmium and lead and also by copper, however at higher temperature in the muffle oven. The alkaline (sodium hydroxide) and acid (sulphuric acid) leaching of the fly ash was carried out while the influence of temperature, time, concentration, and liquid/solid ratio were investigated. The combination of alkaline-acidic leaching enhanced the removal of, namely, zinc, chromium and nickel. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

False-positive result when a diphenylcarbazide spot test is used on trivalent chromium-passivated zinc surfaces.

PubMed

Reveko, Valeriia; Lampert, Felix; Din, Rameez U; Thyssen, Jacob P; Møller, Per

2018-05-01

A colorimetric 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC)-based spot test can be used to identify hexavalent chromium on various metallic and leather surfaces. DPC testing on trivalent chromium-passivated zinc surfaces has unexpectedly given positive results in some cases, apparently indicating the presence of hexavalent chromium; however, the presence of hexavalent chromium has never been confirmed with more sensitive and accurate test methods. To examine the presence of hexavalent chromium on trivalent chromium-passivated zinc surfaces with a DPC-based spot test. A colorimetric DPC spot test was used for the initial detection of hexavalent chromium on new and 1-year-aged trivalent chromium-passivated zinc surfaces. Then, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed for all samples. The DPC spot test indicated the presence of hexavalent chromium in aged, but not new, trivalent chromium passivation on zinc; however, subsequent analysis by XPS could not confirm the presence of chromium in a hexavalent state. Unintended oxidation of DPC induced by atmospheric corrosion is suggested as a possible reason for the false-positive reaction of the DPC test on a trivalent chromium-passivated zinc surface. Further validation of the use of the DPC test for chromium-containing metallic surfaces is required. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Priority-pollutant trace elements in streambed sediments of the Cook Inlet basin, Alaska, 1998-2000

USGS Publications Warehouse

Frenzel, Steven A.

2002-01-01

Trace element concentrations in 48 streambed sediment samples collected at 47 sites in the Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska, were compared to concentrations from studies in the conterminous United States using identical methods and to Probable Effect Concentrations. Concentrations of arsenic, chromium, mercury, and nickel in the 0.063-mm size fraction of streambed sediments from the Cook Inlet Basin were elevated relative to reference sites in the conterminous United States. Concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc were highest at the most urbanized site in Anchorage and at two sites downstream from an ore body in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve. At least 35 percent of the 48 samples collected in the Cook Inlet Basin exceeded the Probable Effect Concentration for arsenic, chromium, or nickel. More than 50 percent of the samples were considered to have low potential toxicity for cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc. A Probable Effect Concentration quotient that reflects the combined toxicity of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc was exceeded in 44 percent of the samples from the Cook Inlet Basin. The potential toxicity was high in the Denali and Lake Clark National Parks and Preserves where organic carbon concentrations in streambed sediments were low. However, potential toxicity results should be considered in context with the very small amounts of fine-grained sediment present in the streambed sediments of the Cook Inlet Basin.

Heavy metal contaminants in tissues of the garfish, Belone belone L., 1761, and the bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix L., 1766, from Turkey waters.

PubMed

Türkmen, Aysun; Tepe, Yalçin; Türkmen, Mustafa; Mutlu, Ekrem

2009-01-01

Levels of contaminants in fish are of particular interest because of the potential risk to humans who consume them. Fish samples were collected through the coastal waters of Turkey and the contents of cadmium, cobalt, chrome, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, zinc and lead in the liver and muscle tissues were determined. Among the metals analyzed, copper, zinc and iron were the most abundant in the different tissues while cadmium and lead were the least abundant both in Belone belone and Pomatomus saltatrix. Metal concentrations in muscles of fish species were found 0.01-0.38 mg kg(-1) for cadmium, 0.01-0.53 mg kg(-1) for cobalt, 0.05-1.87 mg kg(-1) for chromium, 0.21-5.89 mg kg(-1) for copper, 9.99-43.3 mg kg(-1) for iron, 0.14-1.33 mg kg(-1) for manganese, 0.06-4.70 mg kg(-1) for nickel, 0.09-0.81 mg kg(-1) for lead, 3.85-15.9 mg kg(-1) for zinc, respectively. Regional changes in metal concentration were observed in the tissues of both species, but these variations may not influence consumption advisories.

Progesterone, selected heavy metals and micronutrients in pregnant Nigerian women with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion.

PubMed

Ajayi, O O; Charles-Davies, M A; Arinola, O G

2012-06-01

Environmental and endocrine factors have been implicated in the aetiology of recurrent abortion, with poorly understood roles. Luteal phase insufficiency marked with insufficient progesterone secretion has been reported. To define the involvement of progesterone, trace metals, and Vitamin E in pregnant women with history of recurrent spontaneous abortion. Convenience sampling method was used to recruit 69 pregnant women aged 21-41 years with gestational age of 0-20 weeks in this case-control study. Thirty five (cases) and thirty four (controls) had previous and no history of recurrent spontaneous abortion respectively. Demographic characteristics and 10 mls of blood samples were obtained from each subject. Serum obtained was used for the determination of progesterone, zinc, copper, selenium, iron, magnesium, manganese, chromium, lead, cadmium, and serum vitamin E by standard methods. Results showed statistically significant decreases (p<0.05) in the serum zinc, copper, and vitamin E and a significant elevation (p<0.05) in the serum selenium, lead, and cadmium in cases compared with controls. Insignificant decrease (p=0.07) was observed in the serum progesterone when cases were compared with controls. Results suggest that elevated serum heavy metals (cadmium and lead) and reduction of essential micronutrients (zinc, copper and vitamin E) may contribute to recurrent spontaneous abortion.

Photographic Processing Interpretation Facility Wastewater Conceptual Treatment Design.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-03-01

Total Chromium (Cr) - - - ɘ.05 - Copper (Cu) - - - ɘ.05 - Iron (Fe) - - - - - Manganese (Mn) - - - ɘ.03 - Mercury (Hg) - - - ɘ.004 - Potassium (K...8.3 - Silver (Ag) 2.2 7.0 17 0.15 2.2 Sodium (Na) - - - 8.2 - Zinc (Zn) - - - 0.12 - Biochemical Oxygen " Demand (BOD_) - - - 40 - Sulfate (SO...nonconventional pollutants include boron, dissolved sol i halides, iron, ammonia, nitrogen, phenols, sulfate and TOC. ,P,, 99 percent of the 11,000

Epidemiological and experimental aspects of metal carcinogenesis: physicochemical properties, kinetics, and the active species.

PubMed Central

Magos, L

1991-01-01

The carcinogenic properties of selected metals and their compounds are reviewed to provide a useful reference for existing knowledge on relationships between physical and chemical forms, kinetics and carcinogenic potential and between epidemiology, bioassays, and short-term tests. Extensive consideration is given to arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel. Other metals such as antimony, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc are discussed briefly. PMID:1821370

Spatial patterns of heavy metal accumulation in sediments and macrophytes of Bellandur wetland, Bangalore.

PubMed

Ramachandra, T V; Sudarshan, P B; Mahesh, M K; Vinay, S

2018-01-15

Heavy metals are one among the toxic chemicals and accumulation in sediments and plants has been posing serious health impacts. Wetlands aid as kidneys of the landscape and help in remediation through uptake of nutrients, heavy metals and other contaminants. The analyses of macrophytes and sediment samples help in evaluating pollution status in aquatic environment. In this study concentration of six heavy metals (Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn)) were assessed in sediment and dominant macrophyte samples collected from Bellandur Lake, largest Lake of Bangalore, India. Sediment samples reveal of heavy metals in the inlet regions and shore samples. The accumulation of metals in sediments were in the order of Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cd. All metals exceeded the critical limits of metals in the sediment. Concentration of different metals in the macrophyte samples ranked as: Cr > Cu > Zn > Pb > Ni > Cd. Chromium and Copper were found to be more than critical range. Typha angustata had the higher accumulation of all metals except chromium. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Concentrations of zinc and chromium in aquatic macrophytes from the sudbury and muskoka regions of Ontario, Canada.

PubMed

Reimer, P; Duthie, H C

1993-01-01

Root and shoot samples of Eriocaulon septangulare, Nuphar variegatum, Nymphaea odorata and Pontederia cordata were collected from 15 lakes in central Ontario during the summer of 1988 to investigate possible relationships between zinc and chromium levels in aquatic macrophytes and water and sediment variables. Although concentrations of zinc and chromium differed greatly among the four species, both metals were consistently higher in Eriocaulon. Generally, root and rhizome tissue contained higher zinc and chromium than shoot tissues of the same species and site. Zinc concentrations (dry weight) ranged from 6.3 microg g(-1) in Nuphar shoots to 87.7 microg g(-1) in whole Eriocaulon. Chromium ranged from 0.23 microg g(-1) in Pontederia shoots to 23.9 microg g(-1) in whole Eriocaulon. No significant trends were detected throughout the growing season in macrophyte or sediment concentrations of either metal. Results of multiple linear regression analyses of several water quality and environmental variables on Eriocaulon indicated that sediment zinc was the best predictor of plant zinc, and sediment chromium and calcium were the best predictors of plant chromium.

40 CFR 468.15 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.038 0.015 Copper 0.131 0.062 Lead 0.010 0.0092... English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.140 0.056... copper alloy drawn English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium...

Water treatment process and system for metals removal using Saccharomyces cerevisiae

DOEpatents

Krauter, Paula A. W.; Krauter, Gordon W.

2002-01-01

A process and a system for removal of metals from ground water or from soil by bioreducing or bioaccumulating the metals using metal tolerant microorganisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is tolerant to the metals, able to bioreduce the metals to the less toxic state and to accumulate them. The process and the system is useful for removal or substantial reduction of levels of chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, zinc, nickel, calcium, strontium, mercury and copper in water.

Demonstration and Validation of a Regenerated-Cellulose Dialysis Membrane Diffusion Sampler for Monitoring Ground Water Quality and Remediation Progress at DoD Sites

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

ethanol, sodium benzoate , and ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA). Alternatively, the membrane can be purchased dry, but then must be...cleaned in a series of steps that includes soaking and rinsing in deionized water, heated sodium bicarbonate solution, EDTA, and sodium azide solution to...Potassium Chromium Selenium Sodium Copper Vanadium Aluminum Iron Zinc Arsenic Lead Antimony Manganese Anions (1-3 days) Bicarbonate/Alkalinity

Secondary power-producing cell. [electrodes contain same two elements in different proportions

DOEpatents

Fischer, A.K.

1971-10-26

This cell consists of an anode and a cathode containing the same two elements in different proportions and an electrolyte which contains ions of the element which is to be transported through it. The electrodes consist of chromium, iron, lithium, sodium, cadmium, copper, or zinc and phosphorus, selenium, tellurium, sulfur, arsenic, or nitrogen. A method to heat the cathode in the regeneration cycle to transfer the electronegative component to the anode is provided. (RWR)

Concentrations of strontium, barium, cadmium, copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, antimony, selenium, and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age, gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

PubMed Central

Mainzer, Barbara; Lahrssen-Wiederholt, Monika; Schafft, Helmut; Palavinskas, Richard; Breithaupt, Angele; Zentek, Jürgen

2015-01-01

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations. PMID:25234328

Studies on copper alloys containing chromium on the copper side phase diagram

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Doi, T.

1984-01-01

Specimens were prepared from vacuum melted alloys of high purity vacuum melted copper and electrolytic chromium. The liquidus and eutectic point were determined by thermal analysis. The eutectic temperature is 1974.8 F and its composition is 1.28 wt% of chromium. The determination of solid solubility of chromium in copper was made by microscopic observation and electrical resistivity measurement. The solubility of chromium in solid copper is 0.6 wt% at 1050 F, 0.4 wt% at 1000 F, 0.25 wt% at 950 F, 0.17 wt% at 900 F, and 0.30 wt% at 840 F.

PROCESSES OF RECLAIMING URANIUM FROM SOLUTIONS

DOEpatents

Zumwalt, L.R.

1959-02-10

A process is described for reclaiming residual enriched uranium from calutron wash solutions containing Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Mn as impurities. The solution is adjusted to a pH of between 2 and 4 and is contacted with a metallic reducing agent, such as iron or zinc, in order to reduce the copper to metal and thereby remove it from the solution. At the same time the uranium present is reduced to the uranous state The solution is then contacted with a precipitate of zinc hydroxide or barium carbonate in order to precipitate and carry uranium, iron, and chromium away from the nickel and manganese ions in the solution. The uranium is then recovered fronm this precipitate.

Effect of Post Treatment For Cu-Cr Source/Drain Electrodes on a-IGZO TFTs.

PubMed

Hu, Shiben; Fang, Zhiqiang; Ning, Honglong; Tao, Ruiqiang; Liu, Xianzhe; Zeng, Yong; Yao, Rihui; Huang, Fuxiang; Li, Zhengcao; Xu, Miao; Wang, Lei; Lan, Linfeng; Peng, Junbiao

2016-07-27

We report a high-performance amorphous Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistor (TFT) with new copper-chromium (Cu-Cr) alloy source/drain electrodes. The TFT shows a high mobility of 39.4 cm 2 ·V - 1 ·s - 1 a turn-on voltage of -0.8 V and a low subthreshold swing of 0.47 V/decade. Cu diffusion is suppressed because pre-annealing can protect a-IGZO from damage during the electrode sputtering and reduce the copper diffusion paths by making film denser. Due to the interaction of Cr with a-IGZO, the carrier concentration of a-IGZO, which is responsible for high mobility, rises.

Effect of Post Treatment For Cu-Cr Source/Drain Electrodes on a-IGZO TFTs

PubMed Central

Hu, Shiben; Fang, Zhiqiang; Ning, Honglong; Tao, Ruiqiang; Liu, Xianzhe; Zeng, Yong; Yao, Rihui; Huang, Fuxiang; Li, Zhengcao; Xu, Miao; Wang, Lei; Lan, Linfeng; Peng, Junbiao

2016-01-01

We report a high-performance amorphous Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistor (TFT) with new copper-chromium (Cu-Cr) alloy source/drain electrodes. The TFT shows a high mobility of 39.4 cm2·V−1·s−1 a turn-on voltage of −0.8 V and a low subthreshold swing of 0.47 V/decade. Cu diffusion is suppressed because pre-annealing can protect a-IGZO from damage during the electrode sputtering and reduce the copper diffusion paths by making film denser. Due to the interaction of Cr with a-IGZO, the carrier concentration of a-IGZO, which is responsible for high mobility, rises. PMID:28773743

Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress.

PubMed

Valko, M; Morris, H; Cronin, M T D

2005-01-01

Metal-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity, with an emphasis on the generation and role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, is reviewed. Metal-mediated formation of free radicals causes various modifications to DNA bases, enhanced lipid peroxidation, and altered calcium and sulfhydryl homeostasis. Lipid peroxides, formed by the attack of radicals on polyunsaturated fatty acid residues of phospholipids, can further react with redox metals finally producing mutagenic and carcinogenic malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal and other exocyclic DNA adducts (etheno and/or propano adducts). Whilst iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), vanadium (V) and cobalt (Co) undergo redox-cycling reactions, for a second group of metals, mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni), the primary route for their toxicity is depletion of glutathione and bonding to sulfhydryl groups of proteins. Arsenic (As) is thought to bind directly to critical thiols, however, other mechanisms, involving formation of hydrogen peroxide under physiological conditions, have been proposed. The unifying factor in determining toxicity and carcinogenicity for all these metals is the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Common mechanisms involving the Fenton reaction, generation of the superoxide radical and the hydroxyl radical appear to be involved for iron, copper, chromium, vanadium and cobalt primarily associated with mitochondria, microsomes and peroxisomes. However, a recent discovery that the upper limit of "free pools" of copper is far less than a single atom per cell casts serious doubt on the in vivo role of copper in Fenton-like generation of free radicals. Nitric oxide (NO) seems to be involved in arsenite-induced DNA damage and pyrimidine excision inhibition. Various studies have confirmed that metals activate signalling pathways and the carcinogenic effect of metals has been related to activation of mainly redox-sensitive transcription factors, involving NF-kappaB, AP-1 and p53. Antioxidants (both enzymatic and non-enzymatic) provide protection against deleterious metal-mediated free radical attacks. Vitamin E and melatonin can prevent the majority of metal-mediated (iron, copper, cadmium) damage both in vitro systems and in metal-loaded animals. Toxicity studies involving chromium have shown that the protective effect of vitamin E against lipid peroxidation may be associated rather with the level of non-enzymatic antioxidants than the activity of enzymatic antioxidants. However, a very recent epidemiological study has shown that a daily intake of vitamin E of more than 400 IU increases the risk of death and should be avoided. While previous studies have proposed a deleterious pro-oxidant effect of vitamin C (ascorbate) in the presence of iron (or copper), recent results have shown that even in the presence of redox-active iron (or copper) and hydrogen peroxide, ascorbate acts as an antioxidant that prevents lipid peroxidation and does not promote protein oxidation in humans in vitro. Experimental results have also shown a link between vanadium and oxidative stress in the etiology of diabetes. The impact of zinc (Zn) on the immune system, the ability of zinc to act as an antioxidant in order to reduce oxidative stress and the neuroprotective and neurodegenerative role of zinc (and copper) in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease is also discussed. This review summarizes recent findings in the metal-induced formation of free radicals and the role of oxidative stress in the carcinogenicity and toxicity of metals.

Chemical quality of precipitation at Greenville, Maine

USGS Publications Warehouse

Smath, J.A.; Potter, T.L.

1987-01-01

Weekly composite precipitation samples were collected at a rural site located in Greenville, Maine for analysis of trace metals and organic compounds. Samples collected during February 1982, through May 1984, were analyzed for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc and during February 1982, through March 1983, for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, pthalate ester plasticizers, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Deposition rates were computed. Data reported by the NADP (National Atmospheric Deposition Program) was used to evaluate the general chemical quality of the precipitation. The precipitation had relatively high concentrations of hydrogen ions, sulfate, and nitrate, compared to other constituents. Of the trace metals included for analysis, only copper, lead, and zinc were consistently detected. Lead concentrations exceeded the U.S. EPA recommended limit for domestic water supply in three samples. High deposition rates for some of the metals were episodic. Alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane was the only organic compound that was consistently detected (maximum 120 nanograms/L). None of the other organic compounds were detected in any of the samples. (Author 's abstract)

Elemental concentrations of ambient particles and cause specific mortality in Santiago, Chile: a time series study

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background The health effects of particulate air pollution are widely recognized and there is some evidence that the magnitude of these effects vary by particle component. We studied the effects of ambient fine particles (aerodynamic diameter < 2.5μm, PM2.5) and their components on cause-specific mortality in Santiago, Chile, where particulate pollution is a major public health concern. Methods Air pollution was collected in a residential area in the center of Santiago. Daily mortality counts were obtained from the National Institute of Statistic. The associations between PM2.5 and cause-specific mortality were studied by time series analysis controlling for time trends, day of the week, temperature and relative humidity. We then included an interaction term between PM2.5 and the monthly averages of the mean ratios of individual elements to PM2.5 mass. Results We found significant effects of PM2.5 on all the causes analyzed, with a 1.33% increase (95% CI: 0.87-1.78) in cardiovascular mortality per 10μg/m3 increase in the two days average of PM2.5. We found that zinc was associated with higher cardiovascular mortality. Particles with high content of chromium, copper and sulfur showed stronger associations with respiratory and COPD mortality, while high zinc and sodium content of PM2.5 amplified the association with cerebrovascular disease. Conclusions Our findings suggest that PM2.5 with high zinc, chromium, copper, sodium, and sulfur content have stronger associations with mortality than PM2.5 mass alone in Santiago, Chile. The sources of particles containing these elements need to be determined to better control their emissions. PMID:23116481

Association of trace elements with lipid profiles and glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in northern Sardinia, Italy: An observational study.

PubMed

Peruzzu, Angela; Solinas, Giuliana; Asara, Yolande; Forte, Giovanni; Bocca, Beatrice; Tolu, Francesco; Malaguarnera, Lucia; Montella, Andrea; Madeddu, Roberto

2015-08-01

Sardinia is an Italian region with a high incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to determine the associations of trace elements with lipid profiles and glycaemic control in patients with T1DM. A total of 192 patients with T1DM who attended the Unit of Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases in Sassari, Italy, were enrolled. Trace elements zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, and iron were measured in whole blood by sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The correlations between metabolic variables and the levels of trace elements were determined. Zinc was positively correlated with total cholesterol (P=0.023), low-density lipoprotein (P=0.0015), and triglycerides (P=0.027). Iron as significantly correlated with TC (P=0.0189), LDL (P=0.0121), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (P=0.0466). In males, Cr was positively correlated with HDL (P=0.0079) and Se, in females was correlated with TG (P=0.0113). The mean fasting plasma glucose was166.2mgdL(-1). Chromium was correlated with fasting plasma glucose (P=0.0149), particularly in males (P=0.0038). Overall, 63.5% of the patients had moderate HbA1c (7-9%). Copper was significantly correlated with HbA1c% in males (P=0.0155). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that trace elements show different associations with lipid levels and glycaemic control in T1DM. Zinc, Fe, and Se were associated with lipid levels whereas Cu and Cr were associated with HbA1c%. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiple metals exposure in a small-scale artisanal gold mining community.

PubMed

Basu, Niladri; Nam, Dong-Ha; Kwansaa-Ansah, Edward; Renne, Elisha P; Nriagu, Jerome O

2011-04-01

Urinary metals were characterized in 57 male residents of a small-scale gold mining community in Ghana. Chromium and arsenic exceeded health guideline values for 52% and 34%, respectively, of all participants. About 10-40% of the participants had urinary levels of aluminum, copper, manganese, nickel, selenium, and zinc that fell outside the U.S. reference range. Exposures appear ubiquitous across the community as none of the elements were associated with occupation, age, and diet. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Environmental Assessment: Conversion of the 820th Security Forces Group at Moody AFB, Georgia to a Contingency Response Group

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-08-01

Contingency Response Group (CRG) at Moody Air Force Base (AFB), GA . DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES. The United States Air Force...sinkhole formation. 3.5.3.3 Soils Moody AFB Moody AFB is located in the Tifton Upland District of the Lower Coastal Plain. In general, soils on...base. Arsenic, barium, chromium, copper, iron, selenium, and zinc have been found to be naturally occurring in the area. Predominant soils are Tifton

NORTH ABSAROKA STUDY AREA, MONTANA.

USGS Publications Warehouse

Elliott, J.E.; Stotelmeyer, R.B.

1984-01-01

A mineral survey of the North Absaroka study area in Montana was conducted. The results of this survey indicate that parts of the area are extensively mineralized and that the area has potential for resources of gold, silver, copper, molybdenum, nickel, lead, zinc, platinum-group metals, uranium, iron, manganese, chromium, tungsten, and arsenic. Six areas of probable and substantiated mineral-resource potential were identified. The nature of the geologic terrain indicates that there is little likelihood for occurrence of oil, gas, coal, or geothermal resources.

40 CFR 461.74 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... of zinc Chromium 0.24 0.099 Mercury 0.14 0.055 Silver 0.23 0.093 Zinc 0.80 0.34 Manganese 0.37 0.16... Chromium 0.030 0.12 Mercury 0.017 0.006 Silver 0.028 0.012 Zinc 0.099 0.042 Manganese 0.046 0.020 (3... monthly average Metric units—mg/kg of zinc English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of zinc Chromium 9.53...

Development of Sediment Quality Values for Puget Sound. Volume 1.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-09-01

62 cadmium CHROMIUM,63 chromium COPPER ,64 copper IRON ,65 iron LEAD ,66 lead MANGANES ,67 manganese NICKEL ,68 nickel SELENIUM,69 selenium SILVER ,70...BERYLLIU beryllium 67. CADMIUM cadmium 68. CHROMIUM chromium 69. COPPER copper 70. IRON iron 71. LEAD lead 72. MANGANES manganese 73. NICKEL nickel 74...they can also be strongly influenced by iron and manganese oxide and hydrous oxide surfaces (these phases can scavenge metals under oxidizing

40 CFR 461.74 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...,000 pounds of zinc Chromium 0.24 0.099 Mercury 0.14 0.055 Silver 0.23 0.093 Zinc 0.80 0.34 Manganese 0... of zinc Chromium 0.030 0.12 Mercury 0.017 0.006 Silver 0.028 0.012 Zinc 0.099 0.042 Manganese 0.046 0... Chromium 9.53 3.90 Mercury 5.42 2.17 Silver 8.89 3.68 Zinc 31.64 13.22 Manganese 14.74 6.28 (4) Subpart G...

40 CFR 461.74 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...,000 pounds of zinc Chromium 0.24 0.099 Mercury 0.14 0.055 Silver 0.23 0.093 Zinc 0.80 0.34 Manganese 0... of zinc Chromium 0.030 0.12 Mercury 0.017 0.006 Silver 0.028 0.012 Zinc 0.099 0.042 Manganese 0.046 0... Chromium 9.53 3.90 Mercury 5.42 2.17 Silver 8.89 3.68 Zinc 31.64 13.22 Manganese 14.74 6.28 (4) Subpart G...

40 CFR 461.74 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...,000 pounds of zinc Chromium 0.24 0.099 Mercury 0.14 0.055 Silver 0.23 0.093 Zinc 0.80 0.34 Manganese 0... of zinc Chromium 0.030 0.12 Mercury 0.017 0.006 Silver 0.028 0.012 Zinc 0.099 0.042 Manganese 0.046 0... Chromium 9.53 3.90 Mercury 5.42 2.17 Silver 8.89 3.68 Zinc 31.64 13.22 Manganese 14.74 6.28 (4) Subpart G...

Supplementation of Diabetic Rats with Leucine, Zinc, and Chromium: Effects on Function and Histological Structure of Testes.

PubMed

Kolahian, Saeed; Sadri, Hassan; Larijani, Amir; Hamidian, Gholamreza; Davasaz, Afshin

2015-12-01

The objective was to study whether leucine, zinc, and chromium supplementations influence function and histological structure of testes in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Seventy seven adult male rats were categorized into 11 groups of 7 animals each: (1) nondiabetic (negative control); (2) non-treated (positive control); (3) treated with insulin; (4) treated with glibenclamide; (5) treated with leucine; (6) treated with zinc; (7) treated with chromium; (8) treated with leucine + zinc; (9) treated with leucine + chromium; (10) treated with zinc + chromium; (11) treated with leucine + zinc + chromium. In the non-treated group, hyperglycemia severely damaged testes morphology as well as the spermatogenic process. Diabetes induction decreased testicular length, height, width, volume, total number of epididymal sperm, and number of live sperm. Seminiferous tubules of diabetic rats showed a decrease in diameter of tubules and height of epithelium. Diabetes induction decreased the number of cells (spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, and Sertoli) in cross sections of seminiferous tubules. Administration of nutritional supplements to the diabetic rats improved testes morphology and reversed, although not completely, impairment of spermatogenesis. Treatment with nutritional supplements increased testicular length, height, width, and volume. All treatments increased the number of live sperm and the total number of epididymal sperm. Furthermore, nutritional supplements increased diameter of tubules, height of epithelium, and the number of cells in seminiferous tubules. These alleviating effects were more pronounced in animals treated with the leucine-zinc-chromium combination. The present results demonstrate beneficial effects of zinc, leucine, and chromium supplements to improve testes morphology and to restore spermatogenesis in type 2 diabetic rats.

Testing Cadmium-Free Coatings

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-08-30

Chromium (Cr6+) None Zinc Cr6+ None Zinc Trivalent Chromium Process (TCP) Enseal C22 Zinc Nickel TCP Enseal C22 High Purity Al TCP Enseal C22 Zn-rich two...Secretary of Defense Directive • “Approve the use of alternatives [to hexavalent chromium (Cr6+)] where they can perform adequately for the intended

Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Manganese and Other Metals in Welding Fumes by Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer

PubMed Central

Laohaudomchok, Wisanti; Cavallari, Jennifer M.; Fang, Shona C.; Lin, Xihong; Herrick, Robert F.; Christiani, David C.; Weisskopf, Marc G.

2011-01-01

Elemental analysis of welding fume samples can be done using several laboratory-based techniques. However, portable measurement techniques could offer several advantages. In this study, we sought to determine whether the portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) is suitable for analysis of five metals (manganese, iron, zinc, copper, and chromium) on 37-mm polytetrafluoroethylene filters. Using this filter fitted on a cyclone in line with a personal pump, gravimetric samples were collected from a group of boilermakers exposed to welding fumes. We assessed the assumption of uniform deposition of these metals on the filters, and the relationships between measurement results of each metal obtained from traditional laboratory-based XRF and the portable XRF. For all five metals of interest, repeated measurements with the portable XRF at the same filter area showed good consistency (reliability ratios are equal or close to 1.0 for almost all metals). The portable XRF readings taken from three different areas of each filter were not significantly different (p-values = 0.77 to 0.98). This suggested that the metal rich PM2.5 deposits uniformly on the samples collected using this gravimetric method. For comparison of the two XRFs, the results from the portable XRF were well correlated and highly predictive of those from the laboratory XRF. The Spearman correlation coefficients were from 0.325 for chromium, to 0.995 for manganese and 0.998 for iron. The mean differences as a percent of the mean laboratory XRF readings were also small (<5%) for manganese, iron, and copper. The differences were greater for zinc and chromium, which were present at very low amounts in our samples and below the limits of detection of the portable XRF for many of the samples. These five metals were moderately to strongly correlated with the total fine particle fraction on filters (Spearman ρ = 0.41 for zinc to 0.97 for iron). Such strong correlations and comparable results suggested that the portable XRF could be used as an effective and reliable tool for exposure assessment in many studies. PMID:20526948

Assessment of occupational exposure to manganese and other metals in welding fumes by portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer.

PubMed

Laohaudomchok, Wisanti; Cavallari, Jennifer M; Fang, Shona C; Lin, Xihong; Herrick, Robert F; Christiani, David C; Weisskopf, Marc G

2010-08-01

Elemental analysis of welding fume samples can be done using several laboratory-based techniques. However, portable measurement techniques could offer several advantages. In this study, we sought to determine whether the portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) is suitable for analysis of five metals (manganese, iron, zinc, copper, and chromium) on 37-mm polytetrafluoroethylene filters. Using this filter fitted on a cyclone in line with a personal pump, gravimetric samples were collected from a group of boilermakers exposed to welding fumes. We assessed the assumption of uniform deposition of these metals on the filters, and the relationships between measurement results of each metal obtained from traditional laboratory-based XRF and the portable XRF. For all five metals of interest, repeated measurements with the portable XRF at the same filter area showed good consistency (reliability ratios are equal or close to 1.0 for almost all metals). The portable XRF readings taken from three different areas of each filter were not significantly different (p-values = 0.77 to 0.98). This suggested that the metal rich PM(2.5) deposits uniformly on the samples collected using this gravimetric method. For comparison of the two XRFs, the results from the portable XRF were well correlated and highly predictive of those from the laboratory XRF. The Spearman correlation coefficients were from 0.325 for chromium, to 0.995 for manganese and 0.998 for iron. The mean differences as a percent of the mean laboratory XRF readings were also small (<5%) for manganese, iron, and copper. The differences were greater for zinc and chromium, which were present at very low amounts in our samples and below the limits of detection of the portable XRF for many of the samples. These five metals were moderately to strongly correlated with the total fine particle fraction on filters (Spearman rho = 0.41 for zinc to 0.97 for iron). Such strong correlations and comparable results suggested that the portable XRF could be used as an effective and reliable tool for exposure assessment in many studies.

Biosorption characteristics of copper (II), chromium (III), nickel (II), and lead (II) from aqueous solutions by Chara sp. and Cladophora sp.

PubMed

Elmaci, Ayşe; Yonar, Taner; Ozengin, Nihan

2007-09-01

The aim of this research was to expose individual removals of copper, chromium, nickel, and lead from aqueous solutions via biosorption using nonliving algae species, Chara sp. and Cladophora sp. Optimum pH values for biosorption of copper (II), chromium (III), nickel (II), and lead (II) from aqueous solutions were determined to be 6, 7, 7, and 3 for Cladophora sp. and 5, 3, 5, and 4 for Chara sp. respectively. Maximum adsorption capacities of Chara sp. [10.54 for chromium (III) and 61.72 for lead (II)] and Cladophora sp. [6.59 for chromium (III) and 16.75 and 23.25 for lead (II)] for chromium (III) and lead (II) are similar. On the other hand, copper (II) and nickel (II) biosorption capacity of Cladophora sp. [14.28 for copper (II) and 16.75 for nickel (II)] is greater than Chara sp. [6.506 for copper (II) and 11.76 for nickel (II)]. Significantly high correlation coefficients indicated for the Langmuir adsorption isotherm models can be used to describe the equilibrium behavior of copper, chromium, nickel, and lead adsorption onto Cladophora sp. and Chara sp.

Comparison of Gastric versus Gastrointestinal PBET Extractions for Estimating Oral Bioaccessibility of Metals in House Dust

PubMed Central

Boros, Kristina; Fortin, Danielle; Jayawardene, Innocent; Chénier, Marc; Levesque, Christine; Rasmussen, Pat E.

2017-01-01

Oral bioaccessibility estimates for six metals which are prevalent as contaminants in Canada (zinc, lead, cadmium, copper, nickel, and chromium) are investigated for house dust using the simple gastric phase versus the two-phase physiologically-based extraction technique (PBET). The purpose is to determine whether a complete gastrointestinal (GI) assay yields a more conservative (i.e., higher) estimate of metal bioaccessibility in house dust than the gastric phase alone (G-alone). The study samples include household vacuum dust collected from 33 homes in Montreal, Canada, plus four certified reference materials (NIST 2583, NIST 2584, NIST 2710 and NIST 2710a). Results indicate that percent bioaccessibilities obtained using G-alone are generally greater than or equivalent to those obtained using the complete GI simulation for the six studied metals in house dust. Median bioaccessibilities for G-alone/GI in household vacuum dust samples (n = 33) are 76.9%/19.5% for zinc, 50.4%/6.2% for lead, 70.0%/22.4% for cadmium, 33.9%/30.5% for copper and 28.5%/20.7% for nickel. Bioaccessible chromium is above the detection limit in only four out of 33 samples, for which G-alone results are not significantly different from GI results (p = 0.39). It is concluded that, for the six studied metals, a simple G-alone extraction provides a conservative and cost-effective approach for estimating oral bioaccessibility of metals in house dust. PMID:28106788

Water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin; major and trace elements in water, sediment, and biota, 1978-90

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fitzpatrick, F.A.; Scudder, B.C.; Crawford, J.K.; Schmidt, A.R.; Sieverling, J.B.

1995-01-01

The distribution of 22 major and trace elements was examined in water, sediment, and biota in the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin as part of a pilot National Water-Quality Assessment project done by the U.S. Geological Survey from 1987 through 1990. The 22 elements are aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorus, selenium, silver, strontium, vanadium, and zinc. Concentrations of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority pollutants among the 22 elements were elevated in the Chicago area in all three aquatic components (water, sediment, and biota). Further, some of the priority pollutants also were found at elevated concentrations in biota in agricultural areas in the basin. Cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, silver, and zinc concentrations in water exceeded USEPA acute or chronic water-quality criteria at several sites in the Chicago area. Correlations among concentra- tions of elements in water, sediment, and biota were found, but the correlation analysis was hindered by the large proportion of observations less than the minimum reporting level in water. Those sites where water-quality criteria were sometimes exceeded were not always the same sites where concentrations in biota were the largest. This relation indicates that accumulation of these pollutants in biota is confounded by complex geochemical and biological processes that differ throughout the upper Illinois River Basin.

In which regions is breast-feeding safer from the impact of toxic elements from the environment?

PubMed

Cinar, Nursan; Ozdemir, Sami; Yucel, Oya; Ucar, Fatma

2011-11-01

Owing to its unique nutritional and immunological characteristics, breast milk is the most important food source for infants. But, children are at greater risk for exposure to environmental toxicants from breast milk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of environmental pollution on essential and toxic element contents of breast milk and determine the risky locations in our population. This study was conducted on women who were breastfeeding (n=90). Milk samples were collected at three locations in Marmara region, Turkey: highly industrialized region highly affected by pollution, urbanized region moderately and rural area that is affected little. Breast milk samples (5 mL) were collected at approximately one month postpartum (mature milk). The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in milk samples were compared to the milk samples coming from different locations.Lead, cadmium, nickel, chromium, iron and manganese levels in the breast milk are highest and engrossing especially in rural areas compared to the other regions but cobalt, copper, zinc levels are highest in highly industrial areas. The levels of essential and toxic elements in breast milk can vary in different regions. The levels presented in our study are above some countries' data albeit not at toxic levels. Because of global effects, environmental pollution is not the problem for industrializing regions only. Rural area also may not be safe for breastfeed babies.

Water stability of microporous coordination polymers and the adsorption of pharmaceuticals from water.

PubMed

Cychosz, Katie A; Matzger, Adam J

2010-11-16

The stability of a variety of microporous coordination polymers (MCPs) to water-containing solutions was studied using powder X-ray diffraction. It was determined that the stability of the MCP is related to the metal cluster present in the structure with trinuclear chromium clusters more stable than copper paddlewheel clusters which are more stable than basic zinc acetate clusters. Zn(2-methylimidizolate)(2) was found to be more water stable than zinc MCPs with carboxylate linkers; however, extended exposure to water led to decomposition of all zinc-based MCPs. Matériaux de l'Institut Lavoisier (MIL)-100 was also found to be completely water stable and was used to adsorb the pharmaceuticals furosemide and sulfasalazine from water with large uptakes achievable at low concentrations, indicating that the adsorption of wastewater contaminants may be a feasible application for these materials.

Effects of Trace Metals on the Production of Aflatoxins by Aspergillus parasiticus

PubMed Central

Marsh, Paul B.; Simpson, Marion E.; Trucksess, Mary W.

1975-01-01

Certain metals added as salts to a defined basal culture medium influenced the level of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus in the low microgramsper-milliliter range of the added metal. In many cases no change or a relatively small change in mat weight and final pH of the medium accompanied this effect. With zinc at added levels of 0 to 10 μg/ml in the medium, aflatoxin increased 30-to 1,000-fold with increasing of zinc, whereas mat weight increased less than threefold. At 25 μg of added zinc per ml, aflatoxin decreased, but mat weight did not. At an added level of 25 μg or less of the metal per ml, salts of iron, manganese, copper, cadmium, trivalent chromium, silver, and mercury partly or completely inhibited aflatoxin production, without influencing mat weight. PMID:238471

Reaction layer formation at the graphite/copper-chromium alloy interface

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Devincent, Sandra M.; Michal, Gary M.

1992-01-01

Sessile drop tests were used to obtain information about copper chromium alloys that suitably wet graphite. Characterization of graphite/copper-chromium alloy interfaces subjected to elevated temperatures were conducted using scanning electron micrography, energy dispersive spectroscopy, auger electron spectroscopy, and x ray diffraction analyses. These analyses indicate that during sessile drop tests conducted at 1130 C for one hour, copper alloys containing greater than 0.98 percent chromium form continuous reaction layers of approximately 10 micron thickness. The reaction layers adhere to the graphite surface. The copper wets the reaction layer to form a contact angle of 60 degrees or less. X ray diffraction results indicate that the reaction layer is chromium carbide. The kinetics of reaction layer formation were modelled in terms of bulk diffusion mechanisms. Reaction layer thickness is controlled initially by the diffusion of Cr out of Cu alloy and later by the diffusion of C through chromium carbide.

Reaction layer formation at the graphite/copper-chromium alloy interface

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Devincent, Sandra M.; Michal, Gary M.

1993-01-01

Sessile drop tests were used to obtain information about copper chromium alloys that suitably wet graphite. Characterization of graphite/copper-chromium alloy interfaces subjected to elevated temperatures were conducted using scanning electron micrography, energy dispersive spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses. These analyses indicate that during sessile drop tests conducted at 1130 C for one hour, copper alloys containing greater than 0.98 percent chromium form continuous reaction layers of approximately 10 micron thickness. The reaction layers adhere to the graphite surface. The copper wets the reaction layer to form a contact angle of 60 degrees or less. X-ray diffraction results indicate that the reaction layer is chromium carbide. The kinetics of reaction layer formation were modelled in terms of bulk diffusion mechanisms. Reaction layer thickness is controlled initially by the diffusion of Cr out of Cu alloy and later by the diffusion of C through chromium carbide.

Health risk assessment of zinc, chromium, and nickel from cow meat consumption in an urban Nigerian population

PubMed Central

Ihedioha, Janefrances N; Okoye, Chukwuma O B; Onyechi, Uchenna A

2014-01-01

Background: Meat consumption is increasingly becoming a larger part of diets worldwide. However, the bioaccumulation of toxic metals from anthropogenic pollution is a potential health risk to human health. Objective: To measure the daily intake of zinc, chromium, and nickel from cow meat consumption and assess the possible health risks in an urban population in Nigeria. Methods: Dried meat samples were digested with 3 : 2HNO3 : HClO4 v/v. Zinc, chromium, and nickel concentrations were determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Daily intakes of meat were obtained using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Results: The estimated daily intakes (EDI) (μg/person/day) ranges were: zinc (10 496–13 459), chromium (310.90–393.73), and nickel (26.72–34.87). Estimated daily intake for zinc was 15–30% of provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) and for nickel it was 8–15% of tolerable daily intake (TDI). Conclusion: Chromium intakes were above recommended daily intake (RDI). Target hazard quotient (THQ) for nickel and zinc were within WHO/FAO limit. There was no evidence of possible health risk to consumers with regard to zinc and nickel. However, chromium intake should be of utmost concern, while disposal of tanning waste should be checked. PMID:25078345

Effects of heavy metals on sea urchin embryo development. 1. Tracing the cause by the effects.

PubMed

Kobayashi, Naomasa; Okamura, Hideo

2004-06-01

The toxicity of the polluted waters originating from a disused lead mine was evaluated using both sea urchin bioassays and heavy metal analysis. Samples from three polluted waters (a seawater and two freshwaters) were collected from the mine area and one seawater sample was taken from a non-contaminated reference site. The test waters contained higher concentrations of heavy metals such as manganese, lead, cadmium, zinc, chromium, nickel, iron, and copper than did ambient seawater. The three test waters had inhibitory effects, in a dose-dependent manner, on the first cleavage of sea urchin embryos and on pluteus formation during the development. Some malformations, such as a radialized pluteus, exo-gastrula, and spaceship Apollo-like embryos were induced by the test waters without dilution. Zinc alone also induced the same anomaly. Zinc in the test seawater was ascertained as one of the metals that caused the anomalies, but not all of the toxicity was caused by zinc. It was speculated that interactive effects, involving zinc and possibly manganese and nickel, were occurring.

Corrosion Behavior of Sacrificial Coatings on Grade 10.9 Fasteners for Multimetal Armor Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-08-01

hexavalent chromium , immersion, magniplate, trivalent chromium (TCP), bolts nonchromate, hexavalent chrome, grade 10.9 fasteners, bolt-on armor...for Testing and Materials (ASTM) B633 (4) electroplated zinc with hexavalent chromium conversion coating 2. Trivalent Chromium Process (TCP): ASTM...B633 (4) electroplated zinc with trivalent chromium conversion coating 3. AlumiPlate: Process details, entire surface electroplated with aluminum (Al

Comparative Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity of Four Hexavalent Chromium Compounds in Human Bronchial Cells

PubMed Central

Wise, Sandra S.; Holmes, Amie L.; Qin, Qin; Xie, Hong; Katsifis, Spiros P.; Thompson, W. Douglas; Wise, John Pierce

2010-01-01

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compounds are well-established human lung carcinogens. Solubility plays an important role in their carcinogenicity with the particulate Cr(VI) compounds being the most carcinogenic. Epidemiology and animal studies suggest that zinc chromate is the most potent particulate Cr(VI) compound, however, there are few comparative data to support these observations. The purpose of this study was to compare the genotoxicity of zinc chromate with two other particulate Cr(VI) compounds, barium chromate and lead chromate, and one soluble Cr(VI) compound, sodium chromate. The clastogenic effects of barium chromate and zinc chromate were similar but lead chromate induced significantly less damage. The levels of DNA damage measured by gamma-H2A.X foci formation were similar for the three particulate chromium compounds. Corrected for chromium uptake differences, we found that zinc chromate and barium chromate were the most cytotoxic and lead chromate and sodium chromate were less cytotoxic. Zinc chromate was more clastogenic than all other chromium compounds and lead chromate was the least clastogenic. There was no significant difference between any of the compounds for the induction of DNA double strand breaks. All together, these data suggest that the difference in the carcinogenic potency of zinc chromate over the other chromium compounds is not due solely to a difference in chromium ion uptake and the zinc cation may in fact have an important role in its carcinogenicity. PMID:20000473

40 CFR 461.72 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of Zinc Chromium 0.24 0.099 Mercury 0.14 0.055 Silver 0.23 0.093... English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of Zinc Chromium 0.030 0.012 Mercury 0.017 0.007 Silver 0.028 0.../kg of Zinc English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of Zinc Chromium 9.53 3.90 Mercury 5.42 2.17...

Compositions and methods for removing arsenic in water

DOEpatents

Gadgil, Ashok Jagannth [El Cerrito, CA

2011-02-22

Compositions and methods and for contaminants from water are provided. The compositions comprise ferric hydroxide and ferric oxyhydride coated substrates for use in removing the contaminant from the water. Contacting water bearing the contaminant with the substrates can substantially reduce contaminant levels therein. Methods of oxidizing the contaminants in water to facilitate their removal by the ferric hydroxide and ferric oxyhydride coated substrates are also provided. The contaminants include, but are not limited to, arsenic, selenium, uranium, lead, cadmium, nickel, copper, zinc, chromium and vanadium, their oxides and soluble salts thereof.

Metal-enhanced chemiluminescence from chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc nanodeposits: Evidence for a second enhancement mechanism in metal-enhanced fluorescence

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Weisenberg, Micah; Zhang Yongxia; Geddes, Chris D.

Over the past decade metal-fluorophore interactions, metal-enhanced fluorescence, have attracted significant research attention, with the technology now becoming common place in life science applications. In this paper, we address the underlying mechanisms of metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) and experimentally show using chemiluminescence solutions that MEF is indeed underpinned by two complimentary mechanisms, consistent with the recent reports by Geddes and co-workers [Zhang et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 12095 (2009)] and their enhanced fluorescence hypothesis.

Cobalt ferrite based magnetostrictive materials for magnetic stress sensor and actuator applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jiles, David C. (Inventor); Paulsen, Jason A. (Inventor); Snyder, John E. (Inventor); Lo, Chester C. H. (Inventor); Ring, Andrew P. (Inventor); Bormann, Keith A. (Inventor)

2008-01-01

Magnetostrictive material based on cobalt ferrite is described. The cobalt ferrite is substituted with transition metals (such manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) or mixtures thereof) by substituting the transition metals for iron or cobalt to form substituted cobalt ferrite that provides mechanical properties that make the substituted cobalt ferrite material effective for use as sensors and actuators. The substitution of transition metals lowers the Curie temperature of the material (as compared to cobalt ferrite) while maintaining a suitable magnetostriction for stress sensing applications.

Primary explosives

DOEpatents

Hiskey, Michael A [Los Alamos, NM; Huynh, My Hang V [Los Alamos, NM

2011-01-25

The present invention provides a compound of the formula (Cat).sup.+.sub.z[M.sup.++(5-nitro-1H-tetrazolato-N2).sup.-.sub.x(H.sub.2- O).sub.y] where x is 3 or 4, y is 2 or 3, x+y is 6, z is 1 or 2, and M.sup.++ is selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, chromium, and manganese, and (Cat).sup.+ is selected from the group consisting of ammonium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. A method of preparing the compound of that formula is also disclosed.

Primary explosives

DOEpatents

Hiskey, Michael A [Los Alamos, NM; Huynh, My Hang V [Los Alamos, NM

2009-03-03

The present invention provides a compound of the formula (Cat).sup.+.sub.z[M.sup.++(5-nitro-1H-tetrazolato-N2).sup.-.sub.x(H.sub.2- O).sub.y] where x is 3 or 4, y is 2 or 3, x+y is 6, z is 1 or 2, and M.sup.++ is selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, chromium, and manganese, and (Cat).sup.+ is selected from the group consisting of ammonium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. A method of preparing the compound of that formula is also disclosed.

Metals in wine--impact on wine quality and health outcomes.

PubMed

Tariba, Blanka

2011-12-01

Metals in wine can originate from both natural and anthropogenic sources, and its concentration can be a significant parameter affecting consumption and conservation of wine. Since metallic ions have important role in oxide-reductive reactions resulting in wine browning, turbidity, cloudiness, and astringency, wine quality depends greatly on its metal composition. Moreover, metals in wine may affect human health. Consumption of wine may contribute to the daily dietary intake of essential metals (i.e., copper, iron, and zinc) but can also have potentially toxic effects if metal concentrations are not kept under allowable limits. Therefore, a strict analytical control of metal concentration is required during the whole process of wine production. This article presents a critical review of the existing literature regarding the measured metal concentration in wine, methods applied for their determination, and possible sources, as well as their impact on wine quality and human health. The main focus is set on aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc, as these elements most often affect wine quality and human health.

40 CFR 471.25 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... million off-pounds) of magnesium rolled with emulsions Chromium 0.028 0.011 Zinc 0.076 0.032 Ammonia 9.95... forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.107 0.044 Zinc 0.295 0.122 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2... forged Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Zinc 0.004 0.002 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0.106 (e) Direct chill...

40 CFR 471.25 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... million off-pounds) of magnesium rolled with emulsions Chromium 0.028 0.011 Zinc 0.076 0.032 Ammonia 9.95... forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.107 0.044 Zinc 0.295 0.122 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2... forged Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Zinc 0.004 0.002 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0.106 (e) Direct chill...

40 CFR 471.25 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... million off-pounds) of magnesium rolled with emulsions Chromium 0.028 0.011 Zinc 0.076 0.032 Ammonia 9.95... forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.107 0.044 Zinc 0.295 0.122 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2... forged Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Zinc 0.004 0.002 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0.106 (e) Direct chill...

40 CFR 471.25 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... million off-pounds) of magnesium rolled with emulsions Chromium 0.028 0.011 Zinc 0.076 0.032 Ammonia 9.95... forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.107 0.044 Zinc 0.295 0.122 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2... forged Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Zinc 0.004 0.002 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0.106 (e) Direct chill...

40 CFR 471.25 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... million off-pounds) of magnesium rolled with emulsions Chromium 0.028 0.011 Zinc 0.076 0.032 Ammonia 9.95... forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.107 0.044 Zinc 0.295 0.122 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2... forged Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Zinc 0.004 0.002 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0.106 (e) Direct chill...

40 CFR 471.23 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... million off-pounds) of magnesium rolled with emulsions Chromium 0.028 0.011 Zinc 0.076 0.032 Ammonia 9.95... forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.107 0.044 Zinc 0.295 0.122 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2... forged Chromium 0.002 0.0006 Zinc 0.004 0.002 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0.106 Oil and grease 0...

40 CFR 467.15 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... aluminum rolled with neat oils Chromium 0.036 0.015 Cyanide 0.024 0.010 Zinc 0.119 0.050 TTO 0.057 Oil and... off-lbs) of aluminum rolled with neat oils Chromium 0.025 0.010 Cyanide 0.016 0.007 Zinc 0.081 0.034... (lb/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast Chromium 0.00086 0.00035 Cyanide 0.00057 0.00024 Zinc 0.0029 0...

40 CFR 468.15 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... average Metric units—mg/off-kg of copper or copper alloy hot rolled English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off... English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.140 0.056... copper alloy drawn English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium...

Selected toxic and essential heavy metals in impacted teeth and the surrounding mandibular bones of people exposed to heavy metals in the environment.

PubMed

Malara, Piotr; Fischer, Agnieszka; Malara, Beata

2016-01-01

The elemental composition of bones and teeth can allow exposure to heavy metals in the environment to be estimated. The aim of this study was to determine whether impacted mandibular teeth and the surrounding bones can be used as biomonitoring media to assess exposure to heavy metals. The research materials were 67 impacted lower third molars and samples of the cortical bone removed when the wisdom teeth were surgically extracted. The samples were from people living in two areas with different environmental concentrations of heavy metals. The cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, and zinc concentrations in the samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with flame atomization. The cadmium and lead concentrations in the impacted third molars and the bones surrounding the teeth were significantly higher for people living in the relatively polluted Ruda Slaska region than for people living in Bielsko-Biala region. Significantly higher chromium, copper, manganese, and zinc concentrations were found in the bones surrounding the impacted teeth from people living in Ruda Slaska than in the bones surrounding the impacted teeth from people living in Bielsko-Biala. The cadmium concentrations in impacted teeth and the surrounding bones were significantly positively correlated. The results indicated that impacted mandibular teeth and the surrounding mandibular bones may reflect the exposure of people to cadmium and lead in the environment. This conclusion, however, must be verified in future research projects designed to exclude the possibility of additional dietary, occupational, and other types of exposure to heavy metals.

Flux of heavy metal accumulation in various organs of the intertidal marine blue crab, Portunus pelagicus (L.) from the Kuwait coast after the Gulf War.

PubMed

Al-Mohanna, S Y; Subrahmanyam, M N

2001-10-01

The metal levels of arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, magnesium, manganese, selenium, vanadium, and zinc concentrations were determined in various body organs, viz., hepatopancreas, gills, gonad, gastric stomach, and muscle of the blue crab, Portunus pelagicus (Crustacea: Decapoda) to assess the bioaccumulation of metals associated with petroleum input a decade after the 1991 Gulf War oil spillage. Sample solutions prepared were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometry. High concentrations of Zn and Cu in the muscle and hepatopancreas tissues were a strong indicative of high exposure of P. pelagicus to these metals. However, muscle tissue had been found to accumulate the highest values for all metal speciations analyzed. Copper, zinc, and chromium in samples collected from Station II covering the Kuwait City area were often in excess of those present in Station I and III. Arsenic, lead, magnesium, manganese, selenium, and vanadium were greater in individuals obtained from Station I. A significant correlation was found to exist between Se and V in crab muscle with a surge in Se metal concentration, which was found to be inversely proportional to that of V metal concentration irrespective of the sex of the crab. The difference in patterns of metal occurrence and the significant increase in the Cu and Zn concentrations in various organs of the crab were largely associated with the 1991 Gulf War oil spill. Such results could be used as a baseline for the monitoring of the level of metals in marine organisms of future studies.

Reduction of metal exposure of Daubenton's bats (Myotis daubentonii) following remediation of pond sediment as evidenced by metal concentrations in hair.

PubMed

Flache, Lucie; Ekschmitt, Klemens; Kierdorf, Uwe; Czarnecki, Sezin; Düring, Rolf-Alexander; Encarnação, Jorge A

2016-03-15

Transfer of contaminants from freshwater sediments via aquatic insects to terrestrial predators is well documented in spiders and birds. Here, we analyzed the metal exposure of Myotis daubentonii using an urban pond as their preferred foraging area before and after a remediation measure (sediment dredging) at this pond. Six metal elements (Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb and Ni) were measured in the sediment of the pond, in EDTA extracts of the sediment and in hair samples of M. daubentonii foraging at the pond. Samples were taken before remediation in 2011 and after remediation in 2013. Metal concentrations were quantified by ICP-OES after miniaturized microwave assisted extraction. In 2011, the pond sediment exhibited a high contamination with nickel, a moderate contamination with copper and chromium and low contents of zinc, cadmium and lead. While sediment metal contents declined only weakly after remediation, a much more pronounced reduction in the concentrations of zinc, copper, chromium and lead concentrations was observed in bat hair. Our results suggest a marked decline in metal exposure of the bats foraging at the pond as a consequence of the remediation measure. It is concluded that Daubenton's bats are suitable bioindicators of metal contamination in aquatic environments, integrating metal exposure via prey insects over their entire foraging area. We further suggest that bat hair is a useful monitoring unit, allowing a non-destructive and non-invasive assessment of metal exposure in bats. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nickel detoxification and plant growth promotion by multi metal resistant plant growth promoting Rhizobium species RL9.

PubMed

Wani, Parvaze Ahmad; Khan, Mohammad Saghir

2013-07-01

Pollution of the biosphere by heavy metals is a global threat that has accelerated dramatically since the beginning of industrial revolution. The aim of the study is to check the resistance of RL9 towards the metals and to observe the effect of Rhizobium species on growth, pigment content, protein and nickel uptake by lentil in the presence and absence of nickel. The multi metal tolerant and plant growth promoting Rhizobium strain RL9 was isolated from the nodules of lentil. The strain not only tolerated nickel but was also tolerant o cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, zinc and copper. The strain tolerated nickel 500 μg/mL, cadmium 300 μg/mL, chromium 400 μg/mL, lead 1,400 μg/mL, zinc 1,000 μg/mL and copper 300 μg/mL, produced good amount of indole acetic acid and was also positive for siderophore, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia. The strain RL9 was further assessed with increasing concentrations of nickel when lentil was used as a test crop. The strain RL9 significantly increased growth, nodulation, chlorophyll, leghaemoglobin, nitrogen content, seed protein and seed yield compared to plants grown in the absence of bioinoculant but amended with nickel The strain RL9 decreased uptake of nickel in lentil compared to plants grown in the absence of bio-inoculant. Due to these intrinsic abilities strain RL9 could be utilized for growth promotion as well as for the remediation of nickel in nickel contaminated soil.

[Trace elements in serum of malnourished and well-nourished children living in Lubumbashi and Kawama].

PubMed

Musimwa, Aimée Mudekereza; Kanteng, Gray Wakamb; Kitoko, Hermann Tamubango; Luboya, Oscar Numbi

2016-01-01

The role of trace metals elements in human nutrition can no longer be ignored. Deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake, secondary deficiencies often under - estimated, and iatrogenic deficiencies lead to pathologies such as infections and others. For this reason their dosages are particularly important to assess disease severity and to facilitate early treatment or improve patient's diet. The aim of this study was to determine trace elements profile in blood (copper, selenium, zinc, iron, chromium, cobalt, etc.) among malnourished and well-nourished children in a mining community in Lubumbashi. Three hundred eleven cases have been collected, 182 malnourished children and 129 well-nourished children in a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted from July 2013 to December 2014. Exhaustive sampling was performed. Metal determination in serum was performed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy (ICP-OES/MS) in the laboratory at Congolese Control Office in Lubumbashi. Essential trace elements (copper, zinc, selenium and iron) were found at very low concentrations in both the malnourished and well-nourished children. Arsenic, cadmium, magnesium and manganese concentrations were normal compared with reference values in well-nourished children Antimony, chromium, lead and cobalt levels were high in both the malnourished and well-nourished children. Nickel level was normal malnourished and well-nourished children. Magnesium, manganese were found in very low levels in malnourished children. Both the malnourished and well-nourished children suffer from deficiencies of essential trace elements associated with trace metals elements This allows to assume that essential micronutrients deficiency promotes the absorption of heavy metals.

Functional role of inorganic trace elements in angiogenesis-Part II: Cr, Si, Zn, Cu, and S.

PubMed

Saghiri, Mohammad Ali; Asatourian, Armen; Orangi, Jafar; Sorenson, Christine M; Sheibani, Nader

2015-10-01

Trace elements play critical roles in angiogenesis events. The effects of nitrogen, iron, selenium, phosphorus, gold, and calcium were discussed in part I. In part II, we evaluated the effect of chromium, silicon, zinc, copper, and sulfur on different aspects of angiogenesis, with critical roles in healing and regeneration processes, and undeniable roles in tumor growth and cancer therapy. This review is the second of series that serves as an overview of the role of inorganic elements in regulation of angiogenesis and vascular function. The methods of exposure, structure, mechanism, and potential activity of these trace elements are briefly discussed. An electronic search was performed on the role of these trace elements in angiogenesis from January 2005 to April 2014. The recent aspects of the relationship between five different trace elements and their role in regulation of angiogenesis, and homeostasis of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors were assessed. Many studies have investigated the effects and importance of these elements in angiogenesis events. Both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on angiogenesis are observed for the evaluated elements. Chromium can promote angiogenesis in pathological manners. Silicon as silica nanoparticles is anti-angiogenic, while in calcium silicate extracts and bioactive silicate glasses promote angiogenesis. Zinc is an anti-angiogenic agent acting on important genes and growth factors. Copper and sulfur compositions have pro-angiogenic functions by activating pro-angiogenic growth factors and promoting endothelial cells migration, growth, and tube formation. Thus, utilization of these elements may provide a unique opportunity to modulate angiogenesis under various setting. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Long-term Metal Performance of Three Permeable Pavements ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA constructed a 4,000-m2 parking lot surfaced with three permeable pavements (permeable interlocking concrete pavers, pervious concrete, and porous asphalt) on the Edison Environmental Center in Edison, NJ in 2009. Samples from each permeable pavement infiltrate were collected for six years beginning in January 2010 and analyzed for twenty-two metals. Although the infiltrate metals concentrations varied by surface, metal concentrations in more than 99% of the permeable pavement infiltrate samples met both the groundwater effluent limitations and maximum contaminant levels in national primary drinking water regulations for barium, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel and zinc. Arsenic, cadmium, lead and antimony met those standards in 60% to 98% of the samples with no measurable difference found among pavements. Aluminum and iron in pervious concrete and porous asphalt infiltrates met standards at more than 90%, however permeable interlocking concrete paver infiltrates have 50% and 93% samples exceeds standards, respectively. Concentrations of arsenic, iron, potassium, lithium, magnesium, antimony, tin, manganese, and zinc in all permeable pavement infiltrates decreased with time, whereas, aluminum, barium, calcium, chromium and strontium in porous asphalt infiltrates increased. Most metal concentrations in permeable pavement infiltrates either exhibited no significant difference between snow/no-snow seasons or showed statistically larger concentrations

Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 4): Independent Nail Company, Beaufort, South Carolina (first remedial action), September 1987. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1987-09-28

The Independent Nail Company site, occupying 24.6 acres, is located near Beaufort, South Carolina. Land use in the vicinity of the site is a combination of fields, woodlands, and wetlands. Endangered and threatened species may occur within the area of influence of the site, although habitation has not been confirmed. The previous owners of the site, the Blake and Johnson Company, manufactured metallic screws and fasteners. In part of the manufacturing process, the company discharged approximately 33,000 gallons per day of plating wastewater into an unlined infiltration lagoon. The lagoon was in use from approximately 1969 to 1980. The Southmore » Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC) reported that the wastewater contained some organic cleaning solvents, phosphate, cyanide, chromium, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc, copper and iron. In April 1980 the Blake and Johnson Company ceased operation. Two months later the Independent Nail Company purchased the plant. They currently operate a paneling nail coating process at the plant, but do not discharge any wastewater to the lagoon. The primary contaminants of concern to the soil and sediment include: cadmium, chromium, nickel and zinc.« less

40 CFR 421.326 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 27.14 11.00 Copper 93.88 44.74 Nickel 40.34 27.14... uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 1.689 0.685 Copper 5.844 2.785 Nickel 2.511 1.689... per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 2.357 0.955 Copper 8.152 3...

40 CFR 421.326 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 27.14 11.00 Copper 93.88 44.74 Nickel 40.34 27.14... uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 1.689 0.685 Copper 5.844 2.785 Nickel 2.511 1.689... per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 2.357 0.955 Copper 8.152 3...

Residual organic matter and microbial respiration in bottom ash: Effects on metal leaching and eco-toxicity.

PubMed

Ilyas, A; Persson, K M; Persson, M

2015-09-01

A common assumption regarding the residual organic matter, in bottom ash, is that it does not represent a significant pool of organic carbon and, beyond metal-ion complexation process, it is of little consequence to evolution of ash/leachate chemistry. This article evaluates the effect of residual organic matter and associated microbial respiratory processes on leaching of toxic metals (i.e. arsenic, copper, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony and zinc), eco-toxicity of ash leachates. Microbial respiration was quantified with help of a respirometric test equipment OXITOP control system. The effect of microbial respiration on metal/residual organic matter leaching and eco-toxicity was quantified with the help of batch leaching tests and an eco-toxicity assay - Daphnia magna. In general, the microbial respiration process decreased the leachate pH and eco-toxicity, indicating modification of bioavailability of metal species. Furthermore, the leaching of critical metals, such as copper and chromium, decreased after the respiration in both ash types (fresh and weathered). It was concluded that microbial respiration, if harnessed properly, could enhance the stability of fresh bottom ash and may promote its reuse. © The Author(s) 2015.

Leaching of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc from two slag dumps with different environmental exposure periods under dynamic acidic condition.

PubMed

Jin, Zhisheng; Liu, Taoze; Yang, Yuangen; Jackson, Daniel

2014-06-01

Over the past few decades, zinc smelting activities in Guizhou, China have produced numerous slag dumps, which are often dispersed on roadsides and hill slopes throughout the region. During periods of acid rain, these exposed slags release heavy metals into surface water bodies. A column leaching study was designed to test the potential release of the heavy metals cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) under simulated acid rain events. Two slags with varying environmental exposure periods were packed in columns and subjected to leaching solutions of pH 3.5, 5.5, or DI H2O at intervals of 1, 7, 14, 28, 56d. Pulse concentrations of Cd in leachate were found above 5μg/L, Cr, Pb, and Zn >10μg/L, whereas, Cu reached 10μg/L. After five leaching events, the leachability (percentage of cumulative heavy metal leached after five leaching events as in its respective total concentration in slags) of Cd was 0.05 percent and 0.035 percent from the old and young slag, respectively. Cr (0.035 percent and 0.05 percent) was greater than Cu (0.002 percent and 0.005 percent) and Zn (0.006 percent and 0.003 percent), while the lowest leachability was observed for Pb (0.0005 percent and 0.0002 percent) from the old and young slags, respectively. Reaction rates (release amount of heavy metals in certain period of leaching) of heavy metals in the leachates demonstrated the sequence of Zn>Cr>Cd, Cu>Pb. Leaching release of heavy metals was jointly affected by the pH of leaching solution and mineral composition of slags (including chemical forms of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn). Environmental exposure period of slags, resulting in the alteration of minerals, could affect the release process of heavy metals in leaching as well. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Zinc stress induces copper depletion in Acinetobacter baumannii.

PubMed

Hassan, Karl A; Pederick, Victoria G; Elbourne, Liam D H; Paulsen, Ian T; Paton, James C; McDevitt, Christopher A; Eijkelkamp, Bart A

2017-03-11

The first row transition metal ions zinc and copper are essential to the survival of many organisms, although in excess these ions are associated with significant toxicity. Here, we examined the impact of zinc and copper stress on Acinetobacter baumannii, a common opportunistic pathogen. We show that extracellular zinc stress induces a copper-specific depletion phenotype in A. baumannii ATCC 17978. Supplementation with copper not only fails to rescue this phenotype, but further exacerbates the copper depletion. Extensive analysis of the A. baumannii ATCC 17978 genome identified 13 putative zinc/copper resistance efflux pumps. Transcriptional analyses show that four of these transporters are responsive to zinc stress, five to copper stress and seven to the combination of zinc and copper stress, thereby revealing a likely foundation for the zinc-induced copper starvation in A. baumannii. In addition, we show that zinc and copper play crucial roles in management of oxidative stress and the membrane composition of A. baumannii. Further, we reveal that zinc and copper play distinct roles in macrophage-mediated killing of this pathogen. Collectively, this study supports the targeting of metal ion homeostatic mechanisms as an effective antimicrobial strategy against multi-drug resistant bacterial pathogens.

Effects of land use on water quality and transport of selected constituents in streams in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1994–98

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ferrell, Gloria M.

2001-01-01

Transport rates for total solids, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, biochemical oxygen demand, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc during 1994–98 were computed for six stormwater-monitoring sites in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. These six stormwater-monitoring sites were operated by the Mecklenburg County Department of Environmental Protection, in cooperation with the City of Charlotte, and are located near the mouths of major streams. Constituent transport at the six study sites generally was dominated by nonpoint sources, except for nitrogen and phosphorus at two sites located downstream from the outfalls of major municipal wastewater-treatment plants.To relate land use to constituent transport, regression equations to predict constituent yield were developed by using water-quality data from a previous study of nine stormwater-monitoring sites on small streams in Mecklenburg County. The drainage basins of these nine stormwater sites have relatively homogeneous land-use characteristics compared to the six study sites. Mean annual construction activity, based on building permit files, was estimated for all stormwater-monitoring sites and included as an explanatory variable in the regression equations. These regression equations were used to predict constituent yield for the six study sites. Predicted yields generally were in agreement with computed yields. In addition, yields were predicted by using regression equations derived from a national urban water-quality database. Yields predicted from the regional regression equations generally were about an order of magnitude lower than computed yields.Regression analysis indicated that construction activity was a major contributor to transport of the constituents evaluated in this study except for total nitrogen and biochemical oxygen demand. Transport of total nitrogen and biochemical oxygen demand was dominated by point-source contributions. The two study basins that had the largest amounts of construction activity also had the highest total solids yields (1,300 and 1,500 tons per square mile per year). The highest total phosphorus yields (3.2 and 1.7 tons per square mile per year) attributable to nonpoint sources also occurred in these basins. Concentrations of chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc were positively correlated with total solids concentrations at most of the study sites (Pearson product-moment correlation >0.50). The site having the highest median concentrations of chromium, copper, and nickel also was the site having the highest computed yield for total solids.

Isolation and characterization of Bacillus cereus IST105 from electroplating effluent for detoxification of hexavalent chromium.

PubMed

Naik, Umesh Chandra; Srivastava, Shaili; Thakur, Indu Shekhar

2011-08-01

Electroplating industries are the main sources of heavy metals, chromium, nickel, lead, zinc, cadmium and copper. The highest concentrations of chromium (VI) in the effluent cause a direct hazards to human and animals. Therefore, there is a need of an effective and affordable biotechnological solution for removal of chromium from electroplating effluent. Bacterial strains were isolated from electroplating effluent to find out higher tolerant isolate against chromate. The isolate was identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Absorbed chromium level of bacterium was determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Removal of metals by bacterium from the electroplating effluent eventually led to the detoxification of effluent confirmed by MTT assay. Conformational changes of functional groups of bacterial cell surface were studied through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The chromate tolerant isolate was identified as Bacillus cereus. Bacterium has potency to remove more than 75% of chromium as measured by ICP-AES and AAS. The study indicated the accumulation of chromium (VI) on bacterial cell surface which was confirmed by the SEM-EDX and TEM analysis. The biosorption of metals from the electroplating effluent eventually led to the detoxification of effluent. The increased survivability of Huh7 cells cultured with treated effluent also confirmed the detoxification as examined by MTT assay. Isolated strain B. cereus was able to remove and detoxify chromium (VI). It would be an efficient tool of the biotechnological approach in mitigating the heavy metal pollutants.

40 CFR 420.125 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... product Lead 0.00113 0.000376 Zinc 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge... product Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000601 0.000200 1 The...

40 CFR 420.125 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... product Lead 0.00113 0.000376 Zinc 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge... product Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000601 0.000200 1 The...

40 CFR 420.125 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... product Lead 0.00113 0.000376 Zinc 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge... product Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000601 0.000200 1 The...

40 CFR 420.125 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... product Lead 0.00113 0.000376 Zinc 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge... product Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000601 0.000200 1 The...

Heavy metal removal from waste waters by ion flotation.

PubMed

Polat, H; Erdogan, D

2007-09-05

Flotation studies were carried out to investigate the removal of heavy metals such as copper (II), zinc (II), chromium (III) and silver (I) from waste waters. Various parameters such as pH, collector and frother concentrations and airflow rate were tested to determine the optimum flotation conditions. Sodium dodecyl sulfate and hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide were used as collectors. Ethanol and methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) were used as frothers. Metal removal reached about 74% under optimum conditions at low pH. At basic pH it became as high as 90%, probably due to the contribution from the flotation of metal precipitates.

Suggestions for prospecting

USGS Publications Warehouse

,

1989-01-01

Prospectors have contributed much to the development of this Nation's mineral resources. Since the time of the earliest settlement, the need for iron for tools and guns, lead for bullets, and copper for utensils has prompted a search for sources of these metals. The lure of gold and silver provided the impetus for much of the development in the West between 1850 and 1910. Later, prospectors carried out successful ventures to fulfill the country's expanding industrial demands for other metals such as zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, vanadium, and many others. Even America's uninhabited rugged mountains or barren deserts have been prospected although perhaps only at a reconnaissance scale.

Susceptibility of Halobacteria to Heavy Metals

PubMed Central

Nieto, J. J.; Ventosa, A.; Ruiz-Berraquero, F.

1987-01-01

Sixty-eight halobacteria, including both culture collection strains and fresh isolates from widely differing geographical areas, were tested for susceptibility to arsenate, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, and zinc ions by an agar dilution technique. The culture collection strains showed different susceptibilities, clustering into five groups. Halobacterium mediterranei and Halobacterium volcanii were the most metal tolerant, whereas Haloarcula californiae and Haloarcula sinaiiensis had the highest susceptibilities of the culture collection strains. Different patterns of metal susceptibility were found for all the halobacteria tested, and there was a uniform susceptibility to mercury and silver. All strains tested were multiply metal tolerant. PMID:16347350

Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Trace elements in streambed sediment and fish livers, 1995-96

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kroening, Sharon E.; Fallon, James D.; Lee, Kathy E.

2000-01-01

In fish livers, all of the trace elements analyzed were detected except antimony, beryllium, cobalt, and uranium. Trace element concentrations in fish livers generally did not show any pronounced patterns. Ranges for concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc were similar to those measured in 20 other NAWQA studies across the United States. Cadmium concentrations in fish livers were moderately correlated to fish length and weight. There were no relations between trace element concentrations in fish livers and streambed sediment.

Handbook of Isotopes in the Cosmos

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Clayton, Donald

2007-08-01

List of illustrations; Preface; Introduction; 1. Hydrogen (H); 2. Helium (He); 3. Lithium (Li); 4. Beryllium (Be); 5. Boron (B); 6. Carbon (C); 7. Nitrogen (N); 8. Oxygen (O); 9. Fluorine (F); 10. Neon (Ne); 11. Sodium (Na); 12. Magnesium (Mg); 13. Aluminium (Al); 14. Silicon (Si); 15. Phosphorous (P); 16. Sulphur (S); 17. Chlorine (Cl); 18. Argon (Ar); 19. Potassium (K); 20. Calcium (Ca); 21. Scandium (Sc); 22. Titanium (Ti); 23. Vanadium (V); 24. Chromium (Cr); 25. Manganese (Mn); 26. Iron (Fe); 27. Cobalt (Co); 28. Nickel (Ni); 29. Copper (Cu); 30. Zinc (Zn); 31. Gallium (Ga); Glossary.

Handbook of Isotopes in the Cosmos

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Clayton, Donald

2003-09-01

List of illustrations; Preface; Introduction; 1. Hydrogen (H); 2. Helium (He); 3. Lithium (Li); 4. Beryllium (Be); 5. Boron (B); 6. Carbon (C); 7. Nitrogen (N); 8. Oxygen (O); 9. Fluorine (F); 10. Neon (Ne); 11. Sodium (Na); 12. Magnesium (Mg); 13. Aluminium (Al); 14. Silicon (Si); 15. Phosphorous (P); 16. Sulphur (S); 17. Chlorine (Cl); 18. Argon (Ar); 19. Potassium (K); 20. Calcium (Ca); 21. Scandium (Sc); 22. Titanium (Ti); 23. Vanadium (V); 24. Chromium (Cr); 25. Manganese (Mn); 26. Iron (Fe); 27. Cobalt (Co); 28. Nickel (Ni); 29. Copper (Cu); 30. Zinc (Zn); 31. Gallium (Ga); Glossary.

The unicellular fungal tool RhoTox for risk assessments in groundwater systems.

PubMed

Lategan, Maria Josie; Klare, William; Kidd, Sarah; Hose, Grant C; Nevalainen, Helena

2016-10-01

The recent inclusion of yeasts in environmental monitoring recognizes their ecological significance and sensitivity to toxicants. Here we present a robust and simple two-step toxicity assay and demonstrate the sensitivity of an ubiquitous groundwater yeast, Rhodotorula minuta, to a range of metals and metalloids. The test species was sensitive to copper with a 24h EC50 of 35µg Cu/L, followed in order of decreasing sensitivity by zinc, chromium (VI) and arsenic (EC50 4.40mg As (III)/L). The strain demonstrated an unexpected tolerance to chromium (VI), having an EC50 value (3.45mg Cr (VI)/L) similar to that of arsenic. The inclusion of a unicellular, microbial test-species into the suite of existing multicellular test species for toxicity evaluation is a key step towards strengthening the assessment of risk for groundwater ecosystems. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effects of Dietary Copper and Zinc Supplementation on Growth Performance, Tissue Mineral Retention, Antioxidant Status, and Fur Quality in Growing-Furring Blue Foxes (Alopex lagopus).

PubMed

Liu, Zhi; Wu, Xuezhuang; Zhang, Tietao; Guo, Jungang; Gao, Xiuhua; Yang, Fuhe; Xing, Xiumei

2015-12-01

A 4×2 factorial experiment with four supplemental levels of copper (0, 20, 40, or 60 mg copper per kg dry matter) from copper sulfate and two supplemental levels of zinc (40 or 200 mg zinc per kg dry matter) from zinc sulfate was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary copper and zinc supplementation on growth performance, tissue mineral retention, antioxidant status, and fur quality in growing-furring blue foxes. One hundred and twenty healthy 15-week-old male blue foxes were randomly allocated to eight dietary treatments with 15 replicates per treatment for a 70-day trial from mid-September to pelting in December. The average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were increased with copper supplementation in the first 35 days as well as the overall period (P<0.05). In addition, copper supplementation tended to increase feed intake during the first 35 days (P<0.10). Diets supplemented with 200 mg/kg zinc did not affect body gain (P>0.10) and feed intake (P>0.10) but improved feed conversion (P<0.05) compared with those supplemented 40 mg/kg zinc throughout the experiment. No copper×zinc interaction was observed for growth performance except that a tendency (P=0.09) was found for feed intake in the first 35 days. Supplementation of copper or zinc improved crude fat digestibility (P<0.01) but had no effects on the digestibility of other nutrients. Fecal copper was increased with both copper (P<0.01) and zinc addition (P<0.05). However, fecal zinc was affected only by dietary zinc addition (P<0.01). Mineral contents in serum and kidney were not affected by dietary treatments (P>0.05). However, the level of copper in the liver was increased with copper supplementation (P<0.05) and tended to decrease with zinc supplementation (P=0.08). Dietary zinc addition tended to increase the activity of alkaline phosphatase (P=0.07). The activities of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase and catalase tended to increase by copper (P=0.08) and zinc addition (P=0.05). Moreover, a copper×zinc interaction was observed for catalase in the experiment (P<0.05). Serum malondialdehyde concentration decreased with the increasing of dietary copper and zinc levels (P<0.05). The activity of glutathione peroxidase tended to increase by copper addition (P=0.09). For fur quality, foxes fed diets supplemented with high copper had larger skin length and darker pelts than those fed the basal diet without copper addition (P<0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that dietary copper and zinc supplementation can improve growth by increasing feed intake and improving fat digestibility. Additionally, copper and zinc can enhance the antioxidant capacity of blue foxes. This study also indicates that additional zinc up to 200 mg/kg did not exert significant adverse effects on the copper metabolism of growing-furring blue foxes.

Structural and surface properties of CuO-ZnO-Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalysts and their relationship with selectivity to higher alcohol synthesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Campos-Martin, J.M.; Fierro, J.L.G.; Guerrero-Ruiz, A.

1995-10-01

A series of copper-zinc-chromium catalysts of different compositions and calcination temperatures has been prepared, characterized by several techniques (BET specific surface area, XRD, gravimetric TPR, TPD-CO, and XPS), and tested under high alcohol synthesis (HAS) conditions. CO hydrogenation was carried out at reaction temperatures of 523-598 K and 50 bar total pressure. The influence of catalyst composition, calcination temperature, and surface characteristics on the HAS selectivity was studied. The optimum HAS yields were found in the low Cr content region, but chromium was needed. Although chromium oxide does not seem to be involved in the catalytic site, its presence inmore » the catalyst composition is essential, owing to the larger specific surfaces and catalyst stability obtained at the highest reaction temperatures. For low Cr content composition, the temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) profiles were shifted to higher temperatures and simultaneously larger CO{sub 2} amounts were found in the temperature-programmed desorption profiles of adsorbed CO (TPD-CO). Photoelectron spectra (XPS) revealed that the oxidation state of copper is Cu{sup 2+} in the calcined catalysts and Cu{sup O} in the reduced ones; Cu{sup +} was only stabilized in a CuCr{sub 2}O{sub 4} spinel in the Cr-rich catalysts. These features derived from catalyst characterization are discussed in the framework of the catalytic behaviour for HAS synthesis. 53 refs., 7 figs., 4 tabs.« less

Process for the Production of Star Tracklng [Tracking] Reticles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, Wade O. (Inventor); Toft, Albert R. (Inventor)

1972-01-01

A method for the production of reticles, particularly those for use in outer space, wherein the product is a quartz base coated with highly adherent layers of chromium, chromium-silver, and silver vacuum deposited through a mask, and then coated with an electrodeposit of copper from a copper sulfate solution followed by an electrodeposit of black chromium. The masks are produced by coating a beryllium-copper alloy substrate with a positive working photoresist, developing the photoresist according to a pattern to leave a positive mask, plating uncoated areas with gold, removing the photoresist, coating the substrate with a negative working photoresist, developing the negative working photoresist to expose the base metal of the pattern, and chemically etching the unplated side of the pattern to produce the mask. The mask produced is then used in the vacuum deposition of: (1) chromium metal on the surface of a quartz base to obtain a highly adherent quartz-chromium interface; (2) silver on the chromium deposit, during the final stage of chromium deposit, to produce a silver chromium alloy layer; and (3) silver onto the surface of the alloy layer. The coated quartz base is then coated by electroplating utilizing an acid copper deposit followed by a black chromium electrodeposit to produce the product of the present invention.

40 CFR 420.124 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Zinc 0.000376 0.000125 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.0000376 0.0000125 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge wastewaters from the... product TSS 0.175 0.0751 O&G 0.0751 0.0250 Lead 0.00113 0.000376 Zinc 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium...

40 CFR 420.124 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Zinc 0.000376 0.000125 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.0000376 0.0000125 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge wastewaters from the... product TSS 0.175 0.0751 O&G 0.0751 0.0250 Lead 0.00113 0.000376 Zinc 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium...

40 CFR 420.124 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Zinc 0.000376 0.000125 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.0000376 0.0000125 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge wastewaters from the... product TSS 0.175 0.0751 O&G 0.0751 0.0250 Lead 0.00113 0.000376 Zinc 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium...

40 CFR 471.75 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (pounds per million off-pounds) of uranium extruded Cadmium 0.007 0.003 Chromium 0.013 0.005 Copper 0.044... treated Cadmium 0.006 0.003 Chromium 0.012 0.005 Copper 0.040 0.019 Lead 0.009 0.004 Nickel 0.017 0.012...-pounds) of uranium surface treated Cadmium 0.006 0.002 Chromium 0.010 0.004 Copper 0.035 0.017 Lead 0.008...

40 CFR 421.322 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... refinery Chromium 32.270 13.200 Copper 139.300 73.340 Nickel 140.800 93.140 Fluoride 2,567.000 1,459.000... processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 2.009 0.822 Copper 8.675 4.566 Nickel 8.767 5.799 Fluoride 159... pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 2.802 1.146 Copper 12.100 6.369 Nickel 12...

40 CFR 471.75 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (pounds per million off-pounds) of uranium extruded Cadmium 0.007 0.003 Chromium 0.013 0.005 Copper 0.044... treated Cadmium 0.006 0.003 Chromium 0.012 0.005 Copper 0.040 0.019 Lead 0.009 0.004 Nickel 0.017 0.012...-pounds) of uranium surface treated Cadmium 0.006 0.002 Chromium 0.010 0.004 Copper 0.035 0.017 Lead 0.008...

40 CFR 421.323 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Chromium (total) 27.14 11.00 Copper 93.88 44.74 Nickel 40.34 27.14 Fluoride 2,567.00 1,459.00 (b) Slag... in the refinery Chromium (total) 1.689 0.685 Copper 5.844 2.785 Nickel 2.511 1.689 Fluoride 159.800... per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 2.357 0.955 Copper 8.152 3...

40 CFR 421.323 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Chromium (total) 27.14 11.00 Copper 93.88 44.74 Nickel 40.34 27.14 Fluoride 2,567.00 1,459.00 (b) Slag... in the refinery Chromium (total) 1.689 0.685 Copper 5.844 2.785 Nickel 2.511 1.689 Fluoride 159.800... per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 2.357 0.955 Copper 8.152 3...

40 CFR 421.322 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... refinery Chromium 32.270 13.200 Copper 139.300 73.340 Nickel 140.800 93.140 Fluoride 2,567.000 1,459.000... processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 2.009 0.822 Copper 8.675 4.566 Nickel 8.767 5.799 Fluoride 159... pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 2.802 1.146 Copper 12.100 6.369 Nickel 12...

Recovery of zinc and manganese, and other metals (Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Cr, Na, K) from Zn-MnO2 and Zn-C waste batteries: Hydroxyl and carbonate co-precipitation from solution after reducing acidic leaching with use of oxalic acid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sobianowska-Turek, A.; Szczepaniak, W.; Maciejewski, P.; Gawlik-Kobylińska, M.

2016-09-01

The article discusses the current situation of the spent batteries and portable accumulators management. It reviews recycling technologies of the spent batteries and portable accumulators which are used in the manufacturing installations in the world. Also, it presents the authors' research results on the reductive acidic leaching of waste material of the zinc-carbon batteries (Zn-C) and zinc-manganese batteries (alkaline Zn-MnO2) delivered by a company dealing with mechanical treatment of this type of waste stream. The research data proved that the reductive acidic leaching (H2SO4 + C2H2O4) of the battery's black mass allows to recover 85.0% of zinc and 100% of manganese. Moreover, it was found that after the reductive acidic leaching it is possible to recover nearly 100% of manganese, iron, cadmium, and chromium, 98.0% of cobalt, 95.5% of zinc, and 85.0% of copper and nickel from the solution with carbonate method. On the basis of the results, it is possible to assume that the carbonate method can be used for the preparation of manganese-zinc ferrite.

Supplementation with zinc in rats enhances memory and reverses an age-dependent increase in plasma copper.

PubMed

Sandusky-Beltran, Leslie A; Manchester, Bryce L; McNay, Ewan C

2017-08-30

Zinc and copper are essential trace elements. Dyshomeostasis in these two metals has been observed in Alzheimer's disease, which causes profound cognitive impairment. Insulin therapy has been shown to enhance cognitive performance; however, recent data suggest that this effect may be at least in part due to the inclusion of zinc in the insulin formulation used. Zinc plays a key role in regulation of neuronal glutamate signaling, suggesting a possible link between zinc and memory processes. Consistent with this, zinc deficiency causes cognitive impairments in children. The effect of zinc supplementation on short- and long-term recognition memory, and on spatial working memory, was explored in young and adult male Sprague Dawley rats. After behavioral testing, hippocampal and plasma zinc and copper were measured. Age increased hippocampal zinc and copper, as well as plasma copper, and decreased plasma zinc. An interaction between age and treatment affecting plasma copper was also found, with zinc supplementation reversing elevated plasma copper concentration in adult rats. Zinc supplementation enhanced cognitive performance across tasks. These data support zinc as a plausible therapeutic intervention to ameliorate cognitive impairment in disorders characterized by alterations in zinc and copper, such as Alzheimer's disease. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Metal interferences and their removal prior to the determination of As(T) and As(III) in acid mine waters by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry

USGS Publications Warehouse

McCleskey, R. Blaine; Nordstrom, D. Kirk; Ball, James W.

2003-01-01

Hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) is a sensitive and selective method for the determination of total arsenic (arsenic(III) plus arsenic(V)) and arsenic(III); however, it is subject to metal interferences for acid mine waters. Sodium borohydride is used to produce arsine gas, but high metal concentrations can suppress arsine production. This report investigates interferences of sixteen metal species including aluminum, antimony(III), antimony(V), cadmium, chromium(III), chromium(IV), cobalt, copper(II), iron(III), iron(II), lead, manganese, nickel, selenium(IV), selenium(VI), and zinc ranging in concentration from 0 to 1,000 milligrams per liter and offers a method for removing interfering metal cations with cation exchange resin. The degree of interference for each metal without cation-exchange on the determination of total arsenic and arsenic(III) was evaluated by spiking synthetic samples containing arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) with the potential interfering metal. Total arsenic recoveries ranged from 92 to 102 percent for all metals tested except antimony(III) and antimony(V) which suppressed arsine formation when the antimony(III)/total arsenic molar ratio exceeded 4 or the antimony(V)/total arsenic molar ratio exceeded 2. Arsenic(III) recoveries for samples spiked with aluminum, chromium(III), cobalt, iron(II), lead, manganese, nickel, selenium(VI), and zinc ranged from 84 to 107 percent over the entire concentration range tested. Low arsenic(III) recoveries occurred when the molar ratios of metals to arsenic(III) were copper greater than 120, iron(III) greater than 70, chromium(VI) greater than 2, cadmium greater than 800, antimony(III) greater than 3, antimony(V) greater than 12, or selenium(IV) greater than 1. Low recoveries result when interfering metals compete for available sodium borohydride, causing incomplete arsine production, or when the interfering metal oxidizes arsenic(III). Separation of interfering metal cations using cation-exchange prior to hydridegeneration permits accurate arsenic(III) determinations in acid mine waters containing high concentrations of interfering metals. Stabilization of the arsenic redox species for as many as 15 months is demonstrated for samples that have been properly filtered and acidified with HCl in the field. The detection limits for the method described in this report are 0.1 micrograms per liter for total arsenic and 0.8 micrograms per liter for arsenic(III).

Trace-element concentrations in streambed sediment across the conterminous United States

USGS Publications Warehouse

Rice, Karen C.

1999-01-01

Trace-element concentrations in 541 streambed-sediment samples collected from 20 study areas across the conterminous United States were examined as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. Sediment samples were sieved and the <63-μm fraction was retained for determination of total concentrations of trace elements. Aluminum, iron, titanium, and organic carbon were weakly or not at all correlated with the nine trace elements examined:  arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc. Four different methods of accounting for background/baseline concentrations were examined; however, normalization was not required because field sieving removed most of the background differences between samples. The sum of concentrations of trace elements characteristic of urban settings - copper, mercury, lead, and zinc - was well correlated with population density, nationwide. Median concentrations of seven trace elements (all nine examined except arsenic and selenium) were enriched in samples collected from urban settings relative to agricultural or forested settings. Forty-nine percent of the sites sampled in urban settings had concentrations of one or more trace elements that exceeded levels at which adverse biological effects could occur in aquatic biota.

Barnacles as biomonitors of trace metal availabilities in Hong Kong coastal waters: changes in space and time.

PubMed

Rainbow, P S; Blackmore, G

2001-06-01

The use of selected organisms as biomonitors of trace metal bioavailabilities allows comparisons to be made over space and time. The concentrations of 11 trace metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, silver, zinc) were measured in the bodies of two barnacle species, Balanus amphitrite and Tetraclita squamosa, from up to 18 littoral sites from Hong Kong coastal waters in April 1998. These data provide evidence on the geographical variation in metal bioavailabilities at this time, and are compared selectively against historical data sets for 1986 and 1989. Geographical variation in bioavailabilities is clear for several metals, with hotspots for arsenic, copper, nickel and silver at Chai Wan Kok, and for lead in Junk Bay. Victoria Harbour sites head the rankings for silver and arsenic, and Tolo Harbour sites exhibit relatively elevated cobalt, manganese and zinc. Many bioavailabilities of trace metals to barnacles are lower in Hong Kong coastal waters in 1998 than in 1986. The two barnacle species are widespread and the extensive data set presented is a benchmark which can be compared to the results of similar biomonitoring programmes elsewhere in the Indo-Pacific and beyond.

Does heavy metal exposure affect the condition of Whitethroat (Sylvia communis) nestlings?

PubMed

Turzańska-Pietras, Katarzyna; Chachulska, Justyna; Polechońska, Ludmiła; Borowiec, Marta

2018-03-01

Anthropogenic pollution results in high concentrations of heavy metals in the environment. Due to their persistence and a high potential for bioaccumulation, metals are a real threat for birds breeding in industrial areas. The aim of the present study has been to explore the contents of heavy metals (arsenic As, cadmium Cd, chromium Cr, copper Cu, iron Fe, nickel Ni, lead Pb and zinc Zn) in the excreta of Whitethroat (Sylvia communis) nestlings living in polluted environment and to investigate the relationship between these contents and the nestlings' condition. Excrement samples contained all the studied elements. The contents of arsenic, cadmium, copper and zinc in the excreta of nestlings from nests located close to a slag dump were several times higher than in the soil near the dump, which suggested accumulation in food consumed by the birds. Condition parameters (body mass and haemoglobin concentration) were not related to heavy metal concentrations in the nestlings' excreta, except of Zn. It is possible that Whitethroats are able to detoxicate heavy metals to a certain extent. Detailed, multi-element analysis of the environment, food and bird tissues or excreta should be performed to explore relations between different chemicals and bird condition.

Human exposure risk to heavy metals through groundwater used for drinking in an intensively irrigated river delta

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vetrimurugan, E.; Brindha, K.; Elango, L.; Ndwandwe, Osman Muzi

2017-10-01

Drinking water containing heavy metals above the maximum permissible limits cause potential risk to human health. The aim of this study was to determine the groundwater suitability for drinking use based on heavy metal concentration and the associated human exposure risk in an intensively irrigated part of the Cauvery river basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Sixteen heavy metals analysed were in the order of dominance of chromium < zinc < copper < cadmium < cobalt < iron < aluminium < nickel < titanium < zirconium < boron < silver < manganese < lead < lithium < silicon in groundwater. Chromium and zinc were within permissible limits of the Bureau of Indian Standards for drinking water quality, and silver, lead and nickel were above limits in all the groundwater samples. In less than 50 % of the groundwater samples, aluminium, boron, cadmium, copper, iron and manganese exceeded their individual permissible limits. Heavy metal pollution index based on 11 heavy metals indicated that groundwater quality of this area is poor-to-unsuitable. Non-carcinogenic risk for humans due to ingestion of groundwater through drinking water pathway was very high for infants, children and adults. Silver, lead, nickel, cadmium and manganese largely contributed to the health hazard. Sources of heavy metals were identified to be geological and from human activities, i.e., application of fertilizers in agricultural fields, seawater intrusion due to intensive pumping for agriculture and wastewater from industries. Groundwater and surface water in this area pose large threat due to high levels of heavy metals, and it is necessary to avoid this water for drinking due to potential risk of health hazard. This study also demonstrated the application of HPI and human exposure hazard index to study the groundwater quality based on heavy metals' concentration.

Thermal and hydrometallurgical recovery methods of heavy metals from municipal solid waste fly ash

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kuboňová, L., E-mail: lenka.kubonova@vsb.cz; Langová, Š.; Nowak, B.

2013-11-15

Highlights: • MSW fly ash was thermally and hydrometallurgically treated to remove heavy metals. • More than 90% of easy volatile heavy metals (Cd and Pb) were removed thermally. • More than 90% of Cd, Cr, Cu an Zn were removed by alkaline – acid leaching. • The best results were obtained for the solution of 3 M NaOH and 2 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}. - Abstract: Heavy metals in fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators are present in high concentrations. Therefore fly ash must be treated as a hazardous material. On the other hand, it may be amore » potential source of heavy metals. Zinc, lead, cadmium, and copper can be relatively easily removed during the thermal treatment of fly ash, e.g. in the form of chlorides. In return, wet extraction methods could provide promising results for these elements including chromium and nickel. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare thermal and hydrometallurgical treatment of municipal solid waste fly ash. Thermal treatment of fly ash was performed in a rotary reactor at temperatures between 950 and 1050 °C and in a muffle oven at temperatures from 500 to 1200 °C. The removal more than 90% was reached by easy volatile heavy metals such as cadmium and lead and also by copper, however at higher temperature in the muffle oven. The alkaline (sodium hydroxide) and acid (sulphuric acid) leaching of the fly ash was carried out while the influence of temperature, time, concentration, and liquid/solid ratio were investigated. The combination of alkaline-acidic leaching enhanced the removal of, namely, zinc, chromium and nickel.« less

Concentration of heavy metals in drinking water of different localities in district east Karachi.

PubMed

Jaleel, M A; Noreen, R; Baseer, A

2001-01-01

Several heavy metals are present in drinking water that play important roles in the body provided their level remains within the specified range recommended by WHO. But now due to the industrialization and rapid urbanization, the problems of pollution have surfaced. This study was designed to ascertain the contents of some heavy metals and then their variations if any in drinking water in different localities of district East of Karachi, Pakistan. Drinking water samples were collected from different sources and localities of district East of Karachi. The concentration of the heavy metals i.e. Lead, Arsenic, Copper, Iron, Mercury, Chromium, Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium and Zinc were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. PH was estimated by pH meter. Total dissolved solids (TDS) were calculated by formula. These concentrations of heavy metals, pH and TDS were compared with the standards set by WHO. Concentrations of lead and nickel were found to be significantly elevated as compared to WHO recommended levels in all the three sources of water (Piped water, Hand pump water and Tanker water supply). Chromium was found to be raised in hand pump water. Arsenic and Mercury were not detected in any source of water. Copper, iron, manganese, cadmium and zinc were found to be within the safe limits in all the three sources of water. pH was found to be within the range of WHO recommended level in all the three sources of water. TDS was found to be elevated in hand pump water and tanker water. Concentrations of lead and nickel were found to be significantly elevated as compared to WHO recommended levels in all the three sources of water in district East of Karachi.

Differential GFP expression patterns induced by different heavy metals in Tg(hsp70:gfp) transgenic medaka (Oryzias latipes).

PubMed

Ng, Grace Hwee Boon; Xu, Hongyan; Pi, Na; Kelly, Barry C; Gong, Zhiyuan

2015-06-01

Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is one of the most widely used biomarker for monitoring environment perturbations in biological systems. To facilitate the analysis of hsp70 expression as a biomarker, we generated a Tg(hsp70:gfp) transgenic medaka line in which green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter gene was driven by the medaka hsp70 promoter. Here, we characterized Tg(hsp70:gfp) medaka for inducible GFP expression by seven environment-relevant heavy metals, including mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, copper, chromium, and zinc. We found that four of them (mercury, arsenic, lead, and cadmium) induced GFP expression in multiple and different organs. In general, the liver, kidney, gut, and skin are among the most frequent organs to show induced GFP expression. In contrast, no detectable GFP induction was observed to copper, chromium, or zinc, indicating that the transgenic line was not responsive to all heavy metals. RT-qPCR determination of hsp70 mRNA showed similar induction and non-induction by these metals, which also correlated with the levels of metal uptake in medaka exposed to these metals. Our observations suggested that these heavy metals have different mechanisms of toxicity and/or differential bioaccumulation in various organs; different patterns of GFP expression induced by different metals may be used to determine or exclude metals in water samples tested. Furthermore, we also tested several non-metal toxicants such as bisphenol A, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 4-introphenol, and lindane; none of them induced significant GFP expression in Tg(hsp70:gfp) medaka, further suggesting that the inducibility of Tg(hsp70:gfp) for GFP expression is specific to a subset of heavy metals.

40 CFR 420.106 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 1 0.0000209 0.0000084 Lead 0.0000094 0.0000031 Nickel 1 0... limitations for chromium and nickel shall be applicable in lieu of those for lead and zinc when cold rolling... Chromium 1 0.0000418 0.0000167 Lead 0.0000188 0.0000063 Nickel 1 0.0000376 0.0000125 Zinc 0.0000125 0...

40 CFR 420.106 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 1 0.0000209 0.0000084 Lead 0.0000094 0.0000031 Nickel 1 0... limitations for chromium and nickel shall be applicable in lieu of those for lead and zinc when cold rolling... Chromium 1 0.0000418 0.0000167 Lead 0.0000188 0.0000063 Nickel 1 0.0000376 0.0000125 Zinc 0.0000125 0...

40 CFR 420.106 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 1 0.0000209 0.0000084 Lead 0.0000094 0.0000031 Nickel 1 0... limitations for chromium and nickel shall be applicable in lieu of those for lead and zinc when cold rolling... Chromium 1 0.0000418 0.0000167 Lead 0.0000188 0.0000063 Nickel 1 0.0000376 0.0000125 Zinc 0.0000125 0...

40 CFR 420.106 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 1 0.0000209 0.0000084 Lead 0.0000094 0.0000031 Nickel 1 0... limitations for chromium and nickel shall be applicable in lieu of those for lead and zinc when cold rolling... Chromium 1 0.0000418 0.0000167 Lead 0.0000188 0.0000063 Nickel 1 0.0000376 0.0000125 Zinc 0.0000125 0...

40 CFR 420.106 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Chromium 1 0.0000209 0.0000084 Lead 0.0000094 0.0000031 Nickel 1 0... limitations for chromium and nickel shall be applicable in lieu of those for lead and zinc when cold rolling... Chromium 1 0.0000418 0.0000167 Lead 0.0000188 0.0000063 Nickel 1 0.0000376 0.0000125 Zinc 0.0000125 0...

Serum zinc, copper, retinol-binding protein, prealbumin, and ceruloplasmin concentrations in infants receiving intravenous zinc and copper supplementation.

PubMed

Lockitch, G; Godolphin, W; Pendray, M R; Riddell, D; Quigley, G

1983-02-01

One hundred twenty-seven newborn infants requiring parenteral nutrition were randomly assigned to receive differing amounts of zinc (40 to 400 micrograms/kg/day) and copper (20 or 40 micrograms/kg/day) supplementation within five birth weight groups (600 to 2,500 gm). The serum zinc concentration remained relatively constant in the group receiving the most zinc supplementation after two weeks of therapy, but declined sharply in the groups receiving less supplementation. No effect of increased copper intake was noted on ceruloplasmin values, but a difference in serum copper concentrations was noted at two weeks. No correlation was noted between serum zinc and copper values or among those for serum zinc, retinol-binding protein, and prealbumin. Reference ranges were defined for serum zinc, copper, retinol-binding protein, prealbumin, and ceruloplasmin in the preterm infant.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COATINGS IN REDUCING DISLODGEABLE ARSENIC, CHROMIUM, AND COPPER FROM CCA-TREATED WOOD

EPA Science Inventory

This is a 2 year study designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a variety of deck sealants in reducing or eliminating potential exposure to arsenic, chromium, and copper from chromated copper arsenate-treated wood used in residential settings, like decks and playsets.

40 CFR 420.123 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... per 1,000 lb) of product Lead 0.00113 0.000376 Zinc 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing...) of product Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000601 0.000200 1 The...

40 CFR 467.16 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Maximum for monthly average mg/off-kg (lb/million off-lbs) of aluminum rolled with neat oils Chromium 0... rolled with neat oils Chromium 0.021 0.009 Cyanide 0.011 0.005 Zinc 0.057 0.024 TTO 0.038 Oil and grease... aluminum cast Chromium 0.00073 0.00029 Cyanide 0.00039 0.00016 Zinc 0.0020 0.00082 TTO 0.0014 Oil and...

Geologic cross sections showing the concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn in acid-insoluble residues of Paleozoic rocks within the Doniphan/Eleven Point Ranger District of the Mark Twain National Forest, Missouri, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lee, Lopaka; Goldhaber, Martin B.

2002-01-01

This report is a product of a U.S. Geological Survey investigation that is focused on characterizing the potential environmental impacts of lead-zinc mining within the Doniphan/Eleven Point ranger district of the Mark Twain national forest. The elemental concentrations of iron (Fe), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in acidinsoluble residues are shown for boreholes along two geologic cross sections within Doniphan/Elevan Point ranger district (Figure 1). The purpose of this report is to characterize, in a general sense, the distribution of economically and environmentally important elements within the rocks and aquifers of the Doniphan/Eleven Point ranger district

Characterization of Sorolla's gouache pigments by means of spectroscopic techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roldán, Clodoaldo; Juanes, David; Ferrazza, Livio; Carballo, Jorgelina

2016-02-01

This paper presents the characterization of the Joaquín Sorolla's gouache sketches for the oil on canvas series "Vision of Spain" commissioned by A. M. Huntington to decorate the library of the Hispanic Society of America in New York. The analyses were focused on the identification of the elemental composition of the gouache pigments by means of portable EDXRF spectrometry in a non-destructive mode. Additionally, SEM-EDX and FTIR analyses of a selected set of micro-samples were carried out to identify completely the pigments, the paint technique and the binding media. The obtained results have confirmed the identification of lead and zinc white, vermillion, earth pigments, ochre, zinc yellow, chrome yellow, ultramarine, Prussian blue, chromium based and copper-arsenic based green pigments, bone black and carbon based black pigments, and the use of gum arabic as binding media in the gouache pigments.

Fabrication of visible light-triggered photocatalytic materials from the coupling of n-type zinc oxide and p-type copper oxide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gorospe, A. B.; Herrera, M. U.

2017-04-01

Coupling of copper oxide (CuO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) was done by chemical precipitation method. In this method, copper sulfate pentahydrate and zinc sulfate heptahydrate salt precursors were separately dissolved in distilled water; then were mixed together. The copper sulfate-zinc sulfate solution was then combined with a sodium hydroxide solution. The precipitates were collected and washed in distilled water and ethanol several times, then filtered and dried. The dried sample was grounded, and then undergone heat treatment. After heating, the sample was grounded again. Zinc oxide powder and copper oxide powder were also fabricated using chemical precipitation method. X-Ray Diffraction measurements of the coupled CuO/ZnO powder showed the presence of CuO and ZnO in the fabricated sample. Furthermore, other peaks shown by XRD were also identified corresponding to copper, copper (II) oxide, copper sulfate and zinc sulfate. Results of the photocatalytic activity investigation show that the sample exhibited superior photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange under visible light illumination compared to copper oxide powder and zinc oxide powder. This may be attributed to the lower energy gap at the copper oxide-zinc oxide interface, compared to zinc oxide, allowing visible light to trigger its photocatalytic activity.

Occurrences and inventories of heavy metals and brominated flame retardants in wastes from printed circuit board production.

PubMed

Zhou, Xiaoyu; Guo, Jie; Zhang, Wei; Zhou, Peng; Deng, Jingjing; Lin, Kuangfei

2014-09-01

Pollutants including heavy metals and brominated flame retardant were detected in 10 types of production wastes from a typical printed circuit board manufacturing plant, and their inventories were estimated. Rinsing water from etching process had the highest concentrations of copper (665.51 mg/L), lead (1.02 mg/L), nickel (3.60 mg/L), chromium (0.97 mg/L), and tin (1.79 mg/L). Powdered solid waste (SW) from the cut lamination process contained the highest tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) levels (49.86 mg/kg). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were absent in this plant, in agreement with the international regulations of PBDE phase out. The pollutant inventories in the wastes exhibited in the order of copper > > zinc > tin ≈ nickel > lead > chromium > > TBBPA. The potential environmental impact of pollutants in SW during production and disposal were further investigated. A high partitioning of pollutant concentration between the total suspended particle and SW (-0.10 < log K TS < 2.12) was observed for most pollutants, indicating the emission pathway from SW to the airborne atmosphere in the workshop. Although SW met the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, drilling powder with the smallest particle diameter still showed high leachabilities of lead and tin which may lead to a negative environmental impact during disposal.

Environmental concentrations of copper, chromium, and arsenic released from a chromated-copper-arsenate-(CCA-C-) treated wetland boardwalk

Treesearch

Stan T. Lebow; Daniel Foster

2005-01-01

A study was conducted to evaluate environmental accumulation and mobility of total copper, chromium, and arsenic adjacent to a chromated-copper-arsenate-(CCA-C-) treated wetland boardwalk. The study was considered a severe test because it included a large volume of treated wood in a site with high annual rainfall. Soil and sediment samples were collected before...

40 CFR 421.154 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... ore as beryllium Beryllium 1,842.000 831.000 Chromium (total) 831.000 336.900 Copper 2,875.000 1,370... pounds) of beryllium carbonate produced from beryl ore as beryllium Beryllium 180.4 81.4 Chromium (total... beryllium carbonate produced as beryllium Beryllium 175.900 79.370 Chromium (total) 79.370 32.180 Copper 274...

Whole-body concentrations of elements in three fish species from offshore oil platforms and natural areas in the Southern California Bight, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Love, Milton S.; Saiki, Michael K.; May, Thomas W.; Yee, Julie L.

2013-01-01

elements. Forty-two elements were excluded from statistical comparisons as they (1) consisted of major cations that were unlikely to accumulate to potentially toxic concentrations; (2) were not detected by the analytical procedures; or (3) were detected at concentrations too low to yield reliable quantitative measurements. The remaining 21 elements consisted of aluminum, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, iron, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury, nickel, rubidium, selenium, strontium, tin, titanium, vanadium, and zinc. Statistical comparisons of these elements indicated that none consistently exhibited higher concentrations at oil platforms than at natural areas. However, the concentrations of copper, selenium, titanium, and vanadium in Pacific sanddab were unusual because small individuals exhibited either no differences between oil platforms and natural areas or significantly lower concentrations at oil platforms than at natural areas, whereas large individuals exhibited significantly higher concentrations at oil platforms than at natural areas.

Heavy metals contamination in surface and groundwater supply of an urban city.

PubMed

Dixit, R C; Verma, S R; Nitnaware, V; Thacker, N P

2003-04-01

There is a continuous increase in the demand of water supply in cities due to the industrialization and growing population. This extra supply is generally met by groundwaters or nearby available surface waters. It may lead into incomplete treatment and substandard supply of drinking water. To ensure that the intake water derived from surface and groundwater is clear, palatable, neither corrosive nor scale forming, free from undesirable taste, odor and acceptable from aesthetic and health point of view, the final water quality at Delhi have been evaluated. The final water supply of four treatment plants and 80 tubewells at Delhi were surveyed in 2000-2001 for cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, selenium and zinc. The levels of manganese, copper, selenium and cadmium were found marginally above the Indian Standards (IS) specification regulated for drinking water. The data was used to assess the final water quality supplied at Delhi.

Catalyst for cracking kerosene

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hsie, C. H.

1985-06-04

A catalyst capable of cracking kerosene under lower pressure and temperature comprising kerosene; metal powder mixture of chromium powder, copper powder, lead powder, zinc powder, nickel powder, manganese powder in an amount of 12 to 13 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of said kerosene; sulfuric acid in an amount of 15 to 30 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of said kerosene; inorganic powder mixture of aluminum oxide powder, serpentine powder, alum powder, magnesium oxide powder, limestone powder, slake lime powder, silica powder, and granite powder in an amount of 150 to 170 parts bymore » weight per 100 parts by weight of said kerosene.« less

Silicotitanate molecular sieve and condensed phases

DOEpatents

Nenoff, Tina M.; Nyman, May D.

2002-01-01

A new microporous crystalline molecular sieve material having the formula Cs.sub.3 TiSi.sub.3 O.sub.95.cndot.3H.sub.2 O and its hydrothermally condensed phase, Cs.sub.2 TiSi.sub.6 O.sub.15, are disclosed. The microporous material can adsorb divalent ions of radionuclides or other industrial metals such as chromium, nickel, lead, copper, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, barium, and mercury, from aqueous or hydrocarbon solutions. The adsorbed metal ions can be leached out for recovery purposes or the microporous material can be hydrothermally condensed to a radiation resistant, structurally and chemically stable phase which can serve as a storage waste form for radionuclides.

Sensitivity of toad tadpoles, Bufo melanostictus (Schneider), to heavy metals

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Khangarot, B.S.; Ray, P.K.

1987-03-01

Amphibian larval stages have several qualities which make them as a useful indicator of harmful levels of pollutants in bioassay tests. Amphibian tadpoles show a variety of sublethal responses such as changes in growth, development rates, pigmentation and expression of morphological deformities in a lesser time of exposure to the environmental pollutants. The objective of the work reported in this paper was to determine the acute toxicity of cadmium, copper, chromium, mercury, nickel, silver and zinc to the tadpoles of toad Bufo melanostictus (Schneider), which is commonly available and breed in aquatic habitats exhibiting a wide range of temperature andmore » varying water quality.« less

Chemical contamination and physical characteristics of sediments in the upper Great Lakes connecting channels 1985

USGS Publications Warehouse

Bertram, Paul E.; Edsall, Thomas A.; Manny, Bruce A.; Nichols, Susan J.; Schloesser, Donald W.

1991-01-01

Contamination of sediments by toxic organic substances and heavy metals was widespread throughout the connecting channels of the upper Great Lakes in 1985. Sediments at 250 stations in the connecting channels were analyzed for total PCBs, oil and grease, phenols, total cyanide, total volatile solids, mercury, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc, and the results were evaluated according to U.S. EPA guidelines for polluted sediments. Sediments were most heavily contaminated near industrialized areas, although some areas more than 40 km downstream from known point sources of pollution were moderately contaminated by oil and metals.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COATINGS IN REDUCING DISLODGEABLE ARSENIC, CHROMIUM, AND COPPER FROM CCA TREATED WOOD; FINAL REPORT

EPA Science Inventory

EPA conducted a study to evaluate the effect of coatings on dislodgeable arsenic, chromium, and copper residues on the surfaces of chromated copper arsenate (CAA) treated wood. Dislodgeable CCA, determined by wipe sampling the wood surfaces, was the primary evaluation criterion f...

Indirect Redox Transformations of Iron, Copper, and Chromium Catalyzed by Extremely Acidophilic Bacteria

PubMed Central

Johnson, D. Barrie; Hedrich, Sabrina; Pakostova, Eva

2017-01-01

Experiments were carried out to examine redox transformations of copper and chromium by acidophilic bacteria (Acidithiobacillus, Leptospirillum, and Acidiphilium), and also of iron (III) reduction by Acidithiobacillus spp. under aerobic conditions. Reduction of iron (III) was found with all five species of Acidithiobacillus tested, grown aerobically on elemental sulfur. Cultures maintained at pH 1.0 for protracted periods displayed increasing propensity for aerobic iron (III) reduction, which was observed with cell-free culture liquors as well as those containing bacteria. At. caldus grown on hydrogen also reduced iron (III) under aerobic conditions, confirming that the unknown metabolite(s) responsible for iron (III) reduction were not (exclusively) sulfur intermediates. Reduction of copper (II) by aerobic cultures of sulfur-grown Acidithiobacillus spp. showed similar trends to iron (III) reduction in being more pronounced as culture pH declined, and occurring in both the presence and absence of cells. Cultures of Acidithiobacillus grown anaerobically on hydrogen only reduced copper (II) when iron (III) (which was also reduced) was also included; identical results were found with Acidiphilium cryptum grown micro-aerobically on glucose. Harvested biomass of hydrogen-grown At. ferridurans oxidized iron (II) but not copper (I), and copper (I) was only oxidized by growing cultures of Acidithiobacillus spp. when iron (II) was also included. The data confirmed that oxidation and reduction of copper were both mediated by acidophilic bacteria indirectly, via iron (II) and iron (III). No oxidation of chromium (III) by acidophilic bacteria was observed even when, in the case of Leptospirillum spp., the redox potential of oxidized cultures exceeded +900 mV. Cultures of At. ferridurans and A. cryptum reduced chromium (VI), though only when iron (III) was also present, confirming an indirect mechanism and contradicting an earlier report of direct chromium reduction by A. cryptum. Measurements of redox potentials of iron, copper and chromium couples in acidic, sulfate-containing liquors showed that these differed from situations where metals are not complexed by inorganic ligands, and supported the current observations of indirect copper oxido-reduction and chromium reduction mediated by acidophilic bacteria. The implications of these results for both industrial applications of acidophiles and for exobiology are discussed. PMID:28239375

Zinc and copper status of women by physical activity and menstrual status

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Singh, A.; Deuster, P.A.; Kyle, S.B.

The zinc and copper status of 33 eumenorrheic (EU) and 12 amenorrheic (AM) female marathon runners and 19 EU and 8 AM nonrunners were determined from 3-day diet records and plasma and erythrocyte (RBC) levels. The study was conducted as a completely randomized 2 x 2 factorial. Mean daily zinc intakes of all groups fell below the recommended dietary allowances. Copper intakes of runners (EU = 1.3 mg; AM = 1.3 mg) were not significantly different. Menstrual status did not affect plasma zinc, RBC zinc or plasma copper levels. Physical activity however, affected RBC zinc and plasma copper levels. Bothmore » these parameters were significantly higher in runners. These findings suggest that exercise influences blood zinc and copper levels.« less

Zinc and Copper Effects on Stability of Tubulin and Actin Networks in Dendrites and Spines of Hippocampal Neurons.

PubMed

Perrin, Laura; Roudeau, Stéphane; Carmona, Asuncion; Domart, Florelle; Petersen, Jennifer D; Bohic, Sylvain; Yang, Yang; Cloetens, Peter; Ortega, Richard

2017-07-19

Zinc and copper ions can modulate the activity of glutamate receptors. However, labile zinc and copper ions likely represent only the tip of the iceberg and other neuronal functions are suspected for these metals in their bound state. We performed synchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging with 30 nm resolution to image total biometals in dendrites and spines from hippocampal neurons. We found that zinc is distributed all along the dendrites while copper is mainly pinpointed within the spines. In spines, zinc content is higher within the spine head while copper is higher within the spine neck. Such specific distributions suggested metal interactions with cytoskeleton proteins. Zinc supplementation induced the increase of β-tubulin content in dendrites. Copper supplementation impaired the β-tubulin and F-actin networks. Copper chelation resulted in the decrease of F-actin content in dendrites, drastically reducing the number of F-actin protrusions. These results indicate that zinc is involved in microtubule stability whereas copper is essential for actin-dependent stability of dendritic spines, although copper excess can impair the dendritic cytoskeleton.

Single and Combined Exposure to Zinc- and Copper-Containing Welding Fumes Lead to Asymptomatic Systemic Inflammation.

PubMed

Markert, Agnieszka; Baumann, Ralf; Gerhards, Benjamin; Gube, Monika; Kossack, Veronika; Kraus, Thomas; Brand, Peter

2016-02-01

Recently, it has been shown that exposure to welding fumes containing both zinc and copper leads to asymptomatic systemic inflammation in humans as shown by an increase of blood C-reactive protein. In the present study, it was investigated which metal is responsible for this effect. Fifteen healthy male subjects were exposed under controlled conditions to welding fumes containing either zinc, or copper, or copper and zinc. For each exposure blood C-reactive protein increased. Copper- and zinc-containing welding fumes are able to induce systemic inflammation.

Process for the production of star-tracking reticles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Toft, A. R.; Smith, W. O.

1974-01-01

Reticles designed with quartz bases are masked with desired pattern and then are coated with highly adherent layers of chromium, chromium silver alloy, silver, copper, and black chromium (mixture of chromium and chromium oxides). Black chromium final layer produces required nonreflective surface.

40 CFR 471.21 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 1.27 0.520... million off-pounds) of magnesium forged Chromium 0.018 0.007 Zinc 0.059 0.025 Ammonia 5.32 2.34 Fluoride 2... cast with direct chill methods Chromium 1.74 0.711 Zinc 5.77 2.41 Ammonia 527 232 Fluoride 235 105 Oil...

40 CFR 467.12 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... rolled with neat oils Chromium 0.0360 0.0147 Cyanide 0.0237 0.0098 Zinc 0.119 0.0498 Aluminum 0.525 0.257... aluminum rolled with neat oils Chromium 0.0244 0.010 Cyanide 0.0161 0.0067 Zinc 0.0808 0.0338 Aluminum 0... off-lbs) of aluminum sheet cast by continuous methods Chromium 0.00086 0.00035 Cyanide 0.00057 0.00024...

Leaching of Heavy Metals from Water Bottle Components into the Drinking Water of Rodents

PubMed Central

Nunamaker, Elizabeth A; Otto, Kevin J; Artwohl, James E; Fortman, Jeffrey D

2013-01-01

Providing high-quality, uncontaminated drinking water is an essential component of rodent husbandry. Acidification of drinking water is a common technique to control microbial growth but is not a benign treatment. In addition to its potential biologic effects, acidified water might interact with the water-delivery system, leading to the leaching of heavy metals into the drinking water. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the effects of water acidification and autoclaving on water-bottle assemblies. The individual components of the system (stainless-steel sipper tubes, rubber stoppers, neoprene stoppers, and polysulfone water bottles) were acid-digested and analyzed for cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, selenium, and zinc to quantify the metal composition of each material. In addition the amounts of these metals that leached into tap and acidified water with and without autoclaving were quantified after 1 wk of contact time. On a weight basis, sipper tubes contained the largest quantities of all metals except magnesium and zinc, which were greatest in the neoprene stoppers. Except for cadmium and selenium, all metals had leached into the water after 1 wk, especially under the acidified condition. The quantities of copper, lead, and zinc that leached into the drinking water were the most noteworthy, because the resulting concentrations had the potential to confound animal experiments. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that water-quality monitoring programs include heavy metal analysis at the level of water delivery to animals. PMID:23562029

Leaching of heavy metals from water bottle components into the drinking water of rodents.

PubMed

Nunamaker, Elizabeth A; Otto, Kevin J; Artwohl, James E; Fortman, Jeffrey D

2013-01-01

Providing high-quality, uncontaminated drinking water is an essential component of rodent husbandry. Acidification of drinking water is a common technique to control microbial growth but is not a benign treatment. In addition to its potential biologic effects, acidified water might interact with the water-delivery system, leading to the leaching of heavy metals into the drinking water. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the effects of water acidification and autoclaving on water-bottle assemblies. The individual components of the system (stainless-steel sipper tubes, rubber stoppers, neoprene stoppers, and polysulfone water bottles) were acid-digested and analyzed for cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, selenium, and zinc to quantify the metal composition of each material. In addition the amounts of these metals that leached into tap and acidified water with and without autoclaving were quantified after 1 wk of contact time. On a weight basis, sipper tubes contained the largest quantities of all metals except magnesium and zinc, which were greatest in the neoprene stoppers. Except for cadmium and selenium, all metals had leached into the water after 1 wk, especially under the acidified condition. The quantities of copper, lead, and zinc that leached into the drinking water were the most noteworthy, because the resulting concentrations had the potential to confound animal experiments. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that water-quality monitoring programs include heavy metal analysis at the level of water delivery to animals.

Status of essential elements in autism spectrum disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis.

PubMed

Saghazadeh, Amene; Ahangari, Narges; Hendi, Kasra; Saleh, Fatemeh; Rezaei, Nima

2017-10-26

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder that imposes heavy financial burden on governments and families of affected children. It is considered a multifactorial condition, where trace elements are among environmental factors that may contribute to ASD. Meanwhile, the between-study variance is high. The present systematic review was designed to investigate the difference in trace element measures between patients with ASD and control subjects. Meta-analyses showed that the hair concentrations of chromium (p=0.024), cobalt (p=0.012), iodine (p=0.000), iron (p=0.017), and magnesium (p=0.007) in ASD patients were significantly lower than those of control subjects, while there were higher magnesium levels in the hair of ASD patients compared to that of controls (p=0.010). Patients with ASD had higher blood levels of copper (p=0.000) and lower levels of zinc compared to controls (p=0.021). Further urinary iodine levels in patients with ASD were decreased in comparison with controls (p=0.026). Sensitivity analyses showed that ASD patients in non-Asian but not in Asian countries had lower hair concentrations of chromium compared to controls. Also, such analyses indicated that ASD patients in Asian countries had lower hair zinc concentrations, whereas ASD patients in non-Asian countries had higher hair zinc concentrations in comparison with control subjects. This study found significant differences in the content of trace elements between patients with ASD compared to controls. The findings help highlighting the role of trace elements as environmental factors in the etiology of ASD.

The prevalence of low serum zinc and copper levels and dietary habits associated with serum zinc and copper in 12- to 36-month-old children from low-income families at risk for iron deficiency.

PubMed

Schneider, Julie M; Fujii, Mary L; Lamp, Catherine L; Lönnerdal, Bo; Zidenberg-Cherr, Sheri

2007-11-01

Iron and zinc share common food sources, and children at risk of iron deficiency may also develop zinc deficiency. We determined the prevalence of zinc and copper deficiency and examined factors associated with serum zinc and copper in young children from low-income families at risk of iron deficiency. A cross-sectional study design was used to assess serum zinc and copper, along with an interview-assisted survey to assess factors associated with serum zinc and copper in a convenience sample. Participants were 435 children aged 12 to 36 months recruited from select clinics of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children in Contra Costa and Tulare Counties, California. Frequencies were used to report prevalence. Multiple linear regressions were conducted to examine factors associated with serum zinc and copper, controlling for age, sex, and ethnicity. The prevalence of low serum zinc level (<70 microg/dL [<10.7 micromol/L]) was 42.8%, and low serum copper level (<90 microg/dL [<14.2 micromol/L]) was <1%. Mean+/-standard deviation of serum copper was 150+/-22 microg/dL (23.6+/-3.5 micromol/L) and 140+/-24 microg/dL (22.1+/-3.8 micromol/L) for anemic and non-anemic children, respectively (t test, P=0.026). In multiple linear regression consumption of sweetened beverages was negatively associated with serum zinc level, and consumption of >15 g/day meat was positively associated with serum zinc level, whereas current consumption of breast milk and >15 g/day beans were positively associated with serum copper level. The prevalence of low serum zinc concentration in the sample was high, and warrants further investigation amongst vulnerable populations.

21 CFR 582.80 - Trace minerals added to animal feeds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

.... Manganese phosphate (dibasic). Manganese sulfate. Manganous oxide. Zinc Zinc acetate. Zinc carbonate. Zinc chloride. Zinc oxide. Zinc sulfate. ... Cobalt Cobalt acetate. Cobalt carbonate. Cobalt chloride. Cobalt oxide. Cobalt sulfate. Copper Copper...

21 CFR 582.80 - Trace minerals added to animal feeds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

.... Manganese phosphate (dibasic). Manganese sulfate. Manganous oxide. Zinc Zinc acetate. Zinc carbonate. Zinc chloride. Zinc oxide. Zinc sulfate. ... Cobalt Cobalt acetate. Cobalt carbonate. Cobalt chloride. Cobalt oxide. Cobalt sulfate. Copper Copper...

Isolating metal-tolerant bacteria capable of removing copper, chromium, and arsenic from treated wood

Treesearch

Carol A. Clausen

2000-01-01

Bioremediation of chromated copper arsenate-treated waste wood with one or more metal-tolerant bacteria is a potential method of naturally releasing metals from treated wood fibre. Sampling eight environments with elevated levels of copper, chromium, and arsenic resulted in the isolation of 28 bacteria with the capability of releasing one or more of the components from...

40 CFR 467.33 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.../million off-lbs) of aluminum extruded Chromium 0.15 0.061 Cyanide 0.098 0.041 Zinc 0.49 0.21 Aluminum 2.19... Chromium 0.65 0.27 Cyanide 0.43 0.18 Zinc 2.16 0.90 Aluminum 9.51 4.73 Subpart C Direct Chill Casting... Maximum for monthly average mg/off-kg (lb/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast Chromium 0.59 0.24 Cyanide 0...

Cadmium-free junction fabrication process for CuInSe.sub.2 thin film solar cells

DOEpatents

Ramanathan, Kannan V.; Contreras, Miguel A.; Bhattacharya, Raghu N.; Keane, James; Noufi, Rommel

1999-01-01

The present invention provides an economical, simple, dry and controllable semiconductor layer junction forming process to make cadmium free high efficiency photovoltaic cells having a first layer comprised primarily of copper indium diselenide having a thin doped copper indium diselenide n-type region, generated by thermal diffusion with a group II(b) element such as zinc, and a halide, such as chlorine, and a second layer comprised of a conventional zinc oxide bilayer. A photovoltaic device according the present invention includes a first thin film layer of semiconductor material formed primarily from copper indium diselenide. Doping of the copper indium diselenide with zinc chloride is accomplished using either a zinc chloride solution or a solid zinc chloride material. Thermal diffusion of zinc chloride into the copper indium diselenide upper region creates the thin n-type copper indium diselenide surface. A second thin film layer of semiconductor material comprising zinc oxide is then applied in two layers. The first layer comprises a thin layer of high resistivity zinc oxide. The second relatively thick layer of zinc oxide is doped to exhibit low resistivity.

40 CFR 471.22 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Zinc 0.109 0.046 Ammonia 9.95 4.37 Fluoride 4.44 1.97 (b) Forging spent lubricants—subpart B—BAT. There... million off-pounds) of forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.127 0.052 Zinc 0.422 0.177 Ammonia 38...-pounds) of magnesium forged Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Zinc 0.006 0.003 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0...

40 CFR 471.22 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Zinc 0.109 0.046 Ammonia 9.95 4.37 Fluoride 4.44 1.97 (b) Forging spent lubricants—subpart B—BAT. There... million off-pounds) of forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.127 0.052 Zinc 0.422 0.177 Ammonia 38...-pounds) of magnesium forged Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Zinc 0.006 0.003 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0...

Mobilisation of heavy metals into the urine by CaEDTA: relation to erythrocyte and plasma concentrations and exposure indicators.

PubMed

Araki, S; Aono, H; Murata, K

1986-09-01

To investigate the effects of calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetra-acetate (CaEDTA) on the urinary excretion, erythrocyte, and plasma concentrations and exposure indicators of seven heavy metals, CaEDTA was administered by intravenous infusion to 20 workers exposed to lead, zinc, and copper. The workers' blood lead concentrations ranged from 22 to 59 micrograms/dl (mean 38 micrograms/dl (1.8 mumol/l]. The 24 hour urinary excretion of metals after CaEDTA administration (mobilisation yield) was on average 13 times the background excretion for lead, 11 times for zinc, 3.8 times for manganese, 3.4 times for cadmium, 1.3 times for copper, and 1.1 times for chromium; no significant increase was found for mercury. The mobilisation yield of lead (MPb) was significantly correlated with whole blood and erythrocyte concentrations and the urinary excretion of lead but not with its plasma concentration; similarly, the mobilisation yield of cadmium was significantly correlated with its erythrocyte concentration. In addition, MPb was significantly correlated with intra-erythrocytic enzyme delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase activity and urinary coproporphyrin excretion. The relation between the mobilisation yield of heavy metals and their body burden (and toxic signs) is discussed in the light of these findings.

Mobilisation of heavy metals into the urine by CaEDTA: relation to erythrocyte and plasma concentrations and exposure indicators.

PubMed Central

Araki, S; Aono, H; Murata, K

1986-01-01

To investigate the effects of calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetra-acetate (CaEDTA) on the urinary excretion, erythrocyte, and plasma concentrations and exposure indicators of seven heavy metals, CaEDTA was administered by intravenous infusion to 20 workers exposed to lead, zinc, and copper. The workers' blood lead concentrations ranged from 22 to 59 micrograms/dl (mean 38 micrograms/dl (1.8 mumol/l]. The 24 hour urinary excretion of metals after CaEDTA administration (mobilisation yield) was on average 13 times the background excretion for lead, 11 times for zinc, 3.8 times for manganese, 3.4 times for cadmium, 1.3 times for copper, and 1.1 times for chromium; no significant increase was found for mercury. The mobilisation yield of lead (MPb) was significantly correlated with whole blood and erythrocyte concentrations and the urinary excretion of lead but not with its plasma concentration; similarly, the mobilisation yield of cadmium was significantly correlated with its erythrocyte concentration. In addition, MPb was significantly correlated with intra-erythrocytic enzyme delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase activity and urinary coproporphyrin excretion. The relation between the mobilisation yield of heavy metals and their body burden (and toxic signs) is discussed in the light of these findings. PMID:3092853

Copper and zinc content in wild game shot with lead or non-lead ammunition – implications for consumer health protection

PubMed Central

Sommerfeld, Christine; Müller-Graf, Christine; Selhorst, Thomas; Greiner, Matthias; Gerofke, Antje; Ulbig, Ellen; Gremse, Carl; Spolders, Markus; Schafft, Helmut; Lahrssen-Wiederholt, Monika

2017-01-01

The aim of this study was to examine the contamination of game meat with copper and zinc and establish whether the use of alternative (non-lead) ammunition can lead to higher or unsafe levels of copper and zinc in the meat of roe deer, wild boar and red deer. The research project “Safety of game meat obtained through hunting” (LEMISI) was conducted in Germany with the purpose of examining the entry of lead as well as copper and zinc into the meat of hunted game when using either lead or non-lead ammunition. The outcome of this study shows that the usage of both lead-based ammunition and alternative non-lead ammunition results in the entry of copper and zinc into the edible parts of the game. Using non-lead ammunition does not entail dangerously elevated levels of copper and zinc, so replacing lead ammunition with alternative ammunition does not introduce a further health problem with regard to these metals. The levels of copper and zinc in game meat found in this study are in the range found in previous studies of game. The content of copper and zinc in game meat is also comparable to those regularly detected in meat and its products from livestock (pig, cattle, sheep) for which the mean human consumption rate is much higher. From the viewpoint of consumer health protection, the use of non-lead ammunition does not pose an additional hazard through copper and zinc contamination. A health risk due to the presence of copper and zinc in game meat at typical levels of consumer exposure is unlikely for both types of ammunition. PMID:28934259

Copper and zinc content in wild game shot with lead or non-lead ammunition - implications for consumer health protection.

PubMed

Schlichting, Daniela; Sommerfeld, Christine; Müller-Graf, Christine; Selhorst, Thomas; Greiner, Matthias; Gerofke, Antje; Ulbig, Ellen; Gremse, Carl; Spolders, Markus; Schafft, Helmut; Lahrssen-Wiederholt, Monika

2017-01-01

The aim of this study was to examine the contamination of game meat with copper and zinc and establish whether the use of alternative (non-lead) ammunition can lead to higher or unsafe levels of copper and zinc in the meat of roe deer, wild boar and red deer. The research project "Safety of game meat obtained through hunting" (LEMISI) was conducted in Germany with the purpose of examining the entry of lead as well as copper and zinc into the meat of hunted game when using either lead or non-lead ammunition. The outcome of this study shows that the usage of both lead-based ammunition and alternative non-lead ammunition results in the entry of copper and zinc into the edible parts of the game. Using non-lead ammunition does not entail dangerously elevated levels of copper and zinc, so replacing lead ammunition with alternative ammunition does not introduce a further health problem with regard to these metals. The levels of copper and zinc in game meat found in this study are in the range found in previous studies of game. The content of copper and zinc in game meat is also comparable to those regularly detected in meat and its products from livestock (pig, cattle, sheep) for which the mean human consumption rate is much higher. From the viewpoint of consumer health protection, the use of non-lead ammunition does not pose an additional hazard through copper and zinc contamination. A health risk due to the presence of copper and zinc in game meat at typical levels of consumer exposure is unlikely for both types of ammunition.

40 CFR 421.152 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... carbonate produced from bertrandite ore as beryllium Beryllium 2,763.000 1,235.000 Chromium (total) 988.200... as beryllium Beryllium 270.6 121.0 Chromium (total) 96.8 39.6 Copper 418.0 220.0 Cyanide (total) 63.8... Beryllium 263.800 118.000 Chromium (total) 94.380 38.610 Copper 407.600 214.500 Cyanide (total) 62.210 25...

Galvanic zinc-copper microparticles inhibit melanogenesis via multiple pigmentary pathways.

PubMed

Won, Yen-Kim; Lin, Connie B; Seiberg, Miri; Chen, Nannan; Hu, Yaping; Rossetti, Dianne; Saliou, Claude; Loy, Chong-Jin

2014-01-01

The endogenous electrical field of human skin plays an important role in many skin functions. However, the biological effects and mechanism of action of externally applied electrical stimulation on skin remain unclear. Recent study showed that galvanic zinc-copper microparticles produce electrical stimulation and reduce inflammatory and immune responses in intact skin, suggesting the important role of electrical stimulation in non-wounded skin. The objective of this study is to investigate the biological effect of galvanic zinc-copper microparticles on skin pigmentation. Our findings showed that galvanic zinc-copper microparticles inhibited melanogenesis in a human melanoma cell line (MNT-1), human keratinocytes and melanoma cells co-cultures, and in pigmented epidermal equivalents. Treatment of galvanic zinc-copper microparticles inhibited melanogenesis by reducing the promoter transactivation of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 in human melanoma cells. In a co-culture Transwell system of keratinocytes and melanoma cells, galvanic zinc-copper microparticles reduced melanin production via downregulation of endothelin-1 secretion from keratinocytes and reduced tyrosinase gene expression in melanoma cells. In addition, exposure of pigmented epidermal equivalents to galvanic zinc-copper microparticles resulted in reduced melanin deposition. In conclusion, our data demonstrated for the first time that galvanic zinc-copper microparticles reduced melanogenesis in melanoma cells and melanin deposition in pigmented epidermal equivalents by affecting multiple pigmentary pathways.

Effects of industrial processing on essential elements and regulated and emerging contaminant levels in seafood.

PubMed

Rasmussen, Rie Romme; Søndergaard, Annette Bøge; Bøknæs, Niels; Cederberg, Tommy Licht; Sloth, Jens Jørgen; Granby, Kit

2017-06-01

Mitigation of contaminants in industrial processing was studied for prawns (cooked and peeled), Greenland halibut (cold smoked) and Atlantic salmon (cold smoked and trimmed). Raw prawns had significantly higher cadmium, chromium, iron, selenium and zinc content in autumn than in spring, while summer levels typically were intermediate. Peeling raw prawns increased mercury concentration but reduced the concentration of all other elements including inorganic arsenic, total arsenic, chromium, zinc, selenium but especially cadmium, copper and iron (p < 0.05), however interaction between seasons and processing was observed. Non-toxic organic arsenic in raw Greenland halibut (N = 10) and salmon (N = 4) did not transform to carcinogenic inorganic arsenic during industrial cold smoking. Hence inorganic arsenic was low (<0.003 mg/kg wet weight) in both raw and smoked fillets rich in organic arsenic (up to 9.0 mg/kg for farmed salmon and 0.7 mg/kg for wild caught Greenland halibut per wet weight). Processing salmon did not significantly change any levels (calculated both per wet weight, dry weight or lipid content). Cold smoking decreased total arsenic (17%) and increased PCB congeners (10-22%) in Greenland halibut (wet weight). However PFOS, PCB and PBDE congeners were not different in processed Greenland halibut when corrected for water loss or lipid content. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of Heavy Metals in Farm Produce and Livestock around Lead-Contaminated Goldmine in Dareta and Abare, Zamfara State, Northern Nigeria.

PubMed

Orisakwe, O E; Oladipo, O O; Ajaezi, G C; Udowelle, N A

2017-01-01

Background . Hitherto studies in response to the June 2010 lead poisoning, Zamfara State, Nigeria, have focused on clinical interventions without information on livestock and other metals. Objective . This study has investigated the distribution of heavy metals in farm produce and livestock around lead-contaminated goldmine in Dareta and Abare, Zamfara State, Nigeria. Methods . Vegetables, soil, water, blood, and different meat samples were harvested from goat, sheep, cattle, and chicken from Dareta, Abare, and Gusau communities. The samples were digested with 10 mL of a mix of nitric and perchloric acids; the mixture was then heated to dryness. Lead, cadmium, zinc, chromium, copper, magnesium, and nickel were analysed using flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The daily intake, bioaccumulation factor, and target hazard quotient (THQ) were calculated. Results . Chicken bone-muscles from Dareta had the highest concentrations of lead, zinc, and nickel (28.2750, 16.1650, and 4.2700 mg/kg, resp.), while chicken brain had the highest levels of cadmium, magnesium (0.3800 and 67.5400 mg/kg), and chromium (6.1650 mg/kg, kidney tissue inclusive). Conclusion . In addition to lead, cadmium may also be of concern in the contaminated mining communities of Zamfara State, Nigeria, given the high levels of cadmium in meat and vegetables samples from these areas.

Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of Heavy Metals in Farm Produce and Livestock around Lead-Contaminated Goldmine in Dareta and Abare, Zamfara State, Northern Nigeria

PubMed Central

Oladipo, O. O.; Ajaezi, G. C.; Udowelle, N. A.

2017-01-01

Background. Hitherto studies in response to the June 2010 lead poisoning, Zamfara State, Nigeria, have focused on clinical interventions without information on livestock and other metals. Objective. This study has investigated the distribution of heavy metals in farm produce and livestock around lead-contaminated goldmine in Dareta and Abare, Zamfara State, Nigeria. Methods. Vegetables, soil, water, blood, and different meat samples were harvested from goat, sheep, cattle, and chicken from Dareta, Abare, and Gusau communities. The samples were digested with 10 mL of a mix of nitric and perchloric acids; the mixture was then heated to dryness. Lead, cadmium, zinc, chromium, copper, magnesium, and nickel were analysed using flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The daily intake, bioaccumulation factor, and target hazard quotient (THQ) were calculated. Results. Chicken bone-muscles from Dareta had the highest concentrations of lead, zinc, and nickel (28.2750, 16.1650, and 4.2700 mg/kg, resp.), while chicken brain had the highest levels of cadmium, magnesium (0.3800 and 67.5400 mg/kg), and chromium (6.1650 mg/kg, kidney tissue inclusive). Conclusion. In addition to lead, cadmium may also be of concern in the contaminated mining communities of Zamfara State, Nigeria, given the high levels of cadmium in meat and vegetables samples from these areas. PMID:28539940

Zinc Deficiency Impacts CO2 Assimilation and Disrupts Copper Homeostasis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii*

PubMed Central

Malasarn, Davin; Kropat, Janette; Hsieh, Scott I.; Finazzi, Giovanni; Casero, David; Loo, Joseph A.; Pellegrini, Matteo; Wollman, Francis-André; Merchant, Sabeeha S.

2013-01-01

Zinc is an essential nutrient because of its role in catalysis and in protein stabilization, but excess zinc is deleterious. We distinguished four nutritional zinc states in the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: toxic, replete, deficient, and limited. Growth is inhibited in zinc-limited and zinc-toxic cells relative to zinc-replete cells, whereas zinc deficiency is visually asymptomatic but distinguished by the accumulation of transcripts encoding ZIP family transporters. To identify targets of zinc deficiency and mechanisms of zinc acclimation, we used RNA-seq to probe zinc nutrition-responsive changes in gene expression. We identified genes encoding zinc-handling components, including ZIP family transporters and candidate chaperones. Additionally, we noted an impact on two other regulatory pathways, the carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM) and the nutritional copper regulon. Targets of transcription factor Ccm1 and various CAH genes are up-regulated in zinc deficiency, probably due to reduced carbonic anhydrase activity, validated by quantitative proteomics and immunoblot analysis of Cah1, Cah3, and Cah4. Chlamydomonas is therefore not able to grow photoautotrophically in zinc-limiting conditions, but supplementation with 1% CO2 restores growth to wild-type rates, suggesting that the inability to maintain CCM is a major consequence of zinc limitation. The Crr1 regulon responds to copper limitation and is turned on in zinc deficiency, and Crr1 is required for growth in zinc-limiting conditions. Zinc-deficient cells are functionally copper-deficient, although they hyperaccumulate copper up to 50-fold over normal levels. We suggest that zinc-deficient cells sequester copper in a biounavailable form, perhaps to prevent mismetallation of critical zinc sites. PMID:23439652

Diode-Pumped, 2-Micron, Q-Switched Thulium: Y3Al5O12 (Tm:Yag) Microchip Laser

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-01

switch with a chromium -doped zinc selenide crystal acting as a saturable absorber passive Q-switch. Finally, we will propose possible future...literature by Heine and Huber [4] and others, while passive Q-switching of 2 μm lasers by a chromium -doped zinc selenide has been demonstrated by Tsai and...these objectives for each component of the laser system. In Chapter 4 a design is presented for replacing our acousto-optic Q-switch with a chromium

Trace elements in early phase type 2 diabetes mellitus-A population-based study. The HUNT study in Norway.

PubMed

Hansen, Ailin Falkmo; Simić, Anica; Åsvold, Bjørn Olav; Romundstad, Pål Richard; Midthjell, Kristian; Syversen, Tore; Flaten, Trond Peder

2017-03-01

Differences in trace elements levels between individuals with type 2 diabetes and controls have been reported in several studies in various body fluids and tissues, but results have been inconsistent. In order to examine trace element levels in the early phase of type 2 diabetes, we investigated the association between whole blood levels of 26 trace elements and the prevalence of previously undiagnosed, screening-detected type 2 diabetes. The study was conducted as a case-control study nested within the third survey of the population-based Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT3 Survey). Among participants without previously known diabetes, 128 cases of type 2 diabetes were diagnosed in people with a high diabetes risk score (FINDRISC≥15), and frequency-matched for age and sex with 755 controls. Blood samples were analyzed by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Associations between trace element levels and the prevalence of previously undiagnosed type 2 diabetes were evaluated with multivariable conditional logistic regression controlling for age, sex, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, education, income, smoking and family history of diabetes. The prevalence of previously undiagnosed type 2 diabetes increased across tertiles/quartiles for cadmium, chromium, iron, nickel, silver and zinc, and decreased with increasing quartiles of bromine (P trend <0.05). After corrections for multiple testing, associations for chromium remained significant (Q trend <0.05), while associations for iron and silver were borderline significant. No associations were found for arsenic, boron, calcium, cesium, copper, gallium, gold, indium, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, rubidium, selenium, strontium, tantalum, thallium and tin. Our results suggest a possible role of bromine, cadmium, chromium, iron, nickel, silver and zinc in the development of type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

The effects of coadministration of dietary copper and zinc supplements on atherosclerosis, antioxidant enzymes and indices of lipid peroxidation in the cholesterol-fed rabbit

PubMed Central

Alissa, Eman M; Bahijri, Suhad M; Lamb, David J; Ferns, Gordon A A

2004-01-01

It has previously been shown that dietary copper can modulate the extent of atherosclerosis in the thoracic aorta of cholesterol-fed rabbits. The metabolism of copper and zinc are closely related, and it has been hypothesized that the balance of dietary copper to zinc may be important in determining coronary risk. Hence, we have investigated the interaction between dietary copper and zinc in atherogenesis in the New Zealand White rabbit. Juvenile male rabbits were randomly allocated to eight groups. Four groups were fed a normal chow diet with zinc (0.5%, w/w), copper (0.2%, w/w), copper plus zinc or neither in their drinking water for 12 weeks. Four other groups were fed a diet containing 0.25–1% (w/w) cholesterol plus zinc, copper, both or neither. Serum cholesterol of individual animals was maintained at approximately 20 mmol/l. Integrated plasma cholesterol levels were similar for all groups receiving cholesterol and significantly higher than those in the chow-fed groups (P < 0.001). Aortic copper concentrations were higher in the animals receiving cholesterol diets with copper compared to rabbits receiving normal chow and copper (P < 0.001). Aortic zinc content was significantly higher in cholesterol-fed rabbits supplemented with zinc alone or with copper than in those fed cholesterol alone (P < 0.001). Plasma ceruloplasmin concentrations were significantly higher in groups receiving cholesterol, irrespective of their trace element supplementation (P < 0.001). However, trace element supplementation increased the level significantly (P < 0.05). Trace element supplements did not appear to affect erythrocyte superoxide dismutase in the cholesterol-fed animals; however, zinc supplementation was associated with a significant increase in the enzyme in chow-fed animals (P < 0.05). The activity of the enzyme per mg of protein in aortic tissue was higher in animals receiving copper in the presence of cholesterol (P < 0.05) but not significantly so in its absence. Dietary trace element supplementation in cholesterol-fed animals was associated with a significant reduction in aortic lesion area. Plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and FOX concentrations were both significantly higher in the cholesterol-fed rabbits compared with the animals that fed on a chow diet (P < 0.001), and these were reduced significantly by dietary copper or zinc supplementation (P < 0.001). Hence, dietary supplements of copper or zinc at the doses used both inhibited aortic atherogenesis in the cholesterol-fed rabbits, although there was no significant additional effect when given in combination. PMID:15379959

Purification of metal finishing waste waters with zeolites and activated carbons.

PubMed

Leinonen, H; Lehto, J

2001-02-01

Sixteen zeolites and 5 activated carbons were tested for the removal of nickel, zinc, cadmium, copper, chromium, and cobalt from waste simulants mimicking effluents produced in metal plating plants. The best performances were obtained from 4 zeolites: A, X, L, and ferrierite types and from 2 carbon types made from lignite and peat. The distribution coefficients for these sorbents were in the range of 10,000-440,000 ml/g. Column experiments showed that the most effective zeolites for Zn, Ni, Cu, and Cd were A and X type zeolites. The activated carbons, Hydrodarco 3000 and Norit Row Supra, exhibited good sorption properties for metals in aqueous solutions containing complexing agents.

Sampling and analysis techniques for monitoring serum for trace elements.

PubMed

Ericson, S P; McHalsky, M L; Rabinow, B E; Kronholm, K G; Arceo, C S; Weltzer, J A; Ayd, S W

1986-07-01

We describe techniques for controlling contamination in the sampling and analysis of human serum for trace metals. The relatively simple procedures do not require clean-room conditions. The atomic absorption and atomic emission methods used have been applied in studying zinc, copper, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and aluminum concentrations. Values obtained for a group of 16 normal subjects agree with the most reliable values reported in the literature, obtained by much more elaborate techniques. All of these metals can be measured in 3 to 4 mL of serum. The methods may prove especially useful in monitoring concentrations of essential trace elements in blood of patients being maintained on total parenteral nutrition.

Effect of heavy metals on inhibition of root elongation in 23 cultivars of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.).

PubMed

Soudek, Petr; Katrusáková, Adéla; Sedlácek, Lukás; Petrová, Sárka; Kocí, Vladimír; Marsík, Petr; Griga, Miroslav; Vanek, Tomás

2010-08-01

The effect of toxic metals on seed germination was studied in 23 cultivars of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Toxicity of cadmium, cobalt, copper, zinc, nickel, lead, chromium, and arsenic at five different concentrations (0.01-1 mM) was tested by standard ecotoxicity test. Root length was measured after 72 h of incubation. Elongation inhibition, EC50 value, slope, and NOEC values were calculated. Results were evaluated by principal component analysis, a multidimensional statistical method. The results showed that heavy-metal toxicity decreased in the following order: As3+>or=As5+>Cu2+>Cd2+>Co2+>Cr6+>Ni2+>Pb2+>Cr3+>Zn2+.

Structural and magnetic properties of chromium doped zinc ferrite

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sebastian, Rintu Mary; Thankachan, Smitha; Xavier, Sheena

2014-01-28

Zinc chromium ferrites with chemical formula ZnCr{sub x}Fe{sub 2−x}O{sub 4} (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) were prepared by Sol - Gel technique. The structural as well as magnetic properties of the synthesized samples have been studied and reported here. The structural characterizations of the samples were analyzed by using X – Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The single phase spinel cubic structure of all the prepared samples was tested by XRD and FTIR. The particle size was observed to decrease from 18.636 nm to 6.125more » nm by chromium doping and induced a tensile strain in all the zinc chromium mixed ferrites. The magnetic properties of few samples (x = 0.0, 0.4, 1.0) were investigated using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)« less

Metabolism and tissue distribution of trace elements in broiler chickens' fed diets containing deficient and plethoric levels of copper, manganese, and zinc.

PubMed

Mondal, Sovik; Haldar, Sudipto; Saha, Pinaki; Ghosh, Tapan Kumar

2010-11-01

Supplementation of broiler diets with copper, manganese, and zinc at levels higher than that stipulated by the National Research Council 1994 reportedly improved live weight, feed conversion, and cured leg abnormality supposedly caused by inadequate intake of Mn and Zn. The objective of the study was to ascertain the effects of plethoric supplementation of copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) on performance and metabolic responses in broiler chickens. The study also aimed to discriminate the responses of the birds when the mineral elements were supplemented either in an inorganic or in an organic form. Cobb 400 broiler chickens (1-day old, n = 300) were assigned to three dietary treatments each containing nine replicates with ten birds for 39 days. The treatments included a control in which the diet was devoid of supplemental trace elements and treatments supplemented with an inorganic trace element premix (ITM) and supplemented with a combination of the inorganic and an organic trace element premix (OTM). The ITM contained (per kilogram) copper, 15 g; iron, 90 g; manganese, 90 g; zinc, 80 g (all as sulfated salts); iodine (as potassium iodide), 2 g; and selenium (as sodium selenite), 0.3 g. The OTM on the other hand, contained copper, 2.5 g; iron, 15 g; manganese, 15 g; zinc, 13.33 g; and chromium, 0.226 g (all as protein chelates). Plethoric supplementation of trace elements improved live weight gain and feed/gain ratio (p < 0.05). Leg abnormality developed in the 16% of the control group of birds but not in the supplemented group. Metabolizability of dry matter, organic matter, and protein was higher (p < 0.01) in the ITM and OTM groups. Excretion of Cu, Fe, and Zn decreased (p < 0.1) due to supplementation of the trace elements leading to increased apparent absorption of the said mineral elements (p < 0.01). Concentration of the concerned trace elements in serum, liver, and composite muscle samples was higher (p < 0.05) in the ITM and OTM dietary groups indicating an increased deposition of the said mineral elements due to supplementation. Although the study revealed subtle difference between the inorganic and organic mineral premixes with regards to the parameters mentioned above, it became apparent that it is possible to reduce excretion of these trace elements by a judicious escalation in the level of supplementation. The results of the present investigation further revealed that the trace mineral requirement of broiler chickens suggested by the National Research Council may not be optimum to support the maximum growth potential of the high yielding strains, and it is reasonable to consider a review of the current NRC recommendations to meet the needs of the modern birds.

Installation Restoration Program. Phase 1: Records Search, Williams AFB, Arizona

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-02-01

Minimum 4.5 Trace substances, maximum -. allowable limits, (mg/1) Arsenic 2.00 Boron 1.00 Cadmium 0.05 Chromium (hexavalent and trivalent ) 1.00 Copper...located in Building 32. Chromium , cadmium, and copper electroplating operations were conducted in a temporary building, T-31 . Paint stripping was... chromium plating wastes. The paint separator receives wastes from paint stri.pping operations that are performed in Buildings 25 and 1086. It also

Zinc and copper balances in healthy adult males during and after 17 wk of bed rest

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Krebs, J. M.; Schneider, V. S.; LeBlanc, A. D.; Kuo, M. C.; Spector, E.; Lane, H. W.

1993-01-01

The effects of long-term bed rest on zinc and copper balances were measured in seven healthy men. Volunteers aged 22-54 y (mean +/- SD, 34 +/- 12 y), 168-185 cm in height (173 +/- 5 cm), and 64-86 kg in weight (74 +/- 9 kg) remained on a metabolic ward for 29 wk. Subjects were ambulatory during weeks 1-5, remained in continuous bed rest for weeks 6-22, and were reambulated during weeks 23-29. Copper and zinc were measured in weekly urine and fecal composites. Dietary intakes provided (mean +/- SD) 19.2 +/- 1.2 mumol Cu (1.22 +/- 0.08 mg), 211 +/- 11 mumol Zn (13.81 +/- 0.72 mg), 25.2 +/- 1.2 mmol Ca (1011 +/- 46 mg), 1086 +/- 46 mmol N (15.21 +/- 0.65 g), and 48.1 +/- 1.4 mmol K (1489 +/- 44 mg)/d. Bed rest increased fecal zinc excretion and decreased zinc balance, whereas copper balance was unchanged. Reambulation decreased fecal zinc excretion and increased both zinc and copper balances. These results suggest that during long-term bed rest or space flight, individuals will lose total body zinc and will retain more zinc and copper when they reambulate.

Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate-zinc(II) and -copper(II) complexes induce apoptosis in tumor cells by inhibiting the proteasomal activity☆

PubMed Central

Milacic, Vesna; Chen, Di; Giovagnini, Lorena; Diez, Alejandro; Fregona, Dolores; Dou, Q. Ping

2013-01-01

Zinc and copper are trace elements essential for proper folding, stabilization and catalytic activity of many metalloenzymes in living organisms. However, disturbed zinc and copper homeostasis is reported in many types of cancer. We have previously demonstrated that copper complexes induced proteasome inhibition and apoptosis in cultured human cancer cells. In the current study we hypothesized that zinc complexes could also inhibit the proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity responsible for subsequent apoptosis induction. We first showed that zinc(II) chloride was able to inhibit the chymotrypsin-like activity of a purified 20S proteasome with an IC50 value of 13.8 μM, which was less potent than copper(II) chloride (IC50 5.3 μM). We then compared the potencies of a pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PyDT)-zinc(II) complex and a PyDT-copper(II) complex to inhibit cellular proteasomal activity, suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis in various human breast and prostate cancer cell lines. Consistently, zinc complex was less potent than copper complex in inhibiting the proteasome and inducing apoptosis. Additionally, zinc and copper complexes appear to use somewhat different mechanisms to kill tumor cells. Zinc complexes were able to activate calpain-, but not caspase-3-dependent pathway, while copper complexes were able to induce activation of both proteases. Furthermore, the potencies of these PyDT-metal complexes depend on the nature of metals and also on the ratio of PyDT to the metal ion within the complex, which probably affects their stability and availability for interacting with and inhibiting the proteasome in tumor cells. PMID:18501397

Serum zinc, copper and iron status of children with coeliac disease on three months of gluten-free diet with or without four weeks of zinc supplements: a randomised controlled trial.

PubMed

Negi, K; Kumar, R; Sharma, L; Datta, S P; Choudhury, M; Kumar, P

2018-04-01

Data about the effect of zinc supplementation with gluten-free diet on normalisation of plasma zinc, copper and iron in patients with coeliac disease are scanty. We evaluated the effect of zinc supplementation on serum zinc, copper and iron levels in patients with coeliac disease, by randomising 71 children newly diagnosed with coeliac disease into two groups: Group A = gluten-free diet (GFD); and Group B = gluten-free diet with zinc supplements (GFD +Zn). The rise in iron and zinc was significantly higher in the latter, but the mean rise of copper levels was slightly higher in the former, but the difference was not significant.

Friction, wear, and transfer of carbon and graphite to copper, chromium, and aluminum metal surfaces in vacuum

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buckley, D. H.

1973-01-01

Sliding friction experiments were conducted with amorphous and fully graphitized carbons sliding on copper and on films of chromium and aluminum on copper. Auger emission spectroscopy analysis was used to monitor carbon transfer to the metal surfaces. Friction and wear were also measured. Metal surfaces were examined both in the clean state and with normal oxides present. Results indicate that different metals have an important effect on friction, wear, and transfer characteristics. With amorphous carbon, the least chemically active metal gave the highest wear and amount of carbon transfer. Both forms of carbon gave lower friction and wear and lower transfer rates when in contact with clean, as opposed to oxide-covered, chromium surfaces. With copper, the reverse was true; cleaning was detrimental.

Different roles of glutathione in copper and zinc chelation in Brassica napus roots.

PubMed

Zlobin, Ilya E; Kartashov, Alexander V; Shpakovski, George V

2017-09-01

We investigated the specific features of copper and zinc excess action on the roots of canola (Brassica napus L.) plants. Copper rapidly accumulated in canola root cells and reached saturation during several hours of treatment, whereas the root zinc content increased relatively slowly. Excessive copper and zinc entry inside the cell resulted in significant cell damage, as evidenced by alterations in plasmalemma permeability and decreases in cellular enzymatic activity. Zinc excess specifically damaged root hair cells, which correlated with a pronounced elevation of their labile zinc level. In vitro, we showed that reduced glutathione (GSH) readily reacted with copper ions to form complexes with blocked sulfhydryl groups. In contrast, zinc ions were ineffective as glutathione blockers, and glutathione molecules did not lose their specific chemical activity in the presence of Zn 2+ ions. The effect of copper and zinc excess on the glutathione pool in canola root cells was analysed by a combination of biochemical determination of total and oxidized glutathione contents and fluorescent staining of free reduced glutathione with monochlorobimane dye. Excess copper led to dose-dependent diminution of free reduced glutathione contents in the root cells, which could not be explained by the loss of total cellular glutathione or its oxidation. In contrast, we observed little effect of much higher intracellular zinc concentrations on the free reduced glutathione content. We concluded that GSH plays an important role in copper excess, but not zinc excess chelation, in canola root cells. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Serial changes in selected serum constituents in low birth weight infants on peripheral parenteral nutrition with different zinc and copper supplements.

PubMed

Lockitch, G; Pendray, M R; Godolphin, W J; Quigley, G

1985-07-01

One hundred and five infants of birth weight 2000 g or less who received peripherally administered parenteral nutrition for periods of three or more weeks, were randomly assigned to groups receiving different amounts of zinc and copper supplement. The blood concentrations of zinc, copper, retinol-binding protein, prealbumin, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate transaminase were followed weekly. Mean serum zinc, retinol-binding protein and prealbumin declined significantly over time while alkaline phosphatase rose. Only the group receiving the highest zinc supplement maintained a mean serum zinc concentration within the normal range at seven weeks. No difference in the protein or enzyme concentrations was found between the different zinc supplement groups. No difference was seen in serum copper or ceruloplasmin between copper dose groups although one intravenous supplement was double that of the other.

Systemic serum amyloid A as a biomarker for exposure to zinc and/or copper-containing metal fumes.

PubMed

Baumann, R; Gube, M; Markert, A; Davatgarbenam, S; Kossack, V; Gerhards, B; Kraus, T; Brand, P

2018-01-01

Zinc- and copper-containing welding fumes increase systemic C-reactive protein (CRP). The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of the biomarkers serum amyloid A (SAA) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in this regard. Fifteen male subjects were exposed under controlled conditions to welding fumes containing either zinc, or copper, or copper and zinc for 6 h. Plasma samples were collected before, 6 and 24 h after start of exposure and biomarkers therein were measured by electrochemiluminescent assay. For each exposure, systemic concentrations of systemic SAA, but not VCAM-1, increased significantly at 24 h after exposure start compared with baseline ("copper only": P=0.0005, "zinc only": P=0.027, "copper and zinc": P=0.001). SAA showed a wider range of concentrations than did CRP and its levels increased up to 19-fold after welding fume exposure. The recognition of copper as a potential harmful component in welding fumes, also independent from zinc, deserves further consideration. SAA might represent a new sensitive biomarker for potential subclinical sterile inflammation after inhalation of copper- and/or zinc-containing welding fumes. As elevations of CRP and SAA protein have both been linked to a higher risk for cardiovascular disease, these findings might particularly be important for long-term welders.

Determining the arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper and chromium contents by atomic absorption spectrometry in Pangasius fillets from Vietnam.

PubMed

Molognoni, Luciano; Vitali, Luciano; Ploêncio, Leandro As; Santos, Jacson N; Daguer, Heitor

2016-07-01

Pangasius is a fish produced on a large scale in Vietnam and exported to many countries. Since river contamination from human activities can affect the safety of this food, fish consumption can cause exposure to potentially toxic elements for humans. The aim of this study, therefore, was to assess arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper and chromium contents by atomic absorption spectrometry in Pangasius fillet produced in the provinces of Dong Thap and Can Tho (Vietnam) and exported to Brazil. The limits of detection were: arsenic 0.5443 µg kg(-1) , cadmium 0.0040 mg kg(-1) , chromium 0.0004 mg kg(-1) , copper 0.0037 mg kg(-1) and lead 0.0284 mg kg(-1) . Analysis of 20 samples showed results below the limit of detection for arsenic, chromium and lead, while copper average concentration was 0.0234 mg kg(-1) . Cadmium average concentration was 0.0547 mg kg(-1) , with no significant difference between the two regions studied. The samples of Pangasius had no detectable concentrations of arsenic, chromium, copper and lead, and do not represent a hazard to public health. However, cadmium analysis revealed non-compliant samples, demonstrating the importance of monitoring the quality of imported Pangasius fish. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

Clinically distinct presentations of copper deficiency myeloneuropathy and cytopenias in a patient using excessive zinc-containing denture adhesive.

PubMed

Cathcart, Sahara J; Sofronescu, Alina G

2017-08-01

While copper deficiency has long been known to cause cytopenias, copper deficiency myeloneuropathy is a more recently described entity. Here, we present the case of two clinically distinct presentations of acquired copper deficiency syndromes secondary to excessive use of zinc-containing denture adhesive over five years: myeloneuropathy and severe macrocytic anemia and neutropenia. Extensive laboratory testing and histologic evaluation of the liver and bone marrow, were necessary to rule out other disease processes and establish the diagnosis of copper deficiency. The initial presentation consisted of a myelopathy involving the posterior columns. Serum and urine copper were significantly decreased, and serum zinc was elevated. On second presentation (five years later), multiple hematological abnormalities were detected. Serum copper was again decreased, while serum zinc was elevated. Zinc overload is a preventable cause of copper deficiency syndromes. This rare entity presented herein highlights the importance of patient, as well as provider, education. Copyright © 2017 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 471.72 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of uranium extruded Cadmium 0.007 0.003 Chromium 0.013 0... uranium heat treated Cadmium 0.006 0.003 Chromium 0.012 0.005 Copper 0.040 0.019 Lead 0.009 0.004 Nickel 0... million off-pounds) of uranium surface treated Cadmium 0.006 0.002 Chromium 0.010 0.004 Copper 0.035 0.017...

40 CFR 471.72 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... average mg/off-kg (pounds per million off-pounds) of uranium extruded Cadmium 0.007 0.003 Chromium 0.013 0... uranium heat treated Cadmium 0.006 0.003 Chromium 0.012 0.005 Copper 0.040 0.019 Lead 0.009 0.004 Nickel 0... million off-pounds) of uranium surface treated Cadmium 0.006 0.002 Chromium 0.010 0.004 Copper 0.035 0.017...

Pre-diagnostic copper and zinc biomarkers and colorectal cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort.

PubMed

Stepien, Magdalena; Jenab, Mazda; Freisling, Heinz; Becker, Niels-Peter; Czuban, Magdalena; Tjønneland, Anne; Olsen, Anja; Overvad, Kim; Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine; Mancini, Francesca Romana; Savoye, Isabelle; Katzke, Verena; Kühn, Tilman; Boeing, Heiner; Iqbal, Khalid; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Bamia, Christina; Orfanos, Philippos; Palli, Domenico; Sieri, Sabina; Tumino, Rosario; Naccarati, Alessio; Panico, Salvatore; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H B As; Peeters, Petra H; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Merino, Susana; Jakszyn, Paula; Sanchez, Maria-Jose; Dorronsoro, Miren; Huerta, José María; Barricarte, Aurelio; Boden, Stina; van Guelpen, Behany; Wareham, Nick; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Bradbury, Kathryn E; Cross, Amanda J; Schomburg, Lutz; Hughes, David J

2017-07-01

Adequate intake of copper and zinc, two essential micronutrients, are important for antioxidant functions. Their imbalance may have implications for development of diseases like colorectal cancer (CRC), where oxidative stress is thought to be etiologically involved. As evidence from prospective epidemiologic studies is lacking, we conducted a case-control study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort to investigate the association between circulating levels of copper and zinc, and their calculated ratio, with risk of CRC development. Copper and zinc levels were measured by reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometer in 966 cases and 966 matched controls. Multivariable adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using conditional logistic regression and are presented for the fifth versus first quintile. Higher circulating concentration of copper was associated with a raised CRC risk (OR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.13; P-trend = 0.02) whereas an inverse association with cancer risk was observed for higher zinc levels (OR = 0.65; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.97; P-trend = 0.07). Consequently, the ratio of copper/zinc was positively associated with CRC (OR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.20, 2.40; P-trend = 0.0005). In subgroup analyses by follow-up time, the associations remained statistically significant only in those diagnosed within 2 years of blood collection. In conclusion, these data suggest that copper or copper levels in relation to zinc (copper to zinc ratio) become imbalanced in the process of CRC development. Mechanistic studies into the underlying mechanisms of regulation and action are required to further examine a possible role for higher copper and copper/zinc ratio levels in CRC development and progression. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Wastewater Characterization Survey, Plattsburgh AFB, New York.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-05-01

day 1/6 months 24-hour composite Chromium 1.5 lbs/day 1/6 months 24-hour composite Cyanide (free) 1.5 lbs/day 1/6 months 24-hour composite Arsenic 1.5...pollutant. Average concentrations of iron, chromium , and zinc were 1.88 mg/1, 50 Lig/i, and 196.7 4g/l, respectively. The iron concentration exceeded the...iron, chromium , silver and zinc were 1.2 mg/l, 76 Wg/l, 44 ug/l, and 180 g/l, respectively. The iron concentration exceeded the EPA criterion for fresh

Offshore drilling effects in Brazilian SE marine sediments: a meta-analytical approach.

PubMed

Dore, Marina Pereira; Farias, Cássia; Hamacher, Cláudia

2017-01-01

The exploration and production of oil and gas reserves often result to drill cutting accumulations on the seafloor adjacent to drill locations. In this study, the detection of drilling influence on marine sediments was performed by meta-analytical comparison between data from pre- and post-drilling surveys undertaken in offshore Campos Basin, southeast of Brazil. Besides this overall appraisal on the geochemical variables, a multivariate assessment, considering only the post-drilling data, was performed. Among the variables, fines content, carbonates, total organic carbon, barium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, vanadium, zinc, and total petroleum hydrocarbons, only barium, copper, and hydrocarbons were related to drilling impacts. In relation to the point of discharge, relative elevated levels in the post-drilling campaigns were observed preferentially up to 500 m in the northeast and southwest directions, associated to the Brazil Current-predominant direction. Other distributed concentrations in the surroundings seem to indicate the dilution and dispersion of drilling waste promoted by meteoceanographic factors.

Aspergillus flavus Infection and Aflatoxin Production in Corn: Influence of Trace Elements

PubMed Central

Lillehoj, E. B.; Garcia, W. J.; Lambrow, M.

1974-01-01

Distribution of trace element levels in corn germ fractions from kernels naturally infected with Aspergillus flavus and from kernels free of the fungus demonstrated an association between the presence of A. flavus and higher levels of metals. A. flavus production of aflatoxin on various autoclaved corn media showed that ground, whole corn was an excellent substrate; similar high levels of toxin were observed on full-fat corn germ but endosperm and defatted corn germ supported reduced yields. The influence of trace elements and their availability in defatted corn germ to A. flavus-mediated aflatoxin biosynthesis were measured. Enrichment of the substrate with 5 to 10 μg of manganese, copper, cadmium, or chromium per g of germ increased toxin yields. Addition of lead or zinc (50 to 250 μg/g) also enhanced toxin accumulation. Aflatoxin elaboration was reduced by the addition of 25 μg of cadmium per g or 500 μg of copper per g of germ. PMID:4216287

Determination of trace elements in triglycine sulfate solutions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tadros, Shawky H.

1993-01-01

Ten elements were divided into 2 groups. The elements in the first group included iron, nickel, chromium, manganese, copper, and gold. The elements in the second group included zinc, cobalt, lead, cadmium, and gold. Five ppm of each element in each group was spiked in a 1 percent triglycine sulfate (TGS) solution. Glycine was removed with 1-naphthyl isocyanate in ether medium. The glycine derivative 1-naphthyl isocyanate glycine was removed by filtration, and the filtrates were analyzed for the different elements. Analysis of these elements was performed by using the 5100 Perkin-Elmer Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The result of these experiments was the observation that there was a decrease in the concentration of chromium and gold, which was interpreted to be due to the chelation of these elements by the derivative 1-naphthyl isocyanate glycine. Further research is needed to determine the concentration of other elements in triglycine sulfate (TGS) solutions. These elements will include lithium, sodium, rubidium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, aluminum, and silicon. These are the most likely elements to be found in the sulfuric acid used in manufacturing the TGS crystal. Moreover, we will extend our research to investigate the structural formula of the violet colored chelated compounds, which had been formed by interaction of the derivative 1-naphthyl isocyanate glycine with the different elements, such as gold, chromium.

40 CFR 421.153 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Copper 2,875.000 1,370.000 Cyanide (total) 449.200 179.700 Ammonia (as N) 299,400.000 131,600.000... Beryllium 180.4 81.4 Chromium (total) 81.4 33.0 Copper 281.6 134.2 Cyanide (total) 44.0 17.6 Ammonia (as N... 79.370 Chromium (total) 79.370 32.180 Copper 274.600 130.800 Cyanide (total) 42.900 17.160 Ammonia...

40 CFR 421.153 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Copper 2,875.000 1,370.000 Cyanide (total) 449.200 179.700 Ammonia (as N) 299,400.000 131,600.000... Beryllium 180.4 81.4 Chromium (total) 81.4 33.0 Copper 281.6 134.2 Cyanide (total) 44.0 17.6 Ammonia (as N... 79.370 Chromium (total) 79.370 32.180 Copper 274.600 130.800 Cyanide (total) 42.900 17.160 Ammonia...

40 CFR 421.153 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Copper 2,875.000 1,370.000 Cyanide (total) 449.200 179.700 Ammonia (as N) 299,400.000 131,600.000... Beryllium 180.4 81.4 Chromium (total) 81.4 33.0 Copper 281.6 134.2 Cyanide (total) 44.0 17.6 Ammonia (as N... 79.370 Chromium (total) 79.370 32.180 Copper 274.600 130.800 Cyanide (total) 42.900 17.160 Ammonia...

40 CFR 421.153 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Copper 2,875.000 1,370.000 Cyanide (total) 449.200 179.700 Ammonia (as N) 299,400.000 131,600.000... Beryllium 180.4 81.4 Chromium (total) 81.4 33.0 Copper 281.6 134.2 Cyanide (total) 44.0 17.6 Ammonia (as N... 79.370 Chromium (total) 79.370 32.180 Copper 274.600 130.800 Cyanide (total) 42.900 17.160 Ammonia...

40 CFR 421.153 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Copper 2,875.000 1,370.000 Cyanide (total) 449.200 179.700 Ammonia (as N) 299,400.000 131,600.000... Beryllium 180.4 81.4 Chromium (total) 81.4 33.0 Copper 281.6 134.2 Cyanide (total) 44.0 17.6 Ammonia (as N... 79.370 Chromium (total) 79.370 32.180 Copper 274.600 130.800 Cyanide (total) 42.900 17.160 Ammonia...

Recent trends in the nonfuel minerals industry of Iran

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hastorun, Sinan; Renaud, Karine M.; Lederer, Graham W.

2016-07-11

The U.S. Geological Survey estimated that Iran held globally significant reserves of feldspar (2d largest in the world), barite (5th largest), gypsum (5th largest), fluorspar (8th largest), and iron ore (10th largest). The Government of Iran claimed to also have significant reserves of chromium, copper, gold, manganese, phosphate rock, and zinc. In 2014, Iran was the second-leading producer of gypsum and the sixth-leading producer of barite, with 6.1 percent and 3.6 percent of world output, respectively. Iran was also the world’s 7th-leading producer of cement, feldspar, and fluorspar; 8th-leading producer of bentonite; 9th-leading producer of molybdenum; 11th-leading producer of iron ore; and 14th-leading producer of crude steel. The Government of Iran plans to quadruple the output of aluminum, copper cathode, direct-reduced iron, and iron ore pellets; triple that of crude steel and gold; and double that of cement, pig iron, and zinc by 2025. It also plans to double the contribution of mining and to quadruple that of mineral processing to the national economy in the next decade. In order to achieve these major goals, the construction and expansion of several mines and mineral facilities are planned or under development. Whether Iran’s annual mineral production increases as rapidly as envisioned by the Government will depend largely on the amount of foreign investment into the minerals industry; integration of modern technology into mineral facilities; and availability of energy to aluminum, copper, and steel plants at competitive prices to international investors.

PIXE-electrophoresis shows starving collembolan reallocates protein-bound metals.

PubMed

Bengtsson, Göran; Pallon, Jan; Nilsson, Christina; Triebskorn, Rita; Köhler, Heinz-R

2016-01-01

One of multiple functions of metalloproteins is to provide detoxification to excess metal levels in organisms. Here we address the induction and persistence of a range of low to high molecular weight copper- and zinc binding proteins in the collembolan species Tetrodontophora bielanensis exposed to copper- and zinc-enriched food, followed by a period of recovery from metal exposure, in absence and presence of food. After 10 days of feeding copper and zinc contaminated yeast, specimens were either moved to ample of leaf litter material from their woodland stand of origin or starved (no food offered). The molecular weight distribution of metal binding proteins was determined by native polyacryl gel electrophoresis. One gel was stained with Comassie brilliant blue and a duplicate gel dried and scanned for the amount of copper and zinc by particle-induced X-ray emission. Specimens exposed to copper and recovered from it with ample of food had copper bound to two groups of rather low molecular weight proteins (40-50 kDa) and two of intermediate size (70-80 kDa). Most zinc in specimens from the woodland stand was bound to two large proteins of about 104 and 106 kDa. The same proteins were holding some zinc in metal-exposed specimens, but most zinc was found in proteins <40 kDa in size. Specimens recovered from metal exposure in presence of ample of food had the same distribution pattern of zinc binding proteins, whereas starved specimens had zinc as well as copper mainly bound to two proteins of 8 and 10 kDa in size. Thus, the induction and distribution of copper- and zinc-binding proteins depend on exposure conditions, and the presence of low molecular weight binding proteins, characteristic of metallothioneins, was mainly limited to starving conditions.

Metals removal from aqueous solution by iron-based bonding agents.

PubMed

Deliyanni, Eleni A; Lazaridis, Nikolaos K; Peleka, Efrosini N; Matis, Konstantinos A

2004-01-01

GOAL AND SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: The application of a promising method, termed sorptive flotation, for the removal of chromium(VI) and zinc ions was the aim of the present paper. A special case of sorptive flotation is adsorbing colloid flotation. Suitable sorbent preparation techniques have been developed in the laboratory. Sorptive flotation, consisting of the sorption and flotation processes combined in series, has proved to give fast and satisfactory treatment of the industrial streams and effluents bearing dilute aqueous solutions of zinc and chromium(VI). Goethite has proved to be effective for the removal of chromium(VI) and zinc ions. Also, adsorbing colloid flotation with ferric hydroxide (as the co-precipitant) could be an alternative method to the above-mentioned separation of metal ions. In both cases, chromium(VI) (pH=4) and zinc (pH=7) removal was about 100%. The reasons for selecting the iron-based bonding materials, like goethite and/or in-situ produced ferric hydroxide, are that they are cheap, easily synthesized, suitable both for cation and anion sorption, and, furthermore, that they present low risks for adding a further pollutant to the system. Promising results were obtained. The application of goethite and in-situ produced ferric hydroxide has demonstrated their effectiveness in the removal of heavy metal ions, such as chromium anions and zinc cations. A proposed continuation of current work is the utilization of similar iron oxides, for instance synthesized akaganeite. The comparison between the results reported in this paper with the results reported in the literature, also deserves attention.

Adverse health effects in Canada geese (Branta canadensis) associated with waste from zinc and lead mines in the Tri-State Mining District (Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri, USA).

PubMed

van der Merwe, Deon; Carpenter, James W; Nietfeld, Jerome C; Miesner, John F

2011-07-01

Lead and zinc poisoning have been recorded in a variety of bird species, including migrating waterfowl such as Canada Geese (Branta canadensis), at sites contaminated with mine waste from lead and zinc mines in the Tri-State Mining District, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri, USA. The adverse health impacts from mine waste on these birds may, however, be more extensive than is apparent from incidental reports of clinical disease. To characterize health impacts from mine waste on Canada Geese that do not have observable signs of poisoning, four to eight apparently healthy birds per site were collected from four contaminated sites and an uncontaminated reference site, and examined for physical and physiologic evidence of metals poisoning. Tissue concentrations of silver, aluminum, arsenic, barium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, selenium, thallium, vanadium, and zinc were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Adverse health effects due to lead were characterized by assessing blood δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) enzyme activity. Adverse effects associated with zinc poisoning were determined from histologic examination of pancreas tissues. Elevated tissue lead concentrations and inhibited blood ALAD enzyme activities were consistently found in birds at all contaminated sites. Histopathologic signs of zinc poisoning, including fibrosis and vacuolization, were associated with elevated pancreatic zinc concentrations at one of the study sites. Adverse health effects associated with other analyzed elements, or tissue concentrations indicating potentially toxic exposure levels to these elements, were not observed.

Lead, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, and copper in chicken feathers from Tuskegee, Alabama

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Khan, A.T.; Love, M.J.; Booker, T.

1994-12-31

The feather has been widely used as a indicator tissue of metal exposure in birds. The feathers were collected from Tuskegee University poultry farm (TUPF) and Harrison Poultry farm (HPF) chicken and analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy for lead, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, and copper contaminations. The mean levels of lead, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, and copper in TUPF chicken were 3.67, 0.13, 12.23, 0.22, and 7.71 ppm, respectively, and in HPF chicken were 5.32, 0.096, 11.03, 0.15, and 8.06 ppm, respectively. The mean levels of these metals did not show any significant difference between TUPF and HPF chicken.

Evaluation of Serum Levels of Zinc, Copper, Iron, and Zinc/Copper Ratio in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

PubMed Central

Pourfallah, F; Javadian, S; Zamani, Z; Saghiri, R; Sadeghi, S; Zarea, B; Faiaz, Sh; Mirkhani, F; Fatemi, N

2009-01-01

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc/ copper ratio in the serum of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Qom Province, center of Iran. Methods: Serum levels of zinc and copper were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer and serum iron concentration was measured by using an Auto Analyzer. The study group consisted of 60 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis and the control group of 100 healthy volunteers from the same area who were not exposed to cutaneous leishmaniasis. Result: There were no statistically significant differences in age and body mass index between the two groups. Serum Zn (P< 0.001) and Fe (P< 0.05) levels were lower in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis than the control group. We also found serum Cu concentration (P< 0.05) in the patient group was significantly higher than that of the control group. However, zinc/ copper ratio (P< 0.001) was lower in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis than in the control group. Conclusion: Our data indicated that Zn/Cu ratio was significantly lower in patients with CL as compared to the controls. Earlier reports suggest that, this ratio imbalance could be a useful marker for immune dysfunction in leishmaniasis. There was also strong association of Zn, Cu and Fe with CL. It suggests the use of blood zinc, copper, iron concentration and the copper/zinc ratio (Zn/Cu), as a means for estimating the prognosis of CL. PMID:22808376

Trace mineral absorption status in infants with ileostomies

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Infants with ileostomies are often supplemented with zinc and limited in copper, because of potential increased bilious zinc loss and increased cholestasis due to reduced copper excretion. However, no data exist on zinc or copper balance in infants with ileostomies. To determine the effect of an ile...

Copper, iron and zinc absorption, retention and status of young women fed vitamin B-6 deficient diets

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Turnlund, J.R.; Keyes, W.R.; Hudson, C.A.

1991-03-11

A study was conducted in young women to determine the effect of vitamin B-6 deficient diets on copper, iron and zinc metabolism. Young women were confined to a metabolic research unit for 84 and 98 days. They were fed a vitamin B-6 deficient formula diet initially, followed by food diet containing four increasing levels of vitamin B-6. Copper, iron and zinc absorption, retention and status were determined at intervals throughout the study. Absorption was determined using the stable isotopes {sup 65}Cu, {sup 54}Fe, and {sup 67}Zn. Status was based on serum copper and zinc, hemoglobin, hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume.more » Copper absorption averaged 18 {plus minus} 1% during vitamin B-6 depletion, significantly lower than 24 {plus minus} 1% during repletion, but serum copper was not affected and balance was positive. Iron absorption was not impaired significantly by vitamin B-6 deficient diets, but status declined during the depletion period. Zinc absorption averaged 40 {plus minus} 2% during depletion and 27 {plus minus} 2% during repletion. Zinc absorption and retention were significantly greater during vitamin B-6 depletion, but serum zinc declined suggesting the absorbed zinc was not available for utilization. The results suggest that vitamin B-6 depletion of young women may inhibit copper absorption, affect iron status and alter zinc metabolism. The effects of vitamin B-6 depletion differ markedly among these elements.« less

Copper, lead and zinc concentrations of human breast milk as affected by maternal dietary practices

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Umoren, J.; Kies, C.

1986-03-01

Maternal dietary practices have been found to affect the concentrations of some nutrients in human breast milk. Lead toxicity is a concern in young children. Lead, copper and zinc are thought to compete for intestinal absorption sites. The objective of the current project was to compare copper, lead and zinc contents of breast milk from practicing lacto-vegetarian and omnivore, lactating women at approximately four months post-partum. Analyses were done by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using a carbon rod attachment. Copper concentrations were higher in milk samples from lacto-ovo-vegetarians. Milk samples from the omnivores had the highest lead and zinc concentrations. Leadmore » and copper concentrations in milk were negatively correlated. The higher zinc concentrations in the milk of the omnivore women may have been related to better utilization of zinc from meat than from plant food sources.« less

Ecological-Evaluation of Organotin-Contaminated Sediment.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-07-01

the potential for bioaccumulation of cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury , silver, pesticides, PCBs, petroleum hydrocarbons, and organotins RESULTS The...tissues were frozen for subsequent bioaccumulation estimates. Tissues and sediment samples were analyzed for cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury , silver...spectroscopy; mercury was analyzed by cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy. Pesticides, PCBs, and petroleum hydrocarbons were measured by gas

Seasonal and spatial patterns of metals at a restored copper mine site. I. Stream copper and zinc

USGS Publications Warehouse

Bambic, D.G.; Alpers, Charles N.; Green, P.G.; Fanelli, E.; Silk, W.K.

2006-01-01

Seasonal and spatial variations in metal concentrations and pH were found in a stream at a restored copper mine site located near a massive sulfide deposit in the Foothill copper-zinc belt of the Sierra Nevada, California. At the mouth of the stream, copper concentrations increased and pH decreased with increased streamflow after the onset of winter rain and, unexpectedly, reached extreme values 1 or 2 months after peaks in the seasonal hydrographs. In contrast, aqueous zinc and sulfate concentrations were highest during low-flow periods. Spatial variation was assessed in 400 m of reach encompassing an acidic, metal-laden seep. At this seep, pH remained low (2-3) throughout the year, and copper concentrations were highest. In contrast, the zinc concentrations increased with downstream distance. These spatial patterns were caused by immobilization of copper by hydrous ferric oxides in benthic sediments, coupled with increasing downstream supply of zinc from groundwater seepage.

Zinc in denture adhesive: a rare cause of copper deficiency in a patient on home parenteral nutrition

PubMed Central

Prasad, Rakesh; Hawthorne, Barney; Durai, Dharmaraj; McDowell, Ian

2015-01-01

A 65-year-old woman with Crohn's disease, who had been on home parenteral nutrition for many years, presented with perioral paraesthesia and a burning sensation in the mouth. Initial blood tests including serum ferritin, vitamin B12 and folate, were normal apart from mild pancytopaenia. Serum copper was low, in spite of receiving regular copper in her parenteral feeds. The copper in her parenteral feeds was increased initially, but when it did not improve, she was started on weekly intravenous copper infusions. She was using dental adhesive, which had zinc in it, and a possibility that this was causing her copper deficiency was raised. Serum zinc levels were normal, but urinary zinc was very high. The patient was advised to use zinc-free dental adhesive and her copper level returned to normal within a few months with normalisation of her pancytopaenia, and partial resolution of her oral paraesthesia. PMID:26452740

Risk assessment on mixture toxicity of arsenic, zinc and copper intake from consumption of milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskål), cultured using contaminated groundwater in Southwest Taiwan.

PubMed

Lin, Ming-Chao

2009-07-01

Studies on bioaccumulation of arsenic, zinc, and copper in freshwater-cultured milkfish were carried out to assess the risks on human health. The arsenic, zinc, and copper levels in milkfish showed significant positive correlations to the arsenic, zinc, and copper concentrations in pond water. The hazard index of arsenic, zinc, and copper mixture for intake of milkfish (1.75 +/- 0.65) demonstrated that intake of in this way contaminated milkfish will result in non-carcinogenic risk. The target cancer risk of arsenic for intake of the milkfish (2.74 x 10(-4) +/- 1.18 x 10(-4)) indicated that the inhabitants were exposed to arsenic pollution with carcinogenic risk.

A new material for removing heavy metals from water

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Philipp, Warren H., Jr.; Street, Kenneth W., Jr.

1994-01-01

The NASA Lewis Research Center developed and is patenting a new high capacity ion exchange material (IEM) that removes toxic metals from contaminated water in laboratory tests. The IEM can be made into many forms, such as thin films, coatings, pellets, and fibers. As a result, it can be adapted to many applications to purify contaminated water wherever it is found, be it in waste water treatment systems, lakes, ponds, industrial plants, or in homes. Laboratory tests have been conducted on aqueous solutions containing only one of the following metal cations: lead, copper, mercury, cadmium, silver, chromium (III), nickel, zinc, and yttrium. Tests were also conducted with: (1) calcium present to determine its effects on the uptake of cadmium and copper, and (2) uranium and lanthanides which are stand-ins for other radioactive elements, (3) drinking water for the removal of copper and lead, and (3) others compositions. The results revealed that the IEM removes all these cations, even in the presence of the calcium. Of particular interest are the results of the tests with the drinking water: the lead concentration was reduced from 142 ppb down to 2.8 ppb (well below the accepted EPA standard).

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Karin Lundholm; Dan Bostroem; Anders Nordin

The EU Directive on incineration of waste regulates the harmful emissions of particles and twelve toxic elements, including copper, chromium, and arsenic. Using a 15 kW pellets-fueled grate burner, experiments were performed to determine the fate of copper, chromium, and arsenic during combustion of chromate copper arsenate (CCA) preservative wood. The fate and speciation of copper, chromium, and arsenic were determined from analysis of the flue gas particles and the bottom ash using SEM-EDS, XRD, XPS, and ICP-AES. Chemical equilibrium model calculations were performed to interpret the experimental findings. The results revealed that about 5% copper, 15% chromium, and 60%more » arsenic were volatilized during combustion of pure CCA-wood, which is lower than predicted volatilization from the individual arsenic, chromium, and copper oxides. This is explained by the formation of more stable refractory complex oxide phases for which the stability trends and patterns are presented. When co-combusted with peat, an additional stabilization of these phases was obtained and thus a small but noteworthy decrease in volatilization of all three elements was observed. The major identified phases for all fuels were CuCrO{sub 2}(s), (Fe,Mg,Cu)(Cr,Fe,Al)O{sub 4}(s), Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3}(s), and Ca{sub 3}(AsO{sub 4}){sub 2}(s). Arsenic was also identified in the fine particles as KH{sub 2}AsO{sub 4}(s) and As{sub 2}O{sub 3}). A strong indication of hexavalent chromium in the form of K{sub 2}CrO{sub 4} or as a solid solution between K{sub 3}Na(CrO{sub 4}){sub 2} and K{sub 3}Na(SO{sub 4}){sub 2} was found in the fine particles. Good qualitative agreement was observed between experimental data and chemical equilibrium model calculations. 38 refs., 6 figs., 2 tabs.« less

Investigation of the surface composition of electrodeposited black chromium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Survilienė, S.; Češūnienė, A.; Jasulaitienė, V.; Jurevičiūtė, I.

2015-01-01

The paper reviews black chromium electrodeposited from a trivalent chromium bath containing ZnO as a second main component. The chemical compositions of the top layers of the black chromium coatings were studied by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy method. The surface of black chromium was found to be almost entirely covered with organic substances. To gain information on the state of each element in the deposit bulk, the layer-by-layer etching of the black chromium surface with argon gas was used. Analysis of XPS spectra has shown that the top layers of black chromium without zinc are composed of various Cr(III) components, organic substances and metallic Cr, whereas metallic Cr is almost absent in black chromium containing some amount of Zn(II) compounds. The ratios of metal/oxide phases were found to be 10/27 and 2/28 for black chromium without and with zinc, respectively. It has been determined that owing to the presence of ZnO in the Cr(III) bath, the percentage of metallic chromium is substantially reduced in black chromium which is quite important for good solar selective characteristics of the coating. The results confirm some of earlier observations and provide new information on the composition of the near-surface layers.

Sediments from stormwater drainage system as sorbents of organic and inorganic pollutants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sałata, Aleksandra; Dąbek, Lidia

2017-11-01

The study presents the results of tests aimed at determining variations in concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a, h]anthracene, benzo[g, h, i]perylene and indeno[1, 2, 3-c, d]pyrene) and heavy metals (copper, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead and zinc) in the sediments from the stormwater sewer system. Results of this study were then compared to Polish regulations and established ecological screening values to determine their potential risk to environment. The results suggest that stormwater sediments are moderately contaminated with PAHs and heavy metals according to domestic regulations and highly contaminated according to ecological benchmarks.

Estimation of bioavailability of metals from drilling mud barite.

PubMed

Neff, Jerry M

2008-04-01

Drilling mud and associated drill cuttings are the largest volume wastes associated with drilling of oil and gas wells and often are discharged to the ocean from offshore drilling platforms. Barite (BaSO4) often is added as a weighting agent to drilling muds to counteract pressure in the geologic formations being drilled, preventing a blowout. Some commercial drilling mud barites contain elevated (compared to marine sediments) concentrations of several metals. The metals, if bioavailable, may harm the local marine ecosystem. The bioavailable fraction of metals is the fraction that dissolves from the nearly insoluble, solid barite into seawater or sediment porewater. Barite-seawater and barite-porewater distribution coefficients (Kd) were calculated for determining the predicted environmental concentration (PEC; the bioavailable fraction) of metals from drilling mud barite in the water column and sediments, respectively. Values for Kdbarite-seawater and Kdbarite-porewater were calculated for barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, lead, and zinc in different grades of barite. Log Kdbarite-seawater values were higher (solubility was lower) for metals in the produced water plume than log Kdbarite-porewater values for metals in sediments. The most soluble metals were cadmium and zinc and the least soluble were mercury and copper. Log Kd values can be used with data on concentrations of metals in barite and of barite in the drilling mud-cuttings plume and in bottom sediments to calculate PECseawater and PECsediment.

Quality of ground water in the Puget sound region, Washington, 1981

USGS Publications Warehouse

Turney, G.L.

1986-01-01

Groundwater from more than 100 sites in the Puget Sound region, Washington, was sampled and analyzed in 1981 for pH, specific conductance, and concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria, major ions, and dissolved iron, manganese, and nitrate. 20% of the samples were analyzed for concentrations of dissolved trace metals including aluminum, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, silver, and zinc. The predominant water types were calcium bicarbonate and calcium-magnesium bicarbonate. Some wells in San Juan and Island Counties contained sodium chloride as a result of seawater intrusion. Dissolved solids concentrations were generally < 150 mg/L. Iron concentrations > 300 micrograms/L in 14% of all samples. Manganese concentrations > 50 micrograms/L in 40% of all samples. Trace-metal concentrations were generally < 10 mg/L , except for barium, copper, lead, and zinc. Nitrate concentrations were < 1.0 mg/L in water for over 75% of the sites. Concentrations > 1.0 mg/L in samples from Skagit, Whatcom , and Pierce Counties, were probably due to agricultural activities or septic tanks. Fecal coliform bacteria were detected in isolated instances. EPA drinking water regulations were exceeded only in isolated instances, except for widespread excessive iron and manganese concentrations. The historical data for the region were also evaluated for the same constituents. There are quantitative differences between historical and 1981 data, but they may be due to inconsistencies in data collection and analytical methods. (Author 's abstract)

National monitoring study in Denmark finds increased and critical levels of copper and zinc in arable soils fertilized with pig slurry.

PubMed

Jensen, John; Larsen, Martin Mørk; Bak, Jesper

2016-07-01

The increasing consumption of copper and zinc in modern farming is linked to their documented benefit as growth promoting agents and usefulness for controlling diarrhoea. Copper and zinc are inert and non-degradable in the slurry and the environment and thereby introducing new challenges and concern. Therefore, a follow-up to pervious national soil monitoring programs on heavy metals was initiated in 2014 with special focus on the historical trends in soil concentrations of copper and zinc in Danish arable soils. Hereby it is possible to analyse trends for a 28 year period. Data shows that: 1) Amendment of soils with pig slurry has led to a significant increase in soil concentrations of copper and zinc, especially in the latest monitoring period from 1998 to 2014; 2) Predicted no-effect concentrations for soil dwelling species published by the European Union is exceeded for zinc in 45% of all soil samples, with the highest proportion on sandy soils; 3) The current use of zinc and copper in pig production may lead to leaching of metals, especially zinc, from fields fertilized with pig slurry in concentrations that may pose a risk to aquatic species. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Petroleum contaminated soil in Oman: evaluation of bioremediation treatment and potential for reuse in hot asphalt mix concrete.

PubMed

Jamrah, Ahmad; Al-Futaisi, Ahmed; Hassan, Hossam; Al-Oraimi, Salem

2007-01-01

This paper presents a study that aims at evaluating the leaching characteristics of petroleum contaminated soils as well as their application in hot mix asphalt concrete. Soil samples are environmentally characterized in terms of their total heavy metals and hydrocarbon compounds and leachability. The total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) present in the PCS before and after treatment was determined to be 6.8% and 5.3% by dry weight, indicating a reduction of 1% in the TPH of PCS due to the current treatment employed. Results of the total heavy metal analysis on soils indicate that the concentrations of heavy metals are lower when extraction of the soil samples is carried out using hexane in comparison to TCE. The results show that the clean soils present in the vicinity of contaminated sites contain heavy metals in the following decreasing order: nickel (Ni), followed by chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and vanadium (V). The current treatment practice employed for remediation of the contaminated soil reduces the concentrations of nickel and chromium, but increases the concentrations of all remaining heavy metals.

40 CFR 467.46 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... off-lbs) of aluminum forged Chromium 0.019 0.008 Cyanide 0.010 0.004 Zinc 0.051 0.021 TTO 0.035 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 0.50 0.50 Subpart D Forging Scrubber Liquor Pollutant or... aluminum forged Chromium 0.035 0.014 Cyanide 0.019 0.008 Zinc 0.096 0.040 TTO 0.065 Oil and grease...

Method of fabricating a catalytic structure

DOEpatents

Rollins, Harry W [Idaho Falls, ID; Petkovic, Lucia M [Idaho Falls, ID; Ginosar, Daniel M [Idaho Falls, ID

2009-09-22

A precursor to a catalytic structure comprising zinc oxide and copper oxide. The zinc oxide has a sheet-like morphology or a spherical morphology and the copper oxide comprises particles of copper oxide. The copper oxide is reduced to copper, producing the catalytic structure. The catalytic structure is fabricated by a hydrothermal process. A reaction mixture comprising a zinc salt, a copper salt, a hydroxyl ion source, and a structure-directing agent is formed. The reaction mixture is heated under confined volume conditions to produce the precursor. The copper oxide in the precursor is reduced to copper. A method of hydrogenating a carbon oxide using the catalytic structure is also disclosed, as is a system that includes the catalytic structure.

Selective leaching process for the recovery of copper and zinc oxide from copper-containing dust.

PubMed

Wu, Jun-Yi; Chang, Fang-Chih; Wang, H Paul; Tsai, Ming-Jer; Ko, Chun-Han; Chen, Chih-Cheng

2015-01-01

The purpose of this study was to develop a resource recovery procedure for recovering copper and zinc from dust produced by copper smelting furnaces during the manufacturing of copper-alloy wires. The concentrations of copper in copper-containing dust do not meet the regulation standards defined by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration; therefore, such waste is classified as hazardous. In this study, the percentages of zinc and copper in the dust samples were approximately 38.4% and 2.6%, respectively. To reduce environmental damage and recover metal resources for industrial reuse, acid leaching was used to recover metals from these inorganic wastes. In the first stage, 2 N of sulphuric acid was used to leach the dust, with pH values controlled at 2.0-3.0, and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:10. The results indicated that zinc extraction efficiency was higher than 95%. A selective acid leaching process was then used to recover the copper content of the residue after filtration. In the second stage, an additional 1 N of sulphuric acid was added to the suspension in the selective leaching process, and the pH value was controlled at 1.5-2.0. The reagent sodium hydroxide (2 N) was used as leachate at a pH greater than 7. A zinc hydroxide compound formed during the process and was recovered after drying. The yields for zinc and copper were 86.9-93.5% and 97.0-98.9%, respectively.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COATINGS IN REDUCING DISLODGEABLE ARSENIC, CHROMIUM, AND COPPER FROM CCA TREATED WOOD, INTERIM DATA REPORT

EPA Science Inventory

EPA is approximately 20 months into a project to evaluate the performance of wood coatings as a way to prevent arsenic, chromium and copper exposure from the surfaces of CCA treated wood. Potential dermal exposure, as measured by wipe sampling dislodgeable CCA chemical from wood ...

Star tracking reticles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, W. O.; Toft, A. R. (Inventor)

1973-01-01

A method for the production of reticles, particularly those for use in outer space, where the product is a quartz base coated with highly adherent layers of chromium, chromium-silver, and silver vacuum deposited through a mask, and then coated with an electrodeposit of copper from a copper sulfate solution followed by an electrodeposit of black chromium is described. The masks are produced by coating a beryllium-copper alloy substrate with a positive working photoresist, developing the photoresist, according to a pattern to leave a positive mask, plating uncoated areas with gold, removing the photoresist, coating the substrate with a negative working photoresist, developing the negative working photoresist to expose the base metal of the pattern, and chemically etching the unplated side of the pattern to produce the mask.

Mobility, bioavailability and speciation of potentially toxic metals in a sludges-polluted agricultural soil under remediation with poplar trees and native grasses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adamo, Paola; Agrelli, Diana; Giandonato Caporale, Antonio; Fiorentino, Nunzio; Duri, Luigi; Fagnano, Massimo

2017-04-01

For the assessment of health and environmental risks deriving from the pollution of agricultural soils, it is critical the identification and the chemical characterization of the contaminants and of the polluted soil, because these characteristics influence the mobility and bioavailability of the contaminants and therefore their transfer from soil to other environmental compartments and to the food chain. In addition, these information are crucial to assess the effectiveness of remediation and management actions. Our study site is an agricultural area of 6 ha, currently under sequestration, located in the province of Naples (Campania Region), interested by past illegal dumping of industrial wastes, mainly tannery sludges. In the area, after an intense phase of soil characterization by geophysical and geochemical surveys, it is realizing an environmental remediation project with poplar trees and native grass species, also with the aim of analyzing the possible absorption and accumulation of contaminants in the vegetables. The soil sampling was carried out by taking punctual samples of soil according to a grid of 20 x 20 m, at three depths (0-20; 30-60; 70-90 cm). Furthermore, materials attributable to the buried sludges were sampled from pedological profiles opened in the field. All the samples were analyzed for the content of potentially toxic metals and of heavy hydrocarbons (C>12). On selected samples were determined the main chemical and physical characteristics, mobile and bioavailable fractions of the major metal contaminants and their distribution in the soil geochemical fractions, with water (solid/liquid partition coefficient), 1 M NH4NO3 and 0.05 M EDTA pH 7 extractions, and EU-BCR sequential fractionation. The data showed a significant, widespread and disorderly contamination by chromium, zinc and heavy hydrocarbons (up to values of: 4500 mg/kg for Cr, 1850 mg/kg for Zn 1250 mg/kg for hydrocarbons C>12). In certain sub-areas it has also been observed a punctual contamination by lead, copper, cadmium, and arsenic. Chromium was always found poorly mobile and bioavailable, unlike zinc, that was extracted in significant amounts in EDTA and NH4NO3 and was found mainly distributed among the HOAc-extractable and reducible fraction of the soil. Chromium, instead, was found principally associated with the oxidizable and to a lesser extent the reducible fractions of the soil, presumably bound to organic matter and iron oxides, as also highlighted by SEM-EDS analysis. Given the high chromium content of the soil and buried materials, on selected samples was also determined the content of Cr(VI) and assessed the oxidizing potential of the soil in respect to the Cr(III). Keywords: chromium, zinc, metal speciation, bioavailability, polluted site.

Water Quality And Sediment Evaluation for Inner Harbor Navigation Canal Lock Replacement Project, New Orleans, Louisiana

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-08-01

1.6 - 16.0 (4.3) Trivalent Chromium 14.0 - 29.2 (22.1) 21.8 - 38.5 (26.5) 23.8 - 34.2 (30.7) 14.0 - 49.5 (26.7) 11.5 - 35.5 (23.0) Zinc 56.6 - 192...2.2) 0.80 - 1.9 1.4 Trivalent Chromium 12.5 - 16.9 (14.4) 11.2 - 19.5 (14.5) 22.2 -32.9 (26.4) 15.8 - 23.5 19.1 Zinc 53.8 - 100 (70.1) 41.3 - 107...3.6 (2.5) 0.30 - 0.53 Trivalent Chromium 6.9 - 9.2 (8.0) 11.9 - 16.5 (14.2) 15.0 - 34.1 (23.9) 4.2 - 7.1 Zinc 24.3 - 37.7 (32.0) 46.3 - 75.6 (61.0

Distribution and transfer of potentially toxic metal(loid)s in Juncus effusus from the indigenous zinc smelting area, northwest region of Guizhou Province, China.

PubMed

Peng, Yishu; Chen, Jun; Wei, Huairui; Li, Shibin; Jin, Tao; Yang, Ruidong

2018-05-15

We collected samples (i.e., the aerial parts and roots of Juncus effusus and their growth media) in the indigenous zinc smelting area in the northwest region of Guizhou Province, China, and we measured and analyzed potentially toxic metal(loid)s (arsenic, As; cadmium, Cd; chromium, Cr; copper, Cu; mercury, Hg; lead, Pb and zinc, Zn) in these samples. The results include the following: First, there is a high concentration of one or more potentially toxic metal(loid)s in the slag and surrounding soil in the research area. This situation might be caused by metal(loid) damage or contamination due to the circumstances. Additionally, Juncus effusus in the indigenous zinc smelting area are contaminated by some potentially toxic metal(loid)s; since they are used for Chinese medical materials, it is especially significant that their As, Cd and Pb concentrations are greater than their limited standard values. Finally, both the bioconcentration factors and transfer factors for most potentially toxic metal(loid)s in Juncus effusus are less than 1 in the study area. Therefore, we suggest that Juncus effusus could be used for phytostabilization or as a pioneer plant for phytoremediation of potentially toxic metal(loid)s because it has a tolerance and exclusion mechanism for these metal(loid)s in the research district. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 721.10253 - Butanedioic acid, 2-methylene-, polymer with 2,5 furanedione, copper(2+) manganese(2+) sodium...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...-, polymer with 2,5 furanedione, copper(2+) manganese(2+) sodium zinc salt, hydrogen peroxide-initiated. 721...+) sodium zinc salt, hydrogen peroxide-initiated. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to... furanedione, copper(2+) manganese(2+) sodium zinc salt, hydrogen peroxide-initiated (PMN P-09-388; CAS No...

40 CFR 721.10253 - Butanedioic acid, 2-methylene-, polymer with 2,5 furanedione, copper(2+) manganese(2+) sodium...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...-, polymer with 2,5 furanedione, copper(2+) manganese(2+) sodium zinc salt, hydrogen peroxide-initiated. 721...+) sodium zinc salt, hydrogen peroxide-initiated. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to... furanedione, copper(2+) manganese(2+) sodium zinc salt, hydrogen peroxide-initiated (PMN P-09-388; CAS No...

40 CFR 721.10253 - Butanedioic acid, 2-methylene-, polymer with 2,5 furanedione, copper(2+) manganese(2+) sodium...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...-, polymer with 2,5 furanedione, copper(2+) manganese(2+) sodium zinc salt, hydrogen peroxide-initiated. 721...+) sodium zinc salt, hydrogen peroxide-initiated. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to... furanedione, copper(2+) manganese(2+) sodium zinc salt, hydrogen peroxide-initiated (PMN P-09-388; CAS No...

40 CFR 471.24 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Chromium 0.033 0.014 Zinc 0.109 0.046 Ammonia 9.95 4.37 Fluoride 4.44 1.97 (b) Forging spent lubricants....422 0.177 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2 7.63 (d) Forging equipment cleaning wastewater. Subpart B... (pounds per million off-pounds) of magnesium forged Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Zinc 0.006 0.003 Ammonia 0.532 0...

40 CFR 471.24 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Chromium 0.033 0.014 Zinc 0.109 0.046 Ammonia 9.95 4.37 Fluoride 4.44 1.97 (b) Forging spent lubricants....422 0.177 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2 7.63 (d) Forging equipment cleaning wastewater. Subpart B... (pounds per million off-pounds) of magnesium forged Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Zinc 0.006 0.003 Ammonia 0.532 0...

40 CFR 471.24 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Chromium 0.033 0.014 Zinc 0.109 0.046 Ammonia 9.95 4.37 Fluoride 4.44 1.97 (b) Forging spent lubricants....422 0.177 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2 7.63 (d) Forging equipment cleaning wastewater. Subpart B... (pounds per million off-pounds) of magnesium forged Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Zinc 0.006 0.003 Ammonia 0.532 0...

40 CFR 471.24 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Chromium 0.033 0.014 Zinc 0.109 0.046 Ammonia 9.95 4.37 Fluoride 4.44 1.97 (b) Forging spent lubricants....422 0.177 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2 7.63 (d) Forging equipment cleaning wastewater. Subpart B... (pounds per million off-pounds) of magnesium forged Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Zinc 0.006 0.003 Ammonia 0.532 0...

40 CFR 471.24 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Chromium 0.033 0.014 Zinc 0.109 0.046 Ammonia 9.95 4.37 Fluoride 4.44 1.97 (b) Forging spent lubricants....422 0.177 Ammonia 38.5 17.0 Fluoride 17.2 7.63 (d) Forging equipment cleaning wastewater. Subpart B... (pounds per million off-pounds) of magnesium forged Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Zinc 0.006 0.003 Ammonia 0.532 0...

40 CFR 420.122 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium....300 0.100 Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000600 0.000200 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations...

40 CFR 420.122 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium....300 0.100 Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000600 0.000200 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations...

40 CFR 420.122 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium....300 0.100 Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000600 0.000200 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations...

40 CFR 420.122 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium....300 0.100 Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000600 0.000200 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations...

40 CFR 420.122 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium....300 0.100 Lead 0.00451 0.00150 Zinc 0.00601 0.00200 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000600 0.000200 pH (2) (2) 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations...

Metal ions in macrophage antimicrobial pathways: emerging roles for zinc and copper

PubMed Central

Stafford, Sian L.; Bokil, Nilesh J.; Achard, Maud E. S.; Kapetanovic, Ronan; Schembri, Mark A.; McEwan, Alastair G.; Sweet, Matthew J.

2013-01-01

The immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties of zinc and copper have long been appreciated. In addition, these metal ions are also essential for microbial growth and survival. This presents opportunities for the host to either harness their antimicrobial properties or limit their availability as defence strategies. Recent studies have shed some light on mechanisms by which copper and zinc regulation contribute to host defence, but there remain many unanswered questions at the cellular and molecular levels. Here we review the roles of these two metal ions in providing protection against infectious diseases in vivo, and in regulating innate immune responses. In particular, we focus on studies implicating zinc and copper in macrophage antimicrobial pathways, as well as the specific host genes encoding zinc transporters (SLC30A, SLC39A family members) and CTRs (copper transporters, ATP7 family members) that may contribute to pathogen control by these cells. PMID:23738776

Control of occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium and ozone in tubular wire arc-welding processes by replacement of potassium by lithium or by addition of zinc.

PubMed

Dennis, John H; French, Michael J; Hewitt, Peter J; Mortazavi, Seyed B; Redding, Christopher A J

2002-01-01

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and ozone are produced in many arc-welding processes. Cr(VI) is formed when welding with chromium-containing alloys and is a suspected carcinogen. Ozone is formed by the action of ultraviolet light from the arc on oxygen and can cause severe irritation to the eyes and mucous membranes. Previous work has demonstrated that reduction of sodium and potassium in manual metal arc-welding electrodes leads to substantial reductions in Cr(VI) concentrations in the fume as well as a reduction in the fume formation rate. In this paper replacement of potassium by lithium in a tubular wire welding electrode (self-shielding flux-cored) is shown to give reductions in Cr(VI) concentrations and fume formation rates. Previous work has also demonstrated that use of a tubular wire (metal cored) containing 1% zinc can, under certain conditions, result in a reduction in Cr(VI) formation rate and in ozone concentration near the arc but with a rise in the total fume formation rate. The effects of different shield gases and different levels of zinc are examined. An experimental chromium-containing tubular wire with 1% zinc was used with the following shield gases: argon, Argoshield 5, Argoshield 20, Helishield 101, Ar + 2% CO2, Ar + 5% CO2, Ar + 1% O2 and Ar + 2% O2. The wire gave > 98% reduction in Cr(VI) formation rate compared to the control wire provided the shield gas contained no oxygen. When the shield gas did contain oxygen, 1% zinc enhanced Cr(VI) formation rate, resulting in more than double the rates measured when welding with the control wire. Experiments with zinc concentrations, from 0.018 to 0.9% using Helishield 101, gave results indicating that there is an optimum zinc concentration from the point of view of Cr(VI) reduction. Implications of the use of lithium or zinc on the overall exposure risk are discussed.

40 CFR 468.14 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... for monthly average Metric units—mg/off-kg of copper or copper alloy hot rolled English units—pounds... rolled English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy cold rolled Chromium 0.166... copper or copper alloy drawn English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy...

[Presence of the trace elements from carbon dioxide absorbent containing lime using a circular apparatus during general anesthesia. ].

PubMed

Macheta, A; Słodowski, W; Kocot, M; Muszyński, T; Rokita, E; Andres, J

2001-01-01

The aim of the study was to evaluate release of the trace elements from carbon dioxide absorbent containing soda lime during general anesthesia. We compared two suppliers Polish "Polfa" and German "Dräger". Following trace elements were evaluated: chromium, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, nickel in soda lime. In blood of the patients we evaluated: copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, bromine, rubidium, iron, mercury. Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) was used to measure concentrations of the elements. Probes of soda lime were analyzed before anesthesia (Polfa, Dräger), 6 hr after the use (Polfa only) and after 10 weeks (Dräger only). 10 patients were divided in two equal groups, one was anesthetized using soda lime from Polfa and another one from Dräger. Blood samples were taken before anesthesia, immediately after and the next day. Mean values of the concentrations of the elements in soda lime coming from Polfa ranged from 0.20 ppm (nickel) to 7.19 ppm (zinc). In Dräger the measurements were from 0.22 ppm (nickel) to 3.70 ppm (zinc). Mean concentrations of trace elements in blood samples were between 0.20 ppm (lead) and 487 ppm (iron) for the patients anesthetized with Polfa soda lime. In Dräger the measurements ranged from 0.15 ppm (lead) to 485 ppm (iron). Concentrations of cadmium and mercury were below the method's limit. Mean values were almost the same in all time points. Statistical analysis was done using paired t-tests. Values of P < 0.05 were consider significant. We concluded that there were no statistically significant differences between examined groups. Thus, we can say that trace elements were not released from soda lime and concentrations of examined elements in patients' blood were not affected by general anesthesia.

Evaluation of Non-Chromate Passivations on Electroplated gamma-Phase Zinc Nickel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Volz, Steven Michael

This research focused on the corrosion response and electrochemical behavior of electroplated low hydrogen embrittlement alkaline gamma-phase zinc nickel with passivation layers. The motivation was the need to replace hexavalent chromium conversion coatings in military grade electrical systems with a more environment friendly alternative. The passivation layers were employed for the purpose of mitigating corrosion attack while maintaining low contact resistance. Trivalent chromium-based passivations and cerium-based passivations were compared against the currently used hexavalent chromium conversion coating. The coating systems were compared using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic potentiodymanic scans, salt spray exposure testing, electrical resistance measurements, microstructure analysis, and compositional analysis. Coating systems with lower open circuit had a lower corrosion current and performed better during salt spray testing. All of the systems evaluated had corrosion products consistent with oxidized zinc compounds but the morphology of the passivation was dependent on the passivation. The electrical contact resistance ranged from 1 to 108 mO/cm 2, after salt spray testing. Two versions of Trivalent chromium-based passivations, were able to meet military performance specifications after corrosion testing.

Characterization of copper oxides, iron oxides, and zinc copper ferrite desulfurization sorbents by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Siriwardane, Ranjani V.; Poston, James A.

1993-05-01

Characterization of copper oxides, iron oxides, and zinc copper ferrite desulfurization sorbents was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectroscopy at temperatures of 298 to 823 K. Analysis of copper oxides indicated that the satellite structure of the Cu22p region was absent in the Cu(I) state but was present in the Cu(II) state. Reduction of CuO at room temperature was observed when the ion gauge was placed close to the sample. The satellite structure was absent in all the copper oxides at 823 K in vacuum. Differentiation of the oxidation state of copper utilizing both Cu(L 3M 4,5M 4,5) X-ray-induced Auger lines and Cu2p satellite structure, indicated that the copper in zinc copper ferrite was in the + 1 oxidation state at 823 K. This + 1 state of copper was not significantly changed after exposure to H 2, CO, and H 2O. There was an increase in Cu/Zn ratio and a decrease in Fe/Zn ratio on the surface of zinc copper ferrite at 823 K compared to that at room temperature. These conditions of copper offered the best sulfidation equilibrium for the zinc copper ferrite desulfurization sorbent. Analysis of iron oxides indicated that there was some reduction of both Fe 2O 3 and FeO at 823K. The iron in zinc copper ferrite was similar to that of Fe 2O 3 at room temperature but there was some reduction of this Fe(III) state to Fe(II) at 823 K. This reduction was more enhanced in the presence of H 2 and CO. Reduction to Fe(II) may not be desirable for the lifetime of the sorbent.

Concentrations of selected trace elements in fish tissue and streambed sediment in the Clark Fork-Pend Oreille and Spokane River basins, Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 1998

USGS Publications Warehouse

Maret, Terry R.; Skinner, K.D.

2000-01-01

Fish tissue and bed sediment samples were collected from 16 stream sites in the Northern Rockies Intermontane Basins study area in 1998 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Bed sediment samples were analyzed for 45 trace elements, and fish livers and sportfish fillets were analyzed for 22 elements to characterize the occurrence and distribution of these elements in relation to stream characteristics and land use activities. Nine trace elements of environmental concern—arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc—were detected in bed sediment, but not all of these elements were detected in fish tissue. Trace-element concentrations were highest in bed sediment samples collected at sites downstream from significant natural mineral deposits and (or) mining activities. Arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc in bed sediment at some sites were elevated relative to national median concentrations, and some concentrations were at levels that can adversely affect aquatic biota. Although trace-element concentrations in bed sediment exceeded various guidelines, no concentrations in sportfish fillets exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency screening values for the protection of human health. Correlations between most trace-element concentrations in bed sediment and fish tissue (liver and fillet) were not significant (r0.05). Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc in bed sediment were significantly correlated (r=0.53 to 0.88, p2=0.95 and 0.99, p<0.001) that corresponded to trace-element enrichment categories. These strong relations warrant further study using mine density as an explanatory variable to predict trace-element concentrations in bed sediment.

40 CFR 420.126 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Zinc 0.000376 0.000125 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.0000376 0.0000125 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge wastewaters from the chromate... 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 1 The limitations for hexavalent...

40 CFR 420.126 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Zinc 0.000376 0.000125 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.0000376 0.0000125 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge wastewaters from the chromate... 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 1 The limitations for hexavalent...

40 CFR 420.126 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Zinc 0.000376 0.000125 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.0000376 0.0000125 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge wastewaters from the chromate... 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 1 The limitations for hexavalent...

40 CFR 420.126 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Zinc 0.000376 0.000125 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.0000376 0.0000125 1 The limitations for hexavalent chromium shall be applicable only to galvanizing operations which discharge wastewaters from the chromate... 0.00150 0.000500 Chromium (hexavalent) 1 0.000150 0.0000501 1 The limitations for hexavalent...

Determination of iron: In the presence of chromium and titanium with the jones reductor

USGS Publications Warehouse

Grimaldi, F.S.; Stevens, R.E.; Carron, M.K.

1943-01-01

Sulfuric acid solutions of titanous and chromous sulfates, obtained by passage through the Jones reductor, are oxidized by aeration for from 5 to 10 minutes in the presence of a trace of copper sulfate as a catalyst. Ferrous sulfate is essentially unoxidized and is titrated with permanganate after aeration. Best results are obtained by using 0.0003 millimole of copper sulfate in about 300 ml. of solution. Larger quantities of copper sulfate lead to slightly low results when both chromium and titanium are present.

40 CFR 471.22 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Ammonia 9.95 4.37 Fluoride 4.44 1.97 (b) Forging spent lubricants—subpart B—BAT. There shall be no...-pounds) of forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.127 0.052 Zinc 0.422 0.177 Ammonia 38.5 17.0... forged Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Zinc 0.006 0.003 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0.106 (e) Direct chill...

40 CFR 471.22 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Ammonia 9.95 4.37 Fluoride 4.44 1.97 (b) Forging spent lubricants—Subpart B—BAT. There shall be no...-pounds) of forged magnesium cooled with water Chromium 0.127 0.052 Zinc 0.422 0.177 Ammonia 38.5 17.0... forged Chromium 0.002 0.0007 Zinc 0.006 0.003 Ammonia 0.532 0.234 Fluoride 0.238 0.106 (e) Direct chill...

Bioaccumulation of Some Heavy Metals: Analysis and Comparison of Cyprinus carpio and Labeo rohita from Sardaryab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

PubMed Central

Ullah, Farhad; Bari, Fathul; Raziq, Sumayya; Riaz, Mehreen; Khan, Khalid; Nishan, Umar; Sthanadar, Iram Alam; Shaheen, Baseerat; Shaheen, Mussarrat; Ahmad, Habib

2017-01-01

We examined and compared heavy metals bioaccumulation in Cyprinus carpio and Labeo rohita netted from Sardaryab, a tributary of River Kabul. By using atomic absorption spectrometry we assessed different organs including livers, gills, and muscles. Metals studied were chromium, iron, zinc, lead, and copper. Livers of both species showed higher concentrations of metals while muscles showed the least amount. Chromium and iron were the highly concentrated metals in the gills and livers of both species. A quantity of 0.154 ± 0.011, 0.199 ± 0.0079, and 0.024 ± 0.008 μg/g of chromium was found in the gills, livers, and muscles of Cyprinus carpio, respectively. Similarly, the gills, liver, and muscles of Labeo rohita contained 0.133 ± 0.008, 0.165 ± 0.01, and 0.019 ± 0.006 μg/g of Cr, respectively. Iron was highest in carp in the range of 0.086 ± 0.01 in gills and 0.067 ± 0.011 μg/g in muscles, comparatively. All the studied metals were found within the US recommended daily dietary allowances (RDA) limits; hence no immediate risk in their consumption for human was found. The data showed that Cyprinus carpio being omnivorous and bottom feeder stored higher concentrations of metals as compared to Labeo rohita. PMID:28396869

Bioaccumulation of Some Heavy Metals: Analysis and Comparison of Cyprinus carpio and Labeo rohita from Sardaryab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

PubMed

Yousafzai, Ali Muhammad; Ullah, Farhad; Bari, Fathul; Raziq, Sumayya; Riaz, Mehreen; Khan, Khalid; Nishan, Umar; Sthanadar, Iram Alam; Shaheen, Baseerat; Shaheen, Mussarrat; Ahmad, Habib

2017-01-01

We examined and compared heavy metals bioaccumulation in Cyprinus carpio and Labeo rohita netted from Sardaryab, a tributary of River Kabul. By using atomic absorption spectrometry we assessed different organs including livers, gills, and muscles. Metals studied were chromium, iron, zinc, lead, and copper. Livers of both species showed higher concentrations of metals while muscles showed the least amount. Chromium and iron were the highly concentrated metals in the gills and livers of both species. A quantity of 0.154 ± 0.011, 0.199 ± 0.0079, and 0.024 ± 0.008  μ g/g of chromium was found in the gills, livers, and muscles of Cyprinus carpio , respectively. Similarly, the gills, liver, and muscles of Labeo rohita contained 0.133 ± 0.008, 0.165 ± 0.01, and 0.019 ± 0.006  μ g/g of Cr, respectively. Iron was highest in carp in the range of 0.086 ± 0.01 in gills and 0.067 ± 0.011  μ g/g in muscles, comparatively. All the studied metals were found within the US recommended daily dietary allowances (RDA) limits; hence no immediate risk in their consumption for human was found. The data showed that Cyprinus carpio being omnivorous and bottom feeder stored higher concentrations of metals as compared to Labeo rohita .

Anaerobic Digestion Alters Copper and Zinc Speciation.

PubMed

Legros, Samuel; Levard, Clément; Marcato-Romain, Claire-Emmanuelle; Guiresse, Maritxu; Doelsch, Emmanuel

2017-09-19

Anaerobic digestion is a widely used organic waste treatment process. However, little is known on how it could alter the speciation of contaminants in organic waste. This study was focused on determining the influence of anaerobic digestion on the speciation of copper and zinc, two metals that generally occur at high concentration in organic waste. Copper and zinc speciation was investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy in four different raw organic wastes (predigestion) and their digested counterparts (postdigestion, i.e., digestates). The results highlighted an increase in the digestates of the proportion of amorphous or nanostructured copper sulfides as well as amorphous or nanostructured zinc sulfides and zinc phosphate as compared to raw waste. We therefore suggest that the environmental fate of these elements would be different when spreading either digestates or raw waste on cropland.

Spectrochemical analysis of powder using 355 nm Nd-YAG laser-induced low-pressure plasma.

PubMed

Lie, Zener S; Pardede, M; Hedwig, R; Suliyanti, M M; Kurniawan, Koo Hendrik; Munadi; Lee, Yong-Inn; Kagawa, Kiichiro; Hattori, Isamu; Tjia, May On

2008-04-01

The applicability of spectrochemical analysis of minute amounts of powder samples was investigated using an ultraviolet Nd-YAG laser (355 nm) and low-pressure ambient air. A large variety of chemical powder samples of different composition were employed in the experiment. These included a mixture of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, zinc sulfide, and chromium(III) sulfate n-hydrate powders, baby powder, cosmetic powders, gold films, zinc supplement tablet, and muds and soils from different areas. The powder samples were prepared by pulverizing the original samples to an average size of around 30 microm in order to trap them in the tiny micro holes created on the surface of the quartz subtarget. It was demonstrated that in all cases studied, good quality spectra were obtained with low background, free from undesirable contamination by the subtarget elements and featuring ppm sensitivity. A further measurement revealed a linear calibration curve with zero intercept. These results clearly show the potential application of this technique for practical qualitative and quantitative spectrochemical analysis of powder samples in various fields of study and investigation.

Low Impact Development for Industrial Areas

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-07-01

Stormwater program managers are faced with increasingly stringent stormwater discharge limits for heavy metals such as copper, zinc , nutrients, total...limits for heavy metals such as copper, zinc , nutrients, total suspended solids (TSS), oil and grease. These limits are required to reduce...U.S. EPA), state agencies, and local agencies set permit limits as part of the total mass daily loading regulatory framework. Copper, zinc , lead

Aluminum, iron, lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, chromium, magnesium, strontium, and calcium content in bone of end-stage renal failure patients.

PubMed

D'Haese, P C; Couttenye, M M; Lamberts, L V; Elseviers, M M; Goodman, W G; Schrooten, I; Cabrera, W E; De Broe, M E

1999-09-01

Little is known about trace metal alterations in the bones of dialysis patients or whether particular types of renal osteodystrophy are associated with either increased or decreased skeletal concentrations of trace elements. Because these patients are at risk for alterations of trace elements as well as for morbidity from skeletal disorders, we measured trace elements in bone of patients with end-stage renal disease. We analyzed bone biopsies of 100 end-stage renal failure patients enrolled in a hemodialysis program. The trace metal contents of bone biopsies with histological features of either osteomalacia, adynamic bone disease, mixed lesion, normal histology, or hyperparathyroidism were compared with each other and with the trace metal contents of bone of subjects with normal renal function. Trace metals were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentrations of aluminum, chromium, and cadmium were increased in bone of end-stage renal failure patients. Comparing the trace metal/calcium ratio, significantly higher values were found for the bone chromium/calcium, aluminum/calcium, zinc/calcium, magnesium/calcium, and strontium/calcium ratios. Among types of renal osteodystrophy, increased bone aluminum, lead, and strontium concentrations and strontium/calcium and aluminum/calcium ratios were found in dialysis patients with osteomalacia vs the other types of renal osteodystrophy considered as one group. Moreover, the concentrations of several trace elements in bone were significantly correlated with each other. Bone aluminum was correlated with the time on dialysis, whereas bone iron, aluminum, magnesium, and strontium tended to be associated with patient age. Bone trace metal concentrations did not depend on vitamin D intake nor on the patients' gender. The concentration of several trace elements in bone of end-stage renal failure patients is disturbed, and some of the trace metals under study might share pathways of absorption, distribution, and accumulation. The clinical significance of the increased/decreased concentrations of several trace elements other than aluminum in bone of dialysis patients deserves further investigation.

Association between Concentrations of Metals in Urine and Adult Asthma: A Case-Control Study in Wuhan, China

PubMed Central

Huang, Xiji; Xie, Jungang; Cui, Xiuqing; Zhou, Yun; Wu, Xiaojie; Lu, Wei; Shen, Yan; Yuan, Jing; Chen, Weihong

2016-01-01

Background Several metals have been reported to be associated with childhood asthma. However, the results on relationships between metals and risk of childhood asthma are inconclusive, and the research on adult asthma in the Chinese general population is rare. Objectives To investigate potential associations between levels of urinary metals and adult asthma. Methods A case-control study of 551 adult asthma cases and 551 gender- and age-matched controls was conducted in Wuhan, China. Demographic information was obtained, and lung function was assessed. The urinary concentrations of 22 metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results After adjusting for other metalsand other covariates, urinary cadmium, molybdenum, chromium, copper, uranium and selenium were positively associated with asthma, with odds ratios (95% CI) of 1.69 (1.00, 2.85), 3.76 (2.30, 6.16), 4.89 (3.04, 7.89), 6.06 (3.27, 11.21), 6.99 (4.37, 11.19) and 9.17 (4.16, 20.21), respectively. By contrast, urinary lead, barium, iron, zinc, nickel, manganese and rubidium were negatively associated with asthma, with odds ratios (95% CI) of 0.48 (0.29, 0.80), 0.44 (0.27, 0.71), 0.41 (0.26, 0.64), 0.40 (0.24, 0.66), 0.30 (0.22, 0.41), 0.23 (0.14, 0.39) and 0.07 (0.03, 0.15), respectively. When comparing urinary metals in different subgroups of cases with those in matched controls, the associations of above 13 metals with asthma prevalence were nearly the same. Conclusions Our results suggested that asthma prevalence in the Chinese adults was positively associated with urinary chromium, chromium, selenium, molybdenum, cadmium, and uranium, and negatively associated with urinary manganese, iron, nickel, zinc, rubidium, barium and lead. Additional research with larger populations in different regions is required to support our findings. PMID:27191859

Note: Development of target changeable palm-top pyroelectric x-ray tube

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Imashuku, Susumu; Kawai, Jun

2012-01-15

A target changeable palm-top size x-ray tube was realized using pyroelectric crystal and detachable vacuum flanges. The target metals can be exchanged easily by attaching them on the brass stage with carbon tape. When silver and titanium palates (area: 10 mm{sup 2}) were used as targets, silver L{alpha} and titanium K lines were clearly observed by bombarding electrons on the targets for 90 s. The intensities were the same or higher than those of previously reported pyroelectric x-ray tubes. Chromium, iron, nickel, copper, and zinc K lines in the x-ray tube (stainless steel and brass) disappeared by replacing the brassmore » stage and the stainless steel vacuum flange with a carbon stage and a glass tube, respectively.« less

Conversion Reaction-Based Oxide Nanomaterials for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes.

PubMed

Yu, Seung-Ho; Lee, Soo Hong; Lee, Dong Jun; Sung, Yung-Eun; Hyeon, Taeghwan

2016-04-27

Developing high-energy-density electrodes for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is of primary importance to meet the challenges in electronics and automobile industries in the near future. Conversion reaction-based transition metal oxides are attractive candidates for LIB anodes because of their high theoretical capacities. This review summarizes recent advances on the development of nanostructured transition metal oxides for use in lithium ion battery anodes based on conversion reactions. The oxide materials covered in this review include oxides of iron, manganese, cobalt, copper, nickel, molybdenum, zinc, ruthenium, chromium, and tungsten, and mixed metal oxides. Various kinds of nanostructured materials including nanowires, nanosheets, hollow structures, porous structures, and oxide/carbon nanocomposites are discussed in terms of their LIB anode applications. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Comparative study of heavy metals in "soil-wheat" systems between sewage-irrigated areas and clean-water-irrigated areas in suburban Beijing.

PubMed

Zhao, Ye; Han, Sha-Sha; Chen, Zhi-Fan; Liu, Jing; Hu, Honq-Xia

2015-01-01

After years of irrigating farmland with wastewater, concern is increasing about health risks from heavy metals contaminating wheat grown in sewage-irrigated soils in suburban areas of Beijing, China. The study discussed in this article aimed to compare the characteristics of heavy metal distribution in a sewage-irrigated "soil-wheat" system with those from a clean-water-irrigated area by collecting and analyzing samples from both areas. The results indicated that the average concentrations of copper, chromium, lead, and zinc in sewage-irrigated soil were higher than the values in the clean-water-irrigated region. Irrigation with wastewater could lead to increased bioconcentration factors. Therefore, issues of food contamination caused by sewage irrigation deserve more attention.

[MONITORING OF THE CONTENT OF HEAVY METALS AND ELEMENTS IN THE SNOW COVER IN AGRICULTURAL SOILS AT THE TERRITORY OF THE MOSCOW REGION].

PubMed

Ermakov, A A; Karpova, E A; Malysheva, A G; Mikhaylova, R I; Ryzhova, I N

2015-01-01

The monitoring of snow cover pollution by heavy metals and elements (zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, arsenic, nickel, chromium, strontium, manganese, fluorine, lithium) was performed in 20 districts of the Moscow region in 2009, 2012 and 2013. The assessment of the levels of contamination by heavy metals and elements was given by means of comparison of them with the average values in the snow cover near Moscow in the end of the last century and in some areas of the world, that no exposed to technological environmental impact. 7 districts of Moscow region were characterized by a high content of lead and cadmium in the snow water. It requires the control of water, soil and agricultural products pollution.

Interfacial Effects on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Graphite/Copper Composites. Final Contractor Report Ph.D. Thesis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Devincent, Sandra Marie

1995-01-01

Graphite surfaces are not wet by pure copper. This lack of wetting has been responsible for a debonding phenomenon that has been found in continuous graphite fiber reinforced copper matrix composites subjected to elevated temperatures. By suitably alloying copper, its ability to wet graphite surfaces can be enhanced. Information obtained during sessile drop testing has led to the development of a copper-chromium alloy that suitably wets graphite. Unidirectionally reinforced graphite/copper composites have been fabricated using a pressure infiltration casting procedure. P100 pitch-based fibers have been used to reinforce copper and copper-chromium alloys. X-ray radiography and optical microscopy have been used to assess the fiber distribution in the cast composites. Scanning electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy analyses were conducted to study the distribution and continuity of the chromium carbide reaction phase that forms at the fiber/matrix interface in the alloyed matrix composites. The effects of the chromium in the copper matrix on the mechanical and thermal properties of P100Gr/Cu composites have been evaluated through tensile testing, three-point bend testing, thermal cycling and thermal conductivity calculations. The addition of chromium has resulted in an increased shear modulus and essentially zero thermal expansion in the P100Gr/Cu-xCr composites through enhanced fiber/matrix bonding. The composites have longitudinal tensile strengths in excess of 700 MPa with elastic moduli of 393 GPa. After 100 hr at 760 deg C 84 percent of the as-cast strength is retained in the alloyed matrix composites. The elastic moduli are unchanged by the thermal exposure. It has been found that problems with spreading of the fiber tows strongly affect the long transverse tensile properties and the short transverse thermal conductivity of the P100Gr/Cu-xCr composites. The long transverse tensile strength is limited by rows of touching fibers which are paths of easy crack propagation under low tensile loads. The short transverse thermal conductivity is dictated by the fiber/matrix interface. Conduction across this interface has been estimated to be two orders of magnitude lower than that across the composite. This is due to the mechanical, and not chemical, nature of Gr/Cu bond.

40 CFR 461.75 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Zinc Subcategory § 461.75... and achieve the following pretreatment standards for new sources listed below: (1) Subpart G—Zinc... average Metric units—mg/kg of zinc English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of zinc Chromium 4.55 1.97...

Preliminary comparison of the uptake of chromium-51 and zinc-65 by three species of aquatic plants from Louisiana

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sklar, F.H.

1980-12-01

Accumulation of radionuclides was much greater for duckweed (Spirodela punctata) than for larger aquatic plants of slower growth (Bacopa caroliniana and Elodea canadensis). Higher specific activity (dpm/gm) was recorded in leaves than in stems. Chromium-51 accumulation factors ranged from a low of 66 for stems of E. canadensis to a high of 436 for S. punctata fronds. Zinc-65 accumulation factors were much higher: 142 for stems of B. caroliniana and 18,118 for fronds of S. punctata. Significant reductions in zinc-65 activity in the water surrounding growing S. punctata was detected within 10 minutes.

Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediments of Inflow Rivers to Lake Taihu, China.

PubMed

Niu, Yong; Niu, Yuan; Pang, Yong; Yu, Hui

2015-11-01

Lake Taihu, the third-largest freshwater body in China, has many functions, including drinking water supply, flood control, cultivation, navigation, and tourism. In this study, sediment samples were collected at 31 sites from 11 inflow rivers in 2012, to investigate the distribution and concentration of heavy metals copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr), and to assess their potential ecological risk. The highest mean concentration was found for Zn, followed by Cu, Cr, Pb, and Ni. Generally, heavy metal pollution was more serious in Wu Jingang River and Caoqiao River, probably because they receive large amounts of wastewater from various local industrial enterprises. The potential ecological risk values of the heavy metals were larger than 120 in more than 25.8% of the sediment samples, indicating a very high risk. The largest ecological risk was due to copper. Furthermore, the results of a principal component analysis and subsequent analysis of variance showed that heavy metal concentrations in the sediment of inflow rivers were higher than those of the lake, which created a large hazard for the aquatic ecosystems of Lake Taihu.

Asymmetric Distribution of Metals in the Xenopus Laevis Oocyte: a Synchrotron X-Ray Fluorescence Microprobe Study

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Popescu, B.F.Gh.; Belak, Z.R.; Ignatyev, K.

2009-06-04

The asymmetric distribution of many components of the Xenopus oocyte, including RNA, proteins, and pigment, provides a framework for cellular specialization during development. During maturation, Xenopus oocytes also acquire metals needed for development, but apart from zinc, little is known about their distribution. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microprobe was used to map iron, copper, and zinc and the metalloid selenium in a whole oocyte. Iron, zinc, and copper were asymmetrically distributed in the cytoplasm, while selenium and copper were more abundant in the nucleus. A zone of high copper and zinc was seen in the animal pole cytoplasm. Iron was alsomore » concentrated in the animal pole but did not colocalize with zinc, copper, or pigment accumulations. This asymmetry of metal deposition may be important for normal development. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microprobe will be a useful tool to examine how metals accumulate and redistribute during fertilization and embryonic development.« less

Asymmetri Distribution of Metals in the Xenopus Laevis Oocyte: a Synchrotron X-Ray Fluorescence Microprobe Study

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Popescu, B.F.G.; Belak, Z.R.; Ignatyev, K.

2009-04-29

The asymmetric distribution of many components of the Xenopus oocyte, including RNA, proteins, and pigment, provides a framework for cellular specialization during development. During maturation, Xenopus oocytes also acquire metals needed for development, but apart from zinc, little is known about their distribution. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microprobe was used to map iron, copper, and zinc and the metalloid selenium in a whole oocyte. Iron, zinc, and copper were asymmetrically distributed in the cytoplasm, while selenium and copper were more abundant in the nucleus. A zone of high copper and zinc was seen in the animal pole cytoplasm. Iron was alsomore » concentrated in the animal pole but did not colocalize with zinc, copper, or pigment accumulations. This asymmetry of metal deposition may be important for normal development. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microprobe will be a useful tool to examine how metals accumulate and redistribute during fertilization and embryonic development.« less

40 CFR 421.123 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.../troy ounce of silver from film stripping Copper 64.450 30.720 Zinc 51.360 21.150 Ammonia (as N) 6,712... precipitation and filtration of film stripping solutions Copper 1.242 .592 Zinc .990 .408 Ammonia (as N) 129.300... silver precipitated Copper 73.690 35.120 Zinc 58.720 24.180 Ammonia (as N) 7,674.000 3,374.000 (d...

40 CFR 421.123 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.../troy ounce of silver from film stripping Copper 64.450 30.720 Zinc 51.360 21.150 Ammonia (as N) 6,712... precipitation and filtration of film stripping solutions Copper 1.242 .592 Zinc .990 .408 Ammonia (as N) 129.300... silver precipitated Copper 73.690 35.120 Zinc 58.720 24.180 Ammonia (as N) 7,674.000 3,374.000 (d...

40 CFR 421.123 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.../troy ounce of silver from film stripping Copper 64.450 30.720 Zinc 51.360 21.150 Ammonia (as N) 6,712... precipitation and filtration of film stripping solutions Copper 1.242 .592 Zinc .990 .408 Ammonia (as N) 129.300... silver precipitated Copper 73.690 35.120 Zinc 58.720 24.180 Ammonia (as N) 7,674.000 3,374.000 (d...

40 CFR 421.123 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.../troy ounce of silver from film stripping Copper 64.450 30.720 Zinc 51.360 21.150 Ammonia (as N) 6,712... precipitation and filtration of film stripping solutions Copper 1.242 .592 Zinc .990 .408 Ammonia (as N) 129.300... silver precipitated Copper 73.690 35.120 Zinc 58.720 24.180 Ammonia (as N) 7,674.000 3,374.000 (d...

Copper Doping of Zinc Oxide by Nuclear Transmutation

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-03-27

Copper Doping of Zinc Oxide by Nuclear Transmutation THESIS Matthew C. Recker, Captain, USAF AFIT-ENP-14-M-30 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AIR...NUCLEAR TRANSMUTATION THESIS Presented to the Faculty Department of Engineering Physics Graduate School of Engineering and Management Air Force...COPPER DOPING OF ZINC OXIDE BY NUCLEAR TRANSMUTATION Matthew C. Recker, BS Captain, USAF Approved: //signed// 27 February 2014 John W. McClory, PhD

40 CFR 464.36 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... metal poured Copper (T) 0.0129 0.0071 Lead (T) 0.0237 0.0116 Zinc (T) 0.0437 0.0165 (2) Applicable to...) of metal poured Copper (T) 0.0129 0.0071 Lead (T) 0.0353 0.0174 Zinc (T) 0.0656 0.025 (b) Casting... million pounds) of metal poured Copper (T) 0.0138 0.0076 Lead (T) 0.0252 0.0124 Zinc (T) 0.0466 0.0176 TTO...

40 CFR 464.36 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... metal poured Copper (T) 0.0129 0.0071 Lead (T) 0.0237 0.0116 Zinc (T) 0.0437 0.0165 (2) Applicable to...) of metal poured Copper (T) 0.0129 0.0071 Lead (T) 0.0353 0.0174 Zinc (T) 0.0656 0.025 (b) Casting... million pounds) of metal poured Copper (T) 0.0138 0.0076 Lead (T) 0.0252 0.0124 Zinc (T) 0.0466 0.0176 TTO...

Quantitative genetic analysis of brain copper and zinc in BXD recombinant inbred mice.

PubMed

Jones, Leslie C; McCarthy, Kristin A; Beard, John L; Keen, Carl L; Jones, Byron C

2006-01-01

Copper and zinc are trace nutrients essential for normal brain function, yet an excess of these elements can be toxic. It is important therefore that these metals be closely regulated. We recently conducted a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis to identify chromosomal regions in the mouse containing possible regulatory genes. The animals came from 15 strains of the BXD/Ty recombinant inbred (RI) strain panel and the brain regions analyzed were frontal cortex, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens and ventral midbrain. Several QTL were identified for copper and/or zinc, most notably on chromosomes 1, 8, 16 and 17. Genetic correlational analysis also revealed associations between these metals and dopamine, cocaine responses, saccharine preference, immune response and seizure susceptibility. Notably, the QTL on chromosome 17 is also associated with seizure susceptibility and contains the histocompatibility H2 complex. This work shows that regulation of zinc and copper is under polygenic influence and is intimately related to CNS function. Future work will reveal genes underlying the QTL and how they interact with other genes and the environment. More importantly, revelation of the genetic underpinnings of copper and zinc brain homeostasis will aid our understanding of neurological diseases that are related to copper and zinc imbalance.

Serum levels of zinc and copper in epileptic children during long-term therapy with anticonvulsants.

PubMed

Talat, Mohamed A; Ahmed, Anwar; Mohammed, Lamia

2015-10-01

To evaluate the serum levels of zinc and copper in epileptic children during the long-term treatment of anticonvulsant drugs and correlate this with healthy subjects. A hospital-based group matched case-control study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt between November 2013 and October 2014. Ninety patients aged 7.1 ± 3.6 years were diagnosed with epilepsy by a neurologist. The control group was selected from healthy individuals and matched to the case group. Serum zinc and copper were measured by the calorimetric method using a colorimetric method kit. The mean zinc level was 60.1 ± 22.6 ug/dl in the cases, and 102.1 ± 18 ug/dl in the controls (p<0.001). The mean copper level was 180.1 ± 32.4 ug/dl in cases compared with 114.5 ± 18.5 ug/dl in controls (p<0.001). Serum zinc levels in epileptic children under drug treatment are lower compared with healthy children. Also, serum copper levels in these patients are significantly higher than in healthy people. No significant difference in the levels of serum copper and zinc was observed in using one drug or multiple drugs in the treatment of epileptic patients.

Serum levels of zinc and copper in epileptic children during long-term therapy with anticonvulsants

PubMed Central

Talat, Mohamed A.; Ahmed, Anwar; Mohammed, Lamia

2015-01-01

Objective: To evaluate the serum levels of zinc and copper in epileptic children during the long-term treatment of anticonvulsant drugs and correlate this with healthy subjects. Methods: A hospital-based group matched case-control study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt between November 2013 and October 2014. Ninety patients aged 7.1±3.6 years were diagnosed with epilepsy by a neurologist. The control group was selected from healthy individuals and matched to the case group. Serum zinc and copper were measured by the calorimetric method using a colorimetric method kit. Results: The mean zinc level was 60.1±22.6 ug/dl in the cases, and 102.1±18 ug/dl in the controls (p<0.001). The mean copper level was 180.1±32.4 ug/dl in cases compared with 114.5±18.5 ug/dl in controls (p<0.001). Conclusion: Serum zinc levels in epileptic children under drug treatment are lower compared with healthy children. Also, serum copper levels in these patients are significantly higher than in healthy people. No significant difference in the levels of serum copper and zinc was observed in using one drug or multiple drugs in the treatment of epileptic patients. PMID:26492112

Modeling of batch sorber system: kinetic, mechanistic, and thermodynamic modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mishra, Vishal

2017-10-01

The present investigation has dealt with the biosorption of copper and zinc ions on the surface of egg-shell particles in the liquid phase. Various rate models were evaluated to elucidate the kinetics of copper and zinc biosorptions, and the results indicated that the pseudo-second-order model was more appropriate than the pseudo-first-order model. The curve of the initial sorption rate versus the initial concentration of copper and zinc ions also complemented the results of the pseudo-second-order model. Models used for the mechanistic modeling were the intra-particle model of pore diffusion and Bangham's model of film diffusion. The results of the mechanistic modeling together with the values of pore and film diffusivities indicated that the preferential mode of the biosorption of copper and zinc ions on the surface of egg-shell particles in the liquid phase was film diffusion. The results of the intra-particle model showed that the biosorption of the copper and zinc ions was not dominated by the pore diffusion, which was due to macro-pores with open-void spaces present on the surface of egg-shell particles. The thermodynamic modeling reproduced the fact that the sorption of copper and zinc was spontaneous, exothermic with the increased order of the randomness at the solid-liquid interface.

The evaluation of zinc and copper content in tooth enamel without any pathological changes - an in vitro study.

PubMed

Klimuszko, Elzbieta; Orywal, Karolina; Sierpinska, Teresa; Sidun, Jarosław; Golebiewska, Maria

2018-01-01

The objectives of the study were to evaluate the content of copper and zinc in individual layers of tooth enamel and to analyze the relationships between the study minerals in individual layers of tooth enamel. Fifteen human permanent teeth were cut off every 150 μm alongside the labial surface. Acid biopsy of each layer was performed. The zinc content was determined using the air-acetylene flame method. The copper content was determined using the electrothermal technique with argon. The mean zinc concentrations increased significantly starting from the outer enamel surface, with the maximum concentration in the 150-300 μm layer. The mean copper concentrations increased substantially from the outer enamel surface to a depth of 150 μm, and then a slight downward trend of this mineral levels was seen, down to a depth of 450 μm. Strong positive correlation was found between the zinc and copper concentrations at depths of 150-300, 450-600 and 600-750 μm. The levels of zinc and copper in the outer enamel layers may have an effect on the increased content of unipolar minerals at deeper enamel layers. The content of the study elements determined may reflect the process of mineralization and maturation of enamel in the pre-eruption period.

Air Force Successes and Challenges in Cr(VI) Elimination

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-10

ion vapor deposited Al, and Cd coatings 2. Use trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] conversion coating (CC) on Dipsol IZ- C17+ zinc-nickel (Zn-Ni) coating...interested in results Anodized T-38 aileron levers 10 Chromium -Free Conversion Coatings  Identify and evaluate chromium -free conversion coatings (CFCCs...the chromium -based conversion coating for treatment of aluminum alloys at OC-ALC • Conduct technology assessment to identify suitable Cr-free

Association of Maternal Diet With Zinc, Copper, and Iron Concentrations in Transitional Human Milk Produced by Korean Mothers

PubMed Central

Kim, Ji-Myung; Lee, Ji-Eun; Cho, Mi Sook; Kang, Bong Soo; Choi, Hyeon

2016-01-01

The aims of this study were to evaluate zinc, copper, and iron concentrations in the transitory milk of Korean lactating mothers and to investigate the relationship between these concentrations and maternal diet. Human milk samples were collected between 5 and 15 days postpartum from 96 healthy, lactating mothers in postpartum care centers in Seoul, Korea. Dietary intake during lactation was determined based on a 3-day dietary record. The mean zinc, copper, and iron concentrations in the human milk samples collected were 3.88 ± 1.74 mg/L, 0.69 ± 0.25 mg/L, and 5.85 ± 8.53 mg/L, respectively. The mothers who consumed alcoholic beverages during pregnancy had tended to have lower concentrations of zinc and copper, as well as significantly lower concentrations of iron, in their milk (p < 0.047). In contrast, the mothers who took daily supplements had much higher iron concentrations in their milk (p = 0.002). Dietary intakes of zinc, copper, and iron during lactation did not affect the concentrations of zinc, copper, and iron in the milk samples analyzed. Intakes of vitamin C, selenium, and iodine were associated with the concentration of copper in the milk samples analyzed, and consumption of food categorized as 'meat and meat products' was positively associated with the concentration of zinc. Consumption of rice was the top contributor to the concentrations of all three minerals. In conclusion, associations between maternal diet and nutrient concentrations in transitory human milk can provide useful information, particularly in regard to infant growth. PMID:26839873

Temporal and spatial variations of copper, cadmium, lead, and zinc in Ten Mile Creek in South Florida, USA.

PubMed

Yang, Yuangen; He, Zhenli; Lin, Youjian; Phlips, Edward J; Stoffella, Peter J; Powell, Charles A

2009-01-01

Lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd) often seriously deteriorate water quality. Spatial and temporal fluctuations of the metal concentrations in the Ten Mile Creek (Florida) (TMC) were monitored on a weekly basis at 7 sampling sites, from June 2005 to September 2007. River sediment samples were also collected from these sites in April, June, and October 2006 and January 2007, and analyzed for water, Mehlich 1 (M1), and Mehlich 3 (M3)-extractable metals (Mehlich, 1953, 1984), to examine the role of sediments as sources or sinks of the metals. The concentrations of lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium in the water samples were

Magnesium, zinc, and chromium levels in children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes.

PubMed

Lin, Ching-Chiang; Tsweng, Guey-Ju; Lee, Cheng-Fa; Chen, Bai-Hsiun; Huang, Yeou-Lih

2016-08-01

Several trace elements are involved in insulin signal transduction and glucose metabolism. Our aim for this present study was to determine the levels of three important elements-magnesium, chromium, and zinc-as well as one oxidative stress marker-malondialdehyde (MDA)-in young type 1 diabetic patients at different periods of their growth, and to realize the relationships between trace elements, oxidative stress, and growth stages. A total of 88 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in different growth stages and 76 gender- and age-matched healthy subjects were included in this study. The levels of MDA were measured through HPLC using a C-18 column. Zinc, magnesium, and chromium concentrations in serum were assessed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. We found higher levels of blood malondialdehyde (MDA; p < 0.001), significantly lower levels of magnesium (p < 0.001), and no differences in zinc and chromium levels (p = 0.153 and 0.515, respectively) in younger type 1 diabetic subjects relative to those of control subjects. Only 3.4% (3/88) of younger diabetic subjects exhibited hypomagnesemia; similar results were obtained when comparing different subgroups: children, adolescents, and adults. We also observed no differences in the levels of the three elements between the genders and among the growth stages (p > 0.05) of the diabetic subjects. There were no correlations between the three trace elements and HbA1C, diabetes duration, and insulin dose/BMI (all p > 0.05), but there was a significant difference between zinc levels and insulin dose/BMI (p = 0.043) in the diabetic patients. We found elevated blood MDA, decreased magnesium, and no changes in zinc and chromium levels in younger type 1 diabetic subjects relative to those of control subjects. Only 3.4% of younger diabetic subjects exhibited hypomagnesemia. Whether magnesium supplementation is suitable for improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation will require confirmation through additional studies. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.

In vitro and in vivo corrosion evaluation of nickel-chromium- and copper-aluminum-based alloys.

PubMed

Benatti, O F; Miranda, W G; Muench, A

2000-09-01

The low resistance to corrosion is the major problem related to the use of copper-aluminum alloys. This in vitro and in vivo study evaluated the corrosion of 2 copper-aluminum alloys (Cu-Al and Cu-Al-Zn) compared with a nickel-chromium alloy. For the in vitro test, specimens were immersed in the following 3 corrosion solutions: artificial saliva, 0.9% sodium chloride, and 1.0% sodium sulfide. For the in vivo test, specimens were embedded in complete dentures, so that one surface was left exposed. The 3 testing sites were (1) close to the oral mucosa (partial self-cleaning site), (2) surface exposed to the oral cavity (self-cleaning site), and (3) specimen bottom surface exposed to the saliva by means of a tunnel-shaped perforation (non-self-cleaning site). Almost no corrosion occurred with the nickel-chromium alloy, for either the in vitro or in vivo test. On the other hand, the 2 copper-aluminum-based alloys exhibited high corrosion in the sulfide solution. These same alloys also underwent high corrosion in non-self-cleaning sites for the in vivo test, although minimal attack was observed in self-cleaning sites. The nickel-chromium alloy presented high resistance to corrosion. Both copper-aluminum alloys showed considerable corrosion in the sulfide solution and clinically in the non-self-cleaning site. However, in self-cleaning sites these 2 alloys did not show substantial corrosion.

[Copper intake and blood levels as risk factors for atheromatous disease].

PubMed

Albala, C; Salazar, G; Vío, F; Araya, F; Feuerhacke, W; Olivares, S; Alvarez, G

1997-08-01

Copper is part of antioxidant enzymes and could have a cardiovascular protective effect. A higher cardiovascular risk has been associated with high as well as low plasma copper levels. To search for differences in copper intake and plasma levels between patients with coronary artery or cerebrovascular diseases and normal subjects. Zinc and copper intake, plasma levels and serum lipid levels were measured in 20 patients with cerebrovascular disease, 20 patients with an acute myocardial infarction and 40 subjects hospitalized for elective surgery, that served as controls. Copper and zinc intake was below recommended allowances in all subjects. Serum zinc and copper levels did not differ in the three study groups. In patients with myocardial infarction a weak correlation was found between serum copper and total cholesterol (r = 0.24; p < 0.05) and LDL cholesterol (r = 0.31; p < 0.05). No differences in copper levels were found in subjects with atherosclerosis and controls. The correlation between serum copper and cholesterol deserves further investigation.

Environmental Assessment for Lock and Dam 21 Major Rehabilitation, Marion County, Missouri and Adams County, Illinois.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-02-01

Stout floater 1 (Anodonta grandis grandis) Wabash pig toe 6 1 (Fusconaia flava) Fragile pape-shell 1 (Leptodea f-agilis) Three-horned warty back 1...LD21-U2 Arsenic <.01 <.01 Barium <.1 <.1 Cadmium .003 .002 Chromium (+3) <.05 <.05 Chromium (+6) <.05 <.05 Copper <.01 <.01 Cyanide <.01 <.01 Lead .03...60 >60 Cadmium * * >6 Chromium ញ 25-75 >75 Copper ញ 25-50 >50 Cyanide ɘ.10 0.10-0.25 >0.25 Lead ម 40-60 >60 Mercury ** - - Nickel ង 20-50 >50

Rainfall, Discharge, and Water-Quality Data During Stormwater Monitoring, July 1, 2007, to June 30, 2008; Halawa Stream Drainage Basin and the H-1 Storm Drain, Oahu, Hawaii

USGS Publications Warehouse

Presley, Todd K.; Jamison, Marcael T.J.; Young, Stacie T.M.

2008-01-01

Storm runoff water-quality samples were collected as part of the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation Stormwater Monitoring Program. The program is designed to assess the effects of highway runoff and urban runoff on Halawa Stream and to assess the effects from the H-1 storm drain on Manoa Stream. For this program, rainfall data were collected at three stations, continuous discharge data at four stations, and water-quality data at six stations, which include the four continuous discharge stations. This report summarizes rainfall, discharge, and water-quality data collected between July 1, 2007, and June 30, 2008. A total of 16 environmental samples were collected over two storms during July 1, 2007, to June 30, 2008, within the Halawa Stream drainage area. Samples were analyzed for total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, nutrients, chemical oxygen demand, and selected trace metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc). Additionally, grab samples were analyzed for oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons, fecal coliform, and biological oxygen demand. Some samples were analyzed for only a partial list of these analytes because an insufficient volume of sample was collected by the automatic samplers. Three additional quality-assurance/quality-control samples were collected concurrently with the storm samples. A total of 16 environmental samples were collected over four storms during July 1, 2007, to June 30, 2008 at the H-1 Storm Drain. All samples at this site were collected using an automatic sampler. Samples generally were analyzed for total suspended solids, nutrients, chemical oxygen demand, oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons, and selected trace metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc), although some samples were analyzed for only a partial list of these analytes. During the storm of January 29, 2008, 10 discrete samples were collected. Varying constituent concentrations were detected for the samples collected at different times during this storm event. Two quality-assurance/quality-control samples were collected concurrently with the storm samples. Three additional quality-assurance/quality-control samples were collected during routine sampler maintenance to check the effectiveness of equipment-cleaning procedures.

Excretion of Zinc and Copper Increases in Men during 3 Weeks of Bed Rest, with or without Artificial Gravity12

PubMed Central

Heacox, Hayley N; Gillman, Patricia L; Zwart, Sara R; Smith, Scott M

2017-01-01

Background: Zinc and copper have many physiologic functions and little or no functional storage capability, so persistent losses of either element present health concerns, especially during extended-duration space missions. Objectives: We evaluated the effects of short-term bed rest (BR), a spaceflight analog, on copper and zinc metabolism to better understand the role of these nutrients in human adaptation to (simulated) spaceflight. We also investigated the effect of artificial gravity on copper and zinc homeostasis. Methods: Zinc and copper balances were studied in 15 men [mean ± SD age: 29 ± 3 y; body mass index (in kg/m2): 26.4 ± 2.2] before, during, and after 21 d of head-down tilt BR, during which 8 of the participants were subjected to artificial gravity (AG) by centrifugation for 1 h/d. Control subjects were transferred onto the centrifuge but were not exposed to centrifugation. The study was conducted in a metabolic ward; all urine and feces were collected. Data were analyzed by 2-factor repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: Urinary zinc excretion values for control and AG groups were 33% and 14%, respectively, higher during BR than before BR, and fecal zinc excretion values for control and AG groups were 36% and 19%, respectively, higher during BR, resulting in 67% and 82% lower net zinc balances for controls and AG, respectively (both P < 0.01), despite lower nutrient intake during BR. Fecal copper values for control and AG groups were 40% and 33%, respectively, higher during BR than before BR (P < 0.01 for both). Urinary copper did not change during BR, but a 19% increase was observed after BR compared with before BR in the AG group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The increased fecal excretion of copper and zinc by men during BR suggests that their absorption of these minerals from the diet was reduced, secondary to the release of minerals from bone and muscle. These findings highlight the importance of determining dietary requirements for astronauts on space missions and ensuring provision and intake of all nutrients. PMID:28490676

Excretion of Zinc and Copper Increases in Men during 3 Weeks of Bed Rest, with or without Artificial Gravity.

PubMed

Heacox, Hayley N; Gillman, Patricia L; Zwart, Sara R; Smith, Scott M

2017-06-01

Background: Zinc and copper have many physiologic functions and little or no functional storage capability, so persistent losses of either element present health concerns, especially during extended-duration space missions. Objectives: We evaluated the effects of short-term bed rest (BR), a spaceflight analog, on copper and zinc metabolism to better understand the role of these nutrients in human adaptation to (simulated) spaceflight. We also investigated the effect of artificial gravity on copper and zinc homeostasis. Methods: Zinc and copper balances were studied in 15 men [mean ± SD age: 29 ± 3 y; body mass index (in kg/m 2 ): 26.4 ± 2.2] before, during, and after 21 d of head-down tilt BR, during which 8 of the participants were subjected to artificial gravity (AG) by centrifugation for 1 h/d. Control subjects were transferred onto the centrifuge but were not exposed to centrifugation. The study was conducted in a metabolic ward; all urine and feces were collected. Data were analyzed by 2-factor repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: Urinary zinc excretion values for control and AG groups were 33% and 14%, respectively, higher during BR than before BR, and fecal zinc excretion values for control and AG groups were 36% and 19%, respectively, higher during BR, resulting in 67% and 82% lower net zinc balances for controls and AG, respectively (both P < 0.01), despite lower nutrient intake during BR. Fecal copper values for control and AG groups were 40% and 33%, respectively, higher during BR than before BR ( P < 0.01 for both). Urinary copper did not change during BR, but a 19% increase was observed after BR compared with before BR in the AG group ( P < 0.05). Conclusions: The increased fecal excretion of copper and zinc by men during BR suggests that their absorption of these minerals from the diet was reduced, secondary to the release of minerals from bone and muscle. These findings highlight the importance of determining dietary requirements for astronauts on space missions and ensuring provision and intake of all nutrients. © 2017 American Society for Nutrition.

Environmentally Friendly Zirconium Oxide Pretreatment

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-01

during the conversion of the highly soluble hexavalent chromate ions to an inert and relatively insoluble trivalent chromium oxide layer. Depletion of...are being used commercially in automotive and other industrial operations as replacements to hexavalent chromium -based and zinc phosphate...Society for Testing and Materials AVCRAD Aviation Classification Repair Activity Depot Chrome (VI) Hexavalent Chromium CRS Cold Rolled Steel

40 CFR 461.73 - New source performance standards. (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Zinc Subcategory § 461.73 New... subject to this subpart shall not exceed the standards set forth below: (1) Subpart G—Zinc Oxide Formed... units—mg/kg of zinc English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of zinc Chromium 4.55 1.97 Mercury 2.82 1...

Combined copper/zinc attachment to prion protein

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hodak, Miroslav; Bernholc, Jerry

2013-03-01

Misfolding of prion protein (PrP) is responsible for diseases such as ``mad-cow disease'' in cattle and Creutzfeldt-Jacob in humans. Extensive experimental investigation has established that this protein strongly interacts with copper ions, and this ability has been linked to its still unknown function. Attachment of other metal ions (zinc, iron, manganese) have been demonstrated as well, but none of them could outcompete copper. Recent finding, however, indicates that at intermediate concentrations both copper and zinc ions can attach to the PrP at the octarepeat region, which contains high affinity metal binding sites. Based on this evidence, we have performed density functional theory simulations to investigate the combined Cu/Zn attachment. We consider all previously reported binding modes of copper at the octarepeat region and examine a possibility simultaneous Cu/Zn attachment. We find that this can indeed occur for only one of the known binding sites, when copper changes its coordination mode to allow for attachment of zinc ion. The implications of the simultaneous attachment on neural function remain to be explored.

Comments on cathode contaminants and the LBNL test stand

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bieniosek, F.; Baca, D.; Greenway, W.

This report collects information on cathode contaminants we have gathered in the process of operating the LBNL DARHT cathode test stand. Information on contaminants is compiled from several sources. The attachment, ''Practical Aspects of Modern Dispenser Cathodes'', is from Heat Wave Corp. (TB-134) and was originally published in Microwave Journal, September 1979. Cathode contamination depends on both material choices and residual gases. Table 1 of TB-134 lists materials that can poison dispenser cathodes. These include reactive residual gases or vapors such as oxygen, water vapor, benzene, chlorine, fluorine, sulfur, silicon, and most metals other than molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, and copper.more » The metals interact with the cathode surface through their vapor pressure. A paper by Nexsen and Turner, J. Appl. Phys. 68, 298-303 (1990) shows the threshold effects of some common residual gases or vapors on cathode performance. The book by Walter H. Kohl, Handbook of Materials and Techniques for Vacuum Devices, also contains useful information on cathodes and poisoning agents. A plot of the vapor pressures and poisoning effect of certain metals (from Kohl) is shown below. Note that the vapor pressure of zinc is 1.1 x 10{sup -8} Torr at 400 K = 127 C, and 2.7 x 10{sup -5} at 500 K = 227 C. By contrast iron reaches a vapor pressure 1 x 10{sup -8} between 800 and 900 C. Therefore it is important to eliminate any brass parts that could exceed a temperature of 100 C. Many structural components of the cathode assembly contain steel. At 500-600 C in an oxygen atmosphere chromium oxide may outgas from the steel. [Cho, et.al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 19, p. 998 (2001)]. Steel may also contain silicon, and sulfur at low concentrations. Therefore use of steel should be limited or avoided at high temperature near the cathode. Materials that should be avoided in the vicinity of the cathode include brass, silver, zinc, non-OFHC copper, silicates, and sulfur-containing lubricants such molybdenum disulfide. Macor is an aluminosilicate-based insulator that is not stable at high temperature. Macor near the cathode should be replaced by a high-temperature insulator such as alumina ceramic. Other insulating materials that contain silicates, such as fiber insulating sleeves, should be avoided. Copper that is not OFHC contains oxygen and other impurities and should be avoided. Lubricating screw coatings should be chosen carefully to have no sulfur content. Common sources of contamination that can cause low emission include water, saliva, silicates such as glass dust, etc. Cathodes should be handled in near clean-room conditions to minimize the amount of water vapor on the cathode surface from breathing, etc. Cathodes should also be stored in such as a way as to avoid contact with materials such as glass dust and water vapor. Attached are plots of SEM data for several test pieces that were taken from the LBNL test stand after activation of the 311x scandate DARHT cathode. Several copper pieces in the anode region were tested, showing the presence of zinc. Two stainless steel nuts coated with a contaminant were also tested. The SEM data indicates the presence of zinc and some sulfur. The zinc has been traced to a brass piece, and the sulfur to the possible use of molybdenum disulfide lubricant on a nut in the system. Finally a swipe of contaminant on the vacuum vessel wall analyzed by a commercial testing laboratory shows again the presence of zinc. In order to improve system cleanliness, we have implemented the following modifications to the test stand: replaced the brass piece with copper-tungsten; replaced Macor insulators with alumina ceramic; used boron nitride lubricant; replaced copper beam stop with OFHC copper; and replaced steel pieces near the cathode where possible with copper or copper-tungsten. A clean fire of high-temperature components and a high-current filament test have shown no evidence to date for contaminants since the modifications.« less

The Role of Trace Elements in Tinnitus.

PubMed

Yaşar, Mehmet; Şahin, Mehmet İlhan; Karakükçü, Çiğdem; Güneri, Erhan; Doğan, Murat; Sağıt, Mustafa

2017-03-01

In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of three trace elements, namely, zinc, copper, and lead, in tinnitus by analyzing the serum level of copper and lead and both the serum and tissue level of zinc. Eighty patients, who applied to outpatient otolaryngology clinic with the complaints of having tinnitus, and 28 healthy volunteers were included. High-frequency audiometry was performed, and participants who had hearing loss according to the pure tone average were excluded; tinnitus frequency and loudness were determined and tinnitus reaction questionnaire scores were obtained from the patients. Of all the participants, serum zinc, copper, and lead values were measured; moreover, zinc levels were examined in hair samples. The levels of trace elements were compared between tinnitus and control groups. The level of copper was found to be significantly lower in the tinnitus group (p = 0.02), but there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the levels of zinc, neither in serum nor in hair, and lead in serum (p > 0.05). The lack of trace elements, especially that of "zinc," have been doubted for the etiopathogenesis of tinnitus in the literature; however, we only found copper levels to be low in patients having tinnitus.

40 CFR 468.11 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Metric units—mg/off-kg of copper or copper alloy hot rolled English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds... copper or copper alloy cold rolled English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper... drawn English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy drawn Chromium 0.037 0.015...

The effect of red cell and plasma transfusion on serum zinc and copper levels in the neonate.

PubMed

Lockitch, G; Godolphin, W J; Pendray, M R; Quigley, G

1983-11-01

Transfusion of packed red cells (15 to 20 ml/kg) in 11 preterm infants resulted in a slight increase in mean serum zinc levels on the 3rd post transfusion day but no effect was noted on serum copper levels. No significant difference was found between the changes in serum zinc in 141 paired specimens collected a week apart when zero, one, two or three packed cell transfusions were given in the intervening week. A slight decrease in the mean copper level was noted when one transfusion was given. Transfusion of fresh frozen plasma in six newborns with abdominal wall defects resulted in initial serum copper levels two to three times greater than the reference mean for newborns. No effect was noted on zinc levels. Serum copper results should be interpreted with caution in infants who have been transfused with plasma.

Installation Restoration Program. Phase 1, Records Search. Chanute AFB, Illinois

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-12-01

Ogle County in northern Illinois to Wabash County in the southeast part of the state. It occurs approximately two miles west of Chanute Air Force Base...AFB) Station I Oil & Ammonia Cadmium Chromium Copper Iron Lead Mercury Nickel Silver Date COD Grease (*) Phosphorus (50)* (1000)* (20)* (1000) • (100...MONITORING DATA SALT FORK CREEK BEFORE TRIBUTARY CONFLUENCE (Before Entering Chanute APB) Station 2 Oil & Ammonia Cadmium Chromium Copper Iron Lead Mercury

Bioaccumulation of Copper (Cu) and Chromium (Cr) on export comodity vanamei shrimp from Karawang, West Java

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rahman, A.; Takarina, N. D.; Siswantining, T.; Pin, T. G.; Soedjiarti, T.

2018-05-01

Karawang is one of regencies in West Java which has great potential for vannamei culture. The farm here was modern farm and using Citarum River as water source. Human activities like household and industry around the river cause its quality decrease and give negative impact to shrimp farm. This research was aimed to investigate the bioaccumulation of copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr) on vannamei shrimp from Karawang, West Java. Amount of shrimp’s meat and carapace were used for heavy metal measurement using Atomic Absorption Specthrophotometry. Result showed that contents of copper both in meat and carapace were higher than content of chromium. Moreover, the content of both metals was higher on carapace compared to meat. Since the content of meat were below threshold, so it is safe for consumption. There is no significant difference content of both metals in carapace.

The role of arbuscular mycorrhiza on change of heavy metal speciation in rhizosphere of maize in wastewater irrigated agriculture soil.

PubMed

Huang, Yi; Tao, Shu; Chen, You-jian

2005-01-01

To understand the roles of mycorrhiza in metal speciation in the rhizosphere and the impact on increasing host plant tolerance against excessive heavy metals in soil, maize (Zea mays L.) inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus mosseae) was cultivated in heavy metal contaminated soil. Speciations of copper, zinc and lead in the soil were analyzed with the technique of sequential extraction. The results showed that, in comparison to the bolked soil, the exchangeable copper increased from 26% to 43% in non-infected and AM-infected rhizoshpere respectively; while other speciation (organic, carbonate and Fe-Mn oxide copper) remained constant and the organic bound zinc and lead also increased but the exchangeable zinc and lead were undetectable. The organic bound copper, zinc and lead were higher by 15%, 40% and 20%, respectively, in the rhizosphere of arbuscular mycorrhiza infected maize in comparison to the non-infected maize. The results might indicate that mycorrhiza could protect its host plants from the phytotoxicity of excessive copper, zinc and lead by changing the speciation from bio-available to the non-bio-available form. The fact that copper and zinc accumulation in the roots and shoots of mycorrhia infected plants were significantly lower than those in the non-infected plants might also suggest that mycorrhiza efficiently restricted excessive copper and zinc absorptions into the host plants. Compared to the non-infected seedlings, the lead content of infected seedlings was 60% higher in shoots. This might illustrate that mycorrhiza have a different mechanism for protecting its host from excessive lead phytotoxicity by chelating lead in the shoots.

Power scaling of ultrafast laser inscribed waveguide lasers in chromium and iron doped zinc selenide.

PubMed

McDaniel, Sean A; Lancaster, Adam; Evans, Jonathan W; Kar, Ajoy K; Cook, Gary

2016-02-22

We report demonstration of Watt level waveguide lasers fabricated using Ultrafast Laser Inscription (ULI). The waveguides were fabricated in bulk chromium and iron doped zinc selenide crystals with a chirped pulse Yb fiber laser. The depressed cladding structure in Fe:ZnSe produced output powers of 1 W with a threshold of 50 mW and a slope efficiency of 58%, while a similar structure produced 5.1 W of output in Cr:ZnSe with a laser threshold of 350 mW and a slope efficiency of 41%. These results represent the current state-of-the-art for ULI waveguides in zinc based chalcogenides.

Sequential injection system with in-line solid phase extraction and soil mini-column for determination of zinc and copper in soil leachates.

PubMed

Paluch, Justyna; Mesquita, Raquel B R; Cerdà, Víctor; Kozak, Joanna; Wieczorek, Marcin; Rangel, António O S S

2018-08-01

A sequential injection (SI) system equipped with in-line solid phase extraction column and in-line soil mini-column is proposed for determination of zinc and copper in soil leachates. The spectrophotometric determination (560 nm) is based on the reaction of both analytes with 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN). Zinc is determined after retaining copper on a cationic resin (Chelex100) whereas copper is determined from the difference of the absorbance measured for both analytes, introduced into the system with the use of a different channel, and zinc absorbance. The influence of several potential interferences was studied. Using the developed method, zinc and copper were determined within the concentration ranges of 0.005-0.300 and 0.011-0.200 mg L -1 , and with a relative standard deviation lower than 6.0% and 5.1%, respectively. The detection limits are 1.4 and 3.0 µg/L for determination of zinc and copper, respectively. The developed SI method was verified by the determination of both analytes in synthetic and certified reference materials of water samples, and applied to the determination of the analytes in rain water and soil leachates from laboratory scale soil core column and in-line soil mini-column. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

78 FR 57630 - Information Collection Request Submitted to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment Request; NSPS...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-19

..., Primary Copper Smelters, Primary Zinc Smelters, Primary Lead Smelters, Primary Aluminum Reduction Plants...), Primary Copper Smelters (40 CFR Part 60, Subpart P), Primary Zinc Smelters (40 CFR Part 60, Subpart Q... zinc smelters, primary lead smelters, primary aluminum reduction plants, and ferroalloy production...

Alterations in fear response and spatial memory in pre- and post-natal zinc supplemented rats: remediation by copper.

PubMed

Railey, Angela M; Micheli, Teresa L; Wanschura, Patricia B; Flinn, Jane M

2010-05-11

The role of zinc in the nervous system is receiving increased attention. At a time when dietary fortification and supplementation have increased the amount of zinc being consumed, little work has been done on the effects of enhanced zinc on behavior. Both zinc and copper are essential trace minerals that are acquired from the diet; under normal conditions the body protects against zinc overload, but at excessive dosages, copper deficiency has been seen. In order to examine the effect of enhanced metal administration on learning and memory, Sprague Dawley rats were given water supplemented with 10ppm Zn, 10ppm Zn+0.25ppm Cu, or normal lab water, during pre- and post-natal development. Fear conditioning tests at 4months showed significantly higher freezing rates during contextual retention and extinction and cued extinction for rats drinking water supplemented with zinc, suggesting increased anxiety compared to controls raised on lab water. During the MWM task at 9months, zinc-enhanced rats had significantly longer latencies to reach the platform compared to controls. The addition of copper to the zinc supplemented water brought freezing and latency levels closer to that of controls. These data demonstrate the importance of maintaining appropriate intake of both metals simultaneously, and show that long-term supplementation with zinc may cause alterations in memory. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effects of rutin supplementation on antioxidant status and iron, copper, and zinc contents in mouse liver and brain.

PubMed

Gao, Zhonghong; Xu, Huibi; Huang, Kaixun

2002-09-01

The effect of rutin on total antioxidant status as well as on trace elements such as iron, copper, and zinc in mouse liver and brain were studied. Mice were administrated with 0.75 g/kg or 2.25 g/kg P. O. of rutin for 30 d consecutively. Following the treatment, the activity of total antioxidant status, catalase, Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase, Mn-superoxide dismutase, zinc, copper, and iron were measured in mouse liver and brain. The results showed that rutin significantly increased the antioxidant status and Mn-superoxide dismutase activities in mouse liver, but it had no effect on these variables in the brain. Treatment with a higher concentration of rutin significantly decreased catalase activity and iron, zinc, and copper contents in mouse liver; it also resulted in a slower weight gain for the first 20 d. These results indicate that rutin taken in proper amount can effectively improve antioxidant status, whereas at an increased dosage, it may cause trace element (such as iron, zinc, and copper) deficiencies and a decrease in the activities of related metal-containing enzymes.

An Index to PGE-Ni-Cr Deposits and Occurrences in Selected Mineral-Occurrence Databases

USGS Publications Warehouse

Causey, J. Douglas; Galloway, John P.; Zientek, Michael L.

2009-01-01

Databases of mineral deposits and occurrences are essential to conducting assessments of undiscovered mineral resources. In the USGS's (U.S. Geological Survey) global assessment of undiscovered resources of copper, potash, and the platinum-group elements (PGE), only a few mineral deposit types will be evaluated. For example, only porphyry-copper and sediment-hosted copper deposits will be considered for the copper assessment. To support the global assessment, the USGS prepared comprehensive compilations of the occurrences of these two deposit types in order to develop grade and tonnage models and delineate permissive areas for undiscovered deposits of those types. This publication identifies previously published databases and database records that describe PGE, nickel, and chromium deposits and occurrences. Nickel and chromium were included in this overview because of the close association of PGE with nickel and chromium mineralization. Users of this database will need to refer to the original databases for detailed information about the deposits and occurrences. This information will be used to develop a current and comprehensive global database of PGE deposits and occurrences.

Influence of water chemistry on the acute toxicity of copper and zinc to the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cf dubia.

PubMed

Hyne, Ross V; Pablo, Fleur; Julli, Moreno; Markich, Scott J

2005-07-01

This study determined the influence of key water chemistry parameters (pH, alkalinity, dissolved organic carbon [DOC], and hardness) on the aqueous speciation of copper and zinc and its relationship to the acute toxicity of these metals to the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cf dubia. Immobilization tests were performed for 48-h in synthetic or natural waters buffered at various pH values from 5.5 to 8.4 (other chemical parameters held constant). The toxicity of copper to C. cf dubia decreased fivefold with increasing pH, whereas the toxicity of zinc increased fivefold with increasing pH. The effect of DOC on copper and zinc toxicity to C. cf dubia was determined using natural fulvic acid in the synthetic water. Increasing DOC was found to decrease linearly the toxicity of copper, with the mean effect concentration of copper that immobilized 50% of the cladocerans (EC50) value 45 times higher at 10 mg/L, relative to 0.1 mg/L DOC at pH 6.5. In contrast, the addition of 10 mg/L DOC only resulted in a very small (1.3-fold) reduction in the toxicity of zinc to C. cf dubia. Copper toxicity to C. cf dubia generally did not vary as a function of hardness, whereas zinc toxicity was reduced by a factor of only two, with an increase in water hardness from 44 to 374 mg CaCO3/L. Increasing bicarbonate alkalinity of synthetic waters (30-125 mg/L as CaCO3) decreased the toxicity of copper up to fivefold, which mainly could be attributed to the formation of copper-carbonate complexes, in addition to a pH effect. The toxicity of copper added to a range of natural waters with varying DOC content, pH, and hardness was consistent with the toxicity predicted using the data obtained from the synthetic waters.

Mineral resource assessment of the Iron River 1 degree x 2 degrees Quadrangle, Michigan and Wisconsin

USGS Publications Warehouse

Cannon, William F.

1983-01-01

The Iron River 1? x 2? quadrangle contains identified resources of copper and iron. Copper-rich shale beds in the north part of the quadrangle contain 12.2 billion pounds (5.5 billion kilograms) of copper in well-studied deposits including 9.2 billion pounds (4.2 billion kilograms) that are economically minable by 1980 standards. At least several billion pounds of copper probably exist in other parts of the same shale beds, but not enough data are available to measure the amount. A small amount, about 250 million pounds (113 million kilograms), of native copper is known to remain in one abandoned mine, and additional but unknown amounts remain in other abandoned mines. About 13.25 billion tons (12.02 billion metric tons) of banded iron-formation averaging roughly 30 percent iron are known within 500 feet (152.4 meters) of the surface in the Gogebic, Marquette, and Iron River-Crystal Falls districts. A small percentage of that might someday be minable as taconite, but none is now believed to be economic. Some higher grade iron concentrations exist in the same iron-formations. Such material was the basis of former mining of iron in the region, but a poor market for such ore and depletion of many deposits have led to the decline of iron mining in the quadrangle. Iron mines of the quadrangle were not being worked in 1980. Many parts of the quadrangle contain belts of favorable host rocks for mineral deposits. Although deposits are not known in these belts, undiscovered deposits of copper, zinc, lead, silver, uranium, phosphate, nickel, chromium, platinum, gold, and diamonds could exist.

[Interaction among the trace elements zinc, copper and iron after depletion and repletion of dairy cows with zinc].

PubMed

Kirchgessner, M; Schwarz, F J; Roth, H P; Schwarz, W A

1978-12-01

Imbalances in the supply with trace elements may be caused by the excessive administration of one or several elements or the insufficient administration in relation to other trace elements. This article deals with the interactions between the trace elements zinc and copper resp. zinc and iron under the conditions of the insufficient supply with Zn (6 mg per kg dry matter of the fodder) and the supply according to the demand with other trace elements (14 mg copper resp. 83 mg iron per dry matter of the fodder). For this purpose we investigated the copper, iron and zinc content of the milk and the serum of cows that were first depleted of zinc through a semi-synthetic zinc deficiency diet and then repleted with extra allowances of zinc. The closest connections exist between the copper and zinc content of the milk. Thus extreme Zn-deficiency feeding conditions the decreased Zn-content on the one hand and increased Cu-content on the other. In contrast to this, the cows' Zn-excretion in the milk increases after Zn-repletion whereas the Cu-content decreases. This shows a distinctly negative correlation. A loose connection could only be detected for the Cu- and Zn-content of the serum. Though the Zn-content changed considerably in dependence on the Zn-supply, the Cu-content remained largely uninfluenced. The Fe-content of both milk and serum shows no interaction with the nutritive Zn-supply. Only after 19 test weeks of extreme Zn-deficiency could a slight increase of the Fe-concentration be indicated.

40 CFR 468.12 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... English Units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or copper alloy hot rolled Chromium 0.045 0.018... monthly average Metric units—mg/off-kg of copper or copper alloy cold rolled English units—pounds per 1.../off-kg of copper or copper alloy drawn English units—pounds per 1,000,000 off-pounds of copper or...

Chronic sensitivity of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to cadmium, copper, lead, or zinc in laboratory water-only exposures

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wang, Ning; Ingersoll, Christopher G.; Dorman, Rebecca A.; Brumbaugh, William G.; Mebane, Christopher A.; Kunz, James L.; Hardesty, Douglas K.

2014-01-01

Chronic toxicity of cadmium, copper, lead, or zinc to white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was evaluated in water-only exposures started with newly hatched larvae or approximately 1-mo-old juveniles. The 20% effect concentration (EC20) for cadmium from the sturgeon tests was higher than the EC20 from the trout tests, whereas the EC20 for copper, lead, or zinc for the sturgeon were lower than those EC20s for the trout. When the EC20s from the present study were included in compiled toxicity databases for all freshwater species, species mean chronic value for white sturgeon was in a relatively low percentile of the species sensitivity distribution for copper (9th percentile) and in the middle percentile for cadmium (55th percentile), zinc (40th percentile), or lead (50th percentile). However, the species mean chronic value for rainbow trout was in a high percentile for copper, lead, and zinc (∼68th–82nd percentile), but in a low percentile for cadmium (23rd percentile). The trout EC20s for each of the 4 metals and the sturgeon EC20s for cadmium or lead were above US Environmental Protection Agency chronic ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) or Washington State chronic water quality standards (WQS), whereas the sturgeon EC20s for copper or zinc were approximately equal to or below the chronic AWQC and WQS. In addition, acute 50% effect concentrations (EC50s) for copper obtained in the first 4 d of the chronic sturgeon test were below the final acute value used to derive acute AWQC and below acute WQS for copper.

Occupational exposure to chromium, copper and arsenic during work with impregnated wood in joinery shops.

PubMed

Nygren, O; Nilsson, C A; Lindahl, R

1992-10-01

CCA-impregnated timber contains copper, chromium and arsenic (CCA), and occupational exposure to wood dust as well as the CCA compounds may occur in work with such timber. Dust from commercially available impregnated wood has been found to contain hexavalent chromium, which is regarded as a carcinogen. Apart from determinations of the total amounts of the CCA compounds, specific determination of hexavalent chromium is therefore essential. Selective methods have been applied for control of the work environment in six joinery shops. The mean exposure to wood dust was found to be below 1 mg m-3. The mean airborne concentration of arsenic around various types of joinery machines was in the range from 0.54 to 3.1 micrograms m-3. No hexavalent chromium was detected in any samples and no increased concentrations of arsenic were found in urine from the workers. The presence of arsenic in the work-room air must be considered for appropriate assessment of the occupational environment in joinery shops.

Reducing chromium losses from a chromium plating bath. 1987 summer intern report. Project conducted at New Dimension Plating, Hutchinson, Minnesota

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Achman, D.

1987-12-31

The company employs about forty people and operates for one or two eight hour shifts with an average of 315 racks of chrome plating per eight hour day. They plate a variety of metals including copper, nickel, gold, brass and chromium. Chromium is the major metal plated and is usually the last step in plating cycle. Most parts are copper plated and then nickel plated in preparation for chrome plating. The main difference between New Dimension Plating and other plating shops is the variety of parts plated. As New Dimension Plating is a job shop, a wide range of partsmore » such as motorcycle accessories, stove parts, and custom items are metal finished. The plating lines are manual, meaning employees dip the racks into the tanks by hand. This fact along with the fact that parts vary greatly in size and shape accounts for the significant drag-out on the chromium plating line.« less

Talitrid amphipods (Crustacea) as biomonitors for copper and zinc

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rainbow, P. S.; Moore, P. G.; Watson, D.

1989-06-01

Data are presented on the copper and zinc concentrations of four talitrid amphipod species (standard dry weight 10 mg), i.e. Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas), O. mediterranea Costa, Talitrus saltator Montagu and Talorchestia deshayesii (Audouin), from 31 sites in S.W. Scotland, N. Wales and S.W. England. More limited data are also presented for cadmium in O. gammarellus (three sites) and T. deshayesii (one site). In S.W. Scotland, copper concentrations were raised significantly in O. gammarellus from Whithorn and Auchencairn (Solway) and Loch Long and Holy Loch (Clyde). In S.W. England, copper concentrations were highest at Restronguet Creek, Torpoint and Gannel (Cornwall). Samples of O. gammarellus from Islay (inner Hebrides) taken adjacent to the effluent outfalls of local whisky distilleries fell into two groups based on copper concentrations (presumably derived from copper stills), the higher copper levels deriving from the more productive distilleries. High copper levels were found in T. saltator and Tal. deshayesii from Dulas Bay (Wales). Zinc levels in O. gammarellus were high in Holy Loch and Auchencairn (Scotland), Gannel and Torpoint (England) but extremely elevated (as was Zn in O. mediterranea) at Restronguet Creek. Zinc was also high in T. saltator from Dulas Bay (Wales), but not in Tal. deshayesii. Cadmium levels in O. gammarellus from Kilve (Bristol Channel) were much raised. These differences (a) conform with expectations of elevated bioavailability of these metals from well researched areas (S.W. England & N. Wales), and (b) identify hitherto unappreciated areas of enrichment in S.W. Scotland. Orchestia gammarellus is put forward as a suitable biomonitor for copper and zinc in British coastal waters.

Materials characterization of dusts generated by the collapse of the World Trade Center

USGS Publications Warehouse

Meeker, Gregory P.; Sutley, Stephen J.; Brownfield, Isabelle; Lowers, Heather; Bern, Amy M.; Swayze, Gregg A.; Hoefen, Todd M.; Plumlee, Geoffrey S.; Clark, Roger N.; Gent, Carol A.

2009-01-01

The major inorganic components of the dusts generated from the collapse of the World Trade Center buildings on September 11, 2001 were concrete materials, gypsum, and man-made vitreous fibers. These components were likely derived from lightweight Portland cement concrete floors, gypsum wallboard, and spray-on fireproofing and ceiling tiles, respectively. All of the 36 samples collected by the USGS team had these materials as the three major inorganic components of the dust. Components found at minor and trace levels include chrysotile asbestos, lead, crystalline silica, and particles of iron and zinc oxides. Other heavy metals, such as lead, bismuth, copper, molybdenum, chromium, and nickel, were present at much lower levels occurring in a variety of chemical forms. Several of these materials have health implications based on their chemical composition, morphology, and bioaccessibility.

Parenteral trace element provision: recent clinical research and practical conclusions

PubMed Central

Stehle, P; Stoffel-Wagner, B; Kuhn, K S

2016-01-01

The aim of this systematic review (PubMed, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed and Cochrane, www.cochrane.org; last entry 31 December 2014) was to present data from recent clinical studies investigating parenteral trace element provision in adult patients and to draw conclusions for clinical practice. Important physiological functions in human metabolism are known for nine trace elements: selenium, zinc, copper, manganese, chromium, iron, molybdenum, iodine and fluoride. Lack of, or an insufficient supply of, these trace elements in nutrition therapy over a prolonged period is associated with trace element deprivation, which may lead to a deterioration of existing clinical symptoms and/or the development of characteristic malnutrition syndromes. Therefore, all parenteral nutrition prescriptions should include a daily dose of trace elements. To avoid trace element deprivation or imbalances, physiological doses are recommended. PMID:27049031

Transition metal-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for biomedical applications.

PubMed

Sanpo, Noppakun; Berndt, Christopher C; Wen, Cuie; Wang, James

2013-03-01

Transition metals of copper, zinc, chromium and nickel were substituted into cobalt ferrite nanoparticles via a sol-gel route using citric acid as a chelating agent. The microstructure and elemental composition were characterized using scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Phase analysis of transition metal-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles was performed via X-ray diffraction. Surface wettability was measured using the water contact angle technique. The surface roughness of all nanoparticles was measured using profilometry. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were performed to determine the temperature at which the decomposition and oxidation of the chelating agents took place. Results indicated that the substitution of transition metals influences strongly the microstructure, crystal structure and antibacterial property of the cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Copyright © 2012 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Survival in amoeba--a major selection pressure on the presence of bacterial copper and zinc resistance determinants? Identification of a "copper pathogenicity island".

PubMed

Hao, Xiuli; Lüthje, Freja L; Qin, Yanan; McDevitt, Sylvia Franke; Lutay, Nataliya; Hobman, Jon L; Asiani, Karishma; Soncini, Fernando C; German, Nadezhda; Zhang, Siyu; Zhu, Yong-Guan; Rensing, Christopher

2015-07-01

The presence of metal resistance determinants in bacteria usually is attributed to geological or anthropogenic metal contamination in different environments or associated with the use of antimicrobial metals in human healthcare or in agriculture. While this is certainly true, we hypothesize that protozoan predation and macrophage killing are also responsible for selection of copper/zinc resistance genes in bacteria. In this review, we outline evidence supporting this hypothesis, as well as highlight the correlation between metal resistance and pathogenicity in bacteria. In addition, we introduce and characterize the "copper pathogenicity island" identified in Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains isolated from copper- and zinc-fed Danish pigs.

A method for predicting service life of zinc rich primers on carbon steel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hoppesch, C. W.

1986-01-01

The service life of zinc rich primers on carbon steel can be estimated by immersing a primer coated glass slide into an aqueous copper sulfate solution and measuring the amount of zinc that reacts with the copper in 15 minutes. This zinc availability test was used to evaluate eleven primers currently available for which marine beach exposure data was available from previous programs. Results were evaluated and a correlation between zinc availability and ASTM rust grade was shown.

Deposition of corrosion products from dowels on human dental root surfaces measured with proton microprobe technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brune, D.; Brunell, G.; Lindh, U.

1982-06-01

Distribution of copper, mercury and zinc on human teeth root surfaces adjacent to dowels of gold alloy or brass as well as dowels of brass in conjunction with an amalgam crown has been measured with a proton microprobe using PIXE techniques. Upper limits of the contents of gold and silver on the root surfaces were established. Pronounced concentration profiles of copper and zinc were observed on the root surfaces of teeth prepared with dowels of brass. The dowel of gold alloy revealed only zinc deposition. The major part of copper on the root surfaces is assumed to arise from corrosion of the dowels, and has been transported to the surface by diffusion through the dential tubuli. Zinc in the volume analysed is a constituent of dentin tissue as well as a corrosion product of the brass dowel. Part of the zinc level could also be ascribed to erosion of the zinc phosphate cement matrix. The volumes analysed were (25×25×25)μm 3. The levels of copper, mercury and zinc on the tooth root surfaces attained values up to about 200, 20 and 600 ppm, respectively.

Transition metal sensing by Toll-like receptor-4: next to nickel, cobalt and palladium are potent human dendritic cell stimulators.

PubMed

Rachmawati, Dessy; Bontkes, Hetty J; Verstege, Marleen I; Muris, Joris; von Blomberg, B Mary E; Scheper, Rik J; van Hoogstraten, Ingrid M W

2013-06-01

Nickel was recently identified as a potent activator of dendritic cells through ligating with human Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4. Here, we studied an extended panel of transition metals neighbouring nickel in the periodic table of elements, for their capacity to activate human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). The panel included chromium, cobalt, and palladium, all of which are known to be frequent clinical sensitizers. MoDC activation was monitored by assessment of release of the pro-inflammatory mediator interleukin (IL)-8, a major downstream result of TLR ligation. Results The data obtained in the present study show that cobalt and palladium also have potent MoDC-activating capacities, whereas copper and zinc, but not iron and chromium, have low but distinct MoDC-activating potential. Involvement of endotoxin contamination in MoDC activation was excluded by Limulus assays and consistent stimulation in the presence of polymyxin B. The critical role of TLR4 in nickel-induced, cobalt-induced and palladium-induced activation was confirmed by essentially similar stimulatory patterns obtained in an HEK293 TLR4/MD2 transfectant cell line. Given the adjuvant role of costimulatory danger signals, the development of contact allergies to the stimulatory metals may be facilitated by signals from direct TLR4 ligation, whereas other metal sensitizers, such as chromium, may rather depend on microbial or tissue-derived cofactors to induce clinical sensitization. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Cadmium, copper, iron, and zinc concentrations in kidneys of grey wolves, Canis lupus, from Alaska, Idaho, Montana (USA) and the Northwest Territories (Canada).

PubMed

Hoffmann, S R; Blunck, S A; Petersen, K N; Jones, E M; Koval, J C; Misek, R; Frick, J A; Cluff, H D; Sime, C A; McNay, M; Beckman, K B; Atkinson, M W; Drew, M; Collinge, M D; Bangs, E E; Harper, R G

2010-11-01

Cadmium, copper, iron, and zinc levels were measured in the kidneys of 115 grey wolves (Canis lupus) from Idaho, Montana and Alaska (United States), and from the Northwest Territories (Canada). No significant differences in the levels of iron or copper were observed between locations, but wolf kidneys from more northern locations had significantly higher cadmium levels (Alaska > Northwest Territories > Montana ≈ Idaho), and wolves from Alaska showed significantly higher zinc than other locations. Additionally, female wolves in Alaska had higher iron levels than males, and adult wolves in Montana had higher copper levels than subadults.

Factors that Affect the Content of Cadmium, Nickel, Copper and Zinc in Tissues of the Knee Joint.

PubMed

Roczniak, Wojciech; Brodziak-Dopierała, Barbara; Cipora, Elżbieta; Jakóbik-Kolon, Agata; Kluczka, Joanna; Babuśka-Roczniak, Magdalena

2017-08-01

Osteoarthritis causes the degradation of the articular cartilage and periarticular bones. Trace elements influence the growth, development and condition of the bone tissue. Changes to the mineral composition of the bone tissue can cause degenerative changes and fractures. The aim of the research was to determine the content of cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the tibia, the femur and the meniscus in men and women who underwent a knee replacement surgery. Samples were collected from 50 patients, including 36 women and 14 men. The determination of trace elements content were performed by ICP-AES method, using Varian 710-ES. Average concentration in the tissues of the knee joint teeth amounted for cadmium 0.015, nickel 0.60, copper 0.89 and zinc 80.81 mg/kg wet weight. There were statistically significant differences in the content of cadmium, copper and zinc in different parts of the knee joint. There were no statistically significant differences in the content of cadmium, nickel, copper and zinc in women and men in the examined parts of the knee joint. Among the elements tested, copper and nickel showed a high content in the connective tissue (the meniscus) compared to the bone tissue (the tibia and the femur).

[Effect of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions in Ca-ATPase activity isolated from Pachymerus nucleorum (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) larvae].

PubMed

Dias, Decivaldo S; Coelho, Milton V

2007-01-01

ATPases, an important target of insecticides, are enzymes that hydrolyze ATP and use the energy released in that process to accomplish some type of cellular work. Pachymerus nucleorum (Fabricius) larvae possess an ATPase, that presents high Ca-ATPase activity, but no Mg-ATPase activity. In the present study, the effect of zinc and copper ions in the activity Ca-ATPase of that enzyme was tested. More than 90% of the Ca-ATPase activity was inhibited in 0.5 mM of copper ions or 0.25 mM of zinc ions. In the presence of EDTA, but not in the absence, the inhibition by zinc was reverted with the increase of calcium concentration. The inhibition by copper ions was not reverted in the presence or absence of EDTA. The Ca-ATPase was not inhibited by treatment of the ATPase fraction with copper, suggesting that the copper ion does not bind directly to the enzyme. The results suggest that zinc and copper ions form a complex with ATP and bind to the enzyme inhibiting its Ca-ATPase activity.

Zinc oxide varistors and/or resistors

DOEpatents

Arnold, W.D. Jr.; Bond, W.D.; Lauf, R.J.

1993-07-27

Varistors and/or resistors are described that include doped zinc oxide gel microspheres. The doped zinc oxide gel microspheres preferably have from about 60 to about 95% by weight zinc oxide and from about 5 to about 40% by weight dopants based on the weight of the zinc oxide. The dopants are a plurality of dopants selected from silver salts, boron oxide, silicon oxide and hydrons oxides of aluminum, bismuth, cobalt, chromium, manganese, nickel, and antimony.

Zinc oxide varistors and/or resistors

DOEpatents

Arnold, Jr., Wesley D.; Bond, Walter D.; Lauf, Robert J.

1993-01-01

Varistors and/or resistors that includes doped zinc oxide gel microspheres. The doped zinc oxide gel microspheres preferably have from about 60 to about 95% by weight zinc oxide and from about 5 to about 40% by weight dopants based on the weight of the zinc oxide. The dopants are a plurality of dopants selected from silver salts, boron oxide, silicon oxide and hydrons oxides of aluminum, bismuth, cobalt, chromium, manganese, nickel, and antimony.

Mechanisms of Zn(II) binded to collagen and its effect on the capacity of eco-friendly Zn-Cr combination tanning system.

PubMed

Cao, Shan; Liu, Bing; Cheng, Baozhen; Lu, Fuping; Wang, Yanping; Li, Yu

2017-01-05

The eco-friendly combination tanning process has been developed to reduce chromium in existing researches, which is based on zinc tanning agents. This can be considered as a less-chrome substitute for current tanning process. To gain deeper understanding of the binding mechanisms of zinc-collagen interaction, which are affected by tanning pH, experiments have been carried out. Analysis in this paper reveals how chemical bonds from the collagen's main function groups combine with zinc. XPS and NIR data was analyzed for further understanding of where the zinc binding sites lie on collagen fibers at different pH. The results indicate that high pH is helpful to amino-binding sites while low pH promotes carboxyl-binding sites on collagen fibers. Furthermore, from the effect of Zinc-chrome combination tanning, we can see that the new method reduces the chromium dosage in tanning process compared to the conventional chrome tanning method. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Trace elements and organic compounds in bed sediment from selected streams in southern Louisiana, 1998

USGS Publications Warehouse

Skrobialowski, Stanley C.

2002-01-01

Bed-sediment samples from 21 selected streams in southern Louisiana were collected and analyzed for the presence of trace elements and organic compounds during 1998 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Concentrations of selected trace elements and organic compounds were compared on the basis of sediment-quality criteria, land use, and grain size; concentrations of selected trace elements also were compared with concentrations from previous studies. Concentrations of seven selected trace elements and 21 organic compounds were evaluated with sediment-quality criteria established by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Concentrations of selected trace elements and organic compounds were highest at sites draining urban and agricultural areas and may result from cumulative effects of relatively high percentages of fine-grained material, iron, and organic material. Concentrations exceeding sediment-quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life occurred most frequently at Bayou Grosse Tete at Rosedale and Bayou Lafourche below weir at Thibodaux. Exceedance of Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines occurred most frequently for arsenic and chromium. Trace-element concentrations in fine-grained samples were compared with concentrations in bulk samples and were determined to be significantly different, and concentrations were generally higher in finegrained sediment. Shapiro-Wilk, paired t-test, and Wilcoxon rank sum statistical procedures, with an alpha of 0.05, were used to compare concentrations of 21 trace elements, total organic carbon, and total carbon in finegrained and bulk sediment samples for 19 sites. Significant differences were determined between fine-grained and bulk sediment samples for aluminum, barium, beryllium, chromium, copper, iron, lithium, nickel, phosphorus, selenium, titanium, and zinc concentrations. Of 133 paired concentrations, 69 percent were greater in fine-grained samples, and 23 percent were greater in bulk samples. Comparisons with data from previous studies indicate increases by more than 20 percent in concentrations of antimony at Bayou Lafourche below weir at Thibodaux, arsenic and chromium at Tickfaw River at Liverpool, lead at Bayou Lafourche below weir at Thibodaux, and zinc at Bayou Lafourche below weir at Thibodaux and Vermilion River at Perry. Historic comparisons also indicate decreases by more than 20 percent in concentrations of chromium at Bayou des Cannes near Eunice and mercury at Mermentau River at Mermentau.

Effects of enhanced zinc and copper in drinking water on spatial memory and fear conditioning

USGS Publications Warehouse

Chrosniak, L.D.; Smith, L.N.; McDonald, C.G.; Jones, B.F.; Flinn, J.M.

2006-01-01

Ingestion of enhanced zinc can cause memory impairments and copper deficiencies. This study examined the effect of zinc supplementation, with and without copper, on two types of memory. Rats raised pre- and post-natally on 10 mg/kg ZnCO3 or ZnSO4 in the drinking water were tested in a fear-conditioning experiment at 11 months of age. Both zinc groups showed a maladaptive retention of fearful memories compared to controls raised on tap water. Rats raised on 10 mg/kg ZnCO3, 10 mg/kg ZnCO3 + 0.25 mg/kg CuCl2, or tap water, were tested for spatial memory ability at 3 months of age. Significant improvements in performance were found in the ZnCO3 + CuCl2 group compared to the ZnCO3 group, suggesting that some of the cognitive deficits associated with zinc supplementation may be remediated by addition of copper. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Zinc and copper tolerance of Agrostis stolonifera L. in tissue culture

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wu, L.; Antonovics, J.

1978-03-01

Callus tissue was induced from shoot meristematic tissue and root tips of a clone of the grass Agrostis stolonifera tolerant to both zinc and copper, and from a control clone tolerant to neither metal. Growth of the callus tissue on media containing zinc and copper showed that tolerance to both metals was maintained in tissue culture. The pattern of metal uptake in tissue culture resembled uptake by whole plants in that tolerant tissue took up more metal than nontolerant tissue. Plants regenerated from callus had the same copper and zinc tolerance as the original parental clones regardless of time ofmore » growth in tissue culture and shoot or root origin of the tissue. The results support previous evidence that metal tolerance is genetically determined and acts at the cellular level.« less

Chromium and Ruthenium-Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films for Propane Sensing Applications

PubMed Central

Gómez-Pozos, Heberto; González-Vidal, José Luis; Torres, Gonzalo Alberto; Rodríguez-Baez, Jorge; Maldonado, Arturo; de la Luz Olvera, María; Acosta, Dwight Roberto; Avendaño-Alejo, Maximino; Castañeda, Luis

2013-01-01

Chromium and ruthenium-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Cr) and (ZnO:Ru) thin solid films were deposited on soda-lime glass substrates by the sol-gel dip-coating method. A 0.6 M solution of zinc acetate dihydrate dissolved in 2-methoxyethanol and monoethanolamine was used as basic solution. Chromium (III) acetylacetonate and Ruthenium (III) trichloride were used as doping sources. The Ru incorporation and its distribution profile into the films were proved by the SIMS technique. The morphology and structure of the films were studied by SEM microscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements, respectively. The SEM images show porous surfaces covered by small grains with different grain size, depending on the doping element, and the immersions number into the doping solutions. The sensing properties of ZnO:Cr and ZnO:Ru films in a propane (C3H8) atmosphere, as a function of the immersions number in the doping solution, have been studied in the present work. The highest sensitivity values were obtained for films doped from five immersions, 5.8 and 900, for ZnO:Cr and ZnO:Ru films, respectively. In order to evidence the catalytic effect of the chromium (Cr) and ruthenium (Ru), the sensing characteristics of undoped ZnO films are reported as well. PMID:23482091

Life Cycle Assessment for PC Blend 2 Aircraft Radome Depainter

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-09-01

Trivalent chromium compounds are considerably less toxic than hexavalent forms and are neither irritating nor corrosive. 25. IRON (W) Ecosystem: Visibility...acquisition and combustion is a source of waterborne acid, ammonia, BOD, chromium , COD, dissolved solids, iron, lead, metal ion, oil, phenol...intermediates for DBE. Chromium , phenol, zinc, and COD process emissions come from petroleum refinery operations. The production of ammonia also produces

Ventilation Technical Guide, 2nd Edition

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-12

Typical metals found include lead, cadmium, zinc, and chromium . It is difficult to quantify all of the potential exposures associated with blasting...bases. Many of these booths are used to apply some of the most hazardous substances still found in the inventory, including chromium products and...is important to note that some metals used in welding have OSHA specific standards (lead, cadmium, chromium , beryllium, etc.), potentially

40 CFR 467.35 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... extruded Chromium 0.15 0.061 Cyanide 0.098 0.041 Zinc 0.49 0.21 TTO 0.23 Oil and grease (alternate... for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/off-kg (lb/million off-lbs) of extruded Chromium 0.65 0... 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/off-kg (lb/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast Chromium 0.59 0.24...

Chemical-specific health consultation for chromated copper arsenate chemical mixture: port of Djibouti.

PubMed

Chou, Selene; Colman, Joan; Tylenda, Carolyn; De Rosa, Christopher

2007-05-01

The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) prepared this health consultation to provide support for assessing the public health implications of hazardous chemical exposure, primarily through drinking water, related to releases of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) in the port of Djibouti. CCA from a shipment, apparently intended for treating electric poles, is leaking into the soil in the port area. CCA is a pesticide used to protect wood against decay-causing organisms. This mixture commonly contains chromium(VI) (hexavalent chromium) as chromic acid, arsenic(V) (pentavalent arsenic) as arsenic pentoxide and copper (II) (divalent copper) as cupric oxide, often in an aqueous solution or concentrate. Experimental studies of the fate of CCA in soil and monitoring studies of wood-preserving sites where CCA was spilled on the soil indicate that the chromium(VI), arsenic and copper components of CCA can leach from soil into groundwater and surface water. In addition, at CCA wood-preserving sites, substantial concentrations of chromium(VI), arsenic and copper remained in the soil and were leachable into water four years after the use of CCA was discontinued, suggesting prolonged persistence in soil, with continued potential for leaching. The degree of leaching depended on soil composition and the extent of soil contamination with CCA. In general, leaching was highest for chromium(VI), intermediate for arsenic and lowest for copper. Thus, the potential for contamination of sources of drinking water exists. Although arsenic that is leached from CCA-contaminated soil into surface water may accumulate in the tissues of fish and shellfish, most of the arsenic in these animals will be in a form (often called fish arsenic) that is less harmful. Copper, which leaches less readily than the other components, can accumulate in tissues of mussels and oysters. Chromium is not likely to accumulate in the tissues of fish and shellfish. Limited studies of air concentrations during cleanup of CCA-contaminated soil at wood- preserving sites showed that air levels of chromium(VI), arsenic and copper were below the occupational standards. Workers directly involved in the repackaging, containment or cleanup of leaking containers of CCA or of soil saturated with CCA, however, may be exposed to high levels of CCA through direct dermal contact, inhalation of aerosols or particulates and inadvertent ingestion. Few studies have been conducted on the health effects of CCA. CCA as a concentrated solution is corrosive to the skin eyes and digestive tract. Studies of workers exposed to CCA in wood-preserving plants have not found adverse health effects in these workers, but the studies involved small numbers of workers and therefore are not definitive. People exposed to very high levels of CCA, from sawing wood that still had liquid CCA in it or from living in a home contaminated with ash containing high levels of chromium(VI), arsenic and copper, experienced serious health effects including nosebleeds, digestive system pain and bleeding, itching skin, darkened urine, nervous system effects such as tingling or numbness of the hands and feet and confusion, and rashes or thickening and peeling of the skin. These health effects of the mixture are at least qualitatively reflective of the health effects of the individual components of CCA (arsenic, chromium(VI) and copper). For a given mixture, the critical effects of the individual components are of particular concern, as are any effects in common that may become significant due to additivity or interactions among the components. Effects of concern for CCA, based on the known effects of the individual components, include cancer (arsenic by the oral route, arsenic and chromium(VI) by the inhalation route), irritant or corrosive effects (all three mixture components), the unique dermal effects of arsenic, neurologic effects (arsenic and chromium(VI), and hematologic, hepatic and renal effects (all three components). Because arsenic, chromium(VI), and copper components affect some of the same target organs, they may have additive toxicity toward those organs. Few studies have investigated the potential toxic interactions among the components (arsenic, chromium(VI) and copper) of CCA. The available interaction studies and also possible mechanisms of interaction were evaluated using a weight-of-evidence approach. The conclusion is that there is no strong evidence that interactions among the components of CCA will result in a marked increase in toxicity. This conclusion reflects a lack of well designed interaction studies as well as uncertainties regarding potential mechanisms of interaction. Confidence in the conclusion is low. Workers exposed to high levels of CCA during cleanup of leaking containers of CCA or soil heavily contaminated with CCA should wear protective clothing and respirators if air concentrations of arsenic are above 10 microg/m3. In addition, they should not eat, drink or use tobacco products during exposure to CCA, and should thoroughly wash after skin contact with CCA and before eating, drinking, using tobacco products or using restrooms. When protective clothing becomes contaminated with CCA, it should be changed, and the contaminated clothing should be disposed off in a manner approved for pesticide disposal. Workers should leave all protective clothing, including work shoes and boots, at the workplace, so that CCA will not be carried into their cars and homes, which would endanger other people. People not involved in the cleanup of the CCA and who are not wearing protective clothing should be prevented from entering contaminated areas. Leaking containers of CCA must be repackaged and contained to prevent direct exposure of on-site personnel; and contaminated soil needs to be removed to prevent the CCA from leaching into surface water and groundwater, thereby contaminating sources of drinking water.

Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy Studies on Copper-Alumina Interfaces.

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-06-01

association with alumina, such as, copper, aluminum, chromium, silver, and gold . In particular, copper has been chosen because of its excellent...similar results in variance. However, the oxide calculation program assumes that all elements are 100% oxidized with no monoatomic species or mixed oxide

Chromated Arsenicals (CCA)

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is a wood preservative pesticide containing chromium, copper, and arsenic that protects wood against termites, fungi, mites and other pests that can degrade or threaten the integrity of wood products.

Investigation of High Temperature Ductility Losses in Alpha-Beta Titanium Alloys

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-04-01

Gleeble simulation of GTAW thermal _ cycles, Figure 1.1 (6). They found that Ti-6AI-4V (Ti-64), Ti-6A1-2Nb-lTa-0.8Mo (Ti-6211), and Ti-6AI suffered...or weak beta stabilizers depending on the other alloying elements present. Vanadium, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, chromium , silicon, copper...elements. Chromium , - silicon, copper, manganese, cobalt, iron, and hydrogen are all eutectic formers. A schematic binary phase diagram of a 0 beta

Effect of compression wood on leaching of chromium, copper, and arsenic from CCA-C treated red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.)

Treesearch

S. Nami. Kartal; Stan. Lebow

2000-01-01

In this study, the effect of compression wood formation on the release rate of chromium, copper, and arsenic elements from red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait) was investigated. Wood blocks from red pine containing compression and normal wood portions were treated with a 1.0% CCA-C solution and were then allowed to fix at 23 * 2*C (74 * 4*F) for 0, 6, 24, 48, 96, 192, and 336...

Fixation effects on the release of copper, chromium and arsenic from CCA-C treated marine piles

Treesearch

Stan Lebow

1999-01-01

This study sought to determine the effect of fixation time and temperature on the release of copper, chromium and arsenic from treated marine piles immersed in seawater under "worst case" conditions. Sections of piles were CCA-C treated to a target retention of 2.5 lbs/ft3) (40 kg/m3) and then allowed to Condition at 36°F (2°C) for either 3, 7 or 20 days. As...

Correlation of Zn2+ content with aflatoxin content of corn.

PubMed Central

Failla, L J; Lynn, D; Niehaus, W G

1986-01-01

Forty-nine samples from the 1983 Virginia corn harvest were analyzed for aflatoxin, zinc, copper, iron, and manganese content. Values (mean +/- standard deviation) were as follows: aflatoxin, 117 +/- 360 micrograms/kg; zinc, 22.5 +/- 3.4 mg/kg; copper, 2.27 +/- 0.56 mg/kg; iron, 40.8 +/- 18.7 mg/kg; and manganese, 5.1 +/- 1.1 mg/kg. Aflatoxin levels positively correlated with zinc (Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.385; P less than 0.006) and copper levels (Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.573; P less than 0.0001). Based on biochemical data in the literature, we believe that the correlation with zinc is important and that there may be a cause-and-effect relationship between zinc levels in corn and aflatoxin levels which are produced upon infection with Aspergillus flavus or A. parasiticus. Control of aflatoxin contamination in field corn by decreasing the zinc levels may be feasible, but no methods to decrease zinc levels are currently available. PMID:3729406

Studies on Zinc and Copper Ion in Relation to Wound Healing in Male and Female West African Dwarf Goats.

PubMed

Olaifa, A K; Fadason, S T

2017-03-06

Wound healing remains a challenging clinical problem for which precise and efficient management is essential in order to curtail morbidity and mortality. Wound healing has been shown to depend upon the availability of appropriate trace elements like copper and zinc which serve as enzyme cofactors and structural components in tissue repair. This study aims at evaluating the distribution of zinc and copper found in the hair as well as skin during epidermal wound healing. Adult and healthy West African dwarf (WAD) goats of both sexes fed with concentrate, grass, cassava peel and water ad libitum were used. The animals were housed for three weeks before commencement of the experiments. Epidermal wounds were created on the trunks of all the goats using cardboard template of 1cm². Progressive changes in wound contraction were monitored grossly by placing clean and sterile venier calliper on the wound margin. Hair and skin elemental (copper and zinc) analyses were done using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Significant increases in Cu level were observed in the female hair compared with that of males. There were significant increases in the Zn levels of the females' hair compared with the males. The wound healed faster in female goat compared with the males. The ratio of copper to zinc is clinically more important than the concentration of either of these trace metals. The pattern of distribution between zinc and copper concentration in the skin and hair of the male and female goats observed in this study could be added factor responsible for early wound healing in female. Therefore, our findings suggest that the distribution in the Cu and Zinc level in skin and hair of both male and female goats could also be a factor for wound healing in the animals.

Spatiotemporal trend analysis of metal concentrations in sediments of a residential California stream with toxicity and regulatory implications.

PubMed

Hall, Lenwood W; Anderson, Ronald D; Killen, William D

2017-06-07

The objective of this study was to determine if concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc measured in the sediments of a residential stream in California (Pleasant Grove Creek) have changed temporally or spatially from 2006 to 2016. Threshold Effect Levels (TELs), conservative ecological effects benchmarks, and exceedances for the seven metals were also evaluated over the 11-year time period to provide insight into potential metal toxicity to resident benthic communities. In addition, the bioavailability of metals in sediments was also determined by calculating Simultaneous Extracted Metal/Acid Volatle Sulfide (SEM/AVS) ratios to allow an additional assessment of toxicity. Regulatory implications of this data set and the role of metal toxicity are also discussed. Stream-wide temporal trend analysis showed no statistically significant trends for any of the metals. However, spatial analysis for several sites located near storm drains did show a significant increase for most metals over the 11-year period. TEL exceedances during the 7 years of sampling, spanning 2006-2016, were reported for all metals with the number of exceedances ranging from 47 for copper and zinc to 1 for lead. A spatial analysis showed that the highest number of TEL exceedances and the highest number of SEM/AVS ratios greater than one with at least one metal exceeding a TEL occurred at upstream sites. The potentially toxic metal concentrations reported in Pleasant Grove Creek should be used in the 303 (d) listing process for impaired water bodies in California.

The Effects of Leucine, Zinc, and Chromium Supplements on Inflammatory Events of the Respiratory System in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

PubMed Central

Kolahian, Saeed; Sadri, Hassan; Shahbazfar, Amir Ali; Amani, Morvarid; Mazadeh, Anis; Mirani, Mehdi

2015-01-01

Diabetes mellitus is a major cause of serious micro- and macrovascular diseases that affect nearly every system in the body, including the respiratory system. Non-enzymatic protein glycation due to hyperglycaemic stress has fundamental implications due to the large capillary network and amount of connective tissue in the lung. The current study was designed to determine whether leucine, zinc, and chromium supplementations influence the function and histological structure of the respiratory tract in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Seventy-seven rats were divided into eleven groups, consisting of 7 animals each. One group served as negative control and insulin and glibenclamide were used as positive control drugs. Thus, eight groups received the nutritional supplements alone or in combination with each other. Nutritional supplements and glibenclamide were added to the drinking water and neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin was subcutaneously injected during the 4 weeks of treatment period. The induction of type 2 diabetes in the rats caused an infiltration of mononuclear cells and edema in the submucosa of the trachea and lung, severe fibrosis around the vessels and airways, and perivascular and peribronchial infiltration of inflammatory cells and fibrin. In the diabetic group, the total inflammation score and Reid index significantly increased. Diabetes induction significantly reduced the total antioxidant status and elevated the lipid peroxidation products in the serum, lung lavage and lung tissue of the diabetic animals. Treatment with nutritional supplements significantly decreased the histopathological changes and inflammatory indices in the diabetic animals. Supplementation of diabetic rats with leucine, zinc, and chromium, alone and in combination, significantly increased the total antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation level in the diabetic animals. The nutritional supplements improved the enzymatic antioxidant activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, and superoxide dismutase in the diabetic rats. The present results demonstrate beneficial effects and amelioration of inflammation in the respiratory system of type 2 diabetic rats by leucine, zinc, and chromium supplements, probably due to their hypoglycaemic and antioxidant properties. Using safe and effective nutritional supplements, such as leucine, chromium and zinc, to replace proven conventional medical treatments may help to control diabetes and/or its complications. PMID:26185997

Study on copper kinetics in processing sulphide ore mixed with copper and zinc with sulfuric acid leaching under pressure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wen-bo, LUO; Ji-kun, WANG; Yin, GAN

2018-01-01

Sulphide ore mixed with copper and zinc is processed with pressure acid leaching. Research is conducted on the copper kinetic. The stirring rate is set at 600 rpm which could eliminate the influence of external diffusions. Research is conducted on the factors affecting the copper leaching kinetic are temperature, pressure, concentration of sulfuric acid, particle size. The result shows that the apparent activity energy is 50.7 KJ/mol. We could determine that the copper leaching process is shrinking core model of chemical reaction control and work out the leaching equation.

Effects of cement on redistribution of trace metals and dissolution of organics in sewage sludge and its inorganic waste-amended products.

PubMed

Lim, T T; Chu, J; Goi, M H

2006-01-01

The suitability of using cement-stabilized sludge products as artificial soils in earth works was evaluated. The sludge products investigated were cemented sludge, cement-treated clay-amended sludge (SS+MC), and cement-treated copper slag-amended sludge (SS+CS). The leachability of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr) were assessed using the sequential extraction technique, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), NEN 7341 availability test, and column leaching test. The results indicated that Zn leachability was reduced in all the cement-stabilized sludge products. In contrast, Cu was transferred from the organic fraction to the readily leachable phases in the cement-stabilized sludge products and therefore exhibited increased leachability. The increased Cu leachability could be attributed to dissolution of humic substances in the sludge as a result of elevated pH. Good correlation between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and heavy metal leaching from the cement-stabilized sludge products was observed in the column leaching experiment. Even with a cement percentage as small as 12.5%, calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) was formed in the SS+MC and SS+CS products. Inclusion of the marine clay in the SS+MC products could reduce the leaching potentials of Zn, and this was the great advantage of the marine clay over the copper slag for sludge amendment.

Effects of surface applications of biosolids on soil, crops, ground water, and streambed sediment near Deer Trail, Colorado, 1999-2003

USGS Publications Warehouse

Yager, Tracy J.B.; Smith, David B.; Crock, James G.

2004-01-01

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Metro Wastewater Reclamation District and North Kiowa Bijou Groundwater Management District, studied natural geochemical effects and the effects of biosolids applications to the Metro Wastewater Reclamation District properties near Deer Trail, Colorado, during 1999 through 2003 because of public concern about potential contamination of soil, crops, ground water, and surface water from biosolids applications. Parameters analyzed for each monitoring component included arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc (the nine trace elements regulated by Colorado for biosolids), gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity, and plutonium, as well as other parameters. Concentrations of the nine regulated trace elements in biosolids were relatively uniform and did not exceed applicable regulatory standards. All plutonium concentrations in biosolids were below the minimum detectable level and were near zero. The most soluble elements in biosolids were arsenic, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorus, and selenium. Elevated concentrations of bismuth, mercury, phosphorus, and silver would be the most likely inorganic biosolids signature to indicate that soil or streambed sediment has been affected by biosolids. Molybdenum and tungsten, and to a lesser degree antimony, cadmium, cobalt, copper, mercury, nickel, phosphorus, and selenium, would be the most likely inorganic 'biosolids signature' to indicate ground water or surface water has been affected by biosolids. Soil data indicate that biosolids have had no measurable effect on the concentration of the constituents monitored. Arsenic concentrations in soil of both Arapahoe and Elbert County monitoring sites (like soil from all parts of Colorado) exceed the Colorado soil remediation objectives and soil cleanup standards, which were determined by back-calculating a soil concentration equivalent to a one-in-a-million cumulative cancer risk. Lead concentrations in soil slightly exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency toxicity-derived ecological soil-screening levels for avian wildlife. Plutonium concentration in the soil was near zero. Wheat-grain data were insufficient to determine any measurable effects from biosolids. Comparison with similar data from other parts of North America where biosolids were not applied indicates similar concentrations. However, the Deer Trail study area had higher nickel concentrations in wheat from both the biosolids-applied fields and the control fields. Plutonium content of the wheat was near zero. Ground-water levels generally declined at most wells during 1999 through 2003. Ground-water quality did not correlate with ground-water levels. Vertical ground-water gradients during 1999 through 2003 indicate that bedrock ground-water resources downgradient from the biosolids-applied areas are not likely to be contaminated by biosolids applications unless the gradients change as a result of pumping. Ground-water quality throughout the study area varied over time at each site and from site to site at the same time, but plutonium concentrations in the ground water always were near zero. Inorganic concentrations at well D6 were relatively high compared to other ground-water sites studied. Ground-water pH and concentrations of fluoride, nitrite, aluminum, arsenic, barium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, zinc, and plutonium in the ground water of the study area met Colorado standards. Concentrations of chloride, sulfate, nitrate, boron, iron, manganese, and selenium exceeded Colorado ground-water standards at one or more wells. Nitrate concentrations at well D6 significantly (alpha = 0.05) exceeded the Colorado regulatory standard. Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc in ground water had no significant (alpha = 0.05) upward trends. During 1999-2003, concentrations of nitrate, copper, molybdenum, and selenium

Trace element intakes and dietary phytate/Zn and Ca x phytate/Zn millimolar ratios of periurban Guatemalan women during the third trimester of pregnancy.

PubMed

Fitzgerald, S L; Gibson, R S; Quan de Serrano, J; Portocarrero, L; Vasquez, A; de Zepeda, E; Lopez-Palacios, C Y; Thompson, L U; Stephen, A M; Solomons, N W

1993-02-01

Repeated 24-h recalls (9-14/subject) were conducted on 52 periurban Guatemalan pregnant women aged 25 +/- 5 y (means +/- SD). Intakes of energy, protein, calcium, zinc, copper, manganese, nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP), phytate, and millimolar ratios of phytate to zinc and (calcium x phytate) to zinc were calculated from food-composition values on the basis of chemical analysis and the literature. Mean (+/- SD) daily intakes were as follows: energy 8694 +/- 1674 kJ, protein 63.0 +/- 13.3 g, calcium 727 +/- 163, zinc 11.3 +/- 2.7, copper 1.3 +/- 0.3, manganese 2.8 +/- 0.6, phytate 2254 +/- 773 mg/d, NSP 26.6 +/- 6.9 g, phytate/zinc 18.8 +/- 4.2, (calcium x phytate)/zinc 706 +/- 21 mmol/MJ. Ninety-four percent had zinc intakes below the recommendations (15 mg) of WHO and the US recommended dietary allowances, assuming 20% absorption. Tortillas were a major source of zinc (46%), copper (20%), manganese (23%), calcium (39%), phytate (68%), and NSP (50%); 19% zinc from flesh foods. Thirty-eight percent had phytate-zinc ratios > 20; 94% had millimolar ratios of (calcium x phytate) to zinc per MJ > or = 22. The high prevalence of millimolar ratios of phytate to zinc and (calcium x phytate) to zinc per MJ above 20 and 22, respectively, may compromise zinc nutriture.

40 CFR 421.324 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.../kg (pounds per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 27.14 11.00... average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 1.689 0... Chromium (total) 2.357 0.955 Copper 8.152 3.885 Nickel 3.503 2.357 Fluoride 222.900 126.700 Total suspended...

40 CFR 421.324 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.../kg (pounds per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 27.14 11.00... average mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of uranium processed in the refinery Chromium (total) 1.689 0... Chromium (total) 2.357 0.955 Copper 8.152 3.885 Nickel 3.503 2.357 Fluoride 222.900 126.700 Total suspended...

Site Investigation Report. Volume 1. 120th Fighter Interceptor Group, Montana Air National Guard, International Airport, Great Falls, Montana

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-02-01

poisoning. Chromium . Cr is a transition element, occurring in nature principally as the trivalent ion Cr(III), although valence states ranging from -2...mg/kg 100 - 3,000 mg/kg Chromium 12.9 - 20.7 mg/kg 1 - 1,000 mg/kg Copper 6.9 - 18.6 mg/kg 2 - 1,000 mg/kg Lead 5.5 - 12.2 mg/kg 10 - 200 mg/kg Nickel...6.5 S 10.3 S 5.8 80 Barium ND-1,231 241 246 150 5,600 Cadmium ND ND 24.2 0.76 B 40 Chromium 8.7-22.7 13.8 64.9 14.5 8E04 Copper 3.3-19.7 16.1 66.9

[Nutritive value of daily food rations reproduced in different regions of the country. IV. Copper, zinc and manganese levels].

PubMed

Rutkowska, U; Wojtasik, A; Iwanow, K; Kunachowicz, H

1991-01-01

The content of copper, zinc and manganese in daily diets reconstructed in the laboratory in 1988 on the basis of data on the yearly food consumption in 1986 of two social groups (manual and mental workers) with medium income was determined. The diets were prepared for four regions of the country (Warszawa, Lublin, Poznań, Wrocław). It was found out that the content of copper and zinc in the diets in 1986 and the realisation of recommended dietary allowances for these minerals were lower than in 1973, 1980 and 1981. The degree of realization of the recommended intake of zinc and copper in diets from 1986 was on average 67% and 45% respectively. The content of manganese in the diets was in the range of recommendation. The content of microminerals in the diets was usually similar in the all studied regions of the country.

Heavy Metal Uptake by Herbs. IV. Influence of Soil pH on the Content of Heavy Metals in Valeriana officinalis L.

PubMed

Adamczyk-Szabela, Dorota; Markiewicz, Justyna; Wolf, Wojciech M

The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of soil pH on the uptake of copper, zinc, and manganese by Valeriana officinalis . Preliminary studies involved soil analyses to determine acidity, organic matter content, and copper, zinc, and manganese total and bioavailable forms. The study involved atomic absorption spectrometry to determine the concentration of the elements, and mineral soil of pH = 5.1 was used in the study, as being typical for central Poland. The copper, zinc, and manganese contents were determined in plants grown in soils which had been modified to cover a wide range of pH values 3÷13. The intensity of germination was strongly pH dependent with the highest yield obtained in original, unmodified soil. Surprisingly, high soil alkalinity stimulated copper and manganese uptake while at the same time resulting in a decrease in zinc content.

[FEATURES OF THE CONTENT OF MOVABLE FORMS OF HEAVY METALS AND SELENIUM IN SOILS OF THE YAROSLAVL REGION].

PubMed

Bakaeva, E A; Eremeyshvili, A V

2016-01-01

With the use of the method of inversion voltammetry there was analyzed the content of movableforms of trace elements: (selenium, zinc, copper lead, cadmium) in soils in the Yaroslavl district of the Yaroslavl region, and also content of zinc, copper lead, cadmium in soils and snow cover in the city of Yaroslavl. According to values of concentrations of movable compounds in soils determined trace elements can be ranked into the following row: zinc > lead > copper > selenium > cadmium. There was revealed insufficient if compared with literature data concentrations, content of movable compounds of selenium, copper and zinc in examined explored soils. The maximal concentrations of lead are revealed in the close proximity to both the city of Yaroslavl and large highways of the city. It indicates to the anthropogenic pollution of soils by this element.

40 CFR 461.71 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Zinc Subcategory... monthly average Metric units—mg/kg of Zinc English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of Zinc Chromium 1.67 0.68 Mercury 0.95 0.38 Silver 1.56 0.65 Zinc 5.55 2.32 Manganese 2.58 1.10 Oil and grease 76.0 45.6...

Investigation of simultaneous biosorption of copper(II) and chromium(VI) on dried Chlorella vulgaris from binary metal mixtures: Application of multicomponent adsorption isotherms

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aksu, Z.; Acikel, U.; Kutsal, T.

1999-02-01

Although the biosorption of single metal ions to various kinds of microorganisms has been extensively studied and the adsorption isotherms have been developed for only the single metal ion situation, very little attention has been given to the bioremoval and expression of adsorption isotherms of multimetal ions systems. In this study the simultaneous biosorption of copper(II) and chromium(VI) to Chlorella vulgaris from a binary metal mixture was studied and compared with the single metal ion situation in a batch stirred system. The effects of pH and single- and dual-metal ion concentrations on the equilibrium uptakes were investigated. In previous studiesmore » the optimum biosorption pH had been determined as 4.0 for copper(II) and as 2.0 for chromium(VI). Multimetal ion biosorption studies were performed at these two pH values. It was observed that the equilibrium uptakes of copper(II) or chromium(VI) ions were changed due to the biosorption pH and the presence of other metal ions. Adsorption isotherms were developed for both single- and dual-metal ions systems at these two pH values, and expressed by the mono- and multicomponent Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. Model parameters were estimated by nonlinear regression. It was seen that the adsorption equilibrium data fitted very well to the competitive Freundlich model in the concentration ranges studied.« less

40 CFR 464.42 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS METAL MOLDING AND CASTING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Zinc... for copper, lead, zinc, total phenols, oil and grease, and TSS. For non-continuous dischargers, annual... metal poured Copper (T) 0.0344 0.0187 Lead (T) 0.0353 0.0174 Zinc (T) 0.0509 0.0192 Oil and grease 1.34...

40 CFR 464.42 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS METAL MOLDING AND CASTING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Zinc... for copper, lead, zinc, total phenols, oil and grease, and TSS. For non-continuous dischargers, annual... metal poured Copper (T) 0.0344 0.0187 Lead (T) 0.0353 0.0174 Zinc (T) 0.0509 0.0192 Oil and grease 1.34...

Yeast and Mammalian Metallothioneins Functionally Substitute for Yeast Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tamai, Katherine T.; Gralla, Edith B.; Ellerby, Lisa M.; Valentine, Joan S.; Thiele, Dennis J.

1993-09-01

Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase catalyzes the disproportionation of superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide and dioxygen and is thought to play an important role in protecting cells from oxygen toxicity. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains lacking copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, which is encoded by the SOD1 gene, are sensitive to oxidative stress and exhibit a variety of growth defects including hypersensitivity to dioxygen and to superoxide-generating drugs such as paraquat. We have found that in addition to these known phenotypes, SOD1-deletion strains fail to grow on agar containing the respiratory carbon source lactate. We demonstrate here that expression of the yeast or monkey metallothionein proteins in the presence of copper suppresses the lactate growth defect and some other phenotypes associated with SOD1-deletion strains, indicating that copper metallothioneins substitute for copper-zinc superoxide dismutase in vivo to protect cells from oxygen toxicity. Consistent with these results, we show that yeast metallothionein mRNA levels are dramatically elevated under conditions of oxidative stress. Furthermore, in vitro assays demonstrate that yeast metallothionein, purified or from whole-cell extracts, exhibits copper-dependent antioxidant activity. Taken together, these data suggest that both yeast and mammalian metallothioneins may play a direct role in the cellular defense against oxidative stress by functioning as antioxidants.

Apparent mineral retention is similar in control and hyperinsulinemic men after consumption of high amylose cornstarch.

PubMed

Behall, Kay M; Howe, Juliette C; Anderson, Richard A

2002-07-01

The effects on apparent mineral retention after long-term consumption of a high amylose diet containing 30 g resistant starch (RS) were investigated in 10 control and 14 hyperinsulinemic men. Subjects consumed products (bread, muffins, cookies, corn flakes and cheese puffs) made with standard (70% amylopectin, 30% amylose; AP) or high amylose (70% amylose, 30% amylopectin; AM) cornstarch for two 14-wk periods in a crossover pattern. Starch products replaced usual starches in the habitual diet for 10 wk followed by 4 wk of consuming the controlled diets. During wk 12, all urine, feces and duplicate foods were collected for 7 d. Urinary chromium losses after a glucose tolerance test or 24-h collections of the hyperinsulinemic and control subjects did not differ and were not altered by diet. Except for zinc, the two subject types did not differ significantly in apparent mineral balance. Apparent retentions of calcium and magnesium were not significantly affected by diet (AM vs. AP) or type-by-diet interaction. Apparent iron retention tended to be greater after AM than AP consumption (P < 0.09). Apparent copper retention was greater after consuming AP than after AM (P < 0.02), whereas apparent zinc retention was greater after consuming AM than after AP (P < 0.018). Zinc also showed a significant type-by-diet interaction (P < 0.034) with control subjects retaining less zinc after consuming AP than after AM. In summary, a high amylose cornstarch diet containing 30 g RS could be consumed long term without markedly affecting, and possibly enhancing, retention of some minerals.

Dynamical features in fetal and postnatal zinc-copper metabolic cycles predict the emergence of autism spectrum disorder

PubMed Central

Curtin, Paul; Curtin, Austen; Gennings, Chris; Arora, Manish; Siper, Paige; Meyering, Kristin; Kolevzon, Alexander; Mollon, Josephine; Zammit, Stanley; Wright, Robert O.; Reichenberg, Abraham

2018-01-01

Metals are critical to neurodevelopment, and dysregulation in early life has been documented in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, underlying mechanisms and biochemical assays to distinguish ASD cases from controls remain elusive. In a nationwide study of twins in Sweden, we tested whether zinc-copper cycles, which regulate metal metabolism, are disrupted in ASD. Using novel tooth-matrix biomarkers that provide direct measures of fetal elemental uptake, we developed a predictive model to distinguish participants who would be diagnosed with ASD in childhood from those who did not develop the disorder. We replicated our findings in three independent studies in the United States and the UK. We show that three quantifiable characteristics of fetal and postnatal zinc-copper rhythmicity are altered in ASD: the average duration of zinc-copper cycles, regularity with which the cycles recur, and the number of complex features within a cycle. In all independent study sets and in the pooled analysis, zinc-copper rhythmicity was disrupted in ASD cases. In contrast to controls, in ASD cases, the cycle duration was shorter (F = 52.25, P < 0.001), regularity was reduced (F = 47.99, P < 0.001), and complexity diminished (F = 57.30, P < 0.001). With two distinct classification models that used metal rhythmicity data, we achieved 90% accuracy in classifying cases and controls, with sensitivity to ASD diagnosis ranging from 85 to 100% and specificity ranging from 90 to 100%. These findings suggest that altered zinc-copper rhythmicity precedes the emergence of ASD, and quantitative biochemical measures of metal rhythmicity distinguish ASD cases from controls. PMID:29854952

Field tests of the efficacy of zinc and fatty amine in preventing colonization by copper-tolerant fungi

Treesearch

Stan Lebow; Bessie Woodward; Steven Halverson; Michael West

2012-01-01

Ground-contact durability of stakes treated with acidic copper formulations was evaluated. All test formulations incorporated copper, dimethylcocoamine and propanoic acid; one set of formulations also included zinc. Sapwood stakes cut from the southern pine group were pressure-treated to a range of retentions with each formulation and placed into plots within Harrison...

40 CFR 440.100 - Applicability; description of the copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, and molybdenum ores subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... process alone or in conjunction with other processes, for the beneficiation of copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, or molybdenum ores, or any combination of these ores; (3) Mines and mills that use dump, heap, in-situ leach, or vat-leach processes to extract copper from ores or ore waste materials; and (4) Mills...

40 CFR 440.100 - Applicability; description of the copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, and molybdenum ores subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... process alone or in conjunction with other processes, for the beneficiation of copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, or molybdenum ores, or any combination of these ores; (3) Mines and mills that use dump, heap, in-situ leach, or vat-leach processes to extract copper from ores or ore waste materials; and (4) Mills...

40 CFR 440.100 - Applicability; description of the copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, and molybdenum ores subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... process alone or in conjunction with other processes, for the beneficiation of copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, or molybdenum ores, or any combination of these ores; (3) Mines and mills that use dump, heap, in-situ leach, or vat-leach processes to extract copper from ores or ore waste materials; and (4) Mills...

Effects of contaminants on naiad mollusks (Unionidae): a review

USGS Publications Warehouse

Havlik, M.E.; Marking, L.L.

1987-01-01

Although the uptake, storage, and elimination of contaminants by naiad mollusks has been studied, relatively little information is available on toxicity. Contaminants appear to have destroyed some populations directly by exerting toxic effects, or indirectly by causing or contributing to the elimination of essential food organisms or host fish. The most frequently studied contaminants are Cd, Cu, Mn-Mn64, Pb-Pb210. and Zn-Zn65. Manganese seems to be most readily taken up and stored in tissues; no apparent damage has been reported from tissue concentrations of thousands of parts per million (ppm) and the element appears to be essential to metabolism. Zinc and cadmium also accumulate at high levels in tissues. Lead was never found to be lethal in the studies reviewed. Various common contaminants have been reported to be toxic at the following concentrations (ppm): cadmium. 2; copper sulfate, 2 to 18.7; ammonia, 5; potassium. 11; chromium, 12.4; arsenic trioxide, 16; copper, 19; and zinc, 66. In long-term exposures, concentrations of copper as low as 25 parts per billion (ppb) were lethal. Fry of fish infected with 20-35 glochidia were more sensitive than uninfected fish to toluene, naphthalene, and crude oil. Although few specific adverse impacts of contaminants have become clearly evident, circumstantial evidence leaves little doubt that contaminants have been responsible for decreases in population density, range, and diversity. Stresses that have been responsible for the disappearance of naiad mollusks in contaminated areas have not generally been identified, and the components of the stresses have seldom been quantitatively and qualitatively correlated with the composition and size of the naiad fauna. Often two or more factors appear to work in combination to produce the total stress that adversely affects populations. Naiad mollusks are important indio caters of contaminants in the environment; residues in soft tissue indicate recent or current exposure, and residues in shells indicate past exposure.

LEAD AND COPPER CONTROL WITH NON-ZINC ORTHOPHOSPHATE

EPA Science Inventory

Successful application of orthophosphate formulations not containing zinc for achieving control of copper and lead corrosion requires careful consideration of the background water chemistry, particularly pH and DIC. Inhibitor performance is extremely dependent upon dosage and pH,...