Sample records for zsr mixing rule

  1. Renormalisation group corrections to neutrino mixing sum rules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gehrlein, J.; Petcov, S. T.; Spinrath, M.; Titov, A. V.

    2016-11-01

    Neutrino mixing sum rules are common to a large class of models based on the (discrete) symmetry approach to lepton flavour. In this approach the neutrino mixing matrix U is assumed to have an underlying approximate symmetry form Ũν, which is dictated by, or associated with, the employed (discrete) symmetry. In such a setup the cosine of the Dirac CP-violating phase δ can be related to the three neutrino mixing angles in terms of a sum rule which depends on the symmetry form of Ũν. We consider five extensively discussed possible symmetry forms of Ũν: i) bimaximal (BM) and ii) tri-bimaximal (TBM) forms, the forms corresponding to iii) golden ratio type A (GRA) mixing, iv) golden ratio type B (GRB) mixing, and v) hexagonal (HG) mixing. For each of these forms we investigate the renormalisation group corrections to the sum rule predictions for δ in the cases of neutrino Majorana mass term generated by the Weinberg (dimension 5) operator added to i) the Standard Model, and ii) the minimal SUSY extension of the Standard Model.

  2. Radiative corrections to the solar lepton mixing sum rule

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Jue; Zhou, Shun

    2016-08-01

    The simple correlation among three lepton flavor mixing angles ( θ 12, θ 13, θ 23) and the leptonic Dirac CP-violating phase δ is conventionally called a sum rule of lepton flavor mixing, which may be derived from a class of neutrino mass models with flavor symmetries. In this paper, we consider the solar lepton mixing sum rule θ 12 ≈ θ 12 ν + θ 13 cos δ, where θ 12 ν stems from a constant mixing pattern in the neutrino sector and takes the value of θ 12 ν = 45 ° for the bi-maximal mixing (BM), {θ}_{12}^{ν } = { tan}^{-1}(1/√{2}) ≈ 35.3° for the tri-bimaximal mixing (TBM) or {θ}_{12}^{ν } = { tan}^{-1}(1/√{5+1}) ≈ 31.7° for the golden-ratio mixing (GR), and investigate the renormalization-group (RG) running effects on lepton flavor mixing parameters when this sum rule is assumed at a superhigh-energy scale. For illustration, we work within the framework of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM), and implement the Bayesian approach to explore the posterior distribution of δ at the low-energy scale, which becomes quite broad when the RG running effects are significant. Moreover, we also discuss the compatibility of the above three mixing scenarios with current neutrino oscillation data, and observe that radiative corrections can increase such a compatibility for the BM scenario, resulting in a weaker preference for the TBM and GR ones.

  3. Improved prediction of heat of mixing and segregation in metallic alloys using tunable mixing rule for embedded atom method

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Divi, Srikanth; Agrahari, Gargi; Ranjan Kadulkar, Sanket; Kumar, Sanjeet; Chatterjee, Abhijit

    2017-12-01

    Capturing segregation behavior in metal alloy nanoparticles accurately using computer simulations is contingent upon the availability of high-fidelity interatomic potentials. The embedded atom method (EAM) potential is a widely trusted interatomic potential form used with pure metals and their alloys. When limited experimental data is available, the A-B EAM cross-interaction potential for metal alloys AxB 1-x are often constructed from pure metal A and B potentials by employing a pre-defined ‘mixing rule’ without any adjustable parameters. While this approach is convenient, we show that for AuPt, NiPt, AgAu, AgPd, AuNi, NiPd, PtPd and AuPd such mixing rules may not even yield the correct alloy properties, e.g., heats of mixing, that are closely related to the segregation behavior. A general theoretical formulation based on scaling invariance arguments is introduced that addresses this issue by tuning the mixing rule to better describe alloy properties. Starting with an existing pure metal EAM potential that is used extensively in literature, we find that the mixing rule fitted to heats of mixing for metal solutions usually provides good estimates of segregation energies, lattice parameters and cohesive energy, as well as equilibrium distribution of metals within a nanoparticle using Monte Carlo simulations. While the tunable mixing rule generally performs better than non-adjustable mixing rules, the use of the tunable mixing rule may still require some caution. For e.g., in Pt-Ni system we find that the segregation behavior can deviate from the experimentally observed one at Ni-rich compositions. Despite this the overall results suggest that the same approach may be useful for developing improved cross-potentials with other existing pure metal EAM potentials as well. As a further test of our approach, mixing rule estimated from binary data is used to calculate heat of mixing in AuPdPt, AuNiPd, AuPtNi, AgAuPd and NiPtPd. Excellent agreement with experiments is

  4. QCD Sum Rules for Magnetically Induced Mixing between ηc and J/ψ

    DOE PAGES

    Cho, Sungtae; Hattori, Koichi; Lee, Su Houng; ...

    2014-10-20

    We investigate the properties of charmonia in strong magnetic fields by using QCD sum rules. We show how to implement the mixing effects between ηc and J/ψ on the basis of field-theoretical approaches, and then show that the sum rules are saturated by the mixing effects with phenomenologically determined parameters. Consequently, we find that the mixing effects are the dominant contribution to the mass shifts of the static charmonia in strong magnetic fields.

  5. Structural difference rule for amorphous alloy formation by ion mixing

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Liu, B.-X.; Johnson, W. L.; Nicolet, M.A.; Lau, S. S.

    1983-01-01

    A rule is formulated which establishes a sufficient condition that an amorphous binary alloy will be formed by ion mixing of multilayered samples when the two constituent metals are of different crystalline structure, regardless of their atomic sizes and electronegativities. The rule is supported by the experimental results obtained on six selected binary metal systems, as well as by the previous data reported in the literature. The amorphization mechanism is discussed in terms of the competition between two different structures resulting in frustration of the crystallization process.

  6. Molecular Dynamics Evaluation of Dielectric-Constant Mixing Rules for H2O-CO2 at Geologic Conditions

    PubMed Central

    Mountain, Raymond D.; Harvey, Allan H.

    2015-01-01

    Modeling of mineral reaction equilibria and aqueous-phase speciation of C-O-H fluids requires the dielectric constant of the fluid mixture, which is not known from experiment and is typically estimated by some rule for mixing pure-component values. In order to evaluate different proposed mixing rules, we use molecular dynamics simulation to calculate the dielectric constant of a model H2O–CO2 mixture at temperatures of 700 K and 1000 K at pressures up to 3 GPa. We find that theoretically based mixing rules that depend on combining the molar polarizations of the pure fluids systematically overestimate the dielectric constant of the mixture, as would be expected for mixtures of nonpolar and strongly polar components. The commonly used semiempirical mixing rule due to Looyenga works well for this system at the lower pressures studied, but somewhat underestimates the dielectric constant at higher pressures and densities, especially at the water-rich end of the composition range. PMID:26664009

  7. Molecular Dynamics Evaluation of Dielectric-Constant Mixing Rules for H2O-CO2 at Geologic Conditions.

    PubMed

    Mountain, Raymond D; Harvey, Allan H

    2015-10-01

    Modeling of mineral reaction equilibria and aqueous-phase speciation of C-O-H fluids requires the dielectric constant of the fluid mixture, which is not known from experiment and is typically estimated by some rule for mixing pure-component values. In order to evaluate different proposed mixing rules, we use molecular dynamics simulation to calculate the dielectric constant of a model H 2 O-CO 2 mixture at temperatures of 700 K and 1000 K at pressures up to 3 GPa. We find that theoretically based mixing rules that depend on combining the molar polarizations of the pure fluids systematically overestimate the dielectric constant of the mixture, as would be expected for mixtures of nonpolar and strongly polar components. The commonly used semiempirical mixing rule due to Looyenga works well for this system at the lower pressures studied, but somewhat underestimates the dielectric constant at higher pressures and densities, especially at the water-rich end of the composition range.

  8. Mixing Languages during Learning? Testing the One Subject-One Language Rule.

    PubMed

    Antón, Eneko; Thierry, Guillaume; Duñabeitia, Jon Andoni

    2015-01-01

    In bilingual communities, mixing languages is avoided in formal schooling: even if two languages are used on a daily basis for teaching, only one language is used to teach each given academic subject. This tenet known as the one subject-one language rule avoids mixing languages in formal schooling because it may hinder learning. The aim of this study was to test the scientific ground of this assumption by investigating the consequences of acquiring new concepts using a method in which two languages are mixed as compared to a purely monolingual method. Native balanced bilingual speakers of Basque and Spanish-adults (Experiment 1) and children (Experiment 2)-learnt new concepts by associating two different features to novel objects. Half of the participants completed the learning process in a multilingual context (one feature was described in Basque and the other one in Spanish); while the other half completed the learning phase in a purely monolingual context (both features were described in Spanish). Different measures of learning were taken, as well as direct and indirect indicators of concept consolidation. We found no evidence in favor of the non-mixing method when comparing the results of two groups in either experiment, and thus failed to give scientific support for the educational premise of the one subject-one language rule.

  9. Mixing Languages during Learning? Testing the One Subject—One Language Rule

    PubMed Central

    2015-01-01

    In bilingual communities, mixing languages is avoided in formal schooling: even if two languages are used on a daily basis for teaching, only one language is used to teach each given academic subject. This tenet known as the one subject-one language rule avoids mixing languages in formal schooling because it may hinder learning. The aim of this study was to test the scientific ground of this assumption by investigating the consequences of acquiring new concepts using a method in which two languages are mixed as compared to a purely monolingual method. Native balanced bilingual speakers of Basque and Spanish—adults (Experiment 1) and children (Experiment 2)—learnt new concepts by associating two different features to novel objects. Half of the participants completed the learning process in a multilingual context (one feature was described in Basque and the other one in Spanish); while the other half completed the learning phase in a purely monolingual context (both features were described in Spanish). Different measures of learning were taken, as well as direct and indirect indicators of concept consolidation. We found no evidence in favor of the non-mixing method when comparing the results of two groups in either experiment, and thus failed to give scientific support for the educational premise of the one subject—one language rule. PMID:26107624

  10. Collective decision making and social interaction rules in mixed-species flocks of songbirds

    PubMed Central

    Farine, Damien R.; Aplin, Lucy M.; Garroway, Colin J.; Mann, Richard P.; Sheldon, Ben C.

    2014-01-01

    Associations in mixed-species foraging groups are common in animals, yet have rarely been explored in the context of collective behaviour. Despite many investigations into the social and ecological conditions under which individuals should form groups, we still know little about the specific behavioural rules that individuals adopt in these contexts, or whether these can be generalized to heterospecifics. Here, we studied collective behaviour in flocks in a community of five species of woodland passerine birds. We adopted an automated data collection protocol, involving visits by RFID-tagged birds to feeding stations equipped with antennae, over two winters, recording 91 576 feeding events by 1904 individuals. We demonstrated highly synchronized feeding behaviour within patches, with birds moving towards areas of the patch with the largest proportion of the flock. Using a model of collective decision making, we then explored the underlying decision rule birds may be using when foraging in mixed-species flocks. The model tested whether birds used a different decision rule for conspecifics and heterospecifics, and whether the rules used by individuals of different species varied. We found that species differed in their response to the distribution of conspecifics and heterospecifics across foraging patches. However, simulating decisions using the different rules, which reproduced our data well, suggested that the outcome of using different decision rules by each species resulted in qualitatively similar overall patterns of movement. It is possible that the decision rules each species uses may be adjusted to variation in mean species abundance in order for individuals to maintain the same overall flock-level response. This is likely to be important for maintaining coordinated behaviour across species, and to result in quick and adaptive flock responses to food resources that are patchily distributed in space and time. PMID:25214653

  11. Ionic force field optimization based on single-ion and ion-pair solvation properties: Going beyond standard mixing rules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fyta, Maria; Netz, Roland R.

    2012-03-01

    Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in conjunction with the SPC/E water model, we optimize ionic force-field parameters for seven different halide and alkali ions, considering a total of eight ion-pairs. Our strategy is based on simultaneous optimizing single-ion and ion-pair properties, i.e., we first fix ion-water parameters based on single-ion solvation free energies, and in a second step determine the cation-anion interaction parameters (traditionally given by mixing or combination rules) based on the Kirkwood-Buff theory without modification of the ion-water interaction parameters. In doing so, we have introduced scaling factors for the cation-anion Lennard-Jones (LJ) interaction that quantify deviations from the standard mixing rules. For the rather size-symmetric salt solutions involving bromide and chloride ions, the standard mixing rules work fine. On the other hand, for the iodide and fluoride solutions, corresponding to the largest and smallest anion considered in this work, a rescaling of the mixing rules was necessary. For iodide, the experimental activities suggest more tightly bound ion pairing than given by the standard mixing rules, which is achieved in simulations by reducing the scaling factor of the cation-anion LJ energy. For fluoride, the situation is different and the simulations show too large attraction between fluoride and cations when compared with experimental data. For NaF, the situation can be rectified by increasing the cation-anion LJ energy. For KF, it proves necessary to increase the effective cation-anion Lennard-Jones diameter. The optimization strategy outlined in this work can be easily adapted to different kinds of ions.

  12. Training "Rule-of-(E)": Further Investigation of a Previously Successful Intervention for a Spelling Rule in Developmental Mixed Dysgraphia

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kohnen, Saskia; Nickels, Lyndsey; Coltheart, Max

    2010-01-01

    This paper reports a single case treatment study conducted with R.F.L., a young man with developmental mixed dysgraphia. The intervention focused on teaching spelling rules and was a replication of a previous successful study. The results of the present study provided further insights into the mechanism that operates to update faulty lexical…

  13. QCD sum-rules analysis of vector (1-) heavy quarkonium meson-hybrid mixing

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Palameta, A.; Ho, J.; Harnett, D.; Steele, T. G.

    2018-02-01

    We use QCD Laplace sum rules to study meson-hybrid mixing in vector (1-) heavy quarkonium. We compute the QCD cross-correlator between a heavy meson current and a heavy hybrid current within the operator product expansion. In addition to leading-order perturbation theory, we include four- and six-dimensional gluon condensate contributions as well as a six-dimensional quark condensate contribution. We construct several single and multiresonance models that take known hadron masses as inputs. We investigate which resonances couple to both currents and so exhibit meson-hybrid mixing. Compared to single resonance models that include only the ground state, we find that models that also include excited states lead to significantly improved agreement between QCD and experiment. In the charmonium sector, we find that meson-hybrid mixing is consistent with a two-resonance model consisting of the J /ψ and a 4.3 GeV resonance. In the bottomonium sector, we find evidence for meson-hybrid mixing in the ϒ (1 S ) , ϒ (2 S ), ϒ (3 S ), and ϒ (4 S ).

  14. A new method for multicomponent activity coefficients of electrolytes in aqueous atmospheric aerosols

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zaveri, Rahul A.; Easter, Richard C.; Wexler, Anthony S.

    2005-01-01

    Three-dimensional models of atmospheric inorganic aerosols need accurate and computationally efficient parameterizations of activity coefficients of various electrolytes in multicomponent aqueous solutions. In this paper, we extend the Taylor's series expansion mixing rule used by C. Wagner in 1952 for estimating activity coefficients in dilute alloy solutions to aqueous electrolyte solutions at any concentration. The resulting method, called the multicomponent Taylor expansion method (MTEM), estimates the mean activity coefficient of an electrolyte in a multicomponent solution on the basis of its values in binary solutions of all the electrolytes present in the mixture at the solution water activity aw, assuming aw is equal to the ambient relative humidity. MTEM is applied here for atmospheric aerosol systems containing H+, NH4+, Na+, Ca2+, SO42-, HSO4-, NO3-, and Cl- ions. The aerosol water content is calculated using the Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson (ZSR) method. For self-consistency, most of the MTEM and ZSR parameters are derived using the comprehensive Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg model at 298.15 K and are valid for an aw range of 0.2-0.97. Because CaSO4 is sparingly soluble, it is treated as a solid in the model over the entire aw range. MTEM is evaluated for several multicomponent systems representing various continental and marine aerosols and is contrasted against the mixing rule of C. L. Kusik and H. P. Meissner and of L. A. Bromley and the newer approach of S. Metzger and colleagues. Predictions of MTEM are found to be generally within a factor of 0.8-1.25 of the comprehensive Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg model and are shown to be significantly more accurate than predictions of the other three methods. MTEM also yields a noniterative solution of the bisulfate ion dissociation in sulfate-rich systems: a major computational advantage over other ionic-strength-based methods that require an iterative solution. CPU time requirements of MTEM relative to other methods for

  15. Dimension-six matrix elements for meson mixing and lifetimes from sum rules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kirk, M.; Lenz, A.; Rauh, T.

    2017-12-01

    The hadronic matrix elements of dimension-six Δ F = 0, 2 operators are crucial inputs for the theory predictions of mixing observables and lifetime ratios in the B and D system. We determine them using HQET sum rules for three-point correlators. The results of the required three-loop computation of the correlators and the one-loop computation of the QCD-HQET matching are given in analytic form. For mixing matrix elements we find very good agreement with recent lattice results and comparable theoretical uncertainties. For lifetime matrix elements we present the first ever determination in the D meson sector and the first determination of Δ B = 0 matrix elements with uncertainties under control — superseeding preliminary lattice studies stemming from 2001 and earlier. With our state-of-the-art determination of the bag parameters we predict: τ( B +)/ τ( B d 0 ) = 1.082 - 0.026 + 0.022 , τ( B s 0 )/ τ( B d 0 ) = 0.9994 ± 0.0025, τ( D +)/ τ( D 0) = 2. 7 - 0.8 + 0.7 and the mixing-observables in the B s and B d system, in good agreement with the most recent experimental averages.

  16. Iterative combining rules for the van der Waals potentials of mixed rare gas systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wei, L. M.; Li, P.; Tang, K. T.

    2017-05-01

    An iterative procedure is introduced to make the results of some simple combining rules compatible with the Tang-Toennies potential model. The method is used to calculate the well locations Re and the well depths De of the van der Waals potentials of the mixed rare gas systems from the corresponding values of the homo-nuclear dimers. When the ;sizes; of the two interacting atoms are very different, several rounds of iteration are required for the results to converge. The converged results can be substantially different from the starting values obtained from the combining rules. However, if the sizes of the interacting atoms are close, only one or even no iteration is necessary for the results to converge. In either case, the converged results are the accurate descriptions of the interaction potentials of the hetero-nuclear dimers.

  17. Dispersion in 2D network: Effects of mixing rule at nodes and molecular diffusion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Y.; Tao, Q.; Li, M.

    2017-12-01

    We simulate solute transport in 2D network backbone characterized by pore connectivity and pore heterogeneity by particle-tracking method. In order to ensure the dispersion coefficient reaching an asymptotic value, we upscale dispersion from pore-scale to meter-scale by using periodic boundary condition. As comparison, two different flow mechanisms without or with dispersion in a capillary tube, namely mean flow and Taylor-Aris dispersion, are introduced to investigate the evolution of solute spreading. The longitudinal dispersion coefficient DLM without dispersion in a pipe can roughly be regarded as a parameter to quantify the impact of microscopic structure of porous media on solute spreading, which is smaller than that value DL of Taylor-Aris dispersion. The difference between them decreases with the enhancement of the disorder. The mixing rule at nodes has a minor effect on longitudinal spreading, but has a significant effect on transverse spreading, especially for the nearly homogeneous media. An increase of the disorder in network achieved by increasing pore size heterogeneity or/and decreasing pore connectivity diminishes the difference between two mixing rules. Besides, the evolution of longitudinal dispersion coefficient over diffusion presents three different patterns at different velocities for homogenous media, such as monotonically increasing trend, decreasing first and then increasing trend and monotonically decreasing trend. But all are replaced by power law for a high disorder. The simulation results also accurately predict the experimental dependence of the longitudinal coefficient on Peclet number Pe.

  18. Microstructure, mixing rules and interfacial behavior in high k barium titanate epoxy composite

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shi, Yitong (Thomas)

    2001-07-01

    In this thesis, we have demonstrated the importance of two issues in BaTiO3/epoxy composites. They are (1) the miscibility of a particle blend in organic vehicle, i.e. the capability of particles with different particle sizes to mix at the particle level, and (2) the ceramic/polymer interface as a role in determining the effective dielectric constant. The epoxy matrix between the BaTiO3 particles is not homogeneous and has to be modeled as a two-layer structure. The inhomogeneity causes not only failure of the existing mixing rules but also the particle size dependence of the effective dielectric constant. Since the interfacial behavior is determined by the materials chemistry, the effective dielectric properties experimentally demonstrate strong dependence on the materials selection and processing. If BaTiO3 particles in liquid epoxy resin has a bimodal particle size distribution, the smaller particles do not experimentally fit into the interstitial spaces between the larger spheres in an organic vehicle. ESEM observations indicated that the large particles separated from the small ones. Depending on the paste formula, the particle separation led to either a layer-like or cluster-like microstructure. The mixing free energy of blending smaller particles with larger particles explains the observed phenomena and suggests general criteria for particle miscibility. Whenever the mixing free energy is negative and the mixing free energy curve is convex, the particle blend remains in a random particle distribution. Otherwise, the particles separate into a larger-particle rich "phase" and a smaller-particle rich "phase". A random particle distribution may be the largest degree of mixing we can achieve in an organic vehicle. If there is no specific interaction between the small particles and the large particles, there is no thermodynamic driving force for small particles to fill preferentially into the interstitial spaces between the large spheres. The Hamaker constant H

  19. Gas-particle partitioning of alcohol vapors on organic aerosols.

    PubMed

    Chan, Lap P; Lee, Alex K Y; Chan, Chak K

    2010-01-01

    Single particle levitation using an electrodynamic balance (EDB) has been found to give accurate and direct hygroscopic measurements (gas-particle partitioning of water) for a number of inorganic and organic aerosol systems. In this paper, we extend the use of an EDB to examine the gas-particle partitioning of volatile to semivolatile alcohols, including methanol, n-butanol, n-octanol, and n-decanol, on levitated oleic acid particles. The measured K(p) agreed with Pankow's absorptive partitioning model. At high n-butanol vapor concentrations (10(3) ppm), the uptake of n-butanol reduced the average molecular-weight of the oleic acid particle appreciably and hence increased the K(p) according to Pankow's equation. Moreover, the hygroscopicity of mixed oleic acid/n-butanol particles was higher than the predictions given by the UNIFAC model (molecular group contribution method) and the ZSR equation (additive rule), presumably due to molecular interactions between the chemical species in the mixed particles. Despite the high vapor concentrations used, these findings warrant further research on the partitioning of atmospheric organic vapors (K(p)) near sources and how collectively they affect the hygroscopic properties of organic aerosols.

  20. Hygroscopicity of organic surrogate compounds from biomass burning and their effect on the efflorescence of ammonium sulfate in mixed aerosol particles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lei, Ting; Zuend, Andreas; Cheng, Yafang; Su, Hang; Wang, Weigang; Ge, Maofa

    2018-01-01

    Hygroscopic growth factors of organic surrogate compounds representing biomass burning and mixed organic-inorganic aerosol particles exhibit variability during dehydration experiments depending on their chemical composition, which we observed using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA). We observed that levoglucosan and humic acid aerosol particles release water upon dehumidification in the range from 90 to 5 % relative humidity (RH). However, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid aerosol particles remain in the solid state upon dehumidification and exhibit a small shrinking in size at higher RH compared to the dry size. For example, the measured growth factor of 4-hyroxybenzoic acid aerosol particles is ˜ 0.96 at 90 % RH. The measurements were accompanied by RH-dependent thermodynamic equilibrium calculations using the Aerosol Inorganic-Organic Mixtures Functional groups Activity Coefficients (AIOMFAC) model and Extended Aerosol Inorganics Model (E-AIM), the Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson (ZSR) relation, and a fitted hygroscopicity expression. We observed several effects of organic components on the hygroscopicity behavior of mixtures containing ammonium sulfate (AS) in relation to the different mass fractions of organic compounds: (1) a shift of efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) of ammonium sulfate to higher RH due to the presence of 25 wt % levoglucosan in the mixture. (2) There is a distinct efflorescence transition at 25 % RH for mixtures consisting of 25 wt % of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid compared to the ERH at 35 % for organic-free AS particles. (3) There is indication for a liquid-to-solid phase transition of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in the mixed particles during dehydration. (4) A humic acid component shows no significant effect on the efflorescence of AS in mixed aerosol particles. In addition, consideration of a composition-dependent degree of dissolution of crystallization AS (solid-liquid equilibrium) in the AIOMFAC and E-AIM models leads to a

  1. Experimental validation of thermodynamic mixture rules at extreme pressures and densities

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bradley, P. A.; Loomis, E. N.; Merritt, E. C.; Guzik, J. A.; Denne, P. H.; Clark, T. T.

    2018-01-01

    Accurate modeling of a mixed material Equation of State (EOS) at high pressures (˜1 to 100 Mbar) is critical for simulating inertial confinement fusion and high energy density systems. This paper presents a comparison of two mixing rule models to the experiment to assess their applicability in this regime. The shock velocities of polystyrene, aluminum, and nickel aluminide (NiAl) were measured at a shock pressure of ˜3 TPa (˜30 Mbar) on the Omega EP laser facility (Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York). The resultant shock velocities were compared to those derived from the RAGE (Eulerian) hydrodynamics code to validate various mixing rules used to construct an EOS for NiAl. The simulated shock transit time through the sample (Al or NiAl) matched the measurements to within the ±45ps measurement uncertainty. The law of partial volume (Amagat) and the law of partial pressure (Dalton) mixture rules provided equally good matches to the NiAl shock data. Other studies showed that the Amagat mixing rule is superior, and we recommend it since our results also show a satisfactory match. The comparable quality of the simulation to data for the Al and NiAl samples implies that a mixture rule can supply an EOS for plasma mixtures with adequate fidelity for simulations where mixing takes place, such as advective mix in an Eulerian code or when two materials are mixed together via diffusion, turbulence, or other physical processes.

  2. Experimental validation of thermodynamic mixture rules at extreme pressures and densities

    DOE PAGES

    Bradley, Paul Andrew; Loomis, Eric Nicholas; Merritt, Elizabeth Catherine; ...

    2018-01-19

    Accurate modeling of a mixed material Equation of State (EOS) at high pressures (~1 to 100 Mbar) is critical for simulating inertial confinement fusion and high energy density systems. Here, this paper presents a comparison of two mixing rule models to the experiment to assess their applicability in this regime. The shock velocities of polystyrene, aluminum, and nickel aluminide (NiAl) were measured at a shock pressure of ~3 TPa (~30 Mbar) on the Omega EP laser facility (Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, New York). The resultant shock velocities were compared to those derived from the RAGE (Eulerian) hydrodynamicsmore » code to validate various mixing rules used to construct an EOS for NiAl. The simulated shock transit time through the sample (Al or NiAl) matched the measurements to within the ±45ps measurement uncertainty. The law of partial volume (Amagat) and the law of partial pressure (Dalton) mixture rules provided equally good matches to the NiAl shock data. Other studies showed that the Amagat mixing rule is superior, and we recommend it since our results also show a satisfactory match. In conclusion, the comparable quality of the simulation to data for the Al and NiAl samples implies that a mixture rule can supply an EOS for plasma mixtures with adequate fidelity for simulations where mixing takes place, such as advective mix in an Eulerian code or when two materials are mixed together via diffusion, turbulence, or other physical processes.« less

  3. Refractive Index Mixing Rules and Excess Infrared Spectra of Binary Mixtures.

    PubMed

    Baranović, Goran

    2017-05-01

    Three refractive index mixing rules, Arago-Biot, Lorentz-Lorenz, and Newton, are generalized to complex refractive index and used to define infrared (IR) spectra of the corresponding ideal liquid mixtures. Using the measured optical constants n and k for acetonitrile-water mixtures (Bertie and Lan, 1997) the excess absorbances, A E  =  A obs  -  A ideal , are calculated. Relying upon the well-established properties of the acetonitrile-water mixtures, the interpretation of the excess absorbances is established that is essentially based on the understanding of a liquid as a set of oscillators. The set depends on the composition of the mixture and comprises oscillators as present in the pure components and oscillators perturbed by hydrogen bonding between unlike molecules. The main features of an excess spectrum can be established assuming chemical equilibria among various oscillators. The most informative parts of the spectrum of a yet unstudied binary system can well be observed and even qualitatively explained from the excess absorbance provided: first, a detailed vibrational study of the components has been done; and, second, it is well understood what actually is subtracted from A obs . As examples, the binary mixtures of ethynylbenzene and tetrachloroethylene and 2-ethynylpyridine and tetrachloroethylene are considered.

  4. Semi-empirical correlation for binary interaction parameters of the Peng-Robinson equation of state with the van der Waals mixing rules for the prediction of high-pressure vapor-liquid equilibrium.

    PubMed

    Fateen, Seif-Eddeen K; Khalil, Menna M; Elnabawy, Ahmed O

    2013-03-01

    Peng-Robinson equation of state is widely used with the classical van der Waals mixing rules to predict vapor liquid equilibria for systems containing hydrocarbons and related compounds. This model requires good values of the binary interaction parameter kij . In this work, we developed a semi-empirical correlation for kij partly based on the Huron-Vidal mixing rules. We obtained values for the adjustable parameters of the developed formula for over 60 binary systems and over 10 categories of components. The predictions of the new equation system were slightly better than the constant-kij model in most cases, except for 10 systems whose predictions were considerably improved with the new correlation.

  5. Medicare and Medicaid Programs; CY 2018 Home Health Prospective Payment System Rate Update and CY 2019 Case-Mix Adjustment Methodology Refinements; Home Health Value-Based Purchasing Model; and Home Health Quality Reporting Requirements. Final rule.

    PubMed

    2017-11-07

    This final rule updates the home health prospective payment system (HH PPS) payment rates, including the national, standardized 60-day episode payment rates, the national per-visit rates, and the non-routine medical supply (NRS) conversion factor, effective for home health episodes of care ending on or after January 1, 2018. This rule also: Updates the HH PPS case-mix weights using the most current, complete data available at the time of rulemaking; implements the third year of a 3-year phase-in of a reduction to the national, standardized 60-day episode payment to account for estimated case-mix growth unrelated to increases in patient acuity (that is, nominal case-mix growth) between calendar year (CY) 2012 and CY 2014; and discusses our efforts to monitor the potential impacts of the rebasing adjustments that were implemented in CY 2014 through CY 2017. In addition, this rule finalizes changes to the Home Health Value-Based Purchasing (HHVBP) Model and to the Home Health Quality Reporting Program (HH QRP). We are not finalizing the implementation of the Home Health Groupings Model (HHGM) in this final rule.

  6. Cytocompatibility and early inflammatory response of human endothelial cells in direct culture with Mg-Zn-Sr alloys

    PubMed Central

    Cipriano, Aaron F.; Sallee, Amy; Tayoba, Myla; Cortez Alcaraz, Mayra C.; Lin, Alan; Guan, Ren-Guo; Zhao, Zhan-Yong; Liu, Huinan

    2018-01-01

    Crystalline Mg-Zinc (Zn)-Strontium (Sr) ternary alloys consist of elements naturally present in the human body and provide attractive mechanical and biodegradable properties for a variety of biomedical applications. The first objective of this study was to investigate the degradation and cytocompatibility of four Mg-4Zn-xSr alloys (x = 0.15, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 wt%; designated as ZSr41A, B, C, and D respectively) in the direct culture with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro. The second objective was to investigate, for the first time, the early-stage inflammatory response in cultured HUVECs as indicated by the induction of vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). The results showed that the 24-h in vitro degradation of the ZSr41 alloys containing a β-phase with a Zn/Sr at% ratio ~1.5 was significantly faster than the ZSr41 alloys with Zn/Sr at% ~1. Additionally, the adhesion density of HUVECs in the direct culture but not in direct contact with the ZSr41 alloys for up to 24 h was not adversely affected by the degradation of the alloys. Importantly, neither culture media supplemented with up to 27.6 mM Mg2+ ions nor media intentionally adjusted up to alkaline pH 9 induced any detectable adverse effects on HUVEC responses. In contrast, the significantly higher, yet non-cytotoxic, Zn2+ ion concentration from the degradation of ZSr41D alloy was likely the cause for the initially higher VCAM-1 expression on cultured HUVECs. Lastly, analysis of the HUVEC-ZSr41 interface showed near-complete absence of cell adhesion directly on the sample surface, most likely caused by either a high local alkalinity, change in surface topography, and/or surface composition. The direct culture method used in this study was proposed as a valuable tool for studying the design aspects of Zn-containing Mg-based biomaterials in vitro, in order to engineer solutions to address current shortcomings of Mg alloys for vascular device applications. PMID:27746360

  7. 27 CFR 19.391 - Mixing denatured spirits.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Mixing denatured spirits... Rules for Mixing and Converting Denatured Spirits § 19.391 Mixing denatured spirits. (a) Spirits of the... same formula, the proprietor may mix them on bonded premises. (b) Spirits of different formulas. A...

  8. 27 CFR 19.391 - Mixing denatured spirits.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Mixing denatured spirits... Rules for Mixing and Converting Denatured Spirits § 19.391 Mixing denatured spirits. (a) Spirits of the... same formula, the proprietor may mix them on bonded premises. (b) Spirits of different formulas. A...

  9. 27 CFR 19.391 - Mixing denatured spirits.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Mixing denatured spirits... Rules for Mixing and Converting Denatured Spirits § 19.391 Mixing denatured spirits. (a) Spirits of the... same formula, the proprietor may mix them on bonded premises. (b) Spirits of different formulas. A...

  10. 27 CFR 19.391 - Mixing denatured spirits.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Mixing denatured spirits... Rules for Mixing and Converting Denatured Spirits § 19.391 Mixing denatured spirits. (a) Spirits of the... same formula, the proprietor may mix them on bonded premises. (b) Spirits of different formulas. A...

  11. 12 CFR 268.302 - Mixed case complaints.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Mixed case complaints. 268.302 Section 268.302... (CONTINUED) RULES REGARDING EQUAL OPPORTUNITY Related Processes § 268.302 Mixed case complaints. A mixed case... discrimination or it may contain additional allegations that the MSPB has jurisdiction to address. A mixed case...

  12. 12 CFR 268.302 - Mixed case complaints.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Mixed case complaints. 268.302 Section 268.302... (CONTINUED) RULES REGARDING EQUAL OPPORTUNITY Related Processes § 268.302 Mixed case complaints. A mixed case... discrimination or it may contain additional allegations that the MSPB has jurisdiction to address. A mixed case...

  13. 12 CFR 268.302 - Mixed case complaints.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Mixed case complaints. 268.302 Section 268.302... (CONTINUED) RULES REGARDING EQUAL OPPORTUNITY Related Processes § 268.302 Mixed case complaints. A mixed case... discrimination or it may contain additional allegations that the MSPB has jurisdiction to address. A mixed case...

  14. Neutrino mass sum-rule

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Damanik, Asan

    2018-03-01

    Neutrino mass sum-rele is a very important research subject from theoretical side because neutrino oscillation experiment only gave us two squared-mass differences and three mixing angles. We review neutrino mass sum-rule in literature that have been reported by many authors and discuss its phenomenological implications.

  15. Final inpatient rehabilitation PPS rule improves on proposed rule.

    PubMed

    Reynolds, M

    2001-10-01

    On August 7, 2001, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS--formerly HCFA) released the final rule for a new prospective payment system (PPS) for inpatient rehabilitation services describing the process that must be used to receive payment for such services provided to Medicare beneficiaries. The process consists of five steps: First, a clinician performs assessments of the patient upon admission and at discharge. Second, the patient is classified into a case-mix group (CMG) with an assigned relative-value weight within that CMG. Third, the Federal prospective payment rate is determined by multiplying the relative-value weight by an annually updated, budget-neutral conversion factor. Fourth, the Federal prospective payment rate is adjusted to account for facility-specific factors. Finally, the facility-adjusted payment rate may be adjusted for case-specific factors. The final rule eliminates three deficiencies in the proposed rule by providing increased payment for treating any comorbidities documented prior to the second day before discharge, providing more appropriate payment for transfer cases, and minimizing the paperwork associated with patient assessment.

  16. Mechanisms underlying transfer of task-defined rules across feature dimensions.

    PubMed

    Baroni, Giulia; Yamaguchi, Motonori; Chen, Jing; Proctor, Robert W

    2013-01-01

    The Simon effect can be reversed, favoring spatially noncorresponding responses, when people respond to stimulus colors (e.g., green) by pressing a key labeled with the alternative color (i.e., red). This Hedge and Marsh reversal is most often attributed to transfer of logical recoding rules from the color dimension to the location dimension. A recent study showed that this transfer of logical recoding rules can occur not only within a single task but also across two separate tasks that are intermixed. The present study investigated the conditions that determine the transfer of logical recoding rules across tasks. Experiment 1 examined whether it occurs in a transfer paradigm, that is when the two tasks are performed separately, but provided little support for this possibility. Experiment 2 investigated the role of task-set readiness, using a mixed-task paradigm with a predictable trials sequence, which indicated that there is no transfer of task-defined rules across tasks even when they are highly active during the Simon task. Finally, Experiments 3 and 4 used a mixed-task paradigm, where trials of the two tasks were mixed randomly and unpredictably, and manipulated the amount of feature overlap between tasks. Results indicated that task similarity is a determining factor for transfer of task-defined rules to occur. Overall, the study provides evidence that transfer of logical recoding rules tends to occur across two tasks when tasks are unpredictably intermixed and use stimuli that are highly similar and confusable.

  17. Mixed valent metals

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Riseborough, P. S.; Lawrence, J. M.

    2016-08-01

    We review the theory of mixed-valent metals and make comparison with experiments. A single-impurity description of the mixed-valent state is discussed alongside the description of the nearly-integer valent or Kondo limit. The degeneracy N of the f-shell plays an important role in the description of the low-temperature Fermi-liquid state. In particular, for large N, there is a rapid cross-over between the mixed-valent and the Kondo limit when the number of f electrons is changed. We discuss the limitations on the application of the single-impurity description to concentrated compounds such as those caused by the saturation of the Kondo effect and those due to the presence of magnetic interactions between the impurities. This discussion is followed by a description of a periodic lattice of mixed-valent ions, including the role of the degeneracy N. The article concludes with a comparison of theory and experiment. Topics covered include the single-impurity Anderson model, Luttinger’s theorem, the Friedel sum rule, the Schrieffer-Wolff transformation, the single-impurity Kondo model, Kondo screening, the Wilson ratio, local Fermi-liquids, Fermi-liquid sum rules, the Noziéres exhaustion principle, Doniach’s diagram, the Anderson lattice model, the Slave-Boson method, etc.

  18. Mixed valent metals

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Riseborough, P. S.; Lawrence, Jon M.

    Here, we review the theory of mixed-valent metals and make comparison with experiments. A single-impurity description of the mixed-valent state is discussed alongside the description of the nearly-integer valent or Kondo limit. The degeneracy N of the f-shell plays an important role in the description of the low-temperature Fermi-liquid state. In particular, for large N, there is a rapid cross-over between the mixed-valent and the Kondo limit when the number of f electrons is changed. We discuss the limitations on the application of the single-impurity description to concentrated compounds such as those caused by the saturation of the Kondo effectmore » and those due to the presence of magnetic interactions between the impurities. This discussion is followed by a description of a periodic lattice of mixed-valent ions, including the role of the degeneracy N. The article concludes with a comparison of theory and experiment. Topics covered include the single-impurity Anderson model, Luttinger's theorem, the Friedel sum rule, the Schrieffer–Wolff transformation, the single-impurity Kondo model, Kondo screening, the Wilson ratio, local Fermi-liquids, Fermi-liquid sum rules, the Nozieres exhaustion principle, Doniach's diagram, the Anderson lattice model, the Slave-Boson method, etc.« less

  19. Mixed valent metals

    DOE PAGES

    Riseborough, P. S.; Lawrence, Jon M.

    2016-07-04

    Here, we review the theory of mixed-valent metals and make comparison with experiments. A single-impurity description of the mixed-valent state is discussed alongside the description of the nearly-integer valent or Kondo limit. The degeneracy N of the f-shell plays an important role in the description of the low-temperature Fermi-liquid state. In particular, for large N, there is a rapid cross-over between the mixed-valent and the Kondo limit when the number of f electrons is changed. We discuss the limitations on the application of the single-impurity description to concentrated compounds such as those caused by the saturation of the Kondo effectmore » and those due to the presence of magnetic interactions between the impurities. This discussion is followed by a description of a periodic lattice of mixed-valent ions, including the role of the degeneracy N. The article concludes with a comparison of theory and experiment. Topics covered include the single-impurity Anderson model, Luttinger's theorem, the Friedel sum rule, the Schrieffer–Wolff transformation, the single-impurity Kondo model, Kondo screening, the Wilson ratio, local Fermi-liquids, Fermi-liquid sum rules, the Nozieres exhaustion principle, Doniach's diagram, the Anderson lattice model, the Slave-Boson method, etc.« less

  20. 12 CFR 268.302 - Mixed case complaints.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Mixed case complaints. 268.302 Section 268.302... RULES REGARDING EQUAL OPPORTUNITY Related Processes § 268.302 Mixed case complaints. A mixed case complaint is a complaint of employment discrimination filed with the Board based on race, color, religion...

  1. 12 CFR 268.302 - Mixed case complaints.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Mixed case complaints. 268.302 Section 268.302... RULES REGARDING EQUAL OPPORTUNITY Related Processes § 268.302 Mixed case complaints. A mixed case complaint is a complaint of employment discrimination filed with the Board based on race, color, religion...

  2. Rule acquisition in formal decision contexts based on formal, object-oriented and property-oriented concept lattices.

    PubMed

    Ren, Yue; Li, Jinhai; Aswani Kumar, Cherukuri; Liu, Wenqi

    2014-01-01

    Rule acquisition is one of the main purposes in the analysis of formal decision contexts. Up to now, there have been several types of rules in formal decision contexts such as decision rules, decision implications, and granular rules, which can be viewed as ∧-rules since all of them have the following form: "if conditions 1,2,…, and m hold, then decisions hold." In order to enrich the existing rule acquisition theory in formal decision contexts, this study puts forward two new types of rules which are called ∨-rules and ∨-∧ mixed rules based on formal, object-oriented, and property-oriented concept lattices. Moreover, a comparison of ∨-rules, ∨-∧ mixed rules, and ∧-rules is made from the perspectives of inclusion and inference relationships. Finally, some real examples and numerical experiments are conducted to compare the proposed rule acquisition algorithms with the existing one in terms of the running efficiency.

  3. Rule Acquisition in Formal Decision Contexts Based on Formal, Object-Oriented and Property-Oriented Concept Lattices

    PubMed Central

    Ren, Yue; Aswani Kumar, Cherukuri; Liu, Wenqi

    2014-01-01

    Rule acquisition is one of the main purposes in the analysis of formal decision contexts. Up to now, there have been several types of rules in formal decision contexts such as decision rules, decision implications, and granular rules, which can be viewed as ∧-rules since all of them have the following form: “if conditions 1,2,…, and m hold, then decisions hold.” In order to enrich the existing rule acquisition theory in formal decision contexts, this study puts forward two new types of rules which are called ∨-rules and ∨-∧ mixed rules based on formal, object-oriented, and property-oriented concept lattices. Moreover, a comparison of ∨-rules, ∨-∧ mixed rules, and ∧-rules is made from the perspectives of inclusion and inference relationships. Finally, some real examples and numerical experiments are conducted to compare the proposed rule acquisition algorithms with the existing one in terms of the running efficiency. PMID:25165744

  4. A Local Learning Rule for Independent Component Analysis

    PubMed Central

    Isomura, Takuya; Toyoizumi, Taro

    2016-01-01

    Humans can separately recognize independent sources when they sense their superposition. This decomposition is mathematically formulated as independent component analysis (ICA). While a few biologically plausible learning rules, so-called local learning rules, have been proposed to achieve ICA, their performance varies depending on the parameters characterizing the mixed signals. Here, we propose a new learning rule that is both easy to implement and reliable. Both mathematical and numerical analyses confirm that the proposed rule outperforms other local learning rules over a wide range of parameters. Notably, unlike other rules, the proposed rule can separate independent sources without any preprocessing, even if the number of sources is unknown. The successful performance of the proposed rule is then demonstrated using natural images and movies. We discuss the implications of this finding for our understanding of neuronal information processing and its promising applications to neuromorphic engineering. PMID:27323661

  5. Fincke unstows a spare RPCM from the U.S. Lab during Expedition 9

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2004-06-04

    ISS009-E-10551 (4 June 2004) --- Astronaut Edward M. (Mike) Fincke, Expedition 9 NASA ISS science officer and flight engineer, moves the Zero-G Storage Rack (ZSR) in the Destiny laboratory of the International Space Station (ISS) in order to retrieve the spare Remote Power Controller Module (RPCM), scheduled to replace the failed RPCM on the S0 (S-Zero) Truss. Fincke is positioned above the ZSR, which has been pulled from the Express Rack.

  6. Medicare program; home health prospective payment system rate update for calendar year 2012. Final rule.

    PubMed

    2011-11-04

    This final rule sets forth updates to the home health prospective payment system (HH PPS) rates, including: the national standardized 60-day episode rates; the national per-visit rates; and the low utilization payment amount (LUPA) under the Medicare PPS for home health agencies effective January 1, 2012. This rule applies a 1.4 percent update factor to the episode rates, which reflects a 1 percent reduction applied to the 2.4 percent market basket update factor, as mandated by the Affordable Care Act. This rule also updates the wage index used under the HH PPS, and further reduces home health payments to account for continued nominal growth in case-mix which is unrelated to changes in patient health status. This rule removes two hypertension codes from the HH PPS case-mix system, thereby requiring recalibration of the case-mix weights. In addition, the rule implements two structural changes designed to decrease incentives to upcode and provide unneeded therapy services. Finally, this rule incorporates additional flexibility regarding face-to-face encounters with providers related to home health care.

  7. Predictions for the Dirac C P -violating phase from sum rules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Delgadillo, Luis A.; Everett, Lisa L.; Ramos, Raymundo; Stuart, Alexander J.

    2018-05-01

    We explore the implications of recent results relating the Dirac C P -violating phase to predicted and measured leptonic mixing angles within a standard set of theoretical scenarios in which charged lepton corrections are responsible for generating a nonzero value of the reactor mixing angle. We employ a full set of leptonic sum rules as required by the unitarity of the lepton mixing matrix, which can be reduced to predictions for the observable mixing angles and the Dirac C P -violating phase in terms of model parameters. These sum rules are investigated within a given set of theoretical scenarios for the neutrino sector diagonalization matrix for several known classes of charged lepton corrections. The results provide explicit maps of the allowed model parameter space within each given scenario and assumed form of charged lepton perturbations.

  8. Get over it. New overtime rules a mixed bag for group practices.

    PubMed

    Tesdahl, D Benson; Saner, Robert J

    2004-01-01

    New overtime pay rules went into effect Aug. 23, 2004, that will have a dramatic impact on many employers. The rules have several features of particular significance to physician practices. They are the first extensive overhaul of federal overtime regulations, as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act, in more than 30 years. Because the government has given new definitions to exempt administrative and executive employees, medical groups should have considerable flexibility in developing overtime pay strategies.

  9. 7 CFR 29.3040 - Mixed color (M).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Mixed color (M). 29.3040 Section 29.3040 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... Mixed color (M). Distinctly different colors of the type mingled together. (See Rule 16.) [24 FR 8771...

  10. 7 CFR 29.3040 - Mixed color (M).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Mixed color (M). 29.3040 Section 29.3040 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... Mixed color (M). Distinctly different colors of the type mingled together. (See Rule 16.) [24 FR 8771...

  11. 7 CFR 29.3040 - Mixed color (M).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Mixed color (M). 29.3040 Section 29.3040 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... Mixed color (M). Distinctly different colors of the type mingled together. (See Rule 16.) [24 FR 8771...

  12. 7 CFR 29.3040 - Mixed color (M).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Mixed color (M). 29.3040 Section 29.3040 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... Mixed color (M). Distinctly different colors of the type mingled together. (See Rule 16.) [24 FR 8771...

  13. 7 CFR 29.3040 - Mixed color (M).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Mixed color (M). 29.3040 Section 29.3040 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... Mixed color (M). Distinctly different colors of the type mingled together. (See Rule 16.) [24 FR 8771...

  14. 26 CFR 1.141-6 - Allocation and accounting rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    .... Thus, allocations generally may be made using any reasonable, consistently applied accounting method... of proceeds to property. [Reserved] (c) Special rules for mixed use facilities. [Reserved] (d...

  15. 77 FR 50651 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; New Hampshire; Hot Mix Asphalt Plants

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-22

    ... and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; New Hampshire; Hot Mix Asphalt Plants AGENCY.... Specifically, EPA is proposing to approve amendments to the New Hampshire Hot Mix Asphalt Plant Rule at Env-A 2703.02(a). This rule establishes and requires limitations on visible emissions from all hot mix...

  16. 7 CFR 29.1122 - Rule 16.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Rule 16. 29.1122 Section 29.1122 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... major color shall be classified as mixed color and designated by the color symbol “KM”. Any lot of...

  17. 7 CFR 29.1122 - Rule 16.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Rule 16. 29.1122 Section 29.1122 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... major color shall be classified as mixed color and designated by the color symbol “KM”. Any lot of...

  18. Nonequivalence of updating rules in evolutionary games under high mutation rates.

    PubMed

    Kaiping, G A; Jacobs, G S; Cox, S J; Sluckin, T J

    2014-10-01

    Moran processes are often used to model selection in evolutionary simulations. The updating rule in Moran processes is a birth-death process, i. e., selection according to fitness of an individual to give birth, followed by the death of a random individual. For well-mixed populations with only two strategies this updating rule is known to be equivalent to selecting unfit individuals for death and then selecting randomly for procreation (biased death-birth process). It is, however, known that this equivalence does not hold when considering structured populations. Here we study whether changing the updating rule can also have an effect in well-mixed populations in the presence of more than two strategies and high mutation rates. We find, using three models from different areas of evolutionary simulation, that the choice of updating rule can change model results. We show, e. g., that going from the birth-death process to the death-birth process can change a public goods game with punishment from containing mostly defectors to having a majority of cooperative strategies. From the examples given we derive guidelines indicating when the choice of the updating rule can be expected to have an impact on the results of the model.

  19. Nonequivalence of updating rules in evolutionary games under high mutation rates

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kaiping, G. A.; Jacobs, G. S.; Cox, S. J.; Sluckin, T. J.

    2014-10-01

    Moran processes are often used to model selection in evolutionary simulations. The updating rule in Moran processes is a birth-death process, i. e., selection according to fitness of an individual to give birth, followed by the death of a random individual. For well-mixed populations with only two strategies this updating rule is known to be equivalent to selecting unfit individuals for death and then selecting randomly for procreation (biased death-birth process). It is, however, known that this equivalence does not hold when considering structured populations. Here we study whether changing the updating rule can also have an effect in well-mixed populations in the presence of more than two strategies and high mutation rates. We find, using three models from different areas of evolutionary simulation, that the choice of updating rule can change model results. We show, e. g., that going from the birth-death process to the death-birth process can change a public goods game with punishment from containing mostly defectors to having a majority of cooperative strategies. From the examples given we derive guidelines indicating when the choice of the updating rule can be expected to have an impact on the results of the model.

  20. Predictive performance of universal termination of resuscitation rules in an Asian community: are they accurate enough?

    PubMed

    Chiang, Wen-Chu; Ko, Patrick Chow-In; Chang, Anna Marie; Liu, Sot Shih-Hung; Wang, Hui-Chih; Yang, Chih-Wei; Hsieh, Ming-Ju; Chen, Shey-Ying; Lai, Mei-Shu; Ma, Matthew Huei-Ming

    2015-04-01

    Prehospital termination of resuscitation (TOR) rules have not been widely validated outside of Western countries. This study evaluated the performance of TOR rules in an Asian metropolitan with a mixed-tier emergency medical service (EMS). We analysed the Utstein registry of adult, non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) in Taipei to test the performance of TOR rules for advanced life support (ALS) or basic life support (BLS) providers. ALS and BLS-TOR rules were tested in OHCAs among three subgroups: (1) resuscitated by ALS, (2) by BLS and (3) by mixed ALS and BLS. Outcome definition was in-hospital death. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value and decreased transport rate (DTR) among various provider combinations were calculated. Of the 3489 OHCAs included, 240 were resuscitated by ALS, 1727 by BLS and 1522 by ALS and BLS. Overall survival to hospital discharge was 197 patients (5.6%). Specificity and PPV of ALS-TOR and BLS-TOR for identifying death ranged from 70.7% to 81.8% and 95.1% to 98.1%, respectively. Applying the TOR rules would have a DTR of 34.2-63.9%. BLS rules had better predictive accuracy and DTR than ALS rules among all subgroups. Application of the ALS and BLS TOR rules would have decreased OHCA transported to the hospital, and BLS rules are reasonable as the universal criteria in a mixed-tier EMS. However, 1.9-4.9% of those who survived would be misclassified as non-survivors, raising concern of compromising patient safety for the implementation of the rules. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

  1. Some rules for polydimensional squeezing

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Manko, Vladimir I.

    1994-01-01

    The review of the following results is presented: For mixed state light of N-mode electromagnetic field described by Wigner function which has generic Gaussian form, the photon distribution function is obtained and expressed explicitly in terms of Hermite polynomials of 2N-variables. The momenta of this distribution are calculated and expressed as functions of matrix invariants of the dispersion matrix. The role of new uncertainty relation depending on photon state mixing parameter is elucidated. New sum rules for Hermite polynomials of several variables are found. The photon statistics of polymode even and odd coherent light and squeezed polymode Schroedinger cat light is given explicitly. Photon distribution for polymode squeezed number states expressed in terms of multivariable Hermite polynomials is discussed.

  2. Heuristic rule for binary superlattice coassembly: mixed plastic mesophases of hard polyhedral nanoparticles.

    PubMed

    Khadilkar, Mihir R; Escobedo, Fernando A

    2014-10-17

    Sought-after ordered structures of mixtures of hard anisotropic nanoparticles can often be thermodynamically unfavorable due to the components' geometric incompatibility to densely pack into regular lattices. A simple compatibilization rule is identified wherein the particle sizes are chosen such that the order-disorder transition pressures of the pure components match (and the entropies of the ordered phases are similar). Using this rule with representative polyhedra from the truncated-cube family that form pure-component plastic crystals, Monte Carlo simulations show the formation of plastic-solid solutions for all compositions and for a wide range of volume fractions.

  3. Zingiberis Siccatum Rhizoma, the active component of the Kampo formula Daikenchuto, induces anti-inflammatory actions through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation.

    PubMed

    Endo, M; Hori, M; Mihara, T; Ozaki, H; Oikawa, T; Odaguchi, H; Hanawa, T

    2017-12-01

    We previously reported that Daikenchuto (DKT), a gastrointestinal prokinetic Japanese herbal (Kampo) medicine used for the treatment of postoperative ileus (POI), has characteristic potent anti-inflammatory activity. This effect may be partly mediated by the activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). In this study, we identified the specific herbs in DKT that induce anti-inflammatory action. The herbal components of DKT were individually administered orally to each mouse four times before and after intestinal manipulation (IM) was carried out on the distal ileum. The anti-inflammatory activity of each crude drug was subsequently evaluated using immunohistochemical analyses of relevant molecules. Treatment with Zingiberis Siccatum Rhizoma (ZSR) but not the other components inhibited the infiltration of cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68)-positive macrophages as effectively as DKT treatment. Selective α7nAChR antagonists, such as methyllycaconitine citrate, or transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) antagonists, such as HC-030031, significantly inhibited the amelioration of macrophage infiltration by ZSR. The inhibition of macrophage infiltration by ZSR was abolished in both α7nAChR and 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor (5-HT 4 R) knockout mice. Daikenchuto-induced anti-inflammatory activity, which was mediated by inhibiting macrophage infiltration in POI, is dependent on the effects of ZSR. Zingiberis Siccatum Rhizoma activates TRPA1 channels possibly in enterochromaffin (EC) cells to release 5-HT, which stimulates 5-HT 4 R in the myenteric plexus neurons to release ACh, which in turn activates α7nAChR on macrophages to inhibit inflammation in POI. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  4. Combination Rules for Morse-Based van der Waals Force Fields.

    PubMed

    Yang, Li; Sun, Lei; Deng, Wei-Qiao

    2018-02-15

    In traditional force fields (FFs), van der Waals interactions have been usually described by the Lennard-Jones potentials. Conventional combination rules for the parameters of van der Waals (VDW) cross-termed interactions were developed for the Lennard-Jones based FFs. Here, we report that the Morse potentials were a better function to describe VDW interactions calculated by highly precise quantum mechanics methods. A new set of combination rules was developed for Morse-based FFs, in which VDW interactions were described by Morse potentials. The new set of combination rules has been verified by comparing the second virial coefficients of 11 noble gas mixtures. For all of the mixed binaries considered in this work, the combination rules work very well and are superior to all three other existing sets of combination rules reported in the literature. We further used the Morse-based FF by using the combination rules to simulate the adsorption isotherms of CH 4 at 298 K in four covalent-organic frameworks (COFs). The overall agreement is great, which supports the further applications of this new set of combination rules in more realistic simulation systems.

  5. A Methodology for Identifying Cost Effective Strategic Force Mixes.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1984-12-01

    is not to say that the model could not be used to examine force increases. Given that the strategic force is already a mix of weapons, what is the...rules allow for the determination of what weapon mix to buy based on only the relative prices of the weapons and the parameters of the CES production...AD-A 151 773 AFIT/GOR/OS/84j /r A METHODOLOGY FOR IDENTIFYING COST EFFECTIVE STRATEGIC FORCE MIXES THESIS D I Thomas W. Manacapilli

  6. Medicare program; prospective payment system and consolidated billing for skilled nursing facilities for FY 2012. Final rule.

    PubMed

    2011-08-08

    This final rule updates the payment rates used under the prospective payment system for skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) for fiscal year 2012. In addition, it recalibrates the case-mix indexes so that they more accurately reflect parity in expenditures between RUG-IV and the previous case-mix classification system. It also includes a discussion of a Non-Therapy Ancillary component currently under development within CMS. In addition, this final rule discusses the impact of certain provisions of the Affordable Care Act, and reduces the SNF market basket percentage by the multi-factor productivity adjustment. This rule also implements certain changes relating to the payment of group therapy services and implements new resident assessment policies. Finally, this rule announces that the proposed provisions regarding the ownership disclosure requirements set forth in section 6101 of the Affordable Care Act will be finalized at a later date.

  7. Wild Birds Use an Ordering Rule to Decode Novel Call Sequences.

    PubMed

    Suzuki, Toshitaka N; Wheatcroft, David; Griesser, Michael

    2017-08-07

    The generative power of human language depends on grammatical rules, such as word ordering, that allow us to produce and comprehend even novel combinations of words [1-3]. Several species of birds and mammals produce sequences of calls [4-6], and, like words in human sentences, their order may influence receiver responses [7]. However, it is unknown whether animals use call ordering to extract meaning from truly novel sequences. Here, we use a novel experimental approach to test this in a wild bird species, the Japanese tit (Parus minor). Japanese tits are attracted to mobbing a predator when they hear conspecific alert and recruitment calls ordered as alert-recruitment sequences [7]. They also approach in response to recruitment calls of heterospecific individuals in mixed-species flocks [8, 9]. Using experimental playbacks, we assess their responses to artificial sequences in which their own alert calls are combined into different orderings with heterospecific recruitment calls. We find that Japanese tits respond similarly to mixed-species alert-recruitment call sequences and to their own alert-recruitment sequences. Importantly, however, tits rarely respond to mixed-species sequences in which the call order is reversed. Thus, Japanese tits extract a compound meaning from novel call sequences using an ordering rule. These results demonstrate a new parallel between animal communication systems and human language, opening new avenues for exploring the evolution of ordering rules and compositionality in animal vocal sequences. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. A hybrid learning method for constructing compact rule-based fuzzy models.

    PubMed

    Zhao, Wanqing; Niu, Qun; Li, Kang; Irwin, George W

    2013-12-01

    The Takagi–Sugeno–Kang-type rule-based fuzzy model has found many applications in different fields; a major challenge is, however, to build a compact model with optimized model parameters which leads to satisfactory model performance. To produce a compact model, most existing approaches mainly focus on selecting an appropriate number of fuzzy rules. In contrast, this paper considers not only the selection of fuzzy rules but also the structure of each rule premise and consequent, leading to the development of a novel compact rule-based fuzzy model. Here, each fuzzy rule is associated with two sets of input attributes, in which the first is used for constructing the rule premise and the other is employed in the rule consequent. A new hybrid learning method combining the modified harmony search method with a fast recursive algorithm is hereby proposed to determine the structure and the parameters for the rule premises and consequents. This is a hard mixed-integer nonlinear optimization problem, and the proposed hybrid method solves the problem by employing an embedded framework, leading to a significantly reduced number of model parameters and a small number of fuzzy rules with each being as simple as possible. Results from three examples are presented to demonstrate the compactness (in terms of the number of model parameters and the number of rules) and the performance of the fuzzy models obtained by the proposed hybrid learning method, in comparison with other techniques from the literature.

  9. 17 CFR 1.8 - Requests for interpretation of swaps, security-based swaps, and mixed swaps.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... swaps, security-based swaps, and mixed swaps. 1.8 Section 1.8 Commodity and Securities Exchanges... Requests for interpretation of swaps, security-based swaps, and mixed swaps. (a) In general. Any person may... Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder; or (3) A mixed swap, as that term is...

  10. 17 CFR 1.8 - Requests for interpretation of swaps, security-based swaps, and mixed swaps.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... swaps, security-based swaps, and mixed swaps. 1.8 Section 1.8 Commodity and Securities Exchanges... Requests for interpretation of swaps, security-based swaps, and mixed swaps. (a) In general. Any person may... Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder; or (3) A mixed swap, as that term is...

  11. Rule-based topology system for spatial databases to validate complex geographic datasets

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Martinez-Llario, J.; Coll, E.; Núñez-Andrés, M.; Femenia-Ribera, C.

    2017-06-01

    A rule-based topology software system providing a highly flexible and fast procedure to enforce integrity in spatial relationships among datasets is presented. This improved topology rule system is built over the spatial extension Jaspa. Both projects are open source, freely available software developed by the corresponding author of this paper. Currently, there is no spatial DBMS that implements a rule-based topology engine (considering that the topology rules are designed and performed in the spatial backend). If the topology rules are applied in the frontend (as in many GIS desktop programs), ArcGIS is the most advanced solution. The system presented in this paper has several major advantages over the ArcGIS approach: it can be extended with new topology rules, it has a much wider set of rules, and it can mix feature attributes with topology rules as filters. In addition, the topology rule system can work with various DBMSs, including PostgreSQL, H2 or Oracle, and the logic is performed in the spatial backend. The proposed topology system allows users to check the complex spatial relationships among features (from one or several spatial layers) that require some complex cartographic datasets, such as the data specifications proposed by INSPIRE in Europe and the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) for Cadastral data.

  12. STRATEGIES OF MARINE DINOFLAGELLATE SURVIVAL AND SOME RULES OF ASSEMBLY. (R829368)

    EPA Science Inventory

    Dinoflagellate ecology is based on multiple adaptive strategies and species having diverse habitat preferences. Nine types of mixing-irradiance-nutrient habitats selecting for specific marine dinoflagellate life-form types are recognised, with five rules of assembly proposed t...

  13. 77 FR 50608 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; New Hampshire; Hot Mix Asphalt Plants

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-22

    ... and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; New Hampshire; Hot Mix Asphalt Plants AGENCY... is approving a revision to New Hampshire's regulation Env-A 2703.02 for hot mix asphalt plants. This rule establishes and requires limitations on visible emissions from all hot mix asphalt plants. This...

  14. Enhancement mechanism of the additional absorbent on the absorption of the absorbing composite using a type-based mixing rule

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Xu, Yonggang; Yuan, Liming; Zhang, Deyuan

    2016-04-01

    A silicone rubber composite filled with carbonyl iron particles and four different carbonous materials (carbon black, graphite, carbon fiber or multi-walled carbon nanotubes) was prepared using a two-roller mixture. The complex permittivity and permeability were measured using a vector network analyzer at the frequency of 2-18 GHz. Then a type-based mixing rule based on the dielectric absorbent and magnetic absorbent was proposed to reveal the enhancing mechanism on the permittivity and permeability. The enforcement effect lies in the decreased percolation threshold and the changing pending parameter as the carbonous materials were added. The reflection loss (RL) result showed the added carbonous materials enhanced the absorption in the lower frequency range, the RL decrement value being about 2 dB at 4-5 GHz with a thickness of 1 mm. All the added carbonous materials reinforced the shielding effectiveness (SE) of the composites. The maximum increment value of the SE was about 3.23 dB at 0.5 mm and 4.65 dB at 1 mm, respectively. The added carbonous materials could be effective additives for enforcing the absorption and shielding property of the absorbers.

  15. Multiband product rule and consonant identification.

    PubMed

    Li, Feipeng; Allen, Jont B

    2009-07-01

    The multiband product rule, also known as band-independence, is a basic assumption of articulation index and its extension, the speech intelligibility index. Previously Fletcher showed its validity for a balanced mix of 20% consonant-vowel (CV), 20% vowel-consonant (VC), and 60% consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) sounds. This study repeats Miller and Nicely's version of the hi-/lo-pass experiment with minor changes to study band-independence for the 16 Miller-Nicely consonants. The cut-off frequencies are chosen such that the basilar membrane is evenly divided into 12 segments from 250 to 8000 Hz with the high-pass and low-pass filters sharing the same six cut-off frequencies in the middle. Results show that the multiband product rule is statistically valid for consonants on average. It also applies to subgroups of consonants, such as stops and fricatives, which are characterized by a flat distribution of speech cues along the frequency. It fails for individual consonants.

  16. Meson spectroscopy, quark mixing and quantum chromodynamics

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Filippov, A.T.

    1979-04-01

    A semiphenomenological theory of the quark-antiquark meson mass spectrum is presented. Relativistic kinematic effects due to unequal quark masses and SU (3) -breaking effects in the slopes of Regge trajectories and in radially excited states are taken into account. Violation of the OZI rule is accounted for by means of a mixing matrix for the quark wave functions, which is given by QCD. To describe the dependence of the mixing parameters on the meson masses, a simple extrapolation of the QCD expressions is proposed from the ''asymptotic-freedom'' region to the ''infrared-slavery'' region. To calculate the masses and mixing angles ofmore » the pseudoscalar mesons, the condition for a minimal pion mass is proposed. The eta-meson mass is then shown to be close to its maximum. The predictions of the theory for meson masses and mixing angles are in good agreement with experiment.« less

  17. New scheduling rules for a dynamic flexible flow line problem with sequence-dependent setup times

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kia, Hamidreza; Ghodsypour, Seyed Hassan; Davoudpour, Hamid

    2017-09-01

    In the literature, the application of multi-objective dynamic scheduling problem and simple priority rules are widely studied. Although these rules are not efficient enough due to simplicity and lack of general insight, composite dispatching rules have a very suitable performance because they result from experiments. In this paper, a dynamic flexible flow line problem with sequence-dependent setup times is studied. The objective of the problem is minimization of mean flow time and mean tardiness. A 0-1 mixed integer model of the problem is formulated. Since the problem is NP-hard, four new composite dispatching rules are proposed to solve it by applying genetic programming framework and choosing proper operators. Furthermore, a discrete-event simulation model is made to examine the performances of scheduling rules considering four new heuristic rules and the six adapted heuristic rules from the literature. It is clear from the experimental results that composite dispatching rules that are formed from genetic programming have a better performance in minimization of mean flow time and mean tardiness than others.

  18. Mixing {Xi}--{Xi}' Effects and Static Properties of Heavy {Xi}'s

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Aliev, T. M.; Ozpineci, A.; Zamiralov, V. S.

    It is shown the importance of mixing of heavy baryons {Xi}--{Xi}' with the new quantum numbers for analysis of its characteristics. The quark model of Ono is used as an example. Masses of new baryons as well as mixing angles of the states {Xi}--{Xi}' are obtained. The same reasoning is shown to be valid for the interpolating currents of these baryons in the framework of the QCD sum rules.

  19. Competition rules and health care players: principles and consequences.

    PubMed

    Fornaciari, Diego; Callens, Stefaan

    2012-01-01

    Competition rules maximise consumer welfare by promoting efficient use of scarce resource and thus high output, low prices, high quality, varied services, innovation, production and distribution. European courts consider doctors and hospital staff as undertakings (any entity that performs economic activities), so that if they enter into agreements then they have to comply with competition rules. This paper's objective is to determine whether competition law, which applies to undertakings, can in fact be applied to different healthcare-sector players and whether specific rules are needed regarding competition between healthcare undertakings. Data were selected from relevant European and national case law, European institution legal documents (such as regulations, guidelines and communications) and healthcare competition law literature, and then examined. The paper finds that competition rules are applicable to healthcare players considering the consequences if competition rules are applied to the healthcare market. For market processes to result in the appropriate cost, quality and output, competition law must be proactive. In other words, quality must be fully factored into the competitive mix, allowing consumers to weigh healthcare price and non-price characteristics. Countries have different healthcare system and competition rules (although similar), competition rule impact is different for each country. Some healthcare systems are more regulated and there will be less opportunity for healthcare players to compete. Efficiently applying competition law to healthcare players means that several challenges need facing, such as healthcare quality complexity and court scepticism. This article points out the challenges when competition law is applied to the healthcare sector and how these challenges are faced in certain countries such as The Netherlands.

  20. Rule-Based Event Processing and Reaction Rules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Paschke, Adrian; Kozlenkov, Alexander

    Reaction rules and event processing technologies play a key role in making business and IT / Internet infrastructures more agile and active. While event processing is concerned with detecting events from large event clouds or streams in almost real-time, reaction rules are concerned with the invocation of actions in response to events and actionable situations. They state the conditions under which actions must be taken. In the last decades various reaction rule and event processing approaches have been developed, which for the most part have been advanced separately. In this paper we survey reaction rule approaches and rule-based event processing systems and languages.

  1. 77 FR 52977 - Regulatory Capital Rules: Advanced Approaches Risk-Based Capital Rule; Market Risk Capital Rule

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-30

    ... Corporation 12 CFR Parts 324, 325 Regulatory Capital Rules: Advanced Approaches Risk-Based Capital Rule... 325 RIN 3064-AD97 Regulatory Capital Rules: Advanced Approaches Risk-Based Capital Rule; Market Risk... the agencies' current capital rules. In this NPR (Advanced Approaches and Market Risk NPR) the...

  2. Pushing the rules: effects and aftereffects of deliberate rule violations.

    PubMed

    Wirth, Robert; Pfister, Roland; Foerster, Anna; Huestegge, Lynn; Kunde, Wilfried

    2016-09-01

    Most of our daily life is organized around rules and social norms. But what makes rules so special? And what if one were to break a rule intentionally? Can we simply free us from the present set of rules or do we automatically adhere to them? How do rule violations influence subsequent behavior? To investigate the effects and aftereffects of violating simple S-R rule, we conducted three experiments that investigated continuous finger-tracking responses on an iPad. Our experiments show that rule violations are distinct from rule-based actions in both response times and movement trajectories, they take longer to initiate and execute, and their movement trajectory is heavily contorted. Data not only show differences between the two types of response (rule-based vs. violation), but also yielded a characteristic pattern of aftereffects in case of rule violations: rule violations do not trigger adaptation effects that render further rule violations less difficult, but every rule violation poses repeated effort on the agent. The study represents a first step towards understanding the signature and underlying mechanisms of deliberate rule violations, they cannot be acted out by themselves, but require the activation of the original rule first. Consequently, they are best understood as reformulations of existing rules that are not accessible on their own, but need to be constantly derived from the original rule, with an add-on that might entail an active tendency to steer away from mental representations that reflect (socially) unwanted behavior.

  3. Mechanisms of rule acquisition and rule following in inductive reasoning.

    PubMed

    Crescentini, Cristiano; Seyed-Allaei, Shima; De Pisapia, Nicola; Jovicich, Jorge; Amati, Daniele; Shallice, Tim

    2011-05-25

    Despite the recent interest in the neuroanatomy of inductive reasoning processes, the regional specificity within prefrontal cortex (PFC) for the different mechanisms involved in induction tasks remains to be determined. In this study, we used fMRI to investigate the contribution of PFC regions to rule acquisition (rule search and rule discovery) and rule following. Twenty-six healthy young adult participants were presented with a series of images of cards, each consisting of a set of circles numbered in sequence with one colored blue. Participants had to predict the position of the blue circle on the next card. The rules that had to be acquired pertained to the relationship among succeeding stimuli. Responses given by subjects were categorized in a series of phases either tapping rule acquisition (responses given up to and including rule discovery) or rule following (correct responses after rule acquisition). Mid-dorsolateral PFC (mid-DLPFC) was active during rule search and remained active until successful rule acquisition. By contrast, rule following was associated with activation in temporal, motor, and medial/anterior prefrontal cortex. Moreover, frontopolar cortex (FPC) was active throughout the rule acquisition and rule following phases before a rule became familiar. We attributed activation in mid-DLPFC to hypothesis generation and in FPC to integration of multiple separate inferences. The present study provides evidence that brain activation during inductive reasoning involves a complex network of frontal processes and that different subregions respond during rule acquisition and rule following phases.

  4. 18 CFR 385.104 - Rule of construction (Rule 104).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Rule of construction (Rule 104). 385.104 Section 385.104 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... Definitions § 385.104 Rule of construction (Rule 104). To the extent that the text of a rule is inconsistent...

  5. 18 CFR 385.104 - Rule of construction (Rule 104).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Rule of construction (Rule 104). 385.104 Section 385.104 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... Definitions § 385.104 Rule of construction (Rule 104). To the extent that the text of a rule is inconsistent...

  6. Phonological reduplication in sign language: Rules rule

    PubMed Central

    Berent, Iris; Dupuis, Amanda; Brentari, Diane

    2014-01-01

    Productivity—the hallmark of linguistic competence—is typically attributed to algebraic rules that support broad generalizations. Past research on spoken language has documented such generalizations in both adults and infants. But whether algebraic rules form part of the linguistic competence of signers remains unknown. To address this question, here we gauge the generalization afforded by American Sign Language (ASL). As a case study, we examine reduplication (X→XX)—a rule that, inter alia, generates ASL nouns from verbs. If signers encode this rule, then they should freely extend it to novel syllables, including ones with features that are unattested in ASL. And since reduplicated disyllables are preferred in ASL, such a rule should favor novel reduplicated signs. Novel reduplicated signs should thus be preferred to nonreduplicative controls (in rating), and consequently, such stimuli should also be harder to classify as nonsigns (in the lexical decision task). The results of four experiments support this prediction. These findings suggest that the phonological knowledge of signers includes powerful algebraic rules. The convergence between these conclusions and previous evidence for phonological rules in spoken language suggests that the architecture of the phonological mind is partly amodal. PMID:24959158

  7. A qualitative study on establishing and enforcing smoking rules in family cars.

    PubMed

    Kegler, Michelle Crozier; Escoffery, Cam; Butler, Susan

    2008-03-01

    With continued expansion of clean indoor air legislation, private spaces such as homes and cars are gaining increased attention as significant sources of secondhand smoke (SHS). This study examines the establishment and enforcement of smoking rules in family cars. Qualitative interviews (N = 136) were conducted with Black and White families in rural Georgia. Participating families had a young adolescent in the home and included households with all nonsmokers, a mix of smokers and nonsmokers, and all smokers. Common car smoking rules included no smoking allowed at any time, smoking allowed if a window is cracked, and no smoking allowed if children or nonsmokers are in the car. Major reasons for rules included protecting children and nonsmokers from SHS, aversion to the smell, and the stifling nature of SHS in cars. Damage to the vehicle from ashes and burns was another reason for smoking rules, particularly among families with smokers. Many families had never discussed car smoking rules. Families with car smoking rules were generally able to enforce them without difficulty, although smokers responded with a range of reactions from acceptance to anger. Families would consider a total ban if the smoker in their family quit or, for a few, if they purchased a new car. These findings have implications for designing intervention strategies to promote smoke-free cars and help family members to negotiate and enforce car smoking rules.

  8. The Effect of a History-Fitness Updating Rule on Evolutionary Games

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Du, Wen-Bo; Cao, Xian-Bin; Liu, Run-Ran; Jia, Chun-Xiao

    In this paper, we introduce a history-fitness-based updating rule into the evolutionary prisoner's dilemma game (PDG) on square lattices, and study how it works on the evolution of cooperation level. Under this updating rule, the player i will firstly select player j from its direct neighbors at random and then compare their fitness which is determined by the current payoff and history fitness. If player i's fitness is larger than that of j, player i will be more likely to keep its own strategy. Numerical results show that the cooperation level is remarkably promoted by the history-fitness-based updating rule. Moreover, there exists a moderate mixing proportion of current payoff and history fitness that can induce the optimal fitness, where the highest cooperation level is obtained. Our work may shed some new light on the ubiquitous cooperative behaviors in nature and society induced by the history factor.

  9. RuleMonkey: software for stochastic simulation of rule-based models

    PubMed Central

    2010-01-01

    Background The system-level dynamics of many molecular interactions, particularly protein-protein interactions, can be conveniently represented using reaction rules, which can be specified using model-specification languages, such as the BioNetGen language (BNGL). A set of rules implicitly defines a (bio)chemical reaction network. The reaction network implied by a set of rules is often very large, and as a result, generation of the network implied by rules tends to be computationally expensive. Moreover, the cost of many commonly used methods for simulating network dynamics is a function of network size. Together these factors have limited application of the rule-based modeling approach. Recently, several methods for simulating rule-based models have been developed that avoid the expensive step of network generation. The cost of these "network-free" simulation methods is independent of the number of reactions implied by rules. Software implementing such methods is now needed for the simulation and analysis of rule-based models of biochemical systems. Results Here, we present a software tool called RuleMonkey, which implements a network-free method for simulation of rule-based models that is similar to Gillespie's method. The method is suitable for rule-based models that can be encoded in BNGL, including models with rules that have global application conditions, such as rules for intramolecular association reactions. In addition, the method is rejection free, unlike other network-free methods that introduce null events, i.e., steps in the simulation procedure that do not change the state of the reaction system being simulated. We verify that RuleMonkey produces correct simulation results, and we compare its performance against DYNSTOC, another BNGL-compliant tool for network-free simulation of rule-based models. We also compare RuleMonkey against problem-specific codes implementing network-free simulation methods. Conclusions RuleMonkey enables the simulation of

  10. 4 CFR 22.1 - Applicability of Rules [Rule 1].

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 4 Accounts 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Applicability of Rules [Rule 1]. 22.1 Section 22.1... ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE CONTRACT APPEALS BOARD § 22.1 Applicability of Rules [Rule 1]. The Government... all appeals filed with the Board on or after October 1, 2007. ...

  11. 18 CFR 385.103 - References to rules (Rule 103).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false References to rules (Rule 103). 385.103 Section 385.103 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... Definitions § 385.103 References to rules (Rule 103). This part cross-references its sections according to...

  12. 18 CFR 385.103 - References to rules (Rule 103).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false References to rules (Rule 103). 385.103 Section 385.103 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... Definitions § 385.103 References to rules (Rule 103). This part cross-references its sections according to...

  13. Multiple-rule bias in the comparison of classification rules

    PubMed Central

    Yousefi, Mohammadmahdi R.; Hua, Jianping; Dougherty, Edward R.

    2011-01-01

    Motivation: There is growing discussion in the bioinformatics community concerning overoptimism of reported results. Two approaches contributing to overoptimism in classification are (i) the reporting of results on datasets for which a proposed classification rule performs well and (ii) the comparison of multiple classification rules on a single dataset that purports to show the advantage of a certain rule. Results: This article provides a careful probabilistic analysis of the second issue and the ‘multiple-rule bias’, resulting from choosing a classification rule having minimum estimated error on the dataset. It quantifies this bias corresponding to estimating the expected true error of the classification rule possessing minimum estimated error and it characterizes the bias from estimating the true comparative advantage of the chosen classification rule relative to the others by the estimated comparative advantage on the dataset. The analysis is applied to both synthetic and real data using a number of classification rules and error estimators. Availability: We have implemented in C code the synthetic data distribution model, classification rules, feature selection routines and error estimation methods. The code for multiple-rule analysis is implemented in MATLAB. The source code is available at http://gsp.tamu.edu/Publications/supplementary/yousefi11a/. Supplementary simulation results are also included. Contact: edward@ece.tamu.edu Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. PMID:21546390

  14. When you shouldn't do what you want to do: young children's understanding of desires, rules, and emotions.

    PubMed

    Lagattuta, Kristin Hansen

    2005-01-01

    This research investigated 4- through 7-year-olds' and adults' (n = 64) concepts about the emotional consequences of desire fulfillment versus desire inhibition in situations where people's desires conflict with prohibitive rules. Results revealed developmental increases in attributing positive or mixed emotions to story characters that make willpower decisions and negative or mixed emotions to characters that transgress. These developmental changes in emotion predictions were accompanied by age-related differences in emotion explanations. Whereas 4- and 5-year-olds largely explained emotions in relation to the characters' goals, 7-year-olds and adults further explained how rules and future consequences influence emotions. Results are discussed in relation to connections among children's psychological, deontic, and future-oriented reasoning about emotions as well as the development of self-control.

  15. 76 FR 24376 - Commission's Ex Parte Rules and Other Procedural Rules

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-02

    ...'s Ex Parte Rules and Other Procedural Rules AGENCY: Federal Communications Commission. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: In this document the Commission revises certain ex parte and organizational rules. This document amends and reforms the Commission's rules on ex parte presentations made in the course of...

  16. Evolving learning rules and emergence of cooperation in spatial prisoner's dilemma.

    PubMed

    Moyano, Luis G; Sánchez, Angel

    2009-07-07

    In the evolutionary Prisoner's dilemma (PD) game, agents play with each other and update their strategies in every generation according to some microscopic dynamical rule. In its spatial version, agents do not play with every other but, instead, interact only with their neighbours, thus mimicking the existing of a social or contact network that defines who interacts with whom. In this work, we explore evolutionary, spatial PD systems consisting of two types of agents, each with a certain update (reproduction, learning) rule. We investigate two different scenarios: in the first case, update rules remain fixed for the entire evolution of the system; in the second case, agents update both strategy and update rule in every generation. We show that in a well-mixed population the evolutionary outcome is always full defection. We subsequently focus on two-strategy competition with nearest-neighbour interactions on the contact network and synchronised update of strategies. Our results show that, for an important range of the parameters of the game, the final state of the system is largely different from that arising from the usual setup of a single, fixed dynamical rule. Furthermore, the results are also very different if update rules are fixed or evolve with the strategies. In these respect, we have studied representative update rules, finding that some of them may become extinct while others prevail. We describe the new and rich variety of final outcomes that arise from this co-evolutionary dynamics. We include examples of other neighbourhoods and asynchronous updating that confirm the robustness of our conclusions. Our results pave the way to an evolutionary rationale for modelling social interactions through game theory with a preferred set of update rules.

  17. Medicare and Medicaid Programs; CY 2016 Home Health Prospective Payment System Rate Update; Home Health Value-Based Purchasing Model; and Home Health Quality Reporting Requirements. Final rule.

    PubMed

    2015-11-05

    This final rule will update Home Health Prospective Payment System (HH PPS) rates, including the national, standardized 60-day episode payment rates, the national per-visit rates, and the non-routine medical supply (NRS) conversion factor under the Medicare prospective payment system for home health agencies (HHAs), effective for episodes ending on or after January 1, 2016. As required by the Affordable Care Act, this rule implements the 3rd year of the 4-year phase-in of the rebasing adjustments to the HH PPS payment rates. This rule updates the HH PPS case-mix weights using the most current, complete data available at the time of rulemaking and provides a clarification regarding the use of the "initial encounter'' seventh character applicable to certain ICD-10-CM code categories. This final rule will also finalize reductions to the national, standardized 60-day episode payment rate in CY 2016, CY 2017, and CY 2018 of 0.97 percent in each year to account for estimated case-mix growth unrelated to increases in patient acuity (nominal case-mix growth) between CY 2012 and CY 2014. In addition, this rule implements a HH value-based purchasing (HHVBP) model, beginning January 1, 2016, in which all Medicare-certified HHAs in selected states will be required to participate. Finally, this rule finalizes minor changes to the home health quality reporting program and minor technical regulations text changes.

  18. Medicare Program; Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment System for Federal Fiscal Year 2016. Final rule.

    PubMed

    2015-08-06

    This final rule updates the prospective payment rates for inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) for federal fiscal year (FY) 2016 as required by the statute. As required by section 1886(j)(5) of the Act, this rule includes the classification and weighting factors for the IRF PPS's case-mix groups and a description of the methodologies and data used in computing the prospective payment rates for FY 2016. This final rule also finalizes policy changes, including the adoption of an IRF-specific market basket that reflects the cost structures of only IRF providers, a 1-year phase-in of the revised wage index changes, a 3-year phase-out of the rural adjustment for certain IRFs, and revisions and updates to the quality reporting program (QRP).

  19. Exploration of SWRL Rule Bases through Visualization, Paraphrasing, and Categorization of Rules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hassanpour, Saeed; O'Connor, Martin J.; Das, Amar K.

    Rule bases are increasingly being used as repositories of knowledge content on the Semantic Web. As the size and complexity of these rule bases increases, developers and end users need methods of rule abstraction to facilitate rule management. In this paper, we describe a rule abstraction method for Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) rules that is based on lexical analysis and a set of heuristics. Our method results in a tree data structure that we exploit in creating techniques to visualize, paraphrase, and categorize SWRL rules. We evaluate our approach by applying it to several biomedical ontologies that contain SWRL rules, and show how the results reveal rule patterns within the rule base. We have implemented our method as a plug-in tool for Protégé-OWL, the most widely used ontology modeling software for the Semantic Web. Our tool can allow users to rapidly explore content and patterns in SWRL rule bases, enabling their acquisition and management.

  20. Solubilization of pyrene by anionic-nonionic mixed surfactants.

    PubMed

    Zhou, Wenjun; Zhu, Lizhong

    2004-06-18

    Surfactant-enhanced remediation (SER) is an effective approach for the removal of sorbed hydrophobic organic compounds from contaminated soils. The solubilization of pyrene by four anionic-nonionic mixed surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with Triton X-405 (TX405), Brij35, Brij58, and Triton X-100 (TX100), has been studied from measurements of the molar solubilization ratio (MSR), the micelle-water partition coefficient (Kmc), and the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The MSRs of pyrene in mixed surfactants are found to be larger than those predicted according to an ideal mixing rule. The mixing effect of anionic and nonionic surfactants on MSR for pyrene follows the order of SDS-TX405 > SDS-Brij35 > SDS-Brij58 > SDS-TX100 and increases with an increase in the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value of nonionic surfactant in mixed systems. In addition, the mixture of anionic and nonionic surfactants cause the Kmc value for pyrene to be greater than the ideal value in SDS-TX405 mixed system, but to be smaller than the ideal value in SDS-Brij35, SDS-Brij58, and SDS-TX100 mixed systems. Meanwhile, in the four mixed systems, the experimental CMCs are lower than the ideal CMCs at almost all mixed surfactant solution compositions. The mixing effect of anionic and nonionic surfactants on MSR for pyrene can be attributed to the conjunct or the net result of the negative deviation of the CMCs from ideal mixture and the increasing or decreasing Kmc.

  1. Australian road rules

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2009-02-01

    *These are national-level rules. Australian Road Rules - 2009 Version, Part 18, Division 1, Rule 300 "Use of Mobile Phones" describes restrictions of mobile phone use while driving. The rule basically states that drivers cannot make or receive calls ...

  2. Rules and Self-Rules: Effects of Variation upon Behavioral Sensitivity to Change

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Baumann, Ana A.; Abreu-Rodrigues, Josele; da Silva Souza, Alessandra

    2009-01-01

    Four experiments compared the effects of self-rules and rules, and varied and specific schedules of reinforcement. Participants were first exposed to either several schedules (varied groups) or to one schedule (specific groups) and either were asked to generate rules (self-rule groups), were provided rules (rule groups), or were not asked nor…

  3. Hund's Rule-Driven Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction at 3d-5d Interfaces.

    PubMed

    Belabbes, A; Bihlmayer, G; Bechstedt, F; Blügel, S; Manchon, A

    2016-12-09

    Using relativistic first-principles calculations, we show that the chemical trend of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) in 3d-5d ultrathin films follows Hund's first rule with a tendency similar to their magnetic moments in either the unsupported 3d monolayers or 3d-5d interfaces. We demonstrate that, besides the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) effect in inversion asymmetric noncollinear magnetic systems, the driving force is the 3d orbital occupations and their spin-flip mixing processes with the spin-orbit active 5d states control directly the sign and magnitude of the DMI. The magnetic chirality changes are discussed in the light of the interplay between SOC, Hund's first rule, and the crystal-field splitting of d orbitals.

  4. The structure, mixing angle, mass and couplings of the light scalar f0(500) and f0(980) mesons

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Agaev, S. S.; Azizi, K.; Sundu, H.

    2018-06-01

    The mixing angle, mass and couplings of the light scalar mesons f0 (500) and f0 (980) are calculated in the framework of QCD two-point sum rule approach by assuming that they are tetraquarks with diquark-antidiquark structures. The mesons are treated as mixtures of the heavy | H > = ([ su ] [ s bar u bar ] + [ sd ] [ s bar d bar ]) /√{ 2 } and light | L > = [ ud ] [ u bar d bar ] scalar diquark-antidiquark components. We extract from corresponding sum rules the mixing angles φH and φL of these states and evaluate the masses and couplings of the particles f0 (500) and f0 (980).

  5. Medicare program; prospective payment system and consolidated billing for skilled nursing facilities for FY 2010; minimum data set, version 3.0 for skilled nursing facilities and Medicaid nursing facilities. Final rule.

    PubMed

    2009-08-11

    This final rule updates the payment rates used under the prospective payment system (PPS) for skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), for fiscal year (FY) 2010. In addition, it recalibrates the case-mix indexes so that they more accurately reflect parity in expenditures related to the implementation of case-mix refinements in January 2006. It also discusses the results of our ongoing analysis of nursing home staff time measurement data collected in the Staff Time and Resource Intensity Verification project, as well as a new Resource Utilization Groups, version 4 case-mix classification model for FY 2011 that will use the updated Minimum Data Set 3.0 resident assessment for case-mix classification. In addition, this final rule discusses the public comments that we have received on these and other issues, including a possible requirement for the quarterly reporting of nursing home staffing data, as well as on applying the quality monitoring mechanism in place for all other SNF PPS facilities to rural swing-bed hospitals. Finally, this final rule revises the regulations to incorporate certain technical corrections.

  6. Mixing with applications to inertial-confinement-fusion implosions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rana, V.; Lim, H.; Melvin, J.; Glimm, J.; Cheng, B.; Sharp, D. H.

    2017-01-01

    Approximate one-dimensional (1D) as well as 2D and 3D simulations are playing an important supporting role in the design and analysis of future experiments at National Ignition Facility. This paper is mainly concerned with 1D simulations, used extensively in design and optimization. We couple a 1D buoyancy-drag mix model for the mixing zone edges with a 1D inertial confinement fusion simulation code. This analysis predicts that National Ignition Campaign (NIC) designs are located close to a performance cliff, so modeling errors, design features (fill tube and tent) and additional, unmodeled instabilities could lead to significant levels of mix. The performance cliff we identify is associated with multimode plastic ablator (CH) mix into the hot-spot deuterium and tritium (DT). The buoyancy-drag mix model is mode number independent and selects implicitly a range of maximum growth modes. Our main conclusion is that single effect instabilities are predicted not to lead to hot-spot mix, while combined mode mixing effects are predicted to affect hot-spot thermodynamics and possibly hot-spot mix. Combined with the stagnation Rayleigh-Taylor instability, we find the potential for mix effects in combination with the ice-to-gas DT boundary, numerical effects of Eulerian species CH concentration diffusion, and ablation-driven instabilities. With the help of a convenient package of plasma transport parameters developed here, we give an approximate determination of these quantities in the regime relevant to the NIC experiments, while ruling out a variety of mix possibilities. Plasma transport parameters affect the 1D buoyancy-drag mix model primarily through its phenomenological drag coefficient as well as the 1D hydro model to which the buoyancy-drag equation is coupled.

  7. Mixing with applications to inertial-confinement-fusion implosions.

    PubMed

    Rana, V; Lim, H; Melvin, J; Glimm, J; Cheng, B; Sharp, D H

    2017-01-01

    Approximate one-dimensional (1D) as well as 2D and 3D simulations are playing an important supporting role in the design and analysis of future experiments at National Ignition Facility. This paper is mainly concerned with 1D simulations, used extensively in design and optimization. We couple a 1D buoyancy-drag mix model for the mixing zone edges with a 1D inertial confinement fusion simulation code. This analysis predicts that National Ignition Campaign (NIC) designs are located close to a performance cliff, so modeling errors, design features (fill tube and tent) and additional, unmodeled instabilities could lead to significant levels of mix. The performance cliff we identify is associated with multimode plastic ablator (CH) mix into the hot-spot deuterium and tritium (DT). The buoyancy-drag mix model is mode number independent and selects implicitly a range of maximum growth modes. Our main conclusion is that single effect instabilities are predicted not to lead to hot-spot mix, while combined mode mixing effects are predicted to affect hot-spot thermodynamics and possibly hot-spot mix. Combined with the stagnation Rayleigh-Taylor instability, we find the potential for mix effects in combination with the ice-to-gas DT boundary, numerical effects of Eulerian species CH concentration diffusion, and ablation-driven instabilities. With the help of a convenient package of plasma transport parameters developed here, we give an approximate determination of these quantities in the regime relevant to the NIC experiments, while ruling out a variety of mix possibilities. Plasma transport parameters affect the 1D buoyancy-drag mix model primarily through its phenomenological drag coefficient as well as the 1D hydro model to which the buoyancy-drag equation is coupled.

  8. Does hearing two dialects at different times help infants learn dialect-specific rules?

    PubMed Central

    Gonzales, Kalim; Gerken, LouAnn; Gómez, Rebecca L.

    2015-01-01

    Infants might be better at teasing apart dialects with different language rules when hearing the dialects at different times, since language learners do not always combine input heard at different times. However, no previous research has independently varied the temporal distribution of conflicting language input. Twelve-month-olds heard two artificial language streams representing different dialects—a “pure stream” whose sentences adhered to abstract grammar rules like aX bY, and a “mixed stream” wherein any a- or b-word could precede any X- or Y-word. Infants were then tested for generalization of the pure stream’s rules to novel sentences. Supporting our hypothesis, infants showed generalization when the two streams’ sentences alternated in minutes-long intervals without any perceptually salient change across streams (Experiment 2), but not when all sentences from these same streams were randomly interleaved (Experiment 3). Results are interpreted in light of temporal context effects in word learning. PMID:25880342

  9. Extension of the firefly algorithm and preference rules for solving MINLP problems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Costa, M. Fernanda P.; Francisco, Rogério B.; Rocha, Ana Maria A. C.; Fernandes, Edite M. G. P.

    2017-07-01

    An extension of the firefly algorithm (FA) for solving mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problems is presented. Although penalty functions are nowadays frequently used to handle integrality conditions and inequality and equality constraints, this paper proposes the implementation within the FA of a simple rounded-based heuristic and four preference rules to find and converge to MINLP feasible solutions. Preliminary numerical experiments are carried out to validate the proposed methodology.

  10. Cross-Field Comparison of Ethics Education: Golden Rules and Particulars.

    PubMed

    Mulhearn, Tyler J; Watts, Logan L; Torrence, Brett S; Todd, E Michelle; Turner, Megan R; Connelly, Shane; Mumford, Michael D

    2017-01-01

    Research misconduct negatively impacts the scientific community and society in general. Providing training in the responsible conduct of research (RCR) to researchers is one viable approach to minimizing research misconduct. Although recent evidence suggests ethics training can indeed be effective, little empirical work has examined the similarities and differences across fields. In the present study, we analyzed 62 empirical studies in engineering, biomedical science, social science, and mixed fields. The findings suggest certain instructional principles, or "golden rules," apply generally to all fields. These golden rules include maintaining a field-specific or field-general approach and emphasizing processes in training. The findings also suggest that content areas contributing to instructional effectiveness vary as a function of field. Generally, it appears that all fields may benefit from taking a multi-pronged approach to ethics education wherein the salient field issues are covered. Implications for RCR education are discussed.

  11. Parental Rule Socialization for Preventive Health and Adolescent Rule Compliance

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bylund, Carma L.; Baxter, Leslie A.; Imes, Rebecca S.; Wolf, Bianca

    2010-01-01

    This study examined family rules about nutrition, exercise, and sun protection in 164 parent-young adult children dyads. Both parents and their young adult children independently reported on health rules that they perceived throughout their child's adolescent years and the extent to which the rules were articulated, violations sanctioned, and…

  12. A method of extracting impervious surface based on rule algorithm

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Peng, Shuangyun; Hong, Liang; Xu, Quanli

    2018-02-01

    The impervious surface has become an important index to evaluate the urban environmental quality and measure the development level of urbanization. At present, the use of remote sensing technology to extract impervious surface has become the main way. In this paper, a method to extract impervious surface based on rule algorithm is proposed. The main ideas of the method is to use the rule-based algorithm to extract impermeable surface based on the characteristics and the difference which is between the impervious surface and the other three types of objects (water, soil and vegetation) in the seven original bands, NDWI and NDVI. The steps can be divided into three steps: 1) Firstly, the vegetation is extracted according to the principle that the vegetation is higher in the near-infrared band than the other bands; 2) Then, the water is extracted according to the characteristic of the water with the highest NDWI and the lowest NDVI; 3) Finally, the impermeable surface is extracted based on the fact that the impervious surface has a higher NDWI value and the lowest NDVI value than the soil.In order to test the accuracy of the rule algorithm, this paper uses the linear spectral mixed decomposition algorithm, the CART algorithm, the NDII index algorithm for extracting the impervious surface based on six remote sensing image of the Dianchi Lake Basin from 1999 to 2014. Then, the accuracy of the above three methods is compared with the accuracy of the rule algorithm by using the overall classification accuracy method. It is found that the extraction method based on the rule algorithm is obviously higher than the above three methods.

  13. Cell Phones: Rule-Setting, Rule-Breaking, and Relationships in Classrooms

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Charles, Anita S.

    2012-01-01

    Based on a small qualitative study, this article focuses on understanding the rules for cell phones and other social networking media in schools, an aspect of broader research that led to important understandings of teacher-student negotiations. It considers the rules that schools and teachers make, the rampant breaking of these rules, the…

  14. Using Rule-Based Computer Programming to Unify Communication Rules Research.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sanford, David L.; Roach, J. W.

    This paper proposes the use of a rule-based computer programming language as a standard for the expression of rules, arguing that the adoption of a standard would enable researchers to communicate about rules in a consistent and significant way. Focusing on the formal equivalence of artificial intelligence (AI) programming to different types of…

  15. Modifying Intramural Rules.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rokosz, Francis M.

    1981-01-01

    Standard sports rules can be altered to improve the game for intramural participants. These changes may improve players' attitudes, simplify rules for officials, and add safety features to a game. Specific rule modifications are given for volleyball, football, softball, floor hockey, basketball, and soccer. (JN)

  16. Strategies of marine dinoflagellate survival and some rules of assembly

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Smayda, Theodore J.; Reynolds, Colin S.

    2003-03-01

    Dinoflagellate ecology is based on multiple adaptive strategies and species having diverse habitat preferences. Nine types of mixing-irradiance-nutrient habitats selecting for specific marine dinoflagellate life-form types are recognised, with five rules of assembly proposed to govern bloom-species selection and community organisation within these habitats. Assembly is moulded around an abiotic template of light energy, nutrient supply and physical mixing in permutative combinations. Species selected will have one of three basic ( C-, S-, R-) strategies: colonist species ( C-) which predominate in chemically disturbed habitats; nutrient stress tolerant species ( S-), and species ( R-) tolerant of shear/stress forces in physically disturbed water masses. This organisational plan of three major habitat variables and three major adaptive strategies is termed the 3-3 plan. The bloom behaviour and habitat specialisation of dinoflagellates and diatoms are compared. Dinoflagellates behave as annual species, bloom soloists, are ecophysiologically diverse, and habitat specialists whose blooms tend to be monospecific. Diatoms behave as perennial species, guild members, are habitat cosmopolites, have a relatively uniform bloom strategy based on species-rich pools and exhibit limited habitat specialisation. Dinoflagellate bloom-species selection follows a taxonomic hierarchical pathway which progresses from phylogenetic to generic to species selection, and in that sequence. Each hierarchical taxonomic level has its own adaptive requirements subject to rules of assembly. Dinoflagellates would appear to be well suited to exploit marine habitats and to be competitive with other phylogenetic groups, yet fail to do so.

  17. Resolving task rule incongruence during task switching by competitor rule suppression.

    PubMed

    Meiran, Nachshon; Hsieh, Shulan; Dimov, Eduard

    2010-07-01

    Task switching requires maintaining readiness to execute any task of a given set of tasks. However, when tasks switch, the readiness to execute the now-irrelevant task generates interference, as seen in the task rule incongruence effect. Overcoming such interference requires fine-tuned inhibition that impairs task readiness only minimally. In an experiment involving 2 object classification tasks and 2 location classification tasks, the authors show that irrelevant task rules that generate response conflicts are inhibited. This competitor rule suppression (CRS) is seen in response slowing in subsequent trials, when the competing rules become relevant. CRS is shown to operate on specific rules without affecting similar rules. CRS and backward inhibition, which is another inhibitory phenomenon, produced additive effects on reaction time, suggesting their mutual independence. Implications for current formal theories of task switching as well as for conflict monitoring theories are discussed. (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved

  18. Measuring the attitudes and impact of the eighty-hour workweek rules on orthopaedic surgery residents.

    PubMed

    Kusuma, Sharat K; Mehta, Samir; Sirkin, Michael; Yates, Adolph J; Miclau, Theodore; Templeton, Kimberly J; Friedlaender, Gary E

    2007-03-01

    The literature on graduate medical education contains anecdotal reports of some effects of the new eighty-hour workweek on the attitudes and performance of residents. However, there are relatively few studies detailing the attitudes of large numbers of residents in a particular surgical specialty toward the new requirements. Between July and November 2004, a survey created by the Academic Advocacy Committee of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons was distributed by mail, fax, and e-mail to a total of 4207 orthopaedic residents at the postgraduate year-1 through year-6 levels of training. The survey responses were tabulated electronically, and the results were recorded. The survey response rate was 13.2% (554 residents). Sixty-eight percent (337) of the 495 respondents whose postgraduate-year level was known were at the postgraduate year-4 level or higher. Attitudes concerning the duty rules were mixed. Twenty-three percent of the 554 respondents thought that eighty hours constituted an appropriate number of duty hours per week; 41% believed that eighty hours were too many, and 34% thought that eighty hours were not sufficient. Thirty-three percent of the respondents had worked greater than eighty hours during at least a single one-week period since the new rules were implemented; this occurred more commonly among the postgraduate year-3 and more junior residents. Orthopaedic trauma residents had the most difficulty adhering to the new duty-hour restrictions. Eighty-two percent of the respondents indicated that their residency programs have been forced to make changes to their call schedules or to hire ancillary staff to address the rules. The use of physician assistants, night-float systems, and so-called home-call assignments were the most common strategies used to achieve compliance. Resident attitudes toward the work rules are mixed. The rules have forced residency programs to restructure. Junior residents have more favorable attitudes toward the new

  19. Choosing the Rules: Distinct and Overlapping Frontoparietal Representations of Task Rules for Perceptual Decisions

    PubMed Central

    Kriegeskorte, Nikolaus; Carlin, Johan D.; Rowe, James B.

    2013-01-01

    Behavior is governed by rules that associate stimuli with responses and outcomes. Human and monkey studies have shown that rule-specific information is widely represented in the frontoparietal cortex. However, it is not known how establishing a rule under different contexts affects its neural representation. Here, we use event-related functional MRI (fMRI) and multivoxel pattern classification methods to investigate the human brain's mechanisms of establishing and maintaining rules for multiple perceptual decision tasks. Rules were either chosen by participants or specifically instructed to them, and the fMRI activation patterns representing rule-specific information were compared between these contexts. We show that frontoparietal regions differ in the properties of their rule representations during active maintenance before execution. First, rule-specific information maintained in the dorsolateral and medial frontal cortex depends on the context in which it was established (chosen vs specified). Second, rule representations maintained in the ventrolateral frontal and parietal cortex are independent of the context in which they were established. Furthermore, we found that the rule-specific coding maintained in anticipation of stimuli may change with execution of the rule: representations in context-independent regions remain invariant from maintenance to execution stages, whereas rule representations in context-dependent regions do not generalize to execution stage. The identification of distinct frontoparietal systems with context-independent and context-dependent task rule representations, and the distinction between anticipatory and executive rule representations, provide new insights into the functional architecture of goal-directed behavior. PMID:23864675

  20. Flavor symmetry breaking in lattice QCD with a mixed action

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Baer, Oliver; Golterman, Maarten; Shamir, Yigal

    2011-03-01

    We study the phase structure of mixed-action QCD with two Wilson sea quarks and any number of chiral valence quarks (and ghosts), starting from the chiral Lagrangian. A priori the effective theory allows for a rich phase structure, including a phase with a condensate made of sea and valence quarks. In such a phase, mass eigenstates would become admixtures of sea and valence fields, and pure-sea correlation functions would depend on the parameters of the valence sector, in contradiction with the actual setup of mixed-action simulations. Using that the spectrum of the chiral Dirac operator has a gap for nonzeromore » quark mass we prove that spontaneous symmetry breaking of the flavor symmetries can only occur within the sea sector. This rules out a mixed condensate and implies restrictions on the low-energy constants of the effective theory.« less

  1. Smooth criminal: convicted rule-breakers show reduced cognitive conflict during deliberate rule violations.

    PubMed

    Jusyte, Aiste; Pfister, Roland; Mayer, Sarah V; Schwarz, Katharina A; Wirth, Robert; Kunde, Wilfried; Schönenberg, Michael

    2017-09-01

    Classic findings on conformity and obedience document a strong and automatic drive of human agents to follow any type of rule or social norm. At the same time, most individuals tend to violate rules on occasion, and such deliberate rule violations have recently been shown to yield cognitive conflict for the rule-breaker. These findings indicate persistent difficulty to suppress the rule representation, even though rule violations were studied in a controlled experimental setting with neither gains nor possible sanctions for violators. In the current study, we validate these findings by showing that convicted criminals, i.e., individuals with a history of habitual and severe forms of rule violations, can free themselves from such cognitive conflict in a similarly controlled laboratory task. These findings support an emerging view that aims at understanding rule violations from the perspective of the violating agent rather than from the perspective of outside observer.

  2. Presenting Germany's drug pricing rule as a cost-per-QALY rule.

    PubMed

    Gandjour, Afschin

    2012-06-01

    In Germany, the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) makes recommendations for ceiling prices of drugs based on an evaluation of the relationship between costs and effectiveness. To set ceiling prices, IQWiG uses the following decision rule: the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of a new drug compared with the next effective intervention should not be higher than that of the next effective intervention compared to its comparator. The purpose of this paper is to show that IQWiG's decision rule can be presented as a cost-per-QALY rule by using equity-weighted QALYs. This transformation shows where both rules share commonalities. Furthermore, it makes the underlying ethical implications of IQWiG's decision rule transparent and open to debate.

  3. Aspiration dynamics in structured population acts as if in a well-mixed one.

    PubMed

    Du, Jinming; Wu, Bin; Wang, Long

    2015-01-26

    Understanding the evolution of human interactive behaviors is important. Recent experimental results suggest that human cooperation in spatial structured population is not enhanced as predicted in previous works, when payoff-dependent imitation updating rules are used. This constraint opens up an avenue to shed light on how humans update their strategies in real life. Studies via simulations show that, instead of comparison rules, self-evaluation driven updating rules may explain why spatial structure does not alter the evolutionary outcome. Though inspiring, there is a lack of theoretical result to show the existence of such evolutionary updating rule. Here we study the aspiration dynamics, and show that it does not alter the evolutionary outcome in various population structures. Under weak selection, by analytical approximation, we find that the favored strategy in regular graphs is invariant. Further, we show that this is because the criterion under which a strategy is favored is the same as that of a well-mixed population. By simulation, we show that this holds for random networks. Although how humans update their strategies is an open question to be studied, our results provide a theoretical foundation of the updating rules that may capture the real human updating rules.

  4. Altered states: state health privacy laws and the impact of the Federal Health Privacy Rule.

    PubMed

    Pritts, Joy L

    2002-01-01

    Although the Federal Health Privacy Rule has evened out some of the inconsistencies between states' health privacy laws, gaps in protection still remain. Furthermore, the Federal Rule contains some lax standards for the disclosure of health information. State laws can play a vital role in filling these gaps and strengthening the protections afforded health information. By enacting legislation that has higher privacy-protective standards than the Federal Health Privacy Rule, states can play three important roles. First, because they can directly regulate entities that are beyond HHS's mandate, states can afford their citizens a broader degree of privacy protection than the Federal Health Privacy Rule. Second, by having state health privacy laws, states can enforce privacy protections at the local level. Finally, action by the states can positively influence health privacy policies at the federal level by raising the standard as to what constitutes sufficient privacy protection. High privacy protections imposed by states may serve as the standard for comprehensive federal legislation, if and when Congress reconsiders the issue. So far, states' reactions to the Federal Privacy Rule have been mixed. Only time will tell whether states will assume the mantle of leadership on health privacy or relinquish their role as the primary protectors of health information.

  5. Common-Sense Rule Inference

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lombardi, Ilaria; Console, Luca

    In the paper we show how rule-based inference can be made more flexible by exploiting semantic information associated with the concepts involved in the rules. We introduce flexible forms of common sense reasoning in which whenever no rule applies to a given situation, the inference engine can fire rules that apply to more general or to similar situations. This can be obtained by defining new forms of match between rules and the facts in the working memory and new forms of conflict resolution. We claim that in this way we can overcome some of the brittleness problems that are common in rule-based systems.

  6. Hyper-heuristic Evolution of Dispatching Rules: A Comparison of Rule Representations.

    PubMed

    Branke, Jürgen; Hildebrandt, Torsten; Scholz-Reiter, Bernd

    2015-01-01

    Dispatching rules are frequently used for real-time, online scheduling in complex manufacturing systems. Design of such rules is usually done by experts in a time consuming trial-and-error process. Recently, evolutionary algorithms have been proposed to automate the design process. There are several possibilities to represent rules for this hyper-heuristic search. Because the representation determines the search neighborhood and the complexity of the rules that can be evolved, a suitable choice of representation is key for a successful evolutionary algorithm. In this paper we empirically compare three different representations, both numeric and symbolic, for automated rule design: A linear combination of attributes, a representation based on artificial neural networks, and a tree representation. Using appropriate evolutionary algorithms (CMA-ES for the neural network and linear representations, genetic programming for the tree representation), we empirically investigate the suitability of each representation in a dynamic stochastic job shop scenario. We also examine the robustness of the evolved dispatching rules against variations in the underlying job shop scenario, and visualize what the rules do, in order to get an intuitive understanding of their inner workings. Results indicate that the tree representation using an improved version of genetic programming gives the best results if many candidate rules can be evaluated, closely followed by the neural network representation that already leads to good results for small to moderate computational budgets. The linear representation is found to be competitive only for extremely small computational budgets.

  7. A rule of thumb in mammalian herbivores?

    PubMed

    Augner; Provenza; Villalba

    1998-08-01

    In two experiments on appetitive learning we conditioned lambs, Ovis aries, to particular concentrations of a flavour by mixing the flavour with an energy-rich food that complemented their energy-poor diet. The lambs were subsequently offered energy-rich food with five different concentrations of the flavour (the concentration to which they were conditioned, two higher concentrations, and two lower concentrations). At these tests, the lambs consistently preferred the weaker flavours. This finding stands in contrast to earlier results on generalization gradients. In a third experiment, similarly designed to the other two, we tested for effects of a strong flavour on the behaviour of lambs when they were offered a novel nutritious food. Half of the lambs were offered unadulterated wheat, and the others strongly flavoured wheat. We found that the flavour in itself was initially aversive. We propose that the lambs' avoidance of foods with strong flavours may be an expression of a rule of thumb of the type 'given a choice, avoid food with strong flavours'. Such a rule could be part of a risk-averse foraging strategy displayed by mammalian herbivores, and which could be of particular importance when they encounter unfamiliar foods. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour

  8. 38 CFR 20.1 - Rule 1. Purpose and construction of Rules of Practice.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Rule 1. Purpose and construction of Rules of Practice. 20.1 Section 20.1 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS (CONTINUED) BOARD OF VETERANS' APPEALS: RULES OF PRACTICE General § 20.1 Rule 1. Purpose...

  9. 38 CFR 20.1 - Rule 1. Purpose and construction of Rules of Practice.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Rule 1. Purpose and construction of Rules of Practice. 20.1 Section 20.1 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS (CONTINUED) BOARD OF VETERANS' APPEALS: RULES OF PRACTICE General § 20.1 Rule 1. Purpose...

  10. Strategy as simple rules.

    PubMed

    Eisenhardt, K M; Sull, D N

    2001-01-01

    The success of Yahoo!, eBay, Enron, and other companies that have become adept at morphing to meet the demands of changing markets can't be explained using traditional thinking about competitive strategy. These companies have succeeded by pursuing constantly evolving strategies in market spaces that were considered unattractive according to traditional measures. In this article--the third in an HBR series by Kathleen Eisenhardt and Donald Sull on strategy in the new economy--the authors ask, what are the sources of competitive advantage in high-velocity markets? The secret, they say, is strategy as simple rules. The companies know that the greatest opportunities for competitive advantage lie in market confusion, but they recognize the need for a few crucial strategic processes and a few simple rules. In traditional strategy, advantage comes from exploiting resources or stable market positions. In strategy as simple rules, advantage comes from successfully seizing fleeting opportunities. Key strategic processes, such as product innovation, partnering, or spinout creation, place the company where the flow of opportunities is greatest. Simple rules then provide the guidelines within which managers can pursue such opportunities. Simple rules, which grow out of experience, fall into five broad categories: how- to rules, boundary conditions, priority rules, timing rules, and exit rules. Companies with simple-rules strategies must follow the rules religiously and avoid the temptation to change them too frequently. A consistent strategy helps managers sort through opportunities and gain short-term advantage by exploiting the attractive ones. In stable markets, managers rely on complicated strategies built on detailed predictions of the future. But when business is complicated, strategy should be simple.

  11. 49 CFR 222.41 - How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and Pre-Rule Partial Quiet Zones?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ...-Rule Quiet Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if... Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if the Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and...

  12. 49 CFR 222.41 - How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and Pre-Rule Partial Quiet Zones?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ...-Rule Quiet Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if... Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if the Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and...

  13. 49 CFR 222.41 - How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and Pre-Rule Partial Quiet Zones?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ...-Rule Quiet Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if... Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if the Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and...

  14. 49 CFR 222.41 - How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and Pre-Rule Partial Quiet Zones?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ...-Rule Quiet Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if... Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if the Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and...

  15. 49 CFR 222.41 - How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and Pre-Rule Partial Quiet Zones?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ...-Rule Quiet Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if... Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if the Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and...

  16. Using the Chain Rule as the Key Link in Deriving the General Rules for Differentiation

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sprows, David

    2011-01-01

    The standard approach to the general rules for differentiation is to first derive the power, product, and quotient rules and then derive the chain rule. In this short article we give an approach to these rules which uses the chain rule as the main tool in deriving the power, product, and quotient rules in a manner which is more student-friendly…

  17. Rules, culture, and fitness

    PubMed Central

    Baum, William M.

    1995-01-01

    Behavior analysis risks intellectual isolation unless it integrates its explanations with evolutionary theory. Rule-governed behavior is an example of a topic that requires an evolutionary perspective for a full understanding. A rule may be defined as a verbal discriminative stimulus produced by the behavior of a speaker under the stimulus control of a long-term contingency between the behavior and fitness. As a discriminative stimulus, the rule strengthens listener behavior that is reinforced in the short run by socially mediated contingencies, but which also enters into the long-term contingency that enhances the listener's fitness. The long-term contingency constitutes the global context for the speaker's giving the rule. When a rule is said to be “internalized,” the listener's behavior has switched from short- to long-term control. The fitness-enhancing consequences of long-term contingencies are health, resources, relationships, or reproduction. This view ties rules both to evolutionary theory and to culture. Stating a rule is a cultural practice. The practice strengthens, with short-term reinforcement, behavior that usually enhances fitness in the long run. The practice evolves because of its effect on fitness. The standard definition of a rule as a verbal statement that points to a contingency fails to distinguish between a rule and a bargain (“If you'll do X, then I'll do Y”), which signifies only a single short-term contingency that provides mutual reinforcement for speaker and listener. In contrast, the giving and following of a rule (“Dress warmly; it's cold outside”) can be understood only by reference also to a contingency providing long-term enhancement of the listener's fitness or the fitness of the listener's genes. Such a perspective may change the way both behavior analysts and evolutionary biologists think about rule-governed behavior. ImagesFigure 1 PMID:22478201

  18. Does It Help to Use Mathematically Superfluous Brackets When Teaching the Rules for the Order of Operations?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Gunnarsson, Robert; Sönnerhed, Wang Wei; Hernell, Bernt

    2016-01-01

    The hypothesis that mathematically superfluous brackets can be useful when teaching the rules for the order of operations is challenged. The idea of the hypothesis is that with brackets it is possible to emphasize the order priority of one operation over another. An experiment was conducted where expressions with mixed operations were studied,…

  19. Mixing efficiency inside micro-droplets coalesced by two components in cross-structure

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ren, Yanlin; Liu, Zhaomiao; Pang, Yan

    2017-11-01

    The mixing of micro-droplets is used in analytical chemistry, medicine production and material synthesis owing to its advantages including the encapsulation and narrow time residence distribution. In this work, droplets are coalesced by two dispersed phase with different flow rates, generated in cross-structure and mixed in planar serpentine structure. The mixing efficiency of micro-droplets under control characters including the width of entrance and the flow rate of dispersed phases have been investigated by experiments and numerical simulations. The UDS (user-defined scalar) as dimensionless concentration of the solution is adopted in simulation, and is used to calculate the concentration and the mixing effect. By changing the flow rates and the entrances` width, the changing rules of the mixing characters have been obtained. The asymmetry distributions of components make rapid mixing process in half part of each droplet when travel through a straight channel. Increasing of the ratio of entrance width result into larger droplet and weaken the chaotic mixing effect. Meanwhile, the coalesced mechanism can be performed by ranging the ratio of flow rates, the ranges are also determined by the widths of entrances. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11572013).

  20. Court Rules - Alaska Court System

    Science.gov Websites

    Association Child in Need of Aid Civil Procedure Code of Judicial Conduct Criminal Procedure Delinquency the rules' standards for issuing summons and warrants. Proposed Changes to the CINA/Delinquency Rules Amending CINA Rule 2, adding new CINA Rule 3.1 - Consolidation in sibling CINA cases. New Delinquency Rule

  1. Numerical investigation of solid mixing in a fluidized bed coating process

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kenche, Venkatakrishna; Feng, Yuqing; Ying, Danyang; Solnordal, Chris; Lim, Seng; Witt, Peter J.

    2013-06-01

    Fluidized beds are widely used in many process industries including the food and pharmaceutical sectors. Despite being an intensive research area, there are no design rules or correlations that can be used to quantitatively predict the solid mixing in a specific system for a given set of operating conditions. This paper presents a numerical study of the gas and solid dynamics in a laboratory scale fluidized bed coating process used for food and pharmaceutical industries. An Eulerian-Eulerian model (EEM) with kinetic theory of granular flow is selected as the modeling technique, with the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package ANSYS/Fluent being the numerical platform. The flow structure is investigated in terms of the spatial distribution of gas and solid flow. The solid mixing has been evaluated under different operating conditions. It was found that the solid mixing rate in the horizontal direction is similar to that in the vertical direction under the current design and operating conditions. It takes about 5 s to achieve good mixing.

  2. Mixed conditional logistic regression for habitat selection studies.

    PubMed

    Duchesne, Thierry; Fortin, Daniel; Courbin, Nicolas

    2010-05-01

    1. Resource selection functions (RSFs) are becoming a dominant tool in habitat selection studies. RSF coefficients can be estimated with unconditional (standard) and conditional logistic regressions. While the advantage of mixed-effects models is recognized for standard logistic regression, mixed conditional logistic regression remains largely overlooked in ecological studies. 2. We demonstrate the significance of mixed conditional logistic regression for habitat selection studies. First, we use spatially explicit models to illustrate how mixed-effects RSFs can be useful in the presence of inter-individual heterogeneity in selection and when the assumption of independence from irrelevant alternatives (IIA) is violated. The IIA hypothesis states that the strength of preference for habitat type A over habitat type B does not depend on the other habitat types also available. Secondly, we demonstrate the significance of mixed-effects models to evaluate habitat selection of free-ranging bison Bison bison. 3. When movement rules were homogeneous among individuals and the IIA assumption was respected, fixed-effects RSFs adequately described habitat selection by simulated animals. In situations violating the inter-individual homogeneity and IIA assumptions, however, RSFs were best estimated with mixed-effects regressions, and fixed-effects models could even provide faulty conclusions. 4. Mixed-effects models indicate that bison did not select farmlands, but exhibited strong inter-individual variations in their response to farmlands. Less than half of the bison preferred farmlands over forests. Conversely, the fixed-effect model simply suggested an overall selection for farmlands. 5. Conditional logistic regression is recognized as a powerful approach to evaluate habitat selection when resource availability changes. This regression is increasingly used in ecological studies, but almost exclusively in the context of fixed-effects models. Fitness maximization can imply

  3. An alternative mechanism for spin-forbidden photo-ionization of diatomic molecules and its rotation-electronic selection rules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chiu, Ying-Nan; Chiu, Lue-Yung Chow

    1990-02-01

    The spin-forbidden photo-ionization of diatomic molecules is proposed. Spin orbit interaction is invoked, resulting in the correction and mixing of the wave functions of different multiplicities. The rotation-electronic selection rules given by Dixit and McKoy (1986) for Hund's case a based on the conventional mechanism of electric dipole transition are rederived and expressed in a different format. This new format permits the generalization of the selection rules to other photoionization transitions caused by the magnetic dipole, the electric quadrupole, and the two- and three-photon operators. These selection rules, which are for transitions from one specific rotational level of a given Kronig reflection symmetry to another, will help understand rotational branching and the dynamics of interaction in the excited state. They will also help in the selective preparation of well-defined rovibronic states in resonant-enhanced multi-photon ionization processes.

  4. Requiem for the max rule?

    PubMed Central

    Ma, Wei Ji; Shen, Shan; Dziugaite, Gintare; van den Berg, Ronald

    2015-01-01

    In tasks such as visual search and change detection, a key question is how observers integrate noisy measurements from multiple locations to make a decision. Decision rules proposed to model this process haven fallen into two categories: Bayes-optimal (ideal observer) rules and ad-hoc rules. Among the latter, the maximum-of-outputs (max) rule has been most prominent. Reviewing recent work and performing new model comparisons across a range of paradigms, we find that in all cases except for one, the optimal rule describes human data as well as or better than every max rule either previously proposed or newly introduced here. This casts doubt on the utility of the max rule for understanding perceptual decision-making. PMID:25584425

  5. Requiem for the max rule?

    PubMed

    Ma, Wei Ji; Shen, Shan; Dziugaite, Gintare; van den Berg, Ronald

    2015-11-01

    In tasks such as visual search and change detection, a key question is how observers integrate noisy measurements from multiple locations to make a decision. Decision rules proposed to model this process have fallen into two categories: Bayes-optimal (ideal observer) rules and ad-hoc rules. Among the latter, the maximum-of-outputs (max) rule has been the most prominent. Reviewing recent work and performing new model comparisons across a range of paradigms, we find that in all cases except for one, the optimal rule describes human data as well as or better than every max rule either previously proposed or newly introduced here. This casts doubt on the utility of the max rule for understanding perceptual decision-making. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  6. Rule groupings in expert systems using nearest neighbour decision rules, and convex hulls

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Anastasiadis, Stergios

    1991-01-01

    Expert System shells are lacking in many areas of software engineering. Large rule based systems are not semantically comprehensible, difficult to debug, and impossible to modify or validate. Partitioning a set of rules found in CLIPS (C Language Integrated Production System) into groups of rules which reflect the underlying semantic subdomains of the problem, will address adequately the concerns stated above. Techniques are introduced to structure a CLIPS rule base into groups of rules that inherently have common semantic information. The concepts involved are imported from the field of A.I., Pattern Recognition, and Statistical Inference. Techniques focus on the areas of feature selection, classification, and a criteria of how 'good' the classification technique is, based on Bayesian Decision Theory. A variety of distance metrics are discussed for measuring the 'closeness' of CLIPS rules and various Nearest Neighbor classification algorithms are described based on the above metric.

  7. Rapid population divergence in thermal reaction norms for an invading species: breaking the temperature-size rule.

    PubMed

    Kingsolver, J G; Massie, K R; Ragland, G J; Smith, M H

    2007-05-01

    The temperature-size rule is a common pattern of phenotypic plasticity in which higher temperature during development results in a smaller adult body size (i.e. a thermal reaction norm with negative slope). Examples and exceptions to the rule are known in multiple groups of organisms, but rapid population differentiation in the temperature-size rule has not been explored. Here we examine the genetic and parental contributions to population differentiation in thermal reaction norms for size, development time and survival in the Cabbage White Butterfly Pieris rapae, for two geographical populations that have likely diverged within the past 150 years. We used split-sibship experiments with two temperature treatments (warm and cool) for P. rapae from Chapel Hill, NC, and from Seattle, WA. Mixed-effect model analyses demonstrate significant genetic differences between NC and WA populations for adult size and for thermal reaction norms for size. Mean adult mass was 12-24% greater in NC than in WA populations for both temperature treatments; mean size was unaffected or decreased with temperature (the temperature-size rule) for the WA population, but size increased with temperature for the NC population. Our study shows that the temperature-size rule and related thermal reaction norms can evolve rapidly within species in natural field conditions. Rapid evolutionary divergence argues against the existence of a simple, general mechanistic constraint as the underlying cause of the temperature-size rule.

  8. Hygroscopic Behavior of Multicomponent Aerosols Involving NaCl and Dicarboxylic Acids.

    PubMed

    Peng, Chao; Jing, Bo; Guo, Yu-Cong; Zhang, Yun-Hong; Ge, Mao-Fa

    2016-02-25

    Atmospheric aerosols are usually complex mixtures of inorganic and organic compounds. The hygroscopicity of mixed particles is closely related to their chemical composition and interactions between components, which is still poorly understood. In this study, the hygroscopic properties of submicron particles composed of NaCl and dicarboxylic acids including oxalic acid (OA), malonic acid (MA), and succinic acid (SA) with various mass ratios are investigated with a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) system. Both the Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson (ZSR) method and extended aerosol inorganics model (E-AIM) are applied to predict the water uptake behaviors of sodium chloride/dicarboxylic acid mixtures. For NaCl/OA mixed particles, the measured growth factors were significantly lower than predictions from the model methods, indicating a change in particle composition caused by chloride depletion. The hygroscopic growth of NaCl/MA particles was well described by E-AIM, and that of NaCl/SA particles was dependent upon mixing ratio. Compared with model predictions, it was determined that water uptake of the NaCl/OA mixture could be enhanced and could be closer to the predictions by addition of levoglucosan or malonic acid, which retained water even at low relative humidity (RH), leading to inhibition of HCl evaporation during dehydration. These results demonstrate that the coexisting hygroscopic species have a strong influence on the phase state of particles, thus affecting chemical interactions between inorganic and organic compounds as well as the overall hygroscopicity of mixed particles.

  9. Novice Rules for Projectile Motion.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Maloney, David P.

    1988-01-01

    Investigates several aspects of undergraduate students' rules for projectile motion including general patterns; rules for questions about time, distance, solids and liquids; and changes in rules when asked to ignore air resistance. Reports approach differences by sex and high school physics experience, and that novice rules are situation…

  10. WellnessRules: A Web 3.0 Case Study in RuleML-Based Prolog-N3 Profile Interoperation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Boley, Harold; Osmun, Taylor Michael; Craig, Benjamin Larry

    An interoperation study, WellnessRules, is described, where rules about wellness opportunities are created by participants in rule languages such as Prolog and N3, and translated within a wellness community using RuleML/XML. The wellness rules are centered around participants, as profiles, encoding knowledge about their activities conditional on the season, the time-of-day, the weather, etc. This distributed knowledge base extends FOAF profiles with a vocabulary and rules about wellness group networking. The communication between participants is organized through Rule Responder, permitting wellness-profile translation and distributed querying across engines. WellnessRules interoperates between rules and queries in the relational (Datalog) paradigm of the pure-Prolog subset of POSL and in the frame (F-logic) paradigm of N3. An evaluation of Rule Responder instantiated for WellnessRules revealed acceptable Web response times.

  11. Rule-governed behavior: teaching a preliminary repertoire of rule-following to children with autism.

    PubMed

    Tarbox, Jonathan; Zuckerman, Carrie K; Bishop, Michele R; Olive, Melissa L; O'Hora, Denis P

    2011-01-01

    Rule-governed behavior is generally considered an integral component of complex verbal repertoires but has rarely been the subject of empirical research. In particular, little or no previous research has attempted to establish rule-governed behavior in individuals who do not already display the repertoire. This study consists of two experiments that evaluated multiple exemplar training procedures for teaching a simple component skill, which may be necessary for developing a repertoire of rule-governed behavior. In both experiments, children with autism were taught to respond to simple rules that specified antecedents and the behaviors that should occur in their presence. In the first study, participants were taught to respond to rules containing "if/then" statements, where the antecedent was specified before the behavior. The second experiment was a replication and extension of the first. It involved a variation on the manner in which rules were presented. Both experiments eventually demonstrated generalization to novel rules for all participants; however variations to the standard procedure were required for several participants. Results suggest that rule-following can be analyzed and taught as generalized operant behavior and implications for future research are discussed.

  12. Analysis of Rules for Islamic Inheritance Law in Indonesia Using Hybrid Rule Based Learning

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Khosyi'ah, S.; Irfan, M.; Maylawati, D. S.; Mukhlas, O. S.

    2018-01-01

    Along with the development of human civilization in Indonesia, the changes and reform of Islamic inheritance law so as to conform to the conditions and culture cannot be denied. The distribution of inheritance in Indonesia can be done automatically by storing the rule of Islamic inheritance law in the expert system. In this study, we analyze the knowledge of experts in Islamic inheritance in Indonesia and represent it in the form of rules using rule-based Forward Chaining (FC) and Davis-Putman-Logemann-Loveland (DPLL) algorithms. By hybridizing FC and DPLL algorithms, the rules of Islamic inheritance law in Indonesia are clearly defined and measured. The rules were conceptually validated by some experts in Islamic laws and informatics. The results revealed that generally all rules were ready for use in an expert system.

  13. 29 CFR 2200.2 - Scope of rules; applicability of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; construction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ...; applicability of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; construction. (a) Scope. These rules shall govern all proceedings before the Commission and its Judges. (b) Applicability of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In the absence of a specific provision, procedure shall be in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil...

  14. 29 CFR 2200.2 - Scope of rules; applicability of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; construction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ...; applicability of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; construction. (a) Scope. These rules shall govern all proceedings before the Commission and its Judges. (b) Applicability of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In the absence of a specific provision, procedure shall be in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil...

  15. Medicare Program; Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Prospective Payment System for Federal Fiscal Year 2018. Final rule.

    PubMed

    2017-08-03

    This final rule updates the prospective payment rates for inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) for federal fiscal year (FY) 2018 as required by the statute. As required by section 1886(j)(5) of the Social Security Act (the Act), this rule includes the classification and weighting factors for the IRF prospective payment system's (IRF PPS) case-mix groups and a description of the methodologies and data used in computing the prospective payment rates for FY 2018. This final rule also revises the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) diagnosis codes that are used to determine presumptive compliance under the "60 percent rule," removes the 25 percent payment penalty for inpatient rehabilitation facility patient assessment instrument (IRF-PAI) late transmissions, removes the voluntary swallowing status item (Item 27) from the IRF-PAI, summarizes comments regarding the criteria used to classify facilities for payment under the IRF PPS, provides for a subregulatory process for certain annual updates to the presumptive methodology diagnosis code lists, adopts the use of height/weight items on the IRF-PAI to determine patient body mass index (BMI) greater than 50 for cases of single-joint replacement under the presumptive methodology, and revises and updates measures and reporting requirements under the IRF quality reporting program (QRP).

  16. Medicare program; home health prospective payment system rate update for calendar year 2011; changes in certification requirements for home health agencies and hospices. Final rule.

    PubMed

    2010-11-17

    This final rule sets forth an update to the Home Health Prospective Payment System (HH PPS) rates, including: the national standardized 60-day episode rates, the national per-visit rates, the nonroutine medical supply (NRS) conversion factors, and the low utilization payment amount (LUPA) add-on payment amounts, under the Medicare prospective payment system for HHAs effective January 1, 2011. This rule also updates the wage index used under the HH PPS and, in accordance with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (Affordable Care Act), updates the HH PPS outlier policy. In addition, this rule revises the home health agency (HHA) capitalization requirements. This rule further adds clarifying language to the "skilled services" section. The rule finalizes a 3.79 percent reduction to rates for CY 2011 to account for changes in case-mix, which are unrelated to real changes in patient acuity. Finally, this rule incorporates new legislative requirements regarding face-to-face encounters with providers related to home health and hospice care.

  17. A Better Budget Rule

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Dothan, Michael; Thompson, Fred

    2009-01-01

    Debt limits, interest coverage ratios, one-off balanced budget requirements, pay-as-you-go rules, and tax and expenditure limits are among the most important fiscal rules for constraining intertemporal transfers. There is considerable evidence that the least costly and most effective of such rules are those that focus directly on the rate of…

  18. Challenges for Rule Systems on the Web

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hu, Yuh-Jong; Yeh, Ching-Long; Laun, Wolfgang

    The RuleML Challenge started in 2007 with the objective of inspiring the issues of implementation for management, integration, interoperation and interchange of rules in an open distributed environment, such as the Web. Rules are usually classified as three types: deductive rules, normative rules, and reactive rules. The reactive rules are further classified as ECA rules and production rules. The study of combination rule and ontology is traced back to an earlier active rule system for relational and object-oriented (OO) databases. Recently, this issue has become one of the most important research problems in the Semantic Web. Once we consider a computer executable policy as a declarative set of rules and ontologies that guides the behavior of entities within a system, we have a flexible way to implement real world policies without rewriting the computer code, as we did before. Fortunately, we have de facto rule markup languages, such as RuleML or RIF to achieve the portability and interchange of rules for different rule systems. Otherwise, executing real-life rule-based applications on the Web is almost impossible. Several commercial or open source rule engines are available for the rule-based applications. However, we still need a standard rule language and benchmark for not only to compare the rule systems but also to measure the progress in the field. Finally, a number of real-life rule-based use cases will be investigated to demonstrate the applicability of current rule systems on the Web.

  19. Communicating rules in recreation areas

    Treesearch

    Terence L. Ross; George H. Moeller

    1974-01-01

    Five hundred fifty-eight campers were surveyed on the Allegheny National Forest to determine their knowledge of rules governing recreation behavior. Most of them were uninformed about the rules. Results of the study suggest that previous camping experience, age, camping style, and residence significantly affect knowledge of rules. Campers who received rule brochures or...

  20. Text mixing shapes the anatomy of rank-frequency distributions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Williams, Jake Ryland; Bagrow, James P.; Danforth, Christopher M.; Dodds, Peter Sheridan

    2015-05-01

    Natural languages are full of rules and exceptions. One of the most famous quantitative rules is Zipf's law, which states that the frequency of occurrence of a word is approximately inversely proportional to its rank. Though this "law" of ranks has been found to hold across disparate texts and forms of data, analyses of increasingly large corpora since the late 1990s have revealed the existence of two scaling regimes. These regimes have thus far been explained by a hypothesis suggesting a separability of languages into core and noncore lexica. Here we present and defend an alternative hypothesis that the two scaling regimes result from the act of aggregating texts. We observe that text mixing leads to an effective decay of word introduction, which we show provides accurate predictions of the location and severity of breaks in scaling. Upon examining large corpora from 10 languages in the Project Gutenberg eBooks collection, we find emphatic empirical support for the universality of our claim.

  1. Text mixing shapes the anatomy of rank-frequency distributions.

    PubMed

    Williams, Jake Ryland; Bagrow, James P; Danforth, Christopher M; Dodds, Peter Sheridan

    2015-05-01

    Natural languages are full of rules and exceptions. One of the most famous quantitative rules is Zipf's law, which states that the frequency of occurrence of a word is approximately inversely proportional to its rank. Though this "law" of ranks has been found to hold across disparate texts and forms of data, analyses of increasingly large corpora since the late 1990s have revealed the existence of two scaling regimes. These regimes have thus far been explained by a hypothesis suggesting a separability of languages into core and noncore lexica. Here we present and defend an alternative hypothesis that the two scaling regimes result from the act of aggregating texts. We observe that text mixing leads to an effective decay of word introduction, which we show provides accurate predictions of the location and severity of breaks in scaling. Upon examining large corpora from 10 languages in the Project Gutenberg eBooks collection, we find emphatic empirical support for the universality of our claim.

  2. 78 FR 46807 - Mixed Straddles; Straddle-by-Straddle Identification Under Section 1092(b)(2)(A)(i)(I)

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-02

    ...This document contains guidance for those taxpayers electing to establish a mixed straddle using straddle-by-straddle identification. These temporary regulations explain how to account for unrealized gain or loss on a position held by a taxpayer prior to the time the taxpayer establishes a mixed straddle using straddle-by- straddle identification. The text of these temporary regulations also serves as the text of the proposed regulations (REG-112815-12) set forth in the Proposed Rules section in this issue of the Federal Register.

  3. Organisational Rules in Schools: Teachers' Opinions about Functions of Rules, Rule-Following and Breaking Behaviours in Relation to Their Locus of Control

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Demirkasimoglu, Nihan; Aydin, Inayet; Erdogan, Cetin; Akin, Ugur

    2012-01-01

    The main aim of this research is to examine teachers' opinions about functions of school rules, reasons for rule-breaking and results of rule-breaking in relation to their locus of control, gender, age, seniority and branch. 350 public elementary school teachers in Ankara are included in the correlational survey model study. According to the…

  4. Effects of seawater mixing on the mobility of trace elements in acid phosphogypsum leachates.

    PubMed

    Papaslioti, Evgenia-Maria; Pérez-López, Rafael; Parviainen, Annika; Sarmiento, Aguasanta M; Nieto, José M; Marchesi, Claudio; Delgado-Huertas, Antonio; Garrido, Carlos J

    2018-02-01

    This research reports the effects of pH increase on contaminant mobility in phosphogypsum leachates by seawater mixing, as occurs with dumpings on marine environments. Acid leachates from a phosphogypsum stack located in the Estuary of Huelva (Spain) were mixed with seawater to achieve gradually pH7. Concentrations of Al, Fe, Cr, Pb and U in mixed solutions significantly decreased with increasing pH by sorption and/or precipitation processes. Nevertheless, this study provides insight into the high contribution of the phosphogypsum stack to the release of other toxic elements (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Sb) to the coastal areas, as 80-100% of their initial concentrations behaved conservatively in mixing solutions with no participation in sorption processes. Stable isotopes ruled out connexion between different phosphogypsum-related wastewaters and unveiled possible weathering inputs of estuarine waters to the stack. The urgency of adopting effective restoration measures in the study area is also stressed. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  5. 19 CFR 102.11 - General rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... RULES OF ORIGIN Rules of Origin § 102.11 General rules. The following rules shall apply for purposes of determining the country of origin of imported goods other than textile and apparel products covered by § 102... 19 Customs Duties 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false General rules. 102.11 Section 102.11 Customs...

  6. A refined and dynamic cellular automaton model for pedestrian-vehicle mixed traffic flow

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Mianfang; Xiong, Shengwu

    2016-12-01

    Mixed traffic flow sharing the “same lane” and having no discipline on road is a common phenomenon in the developing countries. For example, motorized vehicles (m-vehicles) and nonmotorized vehicles (nm-vehicles) may share the m-vehicle lane or nm-vehicle lane and pedestrians may share the nm-vehicle lane. Simulating pedestrian-vehicle mixed traffic flow consisting of three kinds of traffic objects: m-vehicles, nm-vehicles and pedestrians, can be a challenge because there are some erratic drivers or pedestrians who fail to follow the lane disciplines. In the paper, we investigate various moving and interactive behavior associated with mixed traffic flow, such as lateral drift including illegal lane-changing and transverse crossing different lanes, overtaking and forward movement, and propose some new moving and interactive rules for pedestrian-vehicle mixed traffic flow based on a refined and dynamic cellular automaton (CA) model. Simulation results indicate that the proposed model can be used to investigate the traffic flow characteristic in a mixed traffic flow system and corresponding complicated traffic problems, such as, the moving characteristics of different traffic objects, interaction phenomenon between different traffic objects, traffic jam, traffic conflict, etc., which are consistent with the actual mixed traffic system. Therefore, the proposed model provides a solid foundation for the management, planning and evacuation of the mixed traffic flow.

  7. Following the Rules.

    PubMed

    Katz, Anne

    2016-05-01

    I am getting better at following the rules as I grow older, although I still bristle at many of them. I was a typical rebellious teenager; no one understood me, David Bowie was my idol, and, one day, my generation was going to change the world. Now I really want people to understand me: David Bowie remains one of my favorite singers and, yes, my generation has changed the world, and not necessarily for the better. Growing up means that you have to make the rules, not just follow those set by others, and, at times, having rules makes a lot of sense.
.

  8. Compensatory Mitigation Rule Q&A

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    What is compensatory mitigation? How is compensatory mitigation accomplished? What does this final rule do? What are the most significant changes required by this rule compared to previous mitigation practices? What are the goals of the final rule?

  9. Rules based process window OPC

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    O'Brien, Sean; Soper, Robert; Best, Shane; Mason, Mark

    2008-03-01

    As a preliminary step towards Model-Based Process Window OPC we have analyzed the impact of correcting post-OPC layouts using rules based methods. Image processing on the Brion Tachyon was used to identify sites where the OPC model/recipe failed to generate an acceptable solution. A set of rules for 65nm active and poly were generated by classifying these failure sites. The rules were based upon segment runlengths, figure spaces, and adjacent figure widths. 2.1 million sites for active were corrected in a small chip (comparing the pre and post rules based operations), and 59 million were found at poly. Tachyon analysis of the final reticle layout found weak margin sites distinct from those sites repaired by rules-based corrections. For the active layer more than 75% of the sites corrected by rules would have printed without a defect indicating that most rulesbased cleanups degrade the lithographic pattern. Some sites were missed by the rules based cleanups due to either bugs in the DRC software or gaps in the rules table. In the end dramatic changes to the reticle prevented catastrophic lithography errors, but this method is far too blunt. A more subtle model-based procedure is needed changing only those sites which have unsatisfactory lithographic margin.

  10. Early competition shapes maize whole-plant development in mixed stands

    PubMed Central

    Evers, Jochem B.

    2014-01-01

    Mixed cropping is practised widely in developing countries and is gaining increasing interest for sustainable agriculture in developed countries. Plants in intercrops grow differently from plants in single crops, due to interspecific plant interactions, but adaptive plant morphological responses to competition in mixed stands have not been studied in detail. Here the maize (Zea mays) response to mixed cultivation with wheat (Triticum aestivum) is described. Evidence is provided that early responses of maize to the modified light environment in mixed stands propagate throughout maize development, resulting in different phenotypes compared with pure stands. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), red:far-red ratio (R:FR), leaf development, and final organ sizes of maize grown in three cultivation systems were compared: pure maize, an intercrop with a small distance (25cm) between maize and wheat plants, and an intercop with a large distance (44cm) between the maize and the wheat. Compared with maize in pure stands, maize in the mixed stands had lower leaf and collar appearance rates, increased blade and sheath lengths at low ranks and smaller sizes at high ranks, increased blade elongation duration, and decreased R:FR and PAR at the plant base during early development. Effects were strongest in the treatment with a short distance between wheat and maize strips. The data suggest a feedback between leaf initiation and leaf emergence at the plant level and coordination between blade and sheath growth at the phytomer level. A conceptual model, based on coordination rules, is proposed to explain the development of the maize plant in pure and mixed stands. PMID:24307719

  11. Automated visualization of rule-based models

    PubMed Central

    Tapia, Jose-Juan; Faeder, James R.

    2017-01-01

    Frameworks such as BioNetGen, Kappa and Simmune use “reaction rules” to specify biochemical interactions compactly, where each rule specifies a mechanism such as binding or phosphorylation and its structural requirements. Current rule-based models of signaling pathways have tens to hundreds of rules, and these numbers are expected to increase as more molecule types and pathways are added. Visual representations are critical for conveying rule-based models, but current approaches to show rules and interactions between rules scale poorly with model size. Also, inferring design motifs that emerge from biochemical interactions is an open problem, so current approaches to visualize model architecture rely on manual interpretation of the model. Here, we present three new visualization tools that constitute an automated visualization framework for rule-based models: (i) a compact rule visualization that efficiently displays each rule, (ii) the atom-rule graph that conveys regulatory interactions in the model as a bipartite network, and (iii) a tunable compression pipeline that incorporates expert knowledge and produces compact diagrams of model architecture when applied to the atom-rule graph. The compressed graphs convey network motifs and architectural features useful for understanding both small and large rule-based models, as we show by application to specific examples. Our tools also produce more readable diagrams than current approaches, as we show by comparing visualizations of 27 published models using standard graph metrics. We provide an implementation in the open source and freely available BioNetGen framework, but the underlying methods are general and can be applied to rule-based models from the Kappa and Simmune frameworks also. We expect that these tools will promote communication and analysis of rule-based models and their eventual integration into comprehensive whole-cell models. PMID:29131816

  12. Structuring Collaboration in Mixed-Ability Groups to Promote Verbal Interaction, Learning, and Motivation of Average-Ability Students

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Saleh, Mohammad; Lazonder, Ard W.; Jong, Ton de

    2007-01-01

    Average-ability students often do not take full advantage of learning in mixed-ability groups because they hardly engage in the group interaction. This study examined whether structuring collaboration by group roles and ground rules for helping behavior might help overcome this participatory inequality. In a plant biology course, heterogeneously…

  13. Rules and guidelines in clinical practice: a qualitative study in operating theatres of doctors' and nurses' views

    PubMed Central

    McDonald, R; Waring, J; Harrison, S; Walshe, K; Boaden, R

    2005-01-01

    Background: The current orthodoxy within patient safety research and policy is characterised by a faith in rules based systems which limit the capacity for individual discretion, and hence fallibility. However, guidelines have been seen as stifling innovation and eroding trust. Our objectives were to explore the attitudes towards guidelines of doctors and nurses working together in surgical teams and to examine the extent to which trusting relationships are maintained in a context governed by explicit rules. Methods: Fourteen consultant grade surgeons of mixed specialty, 12 consultant anaesthetists, and 15 nurses were selected to reflect a range of roles. Participant observation was combined with semi-structured interviews. Results: Doctors' views about the contribution of guidelines to safety and to clinical practice differed from those of nurses. Doctors rejected written rules, instead adhering to the unwritten rules of what constitutes acceptable behaviour for members of the medical profession. In contrast, nurses viewed guideline adherence as synonymous with professionalism and criticised doctors for failing to comply with guidelines. Conclusions: While the creation of a "safety culture" requires a shared set of beliefs, attitudes and norms in relation to what is seen as safe clinical practice, differences of opinion on these issues exist which cannot be easily reconciled since they reflect deeply ingrained beliefs about what constitutes professional conduct. While advocates of standardisation (such as nurses) view doctors as rule breakers, doctors may not necessarily regard guidelines as legitimate or identify with the rules written for them by members of other social groups. Future safety research and policy should attempt to understand the unwritten rules which govern clinical behaviour and examine the ways in which such rules are produced, maintained, and accepted as legitimate. PMID:16076795

  14. 76 FR 76815 - Business Opportunity Rule

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-08

    ...The Commission is adopting final amendments to its Trade Regulation Rule entitled ``Disclosure Requirements and Prohibitions Concerning Business Opportunities'' (``Business Opportunity Rule'' or ``Rule''). Among other things, the Business Opportunity Rule has been amended to broaden its scope to cover business opportunity sellers not covered by the interim Business Opportunity Rule, such as sellers of work-at-home opportunities, and to streamline and simplify the disclosures that sellers must provide to prospective purchasers. The final Rule is based upon the comments received in response to an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (``ANPR''), an Initial Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (``INPR''), a Revised Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (``RNPR''), a public workshop, a Staff Report, and other information discussed herein. This document also contains the text of the final Rule and the Rule's Statement of Basis and Purpose (``SBP''), including a Regulatory Analysis.

  15. Dual mode of embryonic development is highlighted by expression and function of Nasonia pair-rule genes

    PubMed Central

    Rosenberg, Miriam I; Brent, Ava E; Payre, François; Desplan, Claude

    2014-01-01

    Embryonic anterior–posterior patterning is well understood in Drosophila, which uses ‘long germ’ embryogenesis, in which all segments are patterned before cellularization. In contrast, most insects use ‘short germ’ embryogenesis, wherein only head and thorax are patterned in a syncytial environment while the remainder of the embryo is generated after cellularization. We use the wasp Nasonia (Nv) to address how the transition from short to long germ embryogenesis occurred. Maternal and gap gene expression in Nasonia suggest long germ embryogenesis. However, the Nasonia pair-rule genes even-skipped, odd-skipped, runt and hairy are all expressed as early blastoderm pair-rule stripes and late-forming posterior stripes. Knockdown of Nv eve, odd or h causes loss of alternate segments at the anterior and complete loss of abdominal segments. We propose that Nasonia uses a mixed mode of segmentation wherein pair-rule genes pattern the embryo in a manner resembling Drosophila at the anterior and ancestral Tribolium at the posterior. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01440.001 PMID:24599282

  16. On the origins of the task mixing cost in the cuing task-switching paradigm.

    PubMed

    Rubin, Orit; Meiran, Nachshon

    2005-11-01

    Poorer performance in conditions involving task repetition within blocks of mixed tasks relative to task repetition within blocks of single task is called mixing cost (MC). In 2 experiments exploring 2 hypotheses regarding the origins of MC, participants either switched between cued shape and color tasks, or they performed them as single tasks. Experiment 1 supported the hypothesis that mixed-tasks trials require the resolution of task ambiguity by showing that MC existed only with ambiguous stimuli that afforded both tasks and not with unambiguous stimuli affording only 1 task. Experiment 2 failed to support the hypothesis that holding multiple task sets in working memory (WM) generates MC by showing that systematic manipulation of the number of stimulus-response rules in WM did not affect MC. The results emphasize the role of competition management between task sets during task control.

  17. The Product and Quotient Rules Revisited

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Eggleton, Roger; Kustov, Vladimir

    2011-01-01

    Mathematical elegance is illustrated by strikingly parallel versions of the product and quotient rules of basic calculus, with some applications. Corresponding rules for second derivatives are given: the product rule is familiar, but the quotient rule is less so.

  18. Learning the rules of the rock-paper-scissors game: chimpanzees versus children.

    PubMed

    Gao, Jie; Su, Yanjie; Tomonaga, Masaki; Matsuzawa, Tetsuro

    2018-01-01

    The present study aimed to investigate whether chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) could learn a transverse pattern by being trained in the rules of the rock-paper-scissors game in which "paper" beats "rock," "rock" beats "scissors," and "scissors" beats "paper." Additionally, this study compared the learning processes between chimpanzees and children. Seven chimpanzees were tested using a computer-controlled task. They were trained to choose the stronger of two options according to the game rules. The chimpanzees first engaged in the paper-rock sessions until they reached the learning criterion. Subsequently, they engaged in the rock-scissors and scissors-paper sessions, before progressing to sessions with all three pairs mixed. Five of the seven chimpanzees completed training after a mean of 307 sessions, which indicates that they learned the circular pattern. The chimpanzees required more scissors-paper sessions (14.29 ± 6.89), the third learnt pair, than paper-rock (1.71 ± 0.18) and rock-scissors (3.14 ± 0.70) sessions, suggesting they had difficulty finalizing the circularity. The chimpanzees then received generalization tests using new stimuli, which they learned quickly. A similar procedure was performed with children (35-71 months, n = 38) who needed the same number of trials for all three pairs during single-paired sessions. Their accuracy during the mixed-pair sessions improved with age and was better than chance from 50 months of age, which indicates that the ability to solve the transverse patterning problem might develop at around 4 years of age. The present findings show that chimpanzees were able to learn the task but had difficulties with circularity, whereas children learned the task more easily and developed the relevant ability at approximately 4 years of age. Furthermore, the chimpanzees' performance during the mixed-pair sessions was similar to that of 4-year-old children during the corresponding stage of training.

  19. 75 FR 51934 - Telemarketing Sales Rule

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-24

    ... FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 16 CFR Part 310 Telemarketing Sales Rule AGENCY: Federal Trade Commission. ACTION: Final rule; correction. SUMMARY: The Federal Trade Commission (``Commission'') published a final rule on August 10, 2010, adopting amendments to the Telemarketing Sales Rule that address the...

  20. Significance testing of rules in rule-based models of human problem solving

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lewis, C. M.; Hammer, J. M.

    1986-01-01

    Rule-based models of human problem solving have typically not been tested for statistical significance. Three methods of testing rules - analysis of variance, randomization, and contingency tables - are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of the methods are also described.

  1. Revised Interim Final Consolidated Enforcement Response and Penalty Policy for the Pre-Renovation Education Rule; Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule; and Lead-Based Paint Activities Rule

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This is the revised version of the Interim Final Consolidated Enforcement Response and Penalty Policy for the Pre-Renovation Education Rule; Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule; and Lead-Based Paint Activities Rule.

  2. "Chaos Rules" Revisited

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Murphy, David

    2011-01-01

    About 20 years ago, while lost in the midst of his PhD research, the author mused over proposed titles for his thesis. He was pretty pleased with himself when he came up with "Chaos Rules" (the implied double meaning was deliberate), or more completely, "Chaos Rules: An Exploration of the Work of Instructional Designers in Distance Education." He…

  3. State space approach to mixed boundary value problems.

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Chen, C. F.; Chen, M. M.

    1973-01-01

    A state-space procedure for the formulation and solution of mixed boundary value problems is established. This procedure is a natural extension of the method used in initial value problems; however, certain special theorems and rules must be developed. The scope of the applications of the approach includes beam, arch, and axisymmetric shell problems in structural analysis, boundary layer problems in fluid mechanics, and eigenvalue problems for deformable bodies. Many classical methods in these fields developed by Holzer, Prohl, Myklestad, Thomson, Love-Meissner, and others can be either simplified or unified under new light shed by the state-variable approach. A beam problem is included as an illustration.

  4. Statistical inference of static analysis rules

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Engler, Dawson Richards (Inventor)

    2009-01-01

    Various apparatus and methods are disclosed for identifying errors in program code. Respective numbers of observances of at least one correctness rule by different code instances that relate to the at least one correctness rule are counted in the program code. Each code instance has an associated counted number of observances of the correctness rule by the code instance. Also counted are respective numbers of violations of the correctness rule by different code instances that relate to the correctness rule. Each code instance has an associated counted number of violations of the correctness rule by the code instance. A respective likelihood of the validity is determined for each code instance as a function of the counted number of observances and counted number of violations. The likelihood of validity indicates a relative likelihood that a related code instance is required to observe the correctness rule. The violations may be output in order of the likelihood of validity of a violated correctness rule.

  5. A new zenith-looking narrow-band radiometer-based system (ZEN) for dust aerosol optical depth monitoring

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Almansa, A. Fernando; Cuevas, Emilio; Torres, Benjamín; Barreto, África; García, Rosa D.; Cachorro, Victoria E.; de Frutos, Ángel M.; López, César; Ramos, Ramón

    2017-02-01

    A new zenith-looking narrow-band radiometer based system (ZEN), conceived for dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) monitoring, is presented in this paper. The ZEN system comprises a new radiometer (ZEN-R41) and a methodology for AOD retrieval (ZEN-LUT). ZEN-R41 has been designed to be stand alone and without moving parts, making it a low-cost and robust instrument with low maintenance, appropriate for deployment in remote and unpopulated desert areas. The ZEN-LUT method is based on the comparison of the measured zenith sky radiance (ZSR) with a look-up table (LUT) of computed ZSRs. The LUT is generated with the LibRadtran radiative transfer code. The sensitivity study proved that the ZEN-LUT method is appropriate for inferring AOD from ZSR measurements with an AOD standard uncertainty up to 0.06 for AOD500 nm ˜ 0.5 and up to 0.15 for AOD500 nm ˜ 1.0, considering instrumental errors of 5 %. The validation of the ZEN-LUT technique was performed using data from AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) Cimel Electronique 318 photometers (CE318). A comparison between AOD obtained by applying the ZEN-LUT method on ZSRs (inferred from CE318 diffuse-sky measurements) and AOD provided by AERONET (derived from CE318 direct-sun measurements) was carried out at three sites characterized by a regular presence of desert mineral dust aerosols: Izaña and Santa Cruz in the Canary Islands and Tamanrasset in Algeria. The results show a coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.99 to 0.97, and root mean square errors (RMSE) ranging from 0.010 at Izaña to 0.032 at Tamanrasset. The comparison of ZSR values from ZEN-R41 and the CE318 showed absolute relative mean bias (RMB) < 10 %. ZEN-R41 AOD values inferred from ZEN-LUT methodology were compared with AOD provided by AERONET, showing a fairly good agreement in all wavelengths, with mean absolute AOD differences < 0.030 and R2 higher than 0.97.

  6. Incremental Learning of Context Free Grammars by Parsing-Based Rule Generation and Rule Set Search

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nakamura, Katsuhiko; Hoshina, Akemi

    This paper discusses recent improvements and extensions in Synapse system for inductive inference of context free grammars (CFGs) from sample strings. Synapse uses incremental learning, rule generation based on bottom-up parsing, and the search for rule sets. The form of production rules in the previous system is extended from Revised Chomsky Normal Form A→βγ to Extended Chomsky Normal Form, which also includes A→B, where each of β and γ is either a terminal or nonterminal symbol. From the result of bottom-up parsing, a rule generation mechanism synthesizes minimum production rules required for parsing positive samples. Instead of inductive CYK algorithm in the previous version of Synapse, the improved version uses a novel rule generation method, called ``bridging,'' which bridges the lacked part of the derivation tree for the positive string. The improved version also employs a novel search strategy, called serial search in addition to minimum rule set search. The synthesis of grammars by the serial search is faster than the minimum set search in most cases. On the other hand, the size of the generated CFGs is generally larger than that by the minimum set search, and the system can find no appropriate grammar for some CFL by the serial search. The paper shows experimental results of incremental learning of several fundamental CFGs and compares the methods of rule generation and search strategies.

  7. 78 FR 54566 - Energy Labeling Rule

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-05

    ... FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 16 CFR Part 305 RIN 3084-AB03 Energy Labeling Rule AGENCY: Federal Trade Commission. ACTION: Final rule; correction. SUMMARY: The Federal Trade Commission published a final rule on July 23, 2013 revising its Energy Labeling Rule. This document makes a technical correction to the...

  8. 46 CFR 201.64 - Contents of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 8 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Contents of rules. 201.64 Section 201.64 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION POLICY, PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Rule Making (Rule 6) § 201.64 Contents of rules. The Administration will incorporate in any rule to be adopted a concise general statement...

  9. 19 CFR 102.18 - Rules of interpretation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... TREASURY RULES OF ORIGIN Rules of Origin § 102.18 Rules of interpretation. (a) When General Rule of... 19 Customs Duties 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Rules of interpretation. 102.18 Section 102.18... provision from which a change in tariff classification is not allowed under the § 102.20 specific rule or...

  10. TRI Burden Reduction Rule

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    On December 22, 2006, EPA issued a final rule revising TRI reporting requirements. The Omnibus Appropriations Act of 2009, however, reverted the TRI reporting requirements to those in place prior to this rule.

  11. Antievolution Rules Are Unconstitutional.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lewin, Roger

    1984-01-01

    The Texas attorney general has said that this state's textbook antievolution rules violate the First Amendment. Responses and issues related to this statement are discussed. The history of these rules is also discussed. (JN)

  12. Conservative mixing, competitive mixing and their applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Klimenko, A. Y.

    2010-12-01

    In many of the models applied to simulations of turbulent transport and turbulent combustion, the mixing between particles is used to reflect the influence of the continuous diffusion terms in the transport equations. Stochastic particles with properties and mixing can be used not only for simulating turbulent combustion, but also for modeling a large spectrum of physical phenomena. Traditional mixing, which is commonly used in the modeling of turbulent reacting flows, is conservative: the total amount of scalar is (or should be) preserved during a mixing event. It is worthwhile, however, to consider a more general mixing that does not possess these conservative properties; hence, our consideration lies beyond traditional mixing. In non-conservative mixing, the particle post-mixing average becomes biased towards one of the particles participating in mixing. The extreme form of non-conservative mixing can be called competitive mixing or competition: after a mixing event, the loser particle simply receives the properties of the winner particle. Particles with non-conservative mixing can be used to emulate various phenomena involving competition. In particular, we investigate cyclic behavior that can be attributed to complex competing systems. We show that the localness and intransitivity of competitive mixing are linked to the cyclic behavior.

  13. Gaming the system. Dodging the rules, ruling the dodgers.

    PubMed

    Morreim, E H

    1991-03-01

    Although traditional obligations of fidelity require physicians to deliver quality care to their patients, including to utilize costly technologies, physicians are steadily losing their accustomed control over the necessary resources. The "economic agents" who own the medical and monetary resources of care now impose a wide array of rules and restrictions in order to contain their costs of operation. However, physicians can still control resources indirectly through "gaming the system," employing tactics such as "fudging" that exploit resource rules' ambiguity and flexibility to bypass the rules while ostensibly honoring them. Physicians may be especially inclined to game the system where resource rules seriously underserve patients' needs, where economic agents seem to be "gaming the patient," with needless obstacles to care, or where others, such as hospitals or even physicians themselves, may be denied needed reimbursements. Though tempting, gaming is morally and medically hazardous. It can harm patients and society, offend honesty, and violate basic principles of contractual and distributive justice. It is also, in fact, usually unnecessary in securing needed resources for patients. More fundamentally, we must reconsider what physicians owe their patients. They owe what is theirs to give: their competence, care and loyalty. In light of medicine's changing economics, two new duties emerge: economic advising, whereby physicians explicitly discuss the economic as well as medical aspects of each treatment option; and economic advocacy, whereby physicians intercede actively on their patients' behalf with the economic agents who control the resources.

  14. The 5-Second Rule

    MedlinePlus

    ... Safe Videos for Educators Search English Español The 5-Second Rule KidsHealth / For Kids / The 5-Second ... La regla de los 5 segundos What's the 5-Second Rule? Almost everyone has dropped some food ...

  15. Parallel machine architecture for production rule systems

    DOEpatents

    Allen, Jr., John D.; Butler, Philip L.

    1989-01-01

    A parallel processing system for production rule programs utilizes a host processor for storing production rule right hand sides (RHS) and a plurality of rule processors for storing left hand sides (LHS). The rule processors operate in parallel in the recognize phase of the system recognize -Act Cycle to match their respective LHS's against a stored list of working memory elements (WME) in order to find a self consistent set of WME's. The list of WME is dynamically varied during the Act phase of the system in which the host executes or fires rule RHS's for those rules for which a self-consistent set has been found by the rule processors. The host transmits instructions for creating or deleting working memory elements as dictated by the rule firings until the rule processors are unable to find any further self-consistent working memory element sets at which time the production rule system is halted.

  16. Rule-based simulation models

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Nieten, Joseph L.; Seraphine, Kathleen M.

    1991-01-01

    Procedural modeling systems, rule based modeling systems, and a method for converting a procedural model to a rule based model are described. Simulation models are used to represent real time engineering systems. A real time system can be represented by a set of equations or functions connected so that they perform in the same manner as the actual system. Most modeling system languages are based on FORTRAN or some other procedural language. Therefore, they must be enhanced with a reaction capability. Rule based systems are reactive by definition. Once the engineering system has been decomposed into a set of calculations using only basic algebraic unary operations, a knowledge network of calculations and functions can be constructed. The knowledge network required by a rule based system can be generated by a knowledge acquisition tool or a source level compiler. The compiler would take an existing model source file, a syntax template, and a symbol table and generate the knowledge network. Thus, existing procedural models can be translated and executed by a rule based system. Neural models can be provide the high capacity data manipulation required by the most complex real time models.

  17. Crossover between structured and well-mixed networks in an evolutionary prisoner's dilemma game

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dai, Qionglin; Cheng, Hongyan; Li, Haihong; Li, Yuting; Zhang, Mei; Yang, Junzhong

    2011-07-01

    In a spatial evolutionary prisoner’s dilemma game (PDG), individuals interact with their neighbors and update their strategies according to some rules. As is well known, cooperators are destined to become extinct in a well-mixed population, whereas they could emerge and be sustained on a structured network. In this work, we introduce a simple model to investigate the crossover between a structured network and a well-mixed one in an evolutionary PDG. In the model, each link j is designated a rewiring parameter τj, which defines the time interval between two successive rewiring events for link j. By adjusting the rewiring parameter τ (the mean time interval for any link in the network), we could change a structured network into a well-mixed one. For the link rewiring events, three situations are considered: one synchronous situation and two asynchronous situations. Simulation results show that there are three regimes of τ: large τ where the density of cooperators ρc rises to ρc,∞ (the value of ρc for the case without link rewiring), small τ where the mean-field description for a well-mixed network is applicable, and moderate τ where the crossover between a structured network and a well-mixed one happens.

  18. 16 CFR 1025.1 - Scope of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Scope of rules. 1025.1 Section 1025.1 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION GENERAL RULES OF PRACTICE FOR ADJUDICATIVE PROCEEDINGS Scope of Rules, Nature of Adjudicative Proceedings, Definitions § 1025.1 Scope of rules. The rules...

  19. 19 CFR 177.8 - Issuance of rulings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... (CONTINUED) ADMINISTRATIVE RULINGS General Ruling Procedure § 177.8 Issuance of rulings. (a) Ruling letters—(1) Generally. The Customs Service will endeavor to issue a ruling letter setting forth a... information letter or, in those situations in which general information is likely to be of little or no value...

  20. The formula Scribner log rule.

    Treesearch

    George R. Staebler

    1952-01-01

    The Scribner Decimal C is the accepted log rule in the Pacific Northwest. Usually volume, growth and yield tables are expressed by this rule to give them practical meaning. Yet in the research required for such studies, the rule is unsatisfactory because of rounded values and irregular jumps in volume from diameter to diameter and length to length.

  1. Tetraquark mixing framework for isoscalar resonances in light mesons

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kim, Hungchong; Kim, K. S.; Cheoun, Myung-Ki; Oka, Makoto

    2018-05-01

    Recently, a tetraquark mixing framework has been proposed for light mesons and applied more or less successfully to the isovector resonances, a0(980 ) , a0(1450 ) , as well as to the isodoublet resonances, K0*(800 ),K0*(1430 ). In this work, we present a more extensive view on the mixing framework and apply this framework to the isoscalar resonances, f0(500 ), f0(980 ), f0(1370 ), f0(1500 ). Tetraquarks in this framework can have two spin configurations containing either spin-0 diquark or spin-1 diquark and each configuration forms a nonet in flavor space. The two spin configurations are found to mix strongly through the color-spin interactions. Their mixtures, which diagonalize the hyperfine masses, can generate the physical resonances constituting two nonets, which, in fact, coincide roughly with the experimental observation. We identify that f0(500 ), f0(980 ) are the isoscalar members in the light nonet, and f0(1370 ), f0(1500 ) are the similar members in the heavy nonet. This means that the spin configuration mixing, as it relates the corresponding members in the two nonets, can generate f0(500 ) , f0(1370 ) among the members in light mass, and f0(980 ) , f0(1500 ) in heavy mass. The complication arises because the isoscalar members of each nonet are subject to an additional flavor mixing known as Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka rule so that f0(500 ) , f0(980 ) , and similarly f0(1370 ) , f0(1500 ) , are the mixture of two isoscalar members belonging to an octet and a singlet in SUf(3 ) . The tetraquark mixing framework including the flavor mixing is tested for the isoscalar resonances in terms of the mass splitting and the fall-apart decay modes. The mass splitting among the isoscalar resonances is found to be consistent qualitatively with their hyperfine mass splitting strongly driven by the spin configuration mixing, which suggests that the tetraquark mixing framework works. The fall-apart modes from our tetraquarks also seem to be consistent with the experimental modes

  2. Comprehensive Child Welfare Information System. Final rule.

    PubMed

    2016-06-02

    This final rule replaces the Statewide and Tribal Automated Child Welfare Information Systems (S/TACWIS) rule with the Comprehensive Child Welfare Information System (CCWIS) rule. The rule also makes conforming amendments in rules in related requirements. This rule will assist title IV-E agencies in developing information management systems that leverage new innovations and technology in order to better serve children and families. More specifically, this final rule supports the use of cost-effective, innovative technologies to automate the collection of high-quality case management data and to promote its analysis, distribution, and use by workers, supervisors, administrators, researchers, and policy makers.

  3. Oxytocin conditions trait-based rule adherence

    PubMed Central

    De Dreu, Carsten K.W.

    2017-01-01

    Abstract Rules, whether in the form of norms, taboos or laws, regulate and coordinate human life. Some rules, however, are arbitrary and adhering to them can be personally costly. Rigidly sticking to such rules can be considered maladaptive. Here, we test whether, at the neurobiological level, (mal)adaptive rule adherence is reduced by oxytocin—a hypothalamic neuropeptide that biases the biobehavioural approach-avoidance system. Participants (N = 139) self-administered oxytocin or placebo intranasally, and reported their need for structure and approach-avoidance sensitivity. Next, participants made binary decisions and were given an arbitrary rule that demanded to forgo financial benefits. Under oxytocin, participants violated the rule more often, especially when they had high need for structure and high approach sensitivity. Possibly, oxytocin dampens the need for a highly structured environment and enables individuals to flexibly trade-off internal desires against external restrictions. Implications for the treatment of clinical disorders marked by maladaptive rule adherence are discussed. PMID:27664999

  4. 46 CFR 502.54 - Contents of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contents of rules. 502.54 Section 502.54 Shipping FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Rulemaking § 502.54 Contents of rules. The Commission will incorporate in any rules adopted a concise general statement of their basis and purpose. [Rule 54....

  5. Specific impairments of rule induction in different frontal lobe subgroups.

    PubMed

    Reverberi, Carlo; Lavaroni, Antonio; Gigli, Gian Luigi; Skrap, Miran; Shallice, Tim

    2005-01-01

    The neural correlates of inductive reasoning are still poorly understood. In order to explore them, we administered a revised version of the Brixton test, a rule attainment task, to a group of 40 patients with a focal frontal brain lesion of mixed aetiology and to 43 control subjects. To interpret an impairment on the test as suggesting an inductive reasoning deficit a number of alternative hypotheses need first to be considered, namely whether the Brixton impairment could be explained by: (i) a working memory deficit; (ii) a monitoring deficit; (iii) a difficulty in applying an already induced rule; (iv) greater impulsivity. The patients with left lateral (LL) frontal lesions were significantly impaired on the Brixton test; more importantly they were the only group in which none of the alternative hypotheses we explored proved able to explain the flawed performance. In sharp contrast, right lateral lesion patients did not make significantly more errors on the Brixton test than controls, but they produced three times more capture errors (a sign of impaired monitoring processes). The results were interpreted as suggesting functional dissociations between inductive reasoning, monitoring and working memory and a localisation of key processes for induction in left lateral frontal cortex and in right lateral cortex for monitoring and checking.

  6. Internal Medicine Program Directors' Perceptions of the "All In" Match Rule: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

    PubMed

    Alweis, Richard; Khan, Muhammad Sohail; Kuehl, Sapna; Wasser, Thomas; Donato, Anthony

    2017-04-01

    Since 2013, the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) has asked all programs to declare themselves to be "all in" or "all out" for the NRMP. Before this rule was enacted, program directors who were surveyed expressed concerns about what they anticipated with the change, including resources for increased applications and potential delays with residency start times. This study investigated the positive and negative effects of the rule change on recruiting seen from the perspective of internal medicine (IM) program directors. In this mixed model cross-sectional survey, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited IM program directors were surveyed regarding their impressions of the impact of the policy change. Data were aggregated using constant comparative analysis. A total of 127 of 396 (32%) IM program directors responded, and 122 of 127 (96%) identified their program as "all in." A total of 110 respondents expressed impressions of the rule change, with 48% (53 of 111) reporting positive responses, 28% (31 of 111) neutral responses, and 24% (27 of 111) negative responses. Programs with higher percentages of visa-holding residents had lower positive responses (37% [22 of 60] versus 61% [31 of 51]). Resident quality was felt to be unchanged or improved by most program directors (93%, 103 of 111), yet 24% (27 of 112) reported increases in delayed start times for visa-holding residents. Qualitative analysis identified increased fairness, at the expense of an increase in program resources as a result of the change. A slight majority of residency programs reported a neutral or negative impression of the rule change. Since the rule change, program directors noted increased application volume and delayed residency starts for visa-holding residents.

  7. Image segmentation using association rule features.

    PubMed

    Rushing, John A; Ranganath, Heggere; Hinke, Thomas H; Graves, Sara J

    2002-01-01

    A new type of texture feature based on association rules is described. Association rules have been used in applications such as market basket analysis to capture relationships present among items in large data sets. It is shown that association rules can be adapted to capture frequently occurring local structures in images. The frequency of occurrence of these structures can be used to characterize texture. Methods for segmentation of textured images based on association rule features are described. Simulation results using images consisting of man made and natural textures show that association rule features perform well compared to other widely used texture features. Association rule features are used to detect cumulus cloud fields in GOES satellite images and are found to achieve higher accuracy than other statistical texture features for this problem.

  8. Unveiling the Dependence of Glass Transitions on Mixing Thermodynamics in Miscible Systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tu, Wenkang; Wang, Yunxi; Li, Xin; Zhang, Peng; Tian, Yongjun; Jin, Shaohua; Wang, Li-Min

    2015-02-01

    The dependence of the glass transition in mixtures on mixing thermodynamics is examined by focusing on enthalpy of mixing, ΔHmix with the change in sign (positive vs. negative) and magnitude (small vs. large). The effects of positive and negative ΔHmix are demonstrated based on two isomeric systems of o- vs. m- methoxymethylbenzene (MMB) and o- vs. m- dibromobenzene (DBB) with comparably small absolute ΔHmix. Two opposite composition dependences of the glass transition temperature, Tg, are observed with the MMB mixtures showing a distinct negative deviation from the ideal mixing rule and the DBB mixtures having a marginally positive deviation. The system of 1, 2- propanediamine (12PDA) vs. propylene glycol (PG) with large and negative ΔHmix is compared with the systems of small ΔHmix, and a considerably positive Tg shift is seen. Models involving the properties of pure components such as Tg, glass transition heat capacity increment, ΔCp, and density, ρ, do not interpret the observed Tg shifts in the systems. In contrast, a linear correlation is revealed between ΔHmix and maximum Tg shifts.

  9. Building distributed rule-based systems using the AI Bus

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Schultz, Roger D.; Stobie, Iain C.

    1990-01-01

    The AI Bus software architecture was designed to support the construction of large-scale, production-quality applications in areas of high technology flux, running heterogeneous distributed environments, utilizing a mix of knowledge-based and conventional components. These goals led to its current development as a layered, object-oriented library for cooperative systems. This paper describes the concepts and design of the AI Bus and its implementation status as a library of reusable and customizable objects, structured by layers from operating system interfaces up to high-level knowledge-based agents. Each agent is a semi-autonomous process with specialized expertise, and consists of a number of knowledge sources (a knowledge base and inference engine). Inter-agent communication mechanisms are based on blackboards and Actors-style acquaintances. As a conservative first implementation, we used C++ on top of Unix, and wrapped an embedded Clips with methods for the knowledge source class. This involved designing standard protocols for communication and functions which use these protocols in rules. Embedding several CLIPS objects within a single process was an unexpected problem because of global variables, whose solution involved constructing and recompiling a C++ version of CLIPS. We are currently working on a more radical approach to incorporating CLIPS, by separating out its pattern matcher, rule and fact representations and other components as true object oriented modules.

  10. A Program for Developing Automated Scientific-Information Processing in Maritime Economy,

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-11-17

    leat triple. The- exchange of tapes is n bviusocorrase. or. 0* 0 for the fishing brancft within the framework of a ftfw.Pltat ffkflng Agaemt(materials...from ZSR DnOOR Of Sooialist bep *46es3 a" MIS. T"e sept l oeeItu’e usmm we4 tta tft rpaxisatica of the first sta In the SUS40t or s4100irse.. ’teo~oal

  11. Simulating Rule-Based Systems

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1988-12-01

    the number of facts. NFIRE : location of the rule status flag. NLVL: the number of levels. NRULE: the number of rules. 116 NRUN: the number of runs. PD...C-INITIALIZE THE RULE MATRIX 124 C NFIRE -4 +MAXL+MAXR NFAC-0 IL-MAXL-MINL+l IR-MAXR-MINR+ 1 DO 10 I-1,NRULE MR(I,1)=I NR( I, 2)-MINL+INT(RAN( II) *IL...NR( I, 3)-MINR+INT(RAN(II)*IR) NR( I, NFIRE )-0 10 CONTINUE-A C C-STORE THE RANDOM-ASSERTION SET IN A MATRIX C READ(8,* )NRUN, lASS DO 120 I-1,NRTJN

  12. How Rules Shape Experience

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Emo, Kenneth

    2008-01-01

    Rules guide and constrain participants' actions as they participate in any educational activity. This ethnographically driven case study examines how organizational rules--the implicit and explicit regulations that constrain actions and interactions--influence children to use science in the experiential educational activity of raising 4-H market…

  13. Oxytocin conditions trait-based rule adherence.

    PubMed

    Gross, Jörg; De Dreu, Carsten K W

    2017-03-01

    Rules, whether in the form of norms, taboos or laws, regulate and coordinate human life. Some rules, however, are arbitrary and adhering to them can be personally costly. Rigidly sticking to such rules can be considered maladaptive. Here, we test whether, at the neurobiological level, (mal)adaptive rule adherence is reduced by oxytocin-a hypothalamic neuropeptide that biases the biobehavioural approach-avoidance system. Participants (N = 139) self-administered oxytocin or placebo intranasally, and reported their need for structure and approach-avoidance sensitivity. Next, participants made binary decisions and were given an arbitrary rule that demanded to forgo financial benefits. Under oxytocin, participants violated the rule more often, especially when they had high need for structure and high approach sensitivity. Possibly, oxytocin dampens the need for a highly structured environment and enables individuals to flexibly trade-off internal desires against external restrictions. Implications for the treatment of clinical disorders marked by maladaptive rule adherence are discussed. © The Author (2016). Published by Oxford University Press. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

  14. Comparison of experimental and modeled absorption enhancement by black carbon (BC) cored polydisperse aerosols under hygroscopic conditions.

    PubMed

    Shamjad, P M; Tripathi, S N; Aggarwal, S G; Mishra, S K; Joshi, Manish; Khan, Arshad; Sapra, B K; Ram, Kirpa

    2012-08-07

    The quantification of the radiative impacts of light absorbing ambient black carbon (BC) particles strongly depends on accurate measurements of BC mass concentration and absorption coefficient (β(abs)). In this study, an experiment has been conducted to quantify the influence of hygroscopic growth of ambient particles on light absorption. Using the hygroscopic growth factor (i.e., Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson (ZSR) approach), a model has been developed to predict the chemical composition of particles based on measurements, and the absorption and scattering coefficients are derived using a core-shell assumption with light extinction estimates based on Mie theory. The estimated optical properties agree within 7% for absorption coefficient and 30% for scattering coefficient with that of measured values. The enhancement of absorption is found to vary according to the thickness of the shell and BC mass, with a maximum of 2.3 for a shell thickness of 18 nm for the particles. The findings of this study underline the importance of considering aerosol-mixing states while calculating their radiative forcing.

  15. Targeted training of the decision rule benefits rule-guided behavior in Parkinson's disease.

    PubMed

    Ell, Shawn W

    2013-12-01

    The impact of Parkinson's disease (PD) on rule-guided behavior has received considerable attention in cognitive neuroscience. The majority of research has used PD as a model of dysfunction in frontostriatal networks, but very few attempts have been made to investigate the possibility of adapting common experimental techniques in an effort to identify the conditions that are most likely to facilitate successful performance. The present study investigated a targeted training paradigm designed to facilitate rule learning and application using rule-based categorization as a model task. Participants received targeted training in which there was no selective-attention demand (i.e., stimuli varied along a single, relevant dimension) or nontargeted training in which there was selective-attention demand (i.e., stimuli varied along a relevant dimension as well as an irrelevant dimension). Following training, all participants were tested on a rule-based task with selective-attention demand. During the test phase, PD patients who received targeted training performed similarly to control participants and outperformed patients who did not receive targeted training. As a preliminary test of the generalizability of the benefit of targeted training, a subset of the PD patients were tested on the Wisconsin card sorting task (WCST). PD patients who received targeted training outperformed PD patients who did not receive targeted training on several WCST performance measures. These data further characterize the contribution of frontostriatal circuitry to rule-guided behavior. Importantly, these data also suggest that PD patient impairment, on selective-attention-demanding tasks of rule-guided behavior, is not inevitable and highlight the potential benefit of targeted training.

  16. Simulation-Based Rule Generation Considering Readability

    PubMed Central

    Yahagi, H.; Shimizu, S.; Ogata, T.; Hara, T.; Ota, J.

    2015-01-01

    Rule generation method is proposed for an aircraft control problem in an airport. Designing appropriate rules for motion coordination of taxiing aircraft in the airport is important, which is conducted by ground control. However, previous studies did not consider readability of rules, which is important because it should be operated and maintained by humans. Therefore, in this study, using the indicator of readability, we propose a method of rule generation based on parallel algorithm discovery and orchestration (PADO). By applying our proposed method to the aircraft control problem, the proposed algorithm can generate more readable and more robust rules and is found to be superior to previous methods. PMID:27347501

  17. A collection of log rules

    Treesearch

    Frank Freese

    1973-01-01

    A log rule may be defined as a table or formula showing the estimated net yield for logs of a given diameter and length. Ordinarily the yield is expressed in terms of board feet of finished lumber, though a few rules give the cubic volume of the log or some fraction of it. Built into each log rule are allowances for losses due to such things as slabs, saw kerf, edgings...

  18. Wrapping rules (in) string theory

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bergshoeff, Eric A.; Riccioni, Fabio

    2018-01-01

    In this paper we show that the number of all 1/2-BPS branes in string theory compactified on a torus can be derived by universal wrapping rules whose formulation we present. These rules even apply to branes in less than ten dimensions whose ten-dimensional origin is an exotic brane. In that case the wrapping rules contain an additional combinatorial factor that is related to the highest dimension in which the ten-dimensional exotic brane, after compactification, can be realized as a standard brane. We show that the wrapping rules also apply to cases with less supersymmetry. As a specific example, we discuss the compactification of IIA/IIB string theory on ( T 4/ ℤ 2) × T n .

  19. 78 FR 8362 - Energy Labeling Rule

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-06

    ... FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 16 CFR Part 305 RIN 3084-AB15] Energy Labeling Rule AGENCY: Federal Trade... furnace or central air conditioner meets applicable Department of Energy regional efficiency standards..., 20580. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. Background The Commission's Energy Labeling Rule (``Rule'') (16 CFR...

  20. An algorithm for rule-in and rule-out of acute myocardial infarction using a novel troponin I assay.

    PubMed

    Lindahl, Bertil; Jernberg, Tomas; Badertscher, Patrick; Boeddinghaus, Jasper; Eggers, Kai M; Frick, Mats; Rubini Gimenez, Maria; Linder, Rickard; Ljung, Lina; Martinsson, Arne; Melki, Dina; Nestelberger, Thomas; Rentsch, Katharina; Reichlin, Tobias; Sabti, Zaid; Schubera, Marie; Svensson, Per; Twerenbold, Raphael; Wildi, Karin; Mueller, Christian

    2017-01-15

    To derive and validate a hybrid algorithm for rule-out and rule-in of acute myocardial infarction based on measurements at presentation and after 2 hours with a novel cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assay. The algorithm was derived and validated in two cohorts (605 and 592 patients) from multicentre studies enrolling chest pain patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with onset of last episode within 12 hours. The index diagnosis and cardiovascular events up to 30 days were adjudicated by independent reviewers. In the validation cohort, 32.6% of the patients were ruled out on ED presentation, 6.1% were ruled in and 61.3% remained undetermined. A further 22% could be ruled out and 9.8% ruled in, after 2 hours. In total, 54.6% of the patients were ruled out with a negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.4% (95% CI 97.8% to 99.9%) and a sensitivity of 97.7% (95% CI 91.9% to 99.7%); 15.8% were ruled in with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 74.5% (95% CI 64.8% to 82.2%) and a specificity of 95.2% (95% CI 93.0% to 96.9%); and 29.6% remained undetermined after 2 hours. No patient in the rule-out group died during the 30-day follow-up in the two cohorts. This novel two-step algorithm based on cTnI measurements enabled just over a third of the patients with acute chest pain to be ruled in or ruled out already at presentation and an additional third after 2 hours. This strategy maximises the speed of rule-out and rule-in while maintaining a high NPV and PPV, respectively. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

  1. Adding Only One Priority Rule Allows Extending CIP Rules to Supramolecular Systems.

    PubMed

    Alkorta, Ibon; Elguero, José; Cintas, Pedro

    2015-05-01

    There are frequent situations both in supramolecular chemistry and in crystallography that result in stereogenic centers, whose absolute configuration needs to be specified. With this aim we propose the inclusion of one simple additional rule to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) system of priority rules stating that noncovalent interactions have a fictitious number between 0 and 1. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  2. Faculty Union Contracts: The New Organizational Rules.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Goodwin, Harold I., Ed.

    1977-01-01

    The recent expansion of collective bargaining among faculty unions has led to the establishment of new organizational rules. These new rules eliminate discretion, but unlike traditional rules imposed by superiors to control subordinates, collective bargaining initiates a different format for rule-making--formal joint determination. Collective…

  3. 18 CFR 385.1901 - Interpretations and interpretative rules under the NGPA (Rule 1901).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND... transactions. (4) NGPA means the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978. (5) Request means a request for an... interpretations must be addressed to the Office of the General Counsel as follows: Federal Energy Regulatory...

  4. 18 CFR 385.1901 - Interpretations and interpretative rules under the NGPA (Rule 1901).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND... transactions. (4) NGPA means the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978. (5) Request means a request for an... interpretations must be addressed to the Office of the General Counsel as follows: Federal Energy Regulatory...

  5. 18 CFR 385.1901 - Interpretations and interpretative rules under the NGPA (Rule 1901).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND... transactions. (4) NGPA means the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978. (5) Request means a request for an... interpretations must be addressed to the Office of the General Counsel as follows: Federal Energy Regulatory...

  6. 18 CFR 385.1901 - Interpretations and interpretative rules under the NGPA (Rule 1901).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND... transactions. (4) NGPA means the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978. (5) Request means a request for an... interpretations must be addressed to the Office of the General Counsel as follows: Federal Energy Regulatory...

  7. 14 CFR 91.515 - Flight altitude rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flight altitude rules. 91.515 Section 91...) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Large and Turbine-Powered Multiengine Airplanes and Fractional Ownership Program Aircraft § 91.515 Flight altitude rules. (a...

  8. 18 CFR 385.702 - Definitions (Rule 702).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Definitions (Rule 702). 385.702 Section 385.702 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Decisions § 385.702 Definitions (Rule...

  9. 40 CFR 52.236 - Rules and regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... following Air Pollution Control District (APCD) rules do not define the term “agricultural operations,” the... November 10, 1976. (b) The following Air Pollution Control District (APCD) rules are disapproved because... control rules unenforceable: (1) San Luis Obispo County APCD. (i) Rules 401(B)(4) and 401(B)(6), submitted...

  10. 40 CFR 52.236 - Rules and regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... following Air Pollution Control District (APCD) rules do not define the term “agricultural operations,” the... November 10, 1976. (b) The following Air Pollution Control District (APCD) rules are disapproved because... control rules unenforceable: (1) San Luis Obispo County APCD. (i) Rules 401(B)(4) and 401(B)(6), submitted...

  11. 7 CFR 29.3109 - Rule 6.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Rule 6. 29.3109 Section 29.3109 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.3109 Rule 6. Any lot of tobacco which meets the specifications of two grades...

  12. 14 CFR 437.39 - Flight rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Flight rules. 437.39 Section 437.39 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... Documentation § 437.39 Flight rules. An applicant must provide flight rules as required by § 437.71. ...

  13. 14 CFR 437.39 - Flight rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flight rules. 437.39 Section 437.39 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... Documentation § 437.39 Flight rules. An applicant must provide flight rules as required by § 437.71. ...

  14. 14 CFR 437.39 - Flight rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Flight rules. 437.39 Section 437.39 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... Documentation § 437.39 Flight rules. An applicant must provide flight rules as required by § 437.71. ...

  15. 14 CFR 437.39 - Flight rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flight rules. 437.39 Section 437.39 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... Documentation § 437.39 Flight rules. An applicant must provide flight rules as required by § 437.71. ...

  16. 14 CFR 437.39 - Flight rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Flight rules. 437.39 Section 437.39 Aeronautics and Space COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... Documentation § 437.39 Flight rules. An applicant must provide flight rules as required by § 437.71. ...

  17. Australian Children's Understanding of Display Rules

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Choy, Grace

    2009-01-01

    Cultural display rules govern the manifestation of emotional expressions. In compliance with display rules, the facial expressions displayed (i.e. apparent emotion) may be incongruent with the emotion experienced (i.e. real emotion). This study investigates Australian Caucasian children's understanding of display rules. A sample of 80 four year…

  18. Statistical Rules-of-Thumb.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Brewer, James K.

    1988-01-01

    Six best-selling introductory behavioral statistics textbooks that were published in 1982 and two well-known sampling theory textbooks were reviewed to determine the presence of rules-of-thumb--useful principles with wide application that are not intended to be strictly accurate. The relative frequency and type of rules are reported along with a…

  19. Are Intuitive Rules Universal?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stavy, Ruth; Babai, Reuven; Tsamir, Pessia; Tirosh, Dina; Lin, Fou-Lai; McRobbie, Campbell

    2006-01-01

    This paper presents a cross-cultural study on the intuitive rules theory. The study was conducted in Australia (with aboriginal children) in Taiwan and in Israel. Our findings indicate that Taiwanese and Australian Aboriginal students, much like Israeli ones, provided incorrect responses, most of which were in line with the intuitive rules. Also,…

  20. Learning and Tuning of Fuzzy Rules

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Berenji, Hamid R.

    1997-01-01

    In this chapter, we review some of the current techniques for learning and tuning fuzzy rules. For clarity, we refer to the process of generating rules from data as the learning problem and distinguish it from tuning an already existing set of fuzzy rules. For learning, we touch on unsupervised learning techniques such as fuzzy c-means, fuzzy decision tree systems, fuzzy genetic algorithms, and linear fuzzy rules generation methods. For tuning, we discuss Jang's ANFIS architecture, Berenji-Khedkar's GARIC architecture and its extensions in GARIC-Q. We show that the hybrid techniques capable of learning and tuning fuzzy rules, such as CART-ANFIS, RNN-FLCS, and GARIC-RB, are desirable in development of a number of future intelligent systems.

  1. 19 CFR 181.131 - Rules of origin.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Rules of origin. 181.131 Section 181.131 Customs... (CONTINUED) NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT Rules of Origin § 181.131 Rules of origin. (a) The regulations effective October 1, 1995, implementing the rules of origin provisions of General Note 12, HTSUS...

  2. The age 60 rule.

    PubMed

    2004-08-01

    The impetus for amending the Age 60 Rule compels the review of recent scientific literature pertinent to pilot age and performance. The Rule has been the subject of extensive debate among policymakers and the aviation community. The aviation medical community is in a position to continue research and discussion that may provide additional evidence for the development of future policy decisions. Those addressing the future of the Age 60 Rule may benefit from understanding the nature and limitations of these studies, whether their outcomes are conclusive or not. Hopefully, some measure of guidance may be achieved as they address pilot age limits and related safety, economic, and operational issues of the aviation industry.

  3. Food labeling: nutrient content claims, expansion of the nutrient content claim "lean". Final rule.

    PubMed

    2007-01-12

    The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending its food labeling regulations for the expanded use of the nutrient content claim "lean" on the labels of foods categorized as "mixed dishes not measurable with a cup" that meet certain criteria for total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol content. This final rule responds to a nutrient content claim petition submitted by Nestlé Prepared Foods Co. (Nestlé) under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the act). This action is also being taken to provide reliable information that would assist consumers in maintaining healthy dietary practices.

  4. Rules for Coeducational Activities and Sports.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, Washington, DC.

    Suggestions and guidelines for establishing rules for co-recreational intramural activities are presented. These rules are not intended as a precedent or a national standard--they are ideas for adapting standardized rules for men's and women's sports to meet the needs, demands, and characteristics of co-recreational sports. Eleven different…

  5. 7 CFR 29.2397 - Rule 6.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Rule 6. 29.2397 Section 29.2397 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.2397 Rule 6. A lot of tobacco on the marginal line between two colors shall...

  6. 7 CFR 29.2622 - Rule 6.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Rule 6. 29.2622 Section 29.2622 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.2622 Rule 6. A lot of tobacco on the marginal line between two colors shall...

  7. 7 CFR 29.6092 - Rule 6.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Rule 6. 29.6092 Section 29.6092 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.6092 Rule 6. The grade assigned to any lot of tobacco shall be a true...

  8. 7 CFR 29.3607 - Rule 6.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Rule 6. 29.3607 Section 29.3607 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.3607 Rule 6. A lot of tobacco on the marginal line between two colors shall...

  9. 7 CFR 29.1112 - Rule 6.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Rule 6. 29.1112 Section 29.1112 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.1112 Rule 6. A lot of tobacco on the marginal line between two colors shall...

  10. 7 CFR 29.1112 - Rule 6.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Rule 6. 29.1112 Section 29.1112 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.1112 Rule 6. A lot of tobacco on the marginal line between two colors shall...

  11. 7 CFR 29.2397 - Rule 6.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Rule 6. 29.2397 Section 29.2397 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.2397 Rule 6. A lot of tobacco on the marginal line between two colors shall...

  12. 7 CFR 29.2622 - Rule 6.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Rule 6. 29.2622 Section 29.2622 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.2622 Rule 6. A lot of tobacco on the marginal line between two colors shall...

  13. 7 CFR 29.3607 - Rule 6.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Rule 6. 29.3607 Section 29.3607 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.3607 Rule 6. A lot of tobacco on the marginal line between two colors shall...

  14. 22 CFR 401.10 - General rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true General rule. 401.10 Section 401.10 Foreign Relations INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION, UNITED STATES AND CANADA RULES OF PROCEDURE General § 401.10 General rule. The Commission may, at any time, adopt any procedure which it deems expedient and necessary...

  15. 39 CFR 3010.29 - Transition rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 39 Postal Service 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Transition rule. 3010.29 Section 3010.29 Postal Service POSTAL REGULATORY COMMISSION PERSONNEL REGULATION OF RATES FOR MARKET DOMINANT PRODUCTS Rules for Applying the Price Cap § 3010.29 Transition rule. If the Postal Service initial exercise of its authority...

  16. 78 FR 18272 - Energy Labeling Rule

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-26

    ... FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 16 CFR Part 305 [3084-AB15] Energy Labeling Rule AGENCY: Federal Trade... ``Energy Label Ranges, Matter No. R611004'' on your comment, and file your comment online at https... Commission proposed to amend the Energy Labeling Rule (``Rule'') (16 CFR part 305) by updating ranges of...

  17. Binary translation using peephole translation rules

    DOEpatents

    Bansal, Sorav; Aiken, Alex

    2010-05-04

    An efficient binary translator uses peephole translation rules to directly translate executable code from one instruction set to another. In a preferred embodiment, the translation rules are generated using superoptimization techniques that enable the translator to automatically learn translation rules for translating code from the source to target instruction set architecture.

  18. 7 CFR 29.3618 - Rule 17.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Rule 17. 29.3618 Section 29.3618 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.3618 Rule 17. Any lot of tobacco which is not green but contains over 30...

  19. 7 CFR 29.3618 - Rule 17.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Rule 17. 29.3618 Section 29.3618 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.3618 Rule 17. Any lot of tobacco which is not green but contains over 30...

  20. Final Rule: Definition of “Waters of the United States” – Addition of Applicability Date to 2015 Clean Water Rule

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Link to the final rule of the applicability date of the clean water rule, The 2015 Rule will not be applicable until two years following publication of the applicability date rule in the Federal Register.

  1. 29 CFR 18.1 - Scope of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Scope of rules. 18.1 Section 18.1 Labor Office of the Secretary of Labor RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE FOR ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS BEFORE THE OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES General § 18.1 Scope of rules. (a) General application. These rules of practice are...

  2. 18 CFR 385.212 - Motions (Rule 212).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... statement of: (1) The facts and law which support the motion; and (2) The specific relief or ruling... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Motions (Rule 212). 385....212 Motions (Rule 212). (a) General rule. A motion may be filed: (1) At any time, unless otherwise...

  3. 18 CFR 385.212 - Motions (Rule 212).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... statement of: (1) The facts and law which support the motion; and (2) The specific relief or ruling... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Motions (Rule 212). 385....212 Motions (Rule 212). (a) General rule. A motion may be filed: (1) At any time, unless otherwise...

  4. 18 CFR 385.212 - Motions (Rule 212).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... statement of: (1) The facts and law which support the motion; and (2) The specific relief or ruling... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Motions (Rule 212). 385....212 Motions (Rule 212). (a) General rule. A motion may be filed: (1) At any time, unless otherwise...

  5. 18 CFR 385.212 - Motions (Rule 212).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... statement of: (1) The facts and law which support the motion; and (2) The specific relief or ruling... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Motions (Rule 212). 385....212 Motions (Rule 212). (a) General rule. A motion may be filed: (1) At any time, unless otherwise...

  6. 18 CFR 385.212 - Motions (Rule 212).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... statement of: (1) The facts and law which support the motion; and (2) The specific relief or ruling... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Motions (Rule 212). 385....212 Motions (Rule 212). (a) General rule. A motion may be filed: (1) At any time, unless otherwise...

  7. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; health insurance market rules. Final rule.

    PubMed

    2013-02-27

    This final rule implements provisions related to fair health insurance premiums, guaranteed availability, guaranteed renewability, single risk pools, and catastrophic plans, consistent with title I of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, referred to collectively as the Affordable Care Act. The final rule clarifies the approach used to enforce the applicable requirements of the Affordable Care Act with respect to health insurance issuers and group health plans that are non-federal governmental plans. This final rule also amends the standards for health insurance issuers and states regarding reporting, utilization, and collection of data under the federal rate review program, and revises the timeline for states to propose state-specific thresholds for review and approval by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).

  8. The role of multi-target policy instruments in agri-environmental policy mixes.

    PubMed

    Schader, Christian; Lampkin, Nicholas; Muller, Adrian; Stolze, Matthias

    2014-12-01

    The Tinbergen Rule has been used to criticise multi-target policy instruments for being inefficient. The aim of this paper is to clarify the role of multi-target policy instruments using the case of agri-environmental policy. Employing an analytical linear optimisation model, this paper demonstrates that there is no general contradiction between multi-target policy instruments and the Tinbergen Rule, if multi-target policy instruments are embedded in a policy-mix with a sufficient number of targeted instruments. We show that the relation between cost-effectiveness of the instruments, related to all policy targets, is the key determinant for an economically sound choice of policy instruments. If economies of scope with respect to achieving policy targets are realised, a higher cost-effectiveness of multi-target policy instruments can be achieved. Using the example of organic farming support policy, we discuss several reasons why economies of scope could be realised by multi-target agri-environmental policy instruments. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  9. Ostracod body size trends do not follow either Bergmann's rule or Cope's rule during periods of constant temperature increase

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Xu, Y.; Seshadri, P.; Amin, V.; Heim, N. A.; Payne, J.

    2013-12-01

    Over time, organisms have adapted to changing environments by evolving to be larger or smaller. Scientists have described body-size trends using two generalized theories. Bergmann's rule states that body size is inversely related to temperature, and Cope's rule establishes an increase over time. Cope's rule has been hypothesized as a temporal manifestation of Bergmann's rule, as the temperature of the Earth has consistently decreased over time and mean body size has increased. However, during times of constant temperature increase, Bergmann's rule and Cope's rule predict opposite effects on body size. Our goal was to clarify this relationship using both accessible proxies of historic temperature - atmospheric CO2 levels and paleo-latitude. We measured ostracod lengths throughout the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras (using the Catalogue of Ostracoda) and utilized ostracod latitudinal information from the Paleobiology Database. By closely studying body-size trends during four time periods of constant CO2 increase across spectrums of time and latitude, we were able to compare the effects of Cope's and Bergmann's rule. The correlation, p-values, and slopes of each of our graphs showed that there is no clear relationship between body size and each of these rules in times of temperature increase, both latitudinally and temporally. Therefore, both Cope's and Bergmann's rule act on marine ostracods and no rule is dominant, though our results more strongly disprove the latitudinal variation in ostracod size.

  10. Emissions Inventory Final Rule TSD

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This technical support document (TSD) provides the details of emissions data processing done in support of EPA's final rulemaking effort for the Federal Transport Rule, now known as the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule.

  11. Revisiting the debate on the relationship between display rules and performance: considering the explicitness of display rules.

    PubMed

    Christoforou, Paraskevi S; Ashforth, Blake E

    2015-01-01

    We argue that the strength with which the organization communicates expectations regarding the appropriate emotional expression toward customers (i.e., explicitness of display rules) has an inverted U-shaped relationship with service delivery behaviors, customer satisfaction, and sales performance. Further, we argue that service organizations need a particular blend of explicitness of display rules and role discretion for the purpose of optimizing sales performance. As hypothesized, findings from 2 samples of salespeople suggest that either high or low explicitness of display rules impedes service delivery behaviors and sales performance, which peaks at moderate explicitness of display rules and high role discretion. The findings also suggest that the explicitness of display rules has a positive relationship with customer satisfaction. (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved.

  12. Validation of the Ottawa Knee Rules.

    PubMed

    Emparanza, J I; Aginaga, J R

    2001-10-01

    We sought to validate the Ottawa Knee Rules for determining the need for radiography in patients with acute knee injury. A prospective cohort study was performed in emergency departments of 11 hospitals of the Osakidetza-Basque Country Health Service. The patient population was composed of a convenience sample of 1,522 eligible adults of 2,315 patients with acute knee injuries. The attending emergency physicians assessed each patient for standardized clinical variables and determined the need for radiography according to the decision rule. Radiography was performed in each patient, irrespective of the determination of the rule, after clinical evaluation findings were recorded. The rule was assessed for the ability to correctly identify fracture of the knee. The decision rule had a sensitivity of 1.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96 to 1.0), identifying 89 patients with clinically important fractures. The potential reduction in use of radiography was estimated to be 49%. The probability of fracture, if the decision rules were negative, is estimated to be 0% (95% CI 0% to 0.5%). Prospective validation has shown the Ottawa Knee Rules to be 100% sensitive for identifying fractures of the knee and to have the potential to allow physicians to reduce the use of radiography in patients with acute knee injuries.

  13. Retrospective comparison of the Low Risk Ankle Rules and the Ottawa Ankle Rules in a pediatric population.

    PubMed

    Ellenbogen, Amy L; Rice, Amy L; Vyas, Pranav

    2017-09-01

    A recent multicenter prospective Canadian study presented prospective evidence supporting the Low Risk Ankle Rules (LRAR) as a means of reducing the number of ankle radiographs ordered for children presenting with an ankle injury while maintaining nearly 100% sensitivity. This is in contrast to a previous prospective study which showed that this rule yielded only 87% sensitivity. It is important to further investigate the LRAR and compare them with the already validated Ottawa Ankle Rules (OAR) to potentially curb healthcare costs and decrease unnecessary radiation exposure without compromising diagnostic accuracy. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 980 qualifying patients ages 12months to 18years presenting with ankle injury to a commonly staffed 310 bed children's hospital and auxiliary site pediatric emergency department. There were 28 high-risk fractures identified. The Ottawa Ankle Rules had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 87.7-100), specificity of 33.1% (95% CI 30.1-36.2), and would have reduced the number of ankle radiographs ordered by 32.1%. The Low Risk Ankle Rules had a sensitivity of 85.7% (95% CI 85.7-96), specificity of 64.9% (95% CI 61.8-68), and would have reduced the number of ankle radiographs ordered by 63.1%. The latter rule missed 4 high-risk fractures. The Low Risk Ankle Rules may not be sensitive enough for use in Pediatric Emergency Departments, while the Ottawa Ankle Rules again demonstrated 100% sensitivity. Further research on ways to implement the Ottawa Ankle Rules and maximize its ability to decrease wait times, healthcare costs, and improve patient satisfaction are needed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  14. 7 CFR 29.2400 - Rule 9.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Rule 9. 29.2400 Section 29.2400 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.2400 Rule 9. In determining the grade of a lot of tobacco, the lot as a whole...

  15. 7 CFR 29.2400 - Rule 9.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Rule 9. 29.2400 Section 29.2400 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.2400 Rule 9. In determining the grade of a lot of tobacco, the lot as a whole...

  16. 46 CFR 502.54 - Contents of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 9 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Contents of rules. 502.54 Section 502.54 Shipping FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Rulemaking § 502.54 Contents of rules. The Commission will incorporate in any publication of proposed or final rules a concise and general statement of their...

  17. Object-Driven and Temporal Action Rules Mining

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hajja, Ayman

    2013-01-01

    In this thesis, I present my complete research work in the field of action rules, more precisely object-driven and temporal action rules. The drive behind the introduction of object-driven and temporally based action rules is to bring forth an adapted approach to extract action rules from a subclass of systems that have a specific nature, in which…

  18. 14 CFR 91.139 - Emergency air traffic rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Emergency air traffic rules. 91.139 Section...) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Flight Rules General § 91.139 Emergency air traffic rules. (a) This section prescribes a process for utilizing Notices to Airmen...

  19. 14 CFR 91.139 - Emergency air traffic rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Emergency air traffic rules. 91.139 Section...) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Flight Rules General § 91.139 Emergency air traffic rules. (a) This section prescribes a process for utilizing Notices to Airmen...

  20. 14 CFR 91.139 - Emergency air traffic rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Emergency air traffic rules. 91.139 Section...) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Flight Rules General § 91.139 Emergency air traffic rules. (a) This section prescribes a process for utilizing Notices to Airmen...

  1. Primitive Magnesian Andesites at Mt. Shasta, California: A Real Mix-up

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Barr, J. A.; Grove, T. L.; Carlson, R. W.; Krawczynski, M. J.

    2009-12-01

    Until recently, the only described occurrence of primitive magnesian andesite (PMA) at Mt. Shasta was a cinder-pit in the saddle between Whaleback and Deer Mtns. (Location S-17 of Anderson, 1974), north of the main edifice of the volcano. We have reinvestigated PMA occurrence and collected samples from other nearby vents and associated lava flows to provide better constraints on the magmatic processes that led to the formation of this important magma type. The petrology of the PMA samples from S-17 and the newly recognized PMA occurrences nearby, point to a mixing scenario, in which a PMA is the dominant component in the mixed magma. This stands in contrast to other suggestions in which the PMA is created by mixing melts that differ strongly in composition from the PMA. This idea is not new, and previous researchers (e.g. Grove et al., 2005) have shown that crustal-level fractionation products of PMA lavas are one of the major mixing components in the Mt. Shasta plumbing system. The addition of new samples of PMA indicate that the erupted magma was a multi-component mix of two primitive magmas, the PMA and a primitive basaltic andesite (BA) as well as a minor component of evolved andesite or dacite lava. Mineral compositional data, major and trace element systematics, and Sr, Nd and Re/Os isotopic data on the expanded PMA data set provides additional constraints on the mantle melting, crustal level fractional crystallization and magma mixing processing at work underneath Mt. Shasta. The compositional evidence from surrounding lava flows better constrains the composition of the PMA end member involved in the magma mixing at ~ 57.5 wt. % SiO2 at 10.5 wt. % MgO. Petrologic and isotopic data also firmly rule out the possibility suggested by Streck et al. (2007) that the Shasta PMA was formed by mixing an evolved Shasta dacite and Trinity peridotite.

  2. 12 CFR 23.12 - Transition rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Transition rule. 23.12 Section 23.12 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY LEASING CEBA Leases § 23.12 Transition rule. (a) General rule. A CEBA Lease entered into prior to July 22, 1991, may continue to be...

  3. NCAA Rule 48: Origins and Reactions.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wieder, Alan

    1986-01-01

    National Collegiate Athletic Association Rule 48 sets academic standards for high school which incoming freshmen must have met in order to receive a grant-in-aid and play intercollegiate athletics. The author discusses why tougher standards are needed, how Rule 48 operates, what problems are, and why there is opposition to the rule. (MT)

  4. 14 CFR 133.33 - Operating rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Operating rules. 133.33 Section 133.33... OPERATIONS Operating Rules and Related Requirements § 133.33 Operating rules. (a) No person may conduct a... prescribed in § 133.47. (b) No person may conduct a rotorcraft external-load operation unless— (1) The...

  5. Moral empiricism and the bias for act-based rules.

    PubMed

    Ayars, Alisabeth; Nichols, Shaun

    2017-10-01

    Previous studies on rule learning show a bias in favor of act-based rules, which prohibit intentionally producing an outcome but not merely allowing the outcome. Nichols, Kumar, Lopez, Ayars, and Chan (2016) found that exposure to a single sample violation in which an agent intentionally causes the outcome was sufficient for participants to infer that the rule was act-based. One explanation is that people have an innate bias to think rules are act-based. We suggest an alternative empiricist account: since most rules that people learn are act-based, people form an overhypothesis (Goodman, 1955) that rules are typically act-based. We report three studies that indicate that people can use information about violations to form overhypotheses about rules. In study 1, participants learned either three "consequence-based" rules that prohibited allowing an outcome or three "act-based" rules that prohibiting producing the outcome; in a subsequent learning task, we found that participants who had learned three consequence-based rules were more likely to think that the new rule prohibited allowing an outcome. In study 2, we presented participants with either 1 consequence-based rule or 3 consequence-based rules, and we found that those exposed to 3 such rules were more likely to think that a new rule was also consequence based. Thus, in both studies, it seems that learning 3 consequence-based rules generates an overhypothesis to expect new rules to be consequence-based. In a final study, we used a more subtle manipulation. We exposed participants to examples act-based or accident-based (strict liability) laws and then had them learn a novel rule. We found that participants who were exposed to the accident-based laws were more likely to think a new rule was accident-based. The fact that participants' bias for act-based rules can be shaped by evidence from other rules supports the idea that the bias for act-based rules might be acquired as an overhypothesis from the

  6. Beyond Rules to Guidelines

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Gartrell, Dan

    2010-01-01

    Rules are not helpful in the adult-child community. They are usually stated in the negative: "No," "Don't," etc. The way they are worded, adults seem to expect children to break them. Even when they are not totally negative, like "Be nice to your friends," rules have an "or else" moral implication that adults carry around in their heads. When…

  7. School Children's Reasoning about School Rules

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Thornberg, Robert

    2008-01-01

    School rules are usually associated with classroom management and school discipline. However, rules also define ways of thinking about oneself and the world. Rules are guidelines for actions and for the evaluation of actions in terms of good and bad, or right and wrong, and therefore a part of moral or values education in school. This study is a…

  8. 12 CFR 308.101 - Scope of Local Rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Scope of Local Rules. 308.101 Section 308.101... PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE General Rules of Procedure § 308.101 Scope of Local Rules. (a) Subparts B and C of the Local Rules prescribe rules of practice and procedure to be followed in the administrative...

  9. 12 CFR 308.101 - Scope of Local Rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Scope of Local Rules. 308.101 Section 308.101... PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE General Rules of Procedure § 308.101 Scope of Local Rules. (a) Subparts B and C of the Local Rules prescribe rules of practice and procedure to be followed in the administrative...

  10. 33 CFR 83.37 - Distress signals (Rule 37).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Distress signals (Rule 37). 83.37... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.37 Distress signals (Rule 37). When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Rules. ...

  11. 33 CFR 83.37 - Distress signals (Rule 37).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Distress signals (Rule 37). 83.37... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.37 Distress signals (Rule 37). When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Rules. ...

  12. 33 CFR 83.37 - Distress signals (Rule 37).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Distress signals (Rule 37). 83.37... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.37 Distress signals (Rule 37). When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Rules. ...

  13. 33 CFR 83.37 - Distress signals (Rule 37).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Distress signals (Rule 37). 83.37... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.37 Distress signals (Rule 37). When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Rules. ...

  14. 33 CFR 83.37 - Distress signals (Rule 37).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Distress signals (Rule 37). 83.37... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.37 Distress signals (Rule 37). When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Rules. ...

  15. 39 CFR 230.26 - Do these rules affect the service of process requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 U.S.C. Appendix)? 230.26 Section 230.26 Postal Service....26 Do these rules affect the service of process requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure... Rules of Civil Procedure regarding service of process. ...

  16. 39 CFR 230.26 - Do these rules affect the service of process requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 39 Postal Service 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Do these rules affect the service of process....26 Do these rules affect the service of process requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure... Rules of Civil Procedure regarding service of process. ...

  17. Choice Rules and Accumulator Networks

    PubMed Central

    2015-01-01

    This article presents a preference accumulation model that can be used to implement a number of different multi-attribute heuristic choice rules, including the lexicographic rule, the majority of confirming dimensions (tallying) rule and the equal weights rule. The proposed model differs from existing accumulators in terms of attribute representation: Leakage and competition, typically applied only to preference accumulation, are also assumed to be involved in processing attribute values. This allows the model to perform a range of sophisticated attribute-wise comparisons, including comparisons that compute relative rank. The ability of a preference accumulation model composed of leaky competitive networks to mimic symbolic models of heuristic choice suggests that these 2 approaches are not incompatible, and that a unitary cognitive model of preferential choice, based on insights from both these approaches, may be feasible. PMID:28670592

  18. Discovering Sentinel Rules for Business Intelligence

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Middelfart, Morten; Pedersen, Torben Bach

    This paper proposes the concept of sentinel rules for multi-dimensional data that warns users when measure data concerning the external environment changes. For instance, a surge in negative blogging about a company could trigger a sentinel rule warning that revenue will decrease within two months, so a new course of action can be taken. Hereby, we expand the window of opportunity for organizations and facilitate successful navigation even though the world behaves chaotically. Since sentinel rules are at the schema level as opposed to the data level, and operate on data changes as opposed to absolute data values, we are able to discover strong and useful sentinel rules that would otherwise be hidden when using sequential pattern mining or correlation techniques. We present a method for sentinel rule discovery and an implementation of this method that scales linearly on large data volumes.

  19. 78 FR 3971 - Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-01-17

    ...The Commission amends the Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule (``COPPA Rule'' or ``Rule''), consistent with the requirements of the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, to clarify the scope of the Rule and strengthen its protections for children's personal information, in light of changes in online technology since the Rule went into effect in April 2000. The final amended Rule includes modifications to the definitions of operator, personal information, and Web site or online service directed to children. The amended Rule also updates the requirements set forth in the notice, parental consent, confidentiality and security, and safe harbor provisions, and adds a new provision addressing data retention and deletion.

  20. Automatic rule generation for high-level vision

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rhee, Frank Chung-Hoon; Krishnapuram, Raghu

    1992-01-01

    Many high-level vision systems use rule-based approaches to solving problems such as autonomous navigation and image understanding. The rules are usually elaborated by experts. However, this procedure may be rather tedious. In this paper, we propose a method to generate such rules automatically from training data. The proposed method is also capable of filtering out irrelevant features and criteria from the rules.

  1. Equations for Scoring Rules When Data Are Missing

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    James, Mark

    2006-01-01

    A document presents equations for scoring rules in a diagnostic and/or prognostic artificial-intelligence software system of the rule-based inference-engine type. The equations define a set of metrics that characterize the evaluation of a rule when data required for the antecedence clause(s) of the rule are missing. The metrics include a primary measure denoted the rule completeness metric (RCM) plus a number of subsidiary measures that contribute to the RCM. The RCM is derived from an analysis of a rule with respect to its truth and a measure of the completeness of its input data. The derivation is such that the truth value of an antecedent is independent of the measure of its completeness. The RCM can be used to compare the degree of completeness of two or more rules with respect to a given set of data. Hence, the RCM can be used as a guide to choosing among rules during the rule-selection phase of operation of the artificial-intelligence system..

  2. Aspects of turbulent-shear-layer dynamics and mixing

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Slessor, Michael David

    Experiments have been conducted in the GALCIT Supersonic Shear Layer Facility to investigate some aspects of high-Reynolds-number, turbulent, shearlayer flows in both incompressible- and compressible-flow regimes. Experiments designed to address several issues were performed; effects of inflow boundary conditions, freestream conditions (supersonic/subsonic flow), and compressibility, on both large-scale dynamics and small-scale mixing, are described. Chemically-reacting and non-reacting flows were investigated, the former relying on the (H2 + NO/F2) chemical system, in the fast-kinetic regime, to infer the structure and amount of molecular-scale mixing through use of "flip" experiments. A variety of experimental techniques, including a color-schlieren visualization system developed as part of this work, were used to study the flows. Both inflow conditions and compressibility are found to have significant effects on the flow. In particular, inflow conditions are "remembered" for long distances downstream, a sensitivity similar to that observed in low-dimensionality, non-linear (chaotic) systems. The global flowfields (freestreams coupled by the shear layer) of transonic flows exhibit a sensitivity to imposed boundary conditions, i. e., local area ratios. A previously-proposed mode-selection rule for turbulent-structure convection speeds, based on the presence of a lab-frame subsonic freestream, was experimentally demonstrated to be incorrect. Compressibility, when decoupled from all other parameters, e.g., Reynolds number, velocity and density ratios, etc., reduces laxge-scale entrainment and turbulent growth, but slightly enhances smallscale mixing, with an associated change in the structure of the molecularly-mixed fluid. This reduction in shear-layer growth rate is examined and a new parameter that interprets compressibility as an energy-exchange mechanism is proposed. The parameter reconciles and collapses experimentally-observed growth rates.

  3. Aspects of turbulent-shear-layer dynamics and mixing

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Slessor, Michael David

    Experiments have been conducted in the GALCIT Supersonic Shear Layer Facility to investigate some aspects of high-Reynolds-number, turbulent, shear-layer flows in both incompressible- and compressible-flow regimes. Experiments designed to address several issues were performed; effects of inflow boundary conditions, freestream conditions (supersonic/subsonic flow), and compressibility, on both large-scale dynamics and small-scale mixing, are described. Chemically-reacting and non-reacting flows were investigated, the former relying on the (Hsb2 + NO)/Fsb2 chemical system, in the fast-kinetic regime, to infer the structure and amount of molecular-scale mixing through use of "flip" experiments. A variety of experimental techniques, including a color-schlieren visualization system developed as part of this work, were used to study the flows. Both inflow conditions and compressibility are found to have significant effects on the flow. In particular, inflow conditions are "remembered" for long distances downstream, a sensitivity similar to that observed in low-dimensionality, non-linear (chaotic) systems. The global flowfields (freestreams coupled by the shear layer) of transonic flows exhibit a sensitivity to imposed boundary conditions, a.e., local area ratios. A previously-proposed mode-selection rule for turbulent-structure convection speeds, based on the presence of a lab-frame subsonic freestream, was experimentally demonstrated to be incorrect. Compressibility, when decoupled from ail other parameters, e.g., Reynolds number, velocity and density ratios, etc., reduces large-scale entrainment and turbulent growth, but slightly enhances small-scale mixing, with an associated change in the structure of the molecularly-mixed fluid. This reduction in shear-layer growth rate is examined and a new parameter that interprets compressibility as an energy-exchange mechanism is proposed. The parameter reconciles and collapses experimentally-observed growth rates.

  4. 49 CFR 385.601 - Scope of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Special Rules for New Entrant Non-North America-Domiciled Carriers § 385.601 Scope of rules. The rules in this subpart govern the application by a non-North America-domiciled motor carrier to provide...

  5. 49 CFR 385.601 - Scope of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... Special Rules for New Entrant Non-North America-Domiciled Carriers § 385.601 Scope of rules. The rules in this subpart govern the application by a non-North America-domiciled motor carrier to provide...

  6. 49 CFR 385.601 - Scope of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... Special Rules for New Entrant Non-North America-Domiciled Carriers § 385.601 Scope of rules. The rules in this subpart govern the application by a non-North America-domiciled motor carrier to provide...

  7. 49 CFR 385.601 - Scope of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... Special Rules for New Entrant Non-North America-Domiciled Carriers § 385.601 Scope of rules. The rules in this subpart govern the application by a non-North America-domiciled motor carrier to provide...

  8. 49 CFR 385.601 - Scope of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Special Rules for New Entrant Non-North America-Domiciled Carriers § 385.601 Scope of rules. The rules in this subpart govern the application by a non-North America-domiciled motor carrier to provide...

  9. A rule-based software test data generator

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Deason, William H.; Brown, David B.; Chang, Kai-Hsiung; Cross, James H., II

    1991-01-01

    Rule-based software test data generation is proposed as an alternative to either path/predicate analysis or random data generation. A prototype rule-based test data generator for Ada programs is constructed and compared to a random test data generator. Four Ada procedures are used in the comparison. Approximately 2000 rule-based test cases and 100,000 randomly generated test cases are automatically generated and executed. The success of the two methods is compared using standard coverage metrics. Simple statistical tests showing that even the primitive rule-based test data generation prototype is significantly better than random data generation are performed. This result demonstrates that rule-based test data generation is feasible and shows great promise in assisting test engineers, especially when the rule base is developed further.

  10. Rule-Governed Behavior: Teaching a Preliminary Repertoire of Rule-Following to Children with Autism

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tarbox, Jonathan; Zuckerman, Carrie K.; Bishop, Michele R.; Olive, Melissa L.; O'Hora, Denis P.

    2011-01-01

    Rule-governed behavior is generally considered an integral component of complex verbal repertoires but has rarely been the subject of empirical research. In particular, little or no previous research has attempted to establish rule-governed behavior in individuals who do not already display the repertoire. This study consists of two experiments…

  11. Rule Encoding in Orbitofrontal Cortex and Striatum Guides Selection

    PubMed Central

    Castagno, Meghan D.; Hayden, Benjamin Y.

    2016-01-01

    Active maintenance of rules, like other executive functions, is often thought to be the domain of a discrete executive system. An alternative view is that rule maintenance is a broadly distributed function relying on widespread cortical and subcortical circuits. Tentative evidence supporting this view comes from research showing some rule selectivity in the orbitofrontal cortex and dorsal striatum. We recorded in these regions and in the ventral striatum, which has not been associated previously with rule representation, as macaques performed a Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. We found robust encoding of rule category (color vs shape) and rule identity (six possible rules) in all three regions. Rule identity modulated responses to potential choice targets, suggesting that rule information guides behavior by highlighting choice targets. The effects that we observed were not explained by differences in behavioral performance across rules and thus cannot be attributed to reward expectation. Our results suggest that rule maintenance and rule-guided selection of options are distributed processes and provide new insight into orbital and striatal contributions to executive control. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Rule maintenance, an important executive function, is generally thought to rely on dorsolateral brain regions. In this study, we examined activity of single neurons in orbitofrontal cortex and in ventral and dorsal striatum of macaques in a Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. Neurons in all three areas encoded rules and rule categories robustly. Rule identity also affected neural responses to potential choice options, suggesting that stored information is used to influence decisions. These results endorse the hypothesis that rule maintenance is a broadly distributed mental operation. PMID:27807165

  12. Drinking Water Arsenic Rule History

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    The EPA published the final arsenic rule on January 22, 2001. In response to the national debate surrounding the arsenic rule related to science and costs, the EPA announced on March 20, 2001 that the agency would reassess the science and cost issues.

  13. Corporate culture, compliance and railroad operating rules

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1997-12-01

    A focus group was held at the 1996 Bi-annual Operating Rules Association meeting of North American railroads to discuss the : general issue of compliance and operating rules. Twelve operating rules officers participated, representing Class I, II, and...

  14. Generating Concise Rules for Human Motion Retrieval

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mukai, Tomohiko; Wakisaka, Ken-Ichi; Kuriyama, Shigeru

    This paper proposes a method for retrieving human motion data with concise retrieval rules based on the spatio-temporal features of motion appearance. Our method first converts motion clip into a form of clausal language that represents geometrical relations between body parts and their temporal relationship. A retrieval rule is then learned from the set of manually classified examples using inductive logic programming (ILP). ILP automatically discovers the essential rule in the same clausal form with a user-defined hypothesis-testing procedure. All motions are indexed using this clausal language, and the desired clips are retrieved by subsequence matching using the rule. Such rule-based retrieval offers reasonable performance and the rule can be intuitively edited in the same language form. Consequently, our method enables efficient and flexible search from a large dataset with simple query language.

  15. Rule-Based Runtime Verification

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Barringer, Howard; Goldberg, Allen; Havelund, Klaus; Sen, Koushik

    2003-01-01

    We present a rule-based framework for defining and implementing finite trace monitoring logics, including future and past time temporal logic, extended regular expressions, real-time logics, interval logics, forms of quantified temporal logics, and so on. Our logic, EAGLE, is implemented as a Java library and involves novel techniques for rule definition, manipulation and execution. Monitoring is done on a state-by-state basis, without storing the execution trace.

  16. 75 FR 12803 - Fingerprint Submission Requirements Rule

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-17

    ... NATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION AND PRIVACY COMPACT COUNCIL Fingerprint Submission Requirements Rule... Fingerprint Submission Requirements Rule, title 28 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), part 901. FOR FURTHER... the Fingerprint Submission Requirements Rule (28 CFR, part 901) when health or safety of vulnerable...

  17. Nanospan, an alternatively spliced isoform of sarcospan, localizes to the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle and is absent in limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2F.

    PubMed

    Peter, Angela K; Miller, Gaynor; Capote, Joana; DiFranco, Marino; Solares-Pérez, Alhondra; Wang, Emily L; Heighway, Jim; Coral-Vázquez, Ramón M; Vergara, Julio; Crosbie-Watson, Rachelle H

    2017-06-06

    Sarcospan (SSPN) is a transmembrane protein that interacts with the sarcoglycans (SGs) to form a tight subcomplex within the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex that spans the sarcolemma and interacts with laminin in the extracellular matrix. Overexpression of SSPN ameliorates Duchenne muscular dystrophy in murine models. Standard cloning approaches were used to identify nanospan, and nanospan-specific polyclonal antibodies were generated and validated. Biochemical isolation of skeletal muscle membranes and two-photon laser scanning microscopy were used to analyze nanospan localization in muscle from multiple murine models. Duchenne muscular dystrophy biopsies were analyzed by immunoblot analysis of protein lysates as well as indirect immunofluorescence analysis of muscle cryosections. Nanospan is an alternatively spliced isoform of sarcospan. While SSPN has four transmembrane domains and is a core component of the sarcolemmal dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, nanospan is a type II transmembrane protein that does not associate with the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. We demonstrate that nanospan is enriched in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) fractions and is not present in the T-tubules. SR fractions contain membranes from three distinct structural regions: a region flanking the T-tubules (triadic SR), a SR region across the Z-line (ZSR), and a longitudinal SR region across the M-line (LSR). Analysis of isolated murine muscles reveals that nanospan is mostly associated with the ZSR and triadic SR, and only minimally with the LSR. Furthermore, nanospan is absent from the SR of δ-SG-null (Sgcd -/- ) skeletal muscle, a murine model for limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2F. Analysis of skeletal muscle biopsies from Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients reveals that nanospan is preferentially expressed in type I (slow) fibers in both control and Duchenne samples. Furthermore, nanospan is significantly reduced in Duchenne biopsies. Alternative splicing of proteins from the SG

  18. 19 CFR 102.20 - Specific rules by tariff classification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ...; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF ORIGIN Rules of Origin § 102.20 Specific rules by tariff classification. The following rules are the rules specified in § 102.11(a)(3) and other sections of this part. Where a rule under this section permits a change to a subheading from another subheading of the same heading...

  19. 19 CFR 102.20 - Specific rules by tariff classification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Specific rules by tariff classification. 102.20 Section 102.20 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF ORIGIN Rules of Origin § 102.20 Specific rules by tariff classification. The following rules are the rules specified...

  20. 19 CFR 102.20 - Specific rules by tariff classification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Specific rules by tariff classification. 102.20 Section 102.20 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF ORIGIN Rules of Origin § 102.20 Specific rules by tariff classification. The following rules are the rules specified...

  1. 19 CFR 102.20 - Specific rules by tariff classification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Specific rules by tariff classification. 102.20 Section 102.20 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF ORIGIN Rules of Origin § 102.20 Specific rules by tariff classification. The following rules are the rules specified...

  2. Exact sum rules for inhomogeneous strings

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Amore, Paolo, E-mail: paolo.amore@gmail.com

    2013-11-15

    We derive explicit expressions for the sum rules of the eigenvalues of inhomogeneous strings with arbitrary density and with different boundary conditions. We show that the sum rule of order N may be obtained in terms of a diagrammatic expansion, with (N−1)!/2 independent diagrams. These sum rules are used to derive upper and lower bounds to the energy of the fundamental mode of an inhomogeneous string; we also show that it is possible to improve these approximations taking into account the asymptotic behavior of the spectrum and applying the Shanks transformation to the sequence of approximations obtained to the differentmore » orders. We discuss three applications of these results. -- Highlights: •We derive an explicit expression for the sum rules of an inhomogeneous string. •We obtain a diagrammatic representation for the sum rules of a given order. •We obtain precise bounds on the lowest eigenvalue of the string.« less

  3. Refining Linear Fuzzy Rules by Reinforcement Learning

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Berenji, Hamid R.; Khedkar, Pratap S.; Malkani, Anil

    1996-01-01

    Linear fuzzy rules are increasingly being used in the development of fuzzy logic systems. Radial basis functions have also been used in the antecedents of the rules for clustering in product space which can automatically generate a set of linear fuzzy rules from an input/output data set. Manual methods are usually used in refining these rules. This paper presents a method for refining the parameters of these rules using reinforcement learning which can be applied in domains where supervised input-output data is not available and reinforcements are received only after a long sequence of actions. This is shown for a generalization of radial basis functions. The formation of fuzzy rules from data and their automatic refinement is an important step in closing the gap between the application of reinforcement learning methods in the domains where only some limited input-output data is available.

  4. Simplification rules for birdtrack operators

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Alcock-Zeilinger, J.; Weigert, H.

    2017-05-01

    This paper derives a set of easy-to-use tools designed to simplify calculations with birdtrack operators comprised of symmetrizers and antisymmetrizers. In particular, we present cancellation rules allowing one to shorten the birdtrack expressions of operators and propagation rules identifying the circumstances under which it is possible to propagate symmetrizers past antisymmetrizers and vice versa. We exhibit the power of these simplification rules by means of a short example in which we apply the tools derived in this paper on a typical operator that can be encountered in the representation theory of 𝖲𝖴 (N ) over the product space V⊗m. These rules form the basis for the construction of compact Hermitian Young projection operators and their transition operators addressed in companion papers [J. Alcock-Zeilinger and H. Weigert, "Compact Hermitian Young projection operators," e-print arXiv:1610.10088 [math-ph] and J. Alcock-Zeilinger and H. Weigert, "Transition operators," e-print arXiv:1610.08802 [math-ph

  5. 40 CFR 52.245 - New Source Review rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ...) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS California §52.245 New Source Review rules. (a) Approval of the New Source Review rules for the San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District... Review rules for the San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District Rules 2020 and 2201 as...

  6. 78 FR 76986 - Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-20

    ... FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 16 CFR Part 312 RIN 3084-AB20 Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule... published final rule amendments to the Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule on January 17, 2013 to... correction in the Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule. List of Subjects in 16 CFR Part 312 Children...

  7. 8 CFR 1003.12 - Scope of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Aliens and Nationality EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION REVIEW, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE GENERAL PROVISIONS EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION REVIEW Immigration Court-Rules of Procedure § 1003.12 Scope of rules. These... Immigration Judges. Except where specifically stated, the rules in this subpart apply to matters before...

  8. 26 CFR 1.544-7 - Option rule in lieu of family and partnership rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... family relationship between A and AW. If A is considered as owning the stock of his wife by application... 26 Internal Revenue 7 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Option rule in lieu of family and partnership... in lieu of family and partnership rule. (a) If, in determining the ownership of stock, such stock may...

  9. Rule-governed behavior and behavioral anthropology

    PubMed Central

    Malott, Richard W.

    1988-01-01

    According to cultural materialism, cultural practices result from the materialistic outcomes of those practices, not from sociobiological, mentalistic, or mystical predispositions (e.g., Hindus worship cows because, in the long run, that worship results in more food, not less food). However, according to behavior analysis, such materialistic outcomes do not reinforce or punish the cultural practices, because such outcomes are too delayed, too improbable, or individually too small to directly reinforce or punish the cultural practices (e.g., the food increase is too delayed to reinforce the cow worship). Therefore, the molar, materialistic contingencies need the support of molecular, behavioral contingencies. And according to the present theory of rule-governed behavior, the statement of rules describing those molar, materialistic contingencies can establish the needed molecular contingencies. Given the proper behavioral history, such rule statements combine with noncompliance to produce a learned aversive condition (often labeled fear, anxiety, or guilt). The termination of this aversive condition reinforces compliance, just as its presentation punishes noncompliance (e.g., the termination of guilt reinforces the tending to a sick cow). In addition, supernatural rules often supplement these materialistic rules. Furthermore, the production of both materialistic and supernatural rules needs cultural designers who understand the molar, materialistic contingencies. PMID:22478012

  10. Data breaches. Final rule.

    PubMed

    2008-04-11

    This document adopts, without change, the interim final rule that was published in the Federal Register on June 22, 2007, addressing data breaches of sensitive personal information that is processed or maintained by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). This final rule implements certain provisions of the Veterans Benefits, Health Care, and Information Technology Act of 2006. The regulations prescribe the mechanisms for taking action in response to a data breach of sensitive personal information.

  11. RuleGO: a logical rules-based tool for description of gene groups by means of Gene Ontology

    PubMed Central

    Gruca, Aleksandra; Sikora, Marek; Polanski, Andrzej

    2011-01-01

    Genome-wide expression profiles obtained with the use of DNA microarray technology provide abundance of experimental data on biological and molecular processes. Such amount of data need to be further analyzed and interpreted in order to obtain biological conclusions on the basis of experimental results. The analysis requires a lot of experience and is usually time-consuming process. Thus, frequently various annotation databases are used to improve the whole process of analysis. Here, we present RuleGO—the web-based application that allows the user to describe gene groups on the basis of logical rules that include Gene Ontology (GO) terms in their premises. Presented application allows obtaining rules that reflect coappearance of GO-terms describing genes supported by the rules. The ontology level and number of coappearing GO-terms is adjusted in automatic manner. The user limits the space of possible solutions only. The RuleGO application is freely available at http://rulego.polsl.pl/. PMID:21715384

  12. 18 CFR 385.1104 - Initial petition (Rule 1104).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Initial petition (Rule... COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Petitions for Adjustments Under the NGPA § 385.1104 Initial petition (Rule 1104). (a) Content. (1) The petition must contain: (i...

  13. 17 CFR 250.102 - Effective date of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Effective date of rules. 250...) GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS, PUBLIC UTILITY HOLDING COMPANY ACT OF 1935 Miscellaneous Rules § 250.102 Effective date of rules. Unless the Commission otherwise prescribes in any case, the manner of publication...

  14. 14 CFR 221.203 - Unique rule numbers required.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Unique rule numbers required. 221.203... PROCEEDINGS) ECONOMIC REGULATIONS TARIFFS Electronically Filed Tariffs § 221.203 Unique rule numbers required... bear a unique rule number. (b) The unique rule numbers for the fares specified in this section shall be...

  15. Automated revision of CLIPS rule-bases

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Murphy, Patrick M.; Pazzani, Michael J.

    1994-01-01

    This paper describes CLIPS-R, a theory revision system for the revision of CLIPS rule-bases. CLIPS-R may be used for a variety of knowledge-base revision tasks, such as refining a prototype system, adapting an existing system to slightly different operating conditions, or improving an operational system that makes occasional errors. We present a description of how CLIPS-R revises rule-bases, and an evaluation of the system on three rule-bases.

  16. MixDroid: A multi-features and multi-classifiers bagging system for Android malware detection

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Huang, Weiqing; Hou, Erhang; Zheng, Liang; Feng, Weimiao

    2018-05-01

    In the past decade, Android platform has rapidly taken over the mobile market for its superior convenience and open source characteristics. However, with the popularity of Android, malwares targeting on Android devices are increasing rapidly, while the conventional rule-based and expert-experienced approaches are no longer able to handle such explosive growth. In this paper, combining with the theory of natural language processing and machine learning, we not only implement the basic feature extraction of permission application features, but also propose two innovative schemes of feature extraction: Dalvik opcode features and malicious code image, and implement an automatic Android malware detection system MixDroid which is based on multi-features and multi-classifiers. According to our experiment results on 20,000 Android applications, detection accuracy of MixDroid is 98.1%, which proves our schemes' effectiveness in Android malware detection.

  17. 18 CFR 385.1111 - Conferences (Rule 1111).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ...). 385.1111 Section 385.1111 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Petitions for Adjustments Under the NGPA § 385.1111 Conferences (Rule 1111). Staff may direct that a conference be convened. The...

  18. 21 CFR 1316.61 - Exceptions to rulings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Exceptions to rulings. 1316.61 Section 1316.61 Food and Drugs DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS, PRACTICES, AND PROCEDURES Administrative Hearings § 1316.61 Exceptions to rulings. Exceptions to rulings of...

  19. 78 FR 63875 - Progress Reports Rules Revision

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-10-25

    ... Reports Rules Revision AGENCY: Bureau of Prisons, Justice. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: In this document, the Bureau of Prisons (Bureau) removes from regulations and/or modifies two types of progress reports: transfer reports and triennial reports. DATES: This rule is effective on November 25, 2013. FOR FURTHER...

  20. 76 FR 60715 - Mail or Telephone Order Merchandise Rule

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-30

    ... Commission published a request seeking public comments on the costs and benefits of the Rule and the... previous Rule proceedings and after reviewing public comments received regarding the Rule's overall costs... consumers and the Rule's benefits outweigh its costs. For clarity, the Commission is reorganizing the Rule...

  1. Extrusion-mixing compared with hand-mixing of polyether impression materials?

    PubMed

    McMahon, Caroline; Kinsella, Daniel; Fleming, Garry J P

    2010-12-01

    The hypotheses tested were two-fold (a) whether altering the base:catalyst ratio influences working time, elastic recovery and strain in compression properties of a hand-mixed polyether impression material and (b) whether an extrusion-mixed polyether impression material would have a significant advantage over a hand-mixed polyether impression material mixed to the optimum base:catalyst ratio. The polyether was hand-mixed at the optimum (manufacturers recommended) base:catalyst ratios (7:1) and further groups were made by increasing or decreasing the catalyst length by 25%. Additionally specimens were also made from an extrusion-mixed polyether impression material and compared with the optimum hand-mixed base:catalyst ratio. A penetrometer assembly was used to measure the working time (n=5). Five cylindrical specimens for each hand-mixed and extrusion mixed group investigated were employed for elastic recovery and strain in compression testing. Hand-mixing polyether impression materials with 25% more catalyst than that recommended significantly decreased the working time while hand-mixing with 25% less catalyst than that recommended significantly increased the strain in compression. The extrusion-mixed polyether impression material provided similar working time, elastic recovery and strain in compression to the hand-mixed polyether mixed at the optimum base:catalyst ratio.

  2. NAGWS Volleyball Rulebook, 1993. Official Rules & Interpretations/Officiating.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    1993

    The National Association for Girls and Women in Sport (NAGWS) Volleyball Rules are based on the United States Volleyball Rules, which in turn are adopted from the rules and interpretations of the International Volleyball Federation Rules. Following a foreword by Robertha Abney, NAGWS President, the publication is organized into six sections as…

  3. 14 CFR Special Federal Aviation... - Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL...

  4. 14 CFR Special Federal Aviation... - Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL...

  5. 14 CFR Special Federal Aviation... - Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL...

  6. 14 CFR Special Federal Aviation... - Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL...

  7. 14 CFR Special Federal Aviation... - Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL...

  8. 10 CFR 218.10 - Rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Rule. 218.10 Section 218.10 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OIL STANDBY MANDATORY INTERNATIONAL OIL ALLOCATION Supply Orders § 218.10 Rule. (a) Upon the determination by the President that an international energy supply emergency exists, firms engaged in producing...

  9. Product and Quotient Rules from Logarithmic Differentiation

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chen, Zhibo

    2012-01-01

    A new application of logarithmic differentiation is presented, which provides an alternative elegant proof of two basic rules of differentiation: the product rule and the quotient rule. The proof can intrigue students, help promote their critical thinking and rigorous reasoning and deepen their understanding of previously encountered concepts. The…

  10. 16 CFR 1025.1 - Scope of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Constitutional due process rights of all parties. It is anticipated that in any adjudicative proceedings for the... PROCEEDINGS Scope of Rules, Nature of Adjudicative Proceedings, Definitions § 1025.1 Scope of rules. The rules in this part govern procedures in adjudicative proceedings relating to the provisions of section 15...

  11. 40 CFR 52.236 - Rules and regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ...) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS California § 52.236 Rules and regulations. (a) Since the following Air Pollution Control District (APCD) rules do not define the term “agricultural operations,” the... November 10, 1976. (b) The following Air Pollution Control District (APCD) rules are disapproved because...

  12. 40 CFR 52.236 - Rules and regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ...) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS California § 52.236 Rules and regulations. (a) Since the following Air Pollution Control District (APCD) rules do not define the term “agricultural operations,” the... November 10, 1976. (b) The following Air Pollution Control District (APCD) rules are disapproved because...

  13. 40 CFR 52.236 - Rules and regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ...) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS California § 52.236 Rules and regulations. (a) Since the following Air Pollution Control District (APCD) rules do not define the term “agricultural operations,” the... November 10, 1976. (b) The following Air Pollution Control District (APCD) rules are disapproved because...

  14. 18 CFR 385.102 - Definitions (Rule 102).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Definitions (Rule 102). 385.102 Section 385.102 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Applicability and Definitions § 385.102...

  15. 18 CFR 385.101 - Applicability (Rule 101).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Applicability (Rule 101). 385.101 Section 385.101 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Applicability and Definitions § 385.101...

  16. 18 CFR 385.102 - Definitions (Rule 102).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Definitions (Rule 102). 385.102 Section 385.102 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Applicability and Definitions § 385.102...

  17. 18 CFR 385.101 - Applicability (Rule 101).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Applicability (Rule 101). 385.101 Section 385.101 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Applicability and Definitions § 385.101...

  18. 18 CFR 401.123 - Waiver of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Waiver of rules. 401.123 Section 401.123 Conservation of Power and Water Resources DELAWARE RIVER BASIN COMMISSION ADMINISTRATIVE MANUAL RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE General Provisions § 401.123 Waiver of rules. The...

  19. Relativistic corrections to a generalized sum rule

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sinky, H.; Leung, P. T.

    2006-09-01

    Relativistic corrections to a previously established generalized sum rule are obtained using the Foldy-Wouthysen transformation. This sum rule derived previously by Wang [Phys. Rev. A 60, 262 (1999)] for a nonrelativistic system contains both the well-known Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn and Bethe sum rules, for which relativistic corrections have been obtained in the literature. Our results for the generalized formula will be applied to recover several results obtained previously in the literature, as well as to another sum rule whose relativistic corrections will be obtained.

  20. Distinguishing the opponents promotes cooperation in well-mixed populations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wardil, Lucas; da Silva, Jafferson K. L.

    2010-03-01

    Cooperation has been widely studied when an individual strategy is adopted against all coplayers. In this context, some extra mechanisms, such as punishment, reward, memory, and network reciprocity must be introduced in order to keep cooperators alive. Here, we adopt a different point of view. We study the adoption of different strategies against different opponents instead of adoption of the same strategy against all of them. In the context of the prisoner dilemma, we consider an evolutionary process in which strategies that provide more benefits are imitated and the players replace the strategy used in one of the interactions furnishing the worst payoff. Individuals are set in a well-mixed population, so that network reciprocity effect is excluded and both synchronous and asynchronous updates are analyzed. As a consequence of the replacement rule, we show that mutual cooperation is never destroyed and the initial fraction of mutual cooperation is a lower bound for the level of cooperation. We show by simulation and mean-field analysis that (i) cooperation dominates for synchronous update and (ii) only the initial mutual cooperation is maintained for asynchronous update. As a side effect of the replacement rule, an “implicit punishment” mechanism comes up in a way that exploitations are always neutralized providing evolutionary stability for cooperation.

  1. Sleep facilitates learning a new linguistic rule.

    PubMed

    Batterink, Laura J; Oudiette, Delphine; Reber, Paul J; Paller, Ken A

    2014-12-01

    Natural languages contain countless regularities. Extraction of these patterns is an essential component of language acquisition. Here we examined the hypothesis that memory processing during sleep contributes to this learning. We exposed participants to a hidden linguistic rule by presenting a large number of two-word phrases, each including a noun preceded by one of four novel words that functioned as an article (e.g., gi rhino). These novel words (ul, gi, ro and ne) were presented as obeying an explicit rule: two words signified that the noun referent was relatively near, and two that it was relatively far. Undisclosed to participants was the fact that the novel articles also predicted noun animacy, with two of the articles preceding animate referents and the other two preceding inanimate referents. Rule acquisition was tested implicitly using a task in which participants responded to each phrase according to whether the noun was animate or inanimate. Learning of the hidden rule was evident in slower responses to phrases that violated the rule. Responses were delayed regardless of whether rule-knowledge was consciously accessible. Brain potentials provided additional confirmation of implicit and explicit rule-knowledge. An afternoon nap was interposed between two 20-min learning sessions. Participants who obtained greater amounts of both slow-wave and rapid-eye-movement sleep showed increased sensitivity to the hidden linguistic rule in the second session. We conclude that during sleep, reactivation of linguistic information linked with the rule was instrumental for stabilizing learning. The combination of slow-wave and rapid-eye-movement sleep may synergistically facilitate the abstraction of complex patterns in linguistic input. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  2. Sleep facilitates learning a new linguistic rule

    PubMed Central

    Batterink, Laura J.; Oudiette, Delphine; Reber, Paul J.; Paller, Ken A.

    2014-01-01

    Natural languages contain countless regularities. Extraction of these patterns is an essential component of language acquisition. Here we examined the hypothesis that memory processing during sleep contributes to this learning. We exposed participants to a hidden linguistic rule by presenting a large number of two-word phrases, each including a noun preceded by one of four novel words that functioned as an article (e.g., gi rhino). These novel words (ul, gi, ro and ne) were presented as obeying an explicit rule: two words signified that the noun referent was relatively near, and two that it was relatively far. Undisclosed to participants was the fact that the novel articles also predicted noun animacy, with two of the articles preceding animate referents and the other two preceding inanimate referents. Rule acquisition was tested implicitly using a task in which participants responded to each phrase according to whether the noun was animate or inanimate. Learning of the hidden rule was evident in slower responses to phrases that violated the rule. Responses were delayed regardless of whether rule-knowledge was consciously accessible. Brain potentials provided additional confirmation of implicit and explicit rule-knowledge. An afternoon nap was interposed between two 20-min learning sessions. Participants who obtained greater amounts of both slow-wave and rapid-eye-movement sleep showed increased sensitivity to the hidden linguistic rule in the second session. We conclude that during sleep, reactivation of linguistic information linked with the rule was instrumental for stabilizing learning. The combination of slow-wave and rapid-eye-movement sleep may synergistically facilitate the abstraction of complex patterns in linguistic input. PMID:25447376

  3. 47 CFR 1.427 - Effective date of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... organization, procedure or practice; or interpretative rules; and statements of policy may be made effective... 47 Telecommunication 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Effective date of rules. 1.427 Section 1.427... Proceedings § 1.427 Effective date of rules. (a) Any rule issued by the Commission will be made effective not...

  4. 33 CFR 83.26 - Fishing vessels (Rule 26).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Fishing vessels (Rule 26). 83.26... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.26 Fishing vessels (Rule 26). (a) Exhibition of only prescribed lights and shapes. A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the...

  5. 33 CFR 83.26 - Fishing vessels (Rule 26).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Fishing vessels (Rule 26). 83.26... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.26 Fishing vessels (Rule 26). (a) Exhibition of only prescribed lights and shapes. A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the...

  6. 33 CFR 83.26 - Fishing vessels (Rule 26).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Fishing vessels (Rule 26). 83.26... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.26 Fishing vessels (Rule 26). (a) Exhibition of only prescribed lights and shapes. A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the...

  7. 33 CFR 83.26 - Fishing vessels (Rule 26).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Fishing vessels (Rule 26). 83.26... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.26 Fishing vessels (Rule 26). (a) Exhibition of only prescribed lights and shapes. A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the...

  8. From Rules to Guidelines: Moving to the Positive

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Gartrell, Dan

    2012-01-01

    In a "Young Children" article worth revisiting, Wien (2004) makes the case that rules tend not to be helpful in early childhood communities. Rules are usually stated as negatives. When an adult enforces rules with children, the children know they have done something wrong. However, the negative experience in rule enforcement does not teach them…

  9. 33 CFR 83.29 - Pilot vessels (Rule 29).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pilot vessels (Rule 29). 83.29... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.29 Pilot vessels (Rule 29). (a) Vessels engaged on pilotage... engaged on pilotage duty. A pilot vessel when not engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit the lights or...

  10. 33 CFR 83.29 - Pilot vessels (Rule 29).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pilot vessels (Rule 29). 83.29... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.29 Pilot vessels (Rule 29). (a) Vessels engaged on pilotage... engaged on pilotage duty. A pilot vessel when not engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit the lights or...

  11. Automatic learning of rules. A practical example of using artificial intelligence to improve computer-based detection of myocardial infarction and left ventricular hypertrophy in the 12-lead ECG.

    PubMed

    Kaiser, W; Faber, T S; Findeis, M

    1996-01-01

    The authors developed a computer program that detects myocardial infarction (MI) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in two steps: (1) by extracting parameter values from a 10-second, 12-lead electrocardiogram, and (2) by classifying the extracted parameter values with rule sets. Every disease has its dedicated set of rules. Hence, there are separate rule sets for anterior MI, inferior MI, and LVH. If at least one rule is satisfied, the disease is said to be detected. The computer program automatically develops these rule sets. A database (learning set) of healthy subjects and patients with MI, LVH, and mixed MI+LVH was used. After defining the rule type, initial limits, and expected quality of the rules (positive predictive value, minimum number of patients), the program creates a set of rules by varying the limits. The general rule type is defined as: disease = lim1l < p1 < or = lim1u and lim2l < p2 < or = lim2u and ... limnl < pn < or = limnu. When defining the rule types, only the parameters (p1 ... pn) that are known as clinical electrocardiographic criteria (amplitudes [mV] of Q, R, and T waves and ST-segment; duration [ms] of Q wave; frontal angle [degrees]) were used. This allowed for submitting the learned rule sets to an independent investigator for medical verification. It also allowed the creation of explanatory texts with the rules. These advantages are not offered by the neurons of a neural network. The learned rules were checked against a test set and the following results were obtained: MI: sensitivity 76.2%, positive predictive value 98.6%; LVH: sensitivity 72.3%, positive predictive value 90.9%. The specificity ratings for MI are better than 98%; for LVH, better than 90%.

  12. 49 CFR 106.40 - Direct final rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... PHMSA Rulemaking Documents § 106.40 Direct final rule. A direct final rule makes regulatory changes and states that the regulatory changes will take effect on a specified date unless PHMSA receives an adverse... rule would be inappropriate, or would be ineffective or unacceptable without a change. It may challenge...

  13. 16 CFR 1.23 - Quantity limit rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Quantity limit rules. 1.23 Section 1.23 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION ORGANIZATION, PROCEDURES AND RULES OF PRACTICE GENERAL... Robinson-Patman Act. These rules have the force and effect of law. [32 FR 8444, June 13, 1967. Redesignated...

  14. 38 CFR 20.306 - Rule 306. Legal holidays.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Rule 306. Legal holidays... (CONTINUED) BOARD OF VETERANS' APPEALS: RULES OF PRACTICE Filing § 20.306 Rule 306. Legal holidays. For the purpose of Rule 305 (§ 20.305 of this part), the legal holidays, in addition to any other day appointed as...

  15. 38 CFR 20.306 - Rule 306. Legal holidays.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Rule 306. Legal holidays... (CONTINUED) BOARD OF VETERANS' APPEALS: RULES OF PRACTICE Filing § 20.306 Rule 306. Legal holidays. For the purpose of Rule 305 (§ 20.305 of this part), the legal holidays, in addition to any other day appointed as...

  16. 38 CFR 20.306 - Rule 306. Legal holidays.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Rule 306. Legal holidays... (CONTINUED) BOARD OF VETERANS' APPEALS: RULES OF PRACTICE Filing § 20.306 Rule 306. Legal holidays. For the purpose of Rule 305 (§ 20.305 of this part), the legal holidays, in addition to any other day appointed as...

  17. 47 CFR 1.427 - Effective date of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Effective date of rules. 1.427 Section 1.427... Proceedings § 1.427 Effective date of rules. (a) Any rule issued by the Commission will be made effective not... the date on which the rule becomes effective, the effective date shall be 30 days after the date on...

  18. Rule-violations sensitise towards negative and authority-related stimuli.

    PubMed

    Wirth, Robert; Foerster, Anna; Rendel, Hannah; Kunde, Wilfried; Pfister, Roland

    2018-05-01

    Rule violations have usually been studied from a third-person perspective, identifying situational factors that render violations more or less likely. A first-person perspective of the agent that actively violates the rules, on the other hand, is only just beginning to emerge. Here we show that committing a rule violation sensitises towards subsequent negative stimuli as well as subsequent authority-related stimuli. In a Prime-Probe design, we used an instructed rule-violation task as the Prime and a word categorisation task as the Probe. Also, we employed a control condition that used a rule inversion task as the Prime (instead of rule violations). Probe targets were categorised faster after a violation relative to after a rule-based response if they related to either, negative valence or authority. Inversions, however, primed only negative stimuli and did not accelerate the categorisation of authority-related stimuli. A heightened sensitivity towards authority-related targets thus seems to be specific to rule violations. A control experiment showed that these effects cannot be explained in terms of semantic priming. Therefore, we propose that rule violations necessarily activate authority-related representations that make rule violations qualitatively different from simple rule inversions.

  19. 18 CFR 39.10 - Changes to an Electric Reliability Organization Rule or Regional Entity Rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Changes to an Electric Reliability Organization Rule or Regional Entity Rule. 39.10 Section 39.10 Conservation of Power and Water... ESTABLISHMENT, APPROVAL, AND ENFORCEMENT OF ELECTRIC RELIABILITY STANDARDS § 39.10 Changes to an Electric...

  20. 18 CFR 39.10 - Changes to an Electric Reliability Organization Rule or Regional Entity Rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Changes to an Electric Reliability Organization Rule or Regional Entity Rule. 39.10 Section 39.10 Conservation of Power and Water... ESTABLISHMENT, APPROVAL, AND ENFORCEMENT OF ELECTRIC RELIABILITY STANDARDS § 39.10 Changes to an Electric...

  1. 18 CFR 39.10 - Changes to an Electric Reliability Organization Rule or Regional Entity Rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Changes to an Electric Reliability Organization Rule or Regional Entity Rule. 39.10 Section 39.10 Conservation of Power and Water... ESTABLISHMENT, APPROVAL, AND ENFORCEMENT OF ELECTRIC RELIABILITY STANDARDS § 39.10 Changes to an Electric...

  2. 18 CFR 39.10 - Changes to an Electric Reliability Organization Rule or Regional Entity Rule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Changes to an Electric Reliability Organization Rule or Regional Entity Rule. 39.10 Section 39.10 Conservation of Power and Water... ESTABLISHMENT, APPROVAL, AND ENFORCEMENT OF ELECTRIC RELIABILITY STANDARDS § 39.10 Changes to an Electric...

  3. A Mathematical Analysis of Air Traffic Priority Rules

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Nakawicz, Anthony J.; Munoz, Cesar A.; Maddalon, Jeffrey M.

    2012-01-01

    This paper analyzes priority rules, such as those in Part 91.113 of the Federal Aviation Regulations. Such rules determine which of two aircraft should maneuver in a given conflict scenario. While the rules in 91.113 are well accepted, other concepts of operation for NextGen, such as self separation, may allow for different priority rules. A mathematical framework is presented that can be used to analyze a general set of priority rules and enables proofs of important properties. Specific properties considered in this paper include safety, effectiveness, and stability. A set of rules is said to be safe if it ensures that it is never the case that both aircraft have priority. They are effective if exactly one aircraft has priority in every situation. Finally, a set of rules is called stable if it produces compatible results even under small changes to input data.

  4. Housing Mix, School Mix: Barriers to Success

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Camina, M. M.; Iannone, P.

    2014-01-01

    Recent UK policy has emphasised both the development of socially mixed communities and the creation of balanced school intakes. In this paper, we use a case study of an area of mixed tenure in eastern England to explore policy in practice and the extent to which mechanisms of segregation impact on both the creation of socially mixed neighbourhoods…

  5. Rule induction performance in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's dementia: examining the role of simple and biconditional rule learning processes.

    PubMed

    Oosterman, Joukje M; Heringa, Sophie M; Kessels, Roy P C; Biessels, Geert Jan; Koek, Huiberdina L; Maes, Joseph H R; van den Berg, Esther

    2017-04-01

    Rule induction tests such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test require executive control processes, but also the learning and memorization of simple stimulus-response rules. In this study, we examined the contribution of diminished learning and memorization of simple rules to complex rule induction test performance in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) or Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Twenty-six aMCI patients, 39 AD patients, and 32 control participants were included. A task was used in which the memory load and the complexity of the rules were independently manipulated. This task consisted of three conditions: a simple two-rule learning condition (Condition 1), a simple four-rule learning condition (inducing an increase in memory load, Condition 2), and a complex biconditional four-rule learning condition-inducing an increase in complexity and, hence, executive control load (Condition 3). Performance of AD patients declined disproportionately when the number of simple rules that had to be memorized increased (from Condition 1 to 2). An additional increment in complexity (from Condition 2 to 3) did not, however, disproportionately affect performance of the patients. Performance of the aMCI patients did not differ from that of the control participants. In the patient group, correlation analysis showed that memory performance correlated with Condition 1 performance, whereas executive task performance correlated with Condition 2 performance. These results indicate that the reduced learning and memorization of underlying task rules explains a significant part of the diminished complex rule induction performance commonly reported in AD, although results from the correlation analysis suggest involvement of executive control functions as well. Taken together, these findings suggest that care is needed when interpreting rule induction task performance in terms of executive function deficits in these patients.

  6. 38 CFR 20.3 - Rule 3. Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... VETERANS' APPEALS: RULES OF PRACTICE General § 20.3 Rule 3. Definitions. As used in these Rules: (a) Agency...) Appellant means a claimant who has initiated an appeal to the Board of Veterans' Appeals by filing a Notice.... (h) Electronic hearing means a hearing on appeal in which an appellant or a representative...

  7. 18 CFR 385.2001 - Filings (Rule 2001).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Filings (Rule 2001... Filings in Proceedings Before the Commission § 385.2001 Filings (Rule 2001). (a) Filings with the... filing via the Internet pursuant to Rule 2003 through the links provided at http://www.ferc.gov. Note to...

  8. 18 CFR 385.1105 - Intervention (Rule 1105).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Intervention (Rule 1105... Under the NGPA § 385.1105 Intervention (Rule 1105). (a) A motion to intervene in an adjustment proceeding, in conformity with Rule 214 (intervention) must be filed within 15 days after publication in the...

  9. 18 CFR 385.1105 - Intervention (Rule 1105).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Intervention (Rule 1105... Under the NGPA § 385.1105 Intervention (Rule 1105). (a) A motion to intervene in an adjustment proceeding, in conformity with Rule 214 (intervention) must be filed within 15 days after publication in the...

  10. 18 CFR 385.1105 - Intervention (Rule 1105).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Intervention (Rule 1105... Under the NGPA § 385.1105 Intervention (Rule 1105). (a) A motion to intervene in an adjustment proceeding, in conformity with Rule 214 (intervention) must be filed within 15 days after publication in the...

  11. 18 CFR 385.1105 - Intervention (Rule 1105).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Intervention (Rule 1105... Under the NGPA § 385.1105 Intervention (Rule 1105). (a) A motion to intervene in an adjustment proceeding, in conformity with Rule 214 (intervention) must be filed within 15 days after publication in the...

  12. 18 CFR 385.1105 - Intervention (Rule 1105).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Intervention (Rule 1105... Under the NGPA § 385.1105 Intervention (Rule 1105). (a) A motion to intervene in an adjustment proceeding, in conformity with Rule 214 (intervention) must be filed within 15 days after publication in the...

  13. 46 CFR 201.92 - Ruling on motion.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 8 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Ruling on motion. 201.92 Section 201.92 Shipping... PROCEDURE Summary Disposition (Rule 9) § 201.92 Ruling on motion. The presiding officer may grant such motion if the application, motion, or other pleadings, affidavits or depositions, if any, and matters of...

  14. 46 CFR 201.92 - Ruling on motion.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Ruling on motion. 201.92 Section 201.92 Shipping... PROCEDURE Summary Disposition (Rule 9) § 201.92 Ruling on motion. The presiding officer may grant such motion if the application, motion, or other pleadings, affidavits or depositions, if any, and matters of...

  15. 46 CFR 201.92 - Ruling on motion.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 8 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Ruling on motion. 201.92 Section 201.92 Shipping... PROCEDURE Summary Disposition (Rule 9) § 201.92 Ruling on motion. The presiding officer may grant such motion if the application, motion, or other pleadings, affidavits or depositions, if any, and matters of...

  16. 46 CFR 201.92 - Ruling on motion.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 8 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Ruling on motion. 201.92 Section 201.92 Shipping... PROCEDURE Summary Disposition (Rule 9) § 201.92 Ruling on motion. The presiding officer may grant such motion if the application, motion, or other pleadings, affidavits or depositions, if any, and matters of...

  17. 46 CFR 201.92 - Ruling on motion.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 8 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Ruling on motion. 201.92 Section 201.92 Shipping... PROCEDURE Summary Disposition (Rule 9) § 201.92 Ruling on motion. The presiding officer may grant such motion if the application, motion, or other pleadings, affidavits or depositions, if any, and matters of...

  18. Conformance Testing: Measurement Decision Rules

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mimbs, Scott M.

    2010-01-01

    The goal of a Quality Management System (QMS) as specified in ISO 9001 and AS9100 is to provide assurance to the customer that end products meet specifications. Measuring devices, often called measuring and test equipment (MTE), are used to provide the evidence of product conformity to specified requirements. Unfortunately, processes that employ MTE can become a weak link to the overall QMS if proper attention is not given to the measurement process design, capability, and implementation. Documented "decision rules" establish the requirements to ensure measurement processes provide the measurement data that supports the needs of the QMS. Measurement data are used to make the decisions that impact all areas of technology. Whether measurements support research, design, production, or maintenance, ensuring the data supports the decision is crucial. Measurement data quality can be critical to the resulting consequences of measurement-based decisions. Historically, most industries required simplistic, one-size-fits-all decision rules for measurements. One-size-fits-all rules in some cases are not rigorous enough to provide adequate measurement results, while in other cases are overly conservative and too costly to implement. Ideally, decision rules should be rigorous enough to match the criticality of the parameter being measured, while being flexible enough to be cost effective. The goal of a decision rule is to ensure that measurement processes provide data with a sufficient level of quality to support the decisions being made - no more, no less. This paper discusses the basic concepts of providing measurement-based evidence that end products meet specifications. Although relevant to all measurement-based conformance tests, the target audience is the MTE end-user, which is anyone using MTE other than calibration service providers. Topics include measurement fundamentals, the associated decision risks, verifying conformance to specifications, and basic measurement

  19. Design Rules for Life Support Systems

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Jones, Harry

    2002-01-01

    This paper considers some of the common assumptions and engineering rules of thumb used in life support system design. One general design rule is that the longer the mission, the more the life support system should use recycling and regenerable technologies. A more specific rule is that, if the system grows more than half the food, the food plants will supply all the oxygen needed for the crew life support. There are many such design rules that help in planning the analysis of life support systems and in checking results. These rules are typically if-then statements describing the results of steady-state, "back of the envelope," mass flow calculations. They are useful in identifying plausible candidate life support system designs and in rough allocations between resupply and resource recovery. Life support system designers should always review the design rules and make quick steady state calculations before doing detailed design and dynamic simulation. This paper develops the basis for the different assumptions and design rules and discusses how they should be used. We start top-down, with the highest level requirement to sustain human beings in a closed environment off Earth. We consider the crew needs for air, water, and food. We then discuss atmosphere leakage and recycling losses. The needs to support the crew and to make up losses define the fundamental life support system requirements. We consider the trade-offs between resupplying and recycling oxygen, water, and food. The specific choices between resupply and recycling are determined by mission duration, presence of in-situ resources, etc., and are defining parameters of life support system design.

  20. Mixing-Induced Anisotropic Correlations in Molecular Crystalline Systems: Rationalizing the Behavior of Organic Semiconductor Blends

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Broch, Katharina; Aufderheide, Antje; Novak, Jiri; Hinderhofer, Alexander; Gerlach, Alexander; Banerjee, Rupak; Schreiber, Frank

    2013-03-01

    Binary mixtures of organic semiconductors (OSCs) have recently become an important field of research, as they find applications in opto-electronic devices. In these systems, the mixing (intermixing vs. phase separation) and ordering behavior is crucial, since it affects the optical and electronic properties. We present a comprehensive study of binary mixtures of the three prototypical OSCs pentacene (PEN), perfluoropentacene (PFP) and diindenoperlyene (DIP) in all possible combinations. Using X-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction we investigate the stuctural properties of the mixed films as well as their impact on the optical spectra obtained by spectroscopic ellipsometry. For PEN:DIP we find an anisotropic ordering behavior, comparable to that observed in some liquid crystals, which is fundamentally new for OSCs. The influence of sterical compatibility and the strength of the intermolecular interactions on the mixing and ordering behavior in the different blends will be discussed by extending a conventional mean-field model. Finally, we discuss general rules for the targeted preparation of blends of OSCs.

  1. Visualizing and understanding l'hopital's rule

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gordon, Sheldon P.

    2017-11-01

    This article uses dynamic software in Excel to demonstrate several ways in which graphical and numerical approaches can be introduced both to enhance student understanding of l'Hopital's Rule and to explain why the Rule actually works to give the 'right' answers. One of the approaches used is to visualize what is happening by examining the limits with both l'Hopital's Rule and the associated Taylor approximation to the function. The dynamic software allows students to experiment with the ideas.

  2. Automated rule-base creation via CLIPS-Induce

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Murphy, Patrick M.

    1994-01-01

    Many CLIPS rule-bases contain one or more rule groups that perform classification. In this paper we describe CLIPS-Induce, an automated system for the creation of a CLIPS classification rule-base from a set of test cases. CLIPS-Induce consists of two components, a decision tree induction component and a CLIPS production extraction component. ID3, a popular decision tree induction algorithm, is used to induce a decision tree from the test cases. CLIPS production extraction is accomplished through a top-down traversal of the decision tree. Nodes of the tree are used to construct query rules, and branches of the tree are used to construct classification rules. The learned CLIPS productions may easily be incorporated into a large CLIPS system that perform tasks such as accessing a database or displaying information.

  3. 29 CFR 102.26 - Motions, rulings, and orders part of the record; rulings not to be appealed directly to the Board...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... regional director or by the administrative law judge on motions and/or by the administrative law judge on... 29 Labor 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Motions, rulings, and orders part of the record; rulings... Unfair Labor Practices 1 Motions § 102.26 Motions, rulings, and orders part of the record; rulings not to...

  4. 39 CFR 963.2 - Scope of the rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 39 Postal Service 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Scope of the rules. 963.2 Section 963.2 Postal Service UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE PROCEDURES RULES OF PRACTICE IN PROCEEDINGS RELATIVE TO VIOLATIONS OF THE PANDERING ADVERTISEMENTS STATUTE, 39 U.S.C. 3008 § 963.2 Scope of the rules. These rules of practice are applicable to cases in which the...

  5. Simulation of large-scale rule-based models

    PubMed Central

    Colvin, Joshua; Monine, Michael I.; Faeder, James R.; Hlavacek, William S.; Von Hoff, Daniel D.; Posner, Richard G.

    2009-01-01

    Motivation: Interactions of molecules, such as signaling proteins, with multiple binding sites and/or multiple sites of post-translational covalent modification can be modeled using reaction rules. Rules comprehensively, but implicitly, define the individual chemical species and reactions that molecular interactions can potentially generate. Although rules can be automatically processed to define a biochemical reaction network, the network implied by a set of rules is often too large to generate completely or to simulate using conventional procedures. To address this problem, we present DYNSTOC, a general-purpose tool for simulating rule-based models. Results: DYNSTOC implements a null-event algorithm for simulating chemical reactions in a homogenous reaction compartment. The simulation method does not require that a reaction network be specified explicitly in advance, but rather takes advantage of the availability of the reaction rules in a rule-based specification of a network to determine if a randomly selected set of molecular components participates in a reaction during a time step. DYNSTOC reads reaction rules written in the BioNetGen language which is useful for modeling protein–protein interactions involved in signal transduction. The method of DYNSTOC is closely related to that of StochSim. DYNSTOC differs from StochSim by allowing for model specification in terms of BNGL, which extends the range of protein complexes that can be considered in a model. DYNSTOC enables the simulation of rule-based models that cannot be simulated by conventional methods. We demonstrate the ability of DYNSTOC to simulate models accounting for multisite phosphorylation and multivalent binding processes that are characterized by large numbers of reactions. Availability: DYNSTOC is free for non-commercial use. The C source code, supporting documentation and example input files are available at http://public.tgen.org/dynstoc/. Contact: dynstoc@tgen.org Supplementary information

  6. 18 CFR 385.207 - Petitions (Rule 207).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Petitions (Rule 207....207 Petitions (Rule 207). (a) General rule. A person must file a petition when seeking: (1) Relief... section 23(b) of the Federal Power Act is treated as a petition for a declaratory order. (c) Except as...

  7. Rules in School. Strategies for Teachers Series.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Brady, Kathryn; Forton, Mary Beth; Porter, Deborah; Wood, Chip

    This book offers an approach for helping K-8 students become invested in creating and living by classroom rules. It provides techniques for: helping students articulate their hopes and dreams for school; involving students in generating classroom rules that grow out of their hopes and dreams; modeling, practicing, and role playing the rules; using…

  8. 12 CFR 508.9 - Rules of evidence.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Rules of evidence. 508.9 Section 508.9 Banks and Banking OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY REMOVALS, SUSPENSIONS, AND PROHIBITIONS WHERE A CRIME IS CHARGED OR PROVEN § 508.9 Rules of evidence. (a) Formal rules of evidence shall...

  9. 33 CFR 83.21 - Definitions (Rule 21).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.21 Definitions (Rule 21). (a) Masthead light means a white... light shall be placed as nearly as practicable to the fore and aft centerline of the vessel. (b... white light placed as nearly as practicable at the stern showing an unbroken light over an arc of the...

  10. 33 CFR 83.21 - Definitions (Rule 21).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.21 Definitions (Rule 21). (a) Masthead light means a white... light shall be placed as nearly as practicable to the fore and aft centerline of the vessel. (b... white light placed as nearly as practicable at the stern showing an unbroken light over an arc of the...

  11. 33 CFR 83.21 - Definitions (Rule 21).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.21 Definitions (Rule 21). (a) Masthead light means a white... light shall be placed as nearly as practicable to the fore and aft centerline of the vessel. (b... white light placed as nearly as practicable at the stern showing an unbroken light over an arc of the...

  12. 48 CFR 6302.7 - Motions (Rule 7).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Motions (Rule 7). 6302.7... APPEALS RULES OF PROCEDURE 6302.7 Motions (Rule 7). (a) Motions are made by filing an original and two copies, together with any supporting papers, with the Board. Motions may also be made upon the record, in...

  13. 48 CFR 6302.7 - Motions (Rule 7).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Motions (Rule 7). 6302.7... APPEALS RULES OF PROCEDURE 6302.7 Motions (Rule 7). (a) Motions are made by filing an original and two copies, together with any supporting papers, with the Board. Motions may also be made upon the record, in...

  14. Association-rule-based tuberculosis disease diagnosis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Asha, T.; Natarajan, S.; Murthy, K. N. B.

    2010-02-01

    Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It usually spreads through the air and attacks low immune bodies such as patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). This work focuses on finding close association rules, a promising technique in Data Mining, within TB data. The proposed method first normalizes of raw data from medical records which includes categorical, nominal and continuous attributes and then determines Association Rules from the normalized data with different support and confidence. Association rules are applied on a real data set containing medical records of patients with TB obtained from a state hospital. The rules determined describes close association between one symptom to another; as an example, likelihood that an occurrence of sputum is closely associated with blood cough and HIV.

  15. Planning for compliance: OSHA's bloodborne pathogen rule.

    PubMed

    Bednar, B; Duke, M C

    1990-11-01

    Overall, the bloodborne pathogen rule constitutes a reasonable response to a significant threat to workplace safety. The risks to dialysis workers from HBV and HIV must be minimized or eliminated and the rule is generally consistent with the consensus approach. Unfortunately for dialysis providers, the rule is not exempt from the law of unintended consequences: government regulation will always have impact beyond its object. Promulgation of the final rule will immediately increase the expenses of dialysis providers. Additionally, the enormity of the HBV and HIV problem coupled with the open-ended nature of the rule's key provisions will almost certainly bring additional costs. So long as dialysis reimbursement remains flat, the unintended consequence of the bloodborne pathogen rule may be to quicken the pace of consolidation in the dialysis service market. The added burden of compliance may be too much for small independent facilities. Only large chains may have the resources to comply and survive. To forestall this effect and to provide employees with maximum protection, all dialysis providers should plan now for compliance.

  16. Single neurons in prefrontal cortex encode abstract rules.

    PubMed

    Wallis, J D; Anderson, K C; Miller, E K

    2001-06-21

    The ability to abstract principles or rules from direct experience allows behaviour to extend beyond specific circumstances to general situations. For example, we learn the 'rules' for restaurant dining from specific experiences and can then apply them in new restaurants. The use of such rules is thought to depend on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) because its damage often results in difficulty in following rules. Here we explore its neural basis by recording from single neurons in the PFC of monkeys trained to use two abstract rules. They were required to indicate whether two successively presented pictures were the same or different depending on which rule was currently in effect. The monkeys performed this task with new pictures, thus showing that they had learned two general principles that could be applied to stimuli that they had not yet experienced. The most prevalent neuronal activity observed in the PFC reflected the coding of these abstract rules.

  17. Item-Writing Rules: Collective Wisdom

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Frey, B.B.; Petersen, S.; Edwards, L.M.; Pedrotti, J.T.; Peyton, V.

    2005-01-01

    In student assessment, teachers place the greatest weight on tests they have constructed themselves and have an equally great interest in the quality of those tests. To increase the validity of teacher-made tests, many item-writing rules-of-thumb are available in the literature, but few rules have been tested experimentally. In light of the…

  18. Communicating Rules with a Grin.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Proctor, Russell F., II

    A speech communication professor informs his students of implicit classroom rules by using a humorous handout. Now and then, the professor elaborates on items in class using stories of classroom encounters that led to the handout's creation. Some of these "tongue-in-cheek" rules (there are 22 in all) are: (1) try to arrive at class a few…

  19. Compensatory Mitigation Rule Final Environmental Assessment

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    EA performed to determine the costs resulting from implementation of the Compensatory Mitigation Rule and the extent to which the rule changes aggregate mitigation costs borne by permittees and Corps administrative burdens and associated costs.

  20. Spectral sum rules and magneto-roton as emergent graviton in fractional quantum Hall effect

    DOE PAGES

    Golkar, Siavash; Nguyen, Dung X.; Son, Dam T.

    2016-01-05

    Here, we consider gapped fractional quantum Hall states on the lowest Landau level when the Coulomb energy is much smaller than the cyclotron energy. We introduce two spectral densities, ρ T(ω) andmore » $$\\bar{p}$$ T(ω), which are proportional to the probabilities of absorption of circularly polarized gravitons by the quantum Hall system. We prove three sum rules relating these spectral densities with the shift S, the q 4 coefficient of the static structure factor S 4, and the high-frequency shear modulus of the ground state μ ∞, which is precisely defined. We confirm an inequality, first suggested by Haldane, that S 4 is bounded from below by |S–1|/8. The Laughlin wavefunction saturates this bound, which we argue to imply that systems with ground state wavefunctions close to Laughlin’s absorb gravitons of predominantly one circular polarization. We consider a nonlinear model where the sum rules are saturated by a single magneto-roton mode. In this model, the magneto-roton arises from the mixing between oscillations of an internal metric and the hydrodynamic motion. Implications for experiments are briefly discussed.« less

  1. 33 CFR 83.01 - Application (Rule 1).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... waters of the Great Lakes. These Rules apply to all vessels upon the inland waters of the United States, and to vessels of the United States on the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes to the extent that there... rules made by an appropriate authority within the meaning of Rule 1(b) of the International Regulations...

  2. 33 CFR 83.01 - Application (Rule 1).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... waters of the Great Lakes. These Rules apply to all vessels upon the inland waters of the United States, and to vessels of the United States on the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes to the extent that there... rules made by an appropriate authority within the meaning of Rule 1(b) of the International Regulations...

  3. 33 CFR 83.01 - Application (Rule 1).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... waters of the Great Lakes. These Rules apply to all vessels upon the inland waters of the United States, and to vessels of the United States on the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes to the extent that there... rules made by an appropriate authority within the meaning of Rule 1(b) of the International Regulations...

  4. 33 CFR 83.01 - Application (Rule 1).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... waters of the Great Lakes. These Rules apply to all vessels upon the inland waters of the United States, and to vessels of the United States on the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes to the extent that there... rules made by an appropriate authority within the meaning of Rule 1(b) of the International Regulations...

  5. 33 CFR 83.01 - Application (Rule 1).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... waters of the Great Lakes. These Rules apply to all vessels upon the inland waters of the United States, and to vessels of the United States on the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes to the extent that there... rules made by an appropriate authority within the meaning of Rule 1(b) of the International Regulations...

  6. 45 CFR 99.1 - Scope of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Scope of rules. 99.1 Section 99.1 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION PROCEDURE FOR HEARINGS FOR THE CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT FUND General § 99.1 Scope of rules. (a) The rules of procedure in this section govern the practice...

  7. 14 CFR 250.3 - Boarding priority rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Boarding priority rules. 250.3 Section 250...) ECONOMIC REGULATIONS OVERSALES § 250.3 Boarding priority rules. (a) Every carrier shall establish priority... rules and criteria shall reflect the obligations of the carrier set forth in §§ 250.2a and 250.2b to...

  8. Cureton's Basic Principles of Physical Fitness Work (Rules for Conducting Exercise).

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, Washington, DC.

    This document is an annotated list of 20 rules for conducting exercise. Among the rules described are the warm-up rule, the rule for regulation of exercise dosage, recuperation rule, posture rule, glandular fitness rule, maximum respiration rule, and maximum circulation rule. The time of workout and procedures for taking cool baths are…

  9. A cluster version of the GGT sum rule

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hencken, Kai; Baur, Gerhard; Trautmann, Dirk

    2004-03-01

    We discuss the derivation of a "cluster sum rule" from the Gellmann-Goldberger-Thirring (GGT) sum rule as an alternative to the Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn (TRK) sum rule, which was used as the basis up to now. We compare differences in the assumptions and approximations. Some applications of the sum rule for halo nuclei, as well as, nuclei with a pronounced cluster structure are discussed.

  10. Infants learn a rule predicated on the relation same but fail to simultaneously learn a rule predicated on the relation different.

    PubMed

    Hochmann, Jean-Rémy; Carey, Susan; Mehler, Jacques

    2018-08-01

    In two experiments, we assessed whether infants are able to learn rules predicated on two abstract relations linked by negation: same and different (not same). In an anticipatory looking paradigm, the relation between successive colored geometrical shapes predicted the location where a puppet would appear next. In Experiment 1, 7-month-olds learned and generalized a rule predicated on the relation same, but not a rule predicated on the relation different. Similarly, in Experiment 2, 12-month-olds learned a rule predicated on the relation same-shape, but not a rule predicated on the relation different-shape. Comparing our data with that from previous experiments in the speech domain, we found no effect of age, modality or rule complexity. We conclude that, in the first year of life, infants already possess a representation of the abstract relation same, which serves as input to a rule. In contrast, we find no evidence that they represent the relation different. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  11. Guidelines for writing railroad operating rules

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1973-01-01

    This report constitutes an aid to persons or groups who must create or revise railroad operating rules. It provides guidance for avoiding confusion, ambiguity and misconceptions in the wording of rules. Content, style and organization are discussed, ...

  12. [Usefulness of clinical prediction rules for ruling out deep vein thrombosis in a hospital emergency department].

    PubMed

    Rosa-Jiménez, Francisco; Rosa-Jiménez, Ascensión; Lozano-Rodríguez, Aquiles; Santoro-Martínez, María Del Carmen; Duro-López, María Del Carmen; Carreras-Álvarez de Cienfuegos, Amelia

    2015-01-01

    To compare the efficacy of the most familiar clinical prediction rules in combination with D-dimer testing to rule out a diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in a hospital emergency department. Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the case records of all patients attending a hospital emergency department with suspected lower-limb DVT between 1998 and 2002. Ten clinical prediction scores were calculated and D-dimer levels were available for all patients. The gold standard was ultrasound diagnosis of DVT by an independent radiologist who was blinded to clinical records. For each prediction rule, we analyzed the effectiveness of the prediction strategy defined by "low clinical probability and negative D-dimer level" against the ultrasound diagnosis. A total of 861 case records were reviewed and 577 cases were selected; the mean (SD) age was 66.7 (14.2) years. DVT was diagnosed in 145 patients (25.1%). Only the Wells clinical prediction rule and 4 other models had a false negative rate under 2%. The Wells criteria and the score published by Johanning and colleagues identified higher percentages of cases (15.6% and 11.6%, respectively). This study shows that several clinical prediction rules can be safely used in the emergency department, although none of them have proven more effective than the Wells criteria.

  13. Rule groupings: An approach towards verification of expert systems

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mehrotra, Mala

    1991-01-01

    Knowledge-based expert systems are playing an increasingly important role in NASA space and aircraft systems. However, many of NASA's software applications are life- or mission-critical and knowledge-based systems do not lend themselves to the traditional verification and validation techniques for highly reliable software. Rule-based systems lack the control abstractions found in procedural languages. Hence, it is difficult to verify or maintain such systems. Our goal is to automatically structure a rule-based system into a set of rule-groups having a well-defined interface to other rule-groups. Once a rule base is decomposed into such 'firewalled' units, studying the interactions between rules would become more tractable. Verification-aid tools can then be developed to test the behavior of each such rule-group. Furthermore, the interactions between rule-groups can be studied in a manner similar to integration testing. Such efforts will go a long way towards increasing our confidence in the expert-system software. Our research efforts address the feasibility of automating the identification of rule groups, in order to decompose the rule base into a number of meaningful units.

  14. Drug pricing and control of health expenditures: a comparison between a proportional decision rule and a cost-per-QALY rule.

    PubMed

    Gandjour, Afschin

    2015-01-01

    In Germany, the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) makes recommendations for reimbursement prices of drugs on the basis of a proportional relationship between costs and health benefits. This paper analyzed the potential of IQWiG's decision rule to control health expenditures and used a cost-per-quality-adjusted life year (QALY) rule as a comparison. A literature search was conducted, and a theoretical model of health expenditure growth was built. The literature search shows that the median incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of German cost-effectiveness analyses was €7650 per QALY gained, thus yielding a much lower threshold cost-effectiveness ratio for IQWiG's rule than an absolute rule at €30 000 per QALY. The theoretical model shows that IQWiG's rule is able to contain the long-term growth of health expenditures under the conservative assumption that future health increases at a constant absolute rate and that the threshold incremental cost-effectiveness ratio increases at a smaller rate than health expenditures. In contrast, an absolute rule offers the potential for manufacturers to raise drug prices in response to the threshold, thus resulting in an initial spike in expenditures. Results suggest that IQWiG's proportional rule will lead to lower drug prices and a slower growth of health expenditures than an absolute cost-effectiveness threshold at €30 000 per QALY. This finding is surprising as IQWiG's rule-in contrast to a cost-per-QALY rule-does not start from a fixed budget. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  15. Final June Revisions Rule Significant Contribution Assessment TSD

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This Technical Support Document (TSD) presents quantitative assessments of the relationship between the final February revisions to the Transport Rule, the final June revisions rule, and the original analysis conducted for the final Transport Rule.

  16. Taking a gamble or playing by the rules: Dissociable prefrontal systems implicated in probabilistic versus deterministic rule-based decisions

    PubMed Central

    Bhanji, Jamil P.; Beer, Jennifer S.; Bunge, Silvia A.

    2014-01-01

    A decision may be difficult because complex information processing is required to evaluate choices according to deterministic decision rules and/or because it is not certain which choice will lead to the best outcome in a probabilistic context. Factors that tax decision making such as decision rule complexity and low decision certainty should be disambiguated for a more complete understanding of the decision making process. Previous studies have examined the brain regions that are modulated by decision rule complexity or by decision certainty but have not examined these factors together in the context of a single task or study. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging study, both decision rule complexity and decision certainty were varied in comparable decision tasks. Further, the level of certainty about which choice to make (choice certainty) was varied separately from certainty about the final outcome resulting from a choice (outcome certainty). Lateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and bilateral anterior insula were modulated by decision rule complexity. Anterior insula was engaged more strongly by low than high choice certainty decisions, whereas ventromedial prefrontal cortex showed the opposite pattern. These regions showed no effect of the independent manipulation of outcome certainty. The results disambiguate the influence of decision rule complexity, choice certainty, and outcome certainty on activity in diverse brain regions that have been implicated in decision making. Lateral prefrontal cortex plays a key role in implementing deterministic decision rules, ventromedial prefrontal cortex in probabilistic rules, and anterior insula in both. PMID:19781652

  17. Portable design rules for bulk CMOS

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Griswold, T. W.

    1982-01-01

    It is pointed out that for the past several years, one school of IC designers has used a simplified set of nMOS geometric design rules (GDR) which is 'portable', in that it can be used by many different nMOS manufacturers. The present investigation is concerned with a preliminary set of design rules for bulk CMOS which has been verified for simple test structures. The GDR are defined in terms of Caltech Intermediate Form (CIF), which is a geometry-description language that defines simple geometrical objects in layers. The layers are abstractions of physical mask layers. The design rules do not presume the existence of any particular design methodology. Attention is given to p-well and n-well CMOS processes, bulk CMOS and CMOS-SOS, CMOS geometric rules, and a description of the advantages of CMOS technology.

  18. 77 FR 56905 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Order Approving Proposed Rule Change Amending Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-09-14

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-67811; File No. SR-NYSEMKT-2012-26] Self... Add Supplementary Material Relating to a Cross Function That Provides a Regulation NMS Rule 611... 611 of Regulation NMS (``Rule 611'').\\5\\ The Exchange contends that, in today's fast-moving electronic...

  19. Art as a Singular Rule

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Avital, Doron

    2007-01-01

    This paper will examine an unresolved tension inherent in the question of art and argue for the idea of a singular rule as a natural resolution. In so doing, the structure of a singular rule will be fully outlined and its paradoxical constitution will be resolved. The tension I mention above unfolds both as a matter of history and as a product of…

  20. Making the Cut: Lattice Kirigami Rules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Castle, Toen; Cho, Yigil; Gong, Xingting; Jung, Euiyeon; Sussman, Daniel M.; Yang, Shu; Kamien, Randall D.

    2014-12-01

    In this Letter we explore and develop a simple set of rules that apply to cutting, pasting, and folding honeycomb lattices. We consider origami-like structures that are extrinsically flat away from zero-dimensional sources of Gaussian curvature and one-dimensional sources of mean curvature, and our cutting and pasting rules maintain the intrinsic bond lengths on both the lattice and its dual lattice. We find that a small set of rules is allowed providing a framework for exploring and building kirigami—folding, cutting, and pasting the edges of paper.

  1. 7 CFR 29.2410 - Rule 19.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.2410 Rule 19. Crude leaves shall not be included in any grade of any color except green, light green, or dark green. Any lot containing 20 percent or more of crude leaves shall be...

  2. 7 CFR 29.2410 - Rule 19.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.2410 Rule 19. Crude leaves shall not be included in any grade of any color except green, light green, or dark green. Any lot containing 20 percent or more of crude leaves shall be...

  3. 7 CFR 29.2410 - Rule 19.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.2410 Rule 19. Crude leaves shall not be included in any grade of any color except green, light green, or dark green. Any lot containing 20 percent or more of crude leaves shall be...

  4. 7 CFR 29.2410 - Rule 19.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.2410 Rule 19. Crude leaves shall not be included in any grade of any color except green, light green, or dark green. Any lot containing 20 percent or more of crude leaves shall be...

  5. 7 CFR 29.2410 - Rule 19.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.2410 Rule 19. Crude leaves shall not be included in any grade of any color except green, light green, or dark green. Any lot containing 20 percent or more of crude leaves shall be...

  6. 7 CFR 29.3122 - Rule 19.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... INSPECTION Standards Rules § 29.3122 Rule 19. Crude leaves shall not be included in any grade of any color except green, green tan, and green red. Any lot containing 20 percent or more of crude leaves shall be...

  7. Family Violence Prevention and Services Programs. Final rule.

    PubMed

    2016-11-02

    This rule will better prevent and protect survivors of family violence, domestic violence, and dating violence, by clarifying that all survivors must have access to services and programs funded under the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act. More specifically, the rule enhances accessibility and non-discrimination provisions, clarifies confidentiality rules, promotes coordination among community-based organizations, State Domestic Violence Coalitions, States, and Tribes, as well as incorporates new discretionary grant programs. Furthermore, the rule updates existing regulations to reflect statutory changes made to the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act, and updates procedures for soliciting and awarding grants. The rule also increases clarity and reduces potential confusion over statutory and regulatory standards. The rule codifies standards already used by the program in the Funding Opportunity Announcements and awards, in technical assistance, in reporting requirements, and in sub-regulatory guidance.

  8. SIRE: A Simple Interactive Rule Editor for NICBES

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bykat, Alex

    1988-01-01

    To support evolution of domain expertise, and its representation in an expert system knowledge base, a user-friendly rule base editor is mandatory. The Nickel Cadmium Battery Expert System (NICBES), a prototype of an expert system for the Hubble Space Telescope power storage management system, does not provide such an editor. In the following, a description of a Simple Interactive Rule Base Editor (SIRE) for NICBES is described. The SIRE provides a consistent internal representation of the NICBES knowledge base. It supports knowledge presentation and provides a user-friendly and code language independent medium for rule addition and modification. The SIRE is integrated with NICBES via an interface module. This module provides translation of the internal representation to Prolog-type rules (Horn clauses), latter rule assertion, and a simple mechanism for rule selection for its Prolog inference engine.

  9. Limits to Bureaucratic Growth: The Density Dependence of Organizational Rule Births.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Schulz, Martin

    1998-01-01

    Uses a population-ecology approach to examine whether bureaucratic rules breed more rules. Tests hypotheses about rule births with time-series data on rule production in a large United States research university. Results show that the rate of rule production declines with the number of rules in a rule population over time. Rules inhibit…

  10. For Spacious Skies: Self-Separation with "Autonomous Flight Rules" in US Domestic Airspace

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Wing, David J.; Cotton, William B.

    2011-01-01

    Autonomous Flight Rules (AFR) are proposed as a new set of operating regulations in which aircraft navigate on tracks of their choice while self-separating from traffic and weather. AFR would exist alongside Instrument and Visual Flight Rules (IFR and VFR) as one of three available flight options for any appropriately trained and qualified operator with the necessary certified equipment. Historically, ground-based separation services evolved by necessity as aircraft began operating in the clouds and were unable to see each other. Today, technologies for global precision navigation, emerging airborne surveillance, and onboard computing enable traffic conflict management to be fully integrated with navigation procedures onboard the aircraft. By self-separating, aircraft can operate with more flexibility and fewer flight restrictions than are required when using ground-based separation. The AFR concept proposes a practical means in which self-separating aircraft could share the same airspace as IFR and VFR aircraft without disrupting the ongoing processes of Air Traffic Control. The paper discusses the context and motivation for implementing self-separation in US domestic airspace. It presents a historical perspective on separation, the proposed way forward in AFR, the rationale behind mixed operations, and the expected benefits of AFR for the airspace user community.

  11. Frequency of five disease-causing genetic mutations in a large mixed-breed dog population (2011-2012).

    PubMed

    Zierath, Sharon; Hughes, Angela M; Fretwell, Neale; Dibley, Mark; Ekenstedt, Kari J

    2017-01-01

    A large and growing number of inherited genetic disease mutations are now known in the dog. Frequencies of these mutations are typically examined within the breed of discovery, possibly in related breeds, but nearly always in purebred dogs. No report to date has examined the frequencies of specific genetic disease mutations in a large population of mixed-breed dogs. Further, veterinarians and dog owners typically dismiss inherited/genetic diseases as possibilities for health problems in mixed-breed dogs, assuming hybrid vigor will guarantee that single-gene disease mutations are not a cause for concern. Therefore, the objective of this study was to screen a large mixed-breed canine population for the presence of mutant alleles associated with five autosomal recessive disorders: hyperuricosuria and hyperuricemia (HUU), cystinuria (CYST), factor VII deficiency (FVIID), myotonia congenita (MYC) and phosphofructokinase deficiency (PKFD). Genetic testing was performed in conjunction with breed determination via the commercially-available Wisdom PanelTM test. From a population of nearly 35,000 dogs, homozygous mutant dogs were identified for HUU (n = 57) and FVIID (n = 65). Homozygotes for HUU and FVIID were identified even among dogs with highly mixed breed ancestry. Carriers were identified for all disorders except MYC. HUU and FVIID were of high enough frequency to merit consideration in any mixed-breed dog, while CYST, MYC, and PKFD are vanishingly rare. The assumption that mixed-breed dogs do not suffer from single-gene genetic disorders is shown here to be false. Within the diseases examined, HUU and FVIID should remain on any practitioner's rule-out list, when clinically appropriate, for all mixed-breed dogs, and judicious genetic testing should be performed for diagnosis or screening. Future testing of large mixed-breed dog populations that include additional known canine genetic mutations will refine our knowledge of which genetic diseases can strike mixed

  12. Automatic rule generation for high-level vision

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rhee, Frank Chung-Hoon; Krishnapuram, Raghu

    1992-01-01

    A new fuzzy set based technique that was developed for decision making is discussed. It is a method to generate fuzzy decision rules automatically for image analysis. This paper proposes a method to generate rule-based approaches to solve problems such as autonomous navigation and image understanding automatically from training data. The proposed method is also capable of filtering out irrelevant features and criteria from the rules.

  13. Development and validation of a measure of display rule knowledge: the display rule assessment inventory.

    PubMed

    Matsumoto, David; Yoo, Seung Hee; Hirayama, Satoko; Petrova, Galina

    2005-03-01

    As one component of emotion regulation, display rules, which reflect the regulation of expressive behavior, have been the topic of many studies. Despite their theoretical and empirical importance, however, to date there is no measure of display rules that assesses a full range of behavioral responses that are theoretically possible when emotion is elicited. This article reports the development of a new measure of display rules that surveys 5 expressive modes: expression, deamplification, amplification, qualification, and masking. Two studies provide evidence for its internal and temporal reliability and for its content, convergent, discriminant, external, and concurrent predictive validity. Additionally, Study 1, involving American, Russian, and Japanese participants, demonstrated predictable cultural differences on each of the expressive modes. Copyright 2005 APA, all rights reserved.

  14. 77 FR 73912 - Used Motor Vehicle Trade Regulation Rule

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-12

    ...'') has completed its regulatory review of its Used Motor Vehicle Trade Regulation Rule (``Used Car Rule... revisions to the Spanish translation of the Used Car Buyers Guide and nonsubstantive technical changes to.... SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. Background The Commission promulgated the Used Car Rule in 1984 and the Rule...

  15. Parallel inferencing method and apparatus for rule-based expert systems

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Schwuttke, Ursula M. (Inventor); Moldovan, Dan (Inventor); Kuo, Steve (Inventor)

    1993-01-01

    The invention analyzes areas of conditions with an expert knowledge base of rules using plural separate nodes which fire respective rules of said knowledge base, each of said rules upon being fired altering certain of said conditions predicated upon the existence of other said conditions. The invention operates by constructing a P representation of all pairs of said rules which are input dependent or output dependent; constructing a C representation of all pairs of said rules which are communication dependent or input dependent; determining which of the rules are ready to fire by matching the predicate conditions of each rule with the conditions of said set; enabling said node means to simultaneously fire those of the rules ready to fire which are defined by said P representation as being free of input and output dependencies; and communicating from each node enabled by said enabling step the alteration of conditions by the corresponding rule to other nodes whose rules are defined by said C matrix means as being input or communication dependent upon the rule of said enabled node.

  16. Mixing it but not mixed-up: mixed methods research in medical education (a critical narrative review).

    PubMed

    Maudsley, Gillian

    2011-01-01

    Some important research questions in medical education and health services research need 'mixed methods research' (particularly synthesizing quantitative and qualitative findings). The approach is not new, but should be more explicitly reported. The broad search question here, of a disjointed literature, was thus: What is mixed methods research - how should it relate to medical education research?, focused on explicit acknowledgement of 'mixing'. Literature searching focused on Web of Knowledge supplemented by other databases across disciplines. Five main messages emerged: - Thinking quantitative and qualitative, not quantitative versus qualitative - Appreciating that mixed methods research blends different knowledge claims, enquiry strategies, and methods - Using a 'horses for courses' [whatever works] approach to the question, and clarifying the mix - Appreciating how medical education research competes with the 'evidence-based' movement, health services research, and the 'RCT' - Being more explicit about the role of mixed methods in medical education research, and the required expertise Mixed methods research is valuable, yet the literature relevant to medical education is fragmented and poorly indexed. The required time, effort, expertise, and techniques deserve better recognition. More write-ups should explicitly discuss the 'mixing' (particularly of findings), rather than report separate components.

  17. New QCD sum rules based on canonical commutation relations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hayata, Tomoya

    2012-04-01

    New derivation of QCD sum rules by canonical commutators is developed. It is the simple and straightforward generalization of Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn sum rule on the basis of Kugo-Ojima operator formalism of a non-abelian gauge theory and a suitable subtraction of UV divergences. By applying the method to the vector and axial vector current in QCD, the exact Weinberg’s sum rules are examined. Vector current sum rules and new fractional power sum rules are also discussed.

  18. The island rule: made to be broken?

    PubMed Central

    Meiri, Shai; Cooper, Natalie; Purvis, Andy

    2007-01-01

    The island rule is a hypothesis whereby small mammals evolve larger size on islands while large insular mammals dwarf. The rule is believed to emanate from small mammals growing larger to control more resources and enhance metabolic efficiency, while large mammals evolve smaller size to reduce resource requirements and increase reproductive output. We show that there is no evidence for the existence of the island rule when phylogenetic comparative methods are applied to a large, high-quality dataset. Rather, there are just a few clade-specific patterns: carnivores; heteromyid rodents; and artiodactyls typically evolve smaller size on islands whereas murid rodents usually grow larger. The island rule is probably an artefact of comparing distantly related groups showing clade-specific responses to insularity. Instead of a rule, size evolution on islands is likely to be governed by the biotic and abiotic characteristics of different islands, the biology of the species in question and contingency. PMID:17986433

  19. 78 FR 29062 - Signal Booster Rules

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-05-17

    ... FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 47 CFR Part 2 [WT Docket No. 10-4; FCC 13-21] Signal Booster Rules AGENCY: Federal Communications Commission. ACTION: Final rule; correcting amendment. SUMMARY: The Federal Communications Commission published in the Federal Register of 78 FR 21555, April 11, 2013, a...

  20. 76 FR 58716 - Telemarketing Sales Rule

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-22

    ... FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 16 CFR Part 310 Telemarketing Sales Rule AGENCY: Federal Trade Commission... Telemarketing Sales Rule in the Federal Register on August 10, 2010 (75 FR 48458), with new provisions to..., Division of Marketing Practices, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Federal Trade Commission, Washington, DC...

  1. 16 CFR 1025.41 - General rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false General rules. 1025.41 Section 1025.41 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION GENERAL RULES OF PRACTICE FOR ADJUDICATIVE... to the convenience of the parties, shall continue without suspension until concluded, except in...

  2. 20 CFR 901.72 - Additional rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 20 Employees' Benefits 4 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Additional rules. 901.72 Section 901.72 Employees' Benefits JOINT BOARD FOR THE ENROLLMENT OF ACTUARIES REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE PERFORMANCE OF... additional rules regarding the enrollment of actuaries. [76 FR 17776, Mar. 31, 2011] ...

  3. 20 CFR 901.72 - Additional rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 20 Employees' Benefits 4 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Additional rules. 901.72 Section 901.72 Employees' Benefits JOINT BOARD FOR THE ENROLLMENT OF ACTUARIES REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE PERFORMANCE OF... additional rules regarding the enrollment of actuaries. [76 FR 17776, Mar. 31, 2011] ...

  4. 20 CFR 901.72 - Additional rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 20 Employees' Benefits 4 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Additional rules. 901.72 Section 901.72 Employees' Benefits JOINT BOARD FOR THE ENROLLMENT OF ACTUARIES REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE PERFORMANCE OF... additional rules regarding the enrollment of actuaries. [76 FR 17776, Mar. 31, 2011] ...

  5. Lead and Copper Rule Tier Schedule

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    The Lead and Copper Rule Tier Schedule may be used by public water systems in Wyoming and on EPA R8 Tribal Lands as a guide to properly identify their lead and copper tap sample sites to comply with the Lead and Copper Rule.

  6. Clinical Decision Rules for Pulmonary Embolism in Hospitalized Patients: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis.

    PubMed

    Bass, Anne R; Fields, Kara G; Goto, Rie; Turissini, Gregory; Dey, Shirin; Russell, Linda A

    2017-11-01

    Background  Clinical decision rules (CDRs) for pulmonary embolism (PE) have been validated in outpatients, but their performance in hospitalized patients is not well characterized. Objectives  The goal of this systematic literature review was to assess the performance of CDRs for PE in hospitalized patients. Methods  We performed a structured literature search using Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane library for articles published on or before January 18, 2017. Two authors reviewed all titles, abstracts and full texts. We selected prospective studies of symptomatic hospitalized patients in which a CDR was used to estimate the likelihood of PE. The diagnosis of PE had to be confirmed using an accepted reference standard. Data on hospitalized patients were solicited from authors of studies in mixed populations of outpatients and hospitalized patients. Study characteristics, PE prevalence and CDR performance were extracted. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the QUADAS instrument. Results  Twelve studies encompassing 3,942 hospitalized patients were included. Studies varied in methodology (randomized controlled trials and observational studies) and reference standards used. The pooled sensitivity of the modified Wells rule (cut-off ≤ 4) in hospitalized patients was 72.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 63.7-79.2) and the pooled specificity was 62.2% (95% CI, 52.6-70.9). The modified Wells rule (cut-off ≤ 4) plus D-dimer testing had a pooled sensitivity 99.7% (95% CI, 96.7-100) and pooled specificity 10.8% (95% CI, 6.7-16.9). The efficiency (proportion of patients stratified into the 'PE unlikely' group) was 8.4% (95% CI, 4.1-16.5), and the failure rate (proportion of low likelihood patients who were diagnosed with PE during follow-up) was 0.1% (95% CI, 0-5.3). Conclusion  In symptomatic hospitalized patients, use of the Wells rule plus D-dimer to rule out PE is safe, but allows very few patients to forgo imaging. Schattauer

  7. Cross-State Air Pollution Rule Update Allowance Allocation Final Rule TSD

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This Technical Support Document (TSD) provides information that supports EPA’s determination of unit-level allocations for existing and new units under the final Cross-State Air Pollution Rule Update.

  8. 29 CFR 102.123 - Amendment or rescission of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Amendment or rescission of rules. 102.123 Section 102.123 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD RULES AND REGULATIONS, SERIES 8... of rules. Any rule or regulation may be amended or rescinded by the Board at any time. ...

  9. 29 CFR 102.123 - Amendment or rescission of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Amendment or rescission of rules. 102.123 Section 102.123 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD RULES AND REGULATIONS, SERIES 8... of rules. Any rule or regulation may be amended or rescinded by the Board at any time. ...

  10. 29 CFR 102.123 - Amendment or rescission of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Amendment or rescission of rules. 102.123 Section 102.123 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD RULES AND REGULATIONS, SERIES 8... of rules. Any rule or regulation may be amended or rescinded by the Board at any time. ...

  11. 29 CFR 102.123 - Amendment or rescission of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Amendment or rescission of rules. 102.123 Section 102.123 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD RULES AND REGULATIONS, SERIES 8... of rules. Any rule or regulation may be amended or rescinded by the Board at any time. ...

  12. 29 CFR 102.123 - Amendment or rescission of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Amendment or rescission of rules. 102.123 Section 102.123 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD RULES AND REGULATIONS, SERIES 8... of rules. Any rule or regulation may be amended or rescinded by the Board at any time. ...

  13. 33 CFR 83.10 - Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Traffic separation schemes (Rule... Visibility § 83.10 Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10). (a) Obligations under other Rules unaffected. This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any...

  14. 33 CFR 83.10 - Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Traffic separation schemes (Rule... Visibility § 83.10 Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10). (a) Obligations under other Rules unaffected. This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any...

  15. 33 CFR 83.10 - Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Traffic separation schemes (Rule... Visibility § 83.10 Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10). (a) Obligations under other Rules unaffected. This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any...

  16. 33 CFR 83.10 - Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Traffic separation schemes (Rule... Visibility § 83.10 Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10). (a) Obligations under other Rules unaffected. This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any...

  17. 33 CFR 83.10 - Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Traffic separation schemes (Rule... Visibility § 83.10 Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10). (a) Obligations under other Rules unaffected. This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any...

  18. 19 CFR 181.94 - Nonconforming requests for advance rulings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Nonconforming requests for advance rulings. 181.94...; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT Advance Ruling Procedures § 181.94 Nonconforming requests for advance rulings. A person submitting a request for an advance ruling that does not...

  19. 78 FR 48626 - Private Land Mobile Radio Rules

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-09

    ...-91] Private Land Mobile Radio Rules AGENCY: Federal Communications Commission. ACTION: Final rule... certification and use of Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) equipment in response to a petition for clarification... Part 90 of the Commission's Rules to permit the certification and use of Terrestrial Trunked Radio...

  20. 47 CFR 90.5 - Other applicable rule parts.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... MOBILE RADIO SERVICES General Information § 90.5 Other applicable rule parts. Other Commission rule parts..., and treaties. This part also contains standards and procedures concerning marketing of radio frequency... contains rules relating to commercial mobile radio services. (i) Part 20 which governs commercial mobile...

  1. 40 CFR 52.242 - Disapproved rules and regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... (CONTINUED) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS California § 52.242 Disapproved rules and regulations. (a) The following Air Pollution Control District rules are disapproved because they do not meet... adopted on September 7, 2007. (2) Antelope Valley Air Pollution Control District. (i) Rule 118...

  2. 40 CFR 52.242 - Disapproved rules and regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... (CONTINUED) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS California § 52.242 Disapproved rules and regulations. (a) The following Air Pollution Control District rules are disapproved because they do not meet... adopted on September 7, 2007. (2) Antelope Valley Air Pollution Control District. (i) Rule 118...

  3. 40 CFR 52.242 - Disapproved rules and regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... (CONTINUED) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS California § 52.242 Disapproved rules and regulations. (a) The following Air Pollution Control District rules are disapproved because they do not meet... adopted on September 7, 2007. (2) Antelope Valley Air Pollution Control District. (i) Rule 118...

  4. 40 CFR 52.242 - Disapproved rules and regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... (CONTINUED) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS California § 52.242 Disapproved rules and regulations. (a) The following Air Pollution Control District rules are disapproved because they do not meet... adopted on September 7, 2007. (2) Antelope Valley Air Pollution Control District. (i) Rule 118...

  5. Preschool Children's Conceptions of Moral and Social Rules.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Smetana, Judith G.

    1981-01-01

    Examined preschool children's conceptions of moral and conventional rules. Children judged the seriousness, rule contingency, rule relativism, and amount of deserved punishment for 10 depicted moral and conventional preschool transgressions. Constant across ages and sexes, children evaluated moral transgressions as more serious offenses and more…

  6. 49 CFR 389.25 - Additional rule making proceedings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Additional rule making proceedings. 389.25 Section 389.25 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER... PROCEDURES-FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY REGULATIONS Procedures for Adoption of Rules § 389.25 Additional rule...

  7. 49 CFR 389.25 - Additional rule making proceedings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Additional rule making proceedings. 389.25 Section 389.25 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER... PROCEDURES-FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY REGULATIONS Procedures for Adoption of Rules § 389.25 Additional rule...

  8. 19 CFR 177.2 - Submission of ruling requests.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... indicated, if known. Requests for tariff classification rulings should be addressed to the Director.... Customs and Border Protection, New York, New York, 10119, Attn: Classification Ruling Requests, New York... relevant customs and related laws. (ii) Tariff classification rulings. (A) If the transaction involves the...

  9. 19 CFR 177.2 - Submission of ruling requests.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... indicated, if known. Requests for tariff classification rulings should be addressed to the Director.... Customs and Border Protection, New York, New York, 10119, Attn: Classification Ruling Requests, New York... relevant customs and related laws. (ii) Tariff classification rulings. (A) If the transaction involves the...

  10. A Response from Golden Rule to "ETS on 'Golden Rule'".

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rooney, J. Patrick

    1987-01-01

    This article rebuts comments by G. R. Anrig (1987) on the Settlement Agreement that resolved the racial discrimination suit brought by the Golden Rule Insurance Company against the Educational Testing Service (ETS) and the Illinois Department of Insurance. (TJH)

  11. Forty years of Clar's aromatic π-sextet rule

    PubMed Central

    Solà, Miquel

    2013-01-01

    In 1972 Erich Clar formulated his aromatic π-sextet rule that allows discussing qualitatively the aromatic character of benzenoid species. Now, 40 years later, Clar's aromatic π-sextet rule is still a source of inspiration for many chemists. This simple rule has been validated both experimentally and theoretically. In this review, we select some particular examples to highlight the achievement of Clar's aromatic π-sextet rule in many situations and we discuss two recent successful cases of its application. PMID:24790950

  12. Widespread neural oscillations in the delta band dissociate rule convergence from rule divergence during creative idea generation.

    PubMed

    Boot, Nathalie; Baas, Matthijs; Mühlfeld, Elisabeth; de Dreu, Carsten K W; van Gaal, Simon

    2017-09-01

    Critical to creative cognition and performance is both the generation of multiple alternative solutions in response to open-ended problems (divergent thinking) and a series of cognitive operations that converges on the correct or best possible answer (convergent thinking). Although the neural underpinnings of divergent and convergent thinking are still poorly understood, several electroencephalography (EEG) studies point to differences in alpha-band oscillations between these thinking modes. We reason that, because most previous studies employed typical block designs, these pioneering findings may mainly reflect the more sustained aspects of creative processes that extend over longer time periods, and that still much is unknown about the faster-acting neural mechanisms that dissociate divergent from convergent thinking during idea generation. To this end, we developed a new event-related paradigm, in which we measured participants' tendency to implicitly follow a rule set by examples, versus breaking that rule, during the generation of novel names for specific categories (e.g., pasta, planets). This approach allowed us to compare the oscillatory dynamics of rule convergent and rule divergent idea generation and at the same time enabled us to measure spontaneous switching between these thinking modes on a trial-to-trial basis. We found that, relative to more systematic, rule convergent thinking, rule divergent thinking was associated with widespread decreases in delta band activity. Therefore, this study contributes to advancing our understanding of the neural underpinnings of creativity by addressing some methodological challenges that neuroscientific creativity research faces. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  13. Final NPDES Electronic Reporting Rule Fact Sheet

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Fact sheet explaining the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Electronic Reporting Rule. The fact sheet provides information on the purpose of the rule, benefits and implementation.

  14. 50 CFR 424.20 - Emergency rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... OF COMMERCE); ENDANGERED SPECIES COMMITTEE REGULATIONS SUBCHAPTER A LISTING ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES AND DESIGNATING CRITICAL HABITAT Revision of the Lists § 424.20 Emergency rules. (a) Sections 424...-being of a species of fish, wildlife, or plant. Such rules shall, at the discretion of the Secretary...

  15. 50 CFR 424.20 - Emergency rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... OF COMMERCE); ENDANGERED SPECIES COMMITTEE REGULATIONS SUBCHAPTER A LISTING ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES AND DESIGNATING CRITICAL HABITAT Revision of the Lists § 424.20 Emergency rules. (a) Sections 424...-being of a species of fish, wildlife, or plant. Such rules shall, at the discretion of the Secretary...

  16. 21 CFR 1316.55 - Prehearing ruling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Prehearing ruling. 1316.55 Section 1316.55 Food and Drugs DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS, PRACTICES, AND PROCEDURES Administrative Hearings § 1316.55 Prehearing ruling. The presiding officer may have the...

  17. 33 CFR 167.10 - Operating rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Operating rules. 167.10 Section 167.10 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY OFFSHORE TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES General § 167.10 Operating rules. The...

  18. 50 CFR 424.16 - Proposed rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... OF COMMERCE); ENDANGERED SPECIES COMMITTEE REGULATIONS SUBCHAPTER A LISTING ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES AND DESIGNATING CRITICAL HABITAT Revision of the Lists § 424.16 Proposed rules. (a) General. Based... any proposed rule to list, delist, or reclassify a species, or to designate or revise critical habitat...

  19. 50 CFR 424.20 - Emergency rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... OF COMMERCE); ENDANGERED SPECIES COMMITTEE REGULATIONS SUBCHAPTER A LISTING ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES AND DESIGNATING CRITICAL HABITAT Revision of the Lists § 424.20 Emergency rules. (a) Sections 424...-being of a species of fish, wildlife, or plant. Such rules shall, at the discretion of the Secretary...

  20. 50 CFR 424.20 - Emergency rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... OF COMMERCE); ENDANGERED SPECIES COMMITTEE REGULATIONS SUBCHAPTER A LISTING ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES AND DESIGNATING CRITICAL HABITAT Revision of the Lists § 424.20 Emergency rules. (a) Sections 424...-being of a species of fish, wildlife, or plant. Such rules shall, at the discretion of the Secretary...

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